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diff --git a/37773.txt b/37773.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7e8ff7 --- /dev/null +++ b/37773.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1910 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Memoir of Sir Edmund Andros, Knt.,, by +William Henry Whitmore + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Memoir of Sir Edmund Andros, Knt., + Governor of New England, New York and Virginia, &c., &c. + +Author: William Henry Whitmore + +Release Date: October 17, 2011 [EBook #37773] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MEMOIR OF SIR EDMUND *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Linda Cantoni, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: Obvious printer errors have been corrected +without note. In the original, Andros's will contains no punctuation, +and new sentences are indicated with large spaces, which are +represented here by long dashes.] + + + + +MEMOIR + +OF + +SIR EDMUND ANDROS. + + + + +[Illustration] + + + + +A + +MEMOIR + +OF + +SIR EDMUND ANDROS, KNT., + +GOVERNOR OF NEW ENGLAND, NEW YORK AND VIRGINIA, &c., &c. + +WITH A PORTRAIT. + + +BY WILLIAM HENRY WHITMORE, A.M. + + +Reprinted from the "Andros Tracts," published by the Prince Society of +Boston, N.E. + + Boston: + PRINTED BY T.R. MARVIN & SON. + 1868. + +[Illustration: + + T.R. MARVIN & SON, + PRINTERS, BOSTON.] + + + + +SIR EDMUND ANDROS. + + +Concerning the ancestry of Sir Edmund Andros, the sole printed +authority is the memoir in the History of Guernsey by Jonathan Duncan, +(London, 1841,) which occupies about three pages in that book. This +sketch has been copied by Dr. E.B. O'Callaghan in his "Documents +relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York," (ii. 740), +and also in a note in Woolley's Journal (GOWAN'S Bibliotheca +Americana). It seems that Andros placed on record at Heralds' College +a very elaborate pedigree of his family, September 18th, 1686, a few +days before he sailed to assume the government of New England. +Although this document was used probably by DUNCAN, it is now printed +for the first time in full, from a transcript made by Joseph L. +Chester, Esq., of London. + + * * * * * + +The family of Andros, or Andrews as it is more frequently spelt, was +of great antiquity in Northamptonshire, being long settled at Winwick +in that county. One branch, which was raised in 1641 to the dignity of +Baronet, was resident at Denton in the same county; and from the +similarity of the arms, it is evident that Sir Edmund claimed the same +paternity. The pedigree recorded at Heralds' College is as follows. + +[Heralds' College, Book 2 D, XIV. fol. 175b] + + ANDROS.--Gules, a saltire or surmounted by another vert, on + a chief argent 3 mullets sable. [No crest.] + + SAUSMAREZ.--Argent, on a chevron gules between 3 leopards' + faces sable as many castles triple towered or. Crest: a + falcon affrontant proper, beaked and membered or, [_not_ + wings expanded as in the armory.] Supporters: Dexter, a + unicorn, tail cowarded, argent; Sinister, a greyhound argent + collared gules garnished or. + + ["This is a true Account of the Marriages and Issues of my + family, and of the Armes we have constantly borne since our + coming into Guernsey, as also of the Arms Crest and + Supporters of Sausmarez whose heir General we married. + Witnes my hand this 18th of September, 1686. + + "E. ANDROS."] + +[Transcriber's Note: In the original, the pedigree below is split +across two facing pages. For readability, the split has been retained +in this e-book, with bracketed notes as to where the table continues.] + + + Mr. John Andros, (alias = Judith de Sausmarez only daur: + Andrews,) an English Gentleman | of Thomas de Sausmarez Lord of + born in Northamptonsh: came | the Seigneurie of Sausmarez, + into the Isle of Guernsey with | and sister and heir to George + Sr Peter Mewtis Knt. Governor | Sausmarez her brother, married + of the said Isle as his | Ao 1543. She dyed at + Lieutenant, and was afterwards | Sausmarez, Ao 1557, and was + a Capt of Foot in Calais, | buried in ye Church of St. + where he dyed and was buried, | Martin. + Ao 1554. | + | + +-------------+ + | + Alix Roiiaux = John Andros, eldest son = Secille Blondel = Margaret, + wid: of of the said John was the | daur: of Mr. John daur: of + Monsieur John King's Ward and committed | Blondel, one of Monsr + de la Cour, to the custody of Sr | the Justices of Thomas + second wife, Leonard Chamberlain, Knt. | the Royall Court Compton, + obijt s. pr. Governour of the said Isle | in the said Isle Bailly of + Ao 1595. until he came of age, | of Guernsey. the said + which having attained he | Married to Mr. Isle, + did his homage, and payd | John Andros, son third + the Relief due to the King | of John Andros wife. + for the said Seigneurie, | before mentioned, + and had possession thereof, | 24 Oct: 1570, + and was made Capt. of the | dyed 6 May 1588 + Parish of St. Martin, and | and was buried at + 28 May 1582, was sworne | St. Martins. + one of ye Justices of the | First wife. + Royal Court. | + | + +---------------+-------------------------------- + |1 [continue with 2 John below] + Mary Careye, daur: of = Thomas Andros, eldest son, = Elizabeth Carteret, + Mr. Nicollas Careye, born at Sausmarez, 16 Oct. | eldest daur: of + one of the Justices 1571. He was sworne one of | Mnsr Amice de + of the Royal Court, the Justices of the Royal | Carteret, Seignr + Married 1o Jun: 1597, Court after the death of | de la Trinite, + and dyed in childbed his father, 2 Febr: 1609, | Lieutt Governor + without Issue and Lieutt Governor of | and Bailly of the + surviving, 6 Nov: Guernsey under my Lord | Isle of Guernsey + 1598. First wife. Carew Governor 8 Jun: | married 22 Oct: + 1611, and dyed 18 Apr: | 1606, dyed 3 Jan: + 1637, at Sausmarez, and | 1672. 2d Wife. + was there buried. | + | + +------------+-------------------------------------+------------+++------- + |1 |2 ||| + Catherine Amice Andros born at = Elizabeth Stone 3 Thomas + married Sausmarez 5 Sept. 1610. | sister of Sr 4 Joshua + to Monsr He was made Marshall of | Robert Stone, 5 & John, + John ye Ceremonies to King | Knt., Cup-Bearer died + Bonamy. Charles I. Ao 1632. | to the Queen of unmarried. + Bailly of the Isle of | Bohemia, and [continue + Guernsey by K. Ch. 2 | Captain of a with + upon his Coronation in | Troop of horse 6 Elizabeth + Scotland. Bayliff of the | in Holland. below] + Royal Court in Guernsey | + Ao 1661, and Major of | + the Forces of the said | + Isle. He dyed at | + Sausmarez, 7 Apr. 1674. | + | + ++--------------+--------------------+----------------------------------- + || |3 [continue with 4 Richard below] + 1 Amice and Sr Edmond Andros, Knt. born at London, = Marie Craven eldest + 2 Elizabeth 6 Dec. 1637, made Gentl: in Ordinary to daughter of Thomas + dyed the Queen of Bohemia, Ao 1660, and Craven, and sister + young. Major to the Regimt of foot sent into of Sr William + America Ao 1666. After that, Major to Craven of + Prince Rupert's Regimt of Dragoons Ao Apletrewick, in + 1672. He was sworne Bailly of the Com: Ebor: and of + Royall Court in Guernsey 30 Junij 1674, Combe Abbey in Co: + and shortly after was constituted Warr: Knight, heir + Governor general of New York in America in Reversion to the + and knighted on his return from thence, Barony of Hamsted + Ao 1681. He was sworn Gentl: of ye Marshall. Married + Privy Chamber to the King Ao 1683, and in Febr: 1671. + in ye year 1685 was made Lieutt + Colonell to her Royal Highns the Pr. + Anne of Denmark's Regt of Horse, + commanded by the Earl of Scaresdale, and + lastly this present year 1686 was made + Governor of New England. + + [continued from 1 Thomas Andros above] + +--+---------------+-------------+--------------+ + | |2 |3 |4 |5 + | John, dyed Thomas, Elizabeth, Mary, died + | unmarried. dyed married to Mr. an infant. + | young. Peter Painsec, + | Minister of St. + | Peters Port. + | + | [continued from 5 John above] + |+----+-------+-----+--------+-------------------------+------+ + || |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 + || Elizabeth, | Secille, Charles = Alix, dau: Peter, | + || married to | married Andros, | and sole died | + || Monsieur | to Capt: Seigne'r | heir of an | + || John | Nicollas D'Anneville, | M. Thomas infant. | + || Dobree, | Ling. living 1686, | Fashin, | + || merchant. | marr: to his | Seigneur +----+ + || | first wife, | D'Anneville, | + -+| Anne, Collette, | 2d wife. | + | died daur: of | William = Judith, + | an Jonas le | Andros, | dau: of + | infant. Marchant by | 11th and | Monsr + | whom he had | youngest | John + | issue onely | child | Blondell. + | one daughr: | dyed | + | Elizabeth | 7 Nov: | + | who dyed | 1679, | + | young. | aetat: | + | | 47 An. | + | +-----------------------------+ | + | | +---------------------------+----------------+++ + | | |1 |2 || + | | Charles Andros, = Rachell, Amice Andros, 3 John, and + --+ | born 9 Apr: Ao | daur: second son, 4 Judith, + | 1662. | of Mr. married dyed + | | James Magdalen young. + | | Careye. Mancell. + | | + | +---------------------------------+ + | | + +----+--------------+---------+---------+ +-----+-----+ + |1 |2 |3 |4 |1 |2 + Charles Andros, Thomas Mary, Anne, Rachell, Anne, + born 15 Sept: born 25 married born born born + 1662. Married Mart: Ao to Mr. 21 Ao 1683. 1685. + Elizab: Mauger 1672. Jean Nov. + widow of Monsr Renouf, 1667. + Tho: de Beauvoir. Merchant. + + [continued from 3 Sr Edmond Andros above] + ------++---------+----------------+------------------------+ + || |6 |7 |8 + 4 Richard, John Andros, George Andros, born Carterette Andros, + and born 2 Nov: 5 Oct: 1646. Married married to Mr. + 5 Elizabeth, 1642. Married Anne Blondel, and Caesar Knapton, an + dyed Anne Knapton. dyed 8o Nov: 1664. English Gentl: + young. === === === + | | | + 1 Elizabeth, 1 John, Elizabeth Knapton + 2 Marie, 2 George, only child, married + 3 Amice, mort. 3 Charles, to Mr. Will: le + 4 Anne, 4 Mary, Marchant, eldest + 5 John, 5 Anne. son of Mr. James + 6 Carterette, mort. le Marchant, Ao + 7 Edmond, mort. 1684. + 8 Caesar, + 9 Edmond. + +At the same time Sir Edmund recorded his coat-of-arms as described in +the following document at Heralds' College, Grants of Arms, Book 1, +26. fol. 98. + + "Whereas Sr Edmund Andros, Knight, Lord of ye Seignorie of + Sausmarez in the Island of Guernsey, hath made application + to me, Henry, Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshall of England &c. + that his Arms may be Registered in the College of Arms in + such manner as he may lawfully bear them, with respect to + his Descent from the antient Family of Sausmarez in ye said + Isle, there being no entries in the College of Arms of the + Descents or Arms of the Families in that Isle: And whereas + it hath been made out unto me that his Great Grandfather's + Father, John Andros als. Andrews, an English Gentleman, + borne in Northamptonshire, coming into the Isle of Guernsey + as Lieutt. to Sr Peter Mewtis, Knight, the Governour, did + there marry, Ao. 1543, with Judith de Sausmarez, only + daughter of Thomas Sausmarez, son and heir of Thomas + Sausmarez, Lords of the Seignorie of Sausmarez in the said + Isle, which Judith did afterwards become heir to her brother + George de Sausmarez, Lord of the said Seignorie: And that + John Andros, Esqr., son and heir of the said John and + Judith, had the sd. Seignorie with its appurtenances and all + Rights and Privileges thereto belonging, adjudged to him by + the Royal Commrs. of the said Isle, Ao. 1607, against the + heirs male of the said Family of Sausmarez, who then sued + for the same, as finding it to be held of the King by a + certain Relief and certain Services, all which were + inseparable from the said Seignorie: And whereas it hath + been made [to] appear unto me by an Antient Seal of one + Nicollas de Sausmarez, which seems to be between 2 and 300 + years old, and by other Authorities, that the said Family of + Sausmarez have constantly borne and used the Arms herein + impressed, I the said Earl Marshall, considering that the + forementioned Sr. Edmund Andros, Knt., and his Ancestors, + from the time of the said John Andros who married the heir + generall of Sausmarez as aforesaid, have successively done + Homage to the Kings of England for ye sd Seignorie, and + thereupon have been admitted into and received full + possession thereof, do order and require, That the Arms of + Andros (as the said Sr Edmund and his Ancestors ever since + their coming into the said Isle have borne the same) + quartered with the Arms of Sausmarez as they are hereunto + annexed,[1] be, together with the Pedigree of the said Sr + Edmund Andros (herewith also transmitted) fairly registered + in ye College of Arms by the Register of the said College, + and allowed unto him the said Sr Edmund Andros, and the + heirs of his body lawfully begotten, and of the body of his + Great Grandfather John Andros, son and heir of the + forementioned John Andros and Judith de Sausmarez, having, + possessing and enjoying the said Seignorie, to be borne and + used by him and them on all occasions according to the Law + of Arms: And for so doing this shall be a sufficient + warrant. + + "Given under my hand and seal the 23d. day of September, + 1686, in the second year of the Reigne of our Soveraigne + Lord King James the Second, &c. + + "Norfolke & Marshall." + + To the Kings Heralds, + + and Pursuivts. of Arms. + +[Footnote 1: The Andrews family of Denton bore "Gules, a saltire _or_, +surmounted of another vert." O'Callaghan and Trumbull (Col. Rec. of +Conn. iii. 392) have followed an error in BERRY'S History of Guernsey, +wherein the arms of Andros are said to be "a chevron between three +pelicans vulning themselves." Such a coat indeed is found on the +monument of Amice Andros, but they undoubtedly belong to his wife +Elizabeth Stone, the mother of Governor Andros.] + +During the exile of the Stuarts, Edmund Andros served in the army of +Prince Henry of Nassau (PALFREY, iii. 127), and was faithful to their +cause. His family indeed was eminent among the adherents of the King, +as appears by the pardon granted 13th August, 1660, by Charles II. to +the inhabitants of Guernsey. In it he declares that Amice Andros, +Edmund his son, and Charles his brother, Sir Henry Davie, bart, and +Nathaniel Darell, during the preceding troubles "continued inviolably +faithful to his Majesty, and consequently have no need to be comprised +in this general pardon." So also we learn by the monument to +Elizabeth, mother of Sir Edmund, that she "shared with her husband +the troubles and exile to which he was exposed for several years in +the service of Charles I. and Charles II."[2] + +[Footnote 2: "She lived with her husband 42 years and was the mother +of 9 children." She died 25 Dec. 1686, aged 73. (BERRY, Hist. +Guernsey.)] + +Edmund Andros received his first considerable preferment by being made +Gentleman in Ordinary to the Queen of Bohemia in 1660. He had +undoubtedly been attracted to her service through the position of his +uncle, Sir Robert Stone, who was Cup-bearer to that princess, and he +was afterwards more closely allied to her friends in consequence of +his marriage. Whether any part of his youthful years while he was a +page in the Royal service, had been spent in her household or not, it +is worthy of notice that as a young man Andros was in a position to +acquire the accomplishments of a Court, and to behold Royalty in its +most fascinating form. + +Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, was the only daughter of King James I. of +England, and was born 19th August, 1596. She was married 27th Dec. +1612, to Frederick V., Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria +and Silesia, who was soon elected King of Bohemia, but lost all his +possessions by the fortune of war. He died at Mentz, November 19th, +1632, having had thirteen children, of whom the best known were Prince +Rupert, and Sophia, wife of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover, +mother of George I. of England. + +The Queen of Bohemia had shared the exile and misfortunes of her +English relatives, and returned to England, 17th May, 1661. She died +February 13th, 1662, at London. + +Historians have agreed in describing this princess as a most charming +woman. JESSE (Court of England) writes thus: "Lively in her manners, +affectionate in her disposition, and beautiful in her person; throwing +a charm and a refinement over the social intercourse of life; she yet +possessed with all these qualities, a strength of mind which never +became masculine; talents which were never obtrusive, and a warmth of +heart which remained with her to the end." "In prosperity modest and +unassuming; in adversity surmounting difficulties and dignifying +poverty, her character was regarded with enthusiasm in her own time, +and has won for her the admiration of posterity." "In the Low +Countries she was so beloved as to be styled 'the Queen of Hearts.'" + +During her long widowhood, her chief adviser and friend was William, +Earl of Craven, and it was to the sister of the chosen heir to a +portion of the honors of this nobleman, that Edmund Andros was +married, in 1671. It has been believed that the Earl of Craven was +married to the Queen, and he was certainly one of the bravest and most +honored gentlemen of his time. + +In 1666, Andros was made Major of a Regiment of foot, which was sent +to America. DUNCAN writes that Andros distinguished himself in the war +against the Dutch, and was in 1672, "commander of the forces in +Barbados and had obtained the reputation of being skilled in American +affairs." + +In February, 1671, Andros married Marie, oldest daughter of Thomas +Craven of Appletreewick, co. York, and thus sister to the "heir in +reversion to the Barony of Hamsted-Marshall." This match is a +sufficient proof of the estimation in which he was held, as the lady +was sister of the designated heir of the Earl of Craven, his former +patron. The pedigree of the Cravens will be best understood by the +annexed tabular statement.[3] The "Peerages" have left the matter +obscure, but it has been rendered plain by some articles in "Notes +and Queries" for 1868. The Earl of Craven, after the death of his +brothers, entailed the Barony on his more distant cousins of +Appletreewick, omitting the issue of his uncle Anthony Craven. At his +death, April 9th, 1697, the title passed to William Craven, nephew of +Lady Andros. + +[Footnote 3: + + John Craven = ---- + | + +-------------------------+----------------+ + | | + Henry of = ---- dau. of William = Beatrix, dau. of + Appletreewick. | ---- Sherwood. | John Hunter. + | +--------+----------------+ + | | | + Robert = Mary, dau. Sir William = Elizabeth, Anthony = ---- + | of ---- Lord Mayor | dau. of | + | Brockden. of London. | Wm. Whitmore. | + | | | + | +--------------+--------------+ | + | | | | | + | William John Thomas | + | Earl of Lord Craven d. _s.p._ | + | Craven. of Ryton. | + | d. _s.p._ d. _s.p._ | + | | + +-------------+-----------------+-------------------------+ | + | | | | + Sir William = Mary, dau. of Sir Thomas = Anne, dau. Sir Anthony | + of | Ferdinando, | of Francis = | + Lenchwike, | Visct. | Proctor, Elizabeth | + d. 1665, | Fairfax, | of dau. of Baron | + aet. 46. | of Cameron. | Beckwith. Pelnitz | + | | d. _s.p._ | + +-------------+ | | + | | | | + William Elizabeth = Theophilus | | + d. _v.p._ Leigh. | | + Aug. 13, 1665, | | + aet. 16. | | + | | + +--------------------------+------+--------++ | + | | || | + Sir William = Mary, dau. Mary = Sir E. Alice = Wm. Topham | + b. 21 Aug. 1638. | of Sir Andros. Margaret = Christopher | + d. 24 Oct. 1695. | Christopher Dauson. | + | Chapham of | + | Beamsley, | + | co. York. | + | | + +----+------------+++ +--------------------+ + | ||| | + William, Thomas = Margaret Craven, + b. 4 Oct. 1668, | dau. of Robt + 2d Lord Craven, | d. 23 Feb. 1702, + of Hampsted Marshall. | aged 80. + | + +----------------------+------------------------+ + | | | + Sir William = Mary, Sir Robert = Margaret. Sir Anthony = Theodosia, + of Winwick, dau. of d. 4 Oct. Bart. of dau. of + d. Mch, 1707, George 1672, Spersholt, Sir Wm. + aet. 73. Clerke. aet. 40. 1661, d. 1713. Wiseman.] + +It is possible that Andros came to England for the marriage, and +returned to Barbados; but we think it more probable that the regiment +had been recalled to England. DUNCAN states that in April, 1672, a +regiment raised for Prince Rupert was armed for the first time with +the bayonet, that Andros was made Major, and the four Barbados +companies then under his command were incorporated in it. In the same +month, the proprietors of the Province of Carolina, of which the Earl +of Craven was one, conferred on him the title of Landgrave, with four +Baronies, containing 48,000 acres of land. + +In April, 1674, Andros succeeded his father in his estates in +Guernsey, and 30 June, was sworn as Bailly of the island, the +reversion of that office having been before granted him. + +We do not find mention of the occasion which recommended him to the +attention of the Duke of York, but from his early attendance on the +royal family, and his exceptional loyalty, he had probably long been +known to that prince. Andros was accordingly selected to be the +Governor of the Province of New York, which was claimed by the Duke, +and had recently been restored to him by the Dutch. He arrived in +this country, November 1st, 1674, accompanied by his wife. + +A brief notice of the events which had occurred in this country +immediately before his arrival, may render his subsequent proceedings +more intelligible to the reader. + +On the 27th of August, 1664, the Dutch Colony of New Netherland was +surrendered to an English force under Col. Richard Nicolls. The King, +Charles II., had already granted it, by patent dated 12 March, 1664, +to his brother, the Duke of York. After it had been held by the +English for over nine years, the Dutch had recaptured it, August 9, +1673; but under the terms of the treaty of peace, it was restored to +its English owners. In a letter dated 7/17 July, 1674, the Dutch +embassadors wrote that they had complied with the orders from the +States-General to notify the King that the Province would be delivered +to his agent; that Edmund Andros had been designated as the person, +and was to sail before the end of the week. (N.Y. Col. Doc. ii. 733.) +The Colony at that time was estimated to contain between six and seven +thousand white inhabitants, to which number were to be added the +English settlers on Long Island. Andros's commission, which was dated +July 1, 1674, made him "Lieutenant and Governor" over that part of +Maine which was styled Pemaquid, Long Island, Nantucket and Martha's +Vineyard, and the territory from the west side of Connecticut River to +the east side of Delaware Bay. This latter territory comprised not +only the State of New York, but Delaware, New Jersey and a large +portion of Connecticut; the claim of the Duke of York to which +domains was by no means undisputed. + +Andros was at the same time commissioned as captain of a regiment of +foot, raised by the Duke of York for service in the Colony, and +received the necessary money for the expenses attendant upon +establishing the new government. He was accused by some of the Dutch +colonists of having exacted a new and unlawful oath of allegiance from +them, but this difficulty seems to have speedily subsided. His +instructions had been explicit that he should not disturb those +colonists who desired to remain in good faith, and we see no reason to +doubt that Andros fulfilled his orders. He has left an account of his +administration for the first three years (N.Y. Col. Doc. iii. 254-7) +from which we take the principal items. + +In October, 1674, he says, that having received possession of New York +and reduced the east end of Long Island, he took in hand the turbulent +at various other places; these once quieted, the country had been +peaceful ever since. The next summer he commenced to press the Duke's +claim to that part of the country between the Hudson and Connecticut +rivers. He therefore wrote several letters to the Governor and General +Court of Connecticut, but it may easily be believed that the claim was +only a matter of form. In fact, both parties had a patent for the same +land, since the Connecticut Charter covered all the land from the +Narragansett Bay, due west to the South Sea, and the Duke of York's +territory was to be carved from this domain. Andros indeed says with +truth that the English claim had been abandoned, since under that +patent Connecticut might claim "New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, +Carolina and the Spanish West Indies," as well as all New York. The +Duke of York was not disposed to press the matter, and wrote to Andros +in January, 1675-6, that he approved of the demand, as preserving his +title entire, but hoped for some more convenient method of adjusting +the boundaries in the future; the only stipulation he made, was that +the Connecticut men should not approach within twenty miles of the +Hudson River. Within a month, however, the hostile attitude of the +Indians compelled the eastern colonists to apply to Andros for aid in +the alarming position of affairs. On the 1st of July, 1675, a letter +was sent by Gov. Winthrop of Connecticut to New York, and Andros not +only was "much troubled at the Christians' misfortunes and hard +disasters in those parts," but he proposed to start at once, with a +force "ready to take such resolutions as may be fit for me," and to +make the best of his way to Connecticut River; "his royal Highness's +bounds," as he significantly termed them. + +This was more than the colonists had anticipated; yet they were +unwilling to bring the dispute of boundaries to an open rupture, +especially at such a time. Andros, therefore, was allowed to come to +Saybrook with his two small vessels, and was met by Robert Chapman and +Thomas Bull in behalf of the Colony. Various protests were exchanged, +and Andros caused the Duke of York's Charter and his commission to be +read. After this ceremony, he declared he should depart immediately +unless desired to stay. In return, the agents of the Colony, who had +studiously disavowed any share in these proceedings, read a protest +on the part of Connecticut. And so "his Honor was guarded with the +town soldiers to the waterside, went on board, and presently fell down +below the Fort, with salutes on both sides." (TRUMBULL, Col. Rec. +Conn. ii. 584.) Thus both sides parted in peace, each content with its +own performance; and a few years afterwards the boundary was settled +by mutual concessions. + +Andros pursued his plans for protecting his Colony, furnished the +necessary arms and ammunition, and disarmed the friendly Indians. +Returning to New York, he called together the neighboring sachems and +renewed the treaties with them; and in August, 1675, he proceeded to +Albany, where he succeeded in gaining the friendship of the Mohawks +and other powerful tribes. For nearly a year, till the death of +Philip, August 12th, 1676, Massachusetts and Connecticut suffered from +the barbarous incursions of the Indians. During this time, Andros, by +his own account, had remained unwillingly idle, his offers of +assistance having been rejected by his neighbors. He would have +brought into the field his Mohawk allies, but the offer being slighted +he could only keep them true to their allegiance, build forts and +boats, and prevent any increase of Philip's forces. He seems in fact +to have been greatly offended by the assertions of the Massachusetts +Colony, that it was at Albany, and through his connivance, that the +hostile Indians had obtained their supplies of arms and ammunition. He +sent two gentlemen to Boston to obtain satisfaction, and received only +a letter "clearing the magistrates, but not the generalty, still +aspersed without any known cause, complaint or notice." So indignant +was he at this false accusation, that after his arrival in England, he +petitioned the King in Council to cause inquiry into the truth of the +matter; to which the agents, William Stoughton and Peter Bulkley +merely replied, that they were not furnished with the information, and +that evil-minded persons might have sold ammunition to the Indians +despite the Governor's prohibition; in short, while evading all +concessions or apologies, they insinuated the truth of the charge. + +Towards the end of the summer of 1676, the Indian troubles broke out +in the settlements in Maine, and though Massachusetts had taken +possession of the Duke of York's territory of Pemaquid, Andros exerted +himself to protect the settlers there, and sent an armed sloop +thither. + +In June, 1677, he sent a force to Pemaquid and constructed a fort +there, which he garrisoned with fifty men; and he undoubtedly +contributed much to the pacification of that country for the next few +years. + +In August, 1677, he visited Albany with an agent from Maryland, and +there received anew the assurances of the friendship of the western +Indians. At that time and place he received permission from the Duke +of York to take a brief leave of absence, and we transcribe a few +passages from the letter. "I am glad to find the quiet condition of +your government notwithstanding the late troubles that have been in +your neighbourhood." "In regard you express a desire to come for +England for some time to look after your own concerns, if you shall +towards the end of this summer continue to be of that mind, (not +doubting your care to settle all things during your absence from your +government in the best and safest manner), I do agree that you come +away with the latest shipping, so as having the winter to yourself, +you may be ready to return to your government with the first ships +that go hence in the spring." + +Andros indeed, up to this time had merited the thanks of his employer. +He had kept the country at peace, and had already made its revenue +equal to its current expenses. The former laws in force during the +English rule had been re-established, and it would seem that he had +even tried to persuade the Duke of York to concede to the settlers +some form of a legislative Assembly. (N.Y. Col. Doc. ii. 235.) He +therefore communicated to the Council and General Court of Assizes, in +October, the permission he had received to visit England, and arranged +all matters likely to arise in his absence. On the 17th November, +1677, he sailed from New York, not accompanied by his wife probably, +as we find no mention of her. + +During his stay in England at this time, Sir Edmund Andros was +knighted, a sufficient proof of the favor in which he was held at +court. On the 8th April, 1678, he was called before the Committee for +Trade and Plantations, and was examined in regard to affairs in New +England as well as in his own Colony. His answer was quite elaborate, +and is printed in the New York Colonial Documents, iii. 260-265. In +regard to his own Colony of New York, he estimates the towns, +villages, and parishes at about twenty-four in number, the militia as +numbering 2,000, the value of all estates at L150,000. He thinks a +substantial merchant is one worth L500 to L1,000, and a planter is +rich who has half as much in moveables. + +His opinion of the settlements in New England certainly does not seem +unfriendly. He states indeed that "the acts of trade and navigation +are said, and is generally believed, not to be observed in the +Colonies as they ought," yet he adds, "I do not find but the +generality of the magistrates and people are well affected to the King +and Kingdom, but most knowing no other government than their own, +think it best and are wedded to and opinionate for it. And the +magistrates and others in place, chosen by the people, think that they +are obliged to assert and maintain said government all they can, and +are Church-members and like so to be chosen, and to continue without +any considerable alteration and change there, and depend upon the +people to justify them in their actings." + +Andros at this time brought before the Council the matter of the false +charge that he had supplied the Indians with ammunition, and the +Agents for Massachusetts, William Stoughton and Peter Bulkley +accordingly replied, promising "To do their utmost endeavour" to +remove any misunderstanding between Sir Edmund and their government. + +On the 27th of May, 1678, he sailed for New York in the "Blossom," +taking with him William Pinhorne, James Graham, John White, John West +and others, including his chaplain, the Rev. Charles Woolley, whose +Journal was published in 1701.[4] + +[Footnote 4: It has been reprinted (New York, 1860) with notes by Dr. +E.B. O'Callaghan.] + +He arrived on the 7th September, 1678, and found his Colony at peace, +though there were still difficulties to be apprehended in dealing with +the Indians. During the next two years Andros seems to have been much +disturbed by controversies with some of the leading merchants, and +complaints were freely made to the Duke of York that his Governor was +dishonest. Accordingly, James wrote, May 24, 1680, to Andros, (N.Y. +Col. Doc. iii. 283,) that he wished him to return to England "by the +first convenience," turning over the government to Anthony Brockholst, +the Lieutenant-Governor. Mr. John Lewen was sent hither as a special +commissioner to investigate the accounts of the government, and his +report (printed in N.Y. Col. Doc. iii. 302-8) was decidedly +unfavorable to Andros. The Governor, however, who had sailed from New +York, January 7, 1681, was able to refute the charges made against +him, and ends his reply as follows:-- + +"Lastly, I answer to the whole report, I do find all the imputations +upon myself to be wholly untrue and deny every part thereof."... "But +if any objections or doubts remain, I am still ready to subject them +to the greatest scrutiny his Royal Highness shall think fit, not +doubting his Royal Highness's justice and my own vindication." (N.Y. +Col. Doc. iv. 313.) + +We have learned nothing respecting Andros's position in England for +the next five years, except that he was in favor at Court, being, in +1683, sworn Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to the King, Charles II. He +very probably devoted his attention to his estates in Guernsey, as in +this year he and his wife received from the Crown a grant of the +Island of Alderney for ninety-nine years, at a rent of thirteen +shillings. In 1685, he was made Lieutenant-Colonel of the Princess of +Denmark's Regiment of Horse, commanded by the Earl of Scarsdale. + +The accession of James II. however, February, 1685, opened a new +prospect of advancement. Andros seems to have been a staunch member of +the Church of England, but his long intimacy with the Duke of York had +doubtless given that Prince a favorable impression of his abilities. +The Charter of Massachusetts, after a contest extending through many +years, had been declared vacated, October 23rd, 1684. The notorious +Col. Piercy Kirke[5] had been designated as the new Governor by +Charles II. and confirmed by James, but New England had been spared +the affliction of his presence. Joseph Dudley had been commissioned as +President of the Council, and served as chief magistrate from May +15th, 1686, till December 19th following. + +[Footnote 5: Not much is known of Col. Piercy Kirke. His father was +Col. Lewis Kirke, who in 1642-3 commanded the Royal forces in the +defence of Reading against the troops under Hampden. (Lord Nugent's +Life of Hampden, ii. 339-343.) Some account of Kirke is given in +"Notes and Queries," 2nd S. viii. 472. It seems that Piercy Kirke, in +1673, served under the Duke of Monmouth in the army of the King of +France. In 1675, he was Captain-Lieutenant in the Royal regiment of +Horse-Guards; and in 1680, he was made Lieutenant-Colonel of the 2nd +Tangier regiment. He was soon after made Colonel of this regiment, and +in 1682 was transferred to the Queen's regiment. In 1684, he came with +his regiment to England, and was employed under the Earl of Feversham +during Monmouth's rebellion. His conduct after that revolt was +quelled, has covered his name with infamy, and Macauley has drawn his +character in vivid colors. He was made Brigadier-General in 1685, was +one of those who joined William of Orange, and distinguished himself +at the battle of the Boyne in 1690. He was promoted to the rank of +Lieutenant-General in the same year, was sent to the army in Flanders, +and died at Breda, October 31, 1691. + +He married Lady Mary Howard, daughter of George, fourth Earl of +Suffolk. From the identity of names it is probable that his son was +the Percy Kirke who in 1735 was a Brigadier-General, commanding the +King's Own Regiment of Foot.] + +Andros was commissioned Governor in chief in and over the dominion of +New England, June 3, 1686, though his appointment is spoken of as +settled, in a letter from Randolph, dated at Boston, July 28th of that +year. (Hutchinson Papers, ii. 288, Prince Society's edition.) + +It would seem as if Andros had received less than justice from the +historians of Massachusetts. HUTCHINSON (Hist. i. 353) writes of him, +"he was less dreaded than Kirke, but he was known to be of an +arbitrary disposition. He kept a correspondence with the Colony whilst +he was Governor of New York. His letters then discovered much of the +dictator." So PALFREY (iii. 517) in his admirable History, says that +James "had known Andros many years as a person of resolution and +capacity, of arbitrary principles, and of habits and tastes absolutely +foreign to those of the Puritans of New-England; and could scarcely +have been ignorant of his personal grudge against Massachusetts, on +account of old affronts. It was not to be doubted that here was a man +prepared to be as oppressive and offensive as the King desired." + +It is certainly but justice to an officer who filled so many important +positions to the entire satisfaction of employers so different as +James II. and William of Orange, to scrutinize with deliberation such +charges against his character, and to insist upon undoubted evidence +of his personal iniquities. + +One thing seems evident, the government now imposed on New England was +not the act of Andros, nor is there any proof that he sought the +position of Governor. Randolph indeed had labored for years to effect +the downfall of the Charter government; and as PALFREY has shown in +successive chapters, in aid of the same purpose were the efforts of +English merchants whose trade was injured by the commercial enterprise +of Massachusetts, and the denunciations of English politicians, who +considered the Charter government an infringement of the Royal +prerogative. We have seen no evidence of Andros's complicity with +these enemies of New England, and no proof of an unfriendly +disposition when he accepted office. + +It will hardly be imputed to Andros as a fault that he took the view +of the Royal authority which prevailed at Court. As a subordinate, +appointed to a certain position to carry out a certain policy, he had +no choice but to obey or resign. In carrying out the commands of his +master, he can only be blamed if his conduct was cruel or even harsh, +in excess of his instructions. It will certainly be difficult, we +think, to fasten any such stigma upon Andros. Leaving his political +offences, for which the King was responsible, what personal charges +can be substantiated against him? + +It is evident that no person was executed for a political offence, and +that none of the atrocities of Jeffreys or Lauderdale were repeated in +this country. It is equally evident that no one was fined or +imprisoned for non-conformity to the Church of England, and the +contrast with the mother country is entirely in our favor. If the +fees exacted were excessive, a point hereafter to be considered, was +Andros a gainer thereby? From a report made at the time, and printed +in N.Y. Colonial Documents, iv. 263, it appears that Andros was paid a +fixed salary in 1686, of L1200 sterling; in 1687, the same, and in +1688, L1400 sterling, out of the revenue. We have yet to learn of any +claim made against Andros for fees illegally collected or for public +money mis-appropriated. PALMER indeed, in his Impartial Account, makes +a strong defense for Andros on this head. The Council were all old +residents; the Secretary and Collector, who received the greatest +fees, were not appointed by Andros, and indeed Randolph quarrelled +with him. The Treasurer was John Usher, who continued to reside here +after the downfall of Andros, and the Chief Justice was Dudley. It is +hardly probable that Andros was responsible for the appointment of any +of the higher officials, nor should he be justly charged with the +table of fees which was fixed for their benefit by a committee of the +Council. + +Reduced to plain statements, the personal charges against Andros seem +to be, first, a zeal for Episcopacy, which led him to insist upon +having a place for Church services in one of the Boston meeting-houses +for a time; and secondly, a rude or insolent carriage towards his +disaffected subjects. + +As to the first, the facts are patent, and they do not seem to +constitute a very heinous offence. It was undeniably a great annoyance +to the members of the Old South Church, to have the Governor use the +building for Episcopal services, but as they were held only when "the +building was not occupied by the regular congregation," (PALFREY, iii. +522,) we cannot greatly censure Andros for his course. + +As to his treatment of persons accused of misdemeanors, we find but +one instance which was worthy of censure. The case of the Rev. Mr. +Wiswall of Duxbury, as narrated at p. 100 of this volume, is an +evidence of inhumanity on the part of some one. If he were compelled +to journey and appear before the Council when disabled by gout, it was +an act disgraceful to the authorities; yet we must add, that Andros is +not accused directly of being the persecutor. The other instances sink +into insignificance, and at most prove only that Andros was a +passionate man, who did not hesitate to express uncomplimentary +opinions very freely. When Andros "called the people of the country +Jacks and Toms;" and when, the constables having made an address to +Sir Edmund as to how they should keep the peace if the sailors from +the Frigate made a fray, "he fell into a great rage and did curse them +and said they ought to be sent to Gaol and ordered Mr. West to take +their names,"--we cannot on that account rank him with Kirke or +Claverhouse. + +So in two cases cited by his accusers, in pages 107 and 111 following: +when certain impertinent busy-bodies brought an Indian to testify that +Andros was engaged in a conspiracy to bring on an Indian War,--a story +whose folly was only equalled by the harm it might cause if believed +by the people,--Andros contented himself with ridiculing them, though +afterwards they were fined by the courts. To prove that he +discountenanced making defence against the Indians, his opponents +offer the testimony of certain village officials, whose affidavits +prove only that Sir Edmund probably had read Shakespeare. + +We fail, therefore, to see any evidence that Andros was cruel, +rapacious, or dishonest; we know of no charge affecting his morality, +and we find a hasty temper the most palpable fault to be imputed to +him. + +To return to our sketch of his public acts. He arrived at Boston, a +place which he had before visited in October, 1680, to wait upon Lord +Culpepper, (N.Y. Col. Doc. iii. 308,) in the "Kingfisher," Sunday, +December 19, 1686, and landed the next day attended by about sixty +soldiers. He was received with great acclamation of joy, and was +escorted by a great number of merchants and others, to the Town House. +He at once proceeded to organize his government, which it must be +remembered, as constituted by his commission, was composed of the +Governor and his Council. The other officers, judges, collectors, &c., +were at hand, and the objects of the new rulers were soon disclosed. +By losing their Charter and its representative form of government, the +colonists had lost the privilege of taxing themselves. The Governor +and Council imposed the tax; and when the inhabitants of the town of +Ipswich attempted to resist the law, the patriotic leaders of the +movement were tried, fined and imprisoned. The judges were Dudley, +Stoughton, Usher and Randolph. This trial ended all attempts to +dispute this claim of the government, but it was only the natural +result of the forfeiture of the Charter, and in no sense the act of +the Governor. + +The other claim of the Crown was to the ownership of all the land, +which involved two questions, viz. as to lands already owned by the +settlers, and waste lands. The government held that private titles +were invalid, unless confirmed by the Crown on the payment of a quit +rent. Preposterous as this doctrine may seem, it had staunch +defenders, and Andros was in earnest in enforcing it. Many complied +with the requirements of the government, but the work was not +completed when the Revolution came. As to Andros's share of the blame, +Palmer makes the best defence, when he points out that Writs of +Intrusion were brought only against a few persons to test the right, +and these persons were those able to contest the question, and not +obscure individuals. The moral question as to waste lands is more +difficult of decision, since the argument is not without force, that +it was better for Andros to grant them to persons who would improve +them, than for the towns to hold them, unimproved, as commons. + +Among the earliest acts of Andros, was his extending his authority +over New Hampshire, Plymouth and Rhode Island, as well as Maine and +Massachusetts. In October, 1687, he visited Hartford, and took the +government of Connecticut also into his hands, and he afterwards +traveled through that Colony. The first few months of 1688 were spent +at Boston in consolidating the legislation necessary for the future +guidance of the government. + +He had at this time the misfortune to lose his wife, who died January +22, 1687-8, and was buried in the church-yard adjoining King's +Chapel.[6] + +[Footnote 6: In TRUMBULL'S Conn. Records, iii. 437, is a letter from +John West to John Allen at Hartford. It is dated January 21st, +(Saturday,) and states that he writes to let Allen "know the great +griefe and sorrow wee are in for my Lady Andros, who since Tuesday +last was sevenight hath been extreamly ill, and soe continues almost +at the Court of Death, and is a greate affliction to his Excellency +who is most passionately concerned. If it should please God to call +her to himselfe, wee should all have a greate losse of a right good +and vertuous Lady." + +In a postscript West adds--"January 26th. Mr. Belcher not proceeding +on his intended Journey, have opportunity to add that on Sunday last +the Lady Andros departed this life, to the great griefe and sorrow of +his Excellency and all that knew her." + +As to the funeral, the following account is given in Judge Sewall's +Diary, quoted in BRIDGMAN'S King's Chapel Epitaphs, p. 318. "Between 4 +and 5 I went to the funeral of the Lady Andros, having been invited by +the Clark of the South Company. Between 7 and 8 (lychns illuminating +the cloudy air) the corpse was carried into the herse drawn by six +horses, the soldiers making a guard from the Governor's house down the +Prison Lane to the South meeting-house; there taken out and carried in +at the western door, and set in the alley before the pulpit, with six +mourning women by it. House made light with candles and torches. There +was a great noise and clamor to keep people out of the house that they +might not rush in too soon. I went home."] + +In April, 1688, Andros visited Portsmouth and Pemaquid, where he +repaired the fort, and proceeding to Penobscot, he seized some +property of Castine, a Frenchman who had settled there among the +Indians. Returning to Boston, "he found a great promotion awaiting him +in a new commission, creating him Governor of all the English +possessions on the mainland, except Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland +and Virginia."[7] His command embraced New England, New York and New +Jersey, with its capital at Boston. + +[Footnote 7: PALFREY, iii. 558, 561, 562.] + +In July, August and September, 1688, Andros made a tour through the +Colonies, going through the Jerseys, and visiting New York city, +Albany and Hartford. During this visit he had held a conference with +the chiefs of the Five Nations, and had notified the Governor of +Canada that these tribes were under the protection of the English. He +must therefore have been surprised and disgusted to find that +hostilities were imminent in the Colony of Maine. The cause of this +outbreak was probably the resentment of Castine, whose property had +been taken by Andros in the spring, and whose influence with the +Penobscots was great. + +At first, the Governor tried the effect of conciliation, but finding +this useless, he collected some seven hundred troops,[8] and in +November, 1688, he proceeded to Maine to defend the settlers there. He +established and garrisoned several forts, a list of which will be +found in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. 3rd S. i. 85. At Pemaquid, he received +information of the probable designs of the Prince of Orange upon +England, and January 10th, 1689, he issued the Proclamation which will +be found on p. 75 of the present volume. + +[Footnote 8: PALFREY, iii. 568.] + +He returned to Boston early in March,[9] and the chief event of that +month was the accusation that he had entered into a conspiracy with +the Indians against the Colony, a base and foolish calumny. On the 4th +of April, 1689, the news of the landing of the Prince of Orange in +England was brought to Boston from Nevis by John Winslow, who had a +copy of the Prince's Declaration. Andros had been previously warned +however, by his friends in New York. + +[Footnote 9: Ibid, iii. 570.] + +From this time until the 18th of April, there were doubtless plots and +conspiracies without end. On that day the people of Boston rose +against Andros and his government, but no hint is given us of the real +contrivers of the revolution. PALFREY, iii. 579, writes, "It would be +very interesting to know when and how the rising in Boston was +projected. But conspirators do not show their hands while they are at +their game; and after the settlement under King William, it became +altogether unsuitable for those who had been privy to the facts to let +it be known that the insurrection at Boston was a movement independent +of his enterprise." The contemporary accounts of the proceedings are +numerous and full of detail. BYFIELD'S Account was printed very soon +and will be found in this volume; HUTCHINSON gives in his History, (i. +374-377,) a copy of a letter sent to Gov. Hinckley; PALFREY in the +notes to his History, gives a number of citations from original +papers, including the narrative of John Riggs, a servant of Sir +Edmund's; and last, O'CALLAGHAN, (N.Y. Col. Documents, iii. 722,) +prints Andros's own version. The events themselves are so fully +described in the following pages, that it is necessary to say only +that Andros, who was in the fort on Fort-hill, was obliged to +surrender on the first day, April 18th, and was lodged under guard at +Mr. Usher's house. On the 19th he was forced to order the surrender of +the Castle in the harbor, and the Rose frigate was also given up and +partially dismantled. A provisional government was at once formed, and +Andros was transferred to the custody of John Nelson at the fort. We +have printed in the present collection a statement by the Captain of +the Castle, of the good treatment afforded Andros and his companions. +It seems by BYFIELD'S story, that Sir Edmund made an unsuccessful +attempt to escape disguised in woman's apparel, in April; he was more +successful on the 2nd of August, when by the treachery of one of the +corporals, he escaped from the Castle and reached Rhode Island. +Waiting there too long, probably for some vessel bound to New York or +to England, he was captured by Major Sanford and sent back to his +former prison. + +The following named persons were imprisoned with Andros. (R.I. +Records, iii. 257.) "Joseph Dudley, Judge Palmer, Mr. Randolph, Lt. +Col. Lidgett, Lt. Col. Macgregry, Captain George, Major Brockholes, +Mr. Graham, Mr. West, Captain Treffry, Mr. Justice Bullivant, Mr. +Justice Foxcroft, Captain White, Captain Ravencroft, Ensign Pipin, Dr. +Roberts, Mr. Farewell, Mr. Jemeson, Mr. Kane, Mr. Broadbent, Mr. James +Sherlock, sheriff, Mr. Larkin, Captain Manning, Lt. Jordaine, Mr. +Cutler,"--25 in all, to which BYFIELD adds Mr. Crafford and Mr. Smith, +and HUTCHINSON says that the number seized and confined amounted to +about fifty. Probably some were soon released, or were too obscure in +rank to be recorded. + +It is our intention now to trace the personal fortunes of the deposed +Governor, rather than the course of his successors. He was kept +prisoner until February, 1690, when, in accordance with an order from +England, Sir Edmund and his companions were sent thither for trial. +The order, which was caused by letters which they had managed to +convey to the Court, was dated July 30, 1689, but it did not reach +Boston till very late in the year, and the prisoners were sent by the +first opportunity.[10] + +[Footnote 10: See HUTCHINSON, i. 392; R.I. Records, iii. 256.] + +The Colony sent over Elisha Cooke and Thomas Oakes to assist their +agents, Sir Henry Ashurst and Increase Mather, in prosecuting their +charges against Sir Edmund and his associates. We find in the New York +Col. Documents, iii. 722, and also in R.I. Records, iii. 281, an +account by Sir Edmund of his administration, which is termed by +PALFREY (iii. 587) "extremely disingenuous," though we cannot assent +to this term. In it he says that he and his friends were sent to +England "where, after summons given to the pretended agents of New +England, and their twice appearance at the Council Board, nothing +being objected by them or others, they were discharged." + +HUTCHINSON, indeed, (i. 394,) attempts to lay the blame of this +release of Andros and his more guilty associates, upon Sir John +Somers, the counsel employed by the agents. It may be nearer the truth +to say that Andros had committed no crime for which he could be +punished, and that he had in no way exceeded or abused the powers +conferred upon him. + +At all events, Andros was favorably received at home, and in 1692 was +appointed Governor of Virginia, to which command was joined that of +Maryland. "He brought over to Virginia the Charter of William and Mary +College, of which he laid the foundation. He encouraged manufactures +and the cultivation of cotton in that Colony, regulated the +Secretary's office, where he commanded all the public papers and +records to be sorted and kept in order, and when the State House was +burned, had them carefully preserved, and again sorted and registered. +By these and other commendable acts, he succeeded in gaining the +esteem of the people, and in all likelihood would have been still more +useful to the Colony had his stay been longer, but his administration +closed in November, 1698." (O'CALLAGHAN, Woolley's Journal, p. 67.) + +Strangely enough, the Governor who in Massachusetts was chiefly hated +for his love of Episcopacy, was overthrown in Virginia for quarrelling +with the Church authorities. The Earl of Bellomont writes in 1690, in +a letter printed in N.Y. Col. Doc. iv. 490, "Sir Edmund Andros for +quarreling with Doctor Blair in Virginia, brought the resentment of +the Bishop of London and the Church (they say) on his head, which is +the reason he has lost his government, and by the same rule they would +get me recalled by making this a church quarrel." Bishop Meade in his +"Old Churches and Families of Virginia," i. 157-8, gives some account +of this controversy. The opponent of Andros was the Rev. James Blair, +Commissary of the Bishop of London and President of the College, who +seems to have passed nearly all his life in disputes with successive +Governors; and it is no proof that Andros was in the wrong that he was +recalled and superseded. The record of the trial of Dr. Blair is +preserved at Lambeth, the result being that he returned triumphant +with a good sum of money for his College. + +Sir Edmund soon reappears, however, as the recipient of Court favor, +being in 1704 appointed Governor of Guernsey, an office which he held +for two years, retaining also the post of Bailiff of the Island, which +he had for life. This is nearly the last we learn of him, and his age, +nearly seventy years, must have debarred him from farther service. We +find his name indeed among the new members in the "Proceedings of the +Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 20 Feb. +1712-3 to 19 Feb. 1713-4;"[11] and this was in the last year of his +life, as he was buried at St. Anne's, Soho, Westminster, London, 27th +Feb. 1713-4, in his 76th year. + +[Footnote 11: Communicated by W.S. Appleton, Esq.] + +There remain to be noticed only a few items in respect to Sir Edmund's +marriages, all occurring after his return from Virginia. + +We do not know how soon after the death of his first wife in 1688 he +married again; but the examination made for us by Joseph L. Chester, +Esq., of London, shows that Sir Edmund's second wife was Elizabeth, +third daughter and co-heiress of Thomas Crispe of Quekes, co. Kent. +Her father, who died in 1680, was the oldest son of Thomas Crispe, +Esq. of Gondhurst, co. Kent, nephew and heir-male of Henry Crispe of +Quekes. She was a widow, having married first Christopher Clapham, +(son of Sir Christopher Clapham, Knt. of Clapham, co. York,) who died +15th November, 1677, and was buried in Birchington Church, Isle of +Thanet, co. Kent: by him she had but one child, Christopher Clapham, +who is mentioned in Andros's Will. It may be added, that Sir William +Craven, brother of the first Lady Andros, married Mary Clapham, a +sister-in-law of this Mrs. Elizabeth Clapham. The connection between +the families rendered this second marriage of Andros the more +natural. + +The second Lady Andros was buried at St. Giles'-in-the-Fields, co. +Middlesex, August 18th, 1703. + +Sir Edmund married thirdly, April 21st, 1707, Elizabeth Fitzherbert, +of whose family nothing has been found. She survived him and was +buried at St. Anne's, Soho, February 12th, 1716-17. He left no issue +by any of his wives, though representatives of the family, in the line +of his nephew, still reside at Guernsey. + +In reviewing the long public career of Sir Edmund Andros, we are +struck not less by the amount of work which he performed than by the +censures which his services incurred. He was the Governor at times of +every Royal Province on the mainland, and exercised a larger influence +than any other of the rulers sent hither by Great Britain. He was +repeatedly accused of dishonesty and oppression, yet he passed +harmless through repeated examinations only to receive fresh +promotion. He was apparently the chosen follower of James, and yet +there is no reason to suspect him of any disloyalty to his country at +the anxious period when that monarch was striving to retain his +throne. He was intrusted by William with the government of Virginia, +and was honored by Queen Anne; thus holding office under four +successive monarchs. Surely there must have been some noble traits of +character in a man thus perpetually involved in contests and thus +invariably successful. + +It is certainly to be regretted that we have been led to form our +opinion of Andros from the reports of men who were deeply interested +in maligning him. That his government was distasteful to the citizens +of Massachusetts is undeniable, but no man sent here to perform the +same duty would have been acceptable. In reality the grievance of the +colonists lay in the destruction of their Charter, and filled with +hatred to those who had thus deprived them of this accustomed liberty, +they were at enmity with every form of government that might be +imposed in its place. The leaders indeed found that a restoration of +the Charter was impossible, but Increase Mather's letters testify how +reluctantly the people acquiesced, and how sharply he was blamed for +not effecting impossibilities. + +As to the government of Andros, we fail to see in it any special +hardships or persecution. He himself declares that he levied for the +expenses of the State only the usual annual tax of a penny in the +pound, which had been the rate for the previous fifty years. If other +officers, not appointed by him, nor under his control, charged +unmerciful fees, that was a matter to be urged against them. It is a +significant fact, however, that most of these officers remained in +America and were unmolested. If under instructions from the Crown, and +fortified by the opinions of English judges, he attempted to collect +rent for lands which the settlers claimed were their own, unless he +used fraud or violence, he should no more be blamed than the lawyers +employed in the cases. + +We see then no reason to doubt that Sir Edmund Andros was an upright +and honorable man, faithful to his employers, conscientious in his +religious belief, an able soldier, possessed of great administrative +abilities, a man worthy to be ranked among the leaders of his time. He +may have been hasty of speech, yet his words were followed by no acts +of revenge; he may have been proud of his ancestry and his position at +Court, yet we find no evidence that his pride exceeded the bounds of +decorum. He was singularly fortunate in acquiring the affection of the +Indians at a time when their good-will was of immense importance; and +his overthrow was the precursor of one of the most disastrous Indian +wars that New England ever experienced. + +It should be remembered, finally, that he labored under the +disadvantage of being here at the time of a transition in affairs. He +was fast building up a party here of those who wished to assimilate +Massachusetts to other portions of the British empire. There were +many, and those not the poorest or least educated, who were sorry when +the reaction succeeded for a time and the old rule was re-established. +And yet the triumph was but nominal, for the old Charter and the old +system were never restored. The Colony was destined to enter upon a +new career which was to reach to the Revolution, and undoubtedly a +potent influence at the outset was the breaking up of old associations +effected by Andros. The only injustice we need to repair, is the +mistaken idea that he was the ruling cause of the change--it was +something far more powerful. Unless, therefore, we are disposed to +quarrel with the progress of events, and to wish to restore our State +to the primitive rule of the Puritan church, we should cease to make a +bugbear of the instrument of its overthrow. We may class Andros rather +among those statesmen, unwelcome but necessary, whose very virtues and +abilities are detested in their lifetime, because they do so +thoroughly their appointed work and initiate new periods in national +history. + + + + +WILL OF SIR EDMUND ANDROS. + +[Extracted from the Principal Registry of Her Majesty's Court of +Probate, in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury.] + + +In the Name of God, Amen. + +I Sr. Edmund Andros of Guernsey and now residing in the parish of +St Anne in the Liberty of Westminster in the County of Middlesex +Knight being in health of body and of good and perfect memory praised +be God do make and ordain this my last Will and Testament in manner +and form following that is to say First and principally I commend my +soul into the hands of Almighty God my Creator trusting and assuredly +hoping through the merits and mediation of my blessed Lord and Saviour +Jesus Christ to inherit eternal life my body to be decently buried but +without ostentation and as to the worldly estate it hath pleased God +to bless me with I dispose thereof as followeth viz Imprs: I order +and direct that all the just debts which I may happen to owe at my +decease be forthwith paid----Item I give the sum of one hundred +pounds for the placing of ten poor children to be apprentices to some +trades or otherwise preferred according to the discretion of my +Executor that is to say ten pounds for each child----Item +Whereas I am entitled to two several annuities of fifty pounds p. +annum each payable out of the Exchequer by virtue of an Act of +Parliament whereof the order for payment for one is number one +thousand and ninety four and therefore payment of the other is number +four thousand three hundred seventy seven now for a further and better +provision for Dame Elizabeth my wife I do give unto her the said two +several annuities of fifty pounds p: ann: a piece together with the +several Tallys and Orders relating thereunto for and during the term +of her natural life only and I also give unto my said wife the sum of +one hundred pounds to be paid to her immediately after my death which +said several annuities for life and one hundred pounds I do hereby +direct appoint and declare are for and in lieu of a jointure and in +full recompence of her dower and are hereby given to my said wife upon +condition that she shall not claim any interest right or title in or +to any lands tenements or hereditaments of which I am or shall be +seized at the time of my decease and if my said wife shall after my +death claim any estate right title or interest in or to any of my +lands tenements or hereditaments Then the bequest herein made unto her +of the said several annuities and of the said one hundred pounds as +aforesaid shall be void and of none effect and then and in such case I +give the said several annuities and the said one hundred pounds unto +my Executor hereinafter named----And from and after the decease +of my said wife I also give the said two several annuities of fifty +pounds each unto my Executor hereinafter named together with the +Tallys & orders relating thereunto----Item I give the sum of +two hundred pounds which is due to me by bond from Thomas Cooper near +Maidstone in Kent taken in the name of my late sister in law Mrs +Hannah Crispe and all the interest that shall be due thereupon unto +Christopher Clapham Esq (son of my late dear deceased wife) if I do +not in some other give or secure to the said Christopher Clapham the +sd. debt of two hundred pounds and interest----Item I give +to Edwin Wiat Esq Serjeant at Law (if he shall survive me) and in case +of his death before me to his Executors Administrators or assigns the +sum of three hundred pounds which is due and owing to me by mortgage +made from Mrs Mary Hurt unto my said late wife by the name of +Elizabeth Clapham Widow and all interest that shall be due thereupon +and all my right and interest in and to the same upon this condition +that the said Serjt. Wiat his executors administrators or assigns +shall within six months next after my decease pay unto the said +Christopher Clapham Esq the sum of two hundred pounds which sum I do +give to the said Mr. Clapham out of the said debt----Item I +give to my niece Elizabeth daughter of my late brother John Andros +deceased the sum of two hundred pounds----Item I give to my +niece Ann daughter of my said late brother John Andros the sum of one +hundred pounds----Item I give to my nephew Caesar son of my +sd. late brother John Andros the sum of one hundred pounds----Item +I give to my nephew Edmund son of my said late brother John Andros +the yearly sum of twenty pounds for his maintenance which sd. yearly +sum of twenty pounds my will is shall be paid by my Executor +hereinafter named free from all taxes charges and payments whatsoever +unto my said nephew Edmund or to such person or persons as shall from +time to time have the care and keeping of him by equal half yearly +payments for and during the term of his natural life that is to say at +the feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Feast +of St. Michael the Archangel the first payment to begin and to be made +at such of the said feasts as shall first happen after my +death----Item I give unto my nephew William son of my said late +brother John Andros the sum of one hundred pounds----Item I give to my +nephew George Son of my late brother George Andros deceased all my +estate and interest in the Island of Alderney which I shall be seized +or possessed of at the time of my death either in fee simple or for +any term of years or otherwise howsoever in the said Island of +Alderney together with all powers privileges and francises to me +belonging and all my right title and interest thereto and I also give +unto my said nephew George Andros the sum of five hundred pounds----Item +whereas there is payable to me or my assigns out of the +Exchequer and chargeable on the Revenue of Excise by Act of Parliament +two several annuities of fifty pounds each whereof the order for one +is number four hundred sixty three & the order for the other is number +four hundred sixty four I do hereby give unto my said nephew George +Andros the said two several annuitys or yearly sums of fifty pounds & +all my term benefit & advantages in & to the same together with the +Tallys and orders relating thereunto to be delivered to him +immediately after my decease----Item I give to my niece Anne +Lemesurier daughter of my said late Brother George Andros the sum of +one hundred pounds----Item Whereas Caesar Knapton Gent is indebted to +me in several sums of money by bond mortgage or otherwise the mortgage +being made to Ralph Marshall Esq & by him assigned to me in lieu of +moneys had of mine I do hereby give unto the sd. Caesar Knapton all +such moneys as remains due to me from him & do also release unto him +and his heirs all securities which I have for the same----Item I give +to William Le Merchant Son of my late niece Elizabeth Le Merchant +dec'ed the sum of one hundred pounds and to his sister Elizabeth the +now wife of Mr. Elizea Le Merchant the like sum of one hundred +pounds----Item I release and discharge my cousin Magdalen Andros Widow +the Relict of my Cousin Amos Andros deceased and his heirs off and +from all and every the sum and sums of money which is due and owing to +me from the said Amos Andros by Bond or otherwise----Item I release & +discharge my cousin Mary Andros (daughter of the said Amos Andros +deceased) off and from all sum and sums of money charges and other +expences whatsoever which I have disbursed or have been at for her +late maintenance or might have or clayme any wise for the same and +also I give unto her the said Mary Andros the sume of one hundred +pounds and my mind and will is and I doe hereby direct that the +several and respective legacies hereinbefore given shall be by my +Executor hereinafter named paid or assigned to the said several +legatees entitled thereto within one year next after my decease +nevertheless my will is and I do hereby declare that the said several +legacies hereinbefore given are given to the said several legatees +respectively upon condition that they do not claim any other part of +my estate than what is hereby given to them respectively and that if +any or either of them or any other person or persons on their or any +of their behalfs or claiming by or under them either or any of them +shall or do clayme any part of my estate either real or personal other +than what is by this my Will given to them respectively or shall in +any wise molest hinder or disturb my nephews John Andros or his heirs +or any claiming under him or them in the quiet possession or enjoyment +thereof or shall upon his or their request refuse to release all his +her or their claim interest or pretensions in or to all or any part or +parcel of my estate other than what is hereinbefore respectively given +to them That then and from thenceforth the legacy or legacys so given +to him her or them respectively as aforesaid so claiming or refusing +as aforesaid shall respectively cease determine and be utterly void +and in such case I give the said legacy or legacys so as to be made +void as aforesaid unto my said nephew John (eldest son of my said +brother John Andros dec'ed) and his heirs----Item I give to Mrs. +Margaret Baxter Widow the yearly sum of ten pounds to be paid to her +tax free out of the interest rents issues and profits of the mortgage +money hereinafter mentioned to be due to me from the estate of my late +cousin Margaret Lowdon deceased by equal quarterly payments for and +during the natural life of the said Mrs. Baxter the first payment +whereof to begin and to be made at the end of three calendar months +next after my decease----Item I discharge the heirs executors and +administrators of the said Mrs. Margaret Lowdon of and from all +interest money that shall remain due to me at the time of my decease +over and above what sums of money she did in her lifetime pay and +which they or any of them shall have paid to me or by my order for the +sum of four hundred pounds which is due to me on the mortgage of her +estate in Harron Alley without Aldgate London----Item all other my +estate whatsoever both real and personal in Great Britain Guernsey or +elsewhere not herein disposed of after all my debts legacies and +funeral expences shall be paid and satisfied I give devise and +bequeath unto my said nephew John (eldest son of my said late brother +John Andros deceased) and to his heirs----But my will is that my said +nephew John or his heirs shall within two years after my decease (if +not built before) build a good suitable house on or at the Manor of +Sacmares in Guernsey aforesaid and if the said John or his heires +shall not in that time build such house (if not built before) Then my +Will is and I do hereby direct and appoint my said nephew John or his +heires to pay the sum of five hundred pounds unto my said nephew +George Andros within one year after his or their neglect to build such +house as aforesaid and I do hereby make ordain constitute and appoint +my said nephew John Andros (in case he survives me) Sole Executor of +this my last Will and Testament----But if my said nephew John Andros +shall be then dead then and in such case I make his heirs male Sole +Executor of this my last Will and Testament----And I do hereby +revoke annul and make void all former wills by me made declaring this +to be my last Will and Testament----In witness whereof to this my last +Will and Testament contained in five sheets of paper I have to each of +the said sheets sett my hand and seal the nineteenth day of July Anno +Dom: 1712 and in the eleventh year of the reign of our Sovereign Lady +Anne by the Grace of God of Great Britain France and Ireland Queen +Defender of the Faith + +E. ANDROS. + + Signed sealed declared and published by the said Sir Edmund + Andros to be his last Will and Testament in the presence of + the Witnesses hereunder written which said Witnesses + subscribed their names in the presence of the said Sir + Edmund Andros--James Spenceley--Rob: Hodson Jno. Hodson-- + +Probatum fuit hujus modi Testamentum apud London coram Venerabili Viro +Johanne Andrew Legum Doctore Surrogato Praehonorandi viri Domini Caroli +Hodges Militis Legum Etiam Doctoris Curiae Prerogativae Cantuariensis +Magistri Custodis Sive Commissarii legitime constituti Octavo die +mensis Martii Anno D'ni Millesimo Septingentesimo decimo tertio +juramento Johannis Andros Armigeri Executoris in dicto Testamento +nominati Cui Commissa fuit administratio omnium et singulorum bonorum +jurium et creditorum dicti defuncti de bene et fideliter administrando +eadem ad Sancta Dei Evangelii Jurat. + +[Illustration: From Sir Edmund's official Seal used in New England.] + + + + +NOTES ON THE PRECEDING MEMOIR. + + +Since the foregoing pages were in type, we have been favored with some +additional information concerning the Governor, through the kindness +of A.C. Andros, Esq., one of the present representatives of the +family. + + +A. + +He refers, first, to the printed account of Sir Edmund Andros, to be +found in the following book:--"Sarnia, or Brief Memorials of many of +her sons," by Ferdinand Brock Tupper, Esq. of Guernsey, published in +that island in 1862. In it the fact is mentioned that the manor or +fief of Sausmarez (_anglice_ Saltmarsh) in St. Martin's parish, was +sold in 1748 by the Andros family to a branch of the Sausmarez family +which still owns it. + + +B. + +Amice Andros, father of Sir Edmund, was "keeper of the castle of +Jerbourg, and hereditary Cup-bearer to the King in Guernsey, as also +one of the gallant defenders of Castle Cornet, during its memorable +nine years' siege. Two of his brothers, military officers, were slain; +one in the service of the King of Bohemia, who was son-in-law of +James I. of England; and the other in 1644, during the Civil War." + + +C. + +We have mentioned (p. xxii) that Sir Edmund received in 1683 a grant +of the Island of Alderney for ninety-nine years. Mr. Tupper states +that Lieut. General John Le Mesurier, who died 21st May, 1843, was the +last hereditary governor of Alderney. He was descended from Anne +Andros, sister and co-heir of George Andros, the nephew and heir of +Sir Edmund. Gen. Le Mesurier resigned the patent in 1825, on condition +of receiving a pension of L700 a year until its expiration in 1862. + + +D. + +In an old pedigree, written about A.D. 1687 by Charles Andros, uncle +of the Governor, and still preserved in the family, are a few +additional items relating to Sir Edmund. Before 1660 he served three +years in a troop of horse commanded by his uncle, Sir Robert Stone, in +Holland, and had a commission as Ensign to go to the island of Funeme +in Denmark.... After the death of the Queen of Bohemia he was made +ensign of the company of Sir John Talbot, Captain of the King's +guards. He was married "in England" to Mary Craven in February, 1671. +March 30th, 1672, (by which we understand the same year as that of his +marriage,) he was made Major of Prince Rupert's Dragoons. "The 14th +day of January, 1673," (? 1673-4,) he received "by patent in reversion +the charge of the Bailly of the island of Guernsey." "The 13th April, +1683, the King, Charles II. gave the charge of Gentleman in ordinary +of his privy chamber" to Sir Edmund, and "the 6th day of the month of +June, 1685, the King, James II. gave a commission to the above Sir +Edmund Andros to command a troop of cavalry to go against the rebels +in England." This refers of course to Monmouth's Rebellion. In August, +1685, he was made Lieut. Colonel of Lord Scarsdale's cavalry. (_Ante_, +p. xxii.) "The 19th October, 1686, the above Sir Edmund left England +to go to New-England;" he arrived 19th December, 1686. (_Ante_, p. +xxvii.) + + +E. + +We are indebted to Mr. Andros for a photograph of an original portrait +of Sir Edmund, from which the engraving prefixed to this memoir has +been made. As no other likeness of the Governor has been published, +our readers will fully appreciate the kindness of this contribution, +and will cordially join in expressing thanks for it. + + + + +CORRECTIONS + +RECEIVED AFTER THE MEMOIR WAS PRINTED. + + +P. v. The Memoir in Duncan's History was written by the late Mr. +Thomas Andros of Guernsey, who died in 1853. + +P. vii. Colette, first wife of Charles Andros, was daughter of Josias +Le Marchant. George Andros who m. Anne Blondel, died 10 Nov. 1685; so +say the family records. + +P. ix. The pardon was dated 18th August. The baronet was Sir Henry De +Vic. + +P. xi. Edmund Andros returned from Barbados to England in August, +1668, as appears by a letter of the 13th of that month from Mr. Thomas +Samborne to Mr. Amias Andros announcing his son's arrival in London. + +P. xxxv. Sir Edmund's second marriage was in 1691, says Mr. Chester. +The Crispes were of Go_u_dhurst, Kent. + +P. xlvii. The two brothers of Amice Andros were Joshua, killed in +Germany, and John, "Master of Artillery to Prince Maurice," killed in +England. + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Memoir of Sir Edmund Andros, Knt.,, by +William Henry Whitmore + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MEMOIR OF SIR EDMUND *** + +***** This file should be named 37773.txt or 37773.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/7/7/37773/ + +Produced by Steven Gibbs, Linda Cantoni, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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