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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of Magellan and The Discovery of
+the Philippines, by Hezekiah Butterworth
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Story of Magellan and The Discovery of the Philippines
+
+Author: Hezekiah Butterworth
+
+Illustrator: Frank T. Merrill
+
+Release Date: October 21, 2011 [EBook #37814]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF MAGELLAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Eric Skeet, Marilynda
+Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was made using scans
+of public domain works from the University of Michigan
+Digital Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+(1) Typos, punctuation, and spelling errors have been corrected.
+(2) Footnotes are marked [A], and placed at the end of the paragraph.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF MAGELLAN AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE PHILIPPINES
+
+BY HEZEKIAH BUTTERWORTH.
+
+Uniform edition. Each, 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+=The Story of Magellan.= A Tale of the Discovery of the Philippines.
+Illustrated by F. T. Merrill and Others.
+
+=The Treasure Ship.= A Story of Sir William Phipps and the Inter-Charter
+Period in Massachusetts. Illustrated by B. West Clinedinst and Others.
+
+=The Pilot of the Mayflower.= Illustrated by H. Winthrop Peirce and
+Others.
+
+=True to his Home.= A Tale of the Boyhood of Franklin. Illustrated by H.
+Winthrop Peirce.
+
+=The Wampum Belt:= _or, The Fairest Page of History._ A Tale of William
+Penn's Treaty with the Indians. With 6 full-page Illustrations.
+
+=The Knight of Liberty.= A Tale of the Fortunes of Lafayette. With 6
+full-page Illustrations.
+
+=The Patriot Schoolmaster.= A Tale of the Minutemen and the Sons of
+Liberty. With 6 full-page Illustrations by H. Winthrop Peirce.
+
+=In the Boyhood of Lincoln.= A Story of the Black Hawk War and the
+Tunker Schoolmaster. With 12 Illustrations and colored Frontispiece.
+
+=The Boys of Greenway Court.= A Story of the Early Years of Washington.
+With 10 full-page Illustrations.
+
+=The Log School-House on the Columbia.= With 13 full-page Illustrations
+by J. Carter Beard, E. J. Austen, and Others.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.
+
+
+[Illustration: Magellan planting the Cross in the Philippine Islands.]
+
+
+
+
+ THE STORY OF MAGELLAN
+ AND
+ THE DISCOVERY OF THE PHILIPPINES
+
+ BY
+
+ HEZEKIAH BUTTERWORTH
+
+ AUTHOR OF
+ THE TREASURE SHIP, THE PILOT OF THE MAYFLOWER,
+ TRUE TO HIS HOME, THE WAMPUM BELT,
+ IN THE BOYHOOD OF LINCOLN, ETC.
+
+ _ILLUSTRATED BY FRANK T. MERRILL
+ AND OTHERS_
+
+ [Illustration: Publishers' logo]
+
+ NEW YORK
+ D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+ 1899
+
+ COPYRIGHT, 1899,
+
+ BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.
+
+
+ "Fired by thy fame,[A] and with his King in ire
+ To match thy deed, shall Magalhaes aspire.
+
+ "Along the regions of the burning zone,
+ To deepest South he dares the course unknown.
+
+ "A land of giants shall his eyes behold,
+ Of camel strength, surpassing human mould.
+
+ "Beneath the Southern star's gold gleam he braves
+ And stems the whirl of land-surrounded waves.
+
+ "Forever movèd to the hero's fame,
+ Those foaming straits shall bear his deathless name."
+ CAMOËNS.
+
+ [A] Vasco da Gama.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+I have been asked to write a story of Ferdinand Magellan, the value of
+whose discoveries has received a new interpretation in the development
+of the South Temperate Zone of America, and in the ceding of the
+Philippine Islands to the United States. The works of Lord Stanley and
+of Guillemard furnish comprehensive histories of the intrepid discoverer
+of the South Pacific Ocean and the Philippine Islands; but there would
+seem to be room for a short, picturesque story of Magellan's adventures,
+such as might be read by family lamps and in schools.
+
+To attempt to write such a story is more than a pleasure, for the study
+of Magellan reveals a character high above his age; a man unselfish and
+true, who was filled with a passion for discovery, and who sought the
+welfare of humanity and the glory of the Cross rather than wealth or
+fame. Among great discoverers he has left a character well-nigh ideal.
+The incidents of his life are not only honorable, but usually have the
+color of chivalry.
+
+His voyages, as pictured by his companion Pigafetta, the historian, give
+us our first view of the interesting native inhabitants of the South
+Temperate Zone and of the Pacific archipelagoes, and his adventures with
+the giants of Patagonia and with the natives of the Ladrone Islands,
+read almost like stories of Sinbad the Sailor. The simple record of his
+adventures is in itself a storybook.
+
+Magellan, from his usually high and unselfish character, as well as for
+the lasting influence of what he did as shown in the new developments of
+civilization, merits a place among household heroes; and it is in this
+purpose and spirit I have undertaken a simple sympathetic interpretation
+of his most noble and fruitful life. I have tried to put into the form
+of a story the events whose harvests now appear after nearly four
+hundred years, and to picture truthfully a beautiful and inspiring
+character. To the narrative of his lone lantern I have added some tales
+of the Philippines.
+
+ H. BUTTERWORTH.
+
+ 28 WORCESTER STREET, BOSTON, MASS.
+
+
+
+
+ CONTENTS.
+
+
+ CHAPTER PAGE
+
+ I.--A STRANGE ROYAL ORDER 1
+
+ II.--FRIENDS WITH A PURPOSE 9
+
+ III.--PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR AND VASCO DA GAMA 15
+
+ IV.--THE ENTHUSIASTS CARRY THEIR PLANS TO THE KING 24
+
+ V.--ABOUT THE HAPPY ITALIAN WHO WISHED TO SEE THE
+ WORLD.--BEAUTIFUL SEVILLE! 38
+
+ VI.--ENEMIES.--ESTEBAN GORMEZ 43
+
+ VII.--"MAROONED" 52
+
+ VIII.--"THE WONDERS OF NEW LANDS."--PIGAFETTA'S TALES OF
+ HIS ADVENTURES WITH MAGELLAN.--THE STORY OF "THE
+ FOUNTAIN TREE."--"ST ELMO'S FIRE" 60
+
+ IX.--PINEAPPLES, POTATOES, VERY OLD PEOPLE 70
+
+ X.--THE FIRST GIANT.--THE ISLANDS OF GEESE AND
+ GOSLINGS.--THE DANCING GIANTS 76
+
+ XI.--CAPTURING A GIANT.--MAGELLAN'S DECISION 84
+
+ XII.--THE MUTINY AT PORT JULIAN.--THE STRAITS.--1519 91
+
+ XIII.--"THE ADMIRAL WAS MAD!" 99
+
+ XIV.--THE PACIFIC.--THE DEATH OF THE GIANTS 103
+
+ XV.--WELCOME TO THE PHILIPPINES! 108
+
+ XVI.--THE VISIT OF THE KING.--PIGAFETTA VISITS THE KING 116
+
+ XVII.--EASTER SUNDAY.--MAGELLAN PLANTS THE CROSS 122
+
+ XVIII.--CHRISTIANITY AND TRADE ESTABLISHED.--THE
+ BAPTISM OF THE QUEEN 129
+
+ XIX.--HALCYON DAYS 136
+
+ XX.--THE DEATH OF MAGELLAN 139
+
+ XXI.--THE SPICE ISLANDS.--WONDERFUL BIRDS.--CLOVES,
+ CINNAMON, NUTMEGS, GINGER.--THE SHIPS OVERLOADED 144
+
+ XXII.--MESQUITA IN PRISON 157
+
+ XXIII.--STRANGE STORIES.--THE WISE OLD WOMEN.--THE
+ WALKING LEAVES.--THE HAUNTED SANDALWOOD TREES.--THE
+ EMPEROR OF CHINA.--THE LITTLE BOY AND THE GIANT BIRD 161
+
+ XXIV.--THE LOST DAY 173
+
+ XXV.--IN THE CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF VICTORY.--PIGAFETTA 176
+
+ SUPPLEMENTAL 182
+
+
+
+
+ LIST OF FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+ FACING
+ PAGE
+
+ Magellan planting the Cross in the Philippine Islands _Frontispiece_
+
+ Lisbon, from the south bank of the Tagus 4
+
+ Ferdinand Magellan 6
+
+ "He is a renegade. His arms must come down!" 18
+
+ Barcelona 34
+
+ Night after night the ships followed Magellan's lantern 55
+
+ Interior of the Alcázar of Seville 60
+
+ The dancing giant 80
+
+ Mount Mayon, on the Island of Luzon 125
+
+ The death of Magellan 142
+
+ Pigafetta presenting the history of the voyage to the
+ King of Spain 179
+
+ Map of the Philippine Islands 187
+
+ Native houses in Manila 190
+
+ Hong Kong 202
+
+ Iloilo 206
+
+ Boats on the River Pasig 218
+
+
+
+
+ THE STORY OF MAGELLAN.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+A STRANGE ROYAL ORDER.
+
+
+I am to tell the story of a man who had faith in himself.
+
+The clouds and the ocean bear his name. Lord Stanley has called him "the
+greatest of ancient and modern navigators."
+
+That was a strange royal order, indeed, which Dom Manoel, King of
+Portugal, issued in the early part of the fifteenth century. It was in
+effect: "Go to the house of Hernando de Magallanes, in Sabrosa, and tear
+from it the coat of arms. Hernando de Magallanes (Ferdinand Magellan)
+has transferred his allegiance to the King of Spain."
+
+The people of the mountain district must have been very much astonished
+when the cavaliers, if such they were, appeared to execute this order.
+
+As the arms were torn away from the ancient house, we may imagine the
+alcalde of the place inquiring:
+
+"What has our townsman done? Did he not serve our country well in the
+East?"
+
+"He is a renegade!" answers the commander.
+
+"But he carried his plans for discovery to our own King first before he
+went to the court of Spain."
+
+"Say no more! Spain is reaping the fruits of his brain, and under his
+lead is planting her colonies in the new seas, to the detriment of our
+country and the shame of the throne. His arms must come down. Portugal
+rejects his name forever!"
+
+The officers of the King tore down the arms. They thought they had
+consigned the name for which the arms stood to oblivion. As the Jewish
+hierarchy said of Spinoza: "Let his name be cast out under the whole
+heavens!" That name rose again.
+
+Years passed and a nephew of Magellan inherited one of the family
+estates. He was stoned in the streets on account of his name. This man
+fled in exile from Portugal to Brazil. He died there, and said: "Let no
+heir or descendant of mine ever restore the arms of my family."
+
+In his will he wrote:
+
+"I desire that the arms of my family (Magellan) should remain forever
+obliterated, as was done by order of my Lord and King, _as a punishment
+for the crime_ of Ferdinand Magellan, because he entered the service of
+Castile to the injury of our kingdom."
+
+It is the history of this same Ferdinand Magellan, whom Portugal and
+his own family sought to crush out from the world, that we are now about
+to trace.
+
+Following his highest inspiration, he shut his eyes to the present, and
+followed the light of the star of destiny in his soul. His discovery
+seems to open to the West the doors of China.
+
+He was filled from boyhood with a passion for finding unknown lands and
+waters; he was haunted by ideals and visions of noble exploits for the
+good of mankind. His own country, Portugal, would not listen to his
+projects at the time that he offered them to the court; so, like
+Columbus, Vespucci, and Cabot, he sought the favor of another country.
+Nothing could stand before the high purpose of his soul. "If not by
+Portugal, then by Spain," he said to an intimate friend; meaning that,
+if his own country denied him the favor of giving him an opportunity for
+exploration, he would present his cause to the court of Spain, which he
+did.
+
+This man, whose real name was Fernao de Magalhaes, was born about the
+year 1480, at Sabrosa, in Portugal, a wintry district where the hardy
+soil and the "gloomy grandeur" of the mountain scenery produced men of
+strong bodies and lofty spirit. He belonged to a noble family, "one of
+the noblest in the kingdom." His boyhood was passed in the sierras. He
+had a love of works of geography and travel, and he dreamed even then
+of sunny zones, undiscovered waters, and unknown regions of the world.
+Henry the Navigator and his school of pilots, astronomers, and
+explorers, had left the country full of the spirit of new discoveries
+which yet lived.
+
+He went to the capital of Portugal to be educated, and was made a page
+to the Queen. He was yet a boy when Columbus returned, bringing the
+enthralling news of a new world. Spain was filled with excitement at the
+event; her cities rang with jubilees by day and flared with torches at
+night. Portugal caught the new spirit of her late King, Henry the
+Navigator, and was ambitious to rival the discoveries of Spain. She had
+already established herself in the glowing realms of India.
+
+In 1509 Magellan went to the West Indies in the service of the
+Portuguese Government. He joined the expedition that discovered the
+Spice Islands of Banda, and it became his conviction that these islands
+could be reached by a new ocean way.
+
+A great vision arose in his mind. It was a suggestion that never left
+him until he saw its fulfillment in an unexpected way on seas of which
+he never had dreamed.
+
+This view was that he could sail around the world and reach the Spice
+Islands by the way of the West.
+
+[Illustration: Lisbon, from the south bank of the Tagus.]
+
+In the service of the King against the Moors in one of the Portuguese
+wars, he received a wound which healed, but left him lame for life. He,
+like other officers, sent in his claim for the pension due to such
+service. He received answer from the parsimonious King (Dom Manoel):
+
+"Your claim is not good. Your wound has healed."
+
+He was wounded more deeply by this insult than he could have been by any
+poisoned dart from the Moors. That he should have been refused the
+recognition of those who had shed blood in his country's cause rankled
+in his heart, especially as he saw his comrades paraded in honor and
+pensioned for lesser disabilities. He left Portugal, as an exile, and
+went to Spain.
+
+Here the high aspirations of the lame soldier met with recognition, and
+it was this service that caused the Portuguese King to issue the strange
+order which has introduced the young and high-spirited grandee to the
+readers of this story.
+
+If he had faults--as far as history records he had no vices--his high
+aim overcame them. He had caught the spirit of Portuguese Henry the
+Navigator, and his soul had glowed when the fame of Columbus first
+thrilled Spain. He had learned the history of Vasco da Gama, whose name
+was the glory of Portugal. He had educated himself for action.
+
+[Illustration: Ferdinand Magellan. After a painting by Velasquez.]
+
+It was the age of opportunity. He saw it; he could not know the way,
+but he knew the guide that was in him. As a son of the Church, which he
+then was, he consecrated all he had to her glory. What was fame, what
+was wealth, what was anything to becoming a benefactor of the world, and
+living forever in the heart of all mankind?
+
+So his deserted house crumbed in Sabrosa, and his coat of arms did not
+there reappear until centuries had followed the course of his genius,
+and the whole world came to know his worth.
+
+In view of recent events his character becomes one of the most
+interesting of past history.
+
+After nearly four hundred years that cast-out name rises like a star!
+
+Why, in the view of to-day, was that name cast out?
+
+Because Magellan saw his duty in a larger life than in the restrictions
+of a provincial court. The lesson has its significance. He who sinks
+self and policy, and follows his highest duty and enters the widest
+field, will in the final judgment of man receive the noblest and best
+reward.
+
+We love a lover of mankind, and it strengthens faith and hope to follow
+the keel of such a sailor on any sea.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+FRIENDS WITH A PURPOSE.
+
+
+Souls kindle kindred souls, and the inspirations of friendship commonly
+form a part of the early history of beneficent lives.
+
+One of Magellan's early friends was Francisco Serrao, who sailed with
+him for Malacca, a great mart of merchandise in the East. It was to him
+that Magellan wrote that he would meet him again in the East, "if not by
+the way of Portugal, by that of Spain;" words of signal import, which we
+have already quoted.
+
+Serrao had a very curious, romantic, and pathetic history. He lived in
+the times of the Portuguese Viceroys of India. He was made captain of a
+ship which sought to explore the Spice Islands, which were then held to
+be the paradise of the East. Cloves and nutmegs then were luxuries, and
+when brought to Portugal bore the flavor of the sun lands of the far-off
+mysterious seas.
+
+At Banda ships were loaded with spices. On sailing there Serrao suffered
+shipwreck and was cast upon a reef and found refuge on a deserted
+island. The place was a resort of pirates or wreckers. Some pirates
+sighted the wreck of the ship and sought to plunder the wreckage.
+
+"We have no ship, and the island is without food or water," said Serrao
+to his men. "Hide under the rock and obey me, and we will soon have a
+ship and water and food."
+
+The men hid among the caverns of the reef. The pirates landed, and left
+their ship for the wreckage.
+
+Serrao rushed through the surf, followed by his men, and boarded the
+pirates' vessel.
+
+The wreckers were filled with terror when they saw what would be their
+fate if left there, and they begged to be taken on board, and were
+received by Serrao as prisoners.
+
+Serrao traded for many years among the Spice Islands and was advanced to
+high positions, but was poisoned at last, as is supposed, by an intrigue
+of the King of Tidor.
+
+One of the most inspiring of Magellan's friends was Ruy Faleiro, who had
+wonderful instincts and a wide vision, but who became a madman. Faleiro
+was a Portuguese who, like Magellan, was out of favor with the court. He
+was an astronomer, a geographer, and an astrologer. He had a fiery and
+impulsive temper, but with it a passion for discovery, and so was drawn
+into Magellan's heart by gravitation. The two journeyed together,
+studied together, and started at about the same time for Spain. At
+Seville they met in a club of famous discoverers, students, and
+refugees.
+
+They had one vision in common, that there was a short route to the
+Moluccas by the way of the West. The route was not what they dreamed it
+to be; but there was a new way to the Spice Islands by the West and
+East, a way that probably no voyager from Europe had ever seen, and
+their vision was decisive of one of the greatest events--the
+circumnavigation of the world. The angle of vision was not true in their
+private meetings, nor had Magellan's been before they met; but another
+angle leading from it was true, and would cause a change of the
+conception of the world when poor Ruy Faleiro's brain was losing its
+hold on such entrancing hopes.
+
+"We can reach Molucca by a short voyage to the West," said Ruy Faleiro.
+
+"I am sure that I can do this, if I can have an expedition such as the
+King of Spain can give me," said Magellan.
+
+"You must never communicate this secret to any man," said Ruy.
+
+"I will never mention the subject to any but you," said Magellan, "until
+we can act together."
+
+The vision of finding the East by a short passage to the West, involved
+so great a prospect of human progress and glory that it would not let
+Magellan rest at any time. It haunted him wherever he went. He began to
+talk about it under restraint, and friends came to see what was on his
+mind and to take advantage of it.
+
+[Illustration: The earliest map of the world. By Hecatæus of Miletus
+(sixth century B.C.). Probably copied in part from Anaximander, inventor
+of map drawing.]
+
+The fiery Ruy Faleiro, when he found that his friend had opened their
+confidential secret, partly broke friendship with him. Magellan could
+only acknowledge his error, and say that he never meant in his heart to
+betray the secrets of his friend, the cosmographer.
+
+Faleiro dreamed on, but his mind weakened.
+
+The popular legend about this unhappy man was, that being an astrologer
+he cast his own horoscope, and found that the expedition that he hoped
+to command would be lost, and so feigned madness. This is only a story.
+
+Faleiro died in Seville about 1523.
+
+It would be interesting to know if he lived to hear of the great
+discovery of his old friend Magellan, and if he joined in the general
+rejoicing over it. It is probable that he lived to see the strange ways
+by which his countryman had been led, not over a short passage, but over
+far-distant seas. His was a pitiable fate; but his name merits honorable
+mention among men, who, like Miranda in South America, have inspired
+great deeds which they themselves could not accomplish.
+
+Men of vision and men of action are essential to each other; for many
+men can see what only a few others can perform.
+
+Magellan married Beatriz Barbosa about the year 1518. He was the father
+of one son. His wife died shortly after hearing the news of his great
+discovery of the Pacific and the new way to the East.
+
+He was now prepared to go to Charles V, King of Spain, son of the
+demented Queen Joanna, the daughter of Isabella, and to lay before him a
+plan of opening a short way to the East by sailing West. This purpose
+more and more absorbed his soul--he himself was nothing, discovery was
+everything. The frown of Portugal no longer cast any deep shadow over
+his life; it was his mission to _find_. He heard in the acclaim of
+Columbus a prophecy of what his own name would one day be.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR AND VASCO DA GAMA.
+
+
+All things follow suggestion and inspiration, and the discovery of the
+Western World owes much to the heart and brain of Prince Henry, called
+the Navigator. Although the son of a King, he felt that he was more than
+that--a son of Humanity. He took up his residence far from the pomp of
+courts on the bleak, bare, solitary promontory of Sagres, the sharp
+angle of Western Europe. Here he could see the sun go down on the
+western sea, day by day. Some inward genius like a haunting spirit
+seemed to beckon his thoughts toward the West.
+
+In view of his abode on a tall headland were the ruins of a Druidical
+temple, where Strabo tells us the gods used to assemble at night under
+the moon and stars. So the place was called the Sacrum Promontorium, and
+it was in this region that Prince Henry schooled his soul in navigation
+and sought to inspire all adventurers upon the sea. "Farther" was his
+motto, and "Farther yet!" In his solitude he called to him a company of
+restless spirits with a passion for discovery, and said to them all,
+"Farther," and "Farther yet!"
+
+The night of the dark ages was passing, and in the new dawn of
+civilization, Prince Henry had visions of new ways to India, the
+magnificent; the land of gold, gems, and spices, where the sun shone on
+gardens of palms and seas of glory.
+
+There were no lighthouses then on the African coast; there were no sea
+charts, and the compass was but little known. But there were eternal
+stars, and under them were the living instincts that awaken genius.
+
+Prince Henry the Navigator was the fourth son of King Joao I, or John
+the Great, and of Queen Philippa, of the Roses. He was a great-grandson
+of Edward III, of England.
+
+Prince Henry's motto was "_Talent de bien faire_"--"talent of good
+faculty." The motto furnishes in brief a history of his life.
+
+The first fruit of Prince Henry's geographical studies was the discovery
+of the islands of Madeira; but there were islands beyond Madeira, and
+his restless spirit cried out in the night: "Farther!" and "Farther
+yet!"
+
+Cape Bojador, farther "than the farthest point of the earth," rose just
+before the supposed regions of sea monsters, fire, and darkness. Prince
+John sent a navigator there, and found serene seas.
+
+[Illustration: PROGRESS OF PORTUGUESE DISCOVERY]
+
+"Farther!"
+
+In 1446 the Prince obtained a charter of the Canary Islands. His ships
+next discovered the Azores. But there were lands and islands and seas
+"farther yet."
+
+[Illustration: Prince Henry the Navigator. From a drawing by Allegra
+Eggleston, in The Story of Columbus.]
+
+Prince Henry died in 1463, about thirty years before the triumph of
+Columbus.
+
+He was the father of modern discovery, the spirit of which rested not
+until the map of the whole world could be drawn. He was buried in a
+splendid tomb, and the pupils of his school of cosmography and
+navigation continued to penetrate the ocean farther and farther to the
+South and West. Vasco da Gama opened the ocean ways to India, and the
+two great navigators, Columbus and Magellan, owed much to the spirit of
+the Prince who left courts that he might found a school amid the sea
+desolations of St. Vincent, in order to inspire young sailors to venture
+always "Farther!" and "Farther yet!"
+
+[Illustration: "He is a renegade. His arms must come down!" (See page
+2.)]
+
+We must here tell you something of Vasco da Gama, in order that you may
+better understand the plan and purpose of Magellan.
+
+Take your map of the world. Before the passage to India was discovered
+by sailing around the Cape of Good Hope, Africa, the trade between Asia
+and Europe was carried on in this manner: There was a great commercial
+city on the southern coast of Arabia (Arabia Felix) called Alda, or Port
+Alda. It was a city of merchants. To this port came the ships from the
+East--China, Japan, India--laden with gold, silk, and spices. The
+merchants of Alda carried these goods to the Port of Suez on the Red
+Sea. Thence the merchandise was conveyed on camels to the Nile and to
+Alexandria, Egypt, and thence by ships to the ports of the
+Mediterranean.
+
+Vasco da Gama discovered a new way to India by doubling the Cape of Good
+Hope, and when he returned from that voyage all Europe rang with his
+praise. His discovery of the way to India from the Mediterranean by
+rounding Africa was one of the most momentous ever made. Vasco da Gama
+holds rank with Columbus in the unveiling of the mysteries of the ocean
+world.
+
+King John the Navigator had heard such wonderful tales of India that he
+wished to find a way there by water. He accordingly sent one Bartholomeu
+Diaz on an expedition with this end in view. Diaz did not find India,
+but he found a cape on the southernmost point of Africa, which he
+doubled.
+
+So fearful were the tempests there that he called it the Cape of Storms.
+
+But King John saw that the islands of India lay in that direction, and
+he exclaimed in delight on hearing Diaz's narrative of the tempestuous
+place:
+
+"'Tis the Cape of Good Hope!" This gave the cape its name.
+
+A Jewish astrologer told Dom Manoel, King of Portugal, that the riches
+of India could yet be found by way of the sea. Of such a discovery the
+new King dreamed. Who should he get to undertake a voyage with such a
+purpose?
+
+One day, as he sat in his halls among his courtiers and grandees
+studying maps, a man of about thirty years, who had a noble bearing,
+entered an outer apartment. A sword hung by his side.
+
+The King, who had been thinking of his great mariners, lifted his face
+and said:
+
+"Thank God! I have found my man. Bring to me Vasco da Gama."
+
+He it was that stood in the outer hall.
+
+"Vasco," said the King, "I know your soul. For the glory of Portugal you
+must find India by the way of the sea!"
+
+"I am at your service, sire, while life shall last."
+
+"Depart in all haste."
+
+It was March, 1497. Vasco da Gama raised his sails and departed from
+Lisbon.
+
+[Illustration: Vasco da Gama.]
+
+He passed the "Cape of Good Hope," and met with many adventures, the
+narratives of which would fill a book.
+
+He crossed the India Ocean, blown pleasantly on by the trade winds.
+
+One day a loud cry arose:
+
+"Land! land!"
+
+The pilot came running to Vasco da Gama, and fell at his feet.
+
+"Captain, behold India!"
+
+The shores of India rose in the burning light of the tropic seas. Vasco
+da Gama saw them and fell upon his knees.
+
+Mountain rose above mountain, and hill over hill; then green palms and
+shining beaches came into view like scenes of enchantment.
+
+"That is Cananor," said the Moorish pilot; "the great city of Calicat is
+twelve leagues distant."
+
+They sailed over those twelve leagues of clear resplendent waters and
+came to Calicat, or Malabar. That day of discovery was Portugal's
+glory.
+
+[Illustration: PORTUGUESE INDIES]
+
+Calicat was a merchant city of the East, and one of the most famous of
+India. Here came Arabian and Egyptian merchants. It was a Mohammedan
+city, and the princes of Calicat encouraged trade between the Arabs and
+Hindoos. The city was now to become an emporium for the Western World.
+
+After many adventures in Malabar, Vasco da Gama cruised along the coast
+of India. Everything was wonderful, and the wonders grew.
+
+In September, 1499, he returned, and was received like a sovereign by
+the Portuguese King. His arrival was a holiday, the glory of which has
+lived in all Portuguese holidays until now.
+
+He was given titles of distinction. He was made a Viceroy of India.
+
+Twenty years after these events Magellan was destined to discover
+_another_ way to India.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE ENTHUSIASTS CARRY THEIR PLANS TO THE KING.
+
+
+Magellan, full of his project of finding a short way to the rich spicery
+by sailing West, now sought the favor of the Spanish court. Gold has
+ever been the royal want, and nobles have always had open ears to
+schemes that promised to fill the public treasury.
+
+Magellan's interesting friend Francisco Serrao, who had remained in the
+Indian possessions of the Portuguese, after Magellan's return, had
+discovered resources of the tropical seas of the Orient that were almost
+boundless. He had written to Magellan:
+
+"If you would become rich return to the Moluccas."
+
+This letter would be a sufficient passport to the nobles who had the ear
+of the King. He showed the letter to the King's ministers.
+
+He thought that the point of South America turned _westward_, as the
+Cape of Good Hope toward the East. He had an imaginary map in his mind
+of an ocean world whose shape had no real existence, but that answered
+well as a theory.
+
+Magellan had brought a globe from Portugal on which he had drawn the
+undiscovered world as he thought it existed. The strait which he had
+hoped to find was omitted on this globe in his drawings that no
+navigator might anticipate his discovery.
+
+Some of the ministers listened to the project with indifference, a few
+with ridicule; but as a rule Magellan appealed to willing ears. The
+ministers as a body agreed to commend the enterprise to the King. The
+Haros of Antwerp, the Rothschilds of the time, favored the expedition.
+So Magellan and Faleiro made out a petition of formal proposals which
+they desired to present to the King, and awaited the opportunity.
+
+That opportunity soon came. Charles V, son of Joanna, who was passing
+her days in solitude and grief on account of the loss of her husband,
+was on his way to Aragon. He was Emperor of Germany and King of Spain.
+He was a youth now; having been born in Ghent, February 24, 1500. He
+came to the throne of Spain in 1516, as the disordered intellect of his
+mother made her incapable of reigning. He was elected German Emperor in
+1519.
+
+[Illustration: Charles V. After a painting by Titian.]
+
+In his youth he had been dissolute. Seeing the responsibilities that he
+owed to the world and the age, he suddenly received new moral impulses
+and conquered himself, and his moral life was followed by a religious
+disposition. He received from the Pope the title of Roman Emperor. His
+powerful intellect subdued a great part of continental Europe to his
+will; but he became weary of the cares of state, retired from the
+world, and ended his life as a religious recluse.
+
+The young King entered Spain in triumph, but amid the glare of
+receptions his ears were not dull to projects for acquiring gold.
+
+Magellan and Faleiro, under the commendation of the ministry, were soon
+able to lay their project before the young grandson of the great
+Isabella. He received them in the spirit that Isabella had met Columbus.
+He approved their plans, and charged them to make preparations for the
+expedition.
+
+Charles entered Zaragoza in May, 1518, a youth of eighteen, and Magellan
+and Faleiro followed the royal train on its triumphal march in the
+blooming days of the year. They were happy men, and their glowing
+visions added to the joy of the court on its journey amid singing
+nightingales and pealing bells.
+
+The royal name signed to Magellan's commission was "Juana," who had been
+the favorite daughter of Queen Isabella, who had signed the commission
+of Columbus.[A] This royal daughter of Aragon and Castile was born at
+Toledo, November 6, 1479. She was in the bloom of her girlhood when the
+news of the return of Columbus thrilled Spain.
+
+ [A] Donna Juana and Don Carlos, her son, by the grace of God, Queen
+ and King of Castile, Leon, Aragon, the two Sicilies, and Jerusalem, of
+ Navarra, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, the Mallorcas, Seville,
+ Sardinia, Cordova, Corsica, Murcia, Jaen, the Algarves, of Aljazira,
+ Gibraltar, of the Canary Isles, of the Indies, isles and mainland of
+ the Ocean-sea, Counts of Barcelona, Lords of Biscay and Molina, Dukes
+ of Athens and Neopatria, Counts of Roussillon and Cerdana, Marquises
+ of Euristan and Gociano, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Bergona and
+ Brabant, Counts of Flanders and Tirol, etc.
+
+She was a girl of ardent affections; a lover of music; not beautiful,
+but charming in manner; and at the age of eighteen was betrothed to
+Philip of the Low Countries, called Philip the Handsome.
+
+The wedding of this daughter of Isabella was to be celebrated in
+Flanders by fêtes of unusual splendor. A fleet of one hundred and thirty
+vessels prepared to bear the bride to her handsome Prince. The ships
+were under the command of the chivalrous admiral of Castile.
+
+Juana took leave of her mother at the end of August, 1496, and embarked
+at the port of Laredo. A more interesting bride under more joyous
+circumstances had seldom gone forth to meet a bridegroom.
+
+The sails covered the sea under the flags of the glory of Spain. They
+drifted away amid music and shoutings, but the salvos of the guns had
+hardly died away before terrible storms arose. The fleet was shattered,
+and many of the vessels were lost.
+
+The young bride herself arrived in Flanders safely, and her marriage
+with the archduke followed at Lille.
+
+When Queen Isabella heard of the birth of Charles, she recalled that it
+fell on the day of Matthias, and exclaimed, "_Sors cecidit super
+Mathiam_"--"the lot fell upon Matthias."
+
+She predicted that the infant would become the King of Spain.
+
+[Illustration: Ferdinand and Isabella. From a coin.]
+
+Philip and Juana were summoned to Spain to meet the people over whom it
+then seemed probable that they would soon be called to reign. They
+entered France in 1501, attended by Flemish nobles, and wherever they
+went was a holiday. There were weeks of splendid fêtes in honor of the
+progress.
+
+When Ferdinand and Isabella heard of the arrival of Philip and Juana in
+Spain they hastened to Toledo to meet them. Here Philip and his Queen
+received the allegiance of the Cortes.
+
+But Philip was a gay Prince, and he loved the dissipations of Flanders
+more than his wife or the interests of his prospective Spanish
+possessions. So he left his wife, and returned to Flanders.
+
+The conduct of the handsome Prince drove Juana mad. She loved him so
+fondly that she thought only of him, and sat in silence day after day
+with her eyes fixed on the ground, as an historian says, "equally
+regardless of herself, her future subjects, and her afflicted parents."
+
+She subsequently joined Philip at Burgos. Here Philip died of fever
+after overexertion at a game of ball. Juana never left his bedside, or
+shed a tear. Her grief obliterated nearly all things in life, and she
+was dumb. Her only happiness now, except in music, was to be with his
+dead body.
+
+She removed her husband's remains to Santa Clara.
+
+The body was placed on a magnificent car, and was accompanied in the
+long way to the tomb by a train of nobles and priests. Juana never left
+it. She would not allow it to be moved by day. She said:
+
+"A widow who has lost the sun of her soul should never expose herself to
+the light of day!"
+
+Wherever the procession halted, she ordered new funeral ceremonies. She
+forbade nuns to approach the body. Finding the coffin had been carried
+to a nunnery at a stage of the journey, she had it removed to the open
+fields, where she watched by it, and caused the embalmed body to be
+revealed to her by torches. She had a tomb made for the remains in sight
+of her palace windows in Santa Clara, and she watched over it in silence
+for forty-seven years, taking little interest in any other thing.
+
+But as she survived Ferdinand and Isabella, her name for a time was
+affixed to royal commissions, and so Magellan sailed in the service of
+Charles under the signature of Juana, who was silently watching over her
+husband's tomb, in the hope that the Prince would one day rise again.
+
+We relate this narrative to give a view of the events of the period, and
+for the same reason we must speak of another eminent person who acted in
+the place of the Queen in her unhappy state of mind.
+
+[Illustration: Cardinal Ximenes. After a painting by Velasquez.]
+
+This was the great political genius of the time, the virtuous and
+benevolent Cardinal Ximenes, statesman, archbishop, the heart of the
+people and the conscience of the Church. He was born of a humble family
+in Castile in 1487. He was educated in Rome. His character and learning
+were such that Queen Isabella chose him for her confessor, and made him
+Archbishop of Toledo, with the approval of the Pope.
+
+On the death of Philip in 1505, he was made regent for Juana. Ferdinand
+named Ximenes regent of Spain on his deathbed, until Charles V should
+return from Flanders to Spain.
+
+The regency of Ximenes was one of honor and glory. He himself lived
+humbly and simply amid all his associations of pomp and power.
+
+He maintained thirty poor persons daily at his own cost, and gave half
+of his income to charity. He excited the jealousy of Charles V at last,
+and lost his power in consequence. He lived to extreme age, and left a
+character that Spain has ever loved to hold in honor.
+
+Such was the political condition of Spain in the early days of
+Magellan.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+ABOUT THE HAPPY ITALIAN WHO WISHED TO SEE THE WORLD.--BEAUTIFUL SEVILLE!
+
+
+We should have known but little of the adventures of Magellan, but for
+Antonia Pigafetta, Chevalier, and Knight of Rhodes.
+
+He was a young Italian of a susceptible heart and happy imagination.
+
+He came wandering to Barcelona, Spain, in the generation that remembered
+Columbus, and the splendid scenes that welcomed the return of Columbus
+on the field of Sante Fé. He must have heard the enthralling description
+of those golden days--he could not be a Columbus; but, if he could win
+the good will of Magellan, he might go after Columbus and see what no
+Europeans had seen.
+
+So he wandered the streets of Barcelona and heard the tales of the
+events that occurred when the "Viceroy of the Isles" was received there
+by Isabella.
+
+What days those had been! The march of Columbus through Spain to meet
+Isabella at Sante Fé, was such as had a demigod appeared on earth.
+Spain was thrilled. The world knew no night. The trumpets of heralds
+rent the air, and men's hearts swelled high at the tales of the golden
+empires that Colon had added to Aragon and Castile. Alas! they did not
+know that there are riches which do not enrich, and that it is only the
+gold that does good that ennobles.
+
+As Columbus approached with his glittering cavaliers songs rent the air,
+whose words have been interpreted--
+
+ "Thy name, O Fernando!
+ Through all earth shall be sounded,
+ Columbus has triumphed,
+ His foes are confounded!"
+
+or
+
+ "Thy name, Isabella,
+ Through all earth shall be sounded,
+ Columbus has triumphed,
+ His foes are confounded!"
+
+To Aragon and Castile Columbus had "given a new world." Peals of golden
+horns shook the delighted cities, where balconies overflowed with
+flowers.
+
+[Illustration: Barcelona.]
+
+His reception at Barcelona by the King and Queen had been made
+inconceivably splendid:
+
+ "That was a glorious day
+ That dawned on Barcelona. Banners filled
+ The thronging towers, the old bells rung, and blasts
+ Of lordly trumpets seemed to reach the sky
+ Cerulean. All Spain had gathered there,
+ And waited there his coming; Castilian knights,
+ Gay cavaliers, hidalgos young, and e'en the old
+ Puissant grandees of far Aragon,
+ With glittering mail and waving plumes and all
+ The peasant multitude with bannerets
+ And charms and flowers.
+ "Beneath pavilions
+ Of brocades of gold, the Court had met.
+ The dual crowns of Leon old and proud Castile
+ There waited him, the peasant mariner.
+ "The heralds waited
+ Near the open gates; the minstrels young and fair
+ Upon the tapestries and arrased walls,
+ And everywhere from all the happy provinces
+ The wandering troubadours.
+ "Afar was heard
+ A cry, a long acclaim. Afar was seen
+ A proud and stately steed with nodding plumes,
+ Bridled with gold, whose rider stately rode,
+ And still afar a long and sinuous train
+ Of silvery cavaliers. A shout arose,
+ And all the city, all the vales and hills,
+ With acclamations rung.
+ "He came, the Genoese,
+ With reverent look and calm and lofty mien,
+ And saw the wondering eyes and heard the cries,
+ And trumpet peals, as one who followed still
+ Some Guide unseen.
+ "Before his steed
+ Crowned Indians marched with lowly faces,
+ And wondered at the new world that they saw;
+ Gay parrots screamed from their gold-circled arms,
+ And from their crests swept airy plumes. The sun
+ Shone full in splendor on the scene, and here
+ The old and new world met!"
+
+The young Italian Chevalier, Pigafetta, Knight of Rhodes, visited the
+scenes that his own countryman had made immortal by his voyage.
+
+He thought of the plumed Indians and of the birds of splendid plumage
+that Columbus had brought back.
+
+He heard much of Magellan, the "new Columbus." Why might he not go out
+upon unknown seas with him and discover new races, and bring back with
+him tropic spices, birds, and flowers?
+
+He journeyed to Seville and there met Magellan. He entered into the
+dreams of the new navigator. He asked Magellan to let him sail with him.
+
+"Why do you wish to enter upon such a hazardous undertaking?"
+
+"I am desirous of seeing the wonderful things of the ocean!"
+
+Magellan saw it was so. The Spaniards might distrust him, the Portuguese
+be jealous of him, but here was a man who would have no race
+prejudices--a man after his own heart, whom he could trust.
+
+"You wish to see the wonders of the ocean world?" he asked.
+
+"Yes, and I can write, and whatever I may do, and wherever I may go, I
+will always be true to you--the heart of Pigafetta will always be loyal
+to the Admiral!"
+
+"My Italian Chevalier, you may embark with me to see the wonders of the
+ocean world. You shall follow my lantern."
+
+From that hour the young Italian lived in anticipation. What new lands
+would he see, what palm islands, what gigantic men and strange birds,
+and inhabitants of the sea?
+
+The young Knight of Rhodes had spoken truly, whatever light might fail,
+his heart would ever be true to the Admiral.
+
+So the Knight embarked with the rude crew to follow, in the silences of
+uncharted seas, the lantern of Magellan.
+
+He composed on the voyage a narrative for Villiers de l'Isle Adams,
+Grand Master of Rhodes. By this narrative we are still able to follow in
+fancy the lantern of Magellan through the straits that now bear the name
+of Magellan, to the newly discovered Pacific, and around the world.
+
+His character was as spirited as Magellan's was noble.
+
+We will sail with him in our voyage around the world, for _he_ went all
+the way and bore the news of Magellan's triumphs to Seville again.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Beautiful Seville! We must glance at the city here. She was the pride of
+Spain in those times when Spain dazzled the world. The Hispal of the
+Phoenicians, the Hispales of the Roman conquest, and the Seville of the
+Moors! Her glory had arisen in the twilight of history, and had grown
+with the advancement of the race.
+
+She was indeed beautiful at the time when Magellan was preparing for the
+sea. The Moorish period had passed leaving her rich in arts and
+treasures, and splendid architecture.
+
+Situated on the banks of the Guadalquivir, circular in shape and
+surrounded with more than a hundred Moorish towers, and about ten miles
+in circumference, she rivaled the cities of Europe and of the Orient.
+
+The great cathedral was being completed at that time, a mountain of art,
+arising from its plain of marble. It was four hundred and thirty-one
+feet long, and three hundred and fifteen feet wide, with solemn and
+grand arches lighted by the finest windows in Spain, perhaps the most
+enchanting lights through which the sun ever shone. The altars were
+enriched by the wealth of discovery.
+
+[Illustration: The Giralda.]
+
+Over this mountain of gold, marbles, and gems gleamed the Giralda, or
+weather vane, in the form of a statue, three hundred and fifty feet
+high.
+
+Seville at this time was a city of churches. To these, sailors resorted
+while waiting for an expedition to complete its preparations for the
+sea, for most of them were good Catholics, and such as hoped for God's
+favor in the enterprise upon which they were about to enter.
+
+Here, too, was the old Moorish palace, the Alcázar, with its delicate
+lacework like the walls of the Alhambra, but richer in color. In this
+palace was the Hall of the Ambassadors, one of the most enchanting
+apartments ever created by the genius of man.
+
+In the latter dream of Moorish fancy have passed aching hearts, as well
+as those filled with wonder and delight. Here Pedro the Cruel received
+one of the kings of Granada, and murdered him with his own hand, to rob
+him of the jewels that adorned his person.
+
+The tales of Pedro the Cruel haunted the city at this time.
+
+We are told that this monarch used to go about the city in disguise.
+
+One night he went out thus to serenade a beautiful lady. As he
+approached the balcony with his guitar where the lady lived, he saw
+another man there, who had come for the same purpose. The rival musician
+filled him with rage, and the King rushed upon him and struck him down
+and killed him.
+
+He fled away. He reasoned that as he was in disguise no one could know
+him.
+
+There was an old woman who kept a bakery across the way from the house
+where the noble lady lived. She was looking out of her window at the
+time of the murder. She saw the act, and got a view of the terrible face
+of the royal musician as he was fleeing away.
+
+"That was the King himself," said the old bake woman. "By my soul, that
+was the King!"
+
+The next day the news of the murder filled the city. The murdered man
+was a person of rank and importance. The people were alarmed and
+indignant.
+
+"Who did the deed?" was a question that arose to every lip.
+
+The King, cruel as he was, did not wish to be suspected of being a
+street assassin. So he issued a proclamation in this form:
+
+"Unless the alcalde (judge) of Seville shall discover the murderer of
+the gallant musician within three days, the alcalde shall lose his
+head."
+
+The city judge began to make great exertions to discover the murderer.
+
+The old bake woman came to him and said:
+
+"I know who did the deed. But silence, silence! I saw it with my own
+eyes, but we must be still. It was the King himself!"
+
+The alcalde dared not accuse the King, and yet he must save his own
+head. What was he to do?
+
+He made an image of the King. He then went to the palace.
+
+"O King! I have found the murderer. I have brought him here to receive
+sentence."
+
+The King was glad that a suspected person had been found, so that the
+public thought might be directed to the suspect.
+
+"What shall be done with him?" asked the alcalde.
+
+"What! He who would slay a musician about to serenade a noble lady?"
+
+"Yes, your Majesty."
+
+"What shall be done with him? I condemn him to death. Bring him before
+me."
+
+The alcalde brought in the image of the King, and uncovered it.
+
+The King beheld himself.
+
+"I will save _your_ head," said the King, and the alcalde went
+thoughtfully away.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+ENEMIES.--ESTEBAN GORMEZ.
+
+
+No man living could better know what he needed for such a stupendous and
+unprecedented undertaking than Magellan, who had already been to the
+spicery of the Orient in the service of Albuquerque, the Portuguese
+Viceroy. Under the royal sanction, the dockyards of Seville were at his
+command. He repaired to Seville, and was there looked upon as one
+destined to harvest the wealth of the Indies.
+
+But as soon as it became known in Portugal that Magellan was to lead a
+new expedition of discovery, the mistake that the King had made in
+rejecting the proposal of the lame soldier, to whom he had refused
+pension honors, became apparent. The court saw what this rejected man of
+positive purpose and invaluable knowledge of navigation might
+accomplish. Should his dreams be prophetic and his projects prove
+successful, the glory would go to Spain, and the King would be held
+responsible for another mistake like that which his predecessor had made
+in the case of Columbus.
+
+What must the court of Portugal do? The hammers were flying in Seville
+on the ships loading for the voyage. Magellan was making up his crews.
+Spain had faith in him, and he had faith in himself; never a man had
+more.
+
+Portugal must prevent the expedition. The Crown must appeal to Magellan
+to withdraw from it. The King must ask young King Charles to dismiss
+Magellan as an act of royal courtesy. If these efforts were not
+successful, it was argued that the expedition must be arrested by force,
+or Magellan must be murdered by secret spies of the court.
+
+The fleet preparing was to consist of five ships with ample equipment.
+These were named the Trinidad, the San Antonio, of one hundred and
+twenty Spanish tons each; the Concepcion, of ninety Spanish tons; the
+Victoria, of eighty-five tons; and the Santiago, of seventy-five. The
+Victoria, the ship of destiny, was to circumnavigate the globe.
+
+And now while the hammers were at work, the dull King of Portugal began
+to arouse himself to arrest the plan, and the court, seeing his spirit,
+acted with him.
+
+In the bright days in Zaragoza Magellan had been warned that he was in
+danger of being assassinated. But he did not take alarm. As his project
+rose into public view at Seville he must have known that he was
+surrounded by spies, but he did not heed them; he kept right on,
+marching forward as it were after the inspiration that had taken
+possession of his soul.
+
+[Illustration: BEHAIM'S GLOBE. 1492.]
+
+There was an India House in Seville, composed of merchants, and these
+were favorable to the expedition. In Spain everything favored Magellan.
+
+Aluaro da Costa was the Portuguese minister to the court of Spain. He
+plotted against Magellan, and sought an interview with young Charles in
+order to induce him to eliminate the Portuguese from the expedition.
+Charles was about to become a brother-in-law to Dom Manoel, and Aluaro
+da Costa could appeal to the King in this cause in many ways.
+
+Full of diplomacy and craft, he met the King who had to weigh the
+prospect of gold and glory against this personal argument. Gold
+outweighed the family considerations, for Charles in his young days was
+a man of powerful ambitions.
+
+Aluaro da Costa wrote to Dom Manoel a graphic account of this interview.
+It shows how politic ministers of state were in those days. We can not
+give the reader a clearer view of some of the obstacles against which
+Magellan had to contend in those perilous days in Spain than by citing
+Aluaro's account to Dom Manoel of his interview with young Charles V in
+his intrigue against Magellan:
+
+"SIRE: Concerning Ferdinand Magellan's affair, how much I have done and
+how I have labored, God knows, as I have written you at length; and now
+I have spoken upon the subject very strongly to the King, putting
+before him all the inconveniences that in this case may arise, and also
+representing to him what an ugly matter it was, and how unusual for one
+King to receive the subjects of another King, his friend, contrary to
+his wish, a thing unheard of among cavaliers, and accounted both
+ill-judged and ill-seeming. Yet I had just put your Highness and your
+Highness's possessions at his service in Valladolid at the moment that,
+he was harboring these persons against your will. I begged him to
+consider that this was not the time to offend your Highness, the more so
+in an affair which was of so little importance and so uncertain; and
+that he would have plenty of subjects of his own and men to make
+discoveries when the time came, without availing himself of those
+malcontents of your Highness, whom your Highness could not fail to
+believe likely to labor more for your disservice than for anything else;
+also that his Highness had had until now so much to do in discovering
+his own kingdoms and dominions, and in settling them, that he ought not
+to turn his attention to these new affairs, from which dissensions and
+other matters, which may well be dispensed with, may result.
+
+"I also presented to him the bad appearance that this would have at the
+very moment of the marriage--the ratification of friendship and
+affection. And also that it seemed to me that your Highness would much
+regret to learn that these men asked leave of him to return,[A] and that
+he did not grant it, the which are two faults--the receiving them
+contrary to your desire, and the retaining them contrary to their own.
+And I begged of him, both for his own and for your Highness's sake, that
+he would do one of two things: either permit them to go, or put off the
+affair for this year, by which he would not lose much; and means might
+be taken whereby he might be obliged, and your Highness might not be
+offended, as you would be were this scheme carried out.
+
+ [A] This statement there is every reason to believe was a pure
+ fiction of Da Costa.
+
+"He was so surprised, sire, at what I told him, that I also was
+surprised; but he replied to me with the best words in the world, saying
+that on no account did he wish to offend your Highness, and many other
+good words; and he suggested that I should speak to the Cardinal, and
+confide the whole matter to him.
+
+"May the Lord increase the life and dominions of your Highness to his
+holy service. From Saragoca, Tuesday night, the 28th day of September.
+
+ "I kiss the hands of your Highness,
+ "ALUARO DA COSTA."
+
+Court intrigue against Magellan did not avail. There was one thing
+statecraft could do. It could set spies on Magellan on board his own
+ships. This it succeeded in doing.
+
+There was in Spain at this time a Portuguese adventurer and navigator by
+the name of Estevan or Esteban Gormez--Stephen Gormez.
+
+He was a student of navigation, and was restless to follow the examples
+of Columbus and Vasco da Gama. He had applied to the court of
+Spain--probably to Cardinal Ximenes, for a commission to go on a voyage
+of discovery and he had received a favorable answer, and was preparing
+to embark, when Magellan appeared at court and promised to find the
+Spice Islands by way of South America.
+
+Magellan's scheme was so much larger and definite than that of Gormez
+that the court canceled its favors to the lesser plans, and Gormez had
+to abandon his prospects of sailing under the royal favors of Spain.
+
+The eyes of Spain were now fixed on Magellan.
+
+"I will find a way to the Spice Islands by South America or by the
+West," said Magellan to the ministers of the King, "or you may have my
+head."
+
+These were bold words. Magellan had not only been to the Spice Islands,
+but he had gone out on the very voyage that discovered some of them. He
+had behaved heroically on the voyage. So his application to the court
+superseded the plan of Gormez and the latter sunk out of sight.
+
+In his despondency at the failure of his plans, Gormez came to Magellan.
+
+"My countryman," said Gormez, "your schemes have supplanted mine and
+turned my ships into air. I was the first to plan a voyage to the
+Moluccas out of the wake of hurricanes and monsoons. I do not feel that
+I have been treated rightly. Something surely is due to me."
+
+Magellan was a man of generous impulses. He saw that Gormez had a case
+for moral appeal.
+
+"My friend," said he, "you shall have a place in my expedition."
+
+He could but think that the inspiration and knowledge of navigation of
+his countryman would be useful to him, and he pitied him for his
+disappointment, knowing how he himself would feel were his plans to be
+set aside.
+
+So Gormez, the Portuguese, was made the pilot of the Antonio.
+
+Magellan, had he reflected, must have seen that this man would carry
+with him envy and jealousy, passions that are poisons. But Estefano, or
+Esteban, or Stephen Gormez, took his place at the pilot house of the
+Antonio to follow the lantern of Magellan, but the hurt in his heart at
+being superseded never healed.
+
+On the ships also was one Juan de Carthagena, captain of the Concepcion,
+a spy, and one of the "malapots" of the expedition. He was called the
+_veedor_, or inspector. He inspected Magellan, and Magellan inspected
+him, as we shall see.
+
+And now the flags arose in the clear air, and the joyful fleet cleared
+the Guadalquivir and leaped into the arms of the open sea, amid the
+acclamations of gay grandees and a happy people.
+
+It was September 20th when the anchors were lifted, of which probably
+one was destined to come back in triumph after an immortal voyage that
+encompassed the earth, and gave to Spain a new ocean.
+
+And the King of Portugal ordered the coat of arms to be torn down from
+the house of Magellan, as we have pictured at the beginning of our
+narrative.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+"MAROONED."
+
+
+The expedition moved down its western way, over the track of Columbus.
+It had left poor Ruy Faleiro behind--he who had seen the progress of it
+all in the fitful light of a disordered vision. He had not relinquished
+his own high aims. He hoped to follow Magellan with an expedition of his
+own.
+
+The ships were furnished with "castles," fore and aft; they carried gay
+pennons and were richly stored. The artillery comprised sixty-two
+culverins and smaller ordnance. Five thousand or more pounds of powder
+were shut up in the magazines, and a large provision was made for
+trading with the natives--looking glasses for women, velvets, knives,
+and ivory ornaments, and twenty thousand bells.
+
+Magellan's ship bore a lantern, swung high in the air amid the thickly
+corded rigging, which the other ships were to keep in view in the night.
+What a history had this lantern! It gleamed out on the night track of a
+new world, a pillar of fire that encompassed the earth as in the orbit
+of a star.
+
+The fleet had fifteen days of good weather and passed Cape Verde
+Islands, running along the African coast.
+
+But the fleet carried with it disloyal hearts. The Portuguese prejudice
+against Magellan sailed with it. The Spanish sailors distrusted the
+loyalty of Magellan to Spain.
+
+The commander was a man of great heart, chivalrous, and noble, but he
+could be firm when there arose an occasion for it.
+
+After leaving Teneriffe Magellan altered his course.
+
+Juan de Carthagena, captain of the San Antonio, "the inspector" and a
+spy, demanded of Magellan why he had done so.
+
+"Sir," said Magellan, "you are to follow my flag by day and my lantern
+by night, and to ask me no further questions."
+
+Carthagena demanded that Magellan should report his plans to him.
+Finding that the Admiral was bent on conducting his own expedition, he
+began to act sullenly, and to disobey orders.
+
+Again the captain of the San Antonio demanded of Magellan that he should
+communicate his orders in regard to the course of steerage to him. He
+did this by virtue of his office as inspector. He showed a very haughty
+and disloyal spirit, and if this were not to be checked, the success of
+the expedition would be imperilled. He was abetted by Pedro Sanches, a
+priest. Magellan saw treason already brewing, and he determined to stamp
+it out at once.
+
+He went to Carthagena, and laid his hands on him.
+
+"Captain, you are my prisoner."
+
+The astonished captain cried out to his men:
+
+"Unhand me--seize Magellan!"
+
+Carthagena had been a priest, and he had great personal influence, but
+the men did not obey him.
+
+"Lead him to the stocks and secure him there," ordered Magellan.
+
+The order was obeyed. The fallen inspector was committed to the charge
+of the Captain of the Victoria, and another officer was given charge of
+the San Antonio.
+
+"When we reach land Juan de Carthagena shall be marooned," was the
+sentence imposed upon the inspector. A like sentence was imposed upon
+Sanches.
+
+It touched the hearts of the crews to hear this sentence. What would
+become of the two priests, were it to be executed? Would they fall prey
+to the natives, or perhaps win the hearts of the people and be made
+chiefs among them?
+
+There was a pilot on board the ship who sympathized with the mutineers,
+but who had close lips, Esteban Gormez, of whom we have spoken. Were the
+two mutineers to be marooned he would be glad to rescue them.
+
+[Illustration: Night after night the ships followed Magellan's
+lantern.]
+
+He had been discontented since the day that his own plans for an
+expedition had been superseded by those of Magellan.
+
+His discontentment had grown. He became critical as the fleet sailed on.
+Every day reminded him of what he might have done, if he could have only
+secured the opportunity.
+
+A disloyal heart in any enterprise is a very perilous influence. A
+wooden horse in Troy is more dangerous than an army outside.
+
+Magellan in Gormez had a subtle foe, and that foe was his own
+countryman.
+
+This man probably could not brook to see his rival add the domains of
+the sea to the crowns of Juana and of Charles, though he himself had
+sought to do the same thing. Magnanimous he could not be. Discovery for
+the sake of discovery had little meaning for him, but only discovery for
+his own advancement and glory.
+
+He became jealous of Mesquita, Magellan's cousin, now master of the
+Antonio, who is thought to have advised severe measures to suppress
+conspiracy.
+
+Night after night he sat down under the moon and stars, and brooded over
+his fancied neglect, and dreamed. Night after night the ships followed
+the lantern of Magellan, and the wonders of the sea grew; but to him it
+were better that no discoveries should be made than that such
+achievements were to go to the glory of Spain through the pilotage of
+Magellan.
+
+Discontent grows; jealousy grows as one broods over fancied wrongs, and
+sees the prospects of a rival's success. So it was with Gormez. In his
+heart he did not wish the expedition to succeed. He was ambitious to
+lead such an enterprise himself, which he also did, at last, sailing
+along Massachusetts Bay and giving it its first name.
+
+When Gormez had heard that the two disloyal men were to be marooned, his
+feelings rose against Magellan. That they deserved their sentence he
+well knew, but they were opposed to Magellan, as was his own heart. He
+would have been glad to have saved them from the execution of their
+sentence, but he did not know how to do it.
+
+"I will rescue them if ever I can," he thought. "This expedition is not
+for the glory of Portugal."
+
+The ships sailed on, bearing the two conspirators to some place where
+they could be marooned.
+
+Let us turn from this dark scene to one of a more hopeful spirit.
+
+One day, as we may picture the scene, the sea lay unruffled like a
+mirror. The ships drifted near each other, and night came on after a
+sudden twilight, and the stars seemed like liquid lights shot forth or
+let down from some ethereal fountain. The Southern Cross shone so
+clearly as to uplift the eyes of the sailors. The ships were becalmed.
+
+Boats began to ply between the ships, and the officers of the Trinity,
+Santiago, Victoria, and Concepcion assembled under the awning of the San
+Antonio, Mesquita's ship, of one hundred and twenty tons.
+
+Mesquita, as we have said, was a cousin of Magellan, and so the Antonio
+seemed a friendly ship.
+
+Magellan sat down by his cousin. The lantern was going out; its force
+was spent.
+
+"We must get a new kind of lantern," said Magellan to his cousin, "and a
+code of signal lights. We need a lantern that is something more steady
+and durable than a faggot of wood."
+
+"I have here a new farol," he continued, the men listening with intent
+ears. "Here it is, and I wonder, my sailors, how far your eyes will
+follow it."
+
+"All loyal hearts will follow it," said Mesquita, "wherever it may go."
+
+Gormez frowned. His heart was bitter.
+
+There rose up an officer named Del Cano, and stood hat in hand. All eyes
+were fixed upon him.
+
+"May it please you, Admiral," he said, "to receive a word from me. I
+will follow the new farol wherever it may lead me. I have ceased to
+count my own life in this cause."
+
+Gormez frowned again.
+
+"Del Cano," said the Admiral, "I believe in you. You have a true heart.
+If I should fall see that this farol goes back to Spain!"
+
+Del Cano bowed.
+
+[Illustration: Arms granted to Sebastian Del Cano, Captain of the
+Victoria, the first vessel that circumnavigated the globe.]
+
+Magellan showed the new lantern to the officers. It was made of beaten
+reeds that had been soaked in water, and dried in the sun. It would hold
+light long, and carry it strongly and steadily.
+
+"All the ships must have these new farols," said he, "and I must teach
+you how to signal by them."
+
+He stood up. The moon was rising, and the dusky, purple air became
+luminous.
+
+He held the farol in his hand.
+
+"Two lights," he said, "shall mean for the ship to tack.
+
+"Three lights that the sails shall be lowered. Four, that they shall
+stop.
+
+"Five lights, or more, that we have discovered land, when the flagship
+shall discharge a bombard. Follow my lantern always; you can trust it
+wherever it may fare. My farol shall be my star!"
+
+The men sat there long. There sprung up a breeze at last, and the sea
+began to ripple in the moon.
+
+Most expeditions that have made successful achievements have carried men
+of great hope. Such a man was Del Cano. He was loyal to the heart of
+Magellan; and happy is any leader who has such a companion, whose steel
+rings true.
+
+Magellan hung out the farol. The sails were spread, and the fleet passed
+on over the solitary ocean.
+
+Whither?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+"THE WONDERS OF NEW LANDS."--PIGAFETTA'S TALES OF HIS ADVENTURES WITH
+MAGELLAN.--THE STORY OF "THE FOUNTAIN TREE."--"ST. ELMO'S FIRE."
+
+
+The ships moved on, bearing the hopeful Del Cano, the frowning Gormez,
+the two prisoners, and the happy Italian Pigafetta.
+
+Our next chapters will be a series of wonder tales which reveal the
+South Temperate Zone and its inhabitants as they appeared to the young
+and susceptible Italian, Pigafetta, nearly four hundred years ago.
+
+Pigafetta, as we have shown, desired to accompany Magellan that he might
+"see the wonders of the new lands." He saw them indeed, and he painted
+them with his pen so vividly that they will always live. We get our
+first views of the strange inhabitants of the Southern regions of the
+New World from him. We are to follow his narratives, as printed for the
+Hakluyt Society, London, making some omissions, and changing its form in
+part, hoping thereby to render the text more clear. We closely follow
+the spirit of events. Pigafetta addresses his narrative "To the very
+illustrious and very excellent Lord Philip de Villiers Lisleaden, Grand
+Master of Rhodes," of whom we have spoken.
+
+[Illustration: Interior of the Alcázar of Seville.]
+
+He says, by way of introduction:
+
+"Finding myself in Spain in the year of the nativity of our Lord, 1519,
+at the court of the most serene King of the Romans (Charles V), and
+learning there of the great and awful things of the ocean world, I
+desired to make a voyage to unknown seas, and to see with my own eyes
+some of the wonderful things of which I had heard.
+
+"I heard that there was in the city of Seville an armada (armade) of
+five ships, which were ready to perform a long voyage in order to find
+the shortest way to the Islands of Moluco (Molucca) from whence came the
+spices. The Captain General of this armada was Ferdinand de Magagleanes
+(Magellan), a Portuguese gentleman, who had made several voyages on the
+ocean. He was an honorable man. So I set out from Barcelona, where the
+Emperor was, and traveled by land to the said city of Seville, and
+secured a place in the expedition.
+
+"The Captain General published ordinances for the guidance of the
+voyage.
+
+"He willed that the vessel on which he himself was should go before the
+other vessels, and that the others should keep in sight of it. Therefore
+he hung by night over the deck a torch or faggot of burning wood which
+he called a farol (lantern), which burned all night, so that the ships
+might not lose sight of his own.
+
+"He arranged to set other lights as signals in the night. When he wished
+to make a tack on account of a change of weather he set two lights.
+Three lights signified "faster." Four lights signified to stop and turn.
+When he discovered a rock or land, it was to be signalled by other
+lights.
+
+"He ordered that three watches should be kept at night.
+
+"On Monday, St. Lawrence Day, August 10th, the five ships with the crews
+to the number of two hundred and thirty-seven[A] set sail from the noble
+city of Seville, amid the firing of artillery and came to the end of the
+river Guadalcavir (Guadalquivir). We stopped near the Cape St. Vinconet
+to make further provisions for the voyage.
+
+ [A] The number was larger, about 270.
+
+"We went to hear mass on shore. There the Captain commanded that all the
+men should confess before going any further.
+
+"On Tuesday, September 20th, we set sail from St. Lucar.
+
+"We came to Canaria (Canaries)."
+
+This account repeats in a different way a part of the facts we have
+given.
+
+Here the young Italian relates his first story, which is substantially
+as follows:
+
+
+THE FOUNTAIN TREE.
+
+"Among the isles of the Canaria there is one which is very wonderful.
+There is not to be found a single drop of water which flows from any
+fountain or river.
+
+"But in this rainless land at the hour of midday, every day, there
+descends a cloud from the sky which envelops a large tree which grows on
+this island.
+
+"The cloud falls upon the leaves of the tree, when a great abundance of
+water distills from the leaves. The tree flows, and soon at the foot of
+it there gathers a fountain.
+
+"The people of the island come to drink of the water. The animals and
+the birds refresh themselves there."
+
+The story is true so far as relates to the fountain tree. But that a
+cloud comes down from Heaven at midday to refresh it, is not an exact
+statement of the manner in which this tree furnishes water to the
+sterile island. The young Italian writer describes the tree as he saw
+it, and as it seemed to be. The tree that supplies water as from a
+natural fountain may still be found.
+
+With such a tree to begin his researches on the sea, Pigafetta must have
+been impatient to proceed along the marvelous ocean way. All the world
+was to him as he saw it; he seldom stopped to inquire if appearances
+were true.
+
+With men like Del Cano on board, who had ears for a marvelous story, his
+life in the early part of the voyage must have been a very happy one.
+Wonder followed wonder....
+
+"Monday, the 3d of October," says the interesting Italian, "we set sail
+making the course auster, which the Levantine mariners call siroc
+(southeast) entering into the ocean sea. We passed Cape Verde and
+navigated by the coast of Guinea of Ethiopia, where there is a mountain
+called Sierra Leona. A rain fell, and the storm lasted sixty days."
+
+They came to waters full of sharks, which had terrible teeth, and which
+ate all the people whom they found in the sea, alive or dead. These were
+caught by a hook of iron.
+
+
+ST. ELMO'S FIRE.
+
+Here good St. Anseline met the ships; in the fancy of the mariners of
+the time, this airy saint appeared to favored ships in the night, and
+fair weather always followed the saintly apparition. He came in a robe
+of fire, and stood and shone on the top of the high masts or on the
+spars. The sailors hailed him with joy, as one sent from Heaven. Happy
+was the ship on the tropic sea upon whose rigging the form of good St.
+Anseline appeared in the night, and especially in the night of cloud
+and storm!
+
+To the joy of all the ships good St. Anseline came down one night to the
+fleet of Magellan. The poetical Italian tells the story in this way:
+
+"During these storms, the body of St. Anseline appeared to us several
+times.
+
+"One night among others he came when it was very dark on account of bad
+weather. He came in the form of a fire lighted at the summit of the main
+mast, and remained there near two hours and a half.
+
+"This comforted us greatly, for we were in tears, looking for the hour
+when we should perish.
+
+"When the holy light was going away from us it shed forth so great a
+brilliancy in our eyes that we were like people blinded for near a
+quarter of an hour. We called out for mercy.
+
+"Nobody expected to escape from the storm.
+
+"It is to be noted that all and as many times as the light which
+represents St. Anseline shows itself upon a vessel which is in a storm
+at sea, that vessel never is lost.
+
+"As soon as this light had departed the sea grew calmer and the wings of
+divers kinds of birds appeared."
+
+Beneficent St. Anseline who manifested his presence by illuminations in
+the mast and spars in equatorial waters! The beautiful illusion has long
+been explained and dispelled. It is but an electric fire at the end of
+atmospheric disturbances. But it is usually a correct prophecy of fair
+skies and smooth seas. It is now called St. Elmo's Fire.
+
+If ever there was an expedition that the saint of the mariners might
+favor it would seem to be this.
+
+One can almost envy the pious Italian his imagination in the clearing
+tropic night.
+
+His next wonders were the sea birds, of which there were flocks and
+clouds, and with them appeared flying fish.
+
+The ships were now off the coasts of Brazil and stopped at Verzim.
+
+The people of the Brazilian Verzim were accustomed to paint themselves
+"by fire." We do not clearly understand how this painting "by fire" was
+done. The art of scorching has perished with them. But besides these
+indelible marks, the men had three holes in their lower lips, and hung
+in them, after the manner of earrings, small round ornamental stones,
+about a finger in length. The men did not shave, for they _plucked out_
+their beard.
+
+Their only clothing was a circle of parrot feathers. How _terribly_ gay
+they must have looked! And yet such customs were hardly more ridiculous
+than those of later times, and more civilized countries--earrings,
+beauty patches, plume, and snuffboxes.
+
+It was the land of parrots. The most beautiful and intelligent parrots
+still come from Brazil. Columbus saw parrots in "clouds" over the
+islands of the Antilles.
+
+Parrots were not expensive in these equatorial forests at this time.
+"The natives," says Pigafetta, "give eight or ten parrots for a looking
+glass," and as a looking glass would multiply the picture of parrots
+indefinitely the Verzimans must have thought the exchange a marvelous
+bargain.
+
+If Brazilian parrots were cheap and so charming as likely to become an
+embarrassment of riches, so were the little cat monkeys which delighted
+the men. These little creatures, which looked like miniature lions,
+still delight the visitors to the coast of Brazil, but they shiver up
+when brought to the northern atmospheres and piteously cry for the home
+lands of the sun again.
+
+Very curious birds began to excite the surprise of the voyagers, among
+such as had a "beak like a spoon," and "no tongue."
+
+The markets of the new land displayed another commodity far more
+surprising than birds or animals, young slaves, which were offered for
+sale by their own families. So a family who had many children was rich.
+It cost a hatchet to buy one of these, and for a hatchet and a knife one
+might buy _two_.
+
+The people made bread of the "marrow of trees," and carried victuals in
+baskets on their heads.
+
+Masses were said for the crews on shore, and the natives knelt down with
+the men.
+
+The people were so pleased with their visitors that they built a common
+house for them.
+
+A pleasing illusion had made the sailors most welcome here.
+
+It had not rained in Verzim for two months when the expedition landed.
+The people were looking to the heavens for mercy day by day. But the
+copper sun rose as often in a clear sky.
+
+At last Magellan's sails appeared in the burning air. The sight of the
+sails was followed by that of clouds.
+
+The people thought that the fleet had brought the clouds with them.
+
+"They come from Heaven," said they of the adventurers.
+
+So when they were exhorted to accept Christianity, they at once fell
+down before the uplifted crosses and believed the teachings of the sea
+heroes who could command the clouds and bring rain to the parched land.
+
+They thought the ships were gods and the small boats the children of
+such beings, and when the latter approached the ships they imagined that
+they were children come home to their fathers or mothers.
+
+The ships remained in this delightful country of Verzim thirteen weeks.
+Pigafetta and Del Cano must have thought that life here was ideal. What
+scenes would follow?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+PINEAPPLES, POTATOES, VERY OLD PEOPLE.
+
+
+Other things were there on the wonderful Brazilian coast. There the
+mariners traded in them and were refreshed with a delicious fruit,
+called pique--pineapples.
+
+They came to the knowledge here of a nutritious ground fruit called
+battate. "This," says our Italian, "has the taste of a chestnut and is
+the length of a shuttle." These ground fruits were potatoes.
+
+The people here seem to have been very liberal in trading.
+
+They would give six fowls for a knife--well they might do so, as they
+used stone implements.
+
+They gave _two_ geese for a comb--here they were both generous and wise.
+
+They gave as great a quantity of fish as ten men could eat for a pair of
+scissors.
+
+And for a bell, they gave a whole basket full of potatoes (battate).
+
+Marvelous indeed as was this same country of Verzim, it also abounded
+in the conditions and atmospheres of long life.
+
+"Some of these people," says our Italian chronicler, "live to be a
+hundred or a hundred and twenty, or a hundred and forty or more. They
+wear little clothing."
+
+Which speaks well for pineapples, potatoes, and easy dress.
+
+"They sleep on cotton nets, which are fastened on large timbers, and
+stretch from one end of the house to another."
+
+It is good to sleep in ample ventilation. We do not wonder that many of
+the people passed a hundred years.
+
+The boats of these people were as simple as their open houses.
+
+"These are not made with iron instruments, for there are none, but with
+stones."
+
+The canoes were dug out of one long tree--some giant growth of the
+forest which would convey from thirty to forty men. The paddles for
+these canoes resembled shovels. The rowers were usually black men.
+
+The people ate human flesh, but only at feasts of triumph. They then
+served up their enemies.
+
+Pigafetta draws the following grewsome picture:
+
+"They do not eat up the whole body of a man whom they take prisoner;
+they eat him bit by bit, and for fear that he should be spoiled, they
+cut him up into pieces, which they set to dry before the chimney. They
+eat this day by day, so as to keep in mind the memory of their enemy."
+
+This was indeed the sweet food of revenge, and as barbarous as it seems,
+the spirit of revenge secretly cherished is hardly less unworthy when it
+finds expression in words that are bitter, if not carnal.
+
+The region abounded with bright birds, yet with all these delights, and
+pineapples and potatoes, there fell great rains. So there were shadows
+in the sunlands.
+
+We can fancy Pigafetta relating his discoveries on the shore to a
+susceptible spirit, like Del Cano, and writing an account of them day by
+day in his immortal journal.
+
+These strange adventures by sea and on land which so greatly interested
+the Italian Knight Pigafetta, our historian, do not seem to have greatly
+impressed the mind of Magellan. The lands had been sighted before. His
+whole soul was bent on one purpose--not on rediscovery, but on
+discovery. He was sailing now where other keels had been. It was his
+purpose to find new ways for the world to follow over unknown seas. His
+heart could find no full satisfaction but in water courses that sails
+had never swept; a new way to the Moluccas that no ship had ever broken.
+
+Notwithstanding the friendly spirit and liberal patronage of the
+Emperor, he still stood against the world. He represented a cast-out
+name. His own countrymen, on his own ships in the long delays on the
+voyage to unknown seas, were plotting against him.
+
+Let us recall in fancy a night scene as the ships lay on the waters of
+the meridional world. Magellan sits alone in one of the castles of the
+ship and looks out on the phosphorescent sea. The stars above him shine
+in a clear splendor, and are reflected in the sea. The sky seems to be
+in the waters; the waters are a mirror of the sky. Among the clear stars
+the Southern Cross, always vivid, here rises high. Magellan lifts to it
+his eye, and feels the religious inspiration of the suggestion. He is a
+son of the Church, and he holds that all discoveries are to be made for
+the glory of the Cross.
+
+On the distant shores palms rise in armies in the dusky air. The shores
+are silent. When arose the tall people that inhabited them?
+
+Magellan dreams: he wonders at himself, at his inward commission; at his
+cast-out name and great opportunity.
+
+One of his trusty friends comes to him; he is a Spaniard and his
+disquieting words break the serenity of the scene.
+
+"Captain General, it hurts my soul to say it, but there is disloyalty on
+the ships--it is everywhere."
+
+"I seem to feel the atmospheres of it," said Magellan. "Why should it
+be? The sea and the sky promise us success. Who are disloyal?"
+
+"Captain General, they are your own countrymen!"
+
+"And why do they plot treason under the Cross of discovery?"
+
+"Captain General, if the ocean open new ways before you, and you should
+achieve all of which you dream, they will have little share in the
+glory; you are facing stormy waters and perils unknown, not for
+Portugal, but for Spain."
+
+"Not for Spain alone, nor for Portugal, but for the glory of the Cross,
+and the good of all the world. A divine will leads me, and sustains me,
+and directs me. I am not seeking gold or fame or any personal advantage;
+my soul goes forth to reveal the wonders and the benevolence of
+Providence to the heart of the whole world. I go alone, and feel the
+loneliness of my lot. I left all that I had to make this expedition. It
+is my purpose to discover unknown seas. Joy, rapture, and recompense
+would come to me, beyond wealth or fame, could my eyes be the first to
+see a new ocean world, and to carry back the knowledge of it to all
+nations. What happiness would it be to me to ride on uncharted tides! My
+friend, you are loyal to me?"
+
+"Captain General, I am loyal, and the Spanish sailors are loyal; it is
+your own men who plot in dark corners to bring your plans to naught."
+
+In the shadow of one of the tall castles of another ship sit a band of
+idle men. They are Portuguese.
+
+One of them, who seems to lead the minds of the others, is whittling,
+and after a long silence says:
+
+"We do not know where we are going, and wherever we are going, we are
+Portuguese and are slaves to Spain."
+
+"Ay, ay," returned an old Portuguese sailor, "and when we go back again,
+should that ever be, the profit to us will be little at the India
+House."
+
+"Right," answered a number of voices, and one ventured to say:
+
+"Magellan, after all, may be mad, like his old companion, the
+astronomer. Both came from the same place in Portugal."
+
+Some of the officers had schemes of their own.
+
+But the ships crept on and on, along the Brazilian coast, where the flag
+of Spain and the farol guided them in the track of the Admiral they
+followed. Night after night the lantern of the flagship gleamed in the
+air, moving toward cooler waters under the Southern Cross.
+
+And in Magellan's heart was a single purpose, and he anticipated the joy
+of a great discovery, as a revelation that would answer the prophetic
+light that shone like a star in his own spiritual vision. On, and on!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE FIRST GIANT.--THE ISLANDS OF GEESE AND GOSLINGS.--THE DANCING
+GIANTS.
+
+
+The narrative of Pigafetta, the Knight of Rhodes, has much curious lore
+in regard to giants. At a place on the coast, formerly called Cape St.
+Mary, the first of these giants appeared.
+
+He was a leader of a tribe "who ate human flesh." The lively Knight of
+Rhodes informs us that this man, who towered above his fellows, "had a
+voice like a bull."
+
+He came to one of the captains' ships and asked--of course in sign
+language; for a man may have a "voice like a bull" and yet fail to be
+understood in cannibal tongues--if he might come on board the ship and
+bring his fellows with him.
+
+He left a quantity of goods on the shore. While he was negotiating at
+the ships, his people on the shore, who seem to have been unusually wise
+and prudent, began to remove the stores of goods from exposure to danger
+to a kind of castle at some distance.
+
+The officers of the ships grew inpatient when they saw the tempting
+goods being thus removed. So they landed a hundred men to recover the
+goods, which they seemed to have deemed theirs after the "right of
+discovery."
+
+The men began to run after the provident natives, when they became
+greatly surprised. The natives seemed to _fly_ over the ground, and
+leave them behind at a humiliating distance.
+
+"They did more in one step than we could do at a bound," says Pigafetta,
+Knight of Rhodes.
+
+The giant people here showed that there was need to approach them with
+caution. Some time before, these "Canibali" had captured a Spanish sea
+captain and sixty men, who had landed and pastured inland to make
+discoveries. They ate them all--a fearful feast!
+
+Our voyagers probably had no desire to go too far inland in view of such
+a warning; so they returned and proceeded on their course toward the
+antarctic pole.
+
+They discovered two small islands, which had more agreeable inhabitants
+than the land of Cape St. Mary. "These islands," says our good Knight
+Pigafetta, "were full of geese and goslings and sea wolves." He adds:
+"We loaded five ships with them for an hour."
+
+The Knight has also left us the following curious picture of the birds,
+which must have been very much surprised at being so rudely disturbed:
+
+"The geese are black, and have feathers all over the body of the same
+size and shape; and they do not fly but live on fish, and they were so
+fat that we did not pluck them, but skinned them. They have beaks like
+that of a crow.
+
+"The sea wolves of these islands are of many colors and of the size and
+thickness of a calf, and have a head like a calf, and ears small and
+round. They have teeth but no legs, but feet joining close to the body,
+which resemble a human hand. They have small nails to their feet, and
+skin between the fingers like geese.
+
+"If these animals could run they would be very bad and cruel, but they
+do not stir from the waters, and swim and live upon fish."
+
+This seems to be a very admirable description of a sea wolf, O Knight of
+Rhodes!
+
+A great storm came down upon the ships here. But, marvelous to relate,
+the fiery body of good St. Anselmo or Anseline "appeared to us, and
+immediately the storm ceased."
+
+The fleet sailed away again and came to Port St. Julian, the true land
+of the giants, of which place our Knight has some very interesting
+stories to tell.
+
+[Illustration: The world according to the Ptolemy of 1548.]
+
+The fleet entered the Port of St. Julian. It was winter, and for a long
+time no human beings appeared.
+
+Suddenly one day a most extraordinary sight met the eyes of some of the
+adventurers. Our Knight's description of this being is very vivid. He
+says:
+
+"One day, without any one's expecting it, we saw a giant who was on the
+shore of the sea, quite naked, and was dancing and leaping and singing,
+and, while singing, he put sand and dust on his head." The Captain of
+one of the ships, who first saw this extraordinary creature, said to one
+of the sailors:
+
+"Go and meet him. He dances and sings as a sign of friendship. You must
+do the same. Beckon him to me."
+
+The Captain himself was on a little island.
+
+The scene that followed must have been comical indeed.
+
+The giant danced and sung and sprinkled his head with sand. The sailor
+did the same, danced and sang, and the two approached each other.
+
+So the giant was made to think that he was among friends. The sailor led
+him on to the island, where he met the Captain.
+
+But the lively giant now began to be afraid in the presence of a new
+people. He seemed to wish to ask them who they were and whence they
+came. Then an answer to this question came to him. He looked up to the
+sky and pointed upward with one finger, saying by signs:
+
+"Did you come down from Heaven?"
+
+"He was so tall," says our descriptive Knight, "that the tallest of us
+only came up to his waist." He was probably hardly taller than many of
+his race. Falkner, in his account of Patagonia (1774), says that he saw
+men there seven feet and a half high.
+
+Of this dancing giant our historian gives a further description in
+lively and interesting colors:
+
+"He had a large face painted red all around, and around his eyes were
+rings of yellow, and he had two hearts painted on his cheeks. He had but
+little hair on the top of his head, which was painted white.
+
+"When he was brought before the Captain, he had thrown over him the
+skin of a certain beast, which skin was very carefully sewed."
+
+[Illustration: The dancing giant.]
+
+The skin was that of a guanaco, a kind of llama.
+
+Our historian thus describes the guanaco:
+
+"This beast has its head and ears of the size of a mule, and the neck
+and body of the fashion of a camel, the legs of a deer, and the tail of
+a horse, and it neighs like a horse. There are great numbers of these
+animals in the same place."
+
+Patagonia is the land of these strange animals, which are still found
+there, and are hunted by Indians who lie upon the ground with drawn
+bows. The animal has great curiosity, and he draws near this living
+snare and is killed. When tame he is an interesting companion, but if
+angered he suddenly emits a great quantity of offensive liquid from his
+nose, like a half bucket of water, which he throws upon the offender. He
+is the South American camel.
+
+This giant when he made himself ready to meet the adventurers had shoes
+of leather or skins, and carried a bow made of the "gut of a beast" and
+a bundle of cane arrows feathered, at the end of which were small white
+stones.
+
+"The Captain caused food and drink to be given to him.
+
+"Then the crew began to show him some of the presents they had brought,
+among them a looking-glass."
+
+When the giant saw himself in the glass he was filled with wonder. It
+was as though his own ghost had appeared to him. There were men behind
+him curious to see how he would be affected. He leaped back with such
+force as to tumble them over. They were but pigmies to him.
+
+The Captain now gave the giant two bells, a mirror, a comb, and beads,
+and sent him back to the shore.
+
+One of the giants of the country saw him coming back, ran to the
+habitation of the giants, and summoned the giant people to the shore to
+meet him. They came, almost naked, leaping and singing, and pointing
+upward to Heaven. What a sight it must have been!
+
+The women were laden with goods. The sailors beckoned them to the ships
+to trade.
+
+Queerly enough, the women brought with them a baby or little guanaco,
+which they led by a string. Our historian learned that when these giants
+wished to capture the old guanacos or camels they fastened one of the
+little guanacos to a bush, and the old ones came to the bush to play
+with it, and so became an easy prey.
+
+"Six days afterward, our people going to cut wood," writes the Knight,
+"saw another giant, who raised his hands toward Heaven.
+
+"When the Captain General came to know of it, he sent to fetch him with
+his ship's boat, and brought him to one of the little islands in the
+port. This giant was of a better disposition than the other, and was a
+gracious and amiable person, he loved to dance and leap. When he leaped,
+he caused the earth to sink to a palm's depth at the place where his
+feet touched."
+
+The good giant remained for a time with the adventurers. They gave him
+the name of John. They learned him to pronounce the name of Jesus.
+
+"Say Pater Noster," said they.
+
+"Pater Noster," said the giant.
+
+"Say Ave Maria," said the men.
+
+"Ave Maria," said the susceptible giant.
+
+They made him presents when he went away, among them some of the many
+tinkling bells.
+
+"We must capture some of these people," said the Captain, "and take them
+to Spain for wonders."
+
+So the explorers began to study how to secure some interesting specimens
+of these tall people, to excite the wonder of the people of Spain.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+CAPTURING A GIANT.--MAGELLAN'S DECISION.
+
+
+The attempts to capture wild giants greatly interested Pigafetta.
+
+Our historian says that it was "done by gentle and cunning means, for
+otherwise they would have done a hurt to some of our men."
+
+One day some sailors saw four giants hidden in some bushes, and they
+were unarmed. They brought these into the power of the Captain. Two of
+them were young, and such as would excite admiration anywhere for their
+noble development.
+
+They gave these two lusty young Herculeses as many knives, mirrors,
+bells, and trinkets as they could hold in their hands, and while the
+delighted youths were thus abounding in riches, the Captain said:
+
+"Now show them the iron fetters."
+
+The two youths could but wonder at these when they were brought.
+
+The Captain ordered that the fetters be presented to them.
+
+But their hands were already full. What could they do with them? Where
+could they put them?
+
+The Captain signified to them that he would ornament their feet with the
+fetters. To this they consented.
+
+So the fetters were put on the feet of each of them, like necklaces or
+rings, but when the young giants saw a blacksmith bring a hammer and
+rivet the fetters, they began to be distrustful and presently greatly
+agitated. They tried to walk, but they could not move.
+
+Our historian thus describes their fury when they saw that they were
+helplessly bound:
+
+"Nevertheless when they saw the trick which had been played on them they
+began to be enraged, and to foam like bulls, crying out to the _devil_
+to help them." We do not see why our Knight should have taken this view
+of the case; we would think that two human beings who had been so
+treacherously deceived, might have been regarded as appealing to the
+Deity of justice.
+
+"The hands of the other two giants were bound," says the original
+narrative, "but it was with great difficulty; then the Captain sent them
+back on shore, with nine of his men to conduct them, and to bring the
+wife of one of those who had remained in irons, because he regretted her
+greatly." This last touch gives us a very favorable view of this young
+giant.
+
+But on being conducted away, one of the two giants who were to be
+liberated, untied his hands and escaped. As soon as he found that he was
+free, his feet were picked up nimbly indeed. He flew, as it were, his
+long strides leaving his late captors far behind him. He had no heart to
+trust Europeans again. He rushed to his native town, but he found only
+the women there, who must have been greatly alarmed; the men had gone to
+hunt.
+
+He rushed after the hunters to tell them how his companions had been
+betrayed.
+
+What became of the other giant whose hands were bound? He struggled,
+too, to break the cords, seeing which, one of the men struck him on the
+head. He became quiet when he saw that he was helpless, and led the men
+to the giant's town where the women and children were.
+
+The men concluded to pass the night there, as it was near night and
+everything there looked harmless and inviting.
+
+But during the night the other giant who had gone to meet the hunters
+returned with his companions. These saw the bruised head of the giant
+who had also been bound, and warned the women who began to run. We are
+told that the youngest "ran faster than the biggest" and that the men
+"ran faster than horses," at which we can not wonder. The fleeing giant
+shot one of the men from the ships, and he was buried there on shore.
+The poor giant in irons who had lamented for his wife probably never
+saw the giantess again.
+
+The methods of treating sickness in the town of the giants were curious.
+For an emetic one ran a stick down his throat. For a headache, one cut a
+gash on the forehead, not unlike the old method of bleeding. The
+philosophy of this latter treatment was interesting--blood did not
+remain with pain, and pain departed with blood--quite true; white people
+have advanced theories as conclusive.
+
+"When one of them dies," says our Knight, "ten devils appear and dance
+around the dead man." One of the poor giants who was forced to remain on
+board said he had seen devils with horns, and hair that fell to their
+feet, who spouted fire. There seems to be the color of the European
+imagination in this statement.
+
+The giants lived on raw meat, thistles, and sweet root, and one of them
+drank a "bucket of water" at a time.
+
+The expedition remained at St. Julian five months, and acquired much
+information about the country from the captive giants with whom they
+learned to talk by sign language.
+
+They here set up a cross on a mountain and took possession of the
+country in the name of the King of Spain. They called the signal
+elevation where they planted the cross the Mount of Christ.
+
+The primitive people of the shores of Brazil and Patagonia delighted in
+exciting the wonder of their visitors. Many of these people who thought
+that the Europeans had come down from the sky, where they conceived all
+life must be wonderful indeed, liked to show them some of the feats that
+the people of the earth could do. The people who came down from the sky
+they reasoned had great wisdom in sailing the seas, but they were not
+giants. They could trail a lantern along the sea in the night air in
+some unaccountable way, but they did not know how to run with flying
+feet on the land or how to wing arrows with unerring aim into the sky
+and sea.
+
+One day there came from a company of the primitive people, a champion in
+an art of which the Europeans could have never heard. They had seen
+these people run, leap, and vault with almost magic power, but they had
+never seen one who could make a tube of himself.
+
+This new champion approached the men in the usual way, inviting
+attention. He carried in his hand an arrow which was a cubit and a half
+long.
+
+He tilted it, opened his great mouth to receive it, dropped it into his
+throat, when, amid muscular contortions, it began to descend. The
+sailors watched him with amazement as it went down. It disappeared at
+last, having, as we are told, descended to the "bottom of his stomach."
+It seemed to cause him no pain.
+
+Presently the quiver began to appear again. The long arrow slowly rose
+out of the human tube which the man had made of himself, and dropped
+into his hand at last, the whole being performed by muscular movement.
+
+He must have been delighted at the sensation which this mental control
+over the muscles of digestion had produced. It was less strange that the
+arrow should have gone down than that it should have come up again.
+
+Such feats as these entertained the sailors from time to time when they
+were on shore. Pigafetta was now seeing the "wonders of the world"
+indeed.
+
+Magellan's mind was given to the more serious problems of the voyage.
+
+The Antarctic pole star now rose to his view. It was cold. Magellan saw
+that the voyage would be likely to last long.
+
+Not only the Portuguese came to distrust him, but some of the Spanish
+sailors caught the infection of the deleterious atmosphere. They
+reasoned differently from the Portuguese.
+
+"The Admiral is a native of Portugal," said they, "and though the
+Portuguese court rejected him, he will be sure in the end to be true to
+his own people and King. He will never allow the glory of his
+discoveries to go to Spain."
+
+Some of them came to him to say that the wind blew cold, that the sea
+was full of perils, that nothing but disaster could come by pushing on
+into the sea where they were tending.
+
+"Turn south," said they.
+
+The answer of Magellan was royal and loyal. We give it in what, from
+what was reported of it, must be in his own thought, and very nearly his
+own words.
+
+"Comrades, my course was laid down by Cæsar (the King) himself.
+I--will--not--depart--from--it--in--any--degree. I will open to Cæsar an
+unknown world."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+THE MUTINY AT PORT JULIAN.--THE STRAITS.--1519.
+
+
+Days of mutiny came in the cold waters.
+
+The spirit of disloyalty that had found expression in the inspector
+broke out anew at Port St. Julian. It spread through the officers and
+crews of three of the ships. These caused to be published the resolution
+that they would sail no farther.
+
+"You are leading us to destruction," said the mutineers.
+
+Luis de Mendoza, Captain of the Victoria, the treasurer of the
+expedition, was a leader of the mutiny. Another disturbing spirit was
+Gasper de Queixada, Captain of the Concepcion.
+
+Magellan, of the kind heart, had, as we have seen, the resolution to
+meet emergencies. This expedition was his life. It must not be opposed,
+hindered, or thwarted. He lived in his purpose. He must stamp out the
+mutiny. He no more used gentle and courteous words. He thundered his
+will.
+
+One day Ambrosia Fernandez, his constable, came to him, and said:
+
+"Three crews are ready to mutiny, to force you to go back."
+
+Magellan saw that he must make the leaders of these ships his prisoners,
+or that he would become theirs.
+
+"Constable," he said, "pick out sixty trusty men and arm them well. Go
+with them on board the treasurer's ship, and arrest Mendoza and lay him
+dead on the deck."
+
+The fleet was moored in line. It was flood tide, and Mendoza's ship rode
+astern of Magellan's, and the ship of Queixada, ahead.
+
+Magellan prepared his own crew to face the consequences of a tragedy
+should one occur. He ordered his hawser to be attached to the cable, and
+called his crew to arms.
+
+When the flood tide was at its height, Fernandez, the constable,
+prepared to execute his order.
+
+He appeared before the ship of the mutinous Mendoza, and asked to be
+received on board.
+
+"Back to your own ship," said the mutineer. "I command the Victoria."
+
+"But we are few against many," said the constable, "and I have a message
+from the Admiral which I must deliver."
+
+He was helped on board the Victoria.
+
+His feet had no sooner touched the deck than he seized Mendoza.
+
+"I arrest you in the name of the Emperor."
+
+The armed men that the constable had left on the boat rushed on board.
+
+The crew of the Victoria, stood aghast. They saw the power of the
+Admiral's mind.
+
+Magellan brought his ship alongside the Victoria.
+
+He led his armed crew on board the Victoria, and halted before a
+terrible scene. Mendoza had been stabbed by the constable, and the crew
+of the Victoria plead for mercy, and promised to be loyal to the
+Admiral.
+
+In this hour of tragedy and terror Magellan bore his ship around to
+Queixada's, and made the officers and crew of the Concepcion his
+prisoners. The leaders of the mutiny were executed. It was a necessity.
+
+Magellan caused also the sentence he had imposed on the inspector and
+his accomplice to be carried out here.
+
+Carthagena and Sanches were led from their prison to the shore.
+
+As the sails were being lifted to depart, they were marooned--left with
+some provisions, among which were some bottles of wine, on the desert
+shore.
+
+There were hearts that pitied them as the ships sailed away. There was
+_one_ who plotted to rescue them. It was Gormez.
+
+They left them some biscuits with the bottles of wine.
+
+"It is the last bread they will ever eat," said their companions.
+
+"And the last wine that they will ever drink," said a loyal priest on
+board.
+
+But there was one on board that shook his head.
+
+If he could have his will the two would eat bread and drink wine again
+in the convents of beautiful Seville.
+
+The execution of the disloyal Spaniards again awakened the jealousy of
+Gormez. He probably began to plan about this time to separate the
+Antonio from the expedition, and lead her back to Spain. His heart was
+with the inspector and friar far away on the desolate shore.
+
+The ships sailed away, and the marooned priests saw them disappear.
+
+"They were cast aside for opposing a madman," reasoned Gormez. "Magellan
+is no fit leader of an expedition. If I had full command of the Antonio,
+I would rescue the inspector, if I were to find him alive."
+
+But he could not take the Antonio back while Mesquita, Magellan's loyal
+cousin, was in command. Had he breathed a breath of disloyalty in the
+presence of this Portuguese, he might have himself been deposed from his
+position and marooned, as had been the inspector and the friar.
+
+A dark plot began to form in the pilot's mind. If he could incite the
+crew against Mesquita in some hour of peril, he might cause him to be
+imprisoned on his own ship, and then he could succeed to the command,
+and take the Antonio back to Spain.
+
+And he would also endeavor to rescue the inspector and the friend of the
+inspector who had been marooned. If he could rescue them and take them
+back with him to Spain, they would be powerful witnesses for him against
+Magellan.
+
+Gormez now waited his opportunity. A jealous man seeks for a principle
+of life to ease his conscience and justify evil deeds. Gormez had two
+principles to sustain him in his disloyalty. The one was that he could
+lead a better expedition, and the other the merciful rescue of his two
+companions who had been marooned for the same opinions that he had from
+the first carried in his heart. So calling treachery, loyalty and
+sympathy, he awaited an hour favorable to his plan.
+
+If he could return to Spain he would offer his services to Portugal or
+to Spain to lead an expedition to the Spice Islands that should be
+conducted in some more promising way than by the winter seas.
+
+As the ships sailed on into the clouds and cold, the sailors were filled
+with apprehension. But the farol still shone at night like a star in the
+changing atmosphere. They had expected that the extremity of South
+America would point West, but this was not the case. Whither were they
+tending?
+
+It was the middle of October. The water grew colder and the land became
+more desolate. Suddenly a bay appeared and the continent seemed to part.
+The sea poured its tides to the East amid towering mountains, and a
+strait appeared, which now bears the name of Magellan.
+
+The soul of the Admiral thrilled. It was the fulfillment of his visions.
+He called the opening to the swift channel Cape Virgins, as he
+discovered it on the day on which the Church commemorated the martyrdom
+of the "eleven thousand virgins."
+
+His lone lantern entered the straits. The way was toward the East.
+
+Magellan sent the ship Antonio, which was commanded by his cousin Alvaro
+de Mesquita, to explore the bay, of which ship Gormez still held the
+position of pilot. The mutineer's hour had come.
+
+The pilot entered the bay, but presently a powerful tide carried the
+ship back, and beyond the sight of the flag and the lantern of Magellan.
+
+The jealous Portuguese had seen enough to know that great perils were
+before the fleet or that a glory like to that of Columbus was now likely
+to fall to the lot of Magellan. He determined to be revenged upon the
+Admiral for supplanting him in accepting the favors of the King.
+
+He called the crew secretly about him.
+
+"You are rushing on to ruin," he said. "I can take you back to Spain.
+Put Mesquita in irons, and let us return. Mesquita advised Magellan to
+execute our comrades!"
+
+The crew, overcome by the perils of the situation, obeyed the pilot.
+
+Mesquita was placed in irons, and the pilot bore the Antonio away from
+the wintry seas, and turned her prow toward Spain.
+
+But untrue as the sailors were to Magellan, he was true to them. He
+delayed the expedition for their return, and sent out the Victoria in
+search of them. The Victoria's crew planted signal standards, under
+which were letters.
+
+Now perhaps for the first time Magellan was master of the expedition. He
+supposed at first that the Antonio had become lost in the terrible
+tides, but he still suspected treachery.
+
+As the fleet entered the straits, the hills at night blazed with fires.
+The explorers thought these fires were volcanoes. They were signal fires
+kindled by the natives. Magellan gave the place the name of "Tierra del
+Fuego"--the "Land of Fire," a name that it still bears.
+
+The water ran icy cold. Peaks of crystal towered above the straits, and
+the sublimities of mountain desolations everywhere appeared. So amid
+awful chasms of the sea, now white with snows, now dark with shadows,
+the little fleet glided on, the farol in the air at night, and all eyes
+strained with wonder to see what new disclosure this strait would
+bring.
+
+What must have been the reflection of Magellan as the mysteries of the
+new world lifted before his eyes?
+
+Joy is the compensation of suffering, and if his happiness was as great
+as his trials had been, he must have indeed known thrilling moments. He
+had dared, and he had achieved.
+
+He wondered at the fate of the Antonio, as the days went by. He indeed
+thought her lost, but yet hoped that she might appear.
+
+"She has deserted us," ventured a loyal officer.
+
+"No," reasoned the Admiral. "Mesquita would never desert me."
+
+He was right. There were many true hearts that made the voyage like Del
+Cano's, but no heart was truer to Magellan than Mesquita's; and true
+hearts know and love each other.
+
+The ships glided on slowly, without the Antonio. They had two new
+passengers in the giants whose lives must have been filled with wonder
+on ship-board.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+"THE ADMIRAL WAS MAD!"
+
+
+Grave as was the act of treachery that the jealousy of Gormez led him to
+commit, he was true to the two marooned priests who had opposed the
+daring schemes of Magellan.
+
+"We must not leave them to perish," he said.
+
+So with Mesquita in irons he steered his ship toward the lonely islands
+where the crew had passed the winter.
+
+They found Carthagena and his brother monk still living, and never could
+two men have been more glad to escape from exile. To live among naked
+giants, whom they could not civilize, must have become a horror to them.
+But their lives had been spared, though their biscuits and wine, we
+fancy, were gone.
+
+"The Admiral has gone mad," said the men who had come to rescue them.
+"He knows not the way to the Moluccas, nor to anywhere."
+
+The marooned men asked them where they were now going.
+
+"To Spain," was the answer. "We have come to rescue you. Our Captain has
+never forgotten you. He will need you as witnesses. You must testify
+that the Admiral is mad."
+
+They were ready to testify that.
+
+The ship sailed back to Spain.
+
+The tales that they carried back to beautiful Seville caused a great
+disappointment in Spain. They must have stricken the heart of the wife
+of Magellan.
+
+Gormez related there that the Admiral had become mad; that he had
+marooned the two priests whom they had brought back as witnesses of the
+truth of what he asserted; that Magellan had sailed into winter seas,
+and quite lost his reason, and knew not where he was going.
+
+Then he told a terrible story of the execution of the mutinous
+Spaniards, friends of the King, at St. Julian. He said:
+
+"His cousin, Mesquita, our captain, advised these crimes, and so we put
+him in irons, and have brought him back to receive justice in Spain."
+
+Mesquita protested his innocence and tried to gain credence for his
+case. But no one cared to listen to him. The court and the popular
+feeling were against him. He was consigned to a prison. It was useless
+for him to protest, and to say that Magellan had made a great discovery;
+that he had found straits which were leading to the South Sea, and which
+were likely to prove that the ocean that Balboa had beheld was
+continuous.
+
+He was placed in a lonely dungeon, and there brooded over his wrongs and
+dreamed.
+
+He had one hope; it was that Magellan would return triumphant, a second
+Columbus or Vasco da Gama. If that day were to come, he would be
+released, and the court would honor him, and he would be hailed as a
+hero.
+
+"I have been made a prisoner by treachery," he said to a few men. "I
+believe that the day of my vindication will one day dawn."
+
+Cardinal Ximenes died. Juana still watched by the tomb of her husband,
+and took no interest in the world. Charles V was entering upon his
+career as a conqueror who was to subdue the Roman world to his will.
+
+As for Magellan in Spain he was to be but little more remembered now.
+Spain believed the story of the jealous Gormez, and the mariners of
+Seville said:
+
+"The Admiral was mad!"
+
+In the common view the mad Admiral had gone down in Antarctic seas. Like
+Faleiro, his friend, who had been sent to the mad house, it was thought
+that his brain had become unsettled, and that his bright visions had
+failed.
+
+The two mutineers ate bread and drank wine again in the convent bowers
+of Seville.
+
+Gormez had schemes of his own. He desired the authority of the throne to
+make an expedition to the Spice Islands, which he believed he could find
+by sailing West. Strangely enough, as we have said, this jealous,
+treacherous man was afterward made a pilot in an expedition that visited
+Florida, Cape Cod, and Massachusetts Bay. But he did not find the way to
+the Spice Islands on the voyage.
+
+Mesquita, still believing in the success of the expedition of Magellan,
+said to a few whom he could reach:
+
+"Magellan is not mad. He executed those who had planned to murder him.
+He had to put to death these men for the sake of the expedition. He will
+return again!"
+
+Few believed his story, and fewer his prophecy.
+
+Still there were some who hoped that the prisoner's prophecy might prove
+true. Columbus was deemed mad, and quelled a mutiny, but he returned
+again. Vasco da Gama faced doubt and destruction, but he returned again.
+There were not wanting some who asked, "Will Magellan ever return
+again?" Such usually received the answer, "The Admiral was mad!"
+
+The poor wife of Magellan, who had hoped much from him for the sake of
+her child, as well as for Spain, heard these reports in an agony of
+grief. But she still hoped. She must have believed in her husband's
+destiny.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+THE PACIFIC.--THE DEATH OF THE GIANTS.
+
+
+The four ships glided along the wonderful straits which Magellan named
+the "Virgins," but which will always bear his own name. The scenery
+continued wild and fierce, and in some places overawing and sublime;
+they sailed amid domes of crystal and almost under the roofs of a broken
+world. They still moved slowly--the scenery growing more and more
+wonderful.
+
+The air grew bright again. The ships were in the sea. They had entered a
+sea broad and glorious, but which Magellan could have hardly dreamed to
+be nearly ten thousand miles long, and more than that wide! Its waters
+were placid--an ocean plain. Columbus had heard of this vast sea, and
+Balboa had seen it from the peak of Darien.
+
+All the joy that Magellan had anticipated in his visions of years now
+burst upon him.
+
+"The Pacific!"
+
+This was the name that came to him as he surveyed the new ocean world.
+He was the discoverer of the South Pacific, which was continuous with
+the ocean discovered by Balboa. What did it contain? Whither might he
+sail over the new serenity of waters?
+
+His soul had stood against his own country; his name had been cast out
+by his countrymen. But in the splendors of the sunset sea he had found
+his faith to be reality. It is said that the sailors wept when they
+beheld the Pacific.
+
+We may fancy the joy of Del Cano.
+
+We may imagine how the heart of Pigafetta, the young Italian, which had
+always been true to the Admiral, must have overflowed with delight when
+the Pacific opened before his eyes! There is a strong heart beat in the
+happiness of one who has been true to a successful man in the hour of
+his need.
+
+He may have sung the song that cheered Columbus and his men--the
+mariners' hymn to the Virgin:
+
+ "Gentle Star of Ocean!
+ Portal of the sky!
+ Ever Virgin Mother
+ Of the Lord most high!"
+
+"Wednesday, the 20th of November, 1520," says the original narrative,
+"we came forth out of the same strait, and entered the Pacific Sea."
+
+The ships sailed on into the calm mystery of the ocean, the soul of
+Magellan glowing. But though the Admiral had risen superior to so many
+obstacles, there were others to be met. The sea was indeed placid and
+full of promise, but starvation now stared him in the face, and after
+the spectre of Treason had departed that of Famine appeared.
+
+Day after day the sun arose on the same serenity of sea. One month
+passed, and still there spread before the ships the same infinite ocean.
+Another month passed, and another, and twenty days more.
+
+How did the crews live on this long voyage of silence and calms?
+
+The narrative says: "We only ate old biscuit reduced to powder, and full
+of grubs, and we drank water that had turned yellow and smelled."
+
+But a more perilous diet had to be followed.
+
+They ate the "ox hides that were under the main yard." To eat these
+hides they had to soak them for some days in the sea, and then cook them
+on embers.
+
+They ate sawdust; then the vermin on the ships.
+
+A worse condition came. The gums of the men swelled from such food, so
+that many of them could not eat at all, and nineteen died. Beside those
+who died, twenty-five fell ill of "divers sicknesses."
+
+Kind-hearted Pigafetta, who was always true to the Portuguese Admiral,
+formed an intimacy with the poor young giant, presumably with the giant
+whose wife had been left behind. This giant was imprisoned on the
+flagship of Magellan.
+
+One day the giant said to him, helplessly:
+
+"Capac."
+
+Our Italian understood that this must be the Patagonian word for bread.
+So he wrote it down, and the giant saw that he was interested in the
+meaning of his native words.
+
+So the young giant began to teach the young Italian.
+
+"Her-dem" meant a chief.
+
+"Holi" meant water.
+
+"Ohone," a storm.
+
+"Setebos," the Unseen Power.
+
+They studied together for a time, and shared each other's good will.
+
+One day the Italian drew a cross on paper. The young giant raised it to
+his lips and kissed it, as he had seen Pigafetta kiss the sign of the
+Cross.
+
+But he said by signs: "Do not make the Cross again, else Setebos will
+enter into you and kill you."
+
+The meaning of the cross was explained to him.
+
+The poor giant fell ill at last, amid all the misery.
+
+"Bring me the Cross," he said by signs.
+
+He kissed it again.
+
+He knew that he would soon die.
+
+"Make me a Christian," he said.
+
+They named him "Paul," and baptized him.
+
+One day found him dead, and they cast his great frame into the sea. He
+was probably the first convert to the faith among Patagonians, and his
+so-called conversion was the heart's cry in helplessness.
+
+The other giant may have lived to see the days of famine, when men
+shrank and death threatened all. Then he, too, famished and died, and
+found a grave in the sea. Another account, makes this giant die on the
+Antonio before that ship went back to St. Julian.
+
+Two islands only appeared in the months of steady sailing. They were
+uninhabited except by birds. The sky in all this time brought no storm.
+
+In these days of ocean solitude, hunger, and death, Magellan was sure
+always of the faith of two true hearts--the susceptible Italian and Del
+Cano.
+
+Magellan dreamed of the fate of Mesquita in these strange experiences,
+and Mesquita in his lonely prison thought continually of him. Would
+Magellan ever return? the latter must have asked daily.
+
+If so, his prison doors might swing open. He had no other hope, but this
+hope was a star. Magellan's wife must have shared this hope with the
+prisoner.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+WELCOME TO THE PHILIPPINES!
+
+
+On Wednesday, March 6th, Magellan sighted islands. His lantern had
+crossed the Pacific Ocean. Here he hoped to find food. He approached the
+shores eagerly. So hungry were the crews that one of the sick men begged
+that if any of the natives were killed human flesh might be brought him.
+
+But the natives here were not only wild men, they were robbers; they
+sought to kill the voyagers and to steal everything. Hence, Magellan
+called the islands the Ladrones (robbers).
+
+The robbers threw stones at the famishing mariners as the ships turned
+away in search of more hospitable shores. The women were dressed in
+bark.
+
+The ships moved on into unknown seas.
+
+On Saturday, March 16, 1521, a notable sight appeared in the dawn of the
+morning. It was a high bluff, some three hundred leagues distant from
+the Thieves' Islands. The island was named Zamal, now called Samar.
+
+Magellan saw another island near. It was inhabited by a friendly
+people. He determined to land there for the sake of security, as he
+could there gather sea food and care for the sick. He planted his tents
+there, and provided the sick with fresh meat.
+
+Where was he?
+
+Here surely was a new archipelago which had found no place on a map.
+March 16, 1521, was to be a notable date of the world.
+
+He had discovered the Philippine Islands, though they were not then
+known by that name. They were the door to China from the West--this he
+could hardly have known.
+
+The islands as now known consist of Luzon, fifty-one thousand three
+hundred square miles in extent; and Mendanao, more than twenty-five
+thousand miles in extent. The islands lying between Luzon and Mendanao
+are called the Bissayas, of which Samar has an area of thirteen thousand
+and twenty miles. Magellan visited Mendanao and then sailed for Zebu, a
+small island where the first Spanish settlement was made, before Manila,
+which was founded in 1581.
+
+This archipelago was a new world of wonder. The small islands are now
+computed to number fourteen hundred. Magellan never knew the extent of
+his discovery.
+
+Here he was to find the happiest days of his life, after the serene but
+famishing voyage.
+
+The people here were to receive him with open arms; to feast him; to
+raise his expectations and to bow down before the Cross. We must
+describe in detail--thanks to the Italian who was true to the heart of
+the Admiral--this golden age of the troubled life of Magellan.
+
+After all the struggle for so many years against many overwhelming
+oppositions, Magellan now rose into the vantage ground of success, and
+fulfilled the vision which had illumined his soul in his darkest hours.
+
+Every man has a right to his record, and whatever might happen now, his
+record no power could destroy; he had discovered the Pacific Ocean, and
+a new way around the world. Whatever might be his fate, the world must
+follow his lantern.
+
+On the 18th of March, 1521, after dinner on shore, the Admiral saw a
+boat coming out from a near island toward his ship. There were men in
+it.
+
+"Let no one move or speak," said Magellan.
+
+The crews awaited the coming of the strangers in the blazing sunlight of
+the tropic sea. The Indians landed, led by a chief.
+
+They were friends. They signified by signs their joy at seeing them.
+Magellan feasted the Indians and gave them presents.
+
+When these people saw the good disposition of the Captain, they gave him
+palm wine and figs "more than a foot long." On leaving they promised to
+return with fruits.
+
+Pigafetta, our Italian Chevalier, vividly describes the scenes that
+followed between Magellan and the friendly people of the
+newly-discovered islands, which we call the Philippines, but which were
+not so named at that time.
+
+He tells us in a wonderfully interesting narrative a translation of
+which we closely follow:
+
+"That people became very familiar and friendly, and explained many
+things in their language, and told the names of some islands which they
+beheld. The island where they dwelt was called Zuluam, and it was not
+large. As they were sufficiently agreeable and conversible the crews had
+great pleasure with them. The Captain seeing that they were of this good
+spirit, conducted them to the ship and showed them specimens of all his
+goods--that he most desired--cloves, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, nutmeg,
+mace, and gold.
+
+"He also had shots fired with his artillery, at which they were so much
+afraid that they wished to jump from the ship into the sea. They made
+signs that the things which the Captain had shown them grew there.
+
+"When they wished to go they took leave of the Captain and of the crew
+with very good manners and gracefulness, promising to come back.
+
+"The island where the ships had moored was named Humunu; but because
+the men found there two springs of very fresh water it was named the
+Watering Place of Good Signs. There was much white coral there, and
+large trees which bear fruit smaller than an almond, and which are like
+pines. There were also many palm trees both good and bad. In this place
+there were many circumjacent islands, on which account the archipelago
+was named St. Lazarus. This region and archipelago is in ten degrees
+north latitude, and a hundred and sixty-one degrees longitude from the
+line of demarcation.
+
+"Friday, the 22d of March, the above-mentioned people, who had promised
+to return, came about midday with two boats laden with the said fruit,
+cochi, sweet oranges, a vessel of palm wine, and a cock, to give us to
+understand that they had poultry in their country." The Italian thus
+describes the habits of the people:
+
+"The lord of these people was old, and had his face painted, and had
+gold rings suspended to his ears, which they name 'schione,' and the
+others had many bracelets and rings of gold on their arms, with a
+wrapper of linen round their head. We remained at this place eight days;
+the Captain went there every day to see his sick men, whom he had placed
+on this island to refresh them; and he gave them himself every day the
+water of this said fruit, the cocho, which comforted them much."
+
+Pigafetta tells us that near this isle is another where there is a kind
+of people "who wear holes in their ears so large that they can pass
+their arms through them"--a very remarkable statement--"and these people
+go naked, except that round their middles they wear cloth made of the
+bark of trees. But there are some of the more remarkable of them who
+wear cotton stuff, and at the end of it there is some work of silk done
+with a needle. These people are tawny, fat, and painted, and they anoint
+themselves with the oil of cocoanuts and sesame to preserve them from
+the sun and the wind. Their hair is very black and long, reaching to the
+waist, and they carry small daggers and knives, ornamented with gold."
+
+Pigafetta fell into the sea here, and he gives a vivid account of the
+personal accident:
+
+"The Monday of Passion week, the 25th of March, and feast of our Lady,
+in the afternoon, and being ready to depart from this place, I went to
+the side of our ship to fish, and putting my feet on a spar to go down
+to the storeroom, my feet slipped, because it had rained, and I fell
+into the sea, without any one seeing me; and being near drowning, by
+luck I found at my left hand the sheet of the large sail which was in
+the sea, I caught hold of it and began to cry out till some came to help
+and pick me up with the boat. I was assisted not by my merits, but by
+the mercy and grace of the Fountain of Pity. That same day we took the
+course between west and southwest, and passed amid four small islands;
+that it to say, Cenalo, Huinanghar, Ibusson, and Abarien."
+
+The Italian describes in an interesting way the visit of the King of one
+of the islands to the ships. He says of this first visit of a Philippine
+King to the Europeans:
+
+"Thursday, the 28th of March, having seen the night before fire upon an
+island, at the morning we came to anchor at this island, where we saw a
+small boat which they call boloto, with eight men inside, which
+approached the ship of the Captain General. Then a slave of the
+Captain's, who was from Sumatra, otherwise named Traprobana, spoke from
+afar to these people, who understood his talk, and came near to the side
+of the ship, but they withdrew immediately, and would not enter the ship
+from fear of us.
+
+"So the Captain, seeing that they would not trust to us, showed them a
+red cap and other things, which he had tied and placed on a little
+plank, and the people in the boat took them immediately and joyously,
+and then returned to advise their King. Two hours afterward, or
+thereabout, we saw come two long boats, which they call ballanghai, full
+of men.
+
+"In the largest of them was their King sitting under an awning of mats;
+when they were near the ship of the Captain General, the said slave
+spoke to the King, who understood him well, because in these countries
+the kings know more languages than the common people. Then the King
+ordered some of his people to go to the Captain's ship, while he would
+not move from his boat, which was near enough to us.
+
+"This was done, and when his people returned to the boat, he went away
+at once. The Captain made a good entertainment to the men who came to
+his ship, and gave them all sorts of things, on which account the King
+wished to give the Captain a rather large bar of solid gold, and a chest
+full of ginger. However, the Captain thanked him very much, but would
+not accept the present. After that, when it was late, he went with the
+ships near to the houses and abode of the King."
+
+The Captain in refusing the offer of gold and ginger from his guest,
+showed indeed a true sense of hospitality. The incident pictures the
+life of Magellan. He obeyed his moral sense and his heart was true. He
+was a Portuguese gentleman of the old type, and presented an example
+worthy of imitation in any age.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+THE VISIT OF THE KING.--PIGAFETTA VISITS THE KING.
+
+
+They were ready to meet the King now, when all was so friendly and
+promising. The good soul of Pigafetta felt that these islands of fruits
+and spiceries were indeed an earthly paradise. He alone had not been
+sick in all of the long monotonous voyage across the Pacific. His
+strength had never abated and his faith in the Admiral had never
+faltered.
+
+Night after night he had watched the lantern swinging in the unknown
+air, and had said his prayers. He had had ever a cheering word to say to
+the Admiral on all occasions. His heart was true to the lantern, the
+stars, the Admiral, and the Divine Power which he believed was leading
+him.
+
+He was now in the sea gardens of palms and spices. He thus continues his
+narrative (we follow in part the translation of the Hakluyt Society in
+the work of Lord Stanley Alderley).
+
+He tells us that on "the next day, which was Good Friday, the Captain
+sent on shore a slave, who was an interpreter, to the King to beg him to
+give him for money some provisions for his ships, sending him word that
+he had not come to his country as an enemy, but as a friend. The King on
+hearing this came with seven or eight men in a boat, and entered the
+ship, and embraced the Captain, and gave him three China dishes covered
+with leaves full of rice, and two _dorades_, which are rather large
+fish. The Captain gave this King a robe of red and yellow cloth, made in
+the Turkish fashion, and a very fine red cap, and to his people he gave
+knives and mirrors. After that refreshments were served up to them. The
+Captain told the King, through the interpreter, that he wished to be
+with him, as _cassi cassi_; that is to say, brothers. To which the King
+answered that he desired to be the same toward him. After that the
+Captain showed him cloths of different colors, linen, coral, and much
+other merchandise, and all the artillery, of which he had some pieces
+fired before him, at which the King was much astonished; after that the
+Captain had one of his soldiers armed with white armor, and placed him
+in the midst of three comrades, who struck him with swords and daggers.
+
+"The King thought this very strange, and the Captain told him, through
+the interpreter, that a man thus in white armor was worth many common
+men; he answered that it was true; he was further informed that there
+were in each ship two hundred like that man.
+
+"After that the Captain showed him a great number of swords, cuirasses,
+and helmets, and made two of the men play with their swords before the
+King; he then showed him the sea chart and the ship compass, and
+informed him how he had found a strait, and of the time which he had
+spent on the voyage; also of the time he had been without seeing any
+land, at which the King was astonished. At the end the Captain asked if
+he would be pleased that two of his people should go with him to the
+places where they lived to see some of the things of his country. This
+the King granted, and I went with another."
+
+The Italian was again in his element, and he gives a graphic account of
+his visit to the natives:
+
+"When I had landed, the King raised his hands to the sky, and turned to
+us two, and we did the same as he did; after that he took me by the
+hand, and one of his principal people took my companion, and led us
+under a place covered with canes, where there was a ballanghai; that is
+to say, a boat, eighty feet long or thereabouts, resembling a fusta. We
+sat with the King upon its stern, always conversing with him by signs,
+and his people stood up around us, with their swords, spears, and
+bucklers. Then the King ordered to be brought a dish of pig's flesh and
+wine. Their fashion of drinking is in this wise: they first raise their
+hands to Heaven, then take the drinking vessel in their right hand, and
+extend the left hand closed toward the people. This the King did, and
+presented to me his fist, so that I thought that he wanted to strike me;
+I did the same thing toward him; so with this ceremony, and other signs
+of friendship, we banqueted, and afterward supped with him."
+
+The Italian was a pious man, but he says:
+
+"I ate flesh on Good Friday, not being able to do otherwise, and before
+the hour of supper, I gave several things to the King, which I had
+brought. There I wrote down several things as they name them in their
+language, and when the King and the others saw me write, and I told them
+their manner of speech, they were all astonished.
+
+"When the hour for supper had come, they brought two large China dishes,
+one of which was full of rice, and the other of pig's flesh, with its
+broth and sauce. We supped with the same signs and ceremonies, and then
+went to the King's palace, which was made and built like a hay grange,
+covered with fig and palm leaves."
+
+Here the two found delightful hospitality; the house was "built on great
+timbers high above the ground, and it was necessary to go up steps and
+ladders to it. Then the King made us sit on a cane mat, with our legs
+doubled as was the custom; after half an hour there was brought a dish
+of fish roast in pieces, and ginger fresh gathered that moment and some
+wine. The eldest son of the King, who was a Prince, came where we were,
+and the King told him to sit down near us, which he did; then two dishes
+were brought, one of fish, with its sauce, and the other of rice, and
+this was done for us to eat with the Prince. My companion enjoyed the
+food and drank so much that he got drunk. They use for candles or
+torches the gum of a tree which is named anime, wrapped up in leaves of
+palms or fig trees. The King made a sign that he wished to go to rest,
+and left us with the Prince, with whom we slept on a cane mat, with some
+cushions and pillows of leaves. Next morning the King came and took me
+by the hand, and so we went to the place where we had supped, to
+breakfast, but the boat came to fetch us. The King, before we went away,
+was very gay, and kissed our hands, and we kissed his. There came with
+us a brother of his, the King of another island, accompanied by three
+men. The Captain General detained him to dine with us, and we gave him
+several things."
+
+"The King abounded in gold, and was a grand figure. In the island
+belonging to the King who came to the ship there are mines of gold,
+which they find in pieces as big as a walnut or an egg, by seeking in
+the ground. All the vessels which he makes use of are made of it, and
+also some parts of his house, which was well fitted up according to the
+custom of the country, and he was the handsomest man that we saw among
+these nations. He had very black hair coming down to his shoulders, with
+a silk cloth on his head, and two large gold rings hanging from his
+ears; he had a cloth of cotton worked with silk, which covered him from
+the waist to the knees; at his side he wore a dagger, with a long handle
+which was all of gold, his sheath was of carved wood. Besides he carried
+upon him scents of storax and benzoin. He was tawny and painted all
+over."
+
+An island where nuggets of gold as big as eggs could be found must have
+offered a tempting place of residence.
+
+But Magellan's first thought was for the good of the souls of this
+hospitable people.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+EASTER SUNDAY.--MAGELLAN PLANTS THE CROSS.
+
+
+Now begins the dawn of Christianity in the Philippines. Magellan was a
+deeply religious man, and Pigafetta was a Christian Knight. Magellan saw
+the significance of his marvelous voyage, and his soul glowed with
+gratitude to Heaven.
+
+Easter Sunday approached. Magellan had made preparations to plant a
+cross on a mountain overlooking the sea.
+
+Easter Sunday fell on the last day of March. "The Captain," to follow
+the Italian's narrative in part, "sent the Chaplain ashore early to say
+mass, and the interpreter went with him to tell the King that they were
+not coming on shore to dine with him, but only to hear the mass.
+
+"When it was time for saying mass the Captain went ashore with fifty
+men, not with their arms, but only with their swords, and dressed as
+well as each one was able to dress, and before the boats reached the
+shore our ships fired six cannon shots as a sign of peace.
+
+"At our landing the two Kings of the islands were there, and received
+the Captain in a friendly manner, and placed him between them, and then
+we went to the place prepared for saying mass, which was not far from
+the shore."
+
+The ceremonies that followed were dramatic. "Before the mass began the
+Captain threw a quantity of musk-rose water on those two Kings," is the
+picture drawn by the Italian, "and when the offertory of the mass came,
+the two Kings went to kiss the Cross like us, but they offered nothing,
+and at the elevation of the body of our Lord they were kneeling like us,
+and adored our Lord with joined hands. The ships fired all their
+artillery at the elevation of the body of our Lord."
+
+The scene that followed discloses the religious nature of Magellan and
+his joy in what was ennobling.
+
+He caused a great cross to be lifted, "with the nails and crown, to
+which the Kings made reverence." He told the Kings that he wished to
+place it in their country for their profit, "because if there came
+afterward any ships from Spain to those islands, on seeing this cross,
+they would know that we had been there, and therefore they would not
+cause them any displeasure to their persons nor their goods; and if they
+took any of their people, on showing them this sign, they would at once
+let them go."
+
+[Illustration: Mount Mayon, on the Island of Luzun.]
+
+The Captain continued his address to the Kings in the same spirit. He
+told them that it was necessary that this cross "should be placed on the
+summit of the highest mountain in their country, so that seeing it every
+day and night they might adore it." He further told them that if they
+did thus, "neither thunder, lightning, nor the tempest could do them
+hurt." This he believed to be true. The Kings "thanked the Captain, and
+said they would do it willingly." The Captain asked them how they
+worshiped. They answered that "they did not perform any other adoration,
+but only joined their hands, looking up to Heaven, and that they called
+their God Aba. Hearing this, the Captain was very joyful; on seeing
+that, the first King raised his hands to the sky and said that he wished
+it were possible for him to be able to show the affection which he felt
+toward him."
+
+The elevation of the Cross followed.
+
+"After dinner we all returned in our dress coats, and we went together
+with the two Kings to the middle of the highest mountain we could find,
+and there the Cross was planted."
+
+Important information followed.
+
+"After the two Kings and the Captain rested themselves, and, while
+conversing, I asked where was the best port for obtaining victuals. They
+replied that there were three; that is to say, Ceylon, Zubu, and
+Calaghan; but that Zubu was the largest and of the most traffic. Then
+the Kings offered to give him pilots to go to those ports, for which he
+thanked them, and deliberated to go there, for his ill-fortune would
+have it so. After the cross had been planted on the mountain, each one
+said the Paternoster and Ave Maria, and adored it, and the Kings did the
+like. Then he went down below to where their boats were. There the kings
+had brought some of the fruit called cocos and other things to make a
+collation and to refresh us."
+
+The fleet sailed away soon after Easter Monday, the Captain having
+secured native pilots from the Kings. One of the Kings volunteered to
+act himself as pilot, and this service was accepted.
+
+Pigafetta describes the use of betel:
+
+"This kind of people are gentle, and go naked, and are painted. They
+wear a piece of cloth made from a tree, like a linen cloth, round their
+body to cover their natural parts; they are great drinkers. The women
+are dressed in tree cloth from their waists downward; their hair is
+black, and reaches down to the ground; they wear certain gold rings in
+their ears. These people chew most of their time a fruit which they call
+areca (betel), which is something of the shape of a pear; they cut it in
+four quarters, and after they have chewed it for a long time they spit
+it out, from which afterward they have their mouths very red. They find
+themselves the better from the use of this fruit because it refreshes
+them much, for this country is very hot, so that they could not live
+without it."
+
+The use of the areca, or betel nut, is still common in all the
+Philippine Islands.
+
+The fleet next went to Maestral, "passing through five islands--Ceylon,
+Bohol, Canighan, Baibai, and Satighan. In the Island of Satighan was a
+kind of bird called barbarstigly, which was as large as an eagle. Of
+these we killed only one," says our narrator, "because it was late. We
+ate it, and it had the taste of a fowl. There were also in this island
+doves, tortoises, parrots, and certain black birds as large as a fowl,
+with a long tail. They lay eggs as large as those of a goose. These they
+put a good length under the sand in the sun, where they were hatched by
+the great heat, which the heated sand gives out; and when these birds
+were hatched they pushed up the sand and came out. These eggs are good
+to eat.
+
+"From this island of Mazzubua to that of Satighan there are twenty
+leagues, and on leaving Satighan we went by the west; but the King of
+Mazzubua could not follow us; therefore we waited for him near three
+islands; that is to say, Polo, Ticobon, and Pozzon. When the King
+arrived he was much astonished at our navigation; the Captain General
+bade him come on board his ship with some of his principal people, at
+which they were much pleased. Thus we went to Zubu, which is fifteen
+leagues off from Satighan."
+
+The story of the Italian here, which we so freely use, leaves in the
+mind a picture of the first voyage among the Philippines. The habits of
+the people in these same islands are not greatly changed, but we hardly
+find there now as tractable kings as were those to whom Magellan left
+the Cross.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+CHRISTIANITY AND TRADE ESTABLISHED.--THE BAPTISM OF THE QUEEN.
+
+
+On April 9th they entered the Port of Zubu, on approaching which they
+saw houses in the trees. The Captain hung out his flags in the clear
+sunny air. He caused his artillery to be fired, which greatly alarmed
+the natives. He then sent an interpreter to the King.
+
+The interpreter found the people in terror at the thunder of the guns.
+He assured the King that the salute had been made in his honor. Then the
+interpreter said:
+
+"My master is the greatest King in all the world. We are sailing at his
+command to discover the Spice Islands. But we have heard of your fame,
+and the fame of your country, and have come to visit you."
+
+"You are welcome," said the King, "but you must pay me tribute."
+
+"My master," said the interpreter, "is the greatest of all Kings, and we
+can pay tribute to no one."
+
+The King feasted them, and they entered into negotiations of peace with
+the King of Zubu.
+
+At Zubu Magellan turned missionary with no common zeal.
+
+He told the native princes that his visit was for the sake of peace.
+
+We are told that the "Captain General sat in a chair of red velvet, and
+near him were the principal men of the ships sitting in leather chairs,
+and the others sat on the ground on mats.
+
+"The Captain," says the narrative, "spoke at length on the subject of
+peace, and prayed God to confirm it in Heaven. These people replied that
+they had never heard such words as these which the Captain had spoken to
+them, and they took great pleasure in hearing them. The Captain, seeing
+then that those people listened willingly to what was said to them, and
+that they gave good answers, began to say a great many good things to
+induce them to become Christians.
+
+"He told them how God had made Heaven and earth and all other things in
+the world, and that he had commanded that every one should render honor
+and obedience to his father and mother, and that whoever did otherwise
+was condemned to eternal fire."
+
+His teaching bore immediate fruit.
+
+"The people heard these things willingly, and besought the Captain to
+leave them two men to teach and show them the Christian faith, and they
+would entertain them well with great honor. To this the Captain answered
+that for the moment he could not leave any of his people, but that if
+they wished to be Christians that his priest would baptize them, and
+that another time he would bring priests and teachers to teach them the
+faith."
+
+His manner of teaching reveals his heart:
+
+"The people told him that they wished to consult their King in regard to
+becoming Christians." The friends of the Captain "wept for the joy which
+they felt at the good-will of these people, and the Captain told them
+not to become Christians 'from fear of us, or to please us, but that if
+they wished to become Christian they must do it willingly, and for the
+love of God, for even though they should not become Christian, no
+displeasure would be done them, but those who became Christian would be
+more loved and better treated than the others.' Then they all cried out
+with one voice that they did not wish to become Christians from fear,
+nor from complaisance, but of their free will."
+
+Here the true character of the man again appears--few Christian
+explorers ever made so noble a record. His sincerity won the hearts of
+the natives:
+
+"At last they said they did not know what more to answer to so many good
+and beautiful words which he spoke to them, but that they placed
+themselves in his hands, and that he should do with them as with his
+own servants."
+
+The next scene is ideal:
+
+"Then the Captain, with tears in his eyes, embraced them, and, taking
+the hand of the Prince and that of the King, said to him that by the
+faith he had in God, and to his master the Emperor, and by the habit of
+St. James which he wore, he promised them to cause them to have
+perpetual peace with the King of Spain, at which the Prince and the
+others promised him the same."
+
+It is a pleasure to follow such a narrative as Pigafetta here writes in
+illustration of the character of a true Christian Knight. Compare this
+narrative with the history of Pizarro, Cortes, and De Soto. Magellan was
+a Las Casas, a Marquette, a La Salle.
+
+The next incident told by Pigafetta has as fine a touch as a portrayal
+of character. It relates to a message which Magellan sent to the King,
+with a present.
+
+"When we came to the town we found the King of Zubu at his palace,
+sitting on the ground on a mat made of palm, with many people about him.
+
+"He had a very heavy chain around his neck, and two gold rings hung in
+his ears with precious stones.
+
+"He was eating tortoise eggs in two china dishes, and he had four
+vessels full of palm wine, which he drank with a cane pipe. We made our
+obeisance, and presented to him what the Captain had sent him, and told
+him, through the interpreter that the present _was not as a return for
+his present which he had sent to the Captain, but for the affection
+which he bore him_. This done, his people told him all the good words
+and explanations of peace and religion which he had spoken to them."
+
+We now behold Magellan in a new attitude, as a missionary teacher, a
+John the Baptist in the wilderness. Pigafetta thus describes the scene:
+
+"On Sunday morning, the fourteenth day of April, we went on shore, forty
+men, of whom two were armed, who marched before us, following the
+standard of our King Emperor. When we landed the ships discharged all
+their artillery, and from fear of it the people ran away in all
+directions.
+
+"Magellan and the King embraced one another, and then joyously we went
+near the scaffolding, where the Captain General and the King sat on two
+chairs, one covered with red, the other with violet velvet. The
+principal men sat on cushions, and others on mats, after the fashion of
+the country.
+
+"Then the Captain began to speak to the King through the interpreter to
+incite him to the faith of Jesus Christ, and told him that if he wished
+to be a good Christian, as he had said the day before, that he must burn
+all the idols of his country, and, instead of them, place a cross, and
+that every one should worship it every day on their knees, and their
+hands joined to Heaven; and he showed him how he ought every day to make
+the sign of the Cross.
+
+"To that the King and all his people answered that they would obey the
+commands of the Captain and do all that he told them. The Captain took
+the King by the hand, and they walked about on the scaffolding, and when
+he was baptized he said that he would name him Don Charles, as the
+Emperor his sovereign was named; and he named the Prince Don Fernand,
+after the brother of the Emperor, and the King of Mazzava, Jehan; to the
+Moor he gave the name of Christopher, and to the others each a name of
+his fancy. Thus, before mass, there were fifty men baptized."
+
+The baptism of the Queen followed.
+
+"Our Chaplain and some of us went on shore to baptize the Queen. She
+came with forty ladies, and we conducted them onto the scaffolding; then
+made her sit down on a cushion, and her women around her, until the
+priest was ready. During that time they showed her an image of our Lady,
+of wood, holding her little child, which was very well made, and a
+cross. When she saw it, she had a greater desire to be a Christian, and,
+asking for baptism, she was baptized and named Jehanne, like the mother
+of the Emperor. The wife of the Prince, daughter of this Queen, had the
+name of Catherine, the Queen of Mazzava Isabella, and to the others each
+their name.
+
+"That day we baptised eight hundred persons of men, women, and
+children. The Queen was young and handsome, covered with a black and
+white sheet; she had the mouth and nails very red, and wore on her head
+a large hat made of leaves of palm, with a crown over it made of the
+same leaves, like that of the Pope. After that she begged us to give her
+the little wooden boy to put in the place of the idols. This we did, and
+she went away. In the evening the King and Queen, with several of their
+people, came to the sea beach, where the Captain had some of the large
+artillery fired, in which they took great pleasure. The Captain and the
+King called one another brother."
+
+The "little boy" spoken of was an image of the infant Christ. The figure
+was preserved until the year 1598, when the Spaniards sent missionaries
+to the place who gave it a place in a shrine and named a city for it.
+
+The naming of the Queen at her baptism for poor Juana, or "Crazy Jane,"
+the incapable mother of Charles V, who was watching beside her dead
+husband in Granada, and who had signed the commission of Magellan by
+proxy, completes a tale of missionary work in a somewhat ideal way. If
+these people did not maintain their faith, the work reveals the
+intention of Magellan, and shows the nobility of character of the
+Christian Knight.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+HALCYON DAYS.
+
+
+These were indeed days of joy. The glory of them grew. All the
+inhabitants of the island came to be baptized. Magellan went on shore
+daily to hear mass.
+
+It was Pigafetta who gave to the Queen the image of the infant Christ,
+which became historical.
+
+On one of the occasions that Magellan went on shore to hear mass he met
+the Queen, who appeared in a veil of silk and gold. He sprinkled over
+her some rose water and musk, and noticed that she cherished the image
+of the infant Christ.
+
+"You do well," said he. "Put it in the place where your idols were; it
+will keep in your mind the Son of God."
+
+"I will cherish it forever," said the veiled Queen.
+
+She seems to have kept her word.
+
+The joy of these scenes reached their height, when the King of Seba
+swore fealty to the King of Spain.
+
+The scene of the conclusion of this ceremony was knightly indeed, and
+again reveals the heart of Magellan.
+
+He, seeing a good spirit, of the King of Seba, resolved to swear fealty
+of eternal friendship to him. Only a Christian Knight would have dreamed
+of such a thing.
+
+"I swear," he said, "by the image of our Lady, the Virgin, by the love
+of my Emperor, and by the insignia, on my heart, that I will ever be
+faithful to you, O King of Seba!"
+
+Here the true character of the statesman as well as teacher appeared.
+History records few acts more noble. Magellan sought the good of
+mankind.
+
+There was one officer on the ships whose soul, like that of Pigafetta's,
+must have been in all these benevolent efforts.
+
+The expedition was tarrying long, seeking the glory of the Cross rather
+than the gold and spices. There were impatient hearts in Seville.
+
+Mesquita in his still prison, with the world against him, dreamed of
+Magellan, Del Cano, and the Italian historian. The half world separated
+them now.
+
+In his dreams Mesquita saw the fleet coming back again, and he heard the
+shouting of the people and the ringing of the bells. The star of hope in
+his heart did not fail.
+
+"Padre," he said, "the day of my vindication will come."
+
+But the seasons came and went, and the light changed color in the window
+of his cell, and the birds sang their notes in the trees in spring and
+left their empty nests to silence in the retreating summer. The great
+Cathedral grew, and the achievement of Charles had begun to excite the
+world.
+
+We now come to the tragedy of this wonderful expedition; to the tempest
+that rose out of the calm. The transition from these ideal scenes to
+what is to follow is sudden indeed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+THE DEATH OF MAGELLAN.
+
+
+Magellan, as we have shown, had sought not wealth, nor glory, but the
+good of the world in his life. He was ever ready to put his own interest
+aside in the service of that which was best for others. He had sought
+welfare and not wealth, service and not self, and his life was about to
+end in the unselfish spirit in which it had lived.
+
+On Friday, April 26, 1520, Zula, one of the great chiefs of the Island
+of Matan, sent to Magellan one of his sons and two goats as a present.
+He had promised his service to the King of Spain, but this surrender of
+royalty had been opposed by another chief named Silapalapa. This chief
+had declared with native spirit that Matan would never submit to the
+Spanish King.
+
+"But I can overthrow Silapalapa," ran the Matan chief's message, "if I
+can have your help. Send me a boatload of men. Let them come to-morrow
+night."
+
+Magellan received the message and the presents in a friendly feeling,
+and resolved to follow the chief's lead.
+
+"I will not send another on this expedition so full of peril," he
+thought. "I will lead it myself."
+
+So he set out from Zubu to Matan at midnight, with sixty men, in
+corselets and helmets. He took with him the Christian King, and the
+chief men of his new adherents.
+
+The boats moved silently over the tropic waters under the moon and
+stars. Magellan had become a happy man. He could not doubt that he was
+on his way to new victories. Pigafetta, the Italian, always true to the
+Admiral, was with him.
+
+The expedition arrived at Matan just before the dawn of the morning.
+
+The mellow nature of Magellan came back to him on this short night
+journey. He had no wish to slaughter men.
+
+So he spoke to a Moorish merchant.
+
+"Go to the natives," he said, "and tell them if they will recognize a
+Christian King as their sovereign I will become their friend. If not,
+that they must feel our lances."
+
+The Moorish ambassador was landed, and met the chiefs.
+
+"Go tell your master," they said, "that if he has lances, so have we,
+and our lances are hardened by fire."
+
+At the red dawn of the morning, the Admiral gave the order to
+disembark, and forty-nine men leaped into the water. They faced a fierce
+army, some fifteen hundred in number.
+
+Magellan divided his followers into two bands. The musketeers and cross
+bowmen began the attack. But the firing was not effective. The black
+army moved down upon them like a cloud, throwing javelins and spears
+hardened with fire. Some of them singled out Magellan. They threw at him
+lances pointed with iron.
+
+Magellan, seeing that the odds were against him in such a contest,
+sought to break their lines by firing their houses. Some thirty houses
+burst into flame.
+
+The sight of the fire maddened the natives and rendered them furious.
+They discovered that the legs of the invaders were exposed, and that
+they could be wounded there with poisoned arrows.
+
+A poisoned arrow was aimed at Magellan. It pierced him in the leg. He
+felt the wound, and knew its import.
+
+He gave orders to retreat. A panic ensued, and his men took to flight.
+
+The air was filled with arrows, spears, stones, and mud.
+
+The Spaniards tried to escape to the boat. The islanders followed them
+and directed their fury to Magellan. They struck him twice on his
+helmet.
+
+Magellan's thought now was not for himself, but for the safety of his
+men.
+
+He stood at his own post fighting that they might make safe their
+retreat.
+
+He thus broke the assault for nearly an hour, until he was almost left
+alone.
+
+An Indian suddenly rushed down toward him having a cane lance. He thrust
+this into his face. Magellan wounded the Indian, and attempted to draw
+his sword. But he had received a javelin wound in his arm, and his
+strength failed.
+
+Seeing him falter, the Indian rushed upon him and brought him down to
+the earth with a rude sword.
+
+The Indians now fell upon him and ran him through with lances.
+
+He tried to rise up, to see if his men were safe. He did not call for
+assistance, but to the last sought to secure the safety of his men. In
+fact, he never seemed to so much as think of himself in the whole
+contest. It was thus that his life went out, and his heart ceased to
+beat. He was left dead on the sand, on April 27, 1521. The natives
+refused to surrender his body. Eight of his own men and four Indians,
+who had become Christians, perished with him.
+
+[Illustration: The death of Magellan.]
+
+There was one man who was true to the Admiral to the end. He was wounded
+with him, but survived. He it was that saw that the Admiral had
+forgotten himself at the hour of the final conflict. It was Pigafetta,
+the Italian, whose narrative we are following.
+
+This hero of the pen says of him to whom he gave his heart:
+
+"One of his principal virtues was constancy in the most adverse
+fortune."
+
+"It was God who made me the messenger of the new heavens and new earth,
+and told me where to find them," said Columbus. "Maps, charts, and
+mathematical knowledge had nothing to do with the case."
+
+As sublime an inspiration is seen in the words of Pigafetta in regard to
+Magellan:
+
+"_No one gave to him the example how to encompass the globe._" His sight
+was the inner eye, the pure vision of a consecrated purpose in life.
+
+No hero of the sea has ever been more noble! His purpose in life was
+everything; he had the faith of a Christian Knight; he was as nothing to
+himself, but to others all, and he died giving his own body for a shield
+to his men. His name will always be associated with what is glorious in
+the history of the Philippines.
+
+Magellan was dead, but a good purpose lives in others. Magellan dead,
+Del Cano yet lives, and the Italian historian has other scenes to
+record.
+
+The farol of Magellan will go on; it will never cease to shine, and the
+cast-out name of the Christian Knight will become a fixed star amid the
+lights that have inspired the world.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+THE SPICE ISLANDS.--WONDERFUL BIRDS.--CLOVES, CINNAMON, NUTMEGS,
+GINGER.--THE SHIPS OVERLOADED.
+
+
+The massacre at Matan caused the Spaniards to lose credit in the eyes of
+the natives. The King of Seba turned against them, thus throwing a
+shadow on the glory of Magellan's missionary work. The Spaniards were,
+however, much to blame for the change that took place in the King's
+heart.
+
+Their ships were becoming unseaworthy.
+
+They were reduced to two ships, the Victoria and the Trinidad, and these
+shaped their course for the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, by the way of
+Borneo. Del Cano began to represent the spirit of Magellan among the
+crews.
+
+They came to the Bornean city, Brunei, "a collection of houses built on
+piles over the water, where were twenty-five thousand fires or
+families." On the shore was the palace of a voluptuous Sultan, its walls
+hung with brocades of silk. Here was also one of the most curious
+markets in all the world, carried on at high tide, when there gathered
+a great army of canoes.
+
+On November 8, 1521, the two ships anchored off Tidor on the Spice
+Islands, saluting the King of the place with a broadside.
+
+They concluded a treaty of peace with the King, and began to load the
+two ships with spice, and especially with cloves, a kind of spice at
+that time regarded as a great luxury in Spain.
+
+If Pigafetta had desired above all things to see the wonders of the
+ocean world, he must again have been gratified here at some of the
+presents sent to the ships by the natives. Columbus had brought to Spain
+gorgeous parrots or macaws. But the King of Batchian sent to him a bird
+whose plumage surpassed anything that he had ever seen.
+
+"It is the bird of Paradise," said the agent of the royal almoner.
+
+The Italian did not doubt it. He wished to learn the history of this
+superb inhabitant of the air.
+
+He did in a way that excited his wonder beyond measure.
+
+The bird, after the Mohammedan account, was born in Paradise. It came
+down from Heaven where dwelt departed souls, who had died true to the
+Moslem faith.
+
+These birds were found dead, and they had no feet. If Pigafetta inquired
+the cause of this, he doubtless was answered:
+
+"They do not need feet; they never alight on the ground."
+
+But as greatly as the Chevalier must have wondered, he was not induced
+to accept the Moslem faith.
+
+They overcrowded the ships while receiving the favors of the Sultan of
+Tidor.
+
+An account of their voyage about the Spice Islands, "most delightful to
+read," as we are told in the title, was written by one Maximilianus
+Transylvanus, from which we gather the following incidents (Hakluyt
+Society) of great pearls and strange men:
+
+"They came to the shores of the Island of Solo, where they heard that
+there were pearls as big as dove's eggs, and sometimes as hen's eggs,
+but which can only be fished up from the very deepest sea. Our men
+brought no large pearl, because the season of the year did not allow of
+the fishery. But they testify that they had taken an oyster in that
+region, the flesh of which weighed forty-seven pounds. For which reason
+I could easily believe that pearls of that great size are found there;
+for it is clearly proved that pearls are the product of shellfish. And
+to omit nothing, our men constantly affirm that the islanders of Porne
+told him that the King wore in his crown two pearls of the size of a
+goose's egg.
+
+"Hence they went to the Island of Gilo, where they saw men with ears so
+long and pendulous that they reached to their shoulders. When our men
+were mightily astonished at this, they learnt from the natives that
+there was another island not far off where the men had ears not only
+pendulous, but so long and broad that one of them would cover the whole
+head if they wanted it (_cum exusu esset_). But our men, who sought not
+monsters but spices, neglecting this nonsense, went straight to the
+Moluccas, and they discovered them eight months after their Admiral,
+Magellan, had fallen in Matan. The islands are five in number, and are
+called Tarante, Muthil, Thidore, Mare, and Matthien; some on this side
+some on the other, and some upon the equinoctial line.
+
+"One produces cloves, another nutmegs, and another cinnamon. All are
+near to each other, but small and rather narrow."
+
+The world to-day thinks little of spices, for commerce has made common
+the luxuries of the Indian Ocean. Cloves, nutmegs, allspice, cinnamon,
+ginger are found in every home in all civilized lands, and even children
+make few inquiries about them.
+
+This was not so in the early days of the Viceroys of India. Spices which
+were gathered and sold by Arabian merchants, were held in Europe as a
+gift of Arabia, and esteemed to be the greatest, or among the greatest
+of luxuries. A ship laden with spices was hailed in the ports of the
+Iberian peninsula as next to a ship freighted with gold, as the Golden
+Hynde was welcomed in the days of Sir Francis Drake. It used to be said
+that the odors of the spice ships from the East Indies could be breathed
+through the breezes that wafted them toward the land.
+
+The principal Spice Islands were the Moluccas, or the islands of the
+East India Archipelago between Celebes on the west and New Guinea on the
+east, Timor on the south and the open Pacific Sea on the north. They are
+distributed over a wide ocean area. Of these the Moluccas form the
+principal group. Here are the paradises of the seas.
+
+It was to these islands where could be procured the products of "Araby
+the Blessed" that Magellan had hoped to find a new way. There were
+brighter shores than Spain, and to these he sought the shortest routes
+over which ships could travel.
+
+The Peruvian adventurers wished to find gold; the voyagers to the
+Antilles, magical waters and new productions of the earth; but
+Magellan's dream was of the spiceries of the Indian seas. They all found
+what they sought, except Ponce de Leon, who hoped to find the Fountain
+of Eternal Youth.
+
+Transylvanus speaks of another wonderful bird that only alighted at
+death, and whose feathers were believed to possess magic powers.
+
+"The kings of Marmin began to believe that souls were immortal a few
+years ago, induced by no other argument than that they saw that a
+certain most beautiful small bird never rested upon the ground nor upon
+anything that grew upon it; but they sometimes saw it fall dead upon the
+ground from the sky. And as the Mohammedans, who traveled to those parts
+for commercial purposes, told them that this bird was born in Paradise,
+and that Paradise was the abode of the souls of those who had died,
+these kings (reguli) embraced the sect of Mohammed, because it promised
+wonderful things concerning this abode of souls. But they call the bird
+Mamuco Diata, and they hold it in such reverence and religious esteem
+that they believe that by it their kings are safe in war, even though
+they, according to custom, are placed in the forefront of battle."
+
+He continues his narrative:
+
+"But, our men having carefully inspected the position of the Moluccas
+and of each separate island, and also having inquired about the habits
+of the kings, went to Thedori, because they learnt, that in that island
+the supply of cloves was far above that of the others, and that its King
+also surpassed the other kings in wisdom and humanity. So, having
+prepared their gifts they land, and salute the King, and they offer the
+presents as if they had been sent by Cæsar. He, having received the
+presents kindly, looks up to Heaven, and says:
+
+"'I have known now for two years from the course of the stars, that you
+were coming to seek these lands, sent by the most mighty King of Kings.
+Wherefore your coming is the more pleasant and grateful to me, as I had
+been forewarned of it by the signification of the stars.
+
+"'And, as I know that nothing ever happens to any man which has not been
+fixed long before by the decree of fate and the stars, I will not be the
+one to attempt to withstand either the fates or the signification of the
+stars, but willingly and of good cheer, will henceforth lay aside the
+royal pomp and will consider myself as managing the administration of
+this island only in the name of your King. Wherefore draw your ships
+into port, and order the rest of your comrades to land; so that now at
+last, after such a long tossing upon the seas, and so many dangers, you
+may enjoy the pleasures of the land and refresh your bodies. And think
+not but that you have arrived at your King's kingdom.'
+
+"Having said this, the King, laying aside his crown, embraced them one
+by one, and ordered whatever food that land afforded to be brought. Our
+men being overjoyed at this, returned to their comrades, and told them
+what had happened. They, pleased above measure with the friendly
+behavior and kindness of the King, take possession of the island. And
+when their health was completely restored, in a few days, by the King's
+munificence, they sent envoys to the other kings, to examine the wealth
+of the islands, and to conciliate the other kings."
+
+His description of the clove trees is very pleasing:
+
+"Tirante was the nearest, and also the smallest, of the islands; for it
+has a circumference of a little more than six Italian miles. Matthien is
+next to it, and it, too, is small. These three produce a great quantity
+of cloves, but more every fourth year than the other three. These trees
+only grow on steep rocks, and that so thickly as frequently to form a
+grove. This tree is very like a laurel (or bay tree) in leaf, closeness
+of growth, and height; and the gariophile, which they call clove from
+its likeness to a nail (clavus), grows on the tip of each separate twig.
+First a bud, and then a flower, just like the orange flower is produced.
+
+"The pointed part of the clove is fixed at the extreme end of the
+branch, and then growing slightly longer, it forms a spike. It is at
+first red, but soon gets black by the heat of the sun. The natives keep
+the plantations of these trees separate, as we do our vines. They bury
+the cloves in pits till they are taken away by the traders."
+
+He also describes the cinnamon tree:
+
+"Muthil, the fourth island, is not larger than the rest, and it produces
+cinnamon. The tree is full of shoots, and in other respects barren; it
+delights in dryness, and is very like the tree which bears pomegranates.
+The bark of this splits under the influence of the sun's heat, and is
+stripped off the wood; and, after drying a little in the sun, it is
+cinnamon."
+
+Also the nutmeg tree:
+
+"Near to this is another island, called Bada, larger and more ample than
+the Moluccas. In this grows the nutmeg, the tree of which is tall and
+spreading, and is rather like the walnut tree, and its nut, too, grows
+like the walnut; for it is protected by a double husk, at first like a
+furry calix, and under this a thin membrane, which embraces the nutlike
+network. This is called the Muscat flower with us, but by the Spaniards
+mace, and is a noble and wholesome spice. The other covering is a woody
+shell, like that of a hazelnut, and in that, as we have already said, is
+the nutmeg."
+
+And ginger:
+
+"Ginger grows here and there in each of the islands of the archipelago.
+It sometimes grows by sowing, and sometimes spontaneously; but that
+which is sown is the more valuable. Its grass is like that of the
+saffron, and its root is almost the same too, and that is ginger."
+
+While sailing among these bowery ocean gardens, and gathering their
+odorous products, the poetic Maximilianus was presented with one of the
+immortal birds that protected a hero in battle, "the bird of God."
+
+He thus speaks of the rare present:
+
+"Our men were kindly treated by the chiefs in turn, and they, too,
+submitted freely to the rule of Cæsar, like the King of Thidori. But the
+Spaniards, who had but two ships, resolved to bring some of each
+(spice) home, but to load the ships with cloves, because the crop of
+that was the most abundant that year, and our ships could contain a
+greater quantity of this kind of spice. Having, therefore, loaded the
+ships with cloves, and having received letters and presents for Cæsar
+from the Kings, they make ready for their departure. The letters were
+full of submission and respect. The gifts were Indian swords, and things
+of that sort. But, best of all, the Mamuco Diata; that is, the bird of
+God, by which they believe themselves to be safe and invincible in
+battle. Of which five were sent, and one I obtained from the Captain
+(_congran prieghi_), which I send to your reverence, not that your
+reverence may think yourself safe from treachery and the sword by means
+of it, as they profess to do, but that you may be pleased with its
+rareness and beauty. I send also some cinnamon and nutmeg and cloves, to
+show that our spices are not only not worse, but more valuable than
+those which the Venetians and Portuguese bring, because they are
+fresher."
+
+He also relates the disasters which fell to one of the overloaded ships:
+
+"When our men had set sail from Thedori, one of the ships, and that the
+larger one, having sprung a leak, began to make water, so that it became
+necessary to put back to Thedori. When the Spaniards saw that this
+mischief could not be remedied without great labor and much time, they
+agreed that the other ship should sail to the Cape of Cattigara, and
+afterward through the deep as far as possible from the coast of India,
+lest it should be seen by the Portuguese, and until they saw the
+promontory of Africa which projects beyond the tropic of Capricorn, and
+to which the Portuguese have given the name of Good Hope; and from that
+point the passage to Spain would be easy.
+
+"But as soon as the other ship was refitted it should direct its course
+through the archipelago, and that vast ocean toward the shores of the
+continent which we mentioned before, till it found that coast which was
+in the neighborhood of Darien, and where the southern sea was separated
+from the western, in which are the Spanish Islands, by a very narrow
+piece of land. So the ship sailed again from Thedori, and, having gone
+twelve degrees on the other side of the equinoctial line, they did not
+find the Cape of Cattigara, which Ptolemy supposed to extend even beyond
+the equinoctial line; and when they had traversed an immense space of
+sea, they came to the Cape of Good Hope and afterward to the Islands of
+the Hesperides.
+
+"And, as this ship let in water, being much knocked about by this long
+voyage, the sailors, many of whom had died by hardships by land and by
+sea, could not clear the ship of water. Wherefore they landed upon one
+of the islands, which is named after Saint James, to buy slaves.
+
+"But as our men had no money, they offered, sailor fashion, cloves for
+the slaves. This matter having come to the ears of the Portuguese who
+were in command of the island, thirteen of our men were thrown into
+prison. The rest were eighteen in number.
+
+"Frightened by the strangeness of this behavior, they started straight
+for Spain, leaving their shipmates behind them. And so, in the sixteenth
+month after leaving Thedori, they arrived safe and sound on the 6th of
+September, at the port near Hispalis (Seville). Worthier, indeed, are
+our sailors of eternal fame than the Argonauts who sailed with Jason to
+Colchis. And much more worthy was their ship of being placed among the
+stars than that old Argo; for that only sailed from Greece through
+Pontus, but ours from Hispalis to the South; and after that, through the
+whole West and the Southern hemisphere, penetrating into the East, and
+again returned to the West."
+
+His subscription is interesting:
+
+
+"I commend myself most humbly to your reverence. Given at Vallisoleti,
+on the 23d of October, 1522.
+
+ "Your most reverend and illustrious lordship's
+ "Most humble and constant servant,
+ "MAXIMILIANUS TRANSYLVANUS."
+
+When the spice ship began to fill with water, the officers sent for
+native divers. But these, although very skillful, could not find the
+place or the cause of the leak.
+
+Let us change our view to a different scene, across the wide tropical
+world.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+MESQUITA IN PRISON.
+
+
+While the little ship Victoria, which had sought for Mesquita in vain,
+was sailing around the world, and was returning laden with spice,
+Mesquita himself remained shut out from the sun by the shadows of prison
+walls. His lite became more and more silent and neglected.
+
+We know not by what authority he was held in a dungeon for advising the
+supposed crimes of his cousin Magellan. It could not have been that of
+Juana, who was still watching over the tomb from which she expected her
+husband to rise, nor by good Cardinal Ximenes, and possibly not by
+Charles V himself, but perhaps by one of his ministers. It may have been
+by the direction of Charles, for his imprisonment implies doubt;
+otherwise with such an array of testimony against him, we might expect
+he would have been executed.
+
+Two years had passed over beautiful Seville, and the India House there
+must have began to doubt the story of Gormez as not one of the other
+ships returned. These ships might have been cast away in the wintry
+seas that Gormez and his crew described, or the flag of Spain that the
+daring Portuguese had set toward the Spice Islands of the East by the
+way of the South might be seen again some day, rising over the
+Guadalquivir.
+
+Mesquita believed in his cousin Magellan; not only in him as a true man,
+but as one who had a divine calling to fulfill; as one whom destiny had
+allotted to lead the decisive events of mankind. He still felt that he
+would prove another Columbus or Vasco da Gama.
+
+The two priests whom Magellan had marooned had honestly thought Magellan
+mad. But Mesquita had his own confessor, and we can easily fancy how the
+prisoner must have opened his heart to him.
+
+"Padre, I am misunderstood," we can hear him say. "Time tells the truth
+about all men. Time vindicates all.
+
+"Padre, some messenger from Magellan will come back again. Time weighs
+all events, and life is self revealing. The heralds will blow their
+trumpets then, and the bells will ring.
+
+"Padre, they do well to prolong my life. Some day my prison doors will
+open wide, and I shall ride through the streets of Seville, and those
+who doubt me now will hail me as a heart that, was always true to a
+Knight whose heart will be found true to the Emperor!"
+
+The lamp of his faith burned clear and odorous oil. He had a quiet
+conscience. But how must the conspirators have felt during these
+uncertain months? The ships did not return. That seemed to favor one
+view of the madness of Magellan, and yet it did not leave them at ease.
+There were some who reasoned: If Magellan were indeed mad on his own
+ship, why might not one or more of the other ships have returned? If the
+other ships had been loyal to the lantern of Magellan, and had kept
+together, might the fleet not return again? Should it return what a
+stigma would be cast on the characters of the cowardly mutineers! In
+such a case Mesquita would become a hero, and the latter would have to
+flee from their own names.
+
+Charles V was in his promise of glory now. In 1519, as we have before
+stated, he had been elected Emperor of Germany; and in 1520 he had been
+crowned at Aix la Chapelle, amid great rejoicings, and the Pope had
+bestowed upon him the title of Cæsar or Emperor of the Roman world. He
+was called "Cæsar" in the chronicles of the times.
+
+Poor Juana took no interest in any of these pomps of her son, as they
+shook the world. Her ears were deaf to them, her heart was dead to them
+all. The mother of "Cæsar" was almost the only person in Spain who
+hailed not the glory of Cæsar.
+
+Amid all the splendors of his court the dream of Magellan must still
+have haunted the mind of the new Cæsar. He had accepted the story
+brought by the returned ship; but Magellan the madman might come back
+again. Madmen had returned before.
+
+The period was a wonderful one. Printing, the art of which had been but
+recently developed after the discovery of Gutenberg, was revealing its
+great possibilities. These were the times of Francis in France, and of
+Henry VIII in England. The Reformation was overturning Germany. The
+whole world seemed to be changing.
+
+If the ships of Magellan were to find a new way to the East, and were to
+sail around the world, what surprising events might follow!
+
+So, night after night, Mesquita could but hope and ask:
+
+"Where is the lantern of Magellan now?"
+
+Seville was full of maritime prosperity. The tuneful bells in her many
+churches had frequent occasions to ring out for national festivals. The
+sailors loved these services, and especially those that celebrated the
+triumphs of the Virgin whose dominion had become, as was supposed, the
+sea, and who was hailed as the "Star of the Deep."
+
+The happy crowds on their way to the rejoicing churches must have passed
+the prison walls where Mesquita was detained. Life indeed must have been
+mysterious to him. The world in which he deserved so much honor and
+happiness was shut out from him--even the sun and stars.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+STRANGE STORIES.--THE WISE OLD WOMEN.--THE WALKING LEAVES.--THE HAUNTED
+SANDALWOOD TREES.--THE EMPEROR OF CHINA.--THE LITTLE BOY AND THE GIANT
+BIRD.
+
+
+Pigafetta was no Munchausen, but he had a love of marvelous stories, and
+there never was a voyage that offered to a European a greater number of
+curious events and superstitions. Some of the incidents that excited our
+Chevalier's wonder were natural events which have been since explained.
+The superstitious legends of the people were, however, for the most part
+but the growth of folklore through the imagination.
+
+One of these accounts relates to the wise old women who prepared the
+sacrifices of the wild boar as offerings to the sun. It shows how small
+may be the real meaning of pompous and pretentious ceremonies. The rites
+took place in the Philippines.
+
+Says Pigafetta in his narrative prepared for the Grand Master of the
+Knight of Rhodes:
+
+"Since I have spoken of the idols, it may please your illustrious
+Highness to have an account of the ceremony with which, in this island,
+they bless the pig. They begin by sounding some great drums (tamburi);
+they then bring three large dishes; two are filled with cakes of rice
+and cooked millet rolled up in leaves, with roast fish; in the third are
+Cambay cloths and two strips of palm cloth. A cloth of Cambay is spread
+out on the ground; then two old women come, each of whom has in her hand
+a reed trumpet. They step upon the cloth and make an obeisance to the
+sun; they then clothe themselves with the above-mentioned cloths. The
+first of these puts on her head a handkerchief which she ties on her
+forehead so as to make two horns, and taking another handkerchief in her
+hand, dances and sounds her trumpet and invokes the sun.
+
+"The second old woman takes one of the strips of palm cloth and dances,
+and also sounds her trumpet; thus they dance and sound their trumpets
+for a short space of time, saying several things to the sun. The first
+old woman then drops the handkerchief she has in her hand and takes the
+other strip of cloth, and both together sounding their trumpets, dance
+for a long time round the pig which is bound on the ground. The first
+one always speaks in a low tone to the sun, and the second answers her.
+So the sun and the two old women had a luminous partnership.
+
+"The second old woman then presents a cup of wine to the first, who,
+while they both continue their address to the sun, brings the cup four
+or five times near the mouth as though going to drink, and meanwhile
+sprinkles the wine on the heart of the pig. She then gives up the cup,
+and receives a lance which she brandishes, while still dancing and
+reciting, and four or five times directs the lance at the pig's heart;
+at last, with a sudden and well-aimed blow, she pierces it through and
+through. She withdraws the lance from the wound, which is then closed
+and dressed with herbs.
+
+"During the ceremony a torch is always burning, and the old woman who
+pierced the pig takes and puts it out with her mouth; the other old
+woman dips the end of her trumpet in the pig's blood, and with it marks
+with blood the forehead of her husband and of her companion, and then of
+the rest of the people. But they did not come and do this to us.
+
+"That done the old women took off their robes and ate what was in the
+two dishes, inviting only women to join them. After that they get the
+hair off the pig with fire. Only old women are able to consecrate the
+boar, and this animal is never eaten unless it is killed in this
+manner."
+
+Pigafetta saw wonderful things in Borneo, among them a wild boar whose
+head was two and a half spans long, and oysters as large as turtles. He
+says that the flesh of one of these oysters weighed forty-five pounds.
+
+But the thing there which probably must have most greatly excited his
+curiosity was the _walking leaves_. There were certain trees on the
+islands that had very animated leaves. When one of these leaves fell
+from the tree, it did not lie where it fell, to rot or to be shuffled by
+the winds, but it lifted itself up and walked away.
+
+Here was a sight indeed to make the young Italian fly to his memoranda
+book, which he did.
+
+Other travelers later saw the same curious thing, but they examined the
+miracle more closely than the credulous Chevalier. They found that the
+leaves were moved by an insect that lived inside of them, like the
+Mexican bean, which is used as a toy, and will jump about a table.
+
+The islands of the Indian Ocean abound in sandalwood. Of the sandal
+trees Pigafetta heard other curious legends. One of them tells us that
+when the people of the Timor went out to cut sandalwood, the devil
+appeared to them, and demanded them to bargain with him for the wood.
+This they did, for those who cut the wood are otherwise likely to fall
+sick; a poisonous miasma is exhaled from the wounded wood.
+
+Pigafetta heard also marvelous tales of the Emperor of China, who seemed
+to live amid human walls. There may be some truths in these incidents;
+if so, what a remarkable condition must have been that of the Chinese
+court four hundred years ago!
+
+He says:
+
+"The kingdom of Cocchi lies next; its sovereign is named Raja Seri
+Bummipala. After that follows Great China, the king of which is the
+greatest sovereign of the world, and is called Santoa Raja. He has
+seventy crowned kings under his dependence; and some of these kings have
+ten or fifteen lesser kings dependent on them. The port of this kingdom
+is named Guantan, and among the many cities of this Empire, two are the
+most important, namely, Nankin and Comlaha, where the King usually
+resides.
+
+"He has four of his principal ministers close to his palace, at the four
+sides looking to the four cardinal winds; that is, one to the west, one
+to the east, to the south, and to the north. Each of these gives
+audience to those that come from his quarter. All the kings and lords of
+India major and superior obey this King, and in token of their
+vassalage, each is obliged to have in the middle of the principal palace
+of his city the marble figure of a certain animal named Chinga, an
+animal more valuable than the lion; the figure of this animal is also
+engraved on the King's seal, and all who wish to enter his port must
+carry the same emblem in wax or ivory.
+
+"If any lord is disobedient to him, he is flayed, and his skin, dried in
+the sun, salted, and stuffed, is placed in an eminent part of the public
+place, with the head inclined and the hands on the head in the attitude
+of doing zongu; that is obeisance to the King.
+
+"He is never visible to anybody; and if he wishes to see his people he
+is carried about the palace on a peacock most skillfully manufactured
+and very richly adorned, with six ladies dressed exactly like himself,
+so that he can not be distinguished from them. He afterward passes into
+a richly adorned figure of a serpent called Naga, which has a large
+glass in the breast, through which he and the ladies are seen, but it is
+not possible to distinguish which is the King. He marries his sisters in
+order that his blood should not mix with that of others.
+
+"His palace has seven walls around it, and in each circle there are
+daily ten thousand men on guard, who are changed every twelve hours at
+the sound of a bell. Each wall has its gate, with a guard at each gate.
+At the first stands a man with a great scourge in his hand, named
+Satuhoran with satubagan; at the second, a dog called Satuhain; at the
+third, a man with an iron mace, called Satuhoran with pocumbecin; at the
+fourth, a man with a bow in his hand, called Saturhoran with anatpanan;
+at the fifth, a man with a lance, called Satuhoran with tumach; at the
+sixth, a lion, called Saturhorimau; at the seventh, two white elephants,
+called Gagiapute.
+
+"The palace contains seventy-nine halls, in which dwell only the ladies
+destined to serve the King; there are always torches burning there. It
+is not possible to go round the palace in less than a day. In the upper
+part of it are four halls where the ministers go to speak to the King;
+one is ornamented with metal, both the pavement and the walls; another
+is all of silver, another all of gold, and the other is set with pearls
+and precious stones. The gold and other valuable things which are
+brought as tribute to the King are placed in these rooms; and when they
+are there deposited, they say, 'Let this be for the honor and glory of
+our Santoa Raja.' All these things and many others relating to this
+King, were narrated to us by a Moor, who said that he had seen them."
+
+A palace of seven walls, seventy-nine halls, and ten thousand men on
+guard! A hall of silver, another of gold, and one of precious stones! It
+took a day to encompass it. We may well wonder how much of truth there
+was in this brief Oriental story!
+
+When the adventurers came to Java they heard some tales that were
+marvelous, and that quite equaled those which Queen Scheherezade of the
+Arabian Nights told of Sinbad the Sailor.
+
+One of these fabulous stories, told them by a pilot, had an Oriental
+charm and coloring. It was of a giant bird, like the roc of the Arabian
+Nights.
+
+According to this fanciful legend which we give with some freedom, there
+was a land called Java Major on the north of the Gulf of China, where
+grew an enormous tree, seemingly as big as a mountain--one of the
+greatest trees in all the world. In this tree, which might have shaded a
+hill, lived a colony of birds, with wings like clouds, so broad and
+powerful that they could lift an elephant or a buffalo into the air and
+bear him away to the mountainous tree. The fruit of this tree was larger
+than the largest melons.
+
+There were Moors on the ship where this story of the great tree and the
+great bird was told. One of them said:
+
+"I have _seen_ the great bird with my own eyes!"
+
+Another Moor said:
+
+"One of the birds was once captured, and sent as a present to the King
+of Siam!"
+
+An account of the capture of such a bird would have been very
+interesting!
+
+There were great whirlpools around the mountainous tree. So that no ship
+could approach within three or four leagues of it.
+
+But once, according to the legend, some adventurous sailors sailed near
+the great tree. They had a little boy on board their boat, and he must
+have surveyed the giant of the forest with wonder.
+
+They sailed too near, for presently their boat began to go round and
+round, and they found themselves in the power of the whirlpool.
+
+Round and round went the junk until it struck against a rock, and all
+on board perished, except the little boy, who was supple.
+
+This child caught a plank and held on to it. He was carried hither and
+thither among the eddies and breakers, but he found himself drawing
+nearer and nearer the great tree. At last he was cast on shore at the
+foot of the tree.
+
+"Here must be my home," said he, for he thought he never could get away
+again. No boat could come to him, and _he_ could not fly.
+
+The tree had great masses of bark, so that he could climb up into it. He
+mounted up to its high limbs. He could not starve, for the fruit of such
+a tree must have been sufficient to have supplied a colony.
+
+So cast away on the tree, he here expected to live and to die.
+
+Toward sunset great wings like clouds darkened the shining air. The
+birds were coming home to-night in the tree. Their nests were there as
+big as houses.
+
+They settled down, causing a great wind, and put their great heads under
+their wings and went to sleep.
+
+The boy was bright, and a plan of getting away from the tree came to
+him. He reasoned that if he could not fly the bird could, and what would
+be the weight of a little boy to a bird who could carry away an
+elephant?
+
+So he marked the largest and most powerful bird with his eye, and crept
+up to it and got under his wing, and into his great feathers.
+
+The bird was asleep and did not wake!
+
+Morning came, and with the first red dawn, as we may fancy, the bird
+threw up his head and begun to stir. He lifted himself up and shook
+himself, but he did not shake off the boy, who was safely nestled among
+the little forest of its feathers.
+
+The sun was brightening the islands, and the bird mounted up and flew
+away in search of food, carrying the little boy under his wing.
+
+After traversing the sunrise air for a long time, the bird flew over a
+land of buffaloes.
+
+He here descended to capture a buffalo, to bear him away to the
+mountainous tree for food. As he alighted on the back of the buffalo
+with a wild scream of delight, the little boy dropped out from under his
+wing, and so found his way to his own island.
+
+It was the little boy that told this large story, quite like Sinbad's.
+
+There were found mysterious fruits floating on the sea, which were
+supposed to have fallen from the tree.
+
+"I have seen the bird myself," said a third Moorish pilot, and with the
+testimony of the little boy, and the three pilots and the floating
+fruit, this story ought to be as trustworthy as the one of Sinbad the
+Sailor.
+
+The voyage back to the Cape of Good Hope and thence to the Cape Verde
+Islands was one for strange reflections. Del Cano now was the leader of
+the returning mariners. The expedition had gone out from the port of
+Seville amid shouting quays and towers, with some two hundred and
+seventy men. Only one ship was returning and she was bringing home
+hardly as many men as composed her own crew.
+
+We can imagine Del Cano on deck, with the lantern of Magellan still
+swinging above him, talking with his officers on a tropical night off
+the African coast.
+
+"Magellan has found an unknown grave," we may hear him say.
+
+"But humanity will mourn for him, and honor him, and the grave matters
+not," answers a padre.
+
+"We shall never see Mesquita again," continues Del Cano.
+
+"We can not be sure," replies the padre. "We can know nothing that we do
+not see."
+
+"We surely shall never meet Carthagena again. I can see in my memory
+those last biscuits and bottles of wine. He needs none of them now."
+
+"He may have them all," answers the padre.
+
+"We are yet rich in spices. We shall surprise the world when we drop
+anchor at Seville."
+
+"And Seville may have surprises for us," says the hopeful padre.
+
+They drifted on under favoring airs. The soul of Del Cano was lost to
+common events in the wonderful revelations of the sea. Should he reach
+Seville, he would be the living hero of the most marvelous voyage ever
+made by any mariner.
+
+Such were the scenes and tales that crowded upon the mind of Pigafetta,
+who wished "to see the wonders of the world." The story of the Emperor
+of China's palace is associated with objects so marvelous that the
+meaning of their names is lost to-day.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+THE LOST DAY.
+
+
+When they reached the Cape Verde Islands, the sailors found that a very
+strange thing had happened.
+
+They had lost a day--or, the islanders had gained a day!
+
+They met the ships from Seville there, and doubtless disputed with the
+traders in regard to what day of the week it was.
+
+"This is the 6th of September," they said; "a day that we shall ever
+have occasion to celebrate."
+
+"It is the 7th of September," said their joyous friends.
+
+The sailors consulted with each other. All agreed that it was the 6th of
+September. Nowhere had they failed to make a daily memorandum. The
+people of Seville must have lost a day.
+
+The solar year consists of three hundred and sixty-five days and six
+hours, and if one sails West three years one will gain a day, and if one
+sails East, one will lose a day.
+
+If the reader will note the following dates of this wonderful voyage, he
+will solve the mystery of the "lost day:"
+
+
+ CHRONOLOGY OF THE FIRST VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD.
+
+ Magellan arrives at Seville October 20, 1518.
+
+ Magellan's fleet sails from Seville, Monday[A] August 10, 1519.
+
+ [A] The 10th of August was Wednesday, and Monday
+ was the 8th of August: all the other dates of the
+ week and month agree and are consistent with each
+ other.
+
+ Magellan sails from San Lucar de Barrameda,
+ Tuesday September 20, 1519.
+
+ Magellan arrives at Teneriffe September 26, 1519.
+
+ Magellan sails from Teneriffe, Monday October 3, 1519.
+
+ Magellan arrives at Rio Janeiro December 13, 1519.
+
+ Magellan sails from Rio December 26, 1519.
+
+ Magellan sails from Rio de la Plata February 2, 1520.
+
+ Magellan arrives at Port St. Julian March 31, 1520.
+
+ Eclipse of sun April 17, 1520.
+
+ Loss of Santiago.
+
+ Magellan sails from Port St. Julian August 24, 1520.
+
+ Magellan sails from river of Santa Cruz October 18, 1520.
+
+ Magellan makes Cape of the Virgins, entrance
+ of straits October 21, 1520.
+
+ Desertion of San Antonio November, 1520.
+
+ Magellan issues from straits into the Pacific,
+ Wednesday November 28, 1520.
+
+ Magellan fetches San Pablo Island January 24, 1521.
+
+ Magellan fetches Tiburones Island February 4, 1521.
+
+ Magellan reaches the Ladrone Islands, Wednesday March 6, 1521.
+
+ Magellan reaches Samar Island of the Philippines,
+ Saturday March 16, 1521.
+
+ Magellan reaches Mazzava Island, Thursday March 28, 1521.
+
+ Magellan arrives at Zebu Island April 7, 1521.
+
+ Death of Magellan at Matan, Saturday April 27, 1521.
+
+ Arrival of San Antonio at Seville May 6, 1521.
+
+ Arrival of Victoria and Trinity at Tidore,
+ Friday November 8, 1521.
+
+ Victoria sails from Tidore December 21, 1521.
+
+ Victoria discovers Amsterdam Island, Tuesday March 18, 1522.
+
+ Victoria doubles the Cape of Good Hope May 18, 1522.
+
+ Victoria arrives at San Lucar, Wednesday[A] September 6, 1522.
+
+ [A] According to ship's time.
+
+They sought provisions of the Portuguese colony at Cape Verde.
+
+The Portuguese persecution of the expedition, which Magellan had made
+for Spain, did not cease even here. The Victoria sent out boats for
+rice. One of the sailors could not restrain his joy, and told the
+Portuguese who he was and whence he came.
+
+The jealousy of the Portuguese was aroused again.
+
+"The expedition carries glory to Spain," said they. "Did not the King
+tear the arms from Magellan's door?"
+
+One of the boats sent out for rice did not return. The Victoria knew why
+they were detained, and sailed away while she could, to bear the
+glorious news of the discovery to Seville.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+IN THE CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF VICTORY.--PIGAFETTA.
+
+
+The Victoria cast anchor in the Port of Seville on September 8, 1522.
+Joy filled the city on that day, and heralds went forth to proclaim the
+news.
+
+What news it was!
+
+That Magellan had found a new way to the Pacific.
+
+That he had discovered the Pacific to be a mighty ocean.
+
+That he had sailed over it and found a new ocean world.
+
+That he was dead.
+
+That he had made immortal discoveries, and that one of his ships had
+sailed around the world.
+
+The hero of the day was Del Cano, the commander of the Victoria.
+
+There was a most beautiful church in Seville, called Our Lady of
+Victory. To that the returning mariners were summoned to give thanks for
+their discovery on the day after their arrival, September 9, 1522.
+
+Bells rang out on the shining air. The remnant of the happy crews
+entered the church amid the joyous music to hear the songs of
+thanksgiving for victory:
+
+ "We praise thee, O God!
+ We believe thee to be
+ The Father everlasting!"
+
+They had returned in the Victoria, and the service had to them a special
+significance in the church of that name.
+
+Mesquita must have heard the acclaiming city.
+
+To the prisoner who had waited in hope, the trumpets of the heralds must
+have been sweet after his release! Juana, the demented Queen, was yet
+watching by the tomb in view of her window, hoping at each dawn of the
+morning that she would find that the dust had awakened to life again.
+Charles was mapping Europe; his fire of ambition was glowing, and the
+news of the new fields of the ocean that these discoveries had brought
+to him filled him with pride and exultation.
+
+He resolved on giving Del Cano and his mariners a splendid reception,
+after the manner that Isabella had received Columbus.
+
+Del Cano was now the living representative of Magellan. In publicly
+receiving him with heralds, music, and festival he would do honor to
+Magellan, whose name was now immortal. So Charles spread his tables of
+silver and gold to those who had lived on the open sea on scraps of
+leather, and magnanimously welcomed as knights of the sea those who had
+followed the sun around the world.
+
+Spain opened the prison doors of Mesquita.
+
+How must Del Cano have welcomed Mesquita as he came forth from his
+prison, vindicated on these festal days!
+
+Mesquita was a hero now, and a hero among heroes, for he had been a
+martyr to the cause. The people's hearts overflowed toward him.
+
+So the islands of the new ocean world came to be the possessions of
+Spain, and from Philip, who succeeded Charles, were called the
+Philippines. They were to be governed, robbed, taxed, and, in part,
+reduced to slavery for the enrichment of Spain for nearly four hundred
+years. Then Spain was to vanish from their history in the smoke of
+Admiral Dewey's guns, and over them was to float the flag of the
+republic of the West.
+
+It is a strange allotment of events that these islands should introduce
+the republic of the West into the Asiatic world. A half century ago the
+subject of Europe in Asia excited the attention of mankind, but no one
+ever dreamed that a like topic of America in Asia would ever become one
+of the political problems of the world.
+
+[Illustration: Pigafetta presenting the history of the voyage to the
+King of Spain.]
+
+The future of these islands must be one of civilization, education,
+and development, and we may hope that these will be brought about under
+the divine law of American institutions, that "all governments derive
+their just powers from the consent of the governed." Justice alone is
+the true sword of power, perpetuity, and peace. To lead the natives of
+these islands to desire to receive all that is best in civilized life,
+is one of the great missions of the republic of the West; and that
+republic, governed by the conscience of the people, will be true to the
+cause of human rights.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Pigafetta? We must let him tell the story of his life on his return.
+"Leaving Seville I repaired to Valladolid, where I presented his sacred
+Majesty, Don Carlos, neither gold nor silver, but other things far more
+precious in the eyes of so great a sovereign. For I brought to him,
+among other things, a book written in my own hand, giving an account of
+all the things which had happened day by day on the voyage.
+
+"Then I went to Portugal, where I related to King John the things that I
+had seen.
+
+"Returning by the way of Spain, I came to France, where I presented
+treasures that I had brought home to the regent mother of the most
+Christian King Don Francis.
+
+"Then I turned my face toward Italy, where I gave myself to the service
+of the illustrious Philip de Villiers l'Isle Adams, the Grand Master of
+Rhodes."
+
+The scene of the presentation of the parchment story of Magellan to
+Charles V is most interesting. That manuscript was like the return of
+Magellan himself; it told what the hero of the sea had been and what he
+had done. It was in itself a work of genius, and the world has never
+ceased to read it in the spirit of sympathy in which it was written.
+
+We may fancy the scene: the young King surrounded by his court, in his
+happiest days; the Italian Knight amid the splendors of the audience
+room, placing in the hands of the new Cæsar the roll of the narrative of
+the voyage around the world! Such a story no pen had ever traced before.
+That must have been one of the proudest moments in the life of Charles
+as he took from the Knight the map of the round world.
+
+To the last Pigafetta was true to the Admiral; and one of the best
+things that can be said of any man is, "He is true hearted."
+
+A wooden statue of Del Cano was found at Cavite on the surrender of that
+port to Commodore Dewey. It was sent to Washington. It should be
+replaced by some worthy work of art.
+
+The island of Guam, of the Ladrones, which broke the long voyage of
+Magellan over the Pacific, and which is some fifteen hundred miles from
+Luzon, was captured by Captain Glass, of the United States cruiser
+Charleston, July 21, 1898. It is a connecting link between the West and
+the Orient. A memorial of Magellan, Del Cano, and Pigafetta might be
+suitably placed there.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The author of the Songs of the Sierras has described the spirit of
+Columbus in a poem which has been highly commended. The interpretation
+applies as well to Magellan. We quote two verses: genius must overcome
+obstacles, and all obstacles, to be made divine.
+
+
+THE PORT.
+
+ Behind him lay the gray Azores,
+ Behind, the gates of Hercules.
+ Before him not the ghosts of shores,
+ Before him only shoreless seas.
+ The good mate said: "Now must we pray,
+ For, lo! the very stars are gone.
+ Brave Admiral, speak--what shall I say?"
+ "Why say--Sail on, sail on, sail on!"
+
+ They sailed, they sailed. Then spoke the mate:
+ "This mad sea shows her teeth to-night;
+ She curls her lip and lies in wait
+ With lifted teeth as if to bite.
+ Brave Admiral, say but one good word,
+ What shall we do when hope is gone?"
+ The words leaped as a leaping sword--
+ "Sail on, sail on, sail on and on!"
+
+
+
+
+SUPPLEMENTAL.
+
+THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.--LAGASPI.--THE STRUGGLE OF THE NATIVES WITH
+SPAIN.--STORY OF THE PATRIOT RIZAL.--AGUINALDO.
+
+
+The Philippine Islands, which promise to become a republic of the seas,
+and the first republic in Asiatic waters, were for generations held by
+Spain. These one thousand and more sea gardens, some eleven thousand
+miles from New York, number about as few islands of importance as there
+are American States. The government of the more populous islands has
+been so restrictive that, before the boom of Dewey's guns in the China
+Sea, little was known about them to the world.
+
+The archipelago consists of some six hundred islands that might find
+marking on an ordinary map of the world.
+
+Twenty-five of these have gained a commercial standing, from which are
+collected products for foreign trade. The chief of these is Luzon, and
+the principal ports of the larger islands are Iloilo, on the island of
+Panay; Zebu and Zamboango.
+
+Luzon and the northern islands are inhabited by a partly civilized
+race, called the Tagals, who are supposed to be descended from
+immigrants from the Malay peninsula. They have had the reputation of a
+mild-mannered people, as they have long received, directly or
+indirectly, European influences. There are two thousand one hundred
+schools in Luzon and some six millions of the natives of the islands are
+claimed as Catholics.
+
+A sultanate was formed on the Sulu archipelago nearly eight hundred
+years ago, and the Mohammedan populations are called Moros or Moors. The
+Visayas people are a lower race. Colonies of Chinese are to be found in
+many of the larger islands, and these constitute the centers of thrift
+and industry.
+
+The official language of the islands is Spanish, but the natives speak
+in twenty or more dialects. The islands are supposed to contain about
+ten million people, but there are no correct censuses by which to
+compute the number. Even the islands themselves seem not to have been
+correctly counted.
+
+The history of the islands since their discovery has been one of the
+most silent in the world. They have been governed by Spain in such a
+manner as to enrich the Crown of Spain. When the Pope apportioned the
+newly discovered world among the Kings of the Church, the Western
+Hemisphere was given to Spain, and by an error of division Spain
+received the Moluccas or Spice Islands. Magellan declared the King of
+Spain suzerain of the islands, and after many years Spain sent an
+expedition from one of her colonies to Zebu to begin the occupation of
+the Spicery. The leader of this expedition, Miguel de Legaspi, caused
+his men to marry native women, hoping thereby more easily to subdue a
+wild and untrained race.
+
+In 1571 this colonizer brought Manila under his influence, and induced
+the native King to accept the suzerainty of the Spanish King. He
+proclaimed Manila the seat of Government, and made it an episcopal city.
+
+Legaspi came to learn a very strange thing. It was that the Chinese had
+made themselves masters of navigation _by monsoons_. They came down from
+their coasts to Manila Bay on northwest monsoons, and when the monsoons
+changed they were carried back again. This power was akin to steam.
+Their boats were junks, but they filled the marts of Manila with silks
+and other Oriental luxuries.
+
+Legaspi encouraged this trade. He was the founder of trade in the ports
+of the China Sea. He caused a market place to be built for the Chinese
+traders in Manila, in the form of a circus, and afterward opened a
+quarter for them within the walls. The Chinese still hold a large part
+of the retail trade of the port. Before the late Spanish war, they
+numbered about sixty thousand, and one hundred thousand in the port and
+provinces.
+
+The monks came and sought to convert the people; their efforts were
+partly successful, but sometimes ended in tragedies.
+
+The trade between Spain and the Philippines was for a long time carried
+on by the way of Mexico. The intercourse between the Crown and her
+dependencies here was infrequent. The Mohammedans waged frequent wars
+against the Catholic missionaries, whom they sought to exterminate.
+
+The friars became the real rulers of the civilized parts of the islands.
+The will of the Spanish priest was absolute. He was independent of State
+authority. The rule of the Church was so severe that it brought religion
+into disfavor, and when the power of Aguinaldo arose, that chief
+insisted upon the expulsion of certain monastic orders, as detrimental
+to liberty, and demanded the restoration of the estates of the Church to
+the people.
+
+Such is, in brief, the simple history of the islands discovered by
+Magellan before the archipelago was ceded by the treaty of Paris to the
+United States.
+
+
+MANILA.
+
+Beautiful Manila, shining over the China Sea--so seductive to the white
+man when seen from a distance, so withering to all his energies when the
+same white man becomes a resident there!
+
+A two days' voyage from Hong Kong brings the traveler to Luzon to the
+river Pasig, where the grim old fortresses of Manila, earthquake rent,
+like a haze of green vegetation, break the view. Palms lift their green
+cool shadows in the burning air.
+
+Manila is a walled city. The entrance is by drawbridges, which are
+raised at night.
+
+The mediæval atmosphere does not disappear when one finds one's self
+within the walls. Exhaustion and decay are everywhere. The large open
+bay lies in the splendors of the sunlight when the day is calm, and the
+visitor would never dream of its turbulent condition when it is lashed
+by the typhoon.
+
+[Illustration: Admiral Dewey.]
+
+Across the bay stands Cavite, the naval station, the scene of Dewey's
+victory over the Spanish fleet.
+
+The city has some two hundred and seventy thousand inhabitants. The
+merchants, as we have said, are largely Chinese, and their quarters are
+picturesque with gay bazaars.
+
+In the shadow land of trees and open dry marshes outside of the city are
+beautiful estates, and along the roadsides people go waving their fans
+slowly and listlessly. Here are the parks, the bull ring, and the lovely
+botanical gardens.
+
+Commercial Manila is a city of coolies, who bare their backs to the
+sun, though little work can be done here in the noonday heat.
+
+[Illustration: PHILIPPINE ISLANDS]
+
+Some years ago a terrible cold came to Manila. It was on a late December
+night, near morning. The thermometer went down to 74°. Think of that,
+and of the poor coolies, and of the negritos, or the little black
+dwarfs, and of those who lived in the thousands of huts of bamboo or
+reeds! True, 74° would indicate a hot day in our American June or July,
+but in Manila it was a cold morning, and the people came shivering into
+the streets, to tell each other of their sufferings.
+
+The best description of Manila before the war that we have seen was
+written by Crozet, and is contained in an English translated book
+entitled Crozet's Voyage to Tasmania, New Zealand, the Ladrone Islands,
+and the Philippines. From this beautifully illustrated work we present a
+view of the city and the surrounding island as it appeared seven years
+or more ago:
+
+"The city of Manila is one of the most beautiful that Europeans have
+built in the East Indies; its houses are all of stone, with tile roofs
+and they are big, comfortable and well ventilated. The streets of Manila
+are broad and perfectly straight; there are five principal streets,
+which divide the city lengthwise, and about ten which divide it
+broadways. The form of the city is that of an oblong, surrounded by
+walls and ditches, and defended on the side of the river by a badly
+planned citadel, which is about to be pulled down and rebuilt. The city
+walls are flanked by a bastion at every one of the four angles. There
+are at Manila eight principal churches, with an open place in front of
+every one; they are all beautiful, large and very richly decorated. The
+Cathedral is a building which would grace any of our European cities,
+and has just been rebuilt by an Italian Theatin,[A] who is an able
+architect. The two rows of columns which support the vaults of the nave
+and of the aisles are of magnificent marble; so also are the columns of
+the portal, the altars, the steps, and the pavement. These marbles are
+obtained from local quarries, are of great variety, and are of the
+greatest beauty. The space in front of the Cathedral is very large, and
+is the finest in the city.
+
+ [A] A regular order of clergy established at Rome in 1524, but which
+ does not appear to have spread much beyond Italy and France.
+
+"On one side the palace of the Governor is flanked by the Cathedral, on
+the other by the Town Hall. The Town Hall is very beautiful. At the
+extremity of the place in front of the Cathedral a large barracks is
+being constructed, which is to be capable of lodging eight thousand
+troops.
+
+"Private houses, as well as public buildings, are all one story high.
+Spaniards never live on the ground floor, on account of the dampness,
+but they occupy the first floor instead. The heat of the climate
+has induced them to build very large apartments, with verandas running
+right round the outside, so as to keep out of the sun; the windows form
+part of the verandas, and the daylight only enters the rooms by means of
+the doors which open out on to these verandas. The ground floor serves
+as a storehouse, and to prevent the rising of moisture from the soil its
+surface is raised a foot, by means of a bed of charcoal; then sand or
+gravel is placed on top of this bed, which is finally paved with stone
+or brick laid with mortar.
+
+"As the country is very subject to earthquakes, the houses, although
+built of stone, are strengthened with large posts of wood or iron fixed
+perpendicularly in the ground, rising to the top of the wall-plates, and
+built within the walls, so that they can not be seen, and then crossed
+on every floor by master girders, strongly bound together and bolted by
+wooden keys, which so consolidate the whole building.
+
+"Manila is built on the mouth of a beautiful river, which flows from a
+lake, called by the Spaniards _Lagonne-de-bay_, and which is situated
+five leagues inland. Forty streams flow into this lake, which is twenty
+leagues in circumference, and around which there are as many villages as
+streams. The Manila River is the only one which flows out of the lake.
+It is covered with boats, bringing to the city every sort of provision
+from the forty agricultural tribes established on the lake shores.
+
+"The suburbs are bigger and more thickly populated than the city itself;
+they are separated from it by a river, across which a beautiful bridge
+has been thrown. The Minondo suburb is more especially inhabited by
+half-breeds, Chinese, and Indians, who are for the most part goldsmiths
+and silversmiths, and all of them work people.
+
+"The Saint Croix suburb is inhabited by Spanish merchants, by foreigners
+of all nations, and by Chinese half-breeds. This quarter is the most
+agreeable one in the country, because the houses, which are quite as
+fine as those of the city, are built on the river bank, and thereby they
+enjoy all the conveniences and pleasantness due to such a position.
+
+"In spite of such advantages, the city is badly situated, being placed
+between two intercommunicating volcanoes, and of which the interiors,
+being always active, are evidently preparing its ruin. The two volcanoes
+are those of the Lagonne-ed-Taal and of Monte Albay. When one burns, the
+other smokes. I shall speak later on of the former of these volcanoes,
+which, to me at least, appeared a most singular one.
+
+[Illustration: Native Houses in Manila.]
+
+"Until the shocks of the volcanoes shall decide its fate, Manila remains
+the capital of the Spanish establishments in the Philippines. Here
+reside the Governor, who is called the Captain General and President of
+the Royal Audience. Don Simon de Auda filled this office when I arrived
+at Manila. This Governor had previously been a member of the Royal
+Audience, and when the English, at the end of the last war, took Manila,
+he escaped from the city before the surrender, placed himself at the
+head of the Indians of the province of Pampague, and, without regard to
+the capitulation of the city, he is said to have succeeded in confining
+the English within their conquest, starving equally the conquerors and
+the conquered. Noticing that the Chinese established outside the city
+walls were furnishing provisions to English and Spaniards alike, he
+butchered them, putting more than ten thousand to the sword. It seemed
+to me, however, that the Spaniards in general considered the efforts of
+this councillor to be more harmful than advantageous to the welfare of
+the Spanish colony. The English, harassed by the Indians under Don Simon
+de Auda, had on their part armed and raised other provinces of Luzon, so
+as to oppose Indian to Indian, and this sort of civil war did more harm
+to the colony than even the capture of Manila by the English.
+
+"However this may be, Don Simon de Auda returned to Spain after the
+peace, was rewarded for his zeal by being made Privy Councillor of
+Castile, and was sent back to Manila as Governor General of the
+Philippines. Since his arrival in his province he has started a number
+of important projects, but difficult to be carried out at one and the
+same time. He has started considerable fortifications in various parts
+of the city, very large barracks, dykes at the mouth of the river, a
+powder-mill, smelting furnaces and forges to work the iron mines, and a
+number of other useful works, which might have succeeded better had they
+been started in due succession.
+
+"The Philippine Archipelago contains fourteen principal islands, the
+Government of which is divided into twenty-seven provinces, which are
+governed by _alcaldes_ under the orders of the Governor Captain General.
+All these islands are thickly populated, being about three million.
+These islands extend from the tenth to the twenty-third degree north
+latitude, and vary in breadth from about forty leagues at the north end
+of Luzon up to two hundred leagues from the south of the southeast point
+of Mindanao to the southwest point of Paragoa.
+
+"They are all fertile and rich in natural products. But although the
+Spaniards have been established here for more than two hundred years,
+they have not yet succeeded in making themselves masters of the islands.
+They have no foothold on Paragoa, which is almost eighty leagues long,
+nor on the adjacent small islands; they only possess a few acres on the
+big island of Mindanao, which is two hundred leagues in circumference,
+nor are they yet fully acquainted with the interior of the island of
+Luzon, where they have their chief settlement, namely, the city of
+Manila. Luzon is the largest of these islands, being a hundred and
+forty leagues long from Cape Bojador to Bulusan Point, which is the most
+northerly point, and about forty leagues broad. In the northern part of
+Luzon, near the province of Ilocos, there are some aborigines with whom
+the Spaniards have never been able to establish communication. It is
+believed that these people are the descendants of Chinese, who, having
+been shipwrecked on these shores, have established themselves in the
+mountains of this part of the island. It is said that some Indians know
+the routes by which access is gained to this people, and that they have
+been well received by them; but it is in the interest of these Indians
+to withhold the knowledge from the Spaniards, on account of their great
+trade profits with those people, who lack many things and have only
+provisions and gold."
+
+
+THE STORY OF THE PATRIOT RIZAL.
+
+DR. JOSÉ RIZAL, a virtuous Catholic reformer, was the Samuel Adams of
+the awakening of moral feeling against the tyranny of Spain. He sought
+to reform the Government and to correct corruption in the Church.
+
+He belonged to the province of Cavite. He was a small man, of a clear,
+sensitive conscience, and great intellectual penetration and force. It
+became the one purpose of his life to free his countrymen. "He organized
+the Revolution," says a monument to Samuel Adams, and Dr. Rizal sought
+to organize a revolution in a like manner as the "last of the Puritans"
+in New England, by the collecting of facts for correspondence with
+patriots at Manila and Hong Kong.
+
+In his school life he beheld the universal corruption going on around
+him. His heart was moved to pity the people.
+
+He wrote a letter in which he urged reform by the expulsion of corrupt
+officers of the Government and of certain immoral priests. This awakened
+the Government and made him secret enemies. He was accused by the
+Government of treason and by the decadent priests of the Church of
+blasphemy. He held to his convictions against all opposition, knowing
+that right was right and truth was truth.
+
+He sought to unite the worthy representatives of the State and Church in
+an effort to bring about a change which should honor morals and give
+justice to the people. Among men of conscience his influence secretly
+grew. He hoped to gain such force as to make an appeal to the court at
+Madrid.
+
+He organized a moral revolution.
+
+Conscience is power, but its progress is slow.
+
+In 1890 Dr. Rizal published a pamphlet that stirred the island world. He
+pictured the sufferings of the natives under the Spanish rule. He
+appealed to the enlightened Church, conscience and humanity.
+
+The patriot's friends saw that the reform movement was about to be
+crushed, and said to Rizal:
+
+"Escape to Hong Kong!"
+
+There was a patriotic club in Hong Kong that sought the emancipation of
+the natives of Luzon and the Philippines from the extortions of Spain.
+It would be well for him now to go there.
+
+"How shall I leave the city?" was the one question that suddenly haunted
+his mind.
+
+He must go by sea. He could not go on board a ship without being
+detected and detained.
+
+"Get into a perforated box," said a fellow patriot, "and I will ship you
+with the merchandise."
+
+Dr. Rizal secreted himself in the perforated box, and was shipped from
+Luzon to Hong Kong.
+
+He was received with great enthusiasm by the Philippine patriots in Hong
+Kong.
+
+But he was more dangerous to the officials of Luzon in Hong Kong than at
+Cavite. It became a problem with the latter how to get him once more in
+their power.
+
+The Governor General Weyler caused a dispatch to be sent to him which
+stated that he "was too valuable a man for the State to lose his
+services," that his past conduct would be overlooked, and that he could
+safely return to his own island.
+
+Honest himself, he could not believe that the dispatch was insincere.
+
+He went back to Manila. His foes were bent on his destruction.
+
+He was one day absent from his rooms attending probably to his medical
+duties, when some soldiers led by a spy entered his apartments and
+searched his trunks and pretended to find there seditious books.
+
+Dr. Rizal was arrested. His enemies formed the court to try him for
+treason.
+
+The books were put out as evidence against him.
+
+"I imported no books," said he.
+
+"But the books are here."
+
+"The customhouse officers found no books in my trunks," said Dr. Rizal.
+
+"But here are the books that witness against you."
+
+"There were no books in my room when I left it," said he.
+
+"But we found them there."
+
+"Let me call the customhouse officers."
+
+The court refused the request.
+
+"Let me summon the owner of my room."
+
+The court refused the request.
+
+"The witness against me is a convict, a spy, and a perjurer."
+
+The court found him guilty.
+
+He was sent into exile. The injustice of the trial was a flame of
+liberty; the British consul protested against it, and riots broke out in
+Cavite against the officials that countenanced such a mockery of
+justice.
+
+He went again to Hong Kong. Weyler had left Luzon, and had been
+succeeded by Despajol.
+
+His case aroused the Patriot Club. The patriots resolved to go to Spain
+and lay their cause before the throne. They were mobbed in Spain and
+sent to Manila for trial.
+
+The trial was a farce; Dr. Rizal was again condemned.
+
+On December 6, 1896, he was led out of the Manila prison into the
+courtyard. A file of soldiers awaited the coming. A sharp volley of
+shots broke the stillness of the air; and that heart, so true to
+liberty, was broken and lay bleeding on the earth. So perished one of
+the noblest patriots of the islands of the China Sea.
+
+
+AGUINALDO.
+
+AGUINALDO, called "the greatest of the Malays," in that he rose against
+Spanish tyranny, is one of the interesting characters of the closing
+century. His true character can hardly be determined at the present
+time. Future events must reveal it. He is of mixed blood, and is said to
+more resemble a European than a Malay.
+
+He was born in the province of Cavite, and is supposed to have European
+blood in his veins. He was brought up as a house boy in the apartments
+of a Jesuit priest--a house boy being an errand boy; a boy handy for all
+common work.
+
+It has been the policy of Spain for centuries to keep her subjects on
+the Pacific islands in partial ignorance; but this bright boy had an
+impulse to learn, to acquire knowledge, to grasp the truth of life. He
+had a remarkable memory, and he became such an apt scholar as to excite
+wonder. When he was fourteen years old he entered the medical school at
+Manila. He lost the favor of the Church by joining the Masonic order.
+
+[Illustration: Aguinaldo.]
+
+In 1888 he went to Hong Kong, where was a Philippine colony. Here he
+sought and obtained a military education, and studied military works,
+and the historical campaigns of the world's greatest heroes. He learned
+Latin, English, French, and Chinese.
+
+At the breaking out of the insurrection of the Philippines against Spain
+in 1896, Aguinaldo espoused the cause of liberty, and was made an
+officer and became a leader. The revolution grew and affected the native
+troops, and its spirit filled the archipelago. It became the purpose of
+the more fiery patriots to "drive the Spaniards into the sea."
+
+Aguinaldo advocated the acceptance of concessions by the Spanish
+Government, by which the rights of the native races should be recognized
+and protected. His policy was accepted, and the insurgents disbanded. He
+received Spanish gold to abandon the war for independence, and fell
+under the suspicion that his patriotism was purchasable. This suspicion
+has shadowed his fame. He went to Hong Kong.
+
+The island Hong Kong, which is English, is a school of good government.
+Here Aguinaldo seems to have conceived an ambition to free the native
+races of the archipelago, and form a republic of the confederated
+islands. The Spanish-American War revealed to him an opportunity to
+strike for liberty. He said to the Filipinos: "The hour has come."
+
+The Filipinos looked upon him as the man for the crisis.
+
+An article in the Review of Reviews represents the chief as saying to an
+American naval officer:
+
+"There will be war between your country and Spain, and in that war you
+can do the greatest deed in history by putting an end to Castilian
+tyranny in my native land. We are not ferocious savages. On the
+contrary, we are unspeakably patient and docile. That we have risen from
+time to time is no sign of bloodthirstiness on our part, but merely of
+manhood resenting wrongs which it is no longer able to endure. You
+Americans revolted for nothing at all compared with what we have
+suffered. Mexico and the Spanish republics rose in rebellion and swept
+the Spaniard into the sea, and all their sufferings together would not
+equal that which occurs every day in the Philippines. We are supposed to
+be living under the laws and civilization of the nineteenth century, but
+we are really living under the practices of the Middle Ages.
+
+"A man can be arrested in Manila, plunged into jail, and kept there
+twenty years without ever having a hearing or even knowing the complaint
+upon which he was arrested. There is no means in the legal system there
+of having a prompt hearing or of finding out what the charge is. The
+right to obtain evidence by torture is exercised by military, civil, and
+ecclesiastical tribunals. To this right there is no limitation, nor is
+the luckless witness or defendant permitted to have a surgeon, a
+counsel, a friend, or even a bystander to be present during the
+operation. As administered in the Philippines one man in every ten dies
+under the torture, and nothing is ever heard of him again. Everything is
+taxed, so that it is impossible for the thriftiest peasant farmer or
+shopkeeper to ever get ahead in life.
+
+"The Spanish policy is to keep all trade in the hands of the Spanish
+merchants, who come out here from the peninsula and return with a
+fortune. The Government budget for education is no larger than the sum
+paid by the Hong Kong authorities for the support of Victoria College
+here. What little education is had in the Philippines is obtained from
+the good Jesuits, who, in spite of their being forbidden to practice
+their priestly calling in Luzon, nevertheless devote their lives to
+teaching their fellow-countrymen. They carry the same principle into the
+Church, and no matter how devout, able, or learned a Filipino or even a
+half-breed may be, he is not permitted to enter a religious order or
+ever to be more than an acolyte, sexton, or an insignificant assistant
+priest. The State taxes the people for the lands which it says they own,
+and which as a matter of fact they have owned from time immemorial, and
+the Church collects rent for the same land upon the pretext that it
+belongs to them under an ancient charter of which there is no record.
+Neither life nor limb, liberty nor property have any security whatever
+under the Spanish administration."
+
+Such was his indictment of Spain.
+
+He began a war for independence from Spain in the provinces of Luzon. He
+was an inspiring general and practically made prisoners of some fifteen
+thousand of the Spanish forces. He organized a Government at least
+nominally Republican, although it has been called a dictatorship. The
+purchase of the Philippines by the United States, in accordance with the
+Treaty of Paris, has been opposed by Aguinaldo and his followers in a
+most distressing war. He has claimed the absolute independence of all
+the Philippines, although, so far as our knowledge goes, his authority
+does not extend far beyond certain districts of the Island of Luzon.
+Without anticipating the verdict of history upon our relations to the
+Philippines, it is enough to add that the bloodshed and suffering caused
+by this war are most deplorable.
+
+
+HONG KONG.
+
+HONG KONG and the China Sea have come to stand not only for Europe in
+Asia, but for America in Asia, though of the latter, Manila is the port.
+The center of the world's forces changes, and it is a strange current of
+events that has made the China Sea, with its English port of Hong Kong,
+and the Luzon port of Manila, facing each other across the blue ocean
+way, the pivotal point of not only England in China, but of America in
+the East. The Anglo-Chinese community in Hong Kong represents the union
+of Europe and Asia in the family of nations, and America joins the world
+of the higher civilization at Manila, the scene of Dewey's victory.
+
+The civilizing history of Hong Kong is largely associated with Sir John
+Bowring, whom a large part of the world recalls merely as a writer of
+popular hymns; as, "In the Cross of Christ I Glory."
+
+The British free traders secured Hong Kong as a market for the East, and
+added it to the British Empire in the middle of the century. The Suez
+Canal increased the importance of Hong Kong.
+
+[Illustration: Hong Kong]
+
+Hong Kong, not being an integral part of Asia, became a place of
+refugees before its union with the British Empire. It lay in the route
+of the British possessions in Africa, India, and North America. Its
+Urasian destiny was seen in the alliance between Europe and Asia
+concluded at Canton (1634) between the East India Company and the
+Chinese Government. It then became the vantage ground of the Anglo-Saxon
+race. The early English Governors of Hong Kong made the port the cradle
+of liberty and free trade, and a civilizing influence in the East.
+
+The island is some nine miles long and from two to six miles broad, with
+a population of more than one hundred and twenty thousand, most of whom
+are Chinese. It was ceded in perpetuity to the British by the treaty of
+Nankin in 1843, when its Government began to be administered by Colonial
+Governors, under whom it grew commercially.
+
+The East India Trade Company had prepared the way for this little
+Britain in the East. The United States in the middle of the century
+began to trade at Canton from the ports of Boston and Salem. It is a
+very curious and almost forgotten fact that the first cargoes from New
+England to Canton consisted largely of ginseng, a plant now little
+esteemed, but which at that time had acquired such a medical reputation
+in China as to be almost worth its weight in gold. The plant was held to
+be a magical cure for nearly all diseases and to possess the gift of
+immortal youth.
+
+Boston and Salem are still adorned with the tall and stately mansions of
+these old merchants, whose wooden vessels went to the China Sea, at
+first carrying ginseng and returning with tea. A writer in a Boston
+paper thus pictures this period:
+
+"The generation that would not have had to look at a map to find out
+where Manila was when George Dewey arrived there, is almost passed away.
+These were the great sailors of their time; men who met emergencies with
+nerve and overcame tempest and adversity with equal complacency, who
+knew the merchants of Canton and Calcutta as well as the merchants of
+Salem and Boston, and whose tempers were never ruffled if even stress of
+circumstance compelled them to put up with a paltry profit of one
+hundred per cent. They lived at a time when there might easily be a
+fortune in a single freight, and when one turn round the world might
+represent more than a million of money. Most of them lived before the
+day of the bill of exchange, and when the solid old method of carrying
+specie in the hold was the familiar business practice. They knew the
+pirate of the China Sea and he of Barbary, too, for it was this
+old-fashioned system of carrying your capital with you that made the
+pirates' life worth living. They lived before the cable as well, and
+from the moment that a ship cleared from Canton or Manila or Singapore
+there was no way in the world for the consignee or the merchant in
+Boston to know what she had on board until she arrived here to speak
+for herself. Be it silks or teas or what-not, the merchant must move
+quickly to bid or buy, for the nature and value of the cargo could not
+have been discounted in advance, while the ship was skimming the oceans.
+Each vessel made her own market, and the wharf was the market place. It
+was good news, indeed, when a captain with a cargo of teas was informed
+by his owners, who may have met him upon the completion of a two years'
+cruise, that the price of tea had advanced the day before his arrival.
+It was pretty apt to be something in the captain's own pocket, too, for
+in those days he was allowed to carry twenty-five tons of freight for
+his own private speculation, and a salary of three hundred dollars a
+month in addition was not uncommon. There are retired captains on Cape
+Cod and in Salem and in the suburbs of Boston to-day who earned a
+competence in those times of Boston's water-front prosperity. They
+became masters sometimes before they were of age, and occasionally there
+would be one, like the late R. B. Forbes, who would become a great
+merchant, the head of a famous, wealthy house, known the world over,
+almost before he realized how great was the fortune that had overtaken
+him. And there was another very nice thing about those old days of
+plenty. If a man came home from China rich, invested his wealth in a
+railroad or some manufacturing or mining project that would be pretty
+apt to ruin him, all he would have to do would be to exile himself,
+under the right auspices, for another year or two in China, and then
+return to his home and friends with his fortunes quite mended."
+
+[Illustration: Iloilo.]
+
+The great merchant at Canton at the time of the Boston commercial period
+was Honqua. He was as noble as he was rich, and Mr. Forbes, the famous
+old Boston merchant, relates the following story of him:
+
+"A New England trader had gone to Canton, and had been unsuccessful, and
+owed Honqua one hundred thousand dollars. He desired to return home, but
+could not do so if he discharged the debt. Honqua heard of his
+condition, pitied him, and sent for him.
+
+"'I shall be sorry to part from you,' he said, 'but I wish you to return
+as you so desire, happy and free. Here are all your notes canceled.'"
+
+Here was superb commercialism.
+
+The American sovereignty over the Philippine Islands opens the way to
+China by the China Sea. In the progress of events the achievements of
+Magellan have led the ships of the West to the East again, and it is
+possible that there may yet be great Mongol emigrations to the western
+shores of the southern continent. The lantern or farol of Magellan was
+never more prophetic than now. So suggestion lives.
+
+
+TRAVELERS' TALES OF THE PHILIPPINES.
+
+HONG KONG is the market place of the Eastern world. Here the East and
+West meet in the airy bazaars, and from it, it is easy to find one's way
+to Luzon, over the bright sea mirrors, the sleepy, dreamy splendors of
+the China Sea.
+
+But few travelers have written books on Luzon, and those have usually
+published them in French or in Spanish. Travelers from the East have, as
+a rule, not remained long on the island, where earthquakes, typhoons,
+malarial fevers, and the plague itself have been not unfrequent
+visitors, and where one welcomes gratefully the shadows of the night in
+the seasons of fervid heat. The rain storms are downpours and deluges
+that are blinding, but they leave behind their inky tracts a paradise of
+beauty and bloom.
+
+The morning on the China Sea in serene weather is a royal glory. It has
+the odors of Araby and the freshness of an Eden. The earth seems
+waiting. The sails hang listlessly on the glassy, breathless straits,
+and the sun sheds its splendor through the pale blue air as powerfully
+as the clouded heavens poured down the rain.
+
+The Filipinos are a sensitive race, and many of them have a keen sense
+of injustice. Great numbers of them have a church education, and their
+views of the world are bounded by what they have learned of India,
+China, and Malaysia and Iberian peninsula from the priests of Spain.
+
+A recent traveler from Manila said to me:
+
+"The Filipinos have hot blood and are revengeful, but they are quick to
+discern justice. A boy who attended me at the hotel came to me one day
+bleeding.
+
+"'My master has beaten me,' he said, 'with a rawhide.'
+
+"'He has abused you,' I said. 'Why?'
+
+"'He took me into the storeroom and lashed me, and the rawhide cut me. I
+bleed.'
+
+"'Why did he punish you?'
+
+"'The porter told him he found me neglecting my work by hiding away and
+fighting cocks. It was not true. The porter lied; he hates me.'
+
+"'Go to the marshal and make a complaint against the landlord. Go now,
+before the blood dries. A master has no right to beat one like that. It
+is inhuman. Justice ought to be done.'
+
+"'But I do not blame _him_; he is not to blame. The porter is to blame.
+The porter lied.'
+
+"'But the marshal would hardly take up your case against the porter; he
+would hold him to be a person of slight consequence.'
+
+"'But wrong is wrong whether it be done by a landlord or his porter. The
+porter should go to prison for twenty years!'"
+
+The case then dropped, but the boy carried a case for revenge against
+the porter in his heart. He was quick to discern justice.
+
+Cockfighting is a favorite diversion among the Filipinos. A traveler
+says that he has seen Filipinos going to mass carrying gamecocks under
+their arms to set fighting in the cemetery after the service.
+
+The brutal sport is a passion, and is to be seen going on almost
+everywhere on festal days, and in the evenings in the cool shadows of
+awnings and palms.
+
+Alfred Marché published a book in Paris in 1887 entitled Luxon and
+Palaveran; Six Annes de Voyages aux Philippines. It contains some vivid
+pictures of the natives, of the habits and customs of the country, of
+the earthquakes and storms. He describes the earthquake seasons when the
+earth trembled, and the people rushed wildly into the open courts at the
+first tremor. As great as the terror was the Chinese did not leave their
+merchandise unprotected for fear of thieves, showing that the trembling
+earth did not overcome the nature of the merchant or the native thief.
+The one would face death for his goods and the other for his chance of
+getting plunder.
+
+Monsieur Marché gives some views of the tropic jungles, one of which is
+illustrated by a very curious anecdote and pictorial illustration.
+
+One day one of his native servants told him that he had seen in the
+woods an immense python, which seemed to have been gorged with some
+animal that he had swallowed, and so rendered sluggish and resistless.
+
+"I should like to see so large a serpent," said the traveler.
+
+An hour afterward, while he was sitting in the shadow of his bungalow,
+an extraordinary sight met his eyes. The native had gone into the wood
+and had put a cord about the neck of the great serpent and attached it
+to the horns of a buffalo, and the buffalo was dragging the python
+toward the bungalow. The python was seven meters long (thirty-nine
+inches to a meter), a distended mass of folds and flesh (page 356,
+Alfred Marché's Luzon).
+
+What had he swallowed? What creature was there inside of him that was
+about to be digested, and that so distorted his folds?
+
+The serpent was harmless in the noose and from the weight of his meal.
+
+The traveler severed the python's vertebræ, rendering it inoffensive,
+and then made an incision into its abdomen.
+
+A surprise followed. Out of the abdomen came a calf of some months'
+growth. The animal's legs were so doubled under its body as to make the
+latter horizontal. The serpent was prepared for the museum of the
+traveler.
+
+The same traveler describes earthquakes, after which victims were fed
+by tubes let down under the ponderous débris.
+
+One of the most interesting books of travel in Luzon that we have ever
+read is entitled Aventures d'un Gentilhomme Breton aux iles Philippines,
+par P. de la Gironière (Paris, 1855). A part of the work has been
+translated into English by Frederick Hardman, and from this translation
+in part we select material for a view of the life of the French savant
+in Jala-Jala, a very interesting district of the island. The original
+French work is very vividly illustrated. The English abridgment is
+without illustrations. (French edition, Boston Public Library, No.
+3040a, 182. English abridgment, 5049a, 69.)
+
+THE ADVENTURES OF DR. DE LA GIRONIÈRE IN LUZON.
+ (After Hardman.)
+
+ CHANGING THE HEART OF A BRIGAND.
+
+"JALA-JALA is a long peninsula, stretching from north to south into the
+middle of Bay Lake. The peninsula is divided longitudinally by a chain
+of mountains, which gradually diminish in elevation, until, for the last
+three leagues, they dwindle into mere hills. These mountains, of easy
+access, are covered partly with wood and partly with beautiful pastures,
+where the grass attains a height of between one and two yards, and, when
+waving in the wind, resembles the waves of the ocean. Finer vegetation
+can nowhere be found; it is refreshed by limpid springs, flowing from
+the higher slopes of the mountain down into the lake. Owing to these
+pastures, Jala-Jala is richer in game than any other part of the island
+of Luzon. Deer, wild boar, and buffalo, quails, hens, snipes, pigeons of
+fifteen or twenty kinds, parrots; in short, all manner of birds, there
+abound. The lake teems with water-fowl, and especially with wild ducks.
+Notwithstanding its extent, the island contains no dangerous or
+carnivorous beasts; the worst things to be feared in that way is the
+civet, a little animal about the size of a cat, which attacks only
+birds; and the monkeys, which issue from the forest by troops, and lay
+waste the maize and sugar fields.
+
+"The lake, which yields excellent fish, is less favored than the land;
+for it contains a great many caymans, a creature of such enormous size
+that in a few minutes it divides a horse piecemeal and absorbs it into
+its huge stomach. The accidents occasioned by these caymans are frequent
+and terrible, and I have seen more than one Indian fall victims to them.
+
+"At the period of my purchase the only human inhabitants of Jala-Jala
+were a few Indians, of Malay extraction, who lived in the woods and
+tilled some nooks of land. At night they were pirates upon the lake, and
+they afforded shelter to all the banditti of the surrounding provinces.
+The people at Manila had given me the most dismal account of the
+district; according to them, I should soon be murdered: my turn for
+adventure was such, that all their stories, instead of alarming me, only
+increased my desire to visit men who were living almost in a savage
+state.
+
+"As soon as I had bought Jala-Jala, I traced for myself a plan of
+conduct, having for its object to attract the banditti to me; to this
+end, I felt that I must not appear among them in the character of an
+exacting and sordid owner, but in that of a father. All depended upon
+the first impressions I should make upon these Indians, now my vassals.
+On landing, I went straight to a little hamlet, composed of a few
+cabins.
+
+"My faithful coachman was with me; we were each of us armed with a good
+double-barreled gun, a brace of pistols, and a saber. I had already
+ascertained, from some fishermen, to which Indian I ought to address
+myself. This man, who was much respected by his countrymen, was called,
+in the Tagal tongue, _Mabutin-Tajo_, translatable as _The brave and
+valiant_.
+
+"He was quite capable of committing, without the slightest remorse, five
+or six murders in the course of a single expedition; but he was brave;
+and courage is a virtue before which all primitive races respectfully
+bow. My conversation with _Mabutin-Tajo_ was not long; a few words
+sufficed to win his good will, and to convert him into a faithful
+servant for the whole time I dwelt at Jala-Jala. This is how I spoke to
+him:
+
+"'You are a great rascal,' I said; 'I am the lord of Jala-Jala; it is my
+will that you amend your conduct; if you refuse, you shall expiate all
+your misdeeds. I want a guard; give me your word of honor to turn honest
+man, and I will make you my lieutenant.'
+
+"When I completed this brief harangue, Alila (that was the brigand's
+name) remained for a moment silent, his countenance indicating deep
+reflection. I waited for him to speak; not without a certain degree of
+anxiety as to what his answer would be.
+
+"'Master!' he at last exclaimed, offering me his hand and putting one
+knee to the ground, 'I will be faithful to you until death!'
+
+"I was very well pleased with this reply, but I concealed my
+satisfaction.
+
+"''Tis good,' I said; 'to show you that I have confidence in you, take
+this weapon, and use it only against enemies.'
+
+"I presented him with a Tagal sabre, on which was inscribed in Spanish:
+'Draw me not without cause, nor sheath me without honor.'
+
+"This legend I translated into Tagal; Alila thought it sublime, and
+swore ever to observe it.
+
+"'When I go to Manila,' I added, 'I will bring you epaulets and a
+handsome uniform; but you must lose no time in getting together the
+soldiers you are to command, and who will compose my guard. Take me at
+once to him among your comrades whom you think most capable of acting as
+sergeant.'
+
+"We walked a short distance to the habitation of a friend of Alila's,
+who usually accompanied him on his piratical expeditions. A few words,
+in the same strain as those I had spoken to my future lieutenant,
+produced the same effect on his comrade, and decided him to accept the
+rank I offered him. We passed the day recruiting in the various huts,
+and before night we had got together, in cavalry, a guard of ten men, a
+number I did not wish to exceed. I took the command as captain.
+
+"The next day I mustered the population of the peninsula, and,
+surrounded by my new guards, I selected a site for a village, and one
+for a house for myself. I gave orders to the fathers of families to
+build their cabins upon a line which I marked out, and I desired my
+lieutenant to employ all the hands he could procure in extracting stone,
+cutting timber, and preparing everything for my dwelling. My orders
+given, I set out for Manila, promising soon to return. On reaching home,
+I found my friends uneasy on my account; for, not having heard from me,
+they feared I had fallen victim to the caymans or the pirates. The
+narrative of my voyage, my description of Jala-Jala, far from making my
+wife averse to my project of living there, rendered her on the contrary
+impatient to visit our property, and to settle upon it."
+
+Dr. de la Gironière lived many years at Jala-Jala in the peninsula
+country. He relates many adventures in the primitive forests, one of
+which is as follows:
+
+
+A BUFFALO HUNT IN JALA-JALA.
+
+"THE Indians consider the pursuit of the buffalo the most dangerous of
+all hunts; and my guards told me they would rather place their naked
+breast at twenty paces from a rifle's muzzle than find themselves at the
+same distance from a wild buffalo. The difference is, they say, that a
+rifle bullet may only wound, whereas a buffalo's horn is sure to kill.
+
+"Taking advantage of their fear of the buffalo, I one day informed them,
+with all the coolness I could assume, of my intention to hunt that
+animal. Thereupon they exerted all their eloquence to dissuade me from
+my project; they drew a most picturesque and intimidating sketch of the
+dangers and difficulties I should encounter; I, especially, as one
+unaccustomed to that sort of fight--for such a chase is in fact a life
+or death contest. I would not listen to them. I had declared my will; I
+would not discuss the subject, or attend to their advice.
+
+[Illustration: Boats on the River Pasig.]
+
+"It was fortunate that I did not; for these affectionate counsels, these
+alarming pictures of the dangers I was about to run, were given and
+drawn by way of snare; they had agreed among themselves to estimate my
+courage accordingly as I accepted or avoided the combat. My only reply
+was an order to get everything in readiness for the hunt. I took care
+that my wife should know nothing of the expedition, and I set out,
+accompanied by a dozen Indians, almost all armed with guns.
+
+"The buffalo is hunted differently in the plain and in the mountains. In
+the plain, all that is needed is a good horse, agility, and skill in
+throwing the lasso. In the mountains, an extraordinary degree of
+coolness is requisite. This is how the thing is done: The hunter takes a
+gun, upon which he is sure he can depend, and so places himself that the
+buffalo, on issuing from the forest, must perceive him. The very instant
+the brute sees you, he rushes upon you with his very utmost speed,
+breaking, crushing, trampling under foot, everything that impedes his
+progress. He thunders down upon you as though he would annihilate you;
+at a few paces distance, he pauses for a moment, and presents his sharp
+and menacing horns.
+
+"It is during that brief pause that the hunter must take his shot, and
+send a bullet into the center of his enemy's brow. If unfortunately the
+gun misses fire, or if his hand trembles and his ball goes askew, he is
+lost--Providence alone can save him! Such, perhaps, was the fate that
+awaited me; but I was determined to run the chance. We reached the edge
+of a large wood, in which we felt sure that buffaloes were; and there we
+halted. I was sure of my gun; I thought myself tolerably sure of my
+coolness, and I desired that the hunt should take place as if I had been
+a common Indian. I stationed myself on a spot over which everything made
+it probable that the animal would pass, and I suffered no one to remain
+near me. I sent every man to his post, and remained alone on the open
+ground, two hundred paces from the edge of the forest, awaiting a foe
+who would assuredly show me no mercy if I missed him.
+
+"That is certainly a solemn moment in which one finds himself placed
+thus between life and death, all depending on the goodness of a gun, and
+on the steadiness of the hand that grasps it. I quietly waited. When all
+had taken up their positions, two men entered the forest, having
+previously stripped off a part of their clothes, the better to climb the
+trees in case of need. They were armed only with cutlasses, and
+accompanied by dogs. For more than half an hour a mournful silence
+reigned. We listened with all our ears, but no sound was heard.
+
+"The buffalo is often very long before giving sign of life. At last the
+reiterated barking of the dogs, and the cries of the prickers, warned us
+that the beast was afoot. Soon I heard the cracking of the branches and
+young trees, which broke before him as he threaded the forest with
+frightful rapidity. The noise of his headlong career was to be compared
+only to the gallop of several horses, or to the rush of some monstrous
+and fantastical creature; it was like the approach of an avalanche. At
+that moment, I confess, my emotion was so great that my heart beat with
+extraordinary rapidity. Was it death, a terrible death, that thus
+approached me? Suddenly the buffalo appeared. He stood for a moment,
+glared wildly about him, snuffed the air of the plain, and then, his
+nostrils elevated, his horns thrown back upon his shoulders, charged
+down upon me with terrible fury.
+
+"The decisive moment had come. A victim there must be--either the
+buffalo or myself--and we were both disposed to defend ourselves
+stoutly. I should be puzzled to describe what passed within me during
+the short time the animal took to traverse the interval between us. My
+heart, which had beat so violently when I heard him tearing through the
+forest, no longer throbbed. My eyes were fixed upon his forehead with
+such intensity that I saw nothing else. There was a sort of deep silence
+within me. I was too much absorbed to hear anything--even the baying of
+the dogs as they followed their prey at a short distance.
+
+"At last the buffalo stopped, lowered his head, and presented his horns;
+just as he gave a spring I fired. My bullet pierced his skull--I was
+half saved. He fell to the ground, just a pace in front of me, with the
+ponderous noise of a mass of rock. I put my foot between his horns and
+was about to fire my second barrel, when a hollow and prolonged roar
+informed me that my victory was complete. The buffalo was dead. My
+Indians came up. Their joy turned to admiration; they were delighted; I
+was all that they wished me to be.
+
+"Their doubts had been dissipated with the smoke of my gun; I was brave,
+I had proved it, and they had now entire confidence in me. My victim was
+cut up, and carried in triumph to the village. In right of conquest I
+took his horns; they were six feet in length; I have since deposited
+them in the Nantes museum. The Indians, those lovers of metaphor, those
+givers of surnames, thenceforward called me _Malamit Oulou_--Tagal
+words, signifying 'cool head.'"
+
+The traveler describes the cayman, which is of enormous size--the whale
+of the oozy lagoon. He relates the following adventure with a boa:
+
+
+THE BOA OF LUZON.
+
+"THE other monster of which I have promised a description, the boa, is
+common in the Philippines, but it is rare to meet with a very large
+specimen. It is possible, even probable, that centuries (?) are
+necessary for this reptile to attain its largest size; and to such an
+age the various accidents to which animals are exposed rarely suffer it
+to attain. Full-sized boas are met with only in the gloomiest, most
+remote, and most solitary forests.
+
+[Illustration: A boa.]
+
+"I have seen many boas of ordinary size, such as are found in our
+European collections. There were some, indeed, that inhabited my house;
+and one night I found one, two yards long, in possession of my bed.
+
+"Several times, passing through the woods with my Indians, I heard the
+piercing cries of a wild boar. On approaching the spot whence they
+proceeded we almost invariably found a wild boar, about whose body a boa
+had twisted its folds, and was gradually hoisting him up into the tree
+round which it had coiled itself. (See book for illustration.)
+
+"When the wild boar had reached a certain height the snake pressed him
+against the tree with a force that crushed his bones and stifled him.
+Then the boa let its prey fall, descended the tree, and prepared to
+swallow what it had slain. This last operation was much too lengthy for
+us to await its end.
+
+"To simplify matters, I sent a ball into the boa's head. Then my Indian
+took the flesh to dry (bucanier) it, and the skin for dagger sheaths. It
+is unnecessary to say that the wild boar was not forgotten. It was a
+prey that had cost us little pains.
+
+"One day an Indian surprised one of these reptiles asleep, after it had
+swallowed an enormous doe deer. Its size was such that a buffalo cart
+would have been required to transport it to the village.
+
+"The Indian cut it in pieces, and contented himself with as much as he
+could carry off. I sent for the remainder. They brought me a piece about
+eight feet long, and so large that the skin, when dried, enveloped the
+tallest man like a cloak. I gave it to my friend Lindsay.
+
+"I had not yet seen one of the full-grown reptiles, of which the Indians
+spoke to me so much (always with some exaggeration), when one afternoon,
+crossing the mountains with two shepherds, our attention was attracted
+by the sustained barking of my dogs, who seemed assailing some animal
+that stood upon its defense. We at first thought it was a buffalo which
+they had brought to bay, and approached the spot with precaution.
+
+"My dogs were dispersed along the brink of a deep ravine, in which was
+an enormous boa. The monster raised his head to a height, of five or six
+feet, directing it from one edge to the other of the ravine, and
+menacing his assailants with his forked tongue; but the dogs, more
+active than he was, easily avoided his attacks. My first impulse was to
+shoot him, but then it occurred to me to take him alive and send him to
+France. Assuredly he would have been the most monstrous boa that had
+ever been seen there. To carry out my design, we manufactured nooses of
+cane, strong enough to resist the most powerful wild buffalo. With great
+precaution we succeeded in passing one of our nooses round the boa's
+neck; then we tied him tightly to a tree, in such a manner as to keep
+its head at its usual height--about six feet from the ground.
+
+"This done, we crossed to the other side of the ravine and threw another
+noose over him, which we secured like the first. When he felt himself
+thus fixed at both ends, he coiled and writhed, and grappled several
+little trees which grew within his reach along the edge of the ravine.
+Unluckily for him, everything yielded to his efforts; he tore up the
+young trees by the roots, broke off the branches, and dislodged enormous
+stones, round which he sought in vain to obtain the hold or point of
+resistance he needed. The nooses were strong, and withstood his most
+furious efforts. To convey an animal like this several buffaloes and a
+whole system of cordage was necessary. Night approached; confident in
+our nooses we left the place, proposing to return next morning and
+complete the capture--but we reckoned without our host. In the night the
+boa changed his tactics, got his body round some huge blocks of basalt,
+and finally succeeded in breaking his bonds and getting clear off. I was
+greatly disappointed, for I doubted whether I should ever have another
+chance.
+
+"Human beings rarely fall victims to these huge reptiles. I was able to
+verify but one instance. A criminal hid from justice in a cavern. His
+father, who alone knew of his hiding place, went sometimes to see him
+and to take him rice. One day he found, instead of his son, an enormous
+boa asleep. He killed it, and found his son's body in its stomach. The
+priest of the village, who went to give the body Christian burial, and
+who saw the remains of the boa, described it to me as of almost
+incredible size."
+
+
+AN ADVENTURE WITH A MONSTER CAYMAN.
+
+"At the period at which I first occupied my habitation and began to
+colonize the village of Jala-Jala, caymans abounded upon that side of
+the lake. From my windows I daily saw them gamboling in the water, and
+waylaying and snapping at the dogs that ventured too near the brink. One
+day a female servant of my wife's having been so imprudent as to bathe
+at the edge of the lake was surprised by one of them, a monster of
+enormous size. One of my guards came up at the very moment she was being
+carried off; he fired his carbine at the brute and hit it under the
+fore-leg (the armpit), which is the only vulnerable place. But the wound
+was insufficient to check the cayman's progress, and it disappeared with
+its prey. Nevertheless, this little bullet-hole was the cause of its
+death; and here it is to be noted that the slightest wound received by
+the cayman is incurable. The shrimps, which abound in the lake, get into
+the hurt; little by little their number increases, until at last they
+penetrate deep into the solid flesh and into the very interior of the
+body. This is what happened to the one which devoured my wife's maid. A
+month after the accident the monster was found dead upon the bank five
+or six leagues from my house. Indians brought me back the unfortunate
+woman's earrings, which they had found in its stomach.
+
+"Upon another occasion a Chinese was riding with me. We reached a river,
+and I let him go on alone in order to ascertain whether the river was
+very deep or not. On a sudden three or four caymans, which lay in
+waiting under the water, threw themselves upon him; horse and Chinese
+disappeared, and for some minutes the water was tinged with blood.
+
+"I was very curious to obtain a near sight of one of these voracious
+monsters. At the time that they frequented the vicinity of my house I
+made several attempts to attain that end. One night I baited a huge
+hook, secured by a chain and strong cord, with an entire sheep. Next
+morning sheep and chain had disappeared. I lay in wait for the creatures
+with my gun, but the bullets rebounded from their scales. A large dog,
+of a race peculiar to the Philippines and exceeding any European dog in
+size, happening to die, I had his carcase dragged to the shore of the
+lake; I then hid myself in a little thicket and waited, with my gun in
+readiness, the coming of a cayman. But presently I fell asleep, and when
+I awoke the dog had disappeared. It was fortunate the cayman had not
+taken the wrong prey.
+
+"When the colony of Jala-Jala had been a few years founded, the caymans
+disappeared from its neighborhood. I was out one morning with my
+shepherds, at a few leagues from my house, when we came to a river which
+must be swum across. One of them advised me to ascend it to a narrower
+place, for that it was full of caymans, and I was about to do so when
+another Indian, more imprudent than his companions, spurred his horse
+into the stream. 'I do not fear the caymans!' he exclaimed. But he was
+scarcely halfway cross when we saw a cayman of monstrous size advancing
+toward him. We uttered a shout of warning; he at once perceived the
+danger, and, to avoid it, got off his horse at the opposite side to that
+upon which the cayman was approaching, and swam with all his strength
+toward the bank. On reaching it, he paused behind a fallen tree trunk,
+where he had water to his knees, and where, believing himself in perfect
+safety, he drew his cutlass and waited. Meanwhile the cayman reared his
+enormous head out of the water, threw himself upon the horse, and seized
+him by the saddle. The horse made an effort, the girths broke, and,
+while the cayman crunched the leather, the steed reached dry land.
+Perceiving that the saddle was not what he wanted, the cayman dropped it
+and advanced upon the Indian. We shouted to him to run. The poor fellow
+would not stir, but waited calmly, cutlass in hand, and, on the
+alligator's near approach, dealt him a blow upon the head. He might as
+well have tapped upon an anvil. The next instant he was writhing in the
+monster's jaws. For more than a minute we beheld him dragged in the
+direction of the lake, his body erect above the surface of the water
+(the cayman had seized him by the thigh), his hands joined, his eyes
+turned to heaven, in the attitude of a man imploring divine mercy. Soon
+he disappeared. The drama was over, the cayman's stomach was his tomb.
+
+"During this agonizing moment we had all remained silent, but no sooner
+had my poor shepherd disappeared than we vowed we would avenge his
+death.
+
+"I had three nets made of strong cord, each net large enough to form a
+complete barrier across the river. I also had a hut built, and put an
+Indian to live in it, whose duty was to keep constant watch and to let
+me know as soon as the cayman returned to the river. He watched in vain
+for upward of two months; but at the end of that time he came and told
+me that the monster had seized a horse and dragged it into the river to
+devour it at leisure. I immediately repaired to the spot, accompanied by
+my guards, by my priest, who positively would see a cayman hunt, and by
+an American friend of mine, Mr. Russell, of the house of Russell and
+Sturgis, who was then staying with me. I had the nets spread at
+intervals, so that the cayman could not escape back into the lake. This
+operation was not effected without some acts of imprudence; thus, for
+instance, when the nets were arranged, an Indian dived to make sure that
+they reached the bottom, and that our enemy could not escape by passing
+below them. But it might very well have happened that the cayman was in
+the interval between the nets, and so have gobbled up my Indian.
+Fortunately everything passed as we wished. When all was ready, I
+launched three pirogues, strongly fastened together side by side, with
+some Indians in the center, armed with lances, and with tall bamboos
+with which they could touch bottom. At last, all measures having been
+taken to attain my end without any risk or accident, my Indians began to
+explore the river with their long bamboos.
+
+"An animal of such formidable size as the one we sought can not very
+easily hide himself, and soon we beheld him upon the surface of the
+river, lashing the water with his long tail, snapping and clattering
+with his jaws, and endeavoring to get at those who dared disturb him in
+his retreat. A universal shout of joy greeted his appearance; the
+Indians in the pirogues hurled their lances at him, while we, upon
+either shore of the river, fired a volley. The bullets rebounded from
+the monster's scales, which they were unable to penetrate; the keener
+lances made their way between the scales and entered the cayman's body
+some eight or ten inches. Thereupon he disappeared, swimming with
+incredible rapidity, and reached the first net.
+
+"The resistance it opposed turned him; he reascended the river, and
+again appeared on the top of the water. This violent movement broke the
+staves of the lances which the Indians had stuck into him, and the iron
+alone remained in the wounds. Each time that he reappeared the firing
+recommenced, and fresh lances were plunged into his enormous body.
+Perceiving, however, how ineffectual firearms were to pierce his
+cuirass of invulnerable scales, I excited him by my shouts and gestures;
+and when he came to the edge of the water, opening his enormous jaws all
+ready to devour me, I approached the muzzle of my gun to within a few
+inches and fired both barrels, in the hope that the bullets would find
+something softer than scales in the interior of that formidable cavern,
+and that they would penetrate to his brain. All was in vain. The jaws
+closed with a terrible noise, seizing only the fire and smoke that
+issued from my gun, and the balls flattened against his bones without
+injuring them. The animal, which had now become furious, made
+inconceivable efforts to seize one of his enemies; his strength seemed
+to increase instead of diminishing, while our resources were nearly
+exhausted. Almost all our lances were sticking in his body, and our
+ammunition drew to an end. The fight had lasted more than six hours,
+without any result that could make us hope its speedy termination, when
+an Indian struck the cayman, while at the bottom of the water, with a
+lance of unusual strength and size.
+
+"Another Indian struck two vigorous blows with a mace upon the butt end
+of the lance; the iron entered deep into the animal's body, and
+immediately, with a movement as swift as lightning, he darted toward the
+nets and disappeared. The lance-pole, detached from the iron head,
+returned to the surface of the water; for some minutes we waited in
+vain for the monster's reappearance; we thought that his last effort had
+enabled him to reach the lake, and that our chase was perfectly
+fruitless. We hauled in the first net, a large hole in which convinced
+us that our supposition was correct. The second net was in the same
+condition as the first. Disheartened by our failure, we were hauling in
+the third when we felt a strong resistance. Several Indians began to
+drag it toward the bank, and presently, to our great joy, we saw the
+cayman upon the surface of the water, expiring.
+
+"We threw over him several lassos of strong cords, and when he was well
+secured we drew him to land. It was no easy matter to haul him up on the
+bank; the strength of forty Indians hardly sufficed. When at last we had
+got him completely out of the water, and had him before our eyes, we
+stood stupefied with astonishment; for a very different thing was it to
+see his body thus, and to see him swimming when he was fighting against
+us. Mr. Russell, a very competent person, was charged with his
+measurement. From the extremity of the nostrils to the tip of the tail
+he was found to be _twenty-seven feet_ long, and his circumference was
+eleven feet, measured under the armpits. His belly was much more
+voluminous, but we thought it useless to measure him there, judging that
+the horse upon which he had breakfasted must considerably have
+increased his bulk."
+
+
+SWIFTS.
+
+The edible swallows' nests are found in most of the islands of the
+Eastern archipelago.
+
+A traveler, Mr. H. Pryer, who made a visit to one of the swifts' caves
+in Borneo, thus describes the coming and the going of the dusky birds:
+
+"At a quarter past six in the evening the swifts began to return to the
+caves of their nests; a few had been flying in and out all day long, but
+now they began to pour in, at first in tens and then in hundreds, until
+the sound of their wings was like a strong gale of wind whistling
+through the rigging of a ship.
+
+"They continued flying until after midnight. As long as it remained
+light I found it impossible to catch any with my butterfly net, but
+after dark I found it only necessary to wave my net to secure as many as
+I wanted.
+
+"They must possess wonderful powers of sight to fly about in the dark of
+the recesses of their caves and to return to their nests, which are
+often built in places where no light penetrates."
+
+The edible nests are a luxury in China, where they are used in soups.
+The bird makes her nest of saliva, and plasters it on to the rocks
+inside of caves. The nests are collected by means of boats, ropes, and
+ladders, and bring in the Chinese market from £2 to £7 per pound. There
+have been imported to Canton more than eight million nests in a single
+year.
+
+Such are some views of life inside of the vast possession of the sea
+which Magellan discovered for Spain, but which has fallen under the
+folds of the flag of the Republic of the West.
+
+ THE END.
+
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ D. APPLETON AND COMPANY'S PUBLICATIONS.
+ --------------------------------------
+
+ BOOKS BY WILLIAM O. STODDARD.
+
+ UNIFORM EDITION. EACH, 12MO, CLOTH, $1.50.
+
+ _WITH THE BLACK PRINCE._ A Story of Adventure in the Fourteenth
+ Century. Illustrated by B. West Clinedinst.
+
+ This is a story of adventure and of battle, but it is also an
+ informing presentation of life in England and some phases of life
+ in France in the fourteenth century. The hero is associated with
+ the Black Prince at Crécy and elsewhere. Mr. Stoddard has done his
+ best work in this story, and the absorbing interest of his stirring
+ historical romance will appeal to all young readers.
+
+ _SUCCESS AGAINST ODDS; or, How an American Boy made his Way._
+ Illustrated by B. West Clinedinst.
+
+ In this spirited and interesting story Mr. Stoddard tells the
+ adventures of a plucky boy who fought his own battles, and made his
+ way upward from poverty in a Long Island seashore town. It is a
+ tale of pluck and self-reliance capitally told. The seashore life
+ is vividly described, and there are plenty of exciting incidents.
+
+ _THE RED PATRIOT._ A Story of the American Revolution. Illustrated
+ by B. West Clinedinst.
+
+ _THE WINDFALL; or, After the Flood._ Illustrated by B. West
+ Clinedinst.
+
+ _CHRIS, THE MODEL-MAKER._ A Story of New York. With 6 full-page
+ Illustrations by B. West Clinedinst.
+
+ _ON THE OLD FRONTIER._ With 10 full-page Illustrations.
+
+ _THE BATTLE OF NEW YORK._ With 11 full-page Illustrations and
+ colored Frontispiece.
+
+ _LITTLE SMOKE._ A Story of the Sioux Indians. With 12 full-page
+ Illustrations by F. S. Dellenbaugh, portraits of Sitting Bull, Red
+ Cloud, and other chiefs, and 72 head and tail pieces representing
+ the various implements and surroundings of Indian life.
+
+ _CROWDED OUT O' CROFIELD._ The story of a country boy who fought
+ his way to success in the great metropolis. With 23 Illustrations
+ by C. T. Hill.
+
+ D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.
+
+ ----------------------------------
+
+ D. APPLETON AND COMPANY'S PUBLICATIONS.
+
+ GOOD BOOKS FOR YOUNG READERS.
+
+ _THE EXPLOITS OF MYLES STANDISH._ By HENRY JOHNSON (Muirhead
+ Robertson), author of "From Scrooby to Plymouth Rock," etc.
+ Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+ "A vivid picture, keen and penetrating in its interests, and
+ familiarizing young people in a popular way with the hardships
+ endured by the early settlers of New England"--_Boston Herald._
+
+ "All that concerns the settlement at New Plymouth is told with fine
+ skill and vividness of description.... A book that must be read
+ from cover to cover with unfaltering interest."--_Boston Saturday
+ Evening Gazette._
+
+ _CHRISTINE'S CAREER._ A Story for Girls. By PAULINE KING.
+ Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, specially bound. $1.50.
+
+ The story is fresh and modern, relieved by incidents and constant
+ humor, and the lessons which are suggested are most beneficial.
+
+ _JOHN BOYD'S ADVENTURES._ By THOMAS W. KNOX, author of "The Boy
+ Travelers," etc. With 12 full-page Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth,
+ $1.50.
+
+ _ALONG THE FLORIDA REEF._ By CHARLES F. HOLDER, joint author of
+ "Elements of Zoölogy." With numerous Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth,
+ $1.50.
+
+ _ENGLISHMAN'S HAVEN._ By W. J. GORDON, author of "The
+ Captain-General," etc. With 8 full-page Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth,
+ $1.50.
+
+ _WE ALL._ A Story of Outdoor Life and Adventure in Arkansas. By
+ OCTAVE THANET. With 12 full-page Illustrations by E. J. Austen and
+ Others, 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+ _KING TOM AND THE RUNAWAYS._ By LOUIS PENDLETON. The experiences of
+ two boys in the forests of Georgia. With 6 Illustrations by E. W.
+ Kemble. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+ D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.
+
+ ---------------------------------
+
+
+ _BOYS IN THE MOUNTAINS AND ON THE PLAINS; or, The Western
+ Adventures of Tom Smart, Bob Edge, and Peter Small._ By W. H.
+ RIDEING, Member of the Geographical Surveys under Lieutenant
+ Wheeler. With 101 Illustrations. Square 8vo. Cloth, gilt side and
+ back, $2.50.
+
+ "A handsome gift-book relating to travel, adventure, and field
+ sports in the West."--_New York Times._
+
+ "Mr. Rideing's book is intended for the edification of advanced
+ young readers. It narrates the adventures of Tom Smart, Bob Edge,
+ and Peter Small, in their travels through the mountainous region of
+ the West, principally in Colorado. The author was a member of the
+ Wheeler expedition, engaged in surveying the Territories, and his
+ descriptions of scenery, mining life, the Indians, games, etc., are
+ in a great measure derived from personal observation and
+ experience. The volume is handsomely illustrated, and can not but
+ prove attractive to young readers."--_Chicago Journal._
+
+ _BOYS COASTWISE; or, All Along the Shore._ By W. H. RIDEING,
+ Uniform with "Boys in the Mountains." With numerous Illustrations.
+ Illuminated boards, $1.75.
+
+ "Fully equal to the best of the year's holiday books for boys....
+ In his present trip the author takes them among scenes of the
+ greatest interest to all boys, whether residents on the coast or
+ inland--along the wharves of the metropolis, aboard the pilot-boats
+ for a cruise, with a look at the great ocean steamers, among the
+ life-saving men, coast wreckers and divers, and finally on a tour
+ of inspection of lighthouses and lightships, and other interesting
+ phases of nautical and coast life."--_Christian Union._
+
+ _THE CRYSTAL HUNTERS._ A Boy's Adventures in the Higher Alps. By
+ GEORGE MANVILLE FENN, author of "In the King's Name," "Dick o' the
+ Fens," etc. 12mo, Cloth, $1.50.
+
+ "This is the boys' favorite author, and of the many books Mr. Fenn
+ has written for them this will please them the best. While it will
+ not come under the head of sensational, it is yet full of life and
+ of those stirring adventures which boys always delight
+ in."--_Christian at Work._
+
+ "English pluck and Swiss coolness are tested to the utmost in these
+ perilous explorations among the higher Alps, and quite as thrilling
+ as any of the narrow escapes is the account of the first breathless
+ ascent of a real mountain-peak. It matters little to the reader
+ whether the search for crystals is rewarded or not, so concerned
+ does he become for the fate of the hunters."--_Literary World._
+
+ _SYD BELTON: The Boy who would not go to Sea._ By GEORGE MANVILLE
+ FENN. With 6 full-page Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+ "Who among the young story-reading public will not rejoice at the
+ sight of the old combination, so often proved admirable--a story by
+ Manville Fenn, illustrated by Gordon Browne! The story, too, is one
+ of the good old sort, full of life and vigor, breeziness and fun.
+ It begins well and goes on better, and from the time Syd joins his
+ ship, exciting incidents follow each other in such rapid and
+ brilliant succession that nothing short of absolute compulsion
+ would induce the reader to lay it down."--_London Journal of
+ Education._
+
+ D. APPELTON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.
+
+ ----------------------------------
+
+ YOUNG HEROES OF OUR NAVY.
+
+ Uniform Edition. Each, 12mo, Cloth, $1.00.
+
+=Dewey on the Mississippi.=
+
+ The Story of the Admiral's Younger Years. By ROSSITER JOHNSON. A
+ New Book in the Young Heroes of our Navy Series. Illustrated.
+
+=The Hero of Erie (Commodore Perry).=
+
+ By JAMES BARNES, author of "Midshipman Farragut," "Commodore
+ Bainbridge," etc. With 10 full-page Illustrations.
+
+=Commodore Bainbridge.=
+
+ From the Gunroom to the Quarter-deck. By JAMES BARNES, author of
+ "Midshipman Farragut." Illustrated by George Gibbs and Others.
+
+=Midshipman Farragut.=
+
+ By JAMES BARNES, author of "For King or Country," etc. Illustrated
+ by Carlton T. Chapman.
+
+=Decatur and Somers.=
+
+ By MOLLY ELLIOT SEAWELL, author of "Paul Jones," "Little Jarvis,"
+ etc. With 6 full-page Illustrations by J. O. Davidson and Others.
+
+=Paul Jones.=
+
+ By MOLLY ELLIOT SEAWELL. With 8 full-page Illustrations.
+
+=Midshipman Paulding.=
+
+ A True Story of the War of 1812. By MOLLY ELLIOT SEAWELL. With 6
+ full-page Illustrations.
+
+=Little Jarvis.=
+
+ The story of the heroic midshipman of the frigate Constellation. By
+ MOLLY ELLIOT SEAWELL. With 6 full-page Illustrations.
+
+ D. APPELTON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.
+
+ ----------------------------------
+
+ D. APPELTON AND CO'S PUBLICATIONS.
+
+ _PAUL AND VIRGINIA._ By BERNARDIN DE SAINT-PIERRE. With a
+ Biographical Sketch, and numerous Illustrations by Maurice Leloir.
+ 8vo. Cloth, gilt top, uniform with "Picciola," "The Story of
+ Colette," and "An Attic Philosopher in Paris." $1.50.
+
+ It is believed that this standard edition of "Paul and Virginia"
+ with Leloir's charming illustrations will prove a most acceptable
+ addition to the series of illustrated foreign classics in which D.
+ Appleton and Co. have published "The Story of Colette," "An Attic
+ Philosopher in Paris," and "Picciola." No more sympathetic
+ illustrator than Leloir could be found, and his treatment of this
+ masterpiece of French literature invests it with a peculiar value.
+
+ _PICCIOLA._ By X. B. SAINTINE. With 130 Illustrations by J. F.
+ GUELDRY. 8vo. Cloth, gilt top, $1.50.
+
+ "Saintine's 'Picciola,' the pathetic tale of the prisoner who
+ raised a flower between the cracks of the flagging of his dungeon,
+ has passed definitely into the list of classic books.... It has
+ never been more beautifully housed than in this edition, with its
+ fine typography, binding, and sympathetic
+ illustrations."--_Philadelphia Telegraph._
+
+ "The binding is both unique and tasteful, and the book commends
+ itself strongly as one that should meet with general favor in the
+ season of gift-making."--_Boston Saturday Evening Gazette._
+
+ "Most beautiful in its clear type, cream-laid paper, many
+ attractive illustrations, and holiday binding."--_New York
+ Observer._
+
+ _AN ATTIC PHILOSOPHER IN PARIS; or, A Peep at the World from a
+ Garret._ Being the Journal of a Happy Man. By ÉMILE SOUVESTRE. With
+ numerous Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, gilt top, $1.50.
+
+ "A suitable holiday gift for a friend who appreciates refined
+ literature."--_Boston Times._
+
+ "The influence of the book is wholly good. The volume is a
+ particularly handsome one."--_Philadelphia Telegraph._
+
+ "It is a classic. It has found an appropriate reliquary. Faithfully
+ translated, charmingly illustrated by Jean Claude with full-page
+ pictures, vignettes in the text, and head and tail pieces, printed
+ in graceful type on handsome paper, and bound with an art worthy of
+ Matthews, in half-cloth, ornamented on the cover, it is an
+ exemplary book, fit to be 'a treasure for aye.'"--_New York Times._
+
+ _THE STORY OF COLETTE._ A new large-paper edition. With 36
+ Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, gilt top, $1.50.
+
+ "One of the handsomest of the books of fiction for the holiday
+ season."--_Philadelphia Bulletin._
+
+ "One of the gems of the season.... It is the story of the life of
+ young womanhood in France, dramatically told, with the light and
+ shade and coloring of the genuine artist, and is utterly free from
+ that which mars too many French novels. In its literary finish it
+ is well-nigh perfect, indicating the hand of the master."--_Boston
+ Traveller._
+
+ New York: D. APPELTON AND CO., 72, Fifth Avenue.
+
+ ----------------------------------------------
+
+ D. APPLETON AND CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
+
+ _THE FARMER'S BOY._ By CLIFTON JOHNSON, author of "The Country
+ School in New England," etc. With 64 Illustrations by the Author.
+ 8vo. Cloth, $2.50.
+
+ "One of the handsomest and most elaborate juvenile works lately
+ published."--_Philadelphia Item._
+
+ "Mr. Johnson's style is almost rhythmical, and one lays down the
+ book with the sensation of having read a poem and that saddest of
+ all longings, the longing for vanished youth."--_Boston Commercial
+ Bulletin._
+
+ "As a triumph of the realistic photographer's art it deserves warm
+ praise quite aside from its worth as a sterling book on the
+ subjects its title indicates.... It is a most praiseworthy book,
+ and the more such that are published the better."--_New York Mail
+ and Express._
+
+ "The book is beautiful and amusing, well studied, well written,
+ redolent of the wood, the field, and the stream, and full of those
+ delightful reminders of a boy's country home which touch the
+ heart."--_New York Independent._
+
+ "One of the finest books of the kind that have ever been put
+ out."--_Cleveland World._
+
+ "A book on whose pages many a gray-haired man would dwell with
+ retrospective enjoyment."--_St. Paul Pioneer Press._
+
+ "The illustrations are admirable, and the book will appeal to every
+ one who has had a taste of life on a New England farm."--_Boston
+ Transcript._
+
+ _THE COUNTRY SCHOOL IN NEW ENGLAND._ By CLIFTON JOHNSON. With 60
+ Illustrations from Photographs and Drawings made by the Author.
+ Square 8vo. Cloth, gilt edges, $2.50.
+
+ "An admirable undertaking, carried out in an admirable way.... Mr.
+ Johnson's descriptions are vivid and lifelike and are full of
+ humor, and the illustrations, mostly after photographs, give a
+ solid effect of realism to the whole work, and are superbly
+ reproduced.... The definitions at the close of this volume are
+ very, very funny, and yet they are not stupid; they are usually the
+ result of deficient logic."--_Boston Beacon._
+
+ "A charmingly written account of the rural schools in this section
+ of the country. It speaks of the old-fashioned school days of the
+ early quarter of this century, of the mid-century schools, of the
+ country school of to-day, and of how scholars think and write. The
+ style is animated and picturesque.... It is handsomely printed, and
+ is interesting from its pretty cover to its very last
+ page."--_Boston Saturday Evening Gazette._
+
+ "A unique piece of book-making that deserves to be popular....
+ Prettily and serviceably bound, and well illustrated."--_The
+ Churchman._
+
+ "The readers who turn the leaves of this handsome book will unite
+ in saying the author has 'been there.' It is no fancy sketch, but
+ text and illustrations are both a reality."--_Chicago Inter-Ocean._
+
+ "No one who is familiar with the little red schoolhouse can look at
+ these pictures and read these chapters without having the mind
+ recall the boyhood experiences, and the memory is pretty sure to be
+ a pleasant one."--_Chicago Times._
+
+ "A superbly prepared volume, which by its reading matter and its
+ beautiful illustrations, so natural and finished, pleasantly and
+ profitably recalls memories and associations connected with the
+ very foundations of our national greatness."--_N. Y. Observer._
+
+ New York: D. APPELTON AND CO., 72, Fifth Avenue.
+
+ -----------------------------------------------
+
+ D. APPLETON AND CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
+
+ _UNCLE REMUS. His Songs and his Sayings._ By JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS.
+ With new Preface and Revisions, and 112 Illustrations by A. B.
+ Frost. Library Edition. 12mo. Buckram, gilt top, uncut, $2.00.
+ Also, _Edition de luxe_ of the above, limited to 250 copies, each
+ signed by the author, with the full-page cuts mounted on India
+ paper. 8vo. White vellum, gilt top, $10.00.
+
+ "The old tales of the plantation have never been told as Mr. Harris
+ has told them. Each narrative is to the point, and so swift in its
+ action upon the risibilities of the reader that one almost loses
+ consciousness of the printed page, and fancies it is the voice of
+ the lovable old darky himself that steals across the senses and
+ brings mirth inextinguishable as it comes; ... and Mr. Frost's
+ drawings are so superlatively good, so inexpressibly funny, that
+ they promise to make this the standard edition of a standard
+ book."--_New York Tribune._
+
+ "An exquisite volume, full of good illustrations, and if there is
+ anybody in this country who doesn't know Mr. Harris, here is an
+ opportunity to make his acquaintance and have many a good
+ laugh."--_New York Herald._
+
+ "There is but one 'Uncle Remus,' and he will never grow old.... It
+ was a happy thought, that of marrying the work of Harris and
+ Frost."--_New York Mail and Express._
+
+ "Nobody could possibly have done this work better than Mr. Frost,
+ whose appreciation of negro life fitted him especially to be the
+ interpreter of 'Uncle Remus,' and whose sense of the humor in
+ animal life makes these drawings really illustrations in the
+ fullest sense. Mr. Harris's well-known work has become in a sense a
+ classic, and this may be accepted as the standard
+ edition."--_Philadelphia Times._
+
+ "A book which became a classic almost as soon as it was
+ published.... Mr. Frost has never done anything better in the way
+ of illustration, if indeed he has done anything as good."--_Boston
+ Advertiser._
+
+ "We pity the reader who has not yet made the acquaintance of 'Uncle
+ Remus' and his charming story.... Mr. Harris has made a real
+ addition to literature purely and strikingly American, and Mr.
+ Frost has aided in fixing the work indelibly on the consciousness
+ of the American reader."--_The Churchman._
+
+ "The old fancies of the old negro, dear as they may have been to us
+ these many years, seem to gain new life when they appear through
+ the medium of Mr. Frost's imagination."--_New York Home Journal._
+
+ "In his own peculiar field 'Uncle Remus' has no rival. The book has
+ become a classic, but the latest edition is the choice one. It is
+ rarely riven to an author to see his work accompanied by pictures
+ so closely in sympathy with his text."--_San Francisco Argonaut._
+
+ "We say it with the utmost faith that there is not an artist who
+ works in illustration that can catch the attitude and expression,
+ the slyness, the innate depravity, the eye of surprise, obstinacy,
+ the hang of the head or the kick of the heels of the mute and the
+ brute creation as Mr. Frost has shown to us here."--_Baltimore
+ Sun._
+
+ New York: D. APPELTON AND CO., 72, Fifth Avenue.
+
+ -----------------------------------------------
+
+ D. APPLETON AND CO'S PUBLICATIONS.
+
+ _THE STORY OF WASHINGTON._ By ELIZABETH EGGLESTON SEELYE. Edited by
+ Dr. Edward Eggleston. With over 100 Illustrations by Allegra
+ Eggleston. A new volume in the "Delights of History" Series,
+ uniform with "The Story of Columbus." 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.
+
+ "One of the best accounts of the incidents of Washington's life for
+ young people."--_New York Observer._
+
+ "The Washington described is not that of the demigod or hero of the
+ first half of this century, but the man Washington, with his
+ defects as well as his virtues, his unattractive traits as well as
+ his pleasing ones.... There is greater freedom from errors than in
+ more pretentious lives."--_Chicago Tribune._
+
+ "The illustrations are numerous, and actually illustrate, including
+ portraits and views, with an occasional map and minor pictures
+ suggestive of the habits and customs of the period. It is
+ altogether an attractive and useful book, and one that should find
+ many readers among American boys and girls."--_Philadelphia Times._
+
+ "A good piece of literary work presented in an attractive
+ shape."--_New York Tribune._
+
+ "Will be read with interest by young and old. It is told with good
+ taste and accuracy, and if the first President loses some of his
+ mythical goodness in this story, the real greatness of his natural
+ character stands out distinctly, and his example will be all the
+ more helpful to the boys and girls of this generation."--_New York
+ Churchman._
+
+ "The book is just what has been needed, the story of the life of
+ Washington, as well as of his public career, written in a manner so
+ interesting that one who begins it will finish, and so told that it
+ will leave not the memory of a few trivial anecdotes by which to
+ measure the man, but a just and complete estimate of him. The
+ illustrations are so excellent as to double the value of the book
+ as it would be without them."--_Chicago Times._
+
+ _THE STORY OF COLUMBUS._ By ELIZABETH EGGLESTON SEELYE. Edited by
+ Dr. Edward Eggleston. With 100 Illustrations by Allegra Eggleston.
+ "Delights of History" Series. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.
+
+ "A brief, popular, interesting, and yet critical volume, just such
+ as we should wish to place in the hands of a young reader. The
+ authors of this volume have done their best to keep it on a high
+ plane of accuracy and conscientious work without losing sight of
+ their readers."--_New York Independent._
+
+ "In some respects altogether the best book that the Columbus year
+ has brought out."--_Rochester Post-Express._
+
+ "A simple story told in a natural fashion, and will be found far
+ more interesting than many of the more ambitions works on a similar
+ theme."--_New York Journal of Commerce._
+
+ "This is no ordinary work. It is pre-eminently a work of the
+ present time and of the future as well."--_Boston Traveller._
+
+ "Mrs. Seelye's book is pleasing in its general effect, and reveals
+ the results of painstaking and conscientious study."--_New York
+ Tribune._
+
+ "A very just account is given of Columbus, his failings being
+ neither concealed nor magnified, but his real greatness being made
+ plain."--_New York Examiner._
+
+ "The illustrations are particularly well chosen and neatly
+ executed, and they add to the general excellence of the
+ volume."--_New York Times._
+
+ New York: D. APPELTON AND CO., 72, Fifth Avenue.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of Magellan and The
+Discovery of the Philippines, by Hezekiah Butterworth
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF MAGELLAN ***
+
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