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diff --git a/38886-h/38886-h.htm b/38886-h/38886-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b59a3b --- /dev/null +++ b/38886-h/38886-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,16588 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Wild Flowers of Califorina, by Mary Elizabeth Parsons. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + text-indent: 1em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; 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+ text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Poetry */ +.poem { margin-left:35%; margin-right:15%; margin-bottom:0.75em; } + +p.quotsig { text-align:right; margin-top:0;} + .poem .stanza { margin-top: 1em; } + .stanza span { + line-height: 1.2em; + margin-left: 2em; + text-indent: -2em; + } + .stanza br { display: none; } +.poem .i1 {display:block; margin-left: .9em;} +.poem .i0 {display:block; margin-left: 1.5em;} +.poem .i2 {display:block; margin-left: 3em;} +.poem .i8 {display:block; margin-left: 6em;} +.poem .i16 {display:block; margin-left: 8em;} +.poem .ni {display:block; margin-left: 0em;} +.poem .i20 {display:block; margin-left: 15em} + +ins.mycorr {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: thin dotted red;} +.mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; +margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Wild Flowers of California: Their +Names, Haunts, and Habits, by Mary Elizabeth Parsons + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Wild Flowers of California: Their Names, Haunts, and Habits + +Author: Mary Elizabeth Parsons + +Illustrator: Margaret Warriner Buck + +Release Date: February 15, 2012 [EBook #38886] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Mark Young and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<h1>THE WILD FLOWERS</h1> +<h2>OF CALIFORNIA</h2> + +<h4><i>THEIR NAMES, HAUNTS, AND HABITS</i></h4> + +<h3>BY</h3> +<h2>MARY ELIZABETH PARSONS</h2> + +<h4>ILLUSTRATED BY</h4> +<h2>MARGARET WARRINER BUCK</h2> +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> +<h4><i>THIRD THOUSAND</i></h4> +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 45px;"> +<img src="images/tpage.png" width="45" height="50" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h4>WILLIAM DOXEY</h4> +<h4>AT THE SIGN OF THE LARK</h4> +<h4>SAN FRANCISCO</h4> +<h4>1897</h4> + + +<h5><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1897</span></h5> +<h5><span class="smcap">William Doxey</span></h5> +<h5><span class="smcap">The Doxey Press</span></h5> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2> + +<ul> +<li><a class="ralign">PAGE</a><br /></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Preface</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#PREFACE">vii</a></span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Table of Plates</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#TABLE_OF_PLATES">xiii</a></span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">How to Use the Book</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#HOW_TO_USE_THE_BOOK">xix</a></span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Explanation of Terms</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#EXPLANATION_OF_TERMS">xxii</a></span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Important Plant Families and Genera</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#IMPORTANT_PLANT_FAMILIES_AND_GENERA">xxxi</a></span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Introductory</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#INTRODUCTORY">xlii</a></span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Prelude</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#PRELUDE">xlvii</a></span></li> +<li><a href="#FLOWER_DESCRIPTIONS"><span class="smcap">Flower Descriptions</span>:--</a></li> +<li><a class="lindent1">I. <span class="smcap">White</span></a><span class="ralign"><a href="#White_or_occasionally_or_partially_white_flowers_not_described">3</a></span><br /></li> +<li><a class="lindent1">II. <span class="smcap">Yellow</span></a><span class="ralign"><a href="#II_YELLOW">109</a></span><br /></li> +<li><a class="lindent1">III. <span class="smcap">Pink</span></a><span class="ralign"><a href="#III_PINK">193</a></span><br /></li> +<li><a class="lindent1">IV. <span class="smcap">Blue and Purple</span></a><span class="ralign"><a href="#IV_BLUE_AND_PURPLE">255</a></span><br /></li> +<li><a class="lindent1">V. <span class="smcap">Red</span></a><span class="ralign"><a href="#V_RED">335</a></span><br /></li> +<li><a class="lindent1">VI. <span class="smcap">Miscellaneous</span></a><span class="ralign"><a href="#VI_MISCELLANEOUS">369</a></span><br /></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Index to Latin Names</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#INDEX_TO_LATIN_NAMES">393</a></span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Index to English Names</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#INDEX_TO_ENGLISH_NAMES">399</a></span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Index of Technical Terms</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#INDEX_OF_TECHNICAL_TERMS">405</a></span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Glossary</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#GLOSSARY">406</a></span></li></ul> + + + + + + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">"Were I, O God, in churchless lands remaining,</span> +<span class="i0">Far from all voice of teachers or divines,</span> +<span class="i1">My soul would find in flowers of thy ordaining</span> +<span class="i2">Priests, sermons, shrines!"</span> +</div></div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>To the thoughtless a flower is often a trivial thing—beautiful +perhaps, and worthy of a passing glance—but that is all. +But to the mind open to the great truths of the universe, it +takes on a deeper significance. Such a mind sees in its often +humble beginnings the genesis of things far-reaching and +mighty. Two thousand years ago one grain of the shower +of pollen wafted upon the wind and falling upon a minute +undeveloped cone, quickened a seed there into life, and this +dropping into the soil pushed up a tiny thread of green, which, +after the quiet process of the ages, you now behold in the +giant Sequoia which tosses its branches aloft, swept by the +four winds of heaven.</p> + +<p>Whether manifesting itself in the inconspicuous flower upon +the tree or in the equally unassuming inflorescence of the vegetable, +or unfurling petals of satin or gauze of brilliant hue and +marvelous beauty, the blossom is the origin of most that is useful +or beautiful in the organic world about us. Strip the world +of its blossoms, and the higher forms of life must come to a +speedy termination. Thus we see the flower playing a wonderfully +important part in the cosmos around us. It becomes +henceforth not only a thing of beauty for the gratification of +the æsthetic sense, but the instrument by which Nature brings +about the fullness of her perfection in her own good season.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>There is perhaps no nature-study that can yield the same +amount of pure and unalloyed pleasure with so little outlay as +the study of the wild flowers. When one is interested in them,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[ viii]</a></span> +every walk into the fields is transformed from an aimless ramble +into a joyous, eager quest, and every journey upon stage +or railroad becomes a rare opportunity for making new plant-acquaintances—a +season of exhilarating excitement.</p> + +<p>Mr. Burroughs, that devout lover of nature, says: "Most +young people find botany a dull study. So it is, as taught +from the text-books in the schools; but study it yourself in the +fields and woods, and you will find it a source of perennial +delight. Find your flower, and then name it by the aid of the +botany. There is so much in a name. To find out what a +thing is called is a great help. It is the beginning of knowledge; +it is the first step. When we see a new person who +interests us, we wish to know his or her name. A bird, a +flower, a place—the first thing we wish to know about it is its +name. Its name helps us to classify it; it gives us a handle to +grasp it by; it sheds a ray of light where all before was darkness. +As soon as we know the name of a thing, we seem to +have established some sort of relation with it."</p> + +<p>Having learned the name of a flower or plant, or having +been formally introduced to it, as it were, our acquaintance has +but just begun. Instead of being our end and aim, as it was +with students of botany in the olden times, this is but the beginning. +If this were our ultimate aim, all our pleasure would +be at an end as soon as we had learned the names of all the +plants within our reach. But the point of view has changed +and broadened. The plant is now recognized as a <i>living +organism</i>, not a dead, unchanging thing. It is <i>vital</i>; it grows; +it is amenable to the great laws of the universe; and we see it +daily complying with those laws, adapting itself to its surroundings—or +perishing. It becomes a thing of absorbing +interest when we trace the steps by which it has come to be +what it is; when we note its relationship to other closely allied +forms, and locate its place in the great world of plants.</p> + +<p>A thoughtful observation of the structure of plants alone +will fill the mind with amazement at the beauty of their minutest +parts, the exquisite perfection of every organ. Then it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ ix]</a></span> +is most interesting to notice the various kinds of places where +the same plants grow; how they flourish in different soils and +climates; how they parry the difficulties of new and unaccustomed +surroundings, by some change of structure or habit to +meet the altered conditions—as clothing themselves with wool, +to prevent the undue escape of moisture, or twisting their +leaves to a vertical position for the same purpose, or sending +their roots deep into the earth to seek perennial sources of +moisture, which enables them to flourish in our driest times. +It is wonderful to note, too, the methods employed to secure +the distribution of the seed—how it is sometimes imbedded +in a delicious edible fruit, again furnished with hooks or bristles +or springs, or provided with silken sails to waft it away +upon the wings of the wind. Then the insects that visit plants. +It is marvelous to note how plants spread their attractions in +bright colors and perfumes and offerings of honey to bees, +butterflies, and moths that can carry their pollen abroad, and +how they even place hindrances in the way of such as are undesirable.</p> + +<p>Studied in this way, botany is no longer the dry science it +used to be, but becomes a most fascinating pursuit; and we +know of no richer field in which to carry on the study of +flowers than that afforded in California.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>There has been a long-felt need of a popular work upon the +wild flowers of California. Though celebrated throughout the +world for their wealth and beauty, and though many of them +have found their way across the waters and endeared themselves +to plant lovers in many a foreign garden, the story of +their home life has never yet been told.</p> + +<p>It has been the delightful task of the author and the illustrator +of the present work to seek them out in their native haunts—on +seashore and mesa, in deep, cool caņon, on dry and open +hill-slope, on mountain-top, in glacier meadow, by stream and +lake, in marsh and woodland, and to listen to the ofttimes +marvelous tales they have had to unfold. If they shall have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[ x]</a></span> +succeeded in making better known these children of Mother +Nature to her lovers and appreciators, and in arousing an +interest in them among those who have hitherto found the +technical difficulties of scientific botany insurmountable, they +will feel amply rewarded for their labors.</p> + +<p>The present work does not claim by any means to be a +complete flora of the region treated. Our State is so new, +and many parts of it have as yet been so imperfectly explored, +that a comprehensive and exhaustive flora of it must be the +work of a future time, and will doubtless be undertaken by +some one when all the data have been procured. Such an +attempt, however, were it possible, is without the scope of the +present work.</p> + +<p>California, with her wonderfully varied climate and topography, +has a flora correspondingly rich and varied, probably +not surpassed by any region of like area in the Northern +Hemisphere. Thus the author finds herself confronted with +an embarrassment of riches rather than with any lack of material; +and it has often been exceedingly difficult to exclude +some beautiful flower that seemed to have strong claims to +representation. She therefore craves beforehand the indulgence +of the reader, should he find some favorite missing.</p> + +<p>In making a choice, she has been guided by the following +general principles, and selected, <i>first</i>—the flowers most general +in their distribution; <i>second</i>—those remarkable for their +beauty of form or color, their interesting structure, history, or +economic uses; <i>third</i>—those which are characteristically Californian. +At the same time, those which are too insignificant +in appearance to attract attention and those too difficult of +determination by the non-botanist have been omitted. Flowering +plants only have been included.</p> + +<p>Many of our species extend northward into Oregon and +Washington. Thus, while this work is called "<span class="smcap">The Wild +Flowers of California</span>," it will in a certain measure apply +equally well to Oregon and Washington.</p> + +<p>It has been the aim of the author to picture for the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[ xi]</a></span> +part the flowers peculiarly Californian, leaving Mrs. Dana's +charming book, "How to Know the Wild Flowers," to illustrate +those we possess in common with the Atlantic Slope, thus +making the works the complements one of the other.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Dana has kindly permitted the author to use her plan +of arrangement—<i>i.e.</i> of grouping all the white flowers in one +section, the yellow in another, the pink in a third, and so on, +which, in the absence of a key, greatly facilitates the finding of +any given flower. The flowers of each section have been +arranged as nearly as possible according to their natural succession +in the seasons, with one or two exceptions.</p> + +<p>Such confusion is rife in the nomenclature of Californian +plants, and the same plant is so often furnished with several +names,—and several plants sometimes with the same name,—that +the authority is in every instance quoted, in order to +make it perfectly clear what plant is meant by the name given. +Wherever allusion is made to the Spanish-Californians, the +Spanish-<i>speaking</i> Californians are meant, very few of whom +are Castilians at the present day, most of whom are of an admixture +of races.</p> + +<p>The flower-cuts are all from pen-and-ink drawings by the +illustrator; and all but four are from her own original studies +from nature. These four, which it was impossible for her to +procure, have been adapted by her from other drawings, by +the aid of herbarium specimens. They include <i>Aphyllon fasciculatum</i>, +<i>Fremontia Californica</i>, <i>Hosackia gracilis</i>, and <i>Brodiæa +volubilis</i>. It has been impossible upon so small a page +to maintain a uniform relative size in the drawings, for which +reason the plant-descriptions in fine print should be consulted +for the size.</p> + +<p>The author and the illustrator desire to make grateful acknowledgments +to many kind friends throughout the State +who have rendered them assistance in numerous ways. Their +gratitude is due in particular to Miss Alice Eastwood, of the +California Academy of Sciences, who, by her unfailing kindness +and encouragement, as well as by her personal assistance, has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[ xii]</a></span> +rendered them invaluable aid. Also, to Mr. Carl Purdy, of +Ukiah, who from his wide experience, as a grower of our +native liliaceous plants, has a knowledge of them shared by +few or none, and who has generously placed at their disposal +the results of his observations. They also tender their thanks +to the Southern Pacific and the North Pacific Railways, who, +by their generous granting of reduced rates and passes, have +made possible a wider personal acquaintance with the flowers +than could have otherwise been enjoyed.</p> + +<p> +San Rafael, Cal., October 15, 1897.<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[ xiii]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_PLATES" id="TABLE_OF_PLATES"></a>TABLE OF PLATES</h2> + + +<table border="0" width="85%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Aconite</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aconitum Columbianum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Alfalfa</span></td><td align="left"><i>Medicago sativa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Alfilerilla</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erodium cicutarium</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Alpine Heather</span></td><td align="left"><i>Bryanthus Breweri</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Alpine Phlox</span></td><td align="left"><i>Phlox Douglasii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Alum-Root</span></td><td align="left"><i>Heuchera micrantha</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">American Barrenwort</span></td><td align="left"><i>Vancouveria parviflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Anemone, Wood</span></td><td align="left"><i>Anemone quinquefolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">August-Flower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Grindelia cuneifolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Azulea</span></td><td align="left"><i>Sisyrinchium bellum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Azure Beard-Tongue</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pentstemon azureus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_309">309</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Baby-Blue-Eyes</span></td><td align="left"><i>Nemophila insignis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Beach-Aster</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erigeron glaucus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Beautiful Clarkia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Clarkia concinna</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bee-Plant, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Scrophularia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bellflower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Campanula prenanthoides</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Big-Root</span></td><td align="left"><i>Echinocystis fabacea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blazing-Star</span></td><td align="left"><i>Mentzelia Lindleyi</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bleeding-Heart</span></td><td align="left"><i>Dicentra formosa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue-Blossom</span></td><td align="left"><i>Ceanothus thyrsiflorus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue-eyed Grass</span></td><td align="left"><i>Sisyrinchium bellum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue Gentian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Gentiana calycosa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue Gilia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Gilia Chamissonis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue Larkspur</span></td><td align="left"><i>Delphinium</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue-and-white Lupine</span></td><td align="left"><i>Lupinus bicolor</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue Milla</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa laxa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue Myrtle</span></td><td align="left"><i>Ceanothus thyrsiflorus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blueweed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aconitum Columbianum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Brodiæa</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa capitata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bronze-bells}</span></td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Brown Lily }</span></td><td align="left"> <i>Fritillaria lanceolata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Calf's-Head</span></td><td align="left"><i>Darlingtonia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_391">391</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">California Fuchsia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Zauschneria Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_367">367</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">California Lilac</span></td><td align="left"><i>Ceanothus thyrsiflorus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">California Poppy</span></td><td align="left"><i>Eschscholtzia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Californian Azalea</span></td><td align="left"><i>Rhododendron occidentale</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Californian Centaury</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erythræa venusta</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Californian Rose-Bay</span></td><td align="left"><i>Rhododendron Californicum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Californian Slippery-Elm</span></td><td align="left"><i>Fremontia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Calypso</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calypso borealis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Canaigre</span></td><td align="left"><i>Rumex hymenosepalus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_379">379</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cancer-Root</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aphyllon fasciculatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Canchalagua</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erythræa venusta</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cat's-Ears</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus Maweanus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_279">279</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chamise Lily</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erythronium giganteum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chaparral Lily</span></td><td align="left"><i>Lilium rubescens</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chaparral Pea</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pickeringia montana</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Salvia Columbariæ</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chilicothe</span></td><td align="left"><i>Echinocystis fabacea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Christmas-Horns</span></td><td align="left"><i>Delphinium nudicaule</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_347">347</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Climbing Pentstemon</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pentstemon cordifolius</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Clocks</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erodium cicutarium</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cluster-Lily</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa capitata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Collinsia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Collinsia bicolor</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Columbine</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aquilegia truncata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_349">349</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Common Aster</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aster Chamissonis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Common Monkey-Flower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Mimulus luteus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Coral-Root</span></td><td align="left"><i>Corallorhiza Bigelovii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cream-colored Wall-Flower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erysimum grandiflorum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cream-Cups</span></td><td align="left"><i>Platystemon Californicus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Currant, Californian Wild</span></td><td align="left"><i>Ribes glutinosum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Deerweed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Hosackia glabra</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Diogenes' Lantern</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus pulchellus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Dog's-tooth Violet</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erythronium giganteum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Dutchman's Pipe</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aristolochia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_375">375</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">False Lady's Slipper</span></td><td align="left"><i>Epipactis gigantea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_389">389</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">False Mallow</span></td><td align="left"><i>Malvastrum Thurberi</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">False Tidy-Tips</span></td><td align="left"><i>Leptosyne Douglasii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Farewell to Spring</span></td><td align="left"><i>Godetia viminea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fawn-Lily</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erythronium giganteum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fetid Adder's-Tongue</span></td><td align="left"><i>Scoliopus Bigelovii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Firecracker Flower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa coccinea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fireweed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Epilobium spicatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Four-o'clock, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Mirabilis Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fringed Gilia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Gilia dianthoides</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Godetia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Godetia viminea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Golden Lily-Bell</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus pulchellus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Golden Stars</span></td><td align="left"><i>Bloomeria aurea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Gooseberry, Fuchsia-flowered</span></td><td align="left"><i>Ribes speciosum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Great Willow-Herb</span></td><td align="left"><i>Epilobium spicatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ground-Iris</span></td><td align="left"><i>Iris macrosiphon</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ground-Pink</span></td><td align="left"><i>Gilia dianthoides</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Gum-Plant</span></td><td align="left"><i>Grindelia cuneifolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hairbell</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus albus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Harebell, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Campanula prenanthoides</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Harvest Brodiæa</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa grandiflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_319">319</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hen-and-Chickens</span></td><td align="left"><i>Cotyledon Californicum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hound's-Tongue</span></td><td align="left"><i>Cynoglossum grande</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Huckleberry</span></td><td align="left"><i>Vaccinium ovatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Humming-bird's Trumpet</span></td><td align="left"><i>Zauschneria Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_367">367</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Indian Lettuce</span></td><td align="left"><i>Montia perfoliata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Indian Paint-Brush</span></td><td align="left"><i>Castilleia parviflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_345">345</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Indian Pink</span></td><td align="left"><i>Silene Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_355">355</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Indian Warrior</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pedicularis densiflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ithuriel's Spear</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa laxa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ladies' Tresses</span></td><td align="left"><i>Spiranthes Romanzoffianum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lantern of the Fairies</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus albus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Large-flowered Brodiæa</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa grandiflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_319">319</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lessingia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Lessingia leptoclada</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Little Alpine Lily</span></td><td align="left"><i>Lilium parvum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Loco-Weed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Astragalus leucopsis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lucern</span></td><td align="left"><i>Medicago sativa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Manzanita</span></td><td align="left"><i>Arctostaphylos manzanita</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mariposa Tulip</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus venustus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Matilija Poppy</span></td><td align="left"><i>Romneya Coulteri</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Meadow-Foam</span></td><td align="left"><i>Floerkia Douglasii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Milkweed, Common</span></td><td align="left"><i>Asclepias Mexicana</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Milkweed, Hornless Woolly</span></td><td align="left"><i>Gomphocarpus tomentosus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_381">381</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Milk-white Rein-Orchis</span></td><td align="left"><i>Habenaria leucostachys</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Milkwort, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Polygala Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_287">287</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Miner's Lettuce</span></td><td align="left"><i>Montia perfoliata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mist-Maidens</span></td><td align="left"><i>Romanzoffia Sitchensis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Monk's-Hood</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aconitum Columbianum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mottled Swamp-Orchis</span></td><td align="left"><i>Epipactis gigantea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_389">389</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mountain Balm</span></td><td align="left"><i>Eriodictyon glutinosum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mountain Lady's Slipper</span></td><td align="left"><i>Cypripedium montanum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_383">383</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pennyroyal</span></td><td align="left"><i>Monardella villosa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_325">325</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pentachæta</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pentachæta aurea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pepper-Root</span></td><td align="left"><i>Dentaria Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pin-Clover</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erodium cicutarium</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pine-Drops</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pterospora andromedea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pink Paint-Brush</span></td><td align="left"><i>Orthocarpus purpurascens</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pipe-Vine</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aristolochia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_375">375</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pipsissiwa</span></td><td align="left"><i>Chimaphila Menziesii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pitcher-Plant, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Darlingtonia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_391">391</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pitcher-Sage</span></td><td align="left"><i>Sphacele calycina</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Poison-Oak</span></td><td align="left"><i>Rhus diversiloba</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Poléo</span></td><td align="left"><i>Monardella villosa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_325">325</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pop-corn Flower</span></td><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Prickly Phlox</span></td><td align="left"><i>Gilia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Prince's Pine</span></td><td align="left"><i>Chimaphila Menziesii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pussy's-Ears</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus Maweanus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_279">279</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pussy's-Paws</span></td><td align="left"><i>Spraguea umbellata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Quinine-Bush</span></td><td align="left"><i>Garrya elliptica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_371">371</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rattlesnake Plantain</span></td><td align="left"><i>Goodyera Menziesii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rattle-Weed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Astragalus leucopsis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Red-stemmed Filaree</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erodium cicutarium</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Redwood-Sorrel</span></td><td align="left"><i>Oxalis Oregana</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rein-Orchis</span></td><td align="left"><i>Habenaria elegans</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_385">385</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Resin-Weed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Grindelia cuneifolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rice-Root</span></td><td align="left"><i>Fritillaria lanceolata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Romero</span></td><td align="left"><i>Trichostema lanatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ruby Lily</span></td><td align="left"><i>Lilium rubescens</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Saxifrage, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Saxifraga Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Scarlet Bugler</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pentstemon centranthifolius</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_359">359</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Scarlet Gilia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Gilia Aggregata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_361">361</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Scarlet Honeysuckle</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pentstemon cordifolius</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Scarlet Larkspur, Northern</span></td><td align="left"><i>Delphinium nudicaule</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_347">347</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Scarlet Paint-Brush</span></td><td align="left"><i>Castilleia parviflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_345">345</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Shooting-Stars</span></td><td align="left"><i>Dodecatheon Meadia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sierra Primrose</span></td><td align="left"><i>Primula Suffrutescens</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Silk-tassel Tree</span></td><td align="left"><i>Garrya elliptica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_371">371</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[ xvii]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Skullcap</span></td><td align="left"><i>Scutellaria tuberosa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Snapdragon, Violet</span></td><td align="left"><i>Antirrhinum vagans</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Snow-Plant</span></td><td align="left"><i>Sarcodes sanguinea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_363">363</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Soap-Plant</span></td><td align="left"><i>Chlorogalum pomeridianum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Spring-Blossom</span></td><td align="left"><i>Dentaria Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sticky Monkey-Flower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Mimulus glutinosus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">St. John's-Wort</span></td><td align="left"><i>Hypericum concinnum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sulphur-Flower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sun-Cups</span></td><td align="left"><i>Œnothera ovata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sunshine</span></td><td align="left"><i>Bæria gracilis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sweet-scented Shrub, Calif'n.</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calycanthus occidentalis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_353">353</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tarweed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Hemizonia luzulæfolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tarweed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Madia elegans</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tidy-Tips</span></td><td align="left"><i>Layia platyglossa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Toothwort</span></td><td align="left"><i>Dentaria Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Torosa</span></td><td align="left"><i>Eschscholtzia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tree-Mallow</span></td><td align="left"><i>Lavatera assurgentiflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tree-Poppy</span></td><td align="left"><i>Dendromecon rigidum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Trillium, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Trillium sessile</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Twin-Berry</span></td><td align="left"><i>Lonicera involucrata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Twining Hyacinth</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa volubilis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Villela</span></td><td align="left"><i>Sisyrinchium bellum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Violet Nightshade</span></td><td align="left"><i>Solanum Xanti</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wake-Robin</span></td><td align="left"><i>Trillium ovatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Whipplea</span></td><td align="left"><i>Whipplea modesta</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Whispering Bells</span></td><td align="left"><i>Emmenanthe penduliflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">White Evening Primrose</span></td><td align="left"><i>Œnothera Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">White Forget-me-not</span></td><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">White Owl's Clover</span></td><td align="left"><i>Orthocarpus versicolor</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">White-veined Shinleaf</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pyrola picta</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Broom</span></td><td align="left"><i>Hosackia glabra</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Buckwheat</span></td><td align="left"><i>Eriogonum fasciculatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Canterbury-Bell</span></td><td align="left"><i>Phacelia Whitlavia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Coreopsis</span></td><td align="left"><i>Madia elegans</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Cucumber</span></td><td align="left"><i>Echinocystis fabacea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Currant, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Ribes glutinosum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Cyclamen</span></td><td align="left"><i>Dodecatheon Meadia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Ginger</span></td><td align="left"><i>Asarum caudatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Heliotrope</span></td><td align="left"><i>Phacelia tanacetifolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_283">283</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Hollyhock</span></td><td align="left"><i>Sidalcea malvæflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[ xviii]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Hyacinth</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa capitata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Peony</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pæonia Brownii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Pie-Plant</span></td><td align="left"><i>Rumex hymenosepalus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_379">379</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Portulaca</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calandrinia caulescens</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wind-Flower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Anemone quinquefolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wood-Balm</span></td><td align="left"><i>Sphacele calycina</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Woolly Blue-Curls</span></td><td align="left"><i>Trichostema lanatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Yellow Daisy</span></td><td align="left"><i>Layia platyglossa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Yellow Globe-Tulip</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus pulchellus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Yellow Pansy</span></td><td align="left"><i>Viola pedunculata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Yellow Sand-Verbena</span></td><td align="left"><i>Abronia latifolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Yerba Buena</span></td><td align="left"><i>micromeria Douglasii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Yerba Mansa</span></td><td align="left"><i>anemopsis Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Yerba Santa</span></td><td align="left"><i>Eriodictyon glutinosum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Zygadene</span></td><td align="left"><i>Zygadenus Fremonti</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> ---- ----</td><td align="left"><i>Baccharis Douglasii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> ---- ----</td><td align="left"><i>Gilia androsacea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> ---- ----</td><td align="left"><i>Hosackia gracilis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr> +</table> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="HOW_TO_USE_THE_BOOK" id="HOW_TO_USE_THE_BOOK"></a>HOW TO USE THE BOOK</h2> + + +<p>When gathering flowers with a view to ascertaining their +names with the help of the botany, the whole plant—root, +stem, leaves, flowers, buds, and fruit—should be secured, if +possible. This will avoid much uncertainty in the work.</p> + +<p>The anthers are best seen in the unopened buds, and the +ovary in old flowers or those gone to seed. A cross-section of +the ovary will show the number of its cells.</p> + +<p>The flowers should be sorted into colors, and each in turn looked for in +its own color-section. In arranging the flowers according to color, some +difficulty has been experienced, because the pink blends so gradually into +the purple, and the purple into white, etc., that it has been impossible +sometimes to say accurately to which section a flower rightly belongs. In +such a case search must be made in the other probable section. Sometimes +the same flower occurs in several colors, in which case it is usually put +into the section in whose color it most frequently occurs. In the Red +Section have been included flowers of a scarlet hue, not those of crimson +or magenta hues, as these have a tendency to merge into pink or purple. +Flowers of a greenish-white are usually put into the White Section, those +of more decided green into the Miscellaneous.</p> + +<p>It is an excellent plan for the student to write a careful description +of his plant before beginning to look for it in the book; +commencing with the root, passing on to stem, leaves, inflorescence, +calyx, corolla, etc., taking the order of the technical +descriptions in the book. This will serve to do away with +that vacillating condition of mind which is often the result of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[ xx]</a></span> +reading a number of plant-descriptions before fixing firmly in +mind the characters of the specimen under consideration.</p> + +<p>A magnifying-glass—or a small dissecting microscope and +a good Zeiss lens, if more careful work is to be done,—a +couple of dissecting needles, a pocket-knife, and a small three +or four-inch measure, having one of the inches divided into +lines, will be required for examining specimens.</p> + +<p>It is also a good plan to make a note of the date and place +of collection of all plants, as it is often of great interest to know +these facts at some future time.</p> + +<p>Plants are grouped into great orders, or families, which are +made up of a number of genera, each genus consisting of a +number of species. Every plant has two Latin names; the +first a generic name, answering to the last name of a person; +the second a specific name, answering to a person's given +name. The latter is usually descriptive of some quality or +character of the plant, the name of the place where found, or +of its discoverer, or of some person in whose honor it is +named. This dual name serves to clearly distinguish the +species from all others, especially when the name of the person +by whom the specific name was bestowed is added.</p> + +<p>Each plant-family bears an English title, which is usually +the name of its best-known genus. Thus the order <i>Leguminosæ</i> +is known as the "Pea Family" because <i>Lathyrus</i>, or the +pea, is its best-known genus. In many instances the English +names borne by orders in the Eastern States have no significance +with us, as the type genus is not found in our flora. In +such cases we have given the name of the genus best known +among us, to which we have added the other; thus, "Baby-eyes +or Waterleaf Family."</p> + +<p>Most of our plants have common English names, and the +same plant is often known by one name in one locality and by +another in another. Hence, while these names are often pretty +and apt, they cannot serve for the accurate identification of the +plant. For this we must consult its Latin name, by which it is +known all over the world.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[ xxi]</a></span></p> + +<p>Wherever the terms used are not understood, reference +should be made to the "Explanation of Terms" or to the +Glossary.</p> + +<p>For identification of species not found in the present work, +other books should be consulted. The two large volumes of +the botany of the Geological Survey of California are the most +complete of anything thus far published. In addition to these, +"The Synoptical Flora of North America," as far as published +(the <i>Gamopetalæ</i>, the <i>Compositæ</i>, and some orders of the <i>Polypetalæ</i>), +furnishes valuable aid. Professor E.L. Greene's +works, "The Botany of the Bay Region," "Pittonia," and +"Flora Franciscana," furnish excellent plant-descriptions for +the more advanced botanist. The author's technical descriptions +have in every instance been verified by comparison with +one or more of the above works.</p> + +<p>Miss Eastwood's little volume, recently published as Part +Second of "Bergen's Elements of Botany," (and also issued +in separate form), is recommended for use in connection with +the present work, as it embodies in compact form a general +view of the method of classification of plants, showing their +places in the plant-world and their relations to one another. It +also contains very clear descriptions of plant-families. To the +student who becomes interested in knowing more about the +structure of plants, Gray's "Structural Botany" will prove +useful; and the large work of Oliver and Kerner (translated +from the German) will prove a fascinating book.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[ xxii]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="EXPLANATION_OF_TERMS" id="EXPLANATION_OF_TERMS"></a>EXPLANATION OF TERMS</h2> + +<blockquote><p>[The following simple definitions of the more common terms used have been mostly +taken or adapted from the works of Asa Gray and others, and will prove useful to those +unacquainted with botany, or to those whose memories require refreshing.]</p></blockquote> + + +<h3>ROOTS</h3> + +<p>The <b>root</b> is that portion of the plant which grows downward, +fixing it to the soil, and absorbing nourishment from +the latter. True roots produce nothing but root-branches or +rootlets.</p> + +<p>Simple or unbranched roots are named according to their +shapes—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>conical</i>, when like the carrot;</p> + +<p><i>napiform</i>, when like the turnip;</p> + +<p><i>fusiform</i>, when like the long radish.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Multiple, or branched, roots may be—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>fascicled</i>, or bunched, as in the dahlia;</p> + +<p><i>tubercular</i>, when furnished with small tubers;</p> + +<p><i>fibrous</i>, when threadlike.</p></blockquote> + + +<h3>STEMS</h3> + +<p>The <b>stem</b> is the ascending axis of the plant, which usually +bears the leaves, flowers, and fruit. The points on the stem to +which the leaves are fastened are called the <b>nodes</b>; and the +portions of stem between the nodes are called the <b>internodes</b>. +The angle formed by the upper side of the leaf and the stem is +called the <b>axil</b>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[ xxiii]</a></span></p> + +<p>Stems aboveground are classed as—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>erect</i>, when growing upright;</p> + +<p><i>procumbent</i>, when lying on the ground without rooting;</p> + +<p><i>decumbent</i>, when lying on the ground with the tip +ascending;</p> + +<p><i>diffuse</i>, when loosely spreading;</p> + +<p><i>creeping</i>, when growing on the ground and rooting.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Stems underground are classed as <b>rhizomes</b> (or <b>rootstocks</b>) +<b>tubers</b>, <b>corms</b>, and <b>bulbs</b>, the forms passing into one another +by gradations.</p> + +<blockquote><p>A <b>rhizome</b>, or <b>rootstock</b>, is a horizontal underground +stem. It is sometimes thick, fleshy, or woody, as in +the iris;</p> + +<p>a <b>tuber</b> is a short, much thickened rootstock, having +eyes or buds of which the potato is an example;</p> + +<p>a <b>corm</b> is a depressed and rounded, solid rootstock; it +may be called a solid bulb; the garden cyclamen is an +example;</p> + +<p>a <b>bulb</b> is a leaf-bud, commonly underground, with fleshy +scales or coats; the lily is an example.</p></blockquote> + + +<h3>LEAVES</h3> + +<p><b>Leaves</b> are the green expansions borne by the stem, out-spread +in the air and light, in which assimilation is carried on. +They may be said to be the stomachs of the plant. A typical +leaf consists of three parts—the <b>blade</b>, the <b>foot-stalk</b> (or <b>petiole</b>), +and a pair of <b>stipules</b>. Yet any one of these parts may +be absent.</p> + +<blockquote><p>The <b>blade</b> is the expanded portion of the leaf and the +part to which the word <i>leaf</i>, in its commonest sense, +is applied;</p> + +<p>the <b>stipules</b> are small, usually leaflike bodies borne at +the base of the petiole, usually one on either side;</p> + +<p>the <b>petiole</b> is the stalk of the leaf.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">[ xxiv]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Leaves</b> are <b>simple</b>, when having but one blade; <b>compound</b>, +when having more than one, when each blade is called a <b>leaflet</b>.</p> + +<p>Compound leaves are said to be—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>pinnate</i>, when the leaflets are arranged along the sides of +a petiole, or rather of its prolongation, the rachis;</p> + +<p><i>abruptly pinnate</i>, with an even number of leaflets;</p> + +<p><i>odd-pinnate</i>, with an odd leaflet at the end;</p> + +<p><i>palmate</i>, or <i>digitate</i>, when the leaflets all diverge from the +summit of the petiole, like the fingers of a hand.</p></blockquote> + + +<h3>VENATION</h3> + +<p>The venation, or veining, of leaves relates to the mode in +which the woody tissue, in the form of ribs, veins, etc., is distributed +in the cellular tissue.</p> + +<p>There are two principle modes—</p> + +<blockquote><p>the <i>parallel-veined</i>, of which the iris is an example;</p> + +<p>the <i>reticulated-veined</i>, or <i>netted-veined</i>, of which the Elm +is an example.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Small veins are called <b>veinlets</b>.</p> + + +<h3>FORM</h3> + +<p>As to general form, or outline, leaves are:—</p> + +<p>Those broadest in the middle—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>peltate</i>, or shield-shaped, when rounded, with the stem +attached to the center, or near it—as in the garden +nasturtium;</p> + +<p><i>orbicular</i>, when circular in outline, or nearly so;</p> + +<p><i>oval</i>, when having a flowing outline, with the breadth +considerably more than half the length, and both +ends alike;</p> + +<p><i>elliptical</i>, when having a flowing outline, twice or thrice +as long as broad, and both ends alike;</p> + +<p><i>oblong</i>, when nearly twice or thrice as long as broad;</p> + +<p><i>linear</i>, when narrow, several times longer than wide, +and of about the same width throughout;</p> + +<p><i>acerose</i>, when needle-shaped—like the Pine.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">[ xxv]</a></span></p> + +<p>Those broadest at the base—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>deltoid</i>, when having the triangular shape of the Greek +letter <i>delta</i>;</p> + +<p><i>ovate</i>, when having an outline like the section of a +hen's-egg, the broader end downward;</p> + +<p><i>lanceolate</i>, or lance-shaped, when several times longer +than broad, and tapering upward, or both upward +and downward;</p> + +<p><i>subulate</i>, when shaped like an awl;</p> + +<p><i>cordate</i>, when ovate, with a heart-shaped base;</p> + +<p><i>reniform</i>, when like the last, only rounder and broader +than long;</p> + +<p><i>auriculate</i>, when having a pair of small blunt projections, +or ears, at the base;</p> + +<p><i>sagittate</i>, or arrow-shaped, when those ears are acute +and turned downward, the body of the leaf tapering +upward;</p> + +<p><i>hastate</i>, or halberd-shaped, when the ears or lobes point +outward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Those broadest at the apex—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>obovate</i>, when inversely ovate;</p> + +<p><i>oblanceolate</i>, when inversely lanceolate;</p> + +<p><i>spatulate</i>, when rounded above, and long and narrow +below, like a druggist's spatula;</p> + +<p><i>cuneate</i>, or wedge-shaped, when broad above, tapering +by straight lines to an acute base;</p> + +<p><i>obcordate</i>, when inversely cordate.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Sometimes no one of the above terms will describe a leaf, +and it becomes necessary to combine two of them; as, <i>linear-spatulate</i>, +<i>ovate-lanceolate</i>, etc.</p> + + +<h3>THE APEX</h3> + +<p>Leaves are classified according to their apices; as—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>emarginate</i>, when having a decided terminal notch;</p> + +<p><i>truncate</i>, when abruptly cut off;</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">[ xxvi]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>obtuse</i>, when ending in a blunt or roundish extremity;</p> + +<p><i>acute</i>, when ending in an acute angle, without special +tapering;</p> + +<p><i>acuminate</i>, when tapering into a narrow, more or less +prolonged end;</p> + +<p><i>mucronate</i>, when abruptly tipped with a small, short point.</p></blockquote> + + +<h3>THE MARGIN</h3> + +<p>Leaves are classified according to their margins; as—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>entire</i>, when the margin is completely filled out to an +even line;</p> + +<p><i>repand</i>, or <i>undulate</i>, when the margin is a wavy line;</p> + +<p><i>dentate</i>, or <i>toothed</i>, when the teeth point outward;</p> + +<p><i>crenate</i>, or <i>scalloped</i>, when dentate, with the teeth +rounded;</p> + +<p><i>serrate</i>, when having small sharp teeth directed forward;</p> + +<p><i>incised</i>, when cut by sharp and irregular incisions more +or less deeply;</p> + +<p><i>lobed</i>, when cut not more than half-way to the midrib, +and the divisions or their angles are rounded;</p> + +<p><i>cleft</i>, when cut half-way down or more, and the lobes or +sinuses are narrow or acute;</p> + +<p><i>parted</i>, when the cutting reaches almost but not quite to +the midrib;</p> + +<p><i>divided</i>, when the blade is cut into distinct parts, thus +making the leaf compound.</p></blockquote> + +<p>All these terms may be modified by the words <i>pinnate</i> or +<i>palmate</i>; thus—<i>pinnately parted</i>, <i>pinnately divided</i>, <i>palmately +parted</i>, <i>palmately divided</i>, etc.; also by the adjectives <i>once</i>, +<i>twice</i>, <i>thrice</i>, etc.</p> + + +<h3>TEXTURE</h3> + +<p>Leaves vary as to texture, and may be—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>coriaceous</i>, or leathery;</p> + +<p><i>succulent</i>, or juicy;</p> + +<p><i>scarious</i>, or dry and thin;</p> + +<p><i>fleshy</i>, or thick;</p> + +<p><i>herbaceous</i>, or thin.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii">[ xxvii]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>ARRANGEMENT</h3> + +<p>According to their arrangement on the stem, leaves are—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>alternate</i>, when distributed singly at different heights on +the stem;</p> + +<p><i>opposite</i>, when two stand opposite each other at the +nodes;</p> + +<p><i>whorled</i>, when more than two are borne at a node, equidistant +in a circle around the stem.</p></blockquote> + + +<h3>INFLORESCENCE</h3> + +<p><b>Inflorescence</b> is a term commonly applied to the mode of +flowering—<i>i.e.</i> to the arrangement of blossoms on the stem +and their relative positions to one another.</p> + +<blockquote><p>A <b>peduncle</b> is the stem of a solitary flower, or the main +stem of a flower-cluster;</p> + +<p>a <b>scape</b> is a peduncle growing from the ground;</p> + +<p>a <b>pedicel</b> is the stem of each flower in a cluster;</p> + +<p>a <b>bract</b> is a small floral leaf;</p> + +<p>an <b>involucre</b> is a collection of bracts around a flower-cluster +or around a single flower.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Flowers may be solitary or clustered.</p> + +<p>Solitary flowers or flower-clusters are—</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>terminal</i>, when borne at the summit of the stem;</p> + +<p><i>axillary</i>, when borne in the axils of the leaves.</p></blockquote> + +<p>A flower-cluster is called—</p> + +<blockquote><p>a <b>raceme</b>, when the flowers are arranged along the axis +upon pedicels nearly equal in length;</p> + +<p>a <b>corymb</b>, when the flowers are arranged as in the raceme, +with the lower pedicels elongated, making the cluster +flat-topped;</p> + +<p>an <b>umbel</b>, when the pedicels arise from the same point, +like the rays of an umbrella, and the cluster is flat-topped;</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxviii" id="Page_xxviii">[ xxviii]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>a <b>panicle</b>, when compound, irregularly made up of a +number of racemes;</p> + +<p>a <b>spike</b>, when like a raceme, the flowers being without +pedicels;</p> + +<p>a <b>spadix</b>, when it is a fleshy spike, generally enveloped +by a large bract, called a <b>spathe</b>, as in the calla-lily;</p> + +<p>an <b>ament</b>, or <b>catkin</b>, when it is a pendent spike, with +scaly bracts, like the Willow;</p> + +<p>a <b>head</b>, when it is a shortened spike, with a globular form;</p> + +<p>a <b>cyme</b>, when it is branched and flat-topped, usually +compound, with the older flowers in the center of each +simple cluster.</p></blockquote> + + +<h3>THE INDIVIDUAL FLOWER</h3> + +<p>A <b>complete flower</b> consists of <b>stamens</b> and <b>pistils</b> (the +organs of reproduction), and <b>calyx</b> and <b>corolla</b> (the floral +envelops which protect the stamens and pistils). But any +one of these organs may be absent.</p> + +<blockquote><p>The <b>calyx</b> is the outer floral envelop, which is more +often green, though it is sometimes colored. It may +consist of a number of separate parts, called <b>sepals</b>, or +these may be more or less united.</p> + +<p>The <b>corolla</b> is the inner floral envelop. It is usually +colored, and forms the most beautiful feature of the +flower, and plays an important part in attracting +insects to it, which may carry on the work of fertilization. +It may consist of a number of separate parts, +called <b>petals</b>, or these may be more or less united, +in which case the corolla is said to be <i>gamopetalous</i>. +When the calyx and corolla are much alike, and seem +like one floral circle, this is referred to as a <b>perianth</b>.</p> + +<p>The <b>stamens</b> and <b>pistils</b> are called the <b>essential organs</b> +of a flower, because they are necessary to the maturing +of the fruit.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxix" id="Page_xxix">[ xxix]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><b>Perfect flowers</b> have both sets of essential organs.</p> + +<p><b>Imperfect flowers</b> have but one set of essential organs.</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p><i>Staminate</i> (or male) <i>flowers</i> have only stamens;</p> + +<p><i>Pistillate</i> (or female) <i>flowers</i> have only pistils.</p> + +<p><i>Neutral flowers</i> have neither.</p></blockquote> + + +<h3>THE STAMEN</h3> + +<p>The <b>stamen</b> consists of two parts—the <b>filament</b> and the +<b>anther</b>. The filament is the stalk of the stamen. The anther +is the little case holding the <b>pollen</b>, or powdery substance, +which, falling upon the stigma, is conducted downward into +the ovary, where it quickens the ovules into life. The anther +normally consists of two cells, which more often open lengthwise +for the discharge of the pollen, though they sometimes +open by terminal pores or chinks, or by uplifting lids.</p> + +<p>Stamens sometimes undergo a morphological change, taking +the form of scales or other bodies (as is the case in many +of our <i>Brodiæas</i>), when they are called <b>staminodia</b>.</p> + + +<h3>THE PISTIL</h3> + +<p>The <b>pistil</b> is the organ occupying the center of the flower. +It consists of three parts—the <b>ovary</b>, or the enlarged part +below, consisting of one or more cells or cavities, and containing +the ovules, or unfertilized seed; the <b>style</b>, or the stem +which upholds the stigma; the <b>stigma</b>, or the roughened portion +which receives the pollen.</p> + +<p>The pistil is <i>simple</i>, when it has but one ovary, style, +stigma, etc.; <i>compound</i>, if any one of these is duplicated.</p> + + +<h3>THE FRUIT</h3> + +<p>The <b>fruit</b> is the ripened ovary. After the ovules have been +fertilized, the ovary is called a <b>pericarp</b>. Fruits may be either +<i>fleshy</i> or <i>dry</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxx" id="Page_xxx">[ xxx]</a></span></p> + +<p>The following are some of the principal kinds of dry fruits:—</p> + +<blockquote><p>A <b>capsule</b> is a dry, dehiscent (splitting) fruit, composed +of more than one carpel or division;</p> + +<p>an <b>akene</b> is a small, dry, hard, one-celled, one-seeded +indehiscent fruit;</p> + +<p>a <b>follicle</b> is a pod formed from a single pistil, dehiscing +along the ventral suture only;</p> + +<p>a <b>legume</b> is a simple pericarp, opening by both seams.</p> + +<p>a <b>samara</b> is a dry, indehiscent fruit, having a wing.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The following are some of the principal kinds of fleshy +fruits:—</p> + +<blockquote><p>A <b>pome</b> is a fruit like an apple or pear;</p> + +<p>the <b>pepo</b>, or <b>gourd</b>, fruit is like that of the melon, squash, +etc.;</p> + +<p>the <b>drupe</b> is like that of the cherry, plum, and peach;</p> + +<p>the <b>berry</b> is like that of the grape, currant, and tomato.</p></blockquote> + +<p><b>Aggregate fruits</b> are those in which a cluster of carpels, +all of one flower, are crowded upon the receptacle into one +mass; as in the raspberry and blackberry.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxi" id="Page_xxxi">[ xxxi]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="IMPORTANT_PLANT_FAMILIES_AND_GENERA" id="IMPORTANT_PLANT_FAMILIES_AND_GENERA"></a>IMPORTANT PLANT FAMILIES AND GENERA</h2> + +<blockquote><p>[To avoid too long technical descriptions in the body of the work, a few of the +more important plant families and genera have been inserted below, to which +reference has been made in the technical descriptions.]</p></blockquote> + + +<h3>FAMILIES</h3> + +<p class="cen"><b>Cruciferæ.</b> Mustard Family.</p> + +<blockquote><p>Herbs with pungent, watery juice. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; without +stipules; entire or divided. <i>Flowers.</i>—Generally in racemes. <i>Sepals.</i>—Four. +<i>Petals.</i>—Four; usually with narrowed base or claw; the blades +spreading to form a cross. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six; two of them shorter than +the other four. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled; rarely one-celled. Style undivided, +or none. Stigma entire or two-lobed. <i>Fruit.</i>—A silique—<i>i.e.</i> a capsule, +in which the walls separate upward away from a central partition.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Mustard family is a very large one, comprising over a +hundred and seventy genera, and containing between one and +two thousand species. It is widely distributed over all parts +of the world, but is most abundantly represented in the cooler +or temperate regions. It furnishes us with many useful plants; +such as the mustard, horseradish, radish, cabbage, turnip, cauliflower, +etc.</p> + +<p>The genera of this order are very closely allied, and very +difficult of discrimination. The fruit, as well as the flower, is +necessary in the study of any given species.</p> + +<p class="cen"><b>Leguminosæ.</b> Pea Family.</p> + +<p>The order <i>Leguminosæ</i> is divided into three well-marked +sub-orders—the Pea family proper, the Brasiletto family, and +the Mimosa family. But as all our genera, save <i>Cercis</i>, fall +under the first, we shall describe that only.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxii" id="Page_xxxii">[ xxxii]</a></span></p> + +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap"><b>Papilionaceæ</b>.</span> Pea Family proper.</p> + +<blockquote><p>Herbs, shrubs, or trees. <i>Leaves.</i>—Usually alternate; compound; +with stipules; the latter sometimes transformed into thorns or tendrils. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Seldom solitary; usually in spikes, racemes or umbels. +<i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed; often bilabiate. <i>Corolla.</i>—Irregular; of five +petals; <i>papilionaceous</i>—<i>i.e.</i> the two lower petals more or less coherent, +forming the <i>keel</i>; the two lateral ones often adherent to the keel, +called the <i>wings</i>; the upper petal called the <i>standard</i> or <i>banner</i>. Stamens +and pistil inclosed in the keel. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten; their filaments +either coherent into a tube surrounding the pistil; or nine of them +united into a sheath, open above, the tenth lying in front of the cleft; +or rarely all distinct. <i>Ovary.</i>—Superior; one-celled. <i>Style.</i>—Simple +and incurved. <i>Stigma.</i>—Simple. <i>Fruit.</i>—A two-valved pod, of +which the garden pea is typical.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Pea family, including its three sub-orders, is one of the +most important plant-families known. It is distributed over +almost the entire world, and furnishes some of the most valuable +products to man. The Judas-tree, the numerous acacias, +and the sweet pea, are well known in our gardens; while +among our most valuable vegetables are the bean, the pea, and +the lentil. The clover and alfalfa are extremely important +forage plants.</p> + +<p>The order furnishes several important timber-trees, in different +parts of the world, such as the Rosewood, the Laburnum, +and the Locust; and yields numerous products of economic +importance, such as licorice, senna, gum Senegal, gum Arabic, +gum tragacanth, balsam of copaiba, balsam of Tolu, indigo, +logwood, red sandalwood, etc.</p> + +<p class="cen"><b>Compositæ.</b> Composite Family.</p> + +<blockquote><p>Herbs, rarely shrubs. <i>Leaves.</i>—Usually alternate; without stipules. +<i>Flowers.</i>—In a close head on a common <i>receptacle</i>, surrounded by an +<i>involucre</i>, whose divisions are called <i>scales</i> or <i>bracts</i>. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>—Adnate +to the one-celled ovary; its limb (called a <i>pappus</i>) crowning +its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc.; or cup-shaped; +or else entirely absent. <i>Corolla.</i>—Either strap-shaped or +tubular; in the latter chiefly five-lobed. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five (rarely four); +on the corolla; their anthers united in a tube. <i>Style.</i>—Two-cleft at the +apex. <i>Fruit.</i>—An akene. Flowers with strap-shaped corollas are +called <i>ray flowers</i> or <i>rays</i>. The <i>tubular flowers</i> compose the disk.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Composite family is the largest of all plant-families, +numbering twelve thousand species and upward, and is widely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxiii" id="Page_xxxiii">[ xxxiii]</a></span> +distributed over the world. In the cooler parts of the world +the plants are mostly herbaceous, but toward the tropics they +gradually become shrubs, and even trees. In North America +they comprise about one sixth of all the flowering plants.</p> + +<p>For so large a family there are comparatively few useful +plants found in it. Among the products of the order, may be +mentioned chicory, lettuce, the artichoke, the vegetable oyster, +arnica, chamomile-flowers, wormwood, absinth, elecampane, +coltsfoot, taraxacum, oil of tansy, etc. But our gardens owe +to this family innumerable beautiful and showy plants such +as the China aster, the chrysanthemum, the cosmos, zinnia, +dahlia, ageratum, gaillardia, coreopsis, sunflower, etc., etc.</p> + +<p>The plants of this family are quickly recognized by the +flowers being always borne in a head and surrounded by an +involucre, and presenting the appearance of a single flower. +The heads are sometimes made up entirely of one kind of +flower. The dandelion and the chicory are examples of a head +made up entirely of ray-flowers, while the thistle consists of tubular +flowers only. The more common arrangement, however, is +the mixed one, comprising both tubular disk-flowers and strap-shaped +rays, as in the daisy. The seeds are usually furnished +with silken down or a delicate parachute to waft them abroad.</p> + +<p>The identification of the flowers of this order is a very difficult +matter, even for experienced botanists.</p> + +<p class="cen"><b>Labiatæ.</b> Mint Family.</p> + +<blockquote><p>Herbs with square stems. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; usually aromatic. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Axillary, or often in whorls or heads. <i>Corolla.</i>—Bilabiate +(rarely regular). <i>Stamens.</i>—Four (or only two). <i>Ovary.</i>—Deeply +four-lobed; becoming four seedlike nutlets. Style single; arising from +the midst of the lobes.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The plants of this order are easily recognized by the traits in +the above description. But some of these traits are shared by the +plants of the Figwort family, which have also the bilabiate corolla. +The distinguishing character, however, is always to be found in +the <i>four-lobed ovary</i> for the Figworts have a two-celled ovary.</p> + +<p>This order is a large one; and there are no noxious or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxiv" id="Page_xxxiv">[ xxxiv]</a></span> +poisonous plants to be found in it. On the contrary, it comprises +many useful plants, too well known almost to need +enumeration—such as the lavender, peppermint, sage, horehound, +thyme, spearmint, <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'horse-mint'">horsemint</ins>, pennyroyal, etc.</p> + + +<h3>GENERA</h3> + +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Ceanothus</span>, L. Buckthorn Family.</p> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs or small trees, sometimes spinescent. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite +or alternate; petioled; variously toothed or entire. <i>Flowers.</i>—Blue or +white; small, usually not more than two or three lines across; borne in +showy thyrsoid or cymose clusters. <i>Calyx.</i>—Petaloid; with short tube +and five-cleft border, the lobes acute and connivent. <i>Petals.</i>—Five; +long-clawed; hooded; inserted on the calyx-tube. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; +opposite the petals; long exserted. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-lobed; three-celled. +Style short; three-cleft. <i>Fruit.</i>—Dry; consisting of three +dehiscent nutlets; sometimes crested.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The genus <i>Ceanothus</i> is mainly a Western one. Of its +thirty or more species, two thirds are found in the region +between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean.</p> + +<p>In California we have about twenty species; and these all +hybridize to such an extent, that often the determination of any +given species is a very difficult matter. The genus reaches its +culmination in the mountains of Santa Cruz County, where +there are many beautiful species. Many of the species are +commonly known as "California lilac."</p> + +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Lupinus</span>, Catullus. Pea Family.</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Palmately divided, with from one to sixteen leaflets; stipules +adnate; seldom conspicuous. <i>Leaflets.</i>—Entire; sessile. <i>Flowers.</i>—In +terminal racemes, whorled or scattered. <i>Calyx.</i>—Deeply bilabiate; +upper lip notched; lower usually entire, or occasionally three-toothed +or cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>—Papilionaceous. <i>Standard.</i>—Broad, with +sides reflexed. <i>Wings.</i>—Falcate; oblong; commonly slightly united +at the tip in front of and inclosing the falcate, usually slender, pointed +keel. <i>Stamens.</i>—With their filaments united in a tube; of two forms; +five with longer and basifixed anthers; the alternate five with shorter +and versatile ones. <i>Pod.</i>—Compressed; straight; two-valved. Style +slender. Stigma bearded.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Lupines are mostly plants of Western America. In +fact, they are so abundant between the Rocky Mountains and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxv" id="Page_xxxv">[ xxxv]</a></span> +the Pacific Ocean that that territory is known among botanists +as the "Lupine Region."</p> + +<p>The species, which are very numerous, are difficult of determination, +requiring very long technical descriptions, which cannot +be given in a work like the present. For this reason we +have been able to give but a few of the more easily recognized.</p> + +<p>We have in California upwards of forty species. They are +of little economic importance, although one or two species +have been found very useful in the reclaiming of sand-dunes. +Several species have been cultivated for ornament. The leaves +are often beautiful and the flower-clusters showy.</p> + +<p>The generic name is supposed to come from the Latin +<i>lupinus</i>, a <i>wolf</i>, and to have been given because of the voracity +evinced by the species in exhausting the soil.</p> + +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Astragalus</span>, Tourn. Pea Family.</p> + +<blockquote><p>Herbs, or sometimes plants woody at base. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +with stipules; unequally pinnate. <i>Flowers.</i>—Rather small; chiefly in +simple axillary spikes or racemes, upon a commonly elongated peduncle; +papilionaceous. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed. <i>Corolla</i> and its slender-clawed +petals usually narrow. Keel not pointed. <i>Stamens.</i>—Nine +united; one free. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled; sometimes apparently two-celled. +<i>Pod.</i>—Very various; commonly inflated. <i>Seeds.</i>—Few to +many on slender stalks; generally small for the size of the pod.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The genus <i>Astragalus</i> is a very large one, comprising many +species in most parts of the world, save Australia and South +Africa. About two hundred species are native of North +America, most of which are found in the region west of the +Mississippi River. Of these several are known as "loco-weed," +and are poisonous to sheep and cattle.</p> + +<p>Very few species of this genus have any economic value. +<i>A. gummifer</i> and some other similar species of Western Asia, +low, spiny shrubs, yield the gum tragacanth of commerce.</p> + +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Œnothera</span>, L. Evening-Primrose Family.</p> + +<blockquote><p>Herbs, or plants sometimes woody at the base. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Axillary or in spikes or racemes. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>—More +or less prolonged above the ovary with four reflexed segments.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxvi" id="Page_xxxvi">[ xxxvi]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Petals.</i>—Four; obcordate to obovate; sessile; yellow to white, often +tinged with red or turning red in fading. <i>Stamens.</i>—Eight; equal; or +those opposite the petals shorter. Anthers perfect; two-celled; versatile. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Four-celled; many ovuled. Style filiform. Stigma +four-lobed or capitate. <i>Fruit.</i>—A capsule with the seeds in one or +two rows in each cell.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The name <i>Œnothera</i> is from two Greek words, meaning +<i>wine</i> and <i>a hunt</i>, or <i>pursuit</i>. Mr. Gray tells us that it was +given in ancient times to some plant whose roots were eaten +to provoke a relish for wine.</p> + +<p>This is a large genus, containing a hundred or more +species, which are mostly confined to America, about a quarter +of them being Californian. Many of them are very beautiful +and have long been favorites in gardens. The flowers are +yellow or white, and are commonly designated as "evening +primroses," as many of them open upon the edge of evening.</p> + +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Godetia</span>, Spach. Evening-Primrose Family.</p> + +<p>The genus <i>Godetia</i> is closely allied to that of <i>Œnothera</i>; +but is distinguished from the latter in several points. Its +flowers are purple, lilac, or rose-colored—never yellow; the +anthers are basifixed—<i>i.e.</i> fixed by their bases—not versatile; +and the stigma, instead of being capitate, has four linear +lobes.</p> + +<p>The plants of this genus were formerly included under +<i>Œnothera</i>; but it has been thought best to put them into a +separate genus, which has been named for a Dr. Godet.</p> + +<p>There are numerous species, many of them very beautiful +and showy. They vary a great deal under different conditions +and in different seasons, and are not well understood by botanists +as yet.</p> + +<p>The genus is confined to the western coast of North America, +and is most largely represented in California.</p> + +<p>The species flower mostly in late spring and early summer, +which has given rise to the pretty name of "farewell to spring" +for the plants of this genus.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxvii" id="Page_xxxvii">[ xxxvii]</a></span></p> + +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Gilia</span>, Renz. and Pav. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</p> + +<blockquote><p>Herbs or plants somewhat shrubby at base. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite or +alternate; simple or compound; without stipules. Many species with +showy flowers. All the parts of the flower five, except the pistil, which +has a three-celled ovary and a three-lobed style. <i>Calyx.</i>—Imbricated +in the bud. <i>Corolla.</i>—Regular; funnel-form, salver-form, or sometimes +short campanulate or rotate; convolute in the bud. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; +on the corolla alternate with its lobes; distinct. Filaments mostly +slender; sometimes unequal in length; not bearded at base.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This genus was named in honor of Philip Gil, a Spanish +botanist. In America the name is pronounced <i>jil'i-a</i>, though +according to the rules of the Spanish language <i>he'li-a</i> would +be the correct pronunciation.</p> + +<p>This is a comparatively large genus, comprising about a +hundred species, most of which are native to the western parts +of the United States. The flowers are often showy and beautiful, +and some of them closely resemble the phloxes. A number +are cultivated under the botanical name of <i>Ipomopsis</i> or +<i>Leptosiphon</i>.</p> + +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Phacelia</span>, Juss. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</p> + +<blockquote><p>Herbs, mostly branched from the base and hairy. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +the lower sometimes opposite; simple or compound. <i>Flowers.</i>—Usually +in one-sided scorpioid racemes. <i>Calyx.</i>—Deeply five-parted; +without appendages. <i>Corolla.</i>—From almost rotate to narrowly +funnel-form; five-lobed; with ten vertical plates or scales at the +base within. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; equally inserted low or at the base of +the corolla. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Styles two; or one which is two-cleft. +<i>Fruit.</i>—A capsule.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The name <i>Phacelia</i> is from a Greek word signifying a <i>fascicle</i>, +or <i>bunch</i>, and refers to the fascicled or clustered flower-racemes.</p> + +<p>This genus is closely allied to <i>Nemophila</i>, but differs from +it in several points. The calyx is not furnished with appendages +at the sinuses; the corolla is imbricated in the bud—<i>i.e.</i> +the lobes overlap one another in the manner of bricks in +a wall,—and is not convolute, or rolled up, as in <i>Nemophila</i>.</p> + +<p>This is mainly a North American genus, having about fifty +species, about thirty of which are Californian. Many of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxviii" id="Page_xxxviii">[ xxxviii]</a></span> +species have beautiful and showy flowers, and are cultivated in +gardens. The blossoms are blue, violet, purple, or white, but +never yellow (save sometimes in the tube or throat).</p> + +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Mimulus</span>, L. Figwort Family.</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; simple. <i>Flowers.</i>—Axillary on solitary peduncles; +sometimes becoming racemose by the diminution of the upper +leaves to bracts. <i>Calyx.</i>—Tubular or campanulate; mostly five-angled +and five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>—Funnel-form; bilabiate; the upper lip erect, +two-lobed; the lower three-lobed; a pair of ridges, either bearded or +naked, running down the lower side of the throat. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four. +Anthers often near together in pairs, with divergent cells. <i>Ovary.</i>—Superior; +two-celled. Style filiform. Stigma two-lipped, with the lips +commonly dilated and petaloid.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The genus <i>Mimulus</i> is so named from the shape of the +corolla, which is supposed to resemble the gaping countenance +of an ape. It comprises forty or fifty species, and affords us +some of our most beautiful flowers. The greater number of +species and the handsomest are Pacific, and several of our +Californian species are especially prized in cultivation.</p> + +<p>The plants of the genus are all known as "monkey-flowers." +They exhibit an interesting character in the structure +and movements of the stigma. It is usually composed of +two somewhat expanded lips. These are extremely sensitive, +and when touched, or when pollen has been received by them, +they close quite rapidly.</p> + +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Orthocarpus</span>, Nutt. Figwort Family.</p> + +<blockquote><p>Low herbs; almost all annuals. <i>Leaves.</i>—Mainly alternate; sessile; +often cut into from three to five filiform divisions; the upper passing +into the bracts of the dense spike and usually colored, as are the calyx-lobes. +<i>Calyx.</i>—Short-tubular or oblong-campanulate; evenly four-cleft, +or sometimes cleft before and behind and the divisions again cleft. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Tubular; the upper lip, or galea, little or not at all longer +than the lower; small in comparison with the large, inflated, one- to +three-saccate lower one, which usually bears more or less conspicuous +teeth. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four; inclosed in the upper lip. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. +Style long. Stigma capitate. <i>Fruit.</i>—A capsule.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The genus <i>Orthocarpus</i> is mainly Californian, comprising +within our borders something less than twenty species. Most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxix" id="Page_xxxix">[ xxxix]</a></span> +of them are to be found from San Francisco northward and +in the mountains.</p> + +<p>They are closely related to the <i>Castilleias</i>, and resemble +them closely in habit. The difference between the two genera +lies in the relative sizes of the upper and lower lips of the +corolla. In <i>Castilleia</i> the upper lip is the larger and more +prominent; while in <i>Orthocarpus</i> the lower is much more conspicuous, +often consisting of three inflated sacs.</p> + +<p>The species are quite difficult of determination.</p> + +<p>"Owl's clover" is a common English name for the plants +of this genus.</p> + +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Pentstemon</span>, Mitchell. Figwort Family.</p> + +<blockquote><p>Perennial herbs, or rarely shrubby. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite, rarely +whorled; the upper sessile or clasping; the floral gradually or abruptly +reduced to bracts. <i>Flowers.</i>—Usually red, blue, purple, or white, +rarely yellow; in raceme-like panicles. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>—With +a conspicuous and mostly elongated or ventricose tube; the +throat swelling out on the lower if on either side; the limb more or less +bilabiate, with the upper lip two-lobed and the lower three-cleft, recurved, +or spreading. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four perfect; a fifth with a bearded +filament only. Anther cells mostly united or running together at the +summit. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. Style long. Stigma entire.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The name <i>Pentstemon</i> is from two Greek words, signifying +<i>five</i> and <i>stamen</i>. It was bestowed upon this genus because the +fifth stamen is present, though sterile.</p> + +<p>The genus is a large one, comprising seventy species, most +of which are North American, though a few are Mexican. It +is most abundantly represented in the Pacific States and the +States west of the Mississippi. California has over twenty +species, many of them very beautiful, a number of them being +in cultivation.</p> + +<p>"Beard-tongue" is the common English name for the plants +of this genus.</p> + +<p>From so many charming species it has been very difficult to +select; and if the reader finds some beautiful flower of this +genus which is unnamed in these pages, he is advised to consult +the technical botanies.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xl" id="Page_xl">[ xl]</a></span></p> + +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Calochortus</span>, Pursh. Lily Family.</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>—Branching; from a membranous-coated, sometimes fibrous-coated +corm. <i>Leaves.</i>—Few; linear-lanceolate; the radical one or two +much larger than those of the flexuous or erect stem. <i>Flowers.</i>—Few +to many; showy; terminal or axillary, or umbellately fascicled. <i>Perianth.</i>—Deciduous; +of six more or less concave segments; the three +outer lanceolate, greenish, more or less sepal-like; the inner (petals) +mostly broadly cuneate-obovate, usually with a conspicuous glandular +pit toward the base, which is apt to be hidden by long hairs. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six. +Anthers erect; basifixed. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled; three-angled. +Stigmas three; sessile; recurved. <i>Capsule.</i>—Three-angled or winged.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The <i>Calochorti</i> are the most widely diffused of all the liliaceous +plants of the Pacific Coast, and comprise some of the +most beautiful flowers in the world. "On the north they +reach British America; one species is to be found as far east as +Nebraska; and several are natives of Northern Mexico; and +within these limits no considerable section of country is destitute +of some species."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> They are so closely allied to the true +tulips that the common designation of them as "tulips" is not +at all amiss.</p> + +<p>The name <i>Calochortus</i> signifies <i>beautiful grass</i>. The members +of the genus fall naturally into three general groups:—</p> + +<p><i>First</i>—The <span class="smcap">Globe Tulips</span>, which have flexile stems, sub-globose, +nodding flowers, and nodding capsules. Of these +there are three—<i>C. albus</i>, <i>C. pulchellus</i>, and <i>C. amœnus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Second</i>—The <span class="smcap">Star Tulips</span>, having low, flexile stems, erect, +starlike flowers, with spreading petals, and nodding capsules. +They comprise <i>C. Benthami</i>, <i>C. Maweanus</i>, <i>C. cœruleus</i>, +<i>C. apiculatus</i>, <i>C. elegans</i>, <i>C. Tolmei</i>, <i>C. umbellatus</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Third</i>—The <span class="smcap">Mariposa Tulips</span>, which are usually tall, fine +plants, with stiff, erect stems, having erect, cup-shaped or open-campanulate +flowers, usually large and handsome, followed by +erect capsules.</p> + +<p>They have a few narrow, grasslike, radical leaves, which +have usually dried away by the time of flowering, which is in +early summer, after the ground has become dry and hard. +These inhabit our dry, open hillsides and grassy slopes, loving +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xli" id="Page_xli">[ xli]</a></span>a stony, clayey, sandy, or volcanic soil. They comprise over +thirty different known forms, and others are constantly being +discovered.</p> + +<p>They have a tendency to hybridize, and the various forms +sport and vary, and run into one another in such a wonderful +manner that the exact determination of all the species is an +impossible task to all but a few experts—and even they are not +certain about them all yet. We have given only a few of the +commonest or best-characterized species.</p> + +<p><i>Mariposa</i> is the Spanish word meaning <i>butterfly</i>, and was +applied on account of the marvelous resemblance of the markings +of the petals of some of the forms to the wings of that +insect.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlii" id="Page_xlii">[ xlii]</a></span></p> + +<h3>FOOTNOTE</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Mr. Carl Purdy.</p></div> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTORY" id="INTRODUCTORY"></a>INTRODUCTORY</h2> + + +<p>Situated on the western verge of the continent, so far +removed from the other parts of our country, not only by great +distance, but by those mighty natural barriers that traverse the +continent from north to south, California is eminently individual +in her natural features. Stretching through nine and one half +degrees of latitude, with a sea-coast of seven hundred miles, +and several ranges of fine and lofty mountains, there is probably +not another State in the Union that has so wonderful a +diversity of climate and vegetation. Her shores, bathed by +the warm Japan Current, or Ku-ro Si-wa, which is deflected +southward from Alaska, are many degrees warmer than their +latitude alone would warrant.</p> + +<p>Her general topography is simple and readily understood. +The Sierra Nevada, or "snowy range," upon the eastern boundary, +with its granite summits and its shoulders clothed with +successive belts of majestic coniferous forests, with an occasional +snow-peak towering above the range, forms the eastern wall of +the great Central Valley, which is inclosed upon the west by +the Coast Range, less in height than the Sierra, but equally +beautiful, less forbidding, more companionable. The great +Central Valley, four hundred and fifty miles long, is drained +by two rivers, which meet in its center and break through the +Coast Range, delivering their waters to the ocean through the +Golden Gate. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers receive +many important tributaries from the east, fed by the melting +snows of the Sierras, and flow through one of the most fertile +regions of the world.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xliii" id="Page_xliii">[ xliii]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Sierras may be divided into five different belts, of varying +altitudes along the length of the range, beginning with the +foothill region, which may be termed the chaparral region. +This is succeeded by the yellow-pine belt, above which is the +sugar-pine, or upper forest, belt, which is in turn succeeded by +the sub-alpine, while the alpine dominates all.</p> + +<p>The Coast Range is channeled on both sides by many beautiful +wooded caņons, affording homes for some of our loveliest +flowers. Mr. Purdy writes of it: This "is not a continuous +range, but a broken mass of parallel ridges from forty to seventy +miles wide, with many other chains transverse to the general +trend of the range, and inclosing numerous valleys, large +and small, of widely different altitudes. In the Coast Range +there is no warm belt, but isolated warm spots. Climate here +can only be ascertained by experience. The geological formation +of the ranges and the character of soils constantly vary, +and often widely at short intervals. Hence the flora of this +region is particularly interesting. It is hardly probable there +is a more captivating field for the botanist in the world."</p> + +<p>In the north and the south the two great ranges meet in +some of the noblest snow-peaks on the continent. Below their +southern junction, to the eastward, lies an arid desert region, +and above their northern junction extends a dry and elevated +plateau to the northeast. Thus there arises a great diversity +of natural condition. As all living organisms are greatly +influenced by their environment, the flora naturally distributes +itself along the lines of climatic variation. Thus we have +alpine species on the snowy heights of the Sierras, and sub-alpine +forms luxuriating in the meadows fed from their snows; +inland species in the Central Valley, and following some distance +up its eastern and western walls; the leathery and hardy +forms of the wind-swept coast; the curious prickly races of +arid regions; delicate lovers of the cool and shaded brook; +dwellers in marshes and on lake borders; denizens of dry, rocky +hill-slopes, exposed to the glare of the sun; and inhabiters of +shaded woods. It may be said that the most characteristically<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xliv" id="Page_xliv">[ xliv]</a></span> +Western plants of our flora are to be found in the Central Valley, +in the lower belts of the Sierras, and in the valleys of the +Coast Range, many of which extend beyond our borders, both +northward and southward. Many of our alpine species are +common to the East, and our maritime flora is of necessity +somewhat cosmopolitan, containing many introduced species +from various parts of the world.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The climate of California is divided into two seasons—the +wet and the dry,—the former extending from October to May, +the latter occupying the remaining months of the year. And +this climatic division coincides almost exactly with the area of +the State. Of course, these dates are not absolute, as showers +may occur beyond their limits.</p> + +<p>It will be readily seen that the rainy season, or the winter, +so-called, is the growing time of our year—the time when the +earth brings forth every plant in his kind. On the other hand, +the summer is the time of rest. Most of the plant-life having +germinated after the first moisture of the fall, grows luxuriantly +during the showery months of winter, blossoms lavishly in the +balmy sunshine of early springtime, produces seed in abundance +by early summer, and is then ready for its annual rest. +Instead of shrouding the earth in snow during our period of +plant-rest, as she does in more rigorous climes, Nature gently +spreads over hill and valley a soft mantle of brown.</p> + +<p>When the first shrill notes of the cicada are heard in late +spring, we awake to a sudden realization that summer is at +hand, and, looking about us, we see that the flowers have +nearly all vanished; hill and valley no longer glow with great +masses of color; only a few straggling species of the early summer +remain; but they too are soon gone, and soft browns and +straw-colors prevail everywhere. It is then that the deep, rich +greens of our symmetrically rounded Live-Oaks, so characteristic +of this region, show in fine contrast against this delicate +background, forming a picture that every Californian dearly +loves; the Madroņo and the Laurel spread their canopies of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlv" id="Page_xlv">[ xlv]</a></span> +grateful shade; while the Redwood affords cool retreats from +the summer sun. Then our salt marshes, as though realizing +the need of refreshing verdure, put on their most vivid greens; +and our chaparral-covered hill-slopes make walls of bronze +and olive.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Perhaps no coniferous forests in the world are so beautiful or +so attractive as the Redwood forests of our Coast Ranges; and +they play so important a part in the distribution of our plants, +it will not be out of place to devote a little space to them here.</p> + +<p>The main Redwood belt is of limited range, extending along +the Coast from Monterey County to Humboldt County, and +nowhere exceeding twenty miles in breadth. Straggling trees +may be found beyond these limits, but nowhere a forest growth +or trees of great size. In its densest portion, the stately and +colossal trees are too close together to permit of a wagon passing +between them.</p> + +<p>Mr. Purdy writes: "The Redwood is not only a lover of +moisture, but to an extent hardly to be believed, unless seen, +a condenser and conserver of moisture. Their tops reach high +into the sea of vapor, and a constant precipitation from them, +like rain, takes place. The water stands in puddles in the roads +under them. This causes the densest of undergrowth; hazels, +huckleberries, various Ceanothi, ferns of large size and in +greatest profusion, large bushes of rhododendron, and numerous +other plants make the forest floor a perfect tangle in moister +portions."</p> + +<p>Many charming plants find their homes amid the cool shade +of these noble trees. Trillium, and scoliopus, and dog's-tooth +violets vie with clintonias and vancouverias in elegance and +grace, while little creeping violets, and the lovely redwood-sorrel, +and the salal make charming tapestries over the forest +floor about these dim cathedral columns.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, the open forest belts of the Sierras, +which are of far greater extent, present another and quite +different flora from that of the Coast Range and the Redwood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlvi" id="Page_xlvi">[ xlvi]</a></span> +belt. There may be found many interesting plants of the +Heath family—cassiope, bryanthus, chimaphila, ledum, various +pyrolas, and the snow-plant; there the aconite, false hellebore, +eriogonums and gentians, and new and beautiful pentstemons +and Mimuli and lilies deck the meadows and stream-banks.</p> + +<p>After the season of blossoming is over in the lowlands, we +may pass on up into the mountains and live again through a +vernal springtime of flowers.</p> + +<p>Perhaps in no country in the world does the arrival of the +spring flowers "so transform the face of Nature as in California." +The march of civilization has brought changes in its +wake; the virgin soil has been broken and subdued into grainfields +and vineyards; still enough of the lavish blossoming is +left us to appreciate Mr. Muir's description of the face of the +country as it appeared years ago. He says: "When California +was wild, it was one sweet bee-garden throughout its entire +length, north and south, and all the way across from the snowy +Sierra to the ocean.... The Great Central Plain ... +during the months of March, April, and May was one smooth, +continuous bed of honey-bloom, so marvelously rich that in +walking from one end of it to the other, a distance of four hundred +miles, your foot would press about a hundred flowers at +every step. Mints, gilias, nemophilas, castilleias, and innumerable +Compositæ were so crowded together, that had ninety-nine +per cent of them been taken away, the plain would still have +seemed to any but Californians extravagantly flowery. The +radiant, honeyful corollas, touching and overlapping and rising +above one another, glowed in the living light like a sunset sky—one +sheet of purple and gold.... Sauntering in any +direction, hundreds of these happy sun-plants brushed against +my feet at every step and closed over them as if I were wading +in liquid gold. The air was sweet with fragrance, the larks sang +their blessed songs, rising on the wing as I advanced, then +sinking out of sight in the polleny sod; while myriads of wild +bees stirred the lower air with their monotonous hum—monotonous, +yet forever fresh and sweet as everyday sunshine." <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlvii" id="Page_xlvii">[ xlvii]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PRELUDE" id="PRELUDE"></a>PRELUDE</h2> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2"><a class="smcap">O Land of the West</a>! I know</span> +<span class="i2">How the field-flowers bud and blow,</span> +<span class="i2">And the grass springs and the grain</span> +<span class="i2">To the first soft touch and summons of the rain!</span> +<span class="i2">O, the music of the rain!</span> +<span class="i2">O, the music of the streams!</span> +<p class="quotsig">Ina D. Coolbrith</p>. +</div></div> + + +<p>Toward the end of our long cloudless summer, after most +other flowers have stolen away, Mother Nature marshals her +great order of Compositæ for a last rally; and they come as +welcome visitants to fill the places of our vanished summer +friends.</p> + +<p>Asters and <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'golden-rod'">goldenrods</ins>, grindelias, lessingias, and the numerous +tarweeds, with their cheerful blossoms, relieve the sober +browns of sun-dried hill-slopes and meadows, or fringe with +color our roadsides and salt marshes.</p> + +<p>But even these late-comers weary after a time, and one by +one disappear, till there comes a season when, without flowers, +Nature seems to be humbled in sackcloth and ashes. The +dust lies thick upon roadside trees, a haze hangs like a veil in +the air, and the sun beats down with fierce, continued glare.</p> + +<p>As this wears on day after day, a certain vague expectancy +creeps gradually over the face of things—a rapt, mysterious +aspect, foreboding change. One day there is a telltale clarity +in the atmosphere. Later, the sky darkens by degrees, and a +dull, leaden hue spreads over the vault of heaven. Nature<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlviii" id="Page_xlviii">[ xlviii]</a></span> +mourns, and would weep. Her heart is full to bursting; still +the tears come not. The winds spring up and blow freshly +over the parched land. A few hard-wrung drops begin to fall, +and at length there closes down a thoroughgoing shower. +The flood-gates are opened at last; the long tension is over, +and we breathe freely once more.</p> + +<p>During this first autumn rain, those of us who are so fortunate +as to live in the country are conscious of a strange odor +pervading all the air. It is as though Dame Nature were brewing +a vast cup of herb tea, mixing in the fragrant infusion all +the plants dried and stored so carefully during the summer.</p> + +<p>When the clouds vanish after this baptismal shower, everything +is charmingly fresh and pure, and we have some of the +rarest of days. Then the little seeds, harbored through the +long summer in Earth's bosom, burst their coats and push +up their tender leaves, till on hillside and valley-floor appears a +delicate mist of green, which gradually confirms itself into a +soft, rich carpet—and all the world is in verdure clad. Then +we begin to look eagerly for our first flowers.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="FLOWER_DESCRIPTIONS" id="FLOWER_DESCRIPTIONS"></a>FLOWER DESCRIPTIONS</h2> + +<h3>A FANCY</h3> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">I think I would not be</span> +<span class="i16">A stately tree,</span> +<span class="i1">Broad-boughed, with haughty crest that seeks the sky.</span> +<span class="i8">Too many sorrows lie</span> +<span class="i1">In years, too much of bitter for the sweet:</span> +<span class="i1">Frost-bite, and blast, and heat,</span> +<span class="i1">Blind drought, cold rains, must all grow wearisome,</span> +<span class="i8">Ere one could put away</span> +<span class="i8">Their leafy garb for aye,</span> +<span class="i8">And let death come.</span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">Rather this wayside flower!</span> +<span class="i8">To live its happy hour</span> +<span class="i1">Of balmy air, of sunshine, and of dew.</span> +<span class="i1">A sinless face held upward to the blue;</span> +<span class="i8">A bird-song sung to it,</span> +<span class="i8">A butterfly to flit</span> +<span class="i1">On dazzling wings above it, hither, thither,--</span> +<span class="i1">A sweet surprise of life,--and then exhale</span> +<span class="i1">A little fragrant soul on the soft gale,</span> +<span class="i8">To float--ah! whither?</span> +<p class="quotsig">--INA D. COOLBRITH.</p> +</div></div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[ 3]</a></span></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="White_or_occasionally_or_partially_white_flowers_not_described" id="White_or_occasionally_or_partially_white_flowers_not_described"></a><i>White or occasionally or partially white flowers not described</i></h2> +<h2><i>in the White Section.</i></h2> + + +<p class="cen"><i>Described in the Yellow Section</i>:—</p> +<table border="0" width="95%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Anagallis arvensis</span>—Pimpernel.</td><td><span class="smcap">Flœrkia Douglasii</span>—Meadow-Foam.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Brodiæa lactea</span>—White Brodiæa.</td><td><span class="smcap">Hemizonia luzulæfolia</span>—Tarweed.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Calochortus Weedii</span>—Mariposa Tulip.</td><td><span class="smcap">Hosackia bicolor.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Cuscuta</span>—Dodder.</td><td><span class="smcap">Melilotus alba</span>—White Sweet Clover.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Eriogonum ursinum.</span></td><td><span class="smcap">Pterospora andromedea</span>—Pine-Drops.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Erysimum grandiflorum</span>—Cream-colored Wallflower.</td><td><span class="smcap">Verbascum Blattaria</span>—Moth-Mullein.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Eschscholtzia Californica</span>—California Poppy.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cen"><i>Described in the Pink Section</i>:—</p> +<table border="0" width="95%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Apocynum cannabinum</span>—American-Indian Hemp.</td><td><span class="smcap">Phlox Douglasii</span>—Alpine Phlox.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Dodecatheon Clevelandi</span>—Shooting-Stars.</td><td><span class="smcap">Rhus integrifolia</span>—Lemonade-Berry.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Gilia androsacea.</span></td><td><span class="smcap">Rhus laurina</span>—Sumach.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Lewisia rediviva</span>—Bitter-Root.</td><td><span class="smcap">Silene Gallica.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Oxalis Oregana</span>—Redw'd-Sorrel.</td><td><span class="smcap">Trientalis Europæa</span>—Star-Flower.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cen"><i>Described in the Blue and Purple Section</i>:—</p> +<table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Brodiæa laxa</span>—Ithuriel's Spear.</td><td><span class="smcap">Collinsia bicolor</span>—Collinsia.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Calochortus Catalinæ</span>—Catalina Mariposa Tulip.</td><td><span class="smcap">Delphinium.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Calochortus Maweanus</span>—Cat's-Ears.</td><td><span class="smcap">Fritillaria liliacea</span>—White Fritillary.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Calochortus umbellatus</span>—White Star-Tulip.</td><td><span class="smcap">Iris Douglasiana</span>—Douglas Iris.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Ceanothus divaricatus</span>—Wild Lilac.</td><td><span class="smcap">Iris macrosiphon</span>-Ground Iris.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Ceanothus thyrsiflorus</span>—California Lilac.</td><td><span class="smcap">Polygala cornuta.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Scutellaria Californica</span>—White Skullcap</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Trillium sessile</span>—Calif. Trillium.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cen"><i>Described in the Red Section</i>:—</p> +<table border="0" width="91%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Gilia aggregata</span>—Scarlet Gilia.</td><td><span class="smcap">Aquilegia cœrulea.</span></td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cen"><i>Described in the Miscellaneous Section</i>:—</p> +<table border="0" width="105%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Cephalanthera Oregana</span>—Phantom Orchis.</td><td><span class="smcap">Cypripedium montanum</span>—Mountain Lady's Slipper.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Cypripedium Californicum</span>—California Lady's Slipper.</td><td><span class="smcap">Prosartes Menziesii</span>—Drops of Gold.</td></tr> +</table> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT. SPRING-BLOSSOM.</h3> + +<h4><i>Dentaria Californica</i>, Nutt. Mustard Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[ 4]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Roots.</i>—Bearing small tubers. <i>Stems.</i>—Six inches to two feet +high. <i>Root-leaves.</i>—Simple and roundish or with three leaflets. <i>Stem-leaves.</i>—Usually +with three to five pinnate leaflets, one to three inches +long. <i>Flowers.</i>—White to pale rose-color. <i>Sepals and Petals.</i>—Four. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Four long and two short. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. Style +simple. <i>Pod.</i>—Slender; twelve to eighteen lines long. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>Cardamine +paucisecta</i>, Benth. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the Coast Ranges.</p></blockquote> + +<p>What a rapture we always feel over this first blossom of the +year! not only for its own dear sake, but for the hopes and +promises it holds out, the visions it raises of spring, with +flower-covered meadows, running brooks, buds swelling everywhere, +bird-songs, and the air rife with perfumes.</p> + +<p>It is like the dove sent forth from the ark, this first tentative +blossom, this <i>avant courier</i> of the great army of Crucifers, +or cross-bearers, so called because their four petals are stretched +out like the four arms of a cross.</p> + +<p>It is usually in some sheltered wood that we look for this +first shy blossom; but once it has proved the trustworthiness +of the skies, it is followed by thousands of its companions, who +then come out boldly and star the meadows with their pure +white constellations.</p> + +<p>The Latin name of this genus (from the word <i>dens</i>, a +tooth), translated into the vernacular, becomes toothwort, the +termination <i>wort</i> signifying merely plant or herb.</p> + +<p>It was so named because of the toothed rootstocks of many +species.</p> + +<p>The little tubers upon the root often have a pungent taste, +from which comes one of the other common names—"pepper-root." +Various other names have been applied to these flowers, +such as "lady's smocks" and "milkmaids."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a></span></p> + +<div class="image" id="f001"> +<p class="center"><a href="images/f001.png"><i>TOOTHWORT—Dentaria Californica.</i></a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>ZYGADENE.</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[ 6]</a></span></p> + + +<h4><i>Zygadenus Fremonti</i>, Michx. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Bulb.</i>—Dark-coated. <i>Leaves.</i>—Linear; a foot or two long; deeply +channeled. <i>Scape.</i>—Three inches to even four feet high. <i>Flowers.</i>—White. +<i>Perianth Segments.</i>—Six; strongly nerved; bearing at base +yellow glands; inner segments clawed. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six; shorter than +the perianth. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. Styles three; short. <i>Capsule.</i>—Three-beaked. +<i>Hab.</i>—Coast Ranges, San Diego to Humboldt County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The generic name, <i>Zygadenus</i>, is from the Greek, and signifies +yoked glands, referring to the glands upon the base of +the perianth segments.</p> + +<p>We have several species, the most beautiful and showy of +which is <i>Z. Fremonti</i>. This is widely distributed, and grows +in very different situations. In our central Coast Range its +tall stems, with their lovely clusters of white stars, make their +appearance upon rocky hill-slopes with warm exposure, in the +shelter of the trees, soon after the toothwort has sprinkled +the fields with its white bloom. In the south it rears its tall +stems upon open mesas, unprotected by the shelter of friendly +tree or shrub, and in some localities it makes itself at home in +bogs. It is possible that the future may reveal the presence of +more than one species.</p> + +<p>It has sometimes been called "soap-plant"; but this name +more appropriately belongs to <i>Chlorogalum</i>. It somewhat +resembles the Star of Bethlehem of Eastern gardens. The fact +that it grows in boggy places has given rise to the name of +"water-lily" in certain localities; but this ought to be discountenanced, +as it bears not the slightest resemblance to the magnificent +water-lily of Eastern ponds.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>Z. venenosus</i>, Wats.—is found from Monterey +and Mariposa Counties to British Columbia. This may be +distinguished from the above by its narrow leaves—only two +or three lines wide,—usually folded together, and by its smaller +flowers, with perianth segments only two or three lines long; and +also by the fact that the stamens equal the segments in length. +The bulb is poisonous, and our Northern Indians call it "death +camass," while the farmers in the Sierras call it "Lobelia," not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[ 8]</a></span> +because of any resemblance to that plant, but because its poisonous +effects are similar to those of the latter. It is fatal to +horses, but hogs eat it with impunity, from which it is also +known as "hogs' potato." It is found in moist meadows or +along stream-banks, in June and July.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f002"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a></span> +<p class="center"><a href="images/f002.png"><i>ZYGADENE—Zygadenus Fremonti.</i></a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>POISON-OAK.</h3> + +<h4><i>Rhus diversiloba</i>, Torr. and Gray. Poison-Oak or Cashew Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Shrubs.</i>—Three to fifteen feet high. <i>Leaflets.</i>—One to four inches +long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Greenish white; small. <i>Sepals and Petals.</i>—Usually +five. <i>Stamens.</i>—As many or twice as many as the petals. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. +Styles three: distinct or united. <i>Fruit.</i>—A small, dry, +striate, whitish drupe. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The presence of the poison-oak in our woods and fields +makes these outdoor haunts forbidden pleasures to persons +who are susceptible to it. It is closely allied to the poison-ivy +of the Eastern States, and very similar in its effects. It is a +charming shrub in appearance, with beautiful glossy, shapely +leaves; and in early summer, when it turns to many shades of +scarlet and purple-bronze, it is especially alluring to the unsuspecting. +It is quite diverse in its habit, sometimes appearing +as an erect shrub, and again climbing trees or rock surfaces, by +means of small aerial rootlets, to a considerable height. Horses +eat the leaves without injury; and the honey which the bees distill +from its small greenish-white flowers is said to be excellent.</p> + +<p>Many low plants seek the shelter of these shrubs, and some +of our loveliest flowers, such as Clarkias, Godetias, Collinsias, +Brodiæas, and larkspurs, seem to realize that immunity from +human marauders is to be had within its safe retreat.</p> + +<p>The remedies for oak-poisoning are numerous; and it may +not be out of place to mention a few of them here. Different +remedies are required by different individuals. Any of the +following plants may be made into a tea and used as a wash: +Grindelia, manzanita, wild peony, California holly, and <i>Rhamnus +Purshiania</i>, or <i>Californica</i>. Hot solutions of soda, Epsom +salts, or saltpeter are helpful to many, and the bulb of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[ 10]</a></span> +soap-root,—<i>Chlorogalum pomeridianum</i>—pounded to a paste +and used as a salve, allowing it to dry upon the surface and +remain for some hours at least, is considered excellent. In fact, +any pure toilet soap may be used in the same manner.</p> +<div class="image" id="f003"> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f003.png">POISON OAK—<i>Rhus diversiloba</i>.</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a></span></p> +</div> + + +<h3>WAKE-ROBIN.</h3> + +<h4><i>Trillium ovatum</i>, Pursh. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>—Thickened. <i>Stem.</i>—Erect; stout; a foot or more +high; bearing at summit a whorl of three sessile leaves. <i>Leaves.</i>—Rhomboidal; +acuminate; netted-veined; five-nerved; two to six inches +long. <i>Flower.</i>—Solitary; pure white, turning to deep rose; peduncle +one to three inches long. <i>Sepals.</i>—Three; herbaceous. <i>Petals.</i>—One +or two inches long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. Stigmas +three; sessile. <i>Capsule.</i>—Broadly ovate: six-winged. <i>Hab.</i>—The +Coast Ranges, from Santa Cruz to British Columbia.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The wake-robin is in the vanguard of our spring flowers, +and a walk into some high, cold caņon while the days are still +dark and short will be amply rewarded by the finding of its +white and peculiarly pure-looking blossoms standing upon +the bank overlooking the streamlet. The blossoms remain +unchanged for a time, and then, as they fade, turn to a deep +purplish rose-color.</p> + +<p>Our wake-robin so closely resembles <i>T. grandiflorum</i>, +Salisb., of the Eastern States, that it seems a pity it should +have been made into a different species.</p> + + +<h3>BEACH-STRAWBERRY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Fragaria Chilensis</i>, Ehrhart. Rose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>—The coast, from Alaska to San Francisco and southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This beautiful strawberry is found growing near the seashore, +where its large, delicious berries are often buried +beneath the shifting sand, becoming bleached in color. It +sometimes covers acres with its thick, shining, dark-green +leaves, among which are sprinkled its large pure-white flowers, +an inch or more across.</p> + +<p>The wood-strawberry—<i>F. Californica</i>—is very common in +the Coast Ranges; but for the most part it is dry and flavorless.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f004"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f004.png">WAKE-ROBIN--<i>Trillium ovatum</i></a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>MANZANITA. BEARBERRY.</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[ 12]</a></span></p> +<h4><i>Arctostaphylos manzanita</i>, Parry. Heath Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs three to twenty-five feet high, with purple-brown bark. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Pale. <i>Flowers.</i>—White or pinkish; in crowded clusters. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Four or five lines long; campanulate. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten; +filaments dilated and bearded at base; anthers two-celled, opening terminally, +each cell furnished with a long downward-pointing horn. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Globose; five to ten-celled. Style simple. <i>Fruit.</i>—Six lines +in diameter, containing several bony nutlets. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>Arctostaphylos +pungens</i>, HBK. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Of all our shrubs, the manzanita is the most beautiful and +the best known. Sometimes as early as Christmas it may be +found in full bloom, when its dense crown of pale foliage, surmounting +the rich purple-brown stems, is thickly sown with +the little clusters of fragrant waxen bells. After the blossoms +have passed away, the shrubs put forth numerous brilliant +scarlet or crimson shoots, which at a little distance look like a +strange and entirely new kind of blossoming. The manzanita +is closely allied to the madroņo, and resembles it in many +ways, particularly in the annual peeling of its rich red bark +and in the form of its flowers.</p> + +<p>The Greek generic name, translated into English, becomes +"bearberry." The pretty Spanish name—from <i>manzana</i>, +apple, and the diminutive, <i>ita</i>,—was bestowed by the early +Spanish-Californians, who recognized the resemblance of the +fruit to tiny apples.</p> + +<p>We have a dozen or more species of <i>Arctostaphylos</i>, but <i>A. +manzanita</i> is the commonest of them all. It varies greatly in +size and habit. In localities most favorable it becomes a large, +erect shrub, with many clustered trunks, while in the Sierras +it finds but a precarious footing among the granite rocks, often +covering their surfaces with its small tortuous, stiff branches. +The leaves, by a twisting of their stalks, assume a vertical position +on the branches, a habit which enables many plants of dry +regions to avoid unnecessary evaporation.</p> +<div class="image" id="f005"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f005.png">MANZANITA—<i>Arctostaphylos manzanita</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The largest manzanita known is upon the estate of Mr. +Tiburcio Parrott, in St. Helena, Napa County, California. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[ 14]</a></span> +is thirty-five feet high, with a spread of branches equal to its +height, while its trunk measures eleven and a half feet in circumference +at the ground, soon dividing into large branches. +It is a veritable patriarch, and has doubtless seen many centuries. +According to an interesting account in "Garden and +Forest," it once had a narrow escape from the ax of a woodman. +A gentleman who was a lover of trees, happening to +pass, paid the woodman two dollars to spare its life.</p> + +<p>Years ago no traveler from the East felt that he could return +home without a manzanita cane, made from as straight a +branch as could be secured.</p> + +<p>The berries of this shrub are dry and bony and quite unsatisfactory. +They are, however, pleasantly acid, and have been +put to several uses. It is said that both brandy and vinegar +are made from them, and housewives make quite a good jelly +from some species. Bears are fond of the berries, and the +Indians eat them, both raw and pounded into a flour, from which +mush is made. The leaves made into a tincture or infusion are +now an officinal drug, valued in catarrh of the throat or stomach.</p> + +<p>From Monterey to San Diego is found <i>A. glauca</i>, Lindl., +the great-berried manzanita. It closely resembles the above, +but its berries are three fourths of an inch in diameter.</p> + +<p>Of the same range as the last is <i>A. bicolor</i>, Gray, whose +leaves are of a rich, shining green above and white and woolly +beneath. Its berries are the size of a pea, yellowish at first, +and turning red later.</p> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN SAXIFRAGE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Saxifraga Californica</i>, Greene. Saxifrage Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Few; all radical; oval; one to two inches long, on broad +petioles six to twelve lines long. <i>Scape.</i>—Six to eighteen inches high. +<i>Flowers.</i>—White or rose; four or five lines across. <i>Calyx.</i>—Deeply +five-cleft, with reflexed lobes. <i>Petals.</i>—Borne on the calyx. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten. +<i>Ovaries.</i>—Two; partly united. Styles short. Stigmas capitate. +<i>Syn.</i>—<i>S. Virginiensis</i>, Michx. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the State.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f006"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f006.png">CALIFORNIAN SAXIFRAGE—<i>Saxifraga Californica</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>In the rich soil of cool northward slopes, or on many a +mossy bank amid the tender young fronds of the maidenhair,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[ 16]</a></span> +may be found the delicate clusters of our little Californian saxifrage. +The plants are small, with but a few, perhaps only one +or two, oval, rather hairy leaves, lying upon the ground, and a +slender red scape upholding the dainty cluster of small white +flowers. The tips of the calyx-lobes are usually red, and the +wee stamens are pink.</p> + +<p>We have several species of saxifrage, most of which are +plants of exceeding delicacy and grace, and with small flowers.</p> + + +<h3>MINER'S LETTUCE. INDIAN LETTUCE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Montia perfoliata</i>, Howell. Purslane Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Smooth, succulent herbs. <i>Radical Leaves.</i>—Long-petioled; broadly +rhomboidal. <i>Stems.</i>—Simple; six to twelve inches high, having, near +the summit, a pair of leaves united around the stem. <i>Flowers.</i>—White. +<i>Sepals.</i>—Two. <i>Petals.</i>—Five, minute. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled +Style slender. Stigma three-cleft. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>Claytonia perfoliata</i>, +Don. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Though our Indian lettuce is closely allied to the Eastern +"Spring Beauty," one would never suspect it from its outward +appearance and habit. The little flower-racemes look as +though they might have pushed their way right through the +rather large saucer-like leaf just below them. The succulent +leaves and stems are greedily eaten by the Indians, from which +it is called "Indian lettuce."</p> + +<p>Mr. Powers, of Sheridan, writes that the Placer County Indians +have a novel way of preparing their salad. Gathering +the stems and leaves, they lay them about the entrances of the +nests of certain large red ants. These, swarming out, run all +over it. After a time the Indians shake them off, satisfied that +the lettuce has a pleasant sour taste equaling that imparted +by vinegar. These little plants are said to be excellent when +boiled and well seasoned, and they have long been grown in +England, where they are highly esteemed for salads.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a></span></p> +<div class="image" id="f007"> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f007.png">MINER'S LETTUCE—<i>Montia Perfoliata</i>.</a></p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[ 18]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>WOOD ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Anemone quinquefolia</i>, L. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>—Horizontal. <i>Stem.</i>—Six to fourteen inches high. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Radical leaf remote from the stem; trifid; the segments serrate. +Involucral leaf not far below the flower; three foliolate. <i>Sepals.</i>—Petaloid; +five or six; usually bluish outside. <i>Petals.</i>—Wanting. <i>Stamens +and Pistils.</i>—Numerous. <i>Akenes.</i>—Two lines long; twelve to +twenty. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>Anemone nemorosa</i>, L. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges, in +moist shade.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The delicate blossoms of the wood anemone might at first +be confounded with those of the toothwort by the careless +observer, but a moment's reflection will quickly distinguish +them. The anemone is always a solitary flower with many +stamens, and its petals are of a more delicate texture. It +grows upon wooded banks or cool, shaded flats among the +redwoods.</p> + +<p>There are many quaint traditions as to the origin of its +name, and poets have from early times found something ideal +of which to sing in these simple spring flowers.</p> + +<p>The generic name has the accent upon the third syllable, +but, when Anglicized into the common name, the accent falls +back upon the second.</p> + + +<h3>OSO-BERRY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Nuttallia cerasiformis</i>, Torr. and Gray. Rose Family</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Deciduous shrubs; two to fifteen feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Broadly oblanceolate; +two to four inches long; narrowed into a short petiole. +<i>Flowers.</i>—White; in short terminal racemes; diœcious; three to eleven +lines across. <i>Calyx.</i>—Top-shaped, with five-lobed border. <i>Petals.</i>—Five; +inserted with ten of the stamens on the calyx; broadly spatulate. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Fifteen. <i>Ovaries.</i>—Five. Styles short. <i>Fruit.</i>—Blue-black, +oblong drupes; six to eight lines long. <i>Hab.</i>—Chiefly the Coast +Ranges from San Luis Obispo to Fraser River.</p></blockquote> + +<p>About the same time that the beautiful leaves of the buckeye +are emerging from their wrappings, we notice in the woods +a shrub which has just put forth its clusters of bright-green +leaves from buds all along its slender twigs. Amid their +delicate green hang short clusters of greenish-white flowers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[ 20]</a></span> +These blossoms have a delicious bitter fragrance, redolent of +all the tender memories of the springtime.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f008"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f008.png">WOOD ANEMONE—<i>Anemone quinquefolia.</i></a></p> +</div> + +<p>This shrub is usually mistaken for a wild plum; and the +illusion is still further assisted when the little drupes, like miniature +plums, begin to ripen and hang in yellow and purple +clusters amid the matured leaves.</p> + + +<h3>WILD DATE. SPANISH BAYONET.</h3> + +<h4><i>Yucca Mohavensis</i>, Sargent. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Trunk.</i>—Usually simple; rarely exceeding fifteen feet high; six or +eight inches in diameter; naked, or covered with refracted dead leaves, +or clothed to the ground with the living leaves. <i>Leaves.</i>—Linear-lanceolate; +one to three feet long; one or two inches wide; rigid; margins +at length bearing coarse recurved threads. <i>Flowers.</i>—In short-stemmed +or sessile, distaff-shaped panicles, a foot or two long; pedicels +eventually drooping, twelve to eighteen lines long. <i>Perianth.</i>—Broadly +campanulate. <i>Segments.</i>—Six; thirty lines long; six to twelve wide. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Six; six to nine lines long; filaments white, club-shaped. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Oblong; white; an inch or two long, including the slender +style. Stigmas three. <i>Fruit.</i>—Cylindrical; three or four inches long; +pendulous, pulpy. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>Yucca baccata</i>, Torr. <i>Hab.</i>—Southern +California, from Monterey to San Diego; coast and inland.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The genus <i>Yucca</i> comprises sixteen or eighteen species, and +reaches its greatest development in Northern Mexico. Three +species are to be found within our borders, two of which are +arborescent, <i>Y. arborescens</i>, and <i>Y. Mohavensis</i>. Considerable +confusion has hitherto reigned among the species, but +they are now better understood.</p> + +<p>They are all valuable to our Indians as basket and textile +plants, and are useful to them in many other ways.</p> + +<p>Owing to the structure of the flowers, self-fertilization seems +impossible, and scientists who have made a study of the subject +say that these plants are dependent upon a little white, +night-flying moth to perform this office for them. This little +creature goes from plant to plant, gathering the pollen, which +she rolls up into a ball with her feet. When sufficient has +been gathered, she goes to another plant, lays her egg in its +ovary, and before leaving ascends to the stigma and actually +pushes the pollen into it, seeming to realize that unless she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[ 21]</a></span> +performs this last act, there will be nothing for her progeny to +eat. This seems an almost incredible instance of insect intelligence; +but it is a well-authenticated fact.</p> + +<p><i>Yucca Mohavensis</i>, commonly called "wild date," or +"Spanish bayonet," is more widely distributed within our +borders than either of our other species. Its large panicle of +overpoweringly fragrant white waxen bells is a striking object +wherever seen. On the coast this yucca is often stemless, +but in the interior, where it is more abundant, it rises to a +considerable height, and culminates upon the Mojave Desert, +where the finest specimens are found.</p> + +<p>The fruit, which ripens in August and September, turns +from green to a tawny yellow, afterward becoming brownish +purple, and eventually almost black. This has a sweet, succulent +flesh, and, either fresh or dried, is a favorite fruit among +the Indians. Dr. Palmer writes that this is one of the most +useful plants to the Indians of New Mexico, Arizona, and +Southern California. They cut the stems into slices, beat +them into a pulp, and mix them with the water in washing, as +a substitute for soap.</p> + +<p>The leaves are parched in ashes, to make them pliable, and +are afterward soaked in water and pounded with a wooden +mallet. The fibers thus liberated are long, strong, and durable, +and lend themselves admirably to the weaving of the +gayly decorated horse-blankets made by the tribes of Southern +California. They also make from it ropes, twine, nets, hats, +hair-brushes, shoes, mattresses, baskets, etc.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[ 22]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.</h3> + +<h4><i>Smilacina sessilifolia</i>, Nutt. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>—Slender; branching; creeping; scars not conspicuous. +<i>Stem.</i>—About a foot long (sometimes two); usually zigzag above; +leafy. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; sessile; lanceolate; two to six inches long; +shining above; spreading in a horizontal plane. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; few; +in a simple terminal raceme, on pedicels two to seven lines long. +<i>Perianth.</i>—Of six, distinct, spreading segments. <i>Segments.</i>—One +and one half to four lines long; lanceolate. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six; half the +length of the segments. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. Style short. <i>Berry.</i>—Nearly +black; three to five lines through. <i>Hab.</i>—Monterey to British +Columbia.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The False Solomon's Seal is one of the prettiest plants in +our woods in March, and in many places it almost hides the +ground from view. It has a graceful, drooping habit that +shows its handsome, spreading leaves to full advantage, and +its few delicate little white blossoms are a fitting termination +to the pretty sprays.</p> + +<p><i>S. amplexicaulis</i>, Nutt., is a very handsome, decorative +plant, with fine, tall, leafy stem, and large, feathery panicle of +tiny white flowers. The broadened white filaments are the +most conspicuous part of these blossoms, which are less than a +line long. The berries are light-colored, dotted with red or +purple.</p> + + +<h3>MIST-MAIDENS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Romanzoffia Sitchensis</i>, Bongard. Baby-eyes or Water leaf Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Six to eighteen lines across; smooth. <i>Flowers.</i>—White, +pink, or purple. <i>Calyx.</i>—Deeply five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>—Funnel-form; +five-lobed; four lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. +<i>Hab.</i>—Coast Ranges, from Santa Cruz northward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In appearance these delicate herbs resemble the saxifrages, +and they affect much the same sort of places, decking mossy +banks and stream borders with their beautiful scalloped leaves +and small white flowers.</p> + +<p>The genus was named in honor of Nicholas Romanzoff, a +Russian nobleman, who, by his munificence, enabled some +noted botanists to visit this coast early in the century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a></span></p> + +<div class="image" id="f009"> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f009.png"> MIST-MAIDENS—<i>Romanzoffia Sitchensis.</i></a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>STRAWBERRY CACTUS.</h3> +<h3>CALIFORNIAN FISH-HOOK CACTUS. LLAVINA.</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[ 24]</a></span></p> + +<h4><i>Mamillaria Goodridgii</i>, Scheer. Cactus Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Oval, fleshy, leafless plants; mostly single, though sometimes +clustered; three to five inches long; covered with prominences or +tubercles. <i>Tubercles.</i>—Each bearing a flat rosette of short, whitish +spines, with an erect, dark, fish-hook-like central one. <i>Flowers.</i>—Small; +greenish-white. <i>Outer Sepals.</i>—Fringed. <i>Petals.</i>—About eight; +awned. <i>Stamens.</i>—Numerous. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Stigmas five or +six. <i>Fruit.</i>—Scarlet; an inch long. <i>Hab.</i>—San Diego and neighboring +islands, and southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The dry hill-slopes about San Diego afford the most interesting +field accessible to civilization, <i>i.e.</i> within our boundaries, +for the gathering and study of the cacti.</p> + +<p>Nestling close to the ground, usually under some shrub or +vine, you will find the little fish-hook cactus, one of the prettiest +and most interesting of them all. Its oval form bristles +with the little dark hooks, each of which emanates from a flat +star of whitish spines.</p> + +<p>The flowers may be found in April or May, but it is more +noticeable when in fruit. The handsome scarlet berries, like +old-fashioned coral eardrops, protruding from among the +thorns, are easily picked out, and they very naturally find their +way to one's mouth. Nor is one disappointed in the expectation +raised by their brilliant exterior—for the flavor is delicious, +though I cannot say it resembles that of the strawberry, +as some aver. To me it is more like a fine tart apple.</p> + + +<h3>THIMBLE-BERRY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Rubus Nutkanus</i>, Mocino. Rose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Three to eight feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Palmately and nearly +equally five-lobed; cordate at base; four to twelve inches broad; the +lobes acute; densely tomentose beneath. <i>Flowers.</i>—Few; clustered; +white, sometimes pale rose; an inch or two across, with rounded petals. +<i>Stamens and Pistils.</i>—Numerous. <i>Fruit.</i>—Large; red; "like an +inverted saucer;" sweet and rather dry. <i>Hab.</i>—Monterey to Alaska.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The thimble-berry is unequaled for the canopy of pure +light-green foliage which it spreads in our woods. It would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[ 25]</a></span> +take the clearest of water-colors to portray its color and texture. +The large white flowers, with their crumpled petals, are +deliciously fragrant, but with us are never followed by an +edible fruit, probably owing to the dryness of our summer +climate. In Oregon and northward the berries are said to be +luscious. There the bushes grow in the fir forests, where they +seem most at home.</p> + +<p><i>Rubus spectabilis</i>, Pursh., the salmon-berry, has leaves with +three leaflets, and large solitary, rose-colored flowers, which +are followed by a salmon-colored berry. These shrubs are +exceedingly beautiful when in full bloom.</p> + + +<h3>COMMON WILD PEA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lathyrus vestitus</i>, Nutt. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—One to ten feet high; slender; not winged. <i>Leaves.</i>— +Alternate; with small semi-sagittate stipules; pinnate, with four to six +pairs of leaflets; tendril-bearing at the summit. <i>Leaflets.</i>—Ovate-oblong +to linear; six to twelve lines long; acute. <i>Flowers.</i>—White, +pale rose or violet; seven to ten lines long. <i>Lower Calyx-teeth.</i>—About +equaling the tube. <i>Corolla.</i>—Papilionaceous; the standard veined +with purple in the center. <i>Stamens.</i>—Nine united; one free. <i>Ovary.</i>—Flattened; +pubescent. Style hairy down the inner side. (See <i>Leguminosæ</i>.) +<i>Hab.</i>—Sonoma County to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The genus <i>Lathyrus</i>, which contains the beautiful sweet pea +of the garden, affords us several handsome wild species, but +most of them are difficult of determination, and many of them +are as yet much confused. This genus is quite closely related +to <i>Vicia</i>, but, in general, the leaflets are broader, the flowers +are larger, and the style is hairy down the inner side as well as +at the tip.</p> + +<p><i>Lathyrus vestitus</i> is the common wild pea of the south. It +is quite plentiful, and clambers over and under shrubs, hanging +out its occasional clusters of rather large pale flowers.</p> + +<p><i>L. Torreyi</i>, Gray, found from Santa Clara County to Napa +in dry woods, is a slender plant, having from one to three +small white or pinkish flowers. It is remarkable for and easily +distinguished by its very fragrant foliage.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[ 26]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>WILD CUCUMBER. BIG-ROOT. CHILICOTHE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Echinocystis fabacea</i>, Naudin. Gourd Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Tendril-bearing vines, ten to thirty feet long. <i>Root.</i>—Enormous; +woody. <i>Leaves.</i>—Palmately five- to seven-lobed; three to six inches +broad. <i>Flowers.</i>—Yellowish white; monœcious. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>—Campanulate; +teeth small or none. <i>Corolla.</i>—Five- to seven-lobed; three +to six lines across. <i>Staminate Flowers.</i>—Five to twenty in racemes; +their stamens two and a half, with short connate filaments and somewhat +horizontal anthers. <i>Pistillate Flowers.</i>—Solitary; from the same +axils as the racemes. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two- to four-celled. <i>Fruit.</i>—Two +inches long; prickly. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>Megarrhiza Californica</i>, Torr. <i>Hab.</i>—Near +the coast, from San Diego to Point Reyes.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The wild cucumber is one of our most graceful native vines. +It drapes many an unsightly stump, or clambers up into +shrubs, embowering them with its pretty foliage. Seeing its +rather delicate ivy-like habit above ground, one would never +dream that it came from a root as large as a man's body, +buried deep in the earth. From this root, it has received two +of its common names, "big-root" and "man-in-the-ground." +Sometimes this may be seen upon the ocean beach or rolling +about in the breakers, where it has been liberated by the wearing +away of the cliffs. It is intensely bitter.</p> + +<p>The seeds have a very interesting method of germinating. +The two large radical leaves remain underground, sending up +the terminal shoot only. They are so tender and succulent +that they would be eaten forthwith, if they showed themselves +above the ground. An oil expressed from the roasted +seeds has been used by the Indians to promote the growth of +the hair.</p> + +<p>Authorities have differed about the classification of these +plants, and they have been variously called <i>Megarrhiza, +Micrampelis</i>, and <i>Echinocystis</i>, the latter being latest approved. +We have several species. One common in the South is <i>E. +macrocarpa</i>, Greene. This has a large oval, prickly ball, four +inches or so long. When mature, this opens at the top, splitting +into several segments, which gradually roll downward, +like the petals of a beautiful white lily, showing their pure-white +inner surfaces and leaving exposed the four cells in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[ 28]</a></span> +center, with <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'lace-like'">lacelike</ins> walls, in which nestle the large, handsome +dark seeds. These seeds are often beautifully mottled and +colored, and in the early days served the Spanish-Californian +children for marbles.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f010"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f010.png"><i>WILD CUCUMBER—Echinocystis fabacea.</i></a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>WHITE LAYIA. WHITE DAISY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Layia glandulosa</i>, Hook. and Arn. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Six to twelve inches high; loosely branching; hairy; often +reddish. <i>Leaves.</i>—Sessile; linear; the upper all small and entire; the +lower often lanceolate and incised pinnatifid. <i>Heads.</i>—Usually large +and showy. <i>Ray-flowers.</i>—Bright, pure white, sometimes rose-color; +eight to thirteen; three-lobed; an inch or less long; six lines wide. +<i>Disk-flowers.</i>—Golden yellow; five-toothed. Each scale of the involucre +clasping a ray-flower. <i>Hab.</i>—Columbia River to Los Angeles.</p></blockquote> + +<p>These white daisies, as they are commonly called in the +south, cover the fields and plains in early spring, jostling one +another in friendly proximity and stretching away in an endless +perspective. They are of a charming purity, and to me +are more attractive than their sisters, the tidy-tips.</p> + +<p>They love a sandy soil, and I have seen them flourishing in +the disintegrated granite of old river-beds, where the dazzling +whiteness of the stones was hardly distinguishable from the +blossoms. The involucre is thickly studded with curious little +glands, resembling small glass-headed pins.</p> + + +<h3>BED-STRAW. GOOSE-GRASS. CLEAVERS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Galium Aparine</i>, L. Madder Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Climbing by the prickly stem-angles and leaf-margins. <i>Stems.</i>—Weak; +one to four feet long. <i>Leaves.</i>—In whorls of six to eight; +linear oblanceolate; one inch long. <i>Peduncles.</i>—Elongated; one- to +two-flowered. <i>Flowers.</i>—Minute; one line across; greenish-white. +<i>Calyx-tube.</i>—Adnate to the ovary; limb obsolete. <i>Corolla.</i>—Mostly +four-cleft. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-lobed, two-celled. Styles +two, short. Stigmas, capitate. <i>Fruit.</i>—Two or three lines across, +covered with hooked bristles. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>All through our moist woodlands, in early spring, the long +stems of the bed-straw may be found, running about upon the +ground or entangled amid the stems of other plants. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[ 29]</a></span> +angles of these weak stems and the leaf-margins and midribs +are all clothed with small backward-pointing bristles, which +make the plants cling to surrounding objects. The flowers are +greenish and minute, and are followed by tiny prickly balls.</p> + +<p>A cold infusion of this little plant is used as a domestic +remedy in cases of fever, where a cooling drink is desired.</p> + +<p>The genus has received the common name of "bed-straw," +because it was supposed that one of the species, <i>G. verum</i>, +filled the manger in which was laid the Infant Jesus. There +are a dozen or so species in California.</p> + +<p>Very conspicuous all through the south is <i>G. angustifolium</i>, +Nutt., often three feet high, sending up very numerous slender, +feathery stems from a woody base. This has its small leaves +in whorls of four.</p> + + +<h3>MOUNTAIN HEART'S-EASE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Viola Beckwithii</i>, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Broadly cordate in outline; three-parted; the divisions +cleft into linear or oblong segments. <i>Peduncles.</i>—About equaling the +leaves. <i>Petals.</i>—Four to seven lines long; very broad; the upper +deep purple, the others lilac, bluish, or white, veined with purple, with +a yellowish base; the lateral bearded; the lowest emarginate. <i>Stigma.</i>—Bearded +at the sides. <i>Capsule.</i>—Obtuse. (Otherwise as <i>V. pedunculata</i>.) +<i>Hab.</i>—The Central Sierras.</p></blockquote> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">"By scattered rocks and turbid waters shifting,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">By furrowed glade and dell,<br /></span> +<span class="ni">To feverish men thy calm, sweet face uplifting,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Thou stayest them to tell<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">"The delicate thought that cannot find expression—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">For ruder speech too fair,—<br /></span> +<span class="ni">That, like thy petals, trembles in possession,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And scatters on the air."<br /></span> +</div></div> + + +<p>The poet, with a delicate insight, has made this mountain +flower the reminder to the rugged miner of home and scenes +far away. But the vision lasts but for a moment only; then, as +he brushes away a tear, his uplifted pick—<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[ 30]</a></span></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">"Through root and fiber cleaves—<br /></span> +<span class="ni">And on the muddy current slowly drifting<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Are swept thy bruised leaves.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">"And yet, O poet! in thy homely fashion,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Thy work thou dost fulfill;<br /></span> +<span class="ni">For on the turbid current of his passion<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Thy face is shining still."<br /></span> +</div></div> + + +<h3>POP-CORN FLOWER.</h3> + +<h3>WHITE FORGET-ME-NOT. NIEVITAS.</h3> + +<h4>Borage Family.</h4> + +<p>The wild white forget-me-nots are among our most welcome +flowers. Though not showy, taken singly, they often +cover the fields, presenting the appearance of a light snowfall, +from which fact the Spanish-Californians have bestowed the +pretty name "nievitas," the diminutive of <i>nieve</i>, snow.</p> + +<p>Their chief charm often lies in their pure, delightful fragrance, +which recalls the days of our careless, happy childhood. +Children are keen observers of flowers, and are among their +most appreciative lovers, and with them these modest, chaste +little blossoms are special favorites.</p> + +<p>There are many species, and even genera, and their determination +is beset with serious difficulties. It requires endless +study and patience to disentangle the facts about any one of +them. They are comprised under several genera, <i>Krynitzkia</i>, +<i>Plagiobothrys</i>, <i>Eritrichium</i>, <i>Piptocalyx</i>, etc. Some have fragrant +flowers and some have not. Children of the south call +them "pop-corn flowers."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a></span></p> +<div class="image" id="f011"> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f011.png">WHITE FORGET-ME-NOT.</a></p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[ 32]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>WHIPPLEA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Whipplea modesta</i>, Torr. Saxifrage Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Slender, diffuse, hairy undershrubs. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; short-petioled; +ovate; toothed or entire; an inch or less long; three-nerved. +<i>Flowers.</i>—White; barely three lines across; in small terminal clusters. +<i>Calyx.</i>—White; five-cleft. <i>Petals.</i>—Five. <i>Stamens.</i>—Usually ten. +Filaments awl-shaped. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three- to five-celled, globose. Styles +of the same number. <i>Hab.</i>—Coast Ranges from Monterey to Mendocino +County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Under the redwoods, or in moist caņons in their vicinity, +may be found this pretty undershrub trailing over banks or +brushwood. In April its exquisite little clusters of pure white +flowers, with a pleasant fragrance, make their appearance, and +the plants have then been sometimes mistaken for a species of +<i>Ceanothus</i>.</p> + + +<h3>WOODLAND STAR OF BETHLEHEM.</h3> + +<h4><i>Tellima affinis</i>, Bolander. Saxifrage Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Slender; six to twenty inches high. <i>Root-leaves.</i>—Round-reniform; +scalloped; rarely an inch across. <i>Stem-leaves.</i>—Three to +five; ternately cleft; variously toothed. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; in a loose +raceme; nine lines across. <i>Calyx.</i>—Small; campanulate; five-toothed. +<i>Petals.</i>—Five; wedge-shaped, with three acute lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten. +Filaments very short. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Styles, three, short, +stout. Stigmas, capitate. <i>Hab.</i>—Shady places almost throughout the +State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>"Star of Bethlehem" is the common name by which many +of our children know this fragile flower. Its slender stems rise +from many a mossy bank, upbearing their few delicately +slashed, pure-white stars, which seem to shed a gentle radiance +about them upon the woodland scene.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a></span></p> +<div class="image" id="f012"> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f012.png">WHIPPLEA—<i>Whipplea modesta.</i></a></p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[ 34]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>WILD BUCKWHEAT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Eriogonum fasciculatum</i>, Bentham. Buckwheat Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubby; very leafy. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; nearly sessile; narrowly +oblanceolate; acute; tomentose beneath; glabrous above; three to nine +lines long; much fascicled. <i>Flowers.</i>—White or pinkish; in densely +crowded compound clusters; several perianths contained in the involucres. +<i>Involucres.</i>—Campanulate; five- or six- nerved and toothed; +two lines high. <i>Perianth.</i>—Minute; of six nearly equal segments. +(See <i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Santa Barbara and southward; +east to Arizona.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The wild buckwheat is a characteristic feature of the southern +landscape. It is a charming plant when in full bloom, and +its feathery clusters of pinkish-white flowers show finely against +the warm olive tones of its foliage. It is a very important +honey plant, as it yields an exceptionally pure nectar and +remains in bloom a long time. Growing near the sea, it is +often close-cropped and shorn by the wind, and then it quite +closely resembles the <i>Adenostoma</i>, or chamisal.</p> + +<p>Another very widely distributed and common species is <i>E. +nudum</i>, Dougl. Every one is familiar with its tall, green, +naked, rushlike stems, bearing on the ends of the branchlets +the small balls of white or pinkish flowers. Its leaves are +all radical, smooth green above and densely white-woolly +beneath.</p> + + +<h3>SIERRA PLUM. WILD PLUM.</h3> + +<h4><i>Prunus subcordata</i>, Benth. Rose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Trees or shrubs three to ten feet high, with ash-gray bark and branchlets +occasionally spinescent. <i>Leaves.</i>—Short-petioled; ovate; sharply +and finely serrate; an inch or two long. <i>Umbels.</i>—Two- to four-flowered. +Pedicels three to six lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; six lines +across. <i>Fruit.</i>—Red or purple; six to fifteen lines long; fleshy; +smooth. (Otherwise as <i>P. ilicifolia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Mostly eastward of the +Central Valley, from San Felipe into Oregon.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The wild plum reaches its greatest perfection in the north, +where the shrubs are found in extensive groves covering whole +mountain slopes.</p> +<div class="image" id="f013"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f013.png">WILD BUCKWHEAT—<i>Eriogonum fasciculatum.</i></a></p> +</div> + +<p>The flowers, which are produced before the leaves, from +March to May, are white, fading to rose-color. By August<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[ 36]</a></span> +and September, the bushes are loaded with the handsome +fruit, richly mottled with red, yellow, and purple; and these +colors are duplicated in the autumn foliage, which in the North +becomes very brilliant.</p> + +<p>This fruit is excellent for canning, preserving, and making +into jelly. Many families make annual pilgrimages to these +wild-plum orchards of the mountains and carry away bushels +of the fruit; but even then countless tons of it go to waste.</p> + +<p><i>P. demissa</i>, Walpers,—the wild cherry or choke-cherry,—is +found upon mountains throughout the State, but less abundantly +near the coast. Its small white flowers grow in racemes +three or four inches long, and these ripen into the pretty +shining black cherries, half an inch in diameter. It often +covers acres upon acres of rough land, and commences to bear +when but two feet high.</p> + +<p>Housewives of our mountain districts make a marmalade +of the fruit, which has a peculiarly delicious, tart flavor.</p> + + +<h3>ELLISIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Ellisia chrysanthemifolia</i>, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>More or less hairy. <i>Stems.</i>—Loosely branching; a foot or so high. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Mostly opposite; auricled at base; twice- or thrice-parted +into many short, small lobes. <i>Flowers.</i>—In loose racemes; white; +three lines or so across. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-cleft; without appendages at +the sinuses; almost equaling the corolla. <i>Corolla.</i>—Open-campanulate; +having ten minute scales at base within. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five. +<i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled; globose. Style slender; two-cleft. <i>Hab.</i>—San +Francisco to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>These little plants, with delicately dissected leaves, are +common in moist, shaded localities; but, unfortunately, their +foliage has a very strong odor, which just escapes being agreeable. +Their general aspect is somewhat similar to that of some +of the small species of <i>Nemophila</i>; but the lack of appendages +upon the calyx reveals their separate identity. It blooms +freely from March to June, and is especially abundant southward.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[ 37]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>MADROŅO. MADRONE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Arbutus Menziesii</i>, Pursh. Heath Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs or trees. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; petioled; oblong; entire or +serrulate; four inches or so long. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; waxen; in large +clusters. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-cleft; minute; white. <i>Corolla.</i>—Broadly urn-shaped; +three lines long; with five minute, recurved teeth. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten; +on the corolla. Filaments dilated; bearded. Anthers two-celled; +saccate; opening terminally; furnished with a pair of reflexed horns +near the summit. <i>Ovary.</i>—Five-celled. Style rather long. <i>Fruit.</i>—A +cluster of scarlet-orange berries, with rough granular coats. <i>Hab.</i>—Puget +Sound to Mexico and Texas; specially in the Coast Ranges.</p></blockquote> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">Captain of the Western wood,</span> +<span class="ni">Thou that apest Robin Hood!</span> +<span class="ni">Green above thy scarlet hose,</span> +<span class="ni">How thy velvet mantle shows;</span> +<span class="ni">Never tree like thee arrayed,</span> +<span class="ni">O thou gallant of the glade!</span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">When the fervid August sun</span> +<span class="ni">Scorches all it looks upon,</span> +<span class="ni">And the balsam of the pine</span> +<span class="ni">Drips from stem to needle fine,</span> +<span class="ni">Round thy compact shade arranged,</span> +<span class="ni">Not a leaf of thee is changed!</span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">When the yellow autumn sun</span> +<span class="ni">Saddens all it looks upon,</span> +<span class="ni">Spreads its sackcloth on the hills,</span> +<span class="ni">Strews its ashes in the rills,</span> +<span class="ni">Thou thy scarlet hose dost doff,</span> +<span class="ni">And in limbs of purest buff</span> +<span class="ni">Challengest the somber glade</span> +<span class="ni">For a sylvan masquerade.</span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">Where, oh where shall he begin</span> +<span class="ni">Who would paint thee, Harlequin?</span> +<span class="ni">With thy waxen, burnished leaf,</span> +<span class="ni">With thy branches' red relief,</span> +<span class="ni">With thy poly-tinted fruit,</span> +<span class="ni">In thy spring or autumn suit,—</span> +<span class="ni">Where begin, and oh, where end,—</span> +<span class="ni">Thou whose charms all art transcend?</span> +<p class="quotsig">—Bret Harte.</p> +</div></div> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[ 38]</a></span></p> + +<p>The name "madroņo" was applied by the early Spanish-Californians +to this tree because of its strong resemblance and +close relationship to the <i>Arbutus unido</i>, or strawberry-tree of +the Mediterranean countries, which was called madroņo in +Spain.</p> + +<p>Our madroņo, though but a large shrub in the south, increases +in size northward, and reaches its maximum development +in Marin County, where there are some superb specimens +of it. One tree upon the shores of Lake Lagunitas measures +more than twenty-three feet in circumference and a hundred +feet in height, and sends out many large branches, each two or +three feet in diameter.</p> + +<p>A large part of the forest growth on the northern slopes of +Mt. Tamalpais is composed of it; and as it is an evergreen, it +forms a mountain wall of delightful and refreshing green the +year around. The bark on the younger limbs, which is of a +rich Indian red, begins to peel off in thin layers about midsummer, +leaving a clear, smooth, greenish-buff surface, and +strewing the forest floor with its warm shreds, which mingling +with the exquisite tones of its ripened leaves, which have fallen +at about the same time, make a carpet equal in beauty of coloring +to that under the English beeches. It is thoroughly patrician +in all its parts. The leaves which are clustered at the +ends of the slender twigs are rich, polished green above, and +somewhat paler beneath.</p> + +<p>In the spring it puts forth great panicles of small, white, +waxen bells, which call the bees to a sybaritic feast, and in the +autumn it spreads a no less inviting repast in its great clusters +of fine scarlet berries for the blue pigeons who visit it in large +flocks.</p> + +<p>The wood of the madrone is hard and close-grained, of a +light brown, shaded with red, with lighter-colored sap-wood. +It is used in the manufacture of furniture, but is particularly +valuable for the making of charcoal to be used in the composition +of gunpowder. The bark is sometimes used in tanning +leather.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[ 39]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>WILD WHITE LILAC.</h3> + +<h4><i>Ceanothus velutinus</i>, Dougl. Buckthorn Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Widely branching shrubs, two to six feet or more high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +petioled; roundish, or broadly ovate; eighteen lines to +three inches long; polished, resinous above; somewhat pubescent beneath; +strongly three-nerved. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; three lines across; +in large, dense, compound clusters four or five inches long and wide. +(See <i>Ceanothus</i> for flower structure.) <i>Hab.</i>—Coast Ranges; Columbia +River, southward to San Francisco Bay; also eastward to Colorado.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Its ample bright-green, highly varnished leaves and large +white flower-clusters make this a very beautiful species of +<i>Ceanothus</i>. The foliage is glutinous with a gummy exudation, +which has a rather disagreeable odor. Yet the shrub would +be very handsome in cultivation.</p> + + +<h3>WHITE NEMOPHILA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Nemophila atomaria</i>, Fisch. and Mey. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Corolla.</i>—Pure white, closely dark-dotted nearly to the edge; an +inch or less across; densely hairy within the tube. Scales of the corolla +narrow, with long hairs. (Otherwise as <i>N. insignis</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Central +California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This delicate <i>Nemophila</i> haunts wet, springy places among +the hills, and is at its best in early spring. There are a number +of small-flowered forms of <i>Nemophila</i> which have been +hitherto referred to <i>N. parviflora</i>, but which the future will +probably prove to constitute a number of species.</p> + +<p><i>N. maculata</i>, Benth., found in Middle California and the +High Sierras, is a charming form, with large flowers, whose +petals bear strong violet blotches at the top.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[ 40]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>RATTLE-WEED. LOCO-WEED.</h3> + +<h4><i>Astragalus leucopsis</i>, Torr. and Gray. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—A foot or so high. <i>Leaflets.</i>—In many pairs; six lines or +more long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Greenish-white; six lines long; in spikelike +racemes an inch or two long. <i>Calyx.</i>—With teeth more than half the +length of the campanulate-tube. <i>Pod.</i>—Thin; bladdery-inflated; an +inch or more long, on a smooth stalk twice or thrice the length of the +calyx-tube. (See Astragalus.) <i>Hab.</i>—Santa Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>These plants are very noticeable and quite pretty, with their +pale foliage, symmetrical leaves, and white flowers; but they +are dreaded by the farmers of the region of their growth, who +aver that they are deadly loco-weeds. It is said that native +stock will not touch them; but animals brought from a distance +and unacquainted with them, eat them, with dreadful +results of loco.</p> + +<p>We have numerous species, all rather difficult of determination.</p> + + +<h3>WILD MORNING-GLORY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Convolvulus luteolus</i>, Gray. Morning-Glory Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Twining and climbing twenty feet or more. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +sagittate; two inches or so long; smooth. <i>Peduncles.</i>—Several-flowered; +axillary, with two small linear-lanceolate bracts a +little below the flower. <i>Flowers.</i>—Cream-color or pinkish, sometimes +deep rose. <i>Sepals.</i>—Five; without bracts immediately below them. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Open funnel-form; eighteen lines long; not lobed or angled. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Five. <i>Ovary.</i>—Globose; two-celled or imperfectly four-celled. +Style filiform. Stigmas two. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>I remember long stretches of mountain road where the wild +morning-glory has completely covered the unsightly shrubs +charred by a previous year's fire, flinging out its slender +stems, lacing and interlacing them in airy festoons, which are +covered with the fragile flowers in greatest profusion. In these +tangles, the industrious spiders have hung their exquisite +geometrical webs, which catch the glittering water-drops in +their meshes. When the sun comes out after a dense, cool +fog-bath on a summer morning, nothing more charmingly +fresh could be imagined than such a scene.</p> +<div class="image" id="f014"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f014.png">RATTLE-WEED—<i>Astragalus leucopsis.</i></a></p> +</div> + +<p>The common morning-glory of the south—<i>C. occidentalis</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[ 42]</a></span> +Gray—is very similar to the above, but may be distinguished +from it by the pair of large, thin bracts immediately below the +calyx and enveloping it.</p> + +<p>Another very pretty species is <i>C. villosus</i>, Gray. This is +widely distributed, but not very common. Its trailing stems +and foliage are of a velvety sage-gray throughout, and its +small flowers of a yellowish cream-color. The hastate leaves +are shapely, and the whole plant is charming when grown +away from dust.</p> + +<p>The common European bindweed—<i>C. arvensis</i>, L.—is to +the farmer a very unwelcome little immigrant. In fields it +becomes a serious pest; for the more its roots are disturbed +and broken up the better it thrives. But despite its bad character, +we cannot help admiring its pretty little white funnels, +which lift themselves so debonairly among the prostrate stems +and leaves.</p> + +<p>In medicine a tincture of the whole plant is valued for several +uses.</p> + + +<h3>WOOD-BALM. PITCHER-SAGE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Sphacele calycina</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Woody at the base; two to five feet high; hairy or woolly. <i>Leaves.</i>—Two +to four inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Dull white or purplish; an inch +or more long; mostly solitary in the upper axils. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-cleft. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Having a hairy ring at base within. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four, in two +pairs. <i>Ovary.</i>—Of four seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma two-lobed. +<i>Hab.</i>—Dry hills. San Francisco Bay, southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The wood-balm is closely allied to the sages, which fact is +betrayed by its opposite, wrinkly, sage-scented leaves; but its +flowers have quite a different aspect. These are ample and +cylindrical, with a five-lobed border, one of the lobes being +prolonged into somewhat of a lip.</p> + +<p>The generic name is from the Greek word meaning <i>sage</i>; +and the specific name, signifying <i>cuplike</i>, refers to the shape +of the blossoms.</p> + +<p>The dwellers among our southern mountains, with that +happy instinct possessed by those who live close to the heart +of nature, have aptly named this "pitcher-sage."</p> + +<div class="image" id="f015"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f015.png">PITCHER-SAGE—<i>Sphacele calycina.</i></a></p> +</div> + +<p>After the flowers have passed away, the large inflated, light-green<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[ 44]</a></span> +calyxes, densely crowded upon the stems, become quite +conspicuous.</p> + +<h3>YUCCA-PALM. TREE-YUCCA. JOSHUA-TREE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Yucca arborescens</i>, Trelease. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Scraggly trees; thirty, or forty feet high; with trunks one or two feet in +diameter. <i>Leaves.</i>—Eight inches long; crowded; rigid; spine-tipped; +serrulate; the older ones reflexed and sun-bleached, the younger ashy-green. +<i>Flowers.</i>—In sessile, ovate panicles, terminating the branches. +Panicles several inches long. <i>Perianth.</i>—Narrowly campanulate; +eighteen to thirty lines long. <i>Fruit.</i>—Two or three inches long. (Otherwise +as <i>Y. Mohavensis</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Southwestern Utah to the Mojave +Desert.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The traveler crossing the Mojave Desert upon the railroad +has his curiosity violently aroused by certain fantastic tree +forms that whirl by the car windows. These are the curious +Joshua-trees of the Mormons, which are called in California +tree-yucca or yucca-palm. A writer in "The Land of Sunshine" +thus aptly characterizes them: "Weird, twisted, demoniacal, +the yuccas remind me of those enchanted forests +described by Dante, whose trees were human creatures in torment. +In twisted groups or standing isolated, they may +readily be imagined specters of the plains."</p> + +<p>Mr. Sargent tells us that, though found much to the eastward +of our borders, it abounds in the Mojave Desert, where +it attains its largest size and forms a belt of gaunt, straggling +forest several miles in width along the desert's western rim.</p> + +<p>Its flowers appear from March to May, but are not at all +attractive, on account of their soiled white color and disagreeable, +fetid odor. "The unopened panicles form conspicuous +cones eight to ten inches long, covered with closely overlapping +white scales, often flushed with purple at the apex."</p> + +<p>The seeds are gathered and used by the omnivorous Indians, +who grind them into meal, which they eat either raw or cooked +as a mush. The wood furnishes an excellent material for paper +pulp, and some years ago an English company established a +mill at Ravenna, in Soledad Pass, for its manufacture. It is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[ 45]</a></span> +said that several editions of a London journal were printed +upon it, but owing to the great cost of its manufacture, the +enterprise had to be abandoned.</p> + +<p>The light wood is put to many uses now, and in the curio +bazaars of the south it plays a conspicuous part, made into +many small articles. By sawing round and round the trunk of +the tree, thin sheets of considerable size are procured. A +sepia reproduction of one of the old missions upon the ivory-tinted +ground of one of these combines sentiment and novelty +in a very pretty souvenir. Surgeons find these same sheets +excellent for splints, as they are unyielding in one direction and +pliable in the other; and orchardists wrap them around the +bases of their trees to protect them from the gnawing of rabbits.</p> + + +<h3>COMMON ELDER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Sambucus glauca</i>, Nutt. Honeysuckle Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubby or arborescent; often thirty feet high; with finely fissured +bark. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; petioled; pinnate. <i>Leaflets.</i>—Three to +nine; lanceolate; acuminate; serrate; two inches or so long; smooth. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Minute; two or three lines across; in large, flat, five-branched +cymes; white. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>—Rotate; +five-lobed. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; alternate with the corolla lobes. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three- to +five-celled. Stigmas of same number. <i>Berries.</i>—Small; +dark blue, with a dense white bloom. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the State; +common.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The elder is one of our most widely distributed shrubs, and +is a familiar sight upon almost every open glade or plain. It +is especially abundant in the south. Its flower-clusters, made +up of myriads of tiny cream-white blossoms, make a showy +but delicate and lacelike mat, while its berries are beautiful +and inviting. The bears are especially appreciative of these, +and we have sometimes seen their footprints leading along a +lonely mountain road to the elder-berry bushes. The fruit is +prized by our housewives for pies and preserves, and it would +doubtless make as good wine as that of the Eastern species.</p> + +<p>Among the Spanish-Californians the blossoms are known +as "sauco" and are regarded as an indispensable household +remedy for colds. They are administered in the form of a tea,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[ 46]</a></span> +which induces a profuse perspiration. It is said that Dr. +Boerhaave held the elder in such reverence for the multitude +of its virtues, that he always removed his hat when he passed it.</p> + +<p>In ancient times the elder was the subject of many strange +superstitions. In his interesting book, "The Folk-Lore of +Plants," Mr. Thistleton Dyer says that it was reputed to be +possessed of magic power, and that any baptized person whose +eyes had been anointed with the green juice of its inner bark +could recognize witches anywhere. Owing to these magic +properties, it was often planted near dwellings to keep away +evil spirits. By making a magic circle and standing within it +with elder-berries gathered on St. John's Night, the mystic +fern-seed could be secured which possessed the strength of +forty men and enabled one to walk invisible. This was one +of the trees suspected as having furnished wood for the Cross; +and to this day the English country people believe themselves +safe from lightning when standing under an elder, because +lightning never strikes the tree of which the Cross was made.</p> + + +<h3>COULTER'S SNAPDRAGON.</h3> + +<h4><i>Antirrhinum Coulterianum</i>, Benth. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Two to four feet high; smooth below. <i>Leaves.</i>—Linear to +oval; distant. Tendril-shoots long and slender, produced mostly +below the flowers. <i>Flowers.</i>—White or violet; in densely crowded +villous-pubescent spikes, two to ten inches long. (Otherwise as <i>A. +vagans</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Santa Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The flowers of this pretty snapdragon are usually white, +and the lower lip, with its great palate often dotted with dark +color, takes up the major part of the blossom. They are +sometimes violet, however, when they much resemble the +flowers of the toad-flax, but are without their long spur.</p> + +<p><i>A. Orcuttianum</i>, Gray, is a similar species, but more slender, +with fewer and smaller flowers, whose lower lip is not +much larger than the upper, and whose flower-spikes are disposed +to have the tortile branchlets in their midst. This is +found near San Diego and southward.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[ 47]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>HELIOTROPE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Heliotropium Curassavicum</i>, L. Borage Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Diffusely spreading; six to twelve inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +sessile; obovate to linear; an inch or two long; succulent; glaucous. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Usually white, sometimes lavender; in dense, usually two-forked +spikes. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>—Salver-form; border +five-lobed, with plaited sinuses; three lines across. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five. +Anthers sessile. <i>Ovary.</i>—Of four seedlike nutlets. Stigma umbrella-like. +<i>Hab.</i>—Widely distributed.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This, the only species of true heliotrope common within our +borders, is widely distributed over the world. It affects the +sand of the seashore or saline soils of the interior. It is +in no way an attractive plant, as compared with our garden +heliotrope, as its flowers have a washed-out look and are not +at all fragrant, while its pale stems and foliage lack color and +character.</p> + +<p>Its leaves, which contain a mucilaginous juice, are dried and +reduced to powder by the Spanish-Californians, who esteem +them very highly as a cure for the wounds of men and animals. +They blow the dry powder into the wound.</p> + + +<h3>HOREHOUND.</h3> + +<h4><i>Marrubium vulgare</i>, Linn. Mint Family.</h4> + +<p>The horehound has been introduced from Europe at various +points along our Coast, but it is now so abundant as to seem +like an indigenous plant. It has many white-woolly, square +stems, and roundish, wrinkly opposite leaves, covered beneath +with matted, white-woolly hairs. Its small, white, bilabiate +flowers are crowded in the axils of the upper leaves so densely +as to appear like whorls. It may be known from the other +members of the Mint family by its campanulate calyx with ten +strong, recurved teeth.</p> + +<p>This has long been used in medicine as a tonic, and is especially +esteemed by our Spanish-Californians as a remedy for +colds and lung troubles.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[ 48]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Œnothera Californica</i>, Watson. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Hoary pubescent, and more or less villous. <i>Stems.</i>—A foot or so +high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Oblanceolate or lanceolate; sinuately toothed or irregularly +pinnatifid; two to four inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; turning +to rose-color; two inches across. <i>Ovary and Calyx-tube.</i>—Over three +inches long. <i>Calyx-lobes.</i>—One inch long; separate at the tips. (See +<i>Œnothera</i> for flower-structure.) <i>Hab.</i>—Central and Southern California; +especially about the San Bernardino region; not plentiful.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Perhaps the most beautiful of all our evening primroses is +this charming white species. Late in the afternoon the handsome +silvery foliage begins to show the great white, opening +moons of the fragile blossoms. Their silken texture, delicate +fragrance, and chaste look make them paramount among blossoms.</p> + +<p>It is a most interesting sight to watch the opening of one +of the nodding silvery buds. I sat down by one which had +already uplifted its head. The calyx-lobes had just commenced +to part in the center, showing the white, silken corolla tightly +rolled within. It grew larger from moment to moment, when +suddenly the calyx-lobes parted with a jerk, and the petals, +freed from their bondage, quickly spread wider and wider, as +though some spirit within were forcing its way out, while one +after another the calyx-lobes were turned downward with a +quick, decisive movement. It was a wonderful exhibition of +the power of motion in plants. I could now look within and +see a magical tangle of yellow anthers delicately draped with +cobwebby ropes of pollen.</p> + +<p>The stamens take a downward curve toward the lower +petal. The anthers have already opened their stores of golden +pollen before the unfurling of the buds, so that the somewhat +sticky ropes are all ready to adhere to the first moth who visits +the flower in search of the delicious and abundant nectar stored +in the depths of the long calyx-tube. The day following their +opening the blossoms begin to turn to a delicate pink, and the +calyx-lobes have a fleshlike look.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f016"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f016.png">WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE—<i>Œnothera Californica.</i></a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>EVENING SNOW.</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[ 50]</a></span></p> +<h4><i>Gilia dichotoma</i>, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Six inches to a foot high; erect; sparsely leaved. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; +mostly entire; filiform. <i>Flowers.</i>—Nearly sessile in the forks, or +terminal. <i>Calyx.</i>—With cylindric tube five lines long; wholly white, +scarious, except the five filiform green ribs, continued into needle-like +lobes. <i>Corolla.</i>—White; an inch or two across. Anthers linear. +<i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the western part of the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This is one of the most showy of our gilias. Miss Eastwood +writes of it: "At about four o'clock in the afternoon +<i>Gilia dichotoma</i> begins to whiten the hillside. Before expansion +the flowers are hardly noticeable; the dull pink of the +edges, which are not covered in the convolute corolla, hides +their identity and makes the change which takes place when +they unveil their radiant faces to the setting sun the more +startling. They intend to watch all night and by sunset all are +awake. In the morning they roll up their petals again when +daylight comes on, and when the sun is well up all are asleep, +tired out with the vigil of the night. The odor is most sickening.... +The same flower opens several times, and grows +larger as it grows older."</p> + + +<h3>HEART'S-EASE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Viola ocellata</i>, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Nearly erect; six to twelve inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Cordate; +acutish; conspicuously crenate. <i>Petals.</i>—Five to seven lines +long; the upper white within, deep brown-purple without; the others +white or yellowish, veined with purple; the lateral with a purple spot +near the base and slightly bearded on the claw. (Flower structure as +in <i>V. pedunculata</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Wooded districts from Monterey to Mendocino +County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This dainty little heart's-ease has nothing of the gay, joyous, +self-assertive look of our yellow pansy, but rather the shy, +timid mien belonging to all the creatures of the woodland. It +ventures its pretty blossoms in late spring and early summer.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[ 51]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>ICE-PLANT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</i>, L. Fig-Marigold Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Procumbent, succulent plants, covered with minute, elongated, glistening +papillæ. <i>Leaves.</i>—Flat; ovate or spatulate; undulate-margined; +clasping. <i>Flowers.</i>—White or rose-colored; axillary; nearly sessile; +rather small. <i>Calyx.</i>—With campanulate tube and usually five unequal +lobes. <i>Petals.</i>—Linear; numerous. <i>Stamens.</i>—Numerous. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two- to +many-celled. Stigmas five. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast and adjacent +islands from Santa Barbara southward; also in the Mojave Desert.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The ice-plant spreads its broad, green leaves over the +ground, often making large rugs, which, when reddened by +the approach of drouth and glistening with small crystals, produce +a charming effect. The flat leaves of this plant are quite +unexpectedly different from those of our other species of <i>Mesembryanthemum</i>, +which are usually cylindrical or triangular. +The leaf-stems and the calyx-tube, in particular, are beautifully +jeweled with the clear, glasslike incrustation. The flesh-pink +or almost white flowers resemble small sea-anemones, with their +single row of tentacle-like petals and hollow tube powdered +with the little white anthers.</p> + +<p>The plant grows so abundantly in the fields of the southern +seasides as to be a dreadful pest to the farmer, and it is very +disagreeable to walk through, as it yields up the water of its +crystals very readily, and this is said to be of an alkaline +quality, which is ruinous to shoe-leather.</p> + +<p>This ice-plant grows plentifully in the chalky regions of +France, and has there been recommended for use as a food, to +be prepared like spinach. It also grows in the Canary Islands.</p> + + +<h3>SQUAW-GRASS. SOUR-GRASS. TURKEY-BEARD.</h3> + +<h4><i>Xerophyllum tenax</i>, Nutt. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Radical leaves.</i>—Very numerous; two or three feet long; about two +lines broad; gracefully flexile; serrulate. <i>Scape.</i>—Two to five feet +high; with scattered leaves; bearing at top a dense raceme a foot or +two long. <i>Perianth segments.</i>—Six; spreading rotately; four or five +lines long; white. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. Styles +three; filiform. <i>Hab.</i>—Coast Ranges to British Columbia; also in the +Northern Sierras.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Often upon high ridges we notice the large clumps of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[ 52]</a></span> +certain plants with long, slender, grasslike leaves, which ray out +in every direction like a fountain, and resemble a small pampas-grass +before it flowers. We naturally wonder what the plants +are, but it may be many years before our curiosity is satisfied. +Suddenly some spring we find them sending up tall blossom-shafts, +crowned with great airy plumes of pure-white flowers, +fully worthy of our long and patient waiting. After putting +forth this supreme effort of a lifetime, and maturing its seed, +the plant dies.</p> + +<p>In the north, where it is sometimes very abundant, and +occupies extensive meadows, it is known as "sour-grass." The +name "squaw-grass" is also applied there, because the leaves, +which are long, wiry, and tough, are used by the Indians in the +weaving of some of their finest baskets. Baskets made from +them are particularly pliable and durable.</p> + + +<h3>WHITE OWL'S CLOVER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Orthocarpus versicolor</i>, Greene. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Slender; seldom branching or more than six inches high. Herbage +slightly reddish. <i>Leaves.</i>—Cleft into filiform divisions at the apex. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Pure white, fading pinkish; very fragrant. Lower lip of the +corolla with three very large sacs. Folds of the throat densely bearded. +(See <i>Orthocarpus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—San Francisco and Marin County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>During the spring the meadows about San Francisco are +luxuriantly covered with the pretty blossoms of the owl's +clover, which make snowy patches in some places. Unlike the +other species of <i>Orthocarpus</i>, this has delightfully fragrant blossoms.</p> + +<p>I do not know why this plant should be accredited to the +owl and called clover, unless the quizzical-looking little blossoms +are suggestive of the wise bird. But with all his wisdom, +I doubt if he would recognize his clover.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f017"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f017.png">WHITE OWL'S CLOVER—<i>Orthocarpus versicolor.</i></a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>HAIRBELL. LANTERN OF THE FAIRIES.</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[ 54]</a></span></p> +<h3>WHITE GLOBE-TULIP.</h3> + +<h4><i>Calochortus albus</i>, Dougl. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>—One or two feet high; branching. <i>Flowers.</i>—White. +<i>Sepals.</i>—Lanceolate. <i>Petals.</i>—Twelve to fifteen lines long; pearly +white, sometimes lavender-tinged outside; covered within with long, +silky white hairs. <i>Gland.</i>—Shallow crescent-shaped, with four transverse +scales fringed with short glandular hairs. (See <i>Calochortus</i>.) +<i>Hab.</i>—Coast Ranges and Sierras, San Diego to Tehama County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Just before the oncoming of summer, our wooded hill-slopes +and caņon-sides entertain one of the most charming of flowers; +for the graceful stalks of the hairbell begin to hang out their +delicate, white satin globes. Never was flower more exquisite +in texture and fringing—never one more graceful in habit. If +fairies have need of lanterns at all, these blossoms would certainly +make very dainty globes to hold their miniature lights.</p> + +<p>Wherever they grow, these flowers win instant and enthusiastic +admiration; and they have received a variety of common +names in different localities, being known as "snowy lily-bell," +"satin-bell," "hairbell," "lantern of the fairies," and "white +globe-tulip."</p> + + +<h3>TOLGUACHA. LARGE-FLOWERED DATURA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Datura meteloides</i>, DC. Nightshade Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>—Southern California, and northward—at least to Stockton.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The large-flowered Datura is a common plant along southern +roadsides, producing in early May its enormous white or violet-tinged +funnels, which are sometimes ten inches long. It +resembles the common Jamestown-weed, of which it is a near +relative, but may be distinguished by its large flower and its +cylindrical calyx, which is not angled. It shares with the +Jamestown-weed its narcotic poisonous qualities, and is a +famous plant among our Indians. Dr. Palmer writes that they +bruise and boil the root in water, and when the infusion thus +made is cold, they drink it to produce a stupefying effect. In +a different degree they administer it to their young dancing women<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[ 56]</a></span> +as a powerful stimulant, and before going into battle the +warriors take it to produce a martial frenzy in themselves.</p> +<div class="image" id="f018"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f018.png">HAIRBELL—<i>Calochortus albus.</i></a></p> +</div> + +<p>By the Piutes it is called "main-oph-weep." The specific +name, <i>meteloides</i>, indicates the resemblance of this plant to +<i>Datura Metel</i>, of India.</p> + + +<h3>YERBA SANTA. MOUNTAIN BALM.</h3> + +<blockquote><p><i>Eriodictyon glutinosum</i>, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</p> + +<p>Shrubby; three to five feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Thick; glutinous; +smooth above; light beneath, with prominent net-veining; three to six +inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Purple, violet, or white. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Six lines long; four lines across. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; +alternate with the corolla-lobes. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. Styles two. +<i>Hab.</i>—Western California; common on dry hills.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The bitter, aromatic leaves of the yerba santa are a highly +valued, domestic remedy for colds, and many old-fashioned +people would not be without it.</p> + +<p>Dr. Bard, one of our most eminent physicians, writes of +this interesting little shrub: "It has been reserved for the +Californian Indian to furnish three of the most valuable vegetable +additions which have been made to the pharmacopœia +during the last twenty years. One, the <i>Eriodictyon glutinosum</i>, +growing profusely in our foothills, was used by them in +affections of the respiratory tract, and its worth was so appreciated +by the missionaries that they named it yerba santa, or +holy plant."</p> + +<p>The other plants referred to by Dr. Bard are the <i>Rhamnus</i>, +or <i>Cascara sagrada</i>, and the <i>Grindelia</i>. In the mountains of +Mariposa County, it is known as "wild peach," probably because +the leaf somewhat resembles the peach-leaf.</p> + +<p>Dr. Behr writes that considerable quantities of it are exported, +partly for medicinal purposes, and partly as a harmless +and agreeable substitute for hops in the brewing of certain +varieties of beer, especially porter.</p> + +<p>In Ventura County this passes by insensible gradations into +<i>E. tomentosum</i>, Benth., and there it is difficult to distinguish +clearly between the two species.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f019"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f019.png">YERBA SANTA—<i>Eriodictyon glutinosum.</i></a></p> +</div> + +<p><i>E. tomentosum</i>, Benth., is found from San Diego probably<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[ 58]</a></span> +to Santa Barbara. This comely shrub is so disguised in its +woolly coat that one does not at first detect its close relationship +to the more common yerba santa. Its broad, oval leaves, +ribbed like the chestnut and closely notched, and its generous +clusters of unusually large violet flowers, serve to bewilder us +for the moment. The wool upon the foliage gives it a gray-green +tone, harmonizing perfectly with the violet flowers. It +is specially abundant all over the mesas by the seashore, near +San Diego.</p> + + +<h3>ALUM-ROOT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Heuchera micrantha</i>, Dougl. Saxifrage Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>—Stout. <i>Leaves.</i>—All radical; two to four inches long. +Scapes.—Often two feet high. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; minute; in loose +panicles. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed; one or two lines long. <i>Petals.</i>—Five; +one line long; on the sinuses of the calyx. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five. +<i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Styles two. <i>Hab.</i>—Coast Ranges and Sierras +from Monterey to British Columbia.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Upon almost any drive or walk along a shaded road, we +may find the alum-root hanging over a mossy bank. Its large, +airy panicle is composed of minute flowers, and appears in +early summer. But it is more conspicuous for its exquisite +foliage than for its flowers. The leaves are usually mottled in +light green and richly veined in dark brown or red, and they +often turn to a rich red later in the season.</p> + +<p>The root is woody and astringent, to which latter fact the +plant owes its English name, which it shares with the other +members of the genus. These are very satisfactory plants to +bring in from the woods, because they remain beautiful in +water for many weeks.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f020"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f020.png">ALUM-ROOT—<i>Heuchera micrantha.</i></a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CHAMISAL. CHAMISO. GREASEWOOD.</h3> + +<h4><i>Adenostoma fasciculatum</i>, Hook. and Arn. Rose Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[ 60]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to twenty feet high, with gray, shreddy bark and reddish, +slender branches. <i>Leaves.</i>—Two to four lines long; linear to +awl-shaped; smooth; clustered. Stipules small; acute. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; +two lines across; in terminal racemose panicles. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed; +with bracts below resembling another calyx; tube ten-ribbed. +<i>Petals.</i>—Five. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten to fifteen; in clusters between +the petals. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. <i>Fruit.</i>—A dry akene. <i>Hab.</i>—Widely +distributed.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The chamisal forms a large part of the chaparral of our +mountain slopes, and when not in bloom gives to them much +the aspect imparted to the Scotch Highlands by the heather. +It is an evergreen shrub, with small clustered, needle-like +leaves. In late spring it is covered with large, feathery +panicles of tiny white blossoms, which show with particular +effectiveness against the rich olive of its foliage, and furnish +the bees with valuable honey material for a considerable season. +When interspersed with shrubs of livelier greens, it +gives to our hill-slopes and mountain-sides a wonderfully rich +and varied character. In the summer of a season when it has +flowered freely, the cinnamon-colored seed-vessels blending +with the olives of the foliage lend a rich, warm bronze to whole +hillsides, forming a charming contrast to the straw tints and +russets of grassy slopes, and adding another to the many soft +harmonies of our summer landscape. It is most abundant in +the Coast Ranges, where, in some localities, it covers mile after +mile of hill-slopes, with its close-cropped, uniform growth.</p> + +<p>When the chaparral, or dense shrubby growth of our +mountain-sides, is composed entirely of <i>Adenostoma</i>, it is +called chamisal.</p> + +<p>Another species, <i>A. sparsifolium</i>, Torr., found in the +south, and somewhat resembling the above, may be known +from it by its lack of stipules, its scattered, not clustered +leaves, which are obtuse and not pointed, and its somewhat +larger flowers, each one pediceled.</p> + +<p>This is commonly known among the Spanish-Californians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[ 61]</a></span> +as "Yerba del Pasmo," literally the "herb of the convulsion," +and among them and the Indians it is a sovereign remedy for +many ailments, being considered excellent for colds, cramps, +and snakebites, and an infallible cure for tetanus, or lockjaw. +The foliage fried in grease becomes a healing ointment.</p> + +<p>The bark of this species is reddish and hangs in shreds.</p> + + +<h3>HOLLY-LEAVED CHERRY. ISLAY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Prunus ilicifolia</i>, Walp. Rose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Evergreen shrubs or small trees; eight to thirty feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +holly-like; an inch or two long. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; three +lines across; in racemes eighteen lines to three inches long. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-cleft. +<i>Petals.</i>—Five; spreading. <i>Stamens.</i>—Twelve to twenty-five. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Solitary; one-celled. Style terminal. <i>Fruit.</i>—A dark +red cherry, becoming black; six lines in diameter. <i>Hab.</i>—Coast +Ranges, San Francisco into Lower California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The holly-leaved cherry is a very ornamental shrub, with +its shining, prickly evergreen leaves, and it is coming more and +more into favor for cultivation, especially as a hedge-shrub. +In its natural state it attains its greatest perfection in the mountains +near Santa Barbara and southward. On dry hills it is +only a shrub, but in the rich soil of caņon bottoms it becomes +a tree. Some of the finest specimens are to be found in the +gardens of the old missions, where they have been growing +probably a century.</p> + +<p>Dr. Behr tells us that the foliage, in withering, develops +hydrocyanic acid, the odor of which is quite perceptible. The +leaves are then poisonous to sheep and cattle.</p> + +<p>The shrubs are especially beautiful in spring, after they have +made their new growth of bright green at the ends of the +branches, and put forth a profusion of feathery bloom. The +blossoms have the pleasant, bitter fragrance of the cultivated +cherry, and attract myriads of bees, who make the region +vocal with their busy hum. The fruit, which ripens from September +to December, is disappointing, owing to its very thin +pulp, though its astringent and acid flavor is not unpleasant.</p> + +<p>It was used by the aborigines as food, however, and made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[ 62]</a></span> +into an intoxicating drink by fermentation. The meat of the +stones ground and made into balls constituted a delicate morsel +with them.</p> + + +<h3>YERBA BUENA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Micromeria Douglasii</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Aromatic trailing vines. <i>Stems.</i>—Slender; one to four feet long. +<i>Leaves.</i>—One inch long; round-ovate. <i>Flowers.</i>—Solitary; axillary; +white or purplish. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed; two lines long. <i>Corolla.</i>—Five +lines long; bilabiate. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four; in pairs on the corolla. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Of four seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma unevenly +two-lipped. <i>Hab.</i>—Vancouver Island to Los Angeles County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The yerba buena is as dear to the Californian as the Mayflower +to the New Englander, and is as intimately associated +with the early traditions of this Western land as is that delicate +blossom with the stormy past of the Pilgrim Fathers. Its +delicious, aromatic perfume seems in some subtle way to link +those early days of the Padres with our own, and to call up +visions of the long, low, rambling mission buildings of adobe, +with their picturesque red-tiled roofs; the flocks and herds +tended by gentle shepherds in cowls; and the angelus sounding +from those quaint belfries, and vibrating in ever-widening +circles over hill and vale.</p> + +<p>Before the coming of the Mission Fathers, the Indians used +this little herb, placing great faith in its medicinal virtues, +so that the Padres afterward bestowed upon it the name of +"yerba buena"—"the good herb." It is still used among our +Spanish-Californians in the form of a tea, both as a pleasant +beverage and as a febrifuge, and also as a remedy for indigestion +and other disorders.</p> + +<p>They designate this as "Yerba Buena del Campo"—<i>i.e.</i> +the wild or field yerba buena,—to distinguish it from the +"Yerba Buena del Poso"—"the herb of the well,"—which is +the common garden-mint growing in damp places.</p> + +<p>Aside from its associations and medicinal virtues, this is a +charming little plant. In half-shaded woods its long, graceful +stems make a trailing interlacement upon the ground and yield +up their minty fragrance as we pass.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f021"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f021.png">YERBA BUENA—<i>Micromeria Douglasii</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>MATILIJA POPPY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Romneya Coulteri</i>, Harv. Poppy Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[ 64]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Numerous; two to fifteen feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +petioled; the lower pinnatifid; the upper pinnately cut into long narrow +segments; glaucous; three to five inches long; smooth. <i>Flowers.</i>—Solitary; +six to nine inches across. <i>Sepals.</i>—Three; strongly arched, +covered with bristly appressed hairs; caducous. <i>Petals.</i>—Six; white. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Very numerous. Filaments filiform; yellow, purple below. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Seven- to eleven-celled. Stigmas several. <i>Hab.</i>—Santa +Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Matilija poppy (pronounced ma-til'li-ha) must be conceded +the queen of all our flowers. It is not a plant for small +gardens, but the fitting adornment of a large park, where it +can have space and light and air to rear its imperial stems +and shake out its great diaphanous flowers. It is one of the +most wonderful of wild flowers, and it is difficult to believe that +nature, without the aid of a careful gardener, should have produced +such a miracle of loveliness. It is justly far-famed, and +by English gardeners, who now grow it successfully, it is regarded +as a priceless treasure, and people go from many miles +around to see it when it blooms. It is to be regretted that +our flowers must go abroad to find their warmest admirers.</p> + +<p>This plant was named in honor of Dr. Romney Robinson, +a famous astronomer. Its common name was given it because +it grows in particular abundance in the Matilija Caņon, some +miles above Ventura in the mountains. Many people have the +mistaken idea that it grows only in that region. It is not +common, by any means; but it is found in scattered localities +from Santa Barbara southward into Mexico. It is very abundant +near Riverside, and also upon the southern boundary +and below in Lower California, where the plants cover large +areas. It not only grows in fertile valleys, but seeks the seclusion +of remote caņons, and nothing more magnificent could be +imagined than a steep caņon-side covered with the great +bushy plants, thickly sown with the enormous white flowers.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f022"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f022.png">MATILIJA POPPY—<i>Romneya Coulteri</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The round buds (which, however, are sometimes pointed) +are closely wrapped in three overlapping hairy sepals. These<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[ 66]</a></span> +gradually open, and at dawn the buds unfurl their crumpled +petals to the day, exhaling a pleasant fragrance. The blossoms +remain open for many days.</p> + +<p>These plants have long been in use among the Indians of +Lower California, who esteem them highly for their medicinal +qualities. The seeds require a long period for germination, +and they have been known to come at the end of two years. +The better method of propagation is from root-cuttings.</p> + +<p>The plant has been called "Mission poppy" and "Giant +Californian white poppy," but the pretty Indian name cannot +be improved upon.</p> + + +<h3>WHITE SAGE. GREASEWOOD.</h3> + +<h4><i>Audibertia polystachya</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubby, three to ten feet high; many-stemmed. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; +lanceolate; narrowing into a petiole; several inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—White +or pale lavender, in loose panicles a foot or two long. <i>Calyx.</i>—Tubular; +bilabiate. <i>Corolla.</i>—About six lines long, with short tube +and bilabiate border. Upper lip small; erect. Lower lip three-lobed; +the middle lobe large. <i>Stamens.</i>—Two; jointed. <i>Ovary.</i>—Of four +seedlike nutlets. Style slender. Stigma two-cleft. <i>Hab.</i>—Santa Barbara +to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The classic honey of Hymettus could not have been clearer +or more wholesome than that distilled by the bees from the +white sage of Southern California, which has become justly +world-renowned. The plants cover extensive reaches of valley +and hill-slopes, and are often called "greasewood."</p> + +<p>Certain it is that the white stems have a very greasy, gummy +feel and a rank, aggressive odor. In spring the long, coarse, +sparsely leafy branches begin to rise from the woody base, +often making the slopes silvery; and by May these have fully +developed their loose, narrow panicles of pale flowers and +yellowish buds.</p> + +<p>The structure of these blossoms is very interesting. The +long, prominent lower lip curves downward and upward and +backward upon itself, like a swan's neck, while the two stamens +rising from its surface lift themselves like two long horns, and +the style curves downward.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[ 67]</a></span></p> + +<p>A bee arriving at this flower naturally brushes against the +stigma, leaving upon it some of the pollen gained from another +flower. Then alighting upon the lower lip, his weight bends it +downward, and he grasps the stamens as convenient handles, +thus drawing the anthers toward his body, where the pollen is +dusted upon his coat as he probes beneath the closed upper lip +for the honey in the depths of the tube. The various sages of +the south have a very interesting way of hybridizing.</p> + + +<h3>CASCARA SAGRADA. CALIFORNIA COFFEE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Rhamnus Californica</i>, Esch. Buckthorn Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Shrubs.</i>—Four to eighteen feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; elliptic +to oblong; denticulate or entire; leathery; one to four inches long; six +to eighteen lines wide. <i>Flowers.</i>—Clustered; greenish white; small. +<i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed. <i>Petals.</i>—Five; minute; on the sinuses of the +calyx; each clasping a stamen. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two- to four-celled. Style +short. <i>Fruit.</i>—Berry-like; black; four to six lines long; containing +two or three nutlets, like coffee-beans. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Long before the advent of the Spanish, the medicinal virtues +of this shrub were known to the Indians, who used it as +a remedy for rheumatism and, according to Dr. Bard, to correct +the effects of an acorn diet. The Mission Fathers afterward +came to appreciate its worth so highly that they bestowed +upon it the name <i>Cascara sagrada</i>, or the "sacred bark." +Since those early days the fame of it has spread the world +around. No more valuable laxative is known to the medical +world to-day, and every year great quantities of it are exported +from our shores. Though the shrub is found as far south as +San Diego, the bark is not gathered in any quantity south of +Monterey, as it becomes too thin southward. The shrub goes +under a variety of names, according to the locality in which it +is found.</p> + +<p>In Monterey County it is known as "yellow-boy" or "yellow-root," +and in Sonoma County it becomes "pigeon-berry," +because the berry is a favorite food of the wild pigeons, and +lends to their flesh a bitter taste.</p> + +<p>Some years ago quite an excitement prevailed in the State<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[ 68]</a></span> +when some visionary persons believed they had found a perfect +substitute for coffee in the seeds of this shrub. To be sure, +they do somewhat resemble the coffee-bean in form, but the +resemblance goes no further; for upon a careful analysis they +revealed none of the qualities of coffee, nor upon roasting did +they exhale its aroma. After much discussion of the matter +and the laying out in imagination of extensive, natural coffee-plantations +upon our wild hill-slopes, these hopeful people were +destined to see their project fall in ruins.</p> + +<p>This shrub is very variable, according to the locality where +it grows. Under shade, the leaves become herbaceous and +ample, and as we go northward that becomes the prevailing +type, and is then called <i>R. Purshiana</i>, DC. It is then often +very large, having a trunk the size of a man's body. In Oregon +it is known as "chittemwood" and "bitter bark," and +also as "wahoo" and "bear-wood." The <i>var. tomentella</i>, +Brew. and Wats., is densely white-tomentose, especially on the +under surfaces of the leaves.</p> + + +<h3>EVERLASTING FLOWER. CUDWEED.</h3> +<h3>LADY'S TOBACCO.</h3> + +<h4><i>Gnaphalium decurrens</i>, Ives. Composite Family</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Viscid-glandular under the loose hairs. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—In densely +crowded, flattish clusters. <i>Involucre.</i>—Campanulate; of very numerous, +scarious, yellowish-white, oval scales. (Otherwise similar to +<i>Anaphalis Margaritacea</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—From San Diego through Oregon.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The common everlasting flower, or cudweed, is plentiful +upon our dry hills, blooming in early summer, where its white +clusters are conspicuous objects amid the drying vegetation. +In our rural districts it is believed that sleeping upon a pillow +made of these flowers will cure catarrhal affections.</p> + +<p><i>G. Sprengelii</i>, Hook. and Arn., may be known from the +above by its densely gray, woolly herbage, which is not glandular-viscid. +It is also common throughout the State.</p> + +<p>The beautiful edelweiss of the Alps is a species of <i>Gnaphalium</i>, +<i>G. leontopodium</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[ 69]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN BUCKEYE.</h3> +<h3>CALIFORNIAN HORSE-CHESTNUT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Æsculus Californica</i>, Nutt. Maple or Soapberry Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs or trees ten to forty feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; petioled; +with five palmate, stalked leaflets. <i>Leaflets.</i>—Oblong; acute; three to +five inches long; serrulate. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; in a thyrse a foot long; +many of them imperfect. <i>Calyx.</i>—Tubular; two-lobed. <i>Petals.</i>—Four +or five; six lines or more long; unequal. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five to +seven; exserted. Anthers buff. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. <i>Nuts.</i>—One +to three inches in diameter; usually one in the pod. <i>Hab.</i>—Coast +Ranges of Middle California; also the Sierra foothills.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Our Californian buckeye is closely allied to the horse-chestnuts +and buckeyes of the eastern half of the continent. +It is usually found upon stream-banks or the side-walls of +caņons, and reaches its greatest perfection in the valleys of our +central Coast Ranges. It usually branches low into a number +of clean, round, light-gray limbs, which widen out into a +broad, dense, rounded head. Its leaves are fully developed +before the flowers appear. When in full bloom, in May, it is +considered one of the most beautiful of all our American +species. Its long, white flower-spikes, sprinkled rather regularly +over the green mound of foliage, are very suggestive of a +neat calico print. Early to come, the leaves are as early to +depart, and by midsummer the beautiful skeleton is often bare, +its interlacing twigs making a delicate network against the deep +azure of the sky.</p> + +<p>Though lavish in its production of flowers, usually but one +or two of the large cluster succeed in maturing fruit. By October +and November the leathery pods begin to yield up their +big golden-brown nuts, which are great favorites among the +squirrels. The Indians are said to resort to these nuts in times +of famine. Before using them, they roast them a day or two +in the ground, to extract the poison.</p> + +<p>The inner wood of the root, after being kiln-cured for several +weeks, becomes very valuable to the cabinet-maker. It is +then of an exquisite mottled green, and when highly polished +can hardly be distinguished from a fine piece of onyx.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[ 70]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>PUSSY'S-PAWS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Spraguea umbellata</i>, Torr. Purslane Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Radical-leaves.</i>—Spatulate or oblanceolate; six lines to four inches +long. <i>Stem-leaves.</i>—Similar, but smaller, often reduced to a few +bracts. <i>Scapes.</i>—Several; two to twelve inches high. <i>Flowers.</i>—In +dense spikes. <i>Sepals.</i>—Two; orbicular; thin; papery; two to four +lines across; whitish; equaling the petals. <i>Petals.</i>—Four; rose-color. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Three. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Style bifid. <i>Hab.</i>—The +Sierras, from the Yosemite to British Columbia.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Pussy's-paws is a very plentiful plant in the Sierras, usually +growing upon dry, rocky soil. It varies much in aspect, +sometimes sending up a stout, erect flower-scape, and again +growing low and matlike with its prostrate flower-stems radiating +from the center. It blooms from early summer onward, +often almost covering the ground with its blossoms. The +flower-clusters grow in a bunch, much like the pink cushions +on pussy's feet, whence the pretty common name.</p> + + +<h3>SPANISH BAYONET. OUR LORD'S CANDLE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Yucca Whipplei</i>, Torr. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Without a trunk. <i>Leaves.</i>—All radical in a bristling hemisphere; +sword-like. <i>Flower-panicles.</i>—Distaff-shaped; three or more feet +long; at the summit of a leafless bracteate scape, ten or fifteen feet +high. <i>Perianth.</i>—Rotately spreading; waxen-white (sometimes rich +purple), often green- or purple-nerved. <i>Filaments.</i>—Clavate; pure +white. Anthers transverse; yellow. Style very thick; three-angled. +Stigma stalked; green; covered with tiny prominences. <i>Fruit.</i>—A +dry capsule. (Structure otherwise as in <i>Y. Mohavensis</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Monterey +to San Diego and eastward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In spring and early summer the chaparral-covered hillsides +of Southern California present a wonderful appearance when +hundreds of these Spanish bayonets are in bloom. From day to +day the waxen tapers on the distant slopes increase in height as +the white bells climb the slender shafts. At length each cluster +reaches its perfection, and becomes a solid distaff of sometimes +two—yes, even six—thousand of the waxen blossoms!</p> + +<div class="image" id="f023"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f023.png">PUSSY'S-PAWS—<i>Spraguea umbellata</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>A friend writing of them, once said: "Nearly every poetaster +in the country has sung the praises of the yellow poppies +and the sweet little <i>Nemophilas</i>, but not one, so far as I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[ 72]</a></span> +know, has ever written a stanza to these grand white soldiers +and their hundred swords." There is, indeed, something +glorious and warlike about them, as they marshal themselves +to the defense of our hillsides.</p> + +<p>This surpasses all known species in the height and beauty +of its flower-panicles; but, once the season of flowering and +fruiting has been consummated, its life mission is fulfilled, and +the plant dies. The dead stalks remain standing sometimes +for years upon the mountain-sides.</p> + +<p>The seeds of this species, as well as those of the tree-yucca, +are made into flour by the Indians; and from the leaves they +obtain a soft, white fiber, which they use in making the linings +of the coarse saddle-blankets they weave from <i>Yucca Mohavensis</i>. +The undeveloped flowering shoots they consider a great +delicacy, either raw or prepared as mescal. They gather +great numbers of the plants when just at the right stage, +and strip off the leaves, leaving round masses. These they +prepare after the manner of a clam-bake, and when the +pile is pulled to pieces and the mescal is taken out, it has a +faint resemblance to a baked sweet apple, and is of about the +same consistency. The whole mass is a mixture of sweet, soft +pulp and coarse white fibers much like manilla rope-yarn.</p> + + +<h3>RUBY LILY. CHAPARRAL LILY. REDWOOD LILY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lilium rubescens</i>, Wats. Lily Family.</h4> + +<h4><i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges, from Marin County to Humboldt County.</h4> + +<p>This is the most charming of all our Californian lilies, even +surpassing in loveliness the beautiful Washington lily; and it +is said to be the most fragrant of any in the world. It resembles +the Washington lily; but its flowers are fuller in form, +with wider petals and shorter tube, and it has a smaller bulb. +It sends up a noble shaft, sometimes seven feet high, with +many scattered whorls of undulate leaves, and often bears at +the summit as many as twenty-five of the beautiful flowers. +These are at first pure white, dotted with purple, but they soon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[ 74]</a></span> +take on a metallic luster and begin to turn to a delicate pink, +which gradually deepens into a ruby purple. Mr. Purdy mentions +having seen a plant with a stalk nine feet high, bearing +thirty-six flowers.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f024"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f024.png">RUBY LILY—<i>Lilium rubescens</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The favorite haunts of this lily are high and inaccessible +ridges, among the chaparral, or under the live-oak or redwood. +Comparatively few people know of its existence, though living +within a few miles of it, because they rarely ever visit these +out-of-the-way fastnesses of nature.</p> + +<p>Mr. Burroughs has somewhere said: "Genius is a specialty; +it does not grow in every soil, it skips the many and +touches the few; and the gift of perfume to a flower is a special +grace, like genius or like beauty, and never becomes common +or cheap." Certainly these blossoms have been richly endowed +with this charming gift, and their delicious fragrance +wafted by the wind often betrays their presence upon a hillside +when unsuspected before, so that one skilled in woodcraft can +often trace them by it.</p> + + +<h3>THISTLE-POPPY. CHICALOTE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Argemone platyceras</i>, Link and Otto. Poppy Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—One to two and one half feet high; hispid throughout, or +armed with rigid bristles or prickles. Sap yellow. <i>Leaves.</i>—Thistle-like; +three to six inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; two to four inches in +diameter. <i>Sepals.</i>—Three; spinosely beaked. <i>Petals.</i>—Four to six. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Numerous. Filaments slender. <i>Ovary.</i>—Oblong; one-celled. +Stigma three- or four-lobed. Capsule very prickly. <i>Hab.</i>—Dry +hillsides from Central California southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The thistle-poppy would be considered in any other country +a surpassingly beautiful flower, with its large diaphanous white +petals and its thistly gray-green foliage, but in California it +must yield precedence to the Matilija poppy. It resembles the +latter very closely in its flower, and is often mistaken for it. It +may be known by its yellow juice, its prickly foliage, and its +very prickly capsules. I believe the flowers are somewhat +more cup-shaped than those of <i>Romneya</i>.</p> + +<p>It affects dry hill-slopes and valleys, often otherwise barren,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[ 75]</a></span> +where it grows luxuriantly, and sometimes attains a height of +six feet, being in full bloom in May. There, where one is +unprepared for such a sight, it becomes an object of startling +beauty.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h3><i>Malacothrix saxatilis</i>, Torr. and Gray. Composite Family.</h3> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Stout; a foot or two high; woody. <i>Leaves.</i>—Lanceolate +to spatulate; one or two inches long; entire or pinnatifid; somewhat +succulent. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Terminating the paniculate branches; large; +two inches or so across; white, changing to rose or lilac; of ray-flowers +only. <i>Involucre.</i>—Campanulate or hemispherical; six lines high, with +many imbricated scales passing downward into loose, awl-shaped +bracts. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast, from Santa Barbara southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This beautiful plant is a dweller upon the ocean cliffs, and +may be seen in abundance from the car-windows just before +the train reaches Santa Barbara going north. The stems are +woody and very leafy, and the plants are usually covered all +over the top with the showy flower-heads.</p> + +<p><i>M. tenuifolia</i>, Torr. and Gray, is a very tall, slender, +sparsely leafy plant with fragile, airy white flowers. This is +common along the dusty roadsides of the south in early +summer.</p> + + +<h3>SALAL. WINTERGREEN.</h3> + +<h4><i>Gaultheria Shallon</i>, Pursh. Heath Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubby, and one to three or more feet high or prostrate. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +short-petioled; ovate to elliptical; pointed; two to four +inches long; leathery; bristle-toothed when young; evergreen. <i>Flowers.</i>—Manzanita-like; +slenderer; glandular-viscid; white or pinkish. <i>Ovary.</i>—Five-celled. +Style single. <i>Fruit.</i>—Black; berry-like; aromatic; +edible. (Otherwise like <i>Arctostaphylos Manzanita</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Coast +woods, from Santa Barbara County to British Columbia.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The floor of the redwood forest in our northern coast +counties is often carpeted with this little undershrub, while in +other places one can wade waist-deep in it. It grows much +larger north of us, and upon Vancouver Island it forms dense, +impenetrable thickets. Its dark-purple berries have a very +agreeable flavor, and form an important article of diet among +the Oregon Indians, who call them "salal." <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[ 76]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN SPIKENARD.</h3> + +<h4><i>Aralia Californica</i>, Wats. Ginseng Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>—Thick; aromatic. <i>Stems.</i>—Eight to ten feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Bipinnate; +or the upper pinnate, with one or two pairs of leaflets. +<i>Leaflets.</i>—Cordate-ovate; four to eight inches long; serrate. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; +two lines long; in globular umbels, arranged in loose panicles +a foot or two long. Pedicels four to six lines long. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed +or entire. <i>Petals and Stamens.</i>—Five. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two- to +five-celled. Styles united to the middle. <i>Fruit.</i>—A purple berry. +<i>Hab.</i>—Widely distributed; on stream-banks.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In moist, cool ravines, where the sun only slants athwart +the branches and a certain dankness always lingers, the Californian +spikenard scents the air with its peculiar odor. It +closely resembles <i>A. racemosa</i> of the Eastern States, but it is +a larger, coarser plant in every way. It throws up its tall +stems with a fine confidence that there will be ample space for +its large leaves to spread themselves uncrowded. Its feathery +panicles of white flowers are followed by clusters of small purple +berries, and are rather more delicate than we should expect +from so large a plant.</p> + + +<h3>YERBA MANSA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Anemopsis Californica</i>, Hook. Yerba Mansa Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Rootstock creeping. <i>Radical-leaves.</i>—Long-petioled; elliptic oblong; +two to ten inches long. <i>Stems.</i>—Six inches to two feet high. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Without sepals and petals, sunk in a conical spike; six to +eighteen lines long; a small white bract under each flower. <i>Spikes.</i>—Subtended +by from five to eight white petal-like bracts, six to fifteen +lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Three to eight. <i>Ovary.</i>—Apparently one-celled. +Stigmas one to five. <i>Hab.</i>—Southern to Central California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Just as the fervid glow of the sun is beginning to transform +the green of our southern hill-slopes to soft browns, the still +vividly green lowland meadows suddenly bring forth myriads +of white stars, which in their green setting become grateful +resting-points for the eye. These are the blossoms of the +famous <i>Yerba Mansa</i> of the Spanish-Californians. Among +these people the plant is an infallible remedy for many disorders, +and so highly do they prize it, that they often travel or +send long distances for it.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f025"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f025.png">YERBA MANSA—<i>Anemopsis Californica</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The aromatic root, which has a strong, peppery taste, is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[ 78]</a></span> +very astringent, and when made into a tea or a powder, is +applied with excellent results to cuts and sores. The tea +is also taken as a blood-purifier; and the plant, in the form of +a wash or poultice, is used for rheumatism, while the wilted +leaves are said to reduce swellings. In the medical world it is +beginning to be used in diseases of the mucous membrane.</p> + + +<h3>SHEPHERD'S PURSE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Capsella Bursa-pastoris</i>, Medic. Mustard Family.</h4> + +<p>Among our commonest and most harmless weeds is the +shepherd's purse, which has been introduced from Europe in +the past. It may be easily recognized by its tiny white cruciferous +flowers and its shapely little triangular, flat pods, which +have a peppery taste. It is used medicinally, and valued as a +remedy for many different maladies. In Europe, a common +name for the plant is "mother's heart," and Mr. Johnston says +that children play a sort of game with the seed-pouch. "They +hold it out to their companions, inviting them to 'take a haud +o' that.' It immediately cracks, and then follows a triumphant +shout, 'You've broken your mother's heart!'"</p> + +<p>Equally common is the <i>Lepidium</i>, or pepper-grass, the +small round, flat pods of which also have a peppery taste. +Both of these belong to the great Mustard family.</p> + + +<h3>MARIPOSA TULIP.</h3> + +<h4><i>Calochortus venustus</i>, Benth. (and varieties). Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—A foot or two high; branching. <i>Leaves.</i>—Narrow; grasslike; +channeled; glaucous; decumbent. <i>Flowers.</i>—Erect; cup-shaped; +white, lilac, pink, claret, magenta, purple, or rarely light yellow; of uniform +color or shaded; plain or variously oculated, stained, or blotched. +<i>Petals.</i>—One or two inches long; slightly hairy below. <i>Gland.</i>—Large; +roundish; densely hairy. <i>Capsule.</i>—Lanceolate; four or five lines +broad. (See <i>Calochortus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Dry sandy soil, in the Coast Ranges +and Sierra foothills, from Mendocino County to Los Angeles.</p></blockquote> + +<p>I once emerged from the dense chaparral of a steep hillside +upon a grassy slope, where myriads of these lovely flowers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[ 80]</a></span> +tossed their delicate cups upon the breeze. As I passed from +flower to flower, I noticed many insect guests regaling themselves +upon the nectar. Bees and flies jostled one another +and crawled amid the hairs below, and beautifully mottled +butterflies hovered over them.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f026"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f026.png">MARIPOSA TULIP—<i>Calochortus venustus</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>As originally described, this flower was white or pale lilac, +with a more or less conspicuous, usually reddish, stain, or +blotch, near the top, a brownish spot bordered with yellow in +the center, and a brownish striate base. But it varies so widely +from this type, in both color and spots, that neither is a reliable +character from which to determine the species. Some of the +oculated forms of <i>C. luteus</i> are so similar that they are readily +confused with this, but a careful examination of the gland and +the form of the capsule, together with the character of the soil +in which the plants grow, will identify the species.</p> + + +<h3>COMMON NIGHTSHADE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Solanum nigrum</i>, L. Nightshade Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>—Along streams near the coast.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This may be easily distinguished from <i>S. Xanti</i> by its very +small white flowers, whose corollas are but three or four lines +across, and much more deeply and pointedly lobed, the lobes +having a tendency to turn backward as the flowers grow older; +also by its thinner, duller leaves, and much smaller, black berries, +the size of peas.</p> + +<p>It is considered a violent narcotic poison, both berries and +leaves having caused death when eaten. It is used in the medical +world, in the form of a tincture for various maladies, and +it is said that in Bohemia the blossoming plant is hung over the +cradles of infants to induce sweet slumber; while in Dalmatia +the root is fried in butter and eaten to produce sleep, and is +also used as remedy for hydrophobia.</p> + +<p><i>Solanum Douglasii</i>, Dunal, is a similar species, with larger +flowers, which are usually white, though sometimes light blue.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[ 81]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>BUTTERFLY TULIP.</h3> + +<h4><i>Calochortus luteus, var. oculatus</i>, Wats. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>—Sierras and Coast Ranges, from Fresno County to Oregon.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Of all our lovely Mariposa tulips, this charming form is +perhaps the most like the insect for which it is named. Its +creamy or purplish flowers have an exquisitely tinted dark-maroon +eye, surrounded by yellow, and it is often streaked in +marvelous imitation of the insect's wing. It was doubtless +this form Miss Coolbrith had in mind when she wrote the beautiful +lines below:</p> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">"Insect or blossom? Fragile, fairy thing,</span> +<span class="ni">Poised upon slender tip and quivering</span> +<span class="ni">To flight! a flower of the fields of air;</span> +<span class="ni">A jeweled moth, a butterfly with rare</span> +<span class="ni">And tender tints upon his downy wing</span> +<span class="ni">A moment resting in our happy sight;</span> +<span class="ni">A flower held captive by a thread so slight</span> +<span class="ni">Its petal-wings of broidered gossamer</span> +<span class="ni">Are, light as the wind, with every wind astir,</span> +<span class="ni">Wafting sweet odor, faint and exquisite.</span> +<span class="ni">O dainty nursling of the field and sky!</span> +<span class="ni">What fairer thing looks up to heaven's blue,</span> +<span class="ni">And drinks the noontide sun, the dawning's dew?</span> +<span class="ni">Thou winged bloom! thou blossom butterfly!"</span> +</div></div> + + +<h3>WESTERN BOYKINIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Boykinia occidentalis</i>, Torr. and Gray. Saxifrage Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Slender; a foot or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Round-reniform; +palmately three- to seven-lobed; one to three inches broad; the lobes +coarsely toothed. <i>Flowers.</i>—In long-peduncled, loose panicles; white; +four lines across; parts in fives. <i>Calyx.</i>—With acute teeth. <i>Petals.</i>—On +the sinuses of the calyx. <i>Stamens.</i>—On the calyx, opposite its +teeth. Filaments short. <i>Ovary.</i>—With its two cells attenuate into the +slender styles. <i>Hab.</i>—Coast Ranges, from Santa Barbara to Washington.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The tufted leaves, and exquisitely delicate saxifrage-like +clusters of the <i>Boykinia</i>, fringe our streams in early summer.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[ 82]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>SOAP-PLANT. AMOLE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Chlorogalum pomeridianum</i>, Kunth. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Bulb.</i>—One to four inches in diameter; densely brown-fibrous. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Six to eighteen inches long. <i>Scape.</i>—One to five feet high; +bearing a loosely spreading panicle. <i>Perianth.</i>—White; of six spreading, +recurved segments nine lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six; shorter than +the segments. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. Style filiform. Stigma three-lobed. +<i>Hab.</i>—Widely distributed.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The leaves of the soap-plant have been with us all the +spring, increasing in length as the season has advanced. You +can easily recognize them, as they resemble a broad, wavy-margined +grass, usually lying flat upon the ground, with some +of the ragged brown fibres of the bulb showing aboveground, +like the fragment of an old manilla mat.</p> + +<p>In early summer, from their midst begins to shoot a slender +stalk. When the process of its growth is complete, it stands +from two to five feet high, with slender, widespreading +branches and rather sparsely scattered flowers.</p> + +<p>If you would find its flowers open, you must seek it in the +afternoon. At a little distance, it appears as though the truant +summer wind had lodged a delicate white feather here and +there upon the branches. In themselves, these blossoms are +not ill-favored, with their slender, recurved petals; but to us +the root is the most interesting part of the plant. This the +early Spanish-Californians used extensively in lieu of soap, and +esteemed greatly as a hair tonic, and it was known by them +as "amole." Even now it is much used among their descendants, +and we know of one aged seņora over ninety who refuses +to use anything else for washing. Her grandsons keep her +supplied with the bulbs, which they dig by the sackful from +the neighboring hill-slopes and mesas. She takes her linen +down to the brookside, and there, in primitive fashion, upon +her knees she scours and rinses it till it is as white as the driven +snow.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f027"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f027.png">SOAP-PLANT—<i>Chlorogalum pomeridianum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The Indians of the Sierra foothills have a curious use for +the bulb. After the June freshets have subsided, many fish +are usually left in small pools in the streams. The squaws go<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[ 84]</a></span> +to these pools with an abundance of soap-root, and kneeling +upon the banks, rub up a great suds with it. The fish soon +rise to the surface stupefied, and are easily taken.</p> + +<p>We are told that in the early days of the gold excitement, +when commodities were scarce and brought fabulous prices, +the fibrous outer coats of the bulb were used for stuffing +mattresses.</p> + +<p>The inner portion of the bulb, when reduced to a paste, is +said to be an excellent remedy for oak-poisoning, applied as a +salve.</p> + +<p>This is not the only plant popularly known as soap-plant +among us. Several others share the title, among them the +goose-foot, the yucca, and the California lilac. There are +several other species of <i>Chlorogalum</i>.</p> + + +<h3>MOUNTAIN BIRCH. WHITE TEA-TREE. SOAP-BUSH.</h3> + +<h4><i>Ceanothus integerrimus</i>, Hook. and Arn. Buckthorn Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs or small trees; five to twelve feet high; with cylindrical, +usually warty, branches. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; on slender petioles two +to six lines long; ovate to ovate-oblong; one to three inches long; +entire or rarely slightly glandular-serrulate; thin. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; +sometimes blue; in a thyrse three to seven inches long, one to four +thick. <i>Fruit.</i>—Not crested. (See <i>Ceanothus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Mountains +from Los Angeles to the Columbia River.</p></blockquote> + +<p>When in flower, this is one of the most attractive of all our +<i>Ceanothi</i>. It often covers great mountain-sides with its white +bloom as with drifted snow. The trip to the Yosemite is +often diversified by this beautiful spectacle, which comes as an +exhilarating surprise.</p> + +<p>Among the mountaineers this shrub is highly valued as +forage for their cattle, which they turn upon it after the lowland +pastures have dried up.</p> + +<p>The young twigs and leaves have the spicy fragrance of the +black birch of the Eastern States. The foliage is deciduous, +and of rather a pale though bright green. The bark of the +root of this shrub is becoming celebrated as a remedy for various +disorders, such as malaria, catarrh, and liver trouble.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[ 85]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>COMMON WHITE LUPINE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lupinus densiflorus</i>, Benth. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Stout; simple below; parted in the middle into numerous +widespreading branches; two feet high; succulent; sparsely villous. +<i>Flowers.</i>—In long-peduncled racemes; six to ten inches long; with +usually five or six dense whorls. Bracts bristle-like, from a broad base. +<i>Calyx.</i>—Upper lip scarious; deeply cleft; lower long, toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>—White +or rose-color; seven lines or so long; the standard dark +dotted. <i>Pod.</i>—Two-seeded. <i>Hab.</i>—Widespread; Sacramento Valley +southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the days when we went fishing in the brook with a pin +for minnows, a company of these pretty white lupines in a +field represented to our childish fancy so many graceful dames +in flounced skirts dancing in a sylvan ballroom.</p> + + +<h3>MEADOW-SWEET.</h3> + +<h4><i>Spiræa discolor</i>, Pursh. Rose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to six feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; short-petioled; +an inch or two long; oval or ovate; crenately lobed above; the lobes +often toothed; silky pubescent beneath. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; two lines +across; in feathery panicles several inches long. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted; +petaloid. <i>Petals.</i>—Five; equaling the sepals. <i>Stamens.</i>—About +twenty. <i>Pistils.</i>—Five; distinct; one-celled. <i>Hab.</i>—Coast Ranges, +mostly from Monterey County northward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Not until midsummer is upon us does the common meadow-sweet +make itself noticeable by its large feathery clusters of +minute white flowers, which have a pleasant odor, reminiscent +of slippery-elm.</p> + +<p>We have two species of <i>Spiræa</i> with pink flowers—<i>S. +Douglasii</i>, Hook., the Californian hardhack, having its blossoms +in long clusters, (found in Northern California,) and <i>S. +betulifolia</i>, Pall., having flat-topped flower-clusters, (found in +the Sierras).</p> + +<p>Another shrub closely resembling the <i>Spiræas</i> is <i>Neillia +opulifolia</i>, Benth. and Hook., the wild bridal-wreath, or ninebark. +Indeed, this has been classed by some authorities +among the <i>Spiræas</i>. It may be easily recognized by its +hemispherical clusters of white flowers. These clusters are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[ 86]</a></span> +an inch or two across. Though the shrub is quite showy +when in bloom, it is almost equally attractive when its carpels +are beginning to redden.</p> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN AZALEA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Rhododendron occidentale</i>, Gray. Heath Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to twelve feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Clustered at the ends of +the branches; obovate to lanceolate; two to four inches long; herbaceous. +<i>Flower-clusters.</i>—Large, from a special terminal bud. <i>Calyx.</i>—Deeply +five-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>—With funnel-form tube, and five-cleft +border; white; the upper lobe blotched with corn-color; sometimes +tinged with pink; glandular-viscid without. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five. Anthers +two-celled, opening terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>—Five-celled. <i>Capsule.</i>—Very +woody. <i>Hab.</i>—Stream-banks throughout the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>One of the most deservedly admired of all our shrubs is the +lovely Californian azalea. In June and July, the borders of +our mountain streams are covered for miles with the bushes, +whose rich green foliage is often almost obscured from view by +the magnificent clusters of white and yellow, or sometimes +pinkish, flowers. Its delicious, spicy perfume is always subtly +suggestive of charming days spent with rod and line along +cool streams, or of those all too brief outings spent far from +the haunts of men, in some sequestered mountain-cabin among +redwood groves or by rushing waters.</p> + +<p>In Oregon it is commonly known as "honeysuckle," and +there in the autumn its life ebbs away in a flood of glory, +showering the forest floor with flecks of scarlet and crimson. +Its root is said to contain a strong narcotic poison, and the +leaves are also reputed to be poisonous if eaten, but they are +not at all harmful to the touch.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f028"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f028.png">CALIFORNIAN AZALEA—<i>Rhododendron occidentale</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>AMERICAN BARRENWORT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Vancouveria parviflora</i>, Greene. Barberry Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[ 88]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—One or two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—All radical; twice to +thrice ternately compound. <i>Leaflets.</i>—One to two inches broad; rich +shining green; persisting; undulate and membrane-margined. <i>Flowers.</i>—Twenty-five +to fifty, in loose panicles; small; with six to nine sepal-like +bracts. Parts in sixes all in front of one another. <i>Sepals.</i>—Petaloid; +two lines long. <i>Petals.</i>—White to lavender. <i>Stamens.</i>—Erect; +closely appressed to the pistil. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Style stoutish. +<i>Hab.</i>—Coast Ranges of Central California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>There is no more exquisite plant in our coast woods than +the American barrenwort. Its delicate threadlike stems, which +are yet strong and wiry, hold up its spreading evergreen +leaves, every leaflet in its own place. There is a likeness in +these leaves to the fronds of our Californian maidenhair, and +one could easily imagine the maidenhair amplified, strengthened, +and polished into this form. The leaflets are also somewhat +ivy-like in form.</p> + +<p>In June its delicate, airy panicles of small white blossoms +appear. These are especially interesting as belonging to the +Barberry family, where all the floral organs stand in front of +one another, and the anthers open by cunningly contrived +little uplifting valves. These plants are said to grow upon +bushy hillsides, in masses sometimes several feet across. But +I have never seen it with other than an exclusive and rather +solitary habit, growing in shaded forests. We have one or +two other species.</p> + + +<h3>SERVICE-BERRY. JUNE-BERRY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i>, Nutt. Rose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Deciduous shrubs, three to eight feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +petioled; from rounded to oblong-ovate; serrate usually only toward +the apex; six to eighteen lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>—White, in short +racemes. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>—Campanulate; limb five-parted. <i>Petals.</i>—Five; +oblong; six lines or so long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Twenty; short. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three- to +five-celled. Styles three to five. <i>Fruit.</i>—Small; berry-like; +dark purple. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the State and northward; also +eastward to the Western States.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f029"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f029.png">AMERICAN BARRENWORT—<i>Vancouveria parviflora</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The service-berry seems to be at home throughout our +borders, but it reaches its greatest perfection north of us, on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[ 90]</a></span> +the rich bottom-lands of the Columbia River. In spring the +bushes are beautiful, when snowily laden with masses of ragged +white flowers; and from June to September they are no less +welcome, when abundantly hung with the black berries, which +usually have a bloom upon them. These berries are an important +article of food among our Western Indians, who make +annual pilgrimages to the regions of their growth, gathering +and drying large quantities for winter use. The drying they +effect by crushing them to a paste, which they spread upon +bark or stones in the sun. It is said that many a party of +explorers, lost in the woods, has been kept alive by this little +fruit.</p> + +<p>Almost the same shrub in the Atlantic States is called +"shad-bush," because it blooms at about the season when the +shad are running up the streams.</p> + + +<h3>CHRISTMAS-BERRY. CALIFORNIAN HOLLY. TOYON.</h3> + +<h4><i>Heteromeles arbutifolia</i>, Rœmer. Rose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs four to twenty-five feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; short-petioled; +oblong; serrate; leathery; two to four inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Small; +white; four lines across; in dense terminal panicles. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed. +<i>Petals.</i>—Five; roundish; spreading. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten; +on the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped; flat. <i>Ovaries.</i>—Two; one-celled. +Styles slender. <i>Berries.</i>—Red; four lines in diameter; in +large clusters. <i>Hab.</i>—Coast Ranges, from San Diego to Mendocino +County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Christmas could hardly be celebrated among us without our +beautiful Californian holly. Florists' windows and the baskets +of street-venders at that season are gay with the magnificent +clusters of rich cardinal berries, which are really ripe by +Thanksgiving. The common name, "Californian holly," +refers more to the berries than to the leaves, as the latter have +not the form of holly-leaves. We have often seen the venders +mix the berries with the prickly foliage of the live-oak, to make +them seem more like holly.</p> + +<p>The large clusters of spicy white flowers appear in July and +August. Nothing in all our flora yields a finer contrast of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[ 91]</a></span> +lavish scarlet against rich green. The berries have a rather +pleasant taste, somewhat acid and astringent, and are eaten by +the Indians with great relish. The Spanish-Californians used +them in the preparation of an agreeable drink.</p> + +<p>This is a very handsome shrub in cultivation.</p> + + +<h3>VIRGIN'S BOWER. CLEMATIS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Clematis ligusticifolia</i>, Nutt. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Nearly smooth. <i>Stems.</i>—Woody; sometimes climbing thirty feet. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; long-petioled; five-foliolate. <i>Leaflets.</i>—Ovate to +lanceolate; eighteen lines to three inches long; three-lobed and +coarsely toothed; rarely entire or three-parted. <i>Flowers.</i>—Diœcious; +in axillary panicles. <i>Sepals.</i>—Four; petaloid; four to six lines long; +thin. <i>Petals.</i>—Wanting. <i>Stamens.</i>—Numerous. <i>Pistils.</i>—Many; becoming +long-tailed, silky akenes. <i>Hab.</i>—Widely distributed.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The virgin's bower usually looks down upon us from among +the branches of some tree, where it entwines itself indistinguishably +with the foliage of its host. It climbs by means of +the stalks of its leaflets, which wrap themselves about small +twigs. This species is not so noticeable during the season of +its blossoming as it is later, when the long plumes of its seed +have twisted themselves into silvery balls, making feathery +masses. Mrs. Blochman writes that among the Spanish-Californians, +it is called "yerba de chivato," and valued as a +remedy for barbed-wire cuts in animals. It is used in the +form of a wash, and remarkable cures are effected.</p> + +<p>Another widespread species—<i>C. lasiantha</i>, Nutt.—is far +more showy than the above. It is found in the Coast Ranges, +from Los Angeles to Napa County at least, and in the Sierras +to Plumas County. Its long-peduncled flowers are solitary; +but they are so numerous and grow so closely together, that +they make dense masses of white, conspicuous at a long distance. +The flowers are larger, the sepals being an inch long, +and covered with a silky pubescence, which makes them like +soft cream-colored velvet. The three ovate leaflets are also +silky.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[ 92]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>LADIES' TRESSES.</h3> + +<h4><i>Spiranthes Romanzoffianum</i>, Cham. Orchis Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Roots.</i>—Fascicled tubers. <i>Stems.</i>—Stout; four to eighteen inches +high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Oblong-lanceolate to linear. <i>Spikes.</i>—One to even +ten inches long. <i>Perianth.</i>—Yellowish white; four lines long. Upper +sepal and two petals coherent. Lip recurved, bearing a small protuberance +on each side at base. <i>Anther.</i>—On the face of the short +column. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>—Through the mountains from +Los Angeles northward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The twisted spikes of these little orchids are interesting, +because their ranks remain so clearly defined as they wind +about the stem. The plants vary greatly in different seasons +as to size, and are usually found in moist places.</p> + + +<h3>TARWEED. MOUNTAIN MISERY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Chamæbatia foliolosa</i>, Benth. Rose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubby; a foot or two high; branching freely; glandular pubescent +throughout; fragrant. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; finely dissected; ovate or +oblong in outline; two or three inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; few in +terminal cymes. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-lobed. <i>Petals.</i>—Five; spreading; +three or four lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Very numerous; short. <i>Ovary.</i>—Solitary. +Style terminal. <i>Fruit.</i>—A leathery akene. <i>Hab.</i>—The +Sierras, from Mariposa County to Nevada County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>One of the most conspicuous plants to be met on the way +to the Yosemite is the <i>Chamæbatia</i>. It is exceedingly abundant, +covering considerable areas and filling the air with its +balsamic fragrance, strongly suggestive of tansy, though to +many not so agreeable as the latter. It is a beautiful plant, +with its feathery leaves and strawberry-like flowers; but by +the roadside, where its viscid leaves and stems have caught the +dust, it is often but a travesty of itself.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Brandegee writes of it: "Along the line of the railroad +in Placer County it is often called 'bear-clover,' perhaps in +accordance with our felicitous custom of giving names, because +it bears not the least resemblance to clover, and the bear will +have nothing to do with it."</p> + +<div class="image" id="f030"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f030.png">LADIES' TRESSES—<i>Spiranthes Romanzoffianum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>LARGE-FLOWERED DOGWOOD.</h3> + +<h4><i>Cornus Nuttallii</i>, Audubon. Dogwood Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[ 94]</a></span></p> +<blockquote><p>Shrubs or trees, fifteen to seventy feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; +obovate; acute at each end; three to five inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Numerous; +small; greenish; in a head surrounded by an involucre of +four to six large, yellowish or white bracts, often tinged with red, and +eighteen lines to three inches long. <i>Calyx.</i>—Four-toothed. <i>Petals +and Stamens.</i>—Four. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. <i>Fruit.</i>—Scarlet; five or +six lines long. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from Monterey +and Plumas Counties to British Columbia.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Our large-flowered dogwood more nearly resembles the +Eastern <i>C. florida</i> than any other species, but it is a much +handsomer shrub than the latter. It reaches its maximum +size in Northern Oregon and Washington, where, in the season +of its blossoming, it is a sight never to be forgotten. Its +masses of large white flowers, like single Cherokee roses, contrast +finely with the deep, rich greens of the fir forests, in +which it often grows. In its northern range, its leaves turn +beautifully, and it becomes one of the most brilliant masqueraders +in the autumn pageant.</p> + +<p>The wood is very hard, close-grained, and tough, and is +used as a substitute for boxwood in the making of bobbins +and shuttles for weaving, and also in cabinet-work.</p> + + +<h3>MILK-WHITE REIN-ORCHIS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Habenaria leucostachys</i>, Wats. Orchis Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>—A fusiform tuber. <i>Stems.</i>—One to four feet high; leafy +throughout. <i>Leaves.</i>—Lanceolate; diminishing upward. <i>Flowers.</i>—Bright +white, in a spike. <i>Perianth segments.</i>—Two or three lines +long. <i>Lip.</i>—Four lines long, with a slender spur four to six lines long. +<i>Anther.</i>—On the column just above the stigma. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. +<i>Hab.</i>—Mountains throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>From July to September we may look for the milk-white +rein-orchis in moist meadows. It is especially abundant in +the Sierras, where its charmingly fragrant, pure-white spikes +are particularly effective against the lush green of the alpine +meadows.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f031"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f031.png">MILK-WHITE REIN-ORCHIS—<i>Habenaria leucostachys</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + + +<h3>JAMESTOWN-WEED. JIMSON-WEED. THORN-APPLE. +COMMON STRAMONIUM.</h3> + +<h4><i>Datura Stramonium</i>, L. Nightshade Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[ 96]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Two or three feet high; stout. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; ovate; +coarsely angled; long-petioled. <i>Flowers.</i>—In the forks of the stem; +short-pediceled; white. <i>Calyx.</i>—Tubular; angled; five-toothed; over +an inch long. <i>Corolla.</i>—Funnel-form; three inches long; with an expanded +five-angled border. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; included. Filaments +long and slender; adnate to the corolla below. Style long. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled; +each cell nearly divided again. <i>Fruit.</i>—Larger than a +walnut; prickly. <i>Hab.</i>—Waste grounds near habitations; introduced.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The jimson-weed, which is a native of Asia, has become +quite common in waste places. It is a rank, ill-smelling, nauseating +weed, possessing narcotic, poisonous qualities, but its +flowers are rather large and showy. The leaves and seeds +are made into the drug called "stramonium," which is used +as a remedy in neuralgia, spasmodic cough, and other disorders.</p> + +<p>As the plant usually grows by roadsides or in the vicinity +of dwellings, children are not infrequently poisoned by its fruit +and leaves. The poison manifests itself in dryness of the +throat, rapid pulse, and delirium; and even death may ensue, +preceded by convulsions and coma.</p> + +<p>This plant is also called "mad-apple," "apple of Peru," +and "Devil's apple."</p> + +<p>It has a near relative—<i>D. suaveolens</i>, HBK.,—a large +shrub with dark-green leaves and very large, pendulous white +flowers. This is common in Californian gardens, and is known +popularly as "floriponda," or "angels' trumpets." It sheds a +powerful fragrance upon the air at night, which is not noticeable +by day.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[ 97]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>YARROW. MILFOIL.</h3> + +<h4><i>Achillea Millefolium</i>, L. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—A foot or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; sessile; twice-pinnately +parted into fine linear, acute, three- to five-cleft lobes; +lanceolate in outline; two to four inches long; strong-scented. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Crowded +in a flat cluster; white, sometimes pink; four lines +across, including the rays; made up of white disk-flowers and obovate +white rays. <i>Hab.</i>—All around the Northern Hemisphere.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The yarrow, which is a common weed in most countries +of the Northern Hemisphere, has long been known to botanists +and herbalists, and was formerly in high repute for its many +virtues. The leaves steeped in hot water are still considered +very healing applications to cuts or bruises; and among the +Spanish-Californians the fresh plants are used for stanching the +blood in recent wounds.</p> + +<p>This plant received the name <i>Achillea</i>, because the great +hero of the Trojan war was supposed to have been the first to +discover its virtues.</p> + +<p>In Sweden it is used as a substitute for hops in the brewing +of beer. Among the superstitious, even of the present day, +it is regarded as a most potent love-charm, when plucked +by a love-lorn maiden from the grave of a young man, while +repeating the proper formula.</p> + +<p>In the spring, the plants first develop a rosette of finely +dissected, feathery leaves, which lie flat upon the ground. +Later, when these are well grown, it sends up its tall flower-stalks, +crowned with close, flat clusters of small white blossoms.</p> + +<p>M. Naudin, who has an intimate knowledge of the plants +of dry countries, recommends the yarrow for lawn-making +where irrigation is impossible. "It grows freely in the driest +of weather, and makes a handsome turf. It must be frequently +cut, however, to prevent it from throwing up flower-stems. It +will not succeed on a lime-impregnated soil."</p> + +<p>Among children the yarrow is commonly known as "old +man." <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[ 98]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN.</h3> + +<h4><i>Goodyera Menziesii</i>, Lindl. Orchis Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Two or three inches long; leathery; dark green, veined +with white. <i>Scape.</i>—Six to fifteen inches high, with scattered lanceolate +bracts. <i>Spike.</i>—Many-flowered. <i>Perianth.</i>—White; two to four +lines long; downy. Lateral sepals deflexed; upper and two petals +coherent. Lip erect, saccate below, concave above, and narrowing +into the recurved summit. <i>Anther.</i>—On the base of the column +behind. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>—Mountains, from Mendocino +and Mariposa Counties to British Columbia.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The rattlesnake plantain is frequently met under the coniferous +trees of our northern woods. Its common name comes +from the mottling of its leaves, which is similar to that of the +rattlesnake's skin. In midsummer, or later, the plant sends +up a stalk of small but shapely little blossoms. These are so +modest, one would hardly suspect they belonged to the showy +orchis family.</p> + + +<h3>BUTTON-BUSH. BUTTON-WILLOW.</h3> + +<h4><i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>, L. Madder Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs eight to ten feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite, or in whorls of +three or four; petioled; ovate to lanceolate; three to five inches long. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Small; white; in spherical heads an inch in diameter. +<i>Calyx.</i>—Four-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>—Long funnel-form with four-cleft +limb. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four; short; borne on the throat of the corolla. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Two- to four-celled. Style long-exserted. Stigma capitate. +<i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The button-bush is a handsome shrub, found upon stream +borders, often standing where its roots are constantly under +water. Its leaves are willow-like, and its spherical flower-heads, +poised gracefully at the ends of the branches, resemble +small cushions filled with pins. The blossoms often have a +jessamine-like fragrance.</p> + +<p>A tincture made of the bark is used by physicians as a tonic +and laxative and as a remedy for fevers and coughs.</p> + +<p>This shrub is especially abundant in the interior, on the +lower reaches of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, +where it is in bloom from June to August.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f032"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f032.png">RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN—<i>Goodyera Menziesii</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>WHITE-VEINED SHINLEAF.</h3> + +<h4><i>Pyrola picta</i>, Smith. Heath Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[ 100]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Leathery; dark green, veined with white; one or two +inches long. <i>Scape.</i>—Four to nine inches high. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted. +<i>Petals.</i>—Six lines or so long; white. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten. Anthers opening +terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>—Five-celled. Style long; curved. <i>Hab.</i>—The +Middle Sierras and Mendocino County, and northward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The great coniferous forests of our higher mountains afford +homes for many interesting members of the Heath family. A +trip to the Sierras in August will yield many a prize to the +flower-lover. <i>Pyrolas</i>, with waxen clusters, vie with <i>Pipsissiwas</i>; +the weird looking <i>Pterospora</i> rears its uncanny, gummy +stems, clothed with small, yellowish bells, while an occasional +glimpse of a blood-red spike betrays the most wonderful of +them all—the snow-plant.</p> + +<p>Of the <i>Pyrolas</i> we made the acquaintance of three in this +region. These pretty plants are called "shinleaf," because +the leaves of some of the species were used by the English +peasantry as plasters which they applied to bruises or sores. +<i>Pyrola picta</i>, with its rich leathery, white-veined leaves and +clusters of whitish, waxen flowers, was quite plentiful and +always a delight to meet. <i>Pyrola dentata</i>, Smith, we often +found growing with it. This has spatulate, wavy-margined +leaves; which are pale and not veined with white, and its scapes +are more slender. It never was so attractive or vigorous a +plant as the other.</p> + +<p>A ramble in the woods one day brought us to the brink of +a charming stream, whose pure, ice-cold waters babbled along +most invitingly. Following its course, we found ourselves in +a delightfully cool, moist thicket, where, nestling in the deep +shade, we found the beautiful, rich, glossy leaves of <i>Pyrola +rotundifolia, var. bracteata</i>, Gray. The leaves are roundish, +of a beautiful, bright chrome green, highly polished, and the +delicate flowers are rose-pink. This is called "Indian lettuce" +and "canker lettuce," and a tincture of the fresh plant is used +in medicine for the same purposes as chimaphila. <i>P. aphylla</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[ 102]</a></span> +Smith, is easily distinguished by the absence of leaves. It has +flesh-colored stems, and its flowers are sometimes of the same +color, and sometimes white. This is found in the Coast Ranges.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f033"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f033.png">WHITE-VEINED SHINLEAF—<i>Pyrola picta</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>PEARLY EVERLASTING FLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Anaphalis Margaritacea</i>, Benth. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—One to three feet high; leafy up to the flowers. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +sessile; lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; two to four inches +long; white-woolly, at length becoming green above. <i>Heads.</i>—Of filiform +disk-flowers only. <i>Involucre.</i>—Of many rows of pearly white, +pointed scales, not longer than the flowers, resembling ray-flowers. +<i>Hab.</i>—Widely distributed over the northern parts of America and Asia.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Our wild everlasting flowers are very difficult of determination, +and are comprised under at least three genera, <i>Gnaphalium</i>, +<i>Anaphalis</i>, and <i>Antennaria</i>. The word <i>Anaphalis</i> is +from the same root as the word <i>Gnaphalium</i>, and the species +have quite the aspect of <i>Gnaphalium</i>.</p> + +<p>The flowers of the pearly everlasting have a peculiarly pure +pearly look before they are entirely open, and their sharp-pointed +little scales give them a prim, set look, like very regular, +tiny white roses. There is a hint of green in them, but +they are never of the dirty yellowish-white of the cudweed, nor +have they the slippery-elm-like fragrance of the latter. When +fully expanded, the centers are brown. The leaves, which at +length become a dark, shining green, make a fine contrast with +the permanently white-woolly stems. The flower-clusters are +loosely compound.</p> + + +<h3>WASHINGTON LILY. SHASTA LILY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lilium Washingtonianum</i>, Kell. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the Sierras from three to six thousand feet +elevation.</p></blockquote> + +<p>I shall never forget the thrill of delight I felt on first beholding +this noble white lily, some years ago, in an open fir forest +near Mt. Shasta. I had often heard of it, but never dared +hope it would be my privilege to gather it for myself in its own +native haunts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[ 103]</a></span></p> + +<p>The blossoms somewhat resemble those of the ruby lily, but +the petals have longer claws and are more loosely put together. +They are fragrant, but their perfume is not to be compared with +that of the ruby lily.</p> + +<p>Mr. Purdy once saw, upon a single great mountain-side, +ten thousand of these wonderful plants, upbearing their beautiful, +pure lilies—a sight outrivaling the poet's vision of the +golden daffodils.</p> + +<p>The Shasta lily is never found in the Coast Ranges. Another +species, <i>L. Parryi</i>, Wats., resembling this in the form +of its flowers, is found in the San Bernardino Mountains. This +is known as the "lemon lily," and has clear yellow flowers, +dotted sparingly with deeper yellow. It is a charming flower, +and is always found in shaded, springy places in cool caņons.</p> + + +<h3>LABRADOR TEA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Ledum glandulosum</i>, Nutt. Heath Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to six feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; short-petioled; +oblong or oval; an inch or two long; coriaceous; sprinkled beneath +with resin-dots. <i>Flowers.</i>—White; in terminal and axillary clusters. +<i>Calyx.</i>—Five-cleft. <i>Petals.</i>—Five; three lines long; rotately spreading. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Four to ten. Anthers opening terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>—Five-celled. +Style filiform, persistent. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges, from +Mendocino County northward, and through the Sierras.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Our Labrador tea is a comely shrub, found in the mountains +at an elevation of four thousand feet and upward. Its +small, leathery leaves are miniature copies of those of the Californian +rhododendron, differing from them, however, in the +sprinkling of resin-dots upon the under surface.</p> + +<p>Upon seeing the flowers of this shrub for the first time, one +is apt to imagine it a member of the Rose family, something +akin to the cherry, with its clusters of small white flowers of a +bitter fragrance; but a glance at the anthers, with their terminal +pores, tells the story quickly.</p> + +<p>A tea made from the leaves is, with many people, a valued +remedy for rheumatism.</p> + +<p>This little shrub is much dreaded by sheepmen, who claim +that it poisons their flocks. It has been suggested that it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[ 104]</a></span> +would be an excellent thing to have it widely planted as a +means of reducing these bands of "hoofed locusts," as Mr. +Muir terms them—these marauders who trample down so +much beauty, and leave desolation everywhere in their wake.</p> + + +<h3>PIPSISSIWA. PRINCE'S PINE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Chimaphila Menziesii</i>, Spreng. Heath Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Six inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Six to eighteen lines long; +dark green, sometimes variegated with white; leathery. <i>Flowers.</i>—One +to three. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted; white. <i>Petals.</i>—Five; waxen-white +or pinkish. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten. Filaments enlarged and hairy in +the middle. Anthers two-celled; opening terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>—Five-celled. +Style short. Stigma button-like. <i>Hab.</i>—The Middle Sierras +and Mendocino County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The prince's pine is a charming little plant, and may be +found beneath the undergrowth in the great coniferous woods +of the Sierras, where it sits demurely with bowed head, like +some cloistered nun engaged with her own meditations. It +has an exquisite perfume, like that of the lily of the valley.</p> + +<p>The common prince's pine of the Eastern States—<i>C. umbellata</i>—is +more rare with us, though it is found through +somewhat the same range as the above. It is a more vigorous +plant than the other, has from four to seven purplish flowers +in the cluster, while its leaves are never spotted.</p> + +<p>In the East, from the leaves of this species is manufactured +the drug "chimaphila," which is valued as a tonic and astringent, +also as a remedy for cataract.</p> + + +<h3>GROUNDSEL-TREE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Baccharis pilularis</i>, DC. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Evergreen diœcious shrubs, one to twelve feet high, with angled or +striate branches. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; sessile; obovate; cuneate; obtuse; +coarsely toothed; leathery; one inch or less long. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Crowded +at the ends of the branchlets; four lines long; one or two +across; without ray-flowers. <i>Involucres.</i>—Oblong; of many imbricated +scales. <i>Sterile heads.</i>—With funnel-form, five-lobed corollas. +<i>Fertile heads.</i>—With filiform corollas, mixed with a dense white silky +pappus, which soon elongates. <i>Hab.</i>—All along the Coast.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f034"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f034.png">PRINCE'S PINE—<i>Chimaphila Menziesii</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>In the fall, the dark-green foliage of the groundsel-tree is +relieved by its abundant small white flower-clusters. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[ 106]</a></span> +flowers of the male shrub are never very beautiful, being usually +of a yellowish or dirty white; indeed, so little resembling +the other, as to appear like a separate species. But when the +white silk down of the female shrub is fully expanded, its +boughs are laden as with drifted snow. This lavish provision +of silk is designed by nature for the wafting abroad of the +seed.</p> + +<p>It varies greatly in size and habit. Upon exposed, wind-swept +sandhills it is low and close-cropped, but in more favorable +localities, where the soil is rich and the climate more +genial, it responds graciously to the changed conditions, becoming +one of our most picturesque shrubs.</p> + +<p>Growing and blooming at the same time with the above, +may be found its near relative—<i>B. Douglasii</i>, DC. This does +not aspire to shrubhood, but its tall stems, with their lanceolate, +somewhat glutinous leaves, sometimes reach four feet in +height, bearing at summit their pretty Ageratum-like, white +flower-clusters. It loves the sandy soil of creek-banks and +low fields, and is abundant from San Francisco to Los Angeles.</p> + + +<h3>LARGE WHITE MOUNTAIN DAISY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Erigeron Coulteri</i>, T.C. Porter. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>—Six to twenty inches high; leafy; bearing solitary or rarely +two or three large, slender-peduncled heads. <i>Leaves.</i>—Obovate to +oblong; entire or with several sharp teeth; thin. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Of +yellow disk-flowers, and usually pure white ray-flowers. <i>Disk.</i>—Half +an inch wide. <i>Rays.</i>—Fifty to seventy; narrowly linear; six lines or +more long. <i>Hab.</i>—The Sierras; also the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.</p></blockquote> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">"High on the crest of the blossoming grasses,</span> +<span class="i0">Bending and swaying, with face toward the sky,</span> +<span class="ni">Stirred by the lightest west wind as it passes,</span> +<span class="i0">Hosts of the silver-white daisy-stars lie."</span> +</div></div> + + +<p>No fairer sight could be imagined than a mountain meadow +filled with these large, pure-white, feathery daisies.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f035"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f035.png">BACCHARIS—<i>Baccharis Douglasii</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN FALSE HELLEBORE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Veratrum Californicum</i>, Durand. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Stout; three to seven feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Oval; narrowing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[ 108]</a></span> +to lanceolate; sessile; sheathing; four to twelve inches long. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Greenish-white in a large panicle, with usually ascending +branches. <i>Stamens and pistils</i> in the same flowers, or in separate +ones. <i>Pedicels.</i>—About two lines long. <i>Perianth segments.</i>—Six; +spreading; oblanceolate; their bases thickened and green or brownish; +upper margins sometimes minutely toothed; three to eight lines long. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Six. Anthers confluently one-celled. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. +Styles three, divergent. <i>Hab.</i>—The Middle Sierras and Mendocino +County northward to the Columbia; also eastward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The false hellebore may be found in midsummer in the +mountains. It grows along watercourses, and often covers +rich, moist meadows, where its stems rise from three to seven +feet, with their coarsely ribbed, boat-shaped leaves and large +panicles of greenish-white flowers. When at its best it is a +rather fine, showy thing, but its leaves are often perforated by +some insect, and present a ragged, untidy appearance.</p> + +<p>The mountaineers commonly call this plant "skunk cabbage," +a deplorable misnomer, because it is in no sense +merited; and, moreover, we have a plant to which the title +more rightfully belongs. The root and young shoots are a +violent poison, and are fatal to animals which are unfortunate +enough to crop them.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>V. fimbriatum</i>, Gray—a smaller plant, is +found upon the plains in Mendocino County. It may be distinguished +from the above by its more slender leaves, its woolly +flower-panicle, and its decidedly fringed flower-petals.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[ 109]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="II_YELLOW" id="II_YELLOW"></a>II. YELLOW</h2> + + +<p class="cen">[<i>Yellow or occasionally or partially yellow flowers not described</i></p> +<p class="cen"><i>in the Yellow Section.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li><i>Described in the White Section:—</i></li> + +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Calochortus venustus</span>—Mariposa Lily, or Tulip.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Lilium Parryi</span>—Lemon-Lily.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Viola ocellata</span>—Heart's-ease.</li> + +<li><i>Described in the Pink Section:—</i></li> + +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Lessingia Germanorum</span>—Yellow Lessingia.</li> + +<li><i>Described in the Blue and Purple Section:—</i></li> + +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Fritillaria pudica</span>—Yellow Fritillary.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Iris macrosiphon</span>—Ground-Iris.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Sisyrinchium Californicum</span>—Golden-eyed Grass.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Trillium sessile</span>—Californian Trillium.</li> + +<li><i>Described in the Red Section:—</i></li> + +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Castilleia parviflora</span>—Indian Paint-Brush.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Cereus Emoryi</span>—Velvet Cactus.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Pentstemon centranthifolius</span>—Scarlet Bugler.</li> + +<li><i>Described in the Miscellaneous Section:—</i></li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Cypripedium Californicum</span>—Californian Lady's Slipper.]</li> +</ul> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>SUN-CUPS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Œnothera ovata</i>, Nutt. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>—A thick tap-root. <i>Leaves.</i>—All radical; oblong-lanceolate;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[ 110]</a></span> +smooth; ciliate. <i>Flowers.</i>—Solitary in the axils; bright golden yellow. +<i>Calyx-tube.</i>—Filiform; one to five inches long; limb of four lanceolate, +reflexed divisions. <i>Petals.</i>—Four; three to ten lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Eight. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Four-celled; underground. Style filiform. Stigma +capitate. <i>Fruit.</i>—A ribbed capsule. <i>Hab.</i>—Near the coast from San +Francisco to Monterey.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This little evening primrose is an exceedingly interesting +plant, although it is not of very wide distribution. The flat +rosettes of leaves sometimes measure over a foot across, and +are thickly sown with the bright golden flowers, large in proportion +to the size of the plants. A flower or bud is found in +the axil of every leaf, diminishing in size toward the center, +one plant sometimes having a hundred blossoms and buds. +These flowers are peculiarly fresh and winsome, and were they +not so abundant where they grow they would doubtless be +considered very beautiful.</p> + +<p>A strange feature of the plant is its flower-stem, which is +not a flower-stem at all, but a very much prolonged calyx-tube, +the seed-vessel being just within the surface of the ground.</p> + +<p>We wonder how these imprisoned seeds are going to +escape and find lodgment to start new colonies elsewhere. +Perhaps the moles and gophers could tell something about it +if they would.</p> + +<p>The leaves of these little plants are sometimes used for +salads.</p> + +<p>These blossoms are often erroneously called "cow-slips."</p> + + +<h3>COMMON BUTTERCUP.</h3> + +<h4><i>Ranunculus Californicus</i>, Benth. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Slender; branching; six to eighteen inches high. <i>Radical-leaves.</i>—Commonly +pinnately ternate; the leaflets cut into three to +seven usually linear lobes. Divisions of the stem-leaves usually narrower. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Five to ten lines in diameter; shining golden yellow. +<i>Sepals.</i>—Green; strongly reflexed. <i>Petals.</i>—Ten to fourteen; obovate; +each with a small scale at the base. <i>Stamens.</i>—Numerous. <i>Pistils.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f036"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f036.png">SUN-CUPS—<i>Œnothera ovata</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<blockquote><p>Numerous; on a receptacle. Ovaries flattened. Stigmas recurved.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[ 112]</a></span> +<i>Hab.</i>—Throughout Western California into Oregon.</p></blockquote> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">"The buttercup catches the sun in its chalice;</span> +<span class="ni">And there's never a leaf nor a blade too mean</span> +<span class="ni">To be some happy creature's palace."</span> +</div></div> + + +<p>The first clear, beautiful note of a lark has been heard; +skies are blue and fields are green; little frogs are filling the air +with their music;—and the buttercups are here. The fields +are full of them, and their bright golden eyes starring the +meadows, bring a gladness to the face of nature. The children +wade knee-deep in their gold, filling their hands with treasure; +and yonder, where their golden masses cover the slopes, King +Midas may have passed, transforming the earth with his magical +touch.</p> + +<p>Because some of the buttercups grow where frogs abound, +Pliny bestowed the Latin name <i>Ranunculus</i>, meaning "little +frog."</p> + +<p>The Indians, who seem to have a use for everything, parch +the seeds of our common buttercup and beat them to a flour, +which they eat without the further formality of cooking. This +flour is said to have the peculiar rich flavor of parched corn.</p> + +<p>We have a number of other species of buttercup—some of +them denizens of marshy spots; but the common field buttercup +is widest-spread and best known.</p> + + +<h3>CREAM-CUPS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Platystemon Californicus</i>, Benth. Poppy Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Delicate hairy herbs. <i>Stems.</i>—A span or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Mostly +opposite; sessile; two to four inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Axillary; +long-peduncled; an inch or so across. <i>Sepals.</i>—Three; falling early. +<i>Petals.</i>—Six, in two rows; cream-color, often with a yellow spot at +base. <i>Stamens.</i>—Numerous. Filaments broad; petaloid. <i>Pistils.</i>—Six +to twenty-five; united in a ring at first; afterward separating. Stigmas +terminal. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f037"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f037.png">CREAM-CUPS—<i>Platystemon Californicus</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The cream-cups are delicate, hairy plants of the early +springtime, which often grow in masses and take possession +of whole fields. They seem to be more vigorous in the south,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[ 114]</a></span> +and produce larger flowers there than in the north, often having +as many as nine petals. The delicate, nodding green buds +(like miniature poppy-buds) soon throw off their outer wrappings, +and, emerging from captivity, gradually assume an erect +position and unfurl their lovely, pure, straw-colored petals to +their widest extent. These blossoms open for several successive +days.</p> + +<p>The genus takes its name from the flat filaments. The numerous +slender pistils are so cleverly joined together into a +cylinder, that they appear like a hollow, one-celled ovary. But +a cross-section will show the separate ovaries under a glass.</p> + +<p>Some people like the odor of these flowers; but I must confess +to a lack of appreciation of it. I suspect its charm must +exist in some pleasant association.</p> + + +<h3>COPA DE ORO. CALIFORNIA POPPY. TOROSA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Eschscholtzia Californica</i>, Cham. Poppy Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Twelve to eighteen inches high; branching. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +finely dissected; glaucous. <i>Flowers.</i>—Two or three inches +across; usually orange; but ranging from that to white. Summit of +the peduncle enlarging into a cup-shaped torus or disk, upon the upper +inner surface of which are borne the calyx, corolla, and stamens. +<i>Calyx.</i>—A pointed green cap, falling early. <i>Petals.</i>—Four. <i>Stamens.</i>—Numerous, +in four groups, in front of the petals. Anthers linear. +<i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Style short. Stigmas four to six; unequal. +<i>Capsule.</i>—Cylindrical; ten-nerved; two or three inches long. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +California.</p></blockquote> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">Thy satin vesture richer is than looms</span> +<span class="i1">Of Orient weave for raiment of her kings!</span> +<span class="i1">Not dyes of olden Tyre, not precious things</span> +<span class="ni">Regathered from the long-forgotten tombs</span> +<span class="ni">Of buried empires, not the iris plumes</span> +<span class="i1">That wave upon the tropics' myriad wings,</span> +<span class="i1">Not all proud Sheba's queenly offerings</span> +<span class="ni">Could match the golden marvel of thy blooms.</span> +<span class="ni">For thou art nurtured from the treasure-veins</span> +<span class="i1">Of this fair land; thy golden rootlets sup</span> +<span class="i0">Her sands of gold—of gold thy petals spun.</span> +<span class="ni">Her golden glory, thou! On hills and plains,</span> +<span class="i1">Lifting, exultant, every kingly cup</span> +<span class="i0">Brimmed with the golden vintage of the sun.</span> +<p class="quotsig">—<span class="smcap">Ina D. Coolbrith</span></p> +</div></div> + +<div class="image" id="f038"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f038.png">CALIFORNIA POPPY—<i>Eschscholtzia Californica</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>It is difficult to exaggerate the charms of this wonderful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[ 116]</a></span> +flower. When reproduced in countless millions, its brilliant +blossoms fairly cover the earth; and far away upon distant +mountain-slopes, bright patches of red gold denote that league +after league of it lies open to the sun. It revels in the sunshine, +and not until the morning is well advanced does it begin +to unfurl its tightly rolled petals.</p> + +<p>In the early days, when Spanish vessels sailed up and down +the newly-discovered coast, the mariners, looking inland, saw +the flame of the poppies upon the hills and called this "the land +of fire." They said that the altar-cloth of San Pascual was +spread upon the hills, and, filled with a devotional spirit, they +disembarked to worship upon the shore.</p> + +<p>This flower is now cultivated in many parts of the world. +But one can form no conception of it, pale and languishing in +a foreign garden. One must go to its native hillsides to get +any idea of its prodigal beauty.</p> + +<p>The common title, "California poppy," though it has been +widely used, is open to the objection that it belongs more +properly to another flower, <i>Papaver Californicum</i>. The generic +name is dissonant and harsh. Why not replace it by one +of the more euphonious Spanish titles—"amapola," "dormidera," +"torosa," or, most charmingly appropriate of all, +"copa de oro,"—"cup of gold"?</p> + +<p>There are many forms of <i>Eschscholtzia</i>, and of late the original +species, <i>E. Californica</i>, has been divided into a number of +new species, which are, however, difficult of determination.</p> + +<p>The Indians of Placer County, it is said, boil the herbage, +or roast it by means of hot stones, lay it in water afterward, +and then eat it as a green. A drug made from this plant is +used in medicine as a harmless substitute for morphine and as +a remedy for headache and insomnia, and it has an especially +excellent effect with children. The Spanish-Californians make +a hair-oil, which they prize highly, by frying the whole plant +in olive oil and adding some choice perfume. This is said to +promote the growth of the hair and to make it glossy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[ 117]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>MOCK-ORANGE. GOURD. CHILI-COJOTE. +CALABAZILLA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Cucurbita fœtidissima</i>, HBK. Gourd Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Long; coarse; trailing. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; petioled; +triangular-cordate; six to twelve inches long; acute; rough. <i>Tendrils.</i>—Three- to +five-cleft. <i>Flowers.</i>—Solitary; yellow; three or four +inches long; monœcious. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>—Six lines long, equaling the +five linear lobes. <i>Corolla.</i>—Campanulate; five-cleft to the middle or +lower; with recurved lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>—In the male flowers two with +two-celled anthers, and one with one; in the female all three rudimentary. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. Style short. Stigmas three; two-lobed. +<i>Fruit.</i>—Orange-like, but with a hard rind. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>C. perennis</i>, Gray. +<i>Hab.</i>—San Diego to San Joaquin County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The rough, ill-smelling foliage of the Chili-cojote is a common +sight in Southern California, where it may be seen trailing +over many a field; but woe to the negligent farmer who allows +this pest to get a foothold—for it will cost him a small fortune +to eradicate it. It sends down into the earth an enormous +root, six feet or so long, and often as broad. When the +gourds are ripe, these vines look like the dumping-ground for +numerous poor, discarded oranges.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding its unsavory character, the various parts +of this vine are put to use—specially among the Spanish-Californians +and the Indians. The root is a purgative more +powerful than croton-oil. When pounded to a pulp, it is used +as soap by the Spanish-Californians, who aver that it cleanses +as nothing else can; but rinsing must be very thorough—for +any particles remaining in the garments prove very irritating +to the skin. The leaves are highly valued for medicinal purposes, +and the pulp of the green fruit, mixed with soap, is said +to remove stains from clothing. The Indians eat the seed, +when ground and made into a mush. The early Californian +women used the gourds as darning-balls.</p> + +<p>This vine is a near relative of the pumpkins and squashes +of our gardens.</p> + +<p>The flowers are said to be violet-scented.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[ 118]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>WATER-HOLLY. MAHONIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Berberis nervosa</i>, Pursh. Barberry Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>—Simple; a foot or so high; bearing at summit a crown of +large leaves, mixed with many dry, chaffy, persistent bracts. <i>Leaves.</i>—One +or two feet long, with from eleven to seventeen ovate, acuminate, +prickly, somewhat palmately nerved leaflets. <i>Flowers.</i>—Yellow, +in elongated, clustered racemes. Bractlets, sepals, petals, and +stamens six, standing in front of one another. Anthers two-celled; +opening by uplifting valves. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Style short or +none. <i>Fruit.</i>—Dark-blue, glaucous berries; four lines in diameter. +<i>Hab.</i>—Deep coast woods, from Monterey to Vancouver Island.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The water-holly is one of the beautiful plants to be found +in our deep coast woods within the cool influence of the sea-fogs. +The plants are very symmetrical, with their crown of +dark, shining leaves, with numerous prickly leaflets, and in +spring, when the long graceful racemes of yellow flowers are +produced in abundance, and hang amid and below the leaves, +they are very ornamental. The stems are densely clothed +with numerous dry, awl-shaped scales, an inch or more long.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>B. repens</i>—the creeping barberry, or +Oregon grape, is a low, prostrate shrub, less than a foot high, +with from three to seven leaflets. These leaflets are pinnately +veined, and have not the beautiful, shining upper surface of +those of the water-holly, and the few racemes of yellow flowers +which terminate the branches are quite short—only an inch or +two long. This is found throughout the State and northward +upon rocky hills.</p> + + +<h3>TREE-POPPY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Dendromecon rigidum</i>, Benth. Poppy Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to eight feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—One to three inches long; +leathery. <i>Flowers.</i>—Solitary; yellow; one to three inches across. +<i>Sepals.</i>—Two; falling early. <i>Petals.</i>—Four. <i>Stamens.</i>—Many. <i>Ovary.</i>—Linear; +one-celled. Stigma two-lobed. <i>Capsule.</i>—Eighteen to thirty +lines long. <i>Hab.</i>—Dry hills from San Diego to Butte County.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>The tree-poppy is the only truly woody plant in the poppy +family. Its pale leaves are quite rigid, and resemble those of +the willow in form. The bright golden flowers are sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[ 120]</a></span> +three inches across, and one can readily imagine the fine effect +produced when many of them are open at once upon a hillside. +Though found through quite a range, this shrub attains its +most perfect development in Santa Barbara County.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f039"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f039.png">TREE-POPPY—<i>Dendromecon rigidum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>YELLOW PANSY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Viola pedunculata</i>, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Leafy; two to six inches or more high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +long-petioled; ovate; cuneate; crenate; with lanceolate stipules. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Large; long-peduncled; deep golden yellow. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted. +<i>Petals.</i>—The two upper tinged with brown outside; the +three lower veined with purple; the two lateral bearded; the lower one +with a short spur at base. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five. Anthers nearly sessile; +erect around the club-shaped style. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>—Southern +to Middle California.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">Pansies! Pansies! How I love you, pansies!</span> +<span class="ni">Jaunty-faced, laughing-lipped, and dewy-eyed with glee;</span> +<span class="ni">Would my song might blossom out in little five-leaved stanzas</span> +<span class="i8">As delicate in fancies</span> +<span class="i8">As your beauty is to me!</span> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">But, my eyes shall smile on you and my hands infold you,</span> +<span class="ni">Pet, caress, and lift you to the lips that love you, so</span> +<span class="ni">That, shut ever in the years that may mildew or mold you,</span> +<span class="i8">My fancy shall behold you</span> +<span class="i8">Fair as in the long ago.</span> +<p class="quotsig">—<span class="smcap">Jas. Whitcomb Riley.</span></p> +</div></div> + + +<p>On wind-swept downs near the ocean, on the low hills of the +Coast Ranges, or upon the plains of the interior, this charming +golden pansy spreads itself in profusion in early spring. It +is the darling of the children, who on their way to school +gather great handfuls of its brown-eyed blossoms.</p> + +<p>You may often see myriads of them dancing on their long +stems in the breeze, and showing glimpses of red-brown where +their purplish outer petals are turned toward you for the moment. +In the shelter of quiet woodlands, its stems are longer +and more fragile.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f040"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f040.png">YELLOW PANSY—<i>Viola pedunculata</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>TWIN-BERRY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lonicera involucrata</i>, Banks. Honeysuckle Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs eight to ten feet high. <i>Leaves.-</i>-Three inches long or so.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[ 122]</a></span> +<i>Flowers.</i>—A pair; at the summit of an axillary peduncle; with a conspicuous +involucre of four bracts, tinged with red or yellow. <i>Calyx.</i>—Adherent +to the ovary; the limb minute or obsolete. <i>Corolla.</i>—Tubular; +irregular; half an inch or more long; viscid-pubescent; yellowish. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Five. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two- or three-celled. Style filiform. Stigma +capitate. <i>Berries.</i>—Black-purple. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the State; eastward +to Lake Superior.</p></blockquote> + +<p>A walk through some moist thicket, or along a stream-bank +in March, will reveal the yellow flowers of the twin-berry amid +its ample, thin green leaves. These blossoms are always borne +in pairs at the summit of the stem, and are surrounded by a +leafy involucre, consisting of two pairs of round, fluted bracts. +As the berries ripen and become black, these bracts deepen to +a brilliant red and make the shrubs much more conspicuous +and ornamental than at blossoming-time.</p> + + +<h3>OREGON GRAPE. HOLLY-LEAVED BARBERRY. +MAHONIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Berberis Aquifolium</i>, Pursh. Barberry Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to six feet high; branching. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; pinnate. +<i>Leaflets.</i>—Seven to nine; glossy; ovate to oblong-lanceolate; +one and one half to four inches long; acuminate; sinuately dentate, +with numerous spinose teeth; the lowest pair distant from the stem. +<i>Racemes.</i>—Eighteen lines to two inches long; clustered near the ends +of the branches. (Otherwise as <i>B. nervosa</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Coast Ranges +and Sierras from Monterey and Kern County northward into Oregon.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The holly-leaved barberry, or Oregon grape, is a very ornamental +shrub and one much prized in our gardens, where it is +known as <i>Mahonia Aquifolium</i>. In the spring, when yellow +with its masses of flowers; or in its summer dress of rich, shining +green; or in the autumn, when its foliage is richly touched +with bronze or scarlet or yellow, amid which are the beautiful +blue berries, it is always a fine shrub. In its native haunts it +affects greater altitudes than our other species.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f041"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f041.png">TWIN-BERRY—<i>Lonicera involucrata</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>Among our Californian Indians, a decoction made from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[ 124]</a></span> +root is a favorite tonic remedy, and it has become a recognized +drug in the pharmacopœia of our Coast, being used as an +alterative and tonic. The root is tough and hard, of a bright +golden yellow, and intensely bitter. The bark of the root is +the part that is used medicinally.</p> + +<p>The shrub is very plentiful in the woods of Mendocino +County, where it covers considerable areas.</p> + + +<h3>SUNSHINE. FLY-FLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Bæria gracilis</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Six inches or so high; branching freely. <i>Leaves.</i>—Mostly opposite; +linear; entire; an inch or so long. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Yellow; of disk +and ray-flowers. <i>Rays.</i>—Ten to fourteen; three or four lines long. +<i>Involucre.</i>—Campanulate; of a single series of small lanceolate, herbaceous +scales. <i>Hab.</i>—From San Francisco southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Considered singly, the blossom of this plant is a simple, +unassuming little flower; but when countless millions of its +golden stars stud the nether firmament, it becomes one of the +most conspicuous of all our <i>Compositæ</i>. It literally covers the +earth with a close carpet of rich golden bloom, and other +plants, such as scarlet paint-brushes, blue Phacelias, and yellow +and white tidy-tips, rise out of its golden tapestry. Mile after +mile of it whirls by the car-window as we journey along, or +long stretches of it gild the gently rounded hill-slopes of the +distant landscape.</p> + +<p>There are several other species of <i>Bæria</i>, but this is the +most abundant and widespread. In some localities this little +plant is so much frequented by a small fly, which feeds upon +its pollen, that it is called "fly-flower." It then becomes a +serious nuisance to horses and cattle, which grow wild and +restive under the persecution of this insect.</p> + +<p>In the Spanish deck of playing-cards in the early days, the +"Jack of Spades" always held one of these flowers in his +hand. By the Spanish-Californians it was called "Si me +quieres, no me quieres"—"Love me, love me not,"—because +their dark-eyed maidens tried their fortunes upon it in the +same manner that our own maidens consult the marguerite.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f042"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f042.png">PENTACHÆTA—<i>Pentachæta aurea</i>. SUNSHINE—<i>Bæria gracilis</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>Growing in brilliant beds by themselves, or intermingling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[ 126]</a></span> +their gold with that of the <i>Bæria</i>, the charming feathery blossoms +of <i>Pentachæta aurea</i>, Nutt., are found in midspring. +They have from fifty to seventy rays and their involucres consist +of several rows of scarious-margined bracts.</p> + + +<h3>MEADOW-FOAM.</h3> + +<h4><i>Flœrkia Douglasii</i>, Baillon. Geranium Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Smooth, succulent herbs. <i>Stems.</i>—A foot or so long. <i>Leaves.</i>—Much +dissected. <i>Flowers.</i>—Axillary; solitary. <i>Sepals.</i>—Narrow; +acute. <i>Petals.</i>—Nine lines long or so; yellow, sometimes tipped with +white, white, or rose-tinged. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten, in two sets; a gland at +the base of those opposite the sepals. <i>Ovary.</i>—Of five carpels, becoming +distinct. Style five-cleft at the apex. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>Limnanthes Douglasii</i>, +R. Br. <i>Hab.</i>—Oregon to Southern California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>When the spring is well advanced, our wet meadows are all +a-cream with the meadow-foam, whose dense masses blend +exquisitely with the rich red of the common sorrel, which is +in blossom at the same time.</p> + +<p>This plant is a near relative of the redwood-sorrel, and its +flowers are similar in size and veining, and also in their habit +of closing at night. It is much admired and has long been in +cultivation.</p> + + +<h3>PIMPERNEL. POOR-MAN'S WEATHER-GLASS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Anagallis arvensis</i>, L. Primrose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Prostrate; spreading. <i>Leaves.</i>—Usually opposite; sessile; +ovate. <i>Flowers.</i>—Solitary on axillary peduncles; orange-vermilion +(rarely blue or white); six lines or so across. <i>Calyx</i> and rotate corolla +five-parted. <i>Petals.</i>—Rounded; purple at base. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; +opposite the petals. Filaments purple, bearded. <i>Capsule.</i>—Globose; +the top falling off as a lid. <i>Hab.</i>—Common everywhere. Introduced +from Europe.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The little orange-vermilion flower of the pimpernel is a +plain little blossom to the unassisted eye, but it becomes truly +regal when seen under a glass, where its rich purple center displays +itself in glistening splendor. It is a forcible example of +the infinite care bestowed upon all of Nature's children, even +to the humblest weeds.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f043"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f043.png">MEADOW-FOAM—<i>Flœrkia Douglasii</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>This little plant has come to us from Europe, and it makes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[ 128]</a></span> +itself perfectly at home among us in many widely-differing +situations. From the fact that it furls its petals upon cloudy +days, or at the approach of rain, it is called in England "poor-man's +weather-glass."</p> + +<p>The plant is an acrid poison and was extensively used in +medicine by the ancients. It seems to act particularly upon +the nervous system, and was used as a remedy for convulsions, +the plague, gout, and hydrophobia.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h4><i>Encelia Californica</i>, Nutt. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Bushy; two to four feet high; strong-scented. <i>Leaves.</i>—Mostly +alternate; short-petioled; ovate-lanceolate; an inch or two long. +<i>Flower-heads.</i>—Solitary; long-peduncled; large. <i>Disk.</i>—Eight lines +across; of black-purple, tubular flowers, with deep-yellow styles. +<i>Rays.</i>—Sterile; over an inch long; five lines wide; four-toothed. <i>Involucre.</i>—Open-campanulate +of several series of coriaceous, imbricated +scales. <i>Hab.</i>—Santa Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This shrubby <i>Composita</i> is quite abundant in the south, and +when covered with its large yellow flowers with purple-brown +centers is very showy. We have seen mesas covered with the +bushes, which have much the same spreading habit as the +white marguerite of the garden. It thrives particularly well +near the coast, but is also at home upon some of the hills of +interior valleys as well. It is quite strong-scented, but the +flowers are very handsome, rivaling in decorativeness many of +the cherished plants of our gardens.</p> + + +<h3>YELLOW FORGET-ME-NOT. WOOLLY-BREECHES.</h3> + +<h4><i>Amsinckia</i>, Lehm. Borage Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Hispid annuals. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; oblong-ovate to linear. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Small; yellow or orange, in coiled spikes or racemes. +<i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted; persistent. <i>Corolla.</i>—Salver-shaped, or somewhat +funnel-form; with five-lobed border; the throat naked or with +minute hairy tufts opposite the lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five. <i>Ovary.</i>—Of +four seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma capitate.</p></blockquote> + +<p>We have several species of <i>Amsinckia</i>, all of which have +small yellow flowers, resembling in form our little white forget-me-nots. +The genus is a Western American one, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[ 129]</a></span> +species are very difficult of determination. They are all hispid +plants, very disagreeable to handle, and are generally of rank +growth. They often occur in great masses, when they become +rather showy.</p> + +<p>The largest-flowered species, which is also the most common +one in the south, is <i>A. spectabilis</i>, Fisch. and Mey. The +corolla of this is often half an inch long and half an inch across, +of an orange-yellow, with deeper orange spots in the throat.</p> + + +<h3>TREE-TOBACCO.</h3> + +<h4><i>Nicotiana glauca</i>, Graham. Nightshade Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Loosely branching shrubs, fifteen feet or so high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +petioled; ovate; smooth. <i>Flowers.</i>—Clustered at the ends of +the branches. <i>Calyx.</i>—Campanulate; five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>—Tubular; +eighteen lines long; with constricted throat; and border shortly +five-toothed. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five, on the base of the corolla, adnate to +the tube below. Anthers with two diverging cells. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. +Style slender. Stigma capitate; two-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +Southern California; introduced.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The tall, loosely branching, spreading form of the tree-tobacco +is a familiar sight in the south about vacant lots and +waste places. Its clusters of long, greenish-yellow flowers +hang gracefully from the ends of the slender branches, and the +ovate leaves are rather long-stalked. It is supposed to have +been introduced from Buenos Ayres, and old inhabitants remember +the time when but one or two plants were known. +In thirty years it has spread rapidly, and is now exceedingly +common.</p> + + +<h3>WIND-POPPY. BLOOD-DROP. FLAMING POPPY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Meconopsis heterophylla</i>, Benth. Poppy Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Smooth herbs. <i>Stems.</i>—Slender; a foot or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Mostly +petioled; pinnately divided into variously toothed, oval to linear +segments. <i>Flowers.</i>—Solitary; on long peduncles; orange-vermilion +to scarlet. <i>Sepals.</i>—Two; falling early. Petals.—Four; two to twelve +lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Numerous. Filaments filiform; purple. Anthers +yellow. <i>Ovary.</i>—Top-shaped; ribbed; one-celled. Style short. Stigma +large; capitate; four- to eight-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout Western +California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The wind-poppy is an exceedingly variable flower. In the +central part of the State it is large and showy, its beautiful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[ 130]</a></span> +flame-colored blossoms being two inches across; while in the +south it is usually very small, making tiny flecks of red in the +grass, for which reason it is there called "blood-drop." It is +an exquisite thing. Its petals have the delicate satin texture +of the poppy; and their showy orange or scarlet blends suddenly +at the center into a deep maroon. The bright-green, +top-shaped ovary stands up in the midst of the slender stamens, +whose yellow anthers show brilliantly against the dark +maroon of the petals.</p> + +<p>It blossoms in spring upon open hillsides, seeming to prefer +those which are shaded for at least part of the day. It is very +fragile, and falls to pieces at a touch, which makes it an unsatisfactory +flower to gather.</p> + + +<h3>WHISPERING BELLS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Emmenanthe penduliflora</i>, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Six inches to a foot high; branched above; hairy; somewhat viscid. +<i>Leaves.</i>—An inch or more long; pinnatifid. <i>Flowers.</i>—Straw-colored; +at length pendulous. <i>Corolla.</i>—Campanulate; about six lines long. +(Flower structure as in <i>Phacelia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Lake County to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In midspring, when passing among the plants upon our +dry, open hillsides, our attention is often attracted by a certain +delicate, rustling sound, which we find emanates from the little +papery bells of the dried blossoms of the <i>Emmenanthe</i>, which +retain the semblance of their first freshness for many weeks.</p> + +<p>Though not at first apparent, a little examination will reveal +the fact that these plants are very closely related to the <i>Phacelias</i>, +the chief difference being in the yellow corollas.</p> + + +<h3>YELLOW STAR TULIP.</h3> + +<h4><i>Calochortus Benthami</i>, Baker. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Much elongated; two to five lines broad. <i>Stems.</i>—Slender; +three to six inches high. <i>Buds.</i>—Nodding. <i>Flowers.</i>—Erect; +yellow. <i>Petals.</i>—Six or seven lines long; spreading; mostly obtuse; +rather densely covered with yellow hairs. <i>Gland.</i>—Shallow; lunate. +<i>Capsule.</i>—Nodding; six to nine lines long. <i>Hab.</i>—Sierra Nevada +foothills, throughout their length.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f044"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f044.png">WHISPERING BELLS—<i>Emmenanthe penduliflora</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>This is a very pretty little star tulip, with graceful, flexuous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[ 132]</a></span> +stems and erect flowers, whose spreading petals are covered +with hairs. Sometimes there is a dark-brown, almost black, +spot upon the petals, and when such is the case the plant is +called <i>C. Benthami, var. Wallacei</i>.</p> + + +<h3>CREAM-COLORED WALL-FLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Erysimum grandiflorum</i>, Nutt. Mustard Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Six to eighteen inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Spatulate or oblanceolate; +entire, toothed or lobed; lower long-petioled. <i>Sepals.</i>—Four; +one pair strongly gibbous at base. <i>Petals.</i>—An inch long; long-clawed; +cream-color or yellowish. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six; two shorter. +<i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled; linear. Style stout; short. Stigma capitate. +<i>Pod.</i>—Nearly flat; thirty lines or less long. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>Cheiranthus asper</i>, +Cham. and Schlecht. <i>Hab.</i>—The seaboard from Los Angeles to +Oregon.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Growing along sandy stretches, or upon open mesas by the +seashore, we may find the showy blossoms of the cream-colored +wall-flower from February to May. These flowers +are less stocky and much more delicate than the garden +species; and when seen numerously dotting a field carpeted +with other flowers, they stand out conspicuously, claiming the +attention peculiarly to themselves. They have not the delicious +fragrance of the Western wall-flower. At first yellowish, +they become pale cream-color after fertilization has taken place.</p> + +<p><i>E. asperum</i>, DC., the Western wall-flower, is widely distributed, +and may be known from the above by its four-sided +pods, and by its flowers, which are usually orange-color—though +they occasionally vary to yellow or purple. These +blossoms are especially abundant in the mountains and valleys +of the south, where their brilliant orange is conspicuous amid +the lush greens of springtime. They are very fragrant, and +are favorites among our wild flowers.</p> + + +<h3>BUR-CLOVER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Medicago denticulata</i>, Willd. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Prostrate or ascending. <i>Leaves.</i>—Trifoliolate. <i>Leaflets.</i>—Cuneate-obovate +or obcordate; toothed above. <i>Flowers.</i>—Papilionaceous; +small; yellow; two or three in a cluster. <i>Stamens.</i>—Nine</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f045"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f045.png">CREAM-COLORED WALL-FLOWER—<i>Erysimum grandiflorum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<blockquote><p>united, one free. <i>Pods.</i>—Coiled into two circles; armed with hooked +prickles. <i>Hab.</i>—Common everywhere; introduced.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The bur-clover is a little European weed which has become<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[ 134]</a></span> +very widespread and very much at home among us. It is +an excellent forage-plant, and in late summer, when our cattle +have eaten everything else, they feed upon the little burs, +which are very nutritious in themselves. But these same little +coiled burs, with their numerous firm hooks, work great +damage to wool, imbedding themselves in it so firmly as to +make it very difficult to remove them without seriously injuring +its quality. These plants invade our lawns, where they +become very troublesome.</p> + + +<h3>COMMON MONKEY-FLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Mimulus luteus</i>, L. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Varying greatly in size. <i>Stems.</i>—One to four feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Mostly +smooth; ovate-oval or cordate; coarsely notched. <i>Flowers.</i>—Yellow. +<i>Calyx.</i>—Sharply five-angled; unevenly five-lobed. <i>Corolla.</i>—One +or two inches long; lower lip usually spotted with brown purple. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Four; in pairs. Anthers with two divergent cells. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. Style long and slender. Stigma with two +rounded lips. <i>Hab.</i>—Common throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The bright canary-colored blossoms of the common monkey-flower +are a familiar sight upon almost every stream-bank. +The plant varies greatly in size, according to the locality of +its growth. I once saw it flourishing in the rich soil of a lake-shore, +where its hollow stems were as large as an ordinary +cane, and its blossoms grotesquely large.</p> + +<p><i>M. moschatus</i>, Dougl., the common musk-plant of cultivation, +is usually found along mountain-streams. It may be +known by its clammy, musk-scented, light-green herbage. +Its flowers are larger than in cultivation.</p> + +<p><i>M. brevipes</i>, Benth., is common from Santa Barbara to San +Diego, upon hillsides in spring. It has stems a foot or two +high, lanceolate leaves one to four inches long, and large, +handsome yellow flowers, having a pair of ridges running down +their open throats.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f046"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f046.png">COMMON MONKEY-FLOWER—<i>Mimulus luteus</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h4><i>Œnothera bistorta</i>, Nutt. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>From several inches to a foot or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Three or four +inches long; denticulate; the upper mostly rounded at base. <i>Petals.</i>—Yellow; +four to seven lines long; with usually a brown spot at the +base. <i>Stigma.</i>—Large and spherical. <i>Capsule.</i>—Four to nine lines +long; a line or so wide; attenuate upward; contorted. (See <i>Œnothera</i>.) +<i>Hab.</i>—Ventura to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This is a very common species of evening primrose in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[ 136]</a></span> +south, and may be found blooming until June. It is very +variable in its manner of growth. In moist, shaded localities +it becomes an erect plant a foot or two high; while upon open, +exposed plains it is often only two or three inches high, but +seems almost to emulate the "sunshine" in its attempt to gild +the plain with its bright blossoms. It frequently grows in +gravelly washes. Its flowers have a peculiarly clean, brilliant, +alert look, and may usually be known by the brown spot at +the base of the petals. The specific name is in reference to +its twice-twisted capsule.</p> + +<p>The "beach primrose," <i>Œ. cheiranthifolia, var. suffruticosa</i>, +Wats., often grows in great beds upon the dry sands of +the seashore, from Monterey to San Diego. Its decumbent +stems are thickly clothed with small, ovate, stemless leaves, +and its silvery foliage makes a beautiful setting for its large +golden flowers.</p> + + +<h3>FAWN-LILY. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET. CHAMISE-LILY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Erythronium giganteum</i>, Lindl. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Corm.</i>—Usually elongated. <i>Leaves.</i>—Oblong; six to ten inches +long; dark green, usually mottled in mahogany and dark brown. +<i>Scape.</i>—One- to many-flowered. <i>Perianth.</i>—Broadly funnel-form, +with six deciduous segments; at length revolute to the stem. <i>Segments.</i>—Straw-color, +with orange base, with often a transverse, brownish +band across the base; broadly lanceolate; eighteen lines or so long. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Six. Filaments filiform. Anthers basifixed. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. +Style slender. Stigma three-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>—The interior +of the Coast Ranges, from Sonoma County to the Willamette Valley.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f047"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f047.png">FAWN-LILY—<i>Erythronium giganteum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The dog's-tooth violets expand into larger, finer creations +upon our shores than were ever dreamed of elsewhere. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[ 138]</a></span> +seem to imbibe new vigor in the sweet life-giving air of our +Coast Range forests. In Southern Oregon, they reach their +maximum development, manifesting themselves in numerous +beautiful species. With us the common title becomes still more +inappropriate than for the Atlantic species—for nothing could +be farther from a violet than these large pale flowers, which +in reality look far more like lilies. Indeed, in Mendocino +County they are commonly known as "chamise-lilies." Another +name is "Adam and Eve," bestowed because the plant +often bears a large and a small flower at the same time.</p> + +<p>Personally, I am inclined to favor Mr. Burroughs' suggestion +of "fawn-lily." It is both appropriate and pretty. The +two erect leaves are like the ears of a fawn; their beautiful +mottling is not without a hint of the fawn's spots; and the +blossom is lily-like. The plant is shy, too, keeping to the +seclusion of our deep caņons. In such situations we may find +them in groups of a few, or occasionally in beds of hundreds. +No more delightful surprise could be imagined than to come +suddenly upon such a garden far from the habitations of man. +The pale flowers, with orange centers, when fully open, roll +their petals back to the stem, like those of the leopard-lily; +but in cloudy weather they often maintain a campanulate outline. +Plants have frequently been seen with from eight to sixteen +flowers upon a stem, the flowers three or four inches across!</p> + +<p>These are great favorites in gardens, and in cultivation are +known as <i>E. grandiflorum</i>. We have several species of <i>Erythronium</i>, +all of them beautiful.</p> + + +<h3>STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Mimulus glutinosus</i>, Wend. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Glutinous shrubs two to six feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Narrowly oblong +to linear; one to four inches long; with margins at length rolled backward. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Corn-color to red; eighteen lines to three inches +long. <i>Calyx.</i>—Irregularly five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>—Funnel-form; five-lobed; +the lobes gnawed. <i>Stigma.</i>—White. (See <i>Mimulus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—San Francisco +to San Diego, and southward.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f048"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f048.png">STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER—<i>Mimulus glutinosus</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>During a walk upon the hills, at almost any time of year, +we may find the corn-colored blossoms of the sticky monkey-flower,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[ 140]</a></span> +but they are most abundant in spring and summer. +When in full flower the small bushes are very ornamental, as +they are a perfect mass of bloom. They are said to be especially +handsome as greenhouse plants.</p> + +<p>The flowers vary through a wide range of color, from +almost white to a rich scarlet, but the commoner hue is the +corn-color. The scarlet-flowered form, found at San Diego, +constitutes the <i>var. puniceus</i>, Gray. Another form, with red-brown +to salmon-colored flowers on very short pedicels, is the +<i>var. linearis</i>, Gray. The very long-flowered form is the <i>var. +brachypus</i>, Gray. The sensitive lips of the stigma close upon +being touched or after receiving pollen.</p> + + +<h3>CREEPING WOOD-VIOLET.</h3> + +<h4><i>Viola sarmentosa</i>, Dougl. Violet Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Creeping. <i>Leaves.</i>—Round-cordate; six to eighteen lines +broad; finely crenate; often rusty beneath; usually punctate with dark +dots. <i>Peduncles.</i>—Slender. <i>Flowers.</i>—Small; light yellow without +and within. (Flower structure as in <i>V. pedunculata</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Coast +Ranges, from Monterey to British Columbia.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This modest little violet is found commonly in woods,—often +in redwood forests,—where it carpets the ground with its +shapely little round leaves.</p> + +<p>Its specific name refers to its running habit.</p> + + +<h3>COMMON BLACK MUSTARD.</h3> + +<h4><i>Brassica nigra</i>, Koch. Mustard Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Six inches to twelve feet high. <i>Lower leaves.</i>—Lyrate; +with large terminal lobes. <i>Upper leaves.</i>—Lobed or entire. <i>Flowers.</i>—Yellow. +<i>Sepals.</i>—Four. <i>Petals.</i>—Four; three to four lines long. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Six. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. Style long. <i>Pod.</i>—Six to nine +lines long, with seeds in one row. <i>Hab.</i>—Common everywhere; introduced.</p></blockquote> + +<p>I can give no truer idea of the manner of growth of this +common plant in California than by quoting Mrs. Jackson's +charming description of it from "Ramona":—</p> + +<p>"The wild mustard in Southern California is like that +spoken of in the New Testament, in the branches of which the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[ 141]</a></span> +birds of the air may rest. Coming up out of the earth, so +slender a stem that dozens can find starting-point in an inch, it +darts up a slender, straight shoot, five, ten, twenty feet, with +hundreds of fine, feathery branches locking and interlocking +with all the other hundreds around it, till it is an inextricable +network, like lace. Then it bursts into yellow bloom, still +finer, more feathery and lacelike. The stems are so infinitesimally +small and of so dark a green, that at a short distance +they do not show, and the cloud of blossoms seems floating in +the air; at times it looks like a golden dust. With a clear, +blue sky behind it, as it is often seen, it looks like a golden +snowstorm."</p> + +<p>The tall stems are favorite haunts of the red-winged <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'black-bird'">blackbird</ins>, +who tilts about among them, showing his scarlet wings +and occasionally plunging into the depths below, as though he +found a spot there much to his mind.</p> + +<p>A very superior oil is made from the seed of the mustard, +which is one of the strongest antiseptics known. It is especially +adapted to the needs of the druggist, because it does not +become rancid. The flour of mustard is now much used by +surgeons to render their hands aseptic. Tons of the seed are +exported from California every year.</p> + + +<h3>ECHEVERIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Cotyledon lanceolata</i>, Benth. and Hook. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Fleshy plants, with tufted radical leaves. <i>Leaves.</i>—Narrowly lanceolate; +the outer ones two to four inches long; acuminate. <i>Scapes.</i>—Fifteen +inches high; their lower leaves lanceolate; becoming above +broadly triangular-ovate, clasping, acute; bearing on their summit a +branching flower-cluster. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>—Cylindrical; +of five almost distinct, oblong, acute petals, four to six lines long, +reddish-yellow. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten. <i>Ovaries.</i>—Five; distinct; one-celled. +<i>Hab.</i>—Los Angeles to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>These plants, which are of frequent occurrence in the south, +usually affect dry, sandy soils. The fleshy foliage is of a warm +tone, owing to a suffusion of pink in the leaves. These have +a loose, erect habit, and are not crowded in dense rosettes, as +are those of some species, and they are so weak that they pull<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[ 142]</a></span> +apart easily. The tall flowering stems have but few leaves, +and are sometimes nearly naked.</p> + +<p>In early summer these plants put forth a strong effort, +quickly sending up several tall, vigorous flower-shoots, drawing +upon the nourishment stored in the fleshy leaves, which then +become limp and shriveled.</p> + +<p>Growing upon the coast at San Diego is a very curious and +interesting species—<i>C. edulis</i>, Brew. This has cylindrical +leaves, about the size of a lead-pencil, which grow in tufts, +often a foot or two across. Its flowers are greenish-yellow. It +is commonly known as "finger-tips." Its young leaves are +considered very palatable by the Indians, who use them as a +salad.</p> + + +<h3>HEN-AND-CHICKENS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Cotyledon Californicum</i>, Trelease. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>(For flower structure, see <i>Cotyledon lanceolata</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Central +California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The word "cotyledon" signifies any cup-shaped hollow or +cavity, and has been applied to the plants of this genus on +account of the manner of growth of the leaves, which is usually +in a hollow rosette. The fleshy leaves are often covered with a +bloom or a floury powder. These plants are familiar to most +of us, as some of the species are extensively cultivated in our +gardens as border-plants. Owing to their habit of producing +a circle of young plants around the parent, they are commonly +called "hen-and-chickens." We have several native +species, which are usually found upon warm, rocky hill-slopes, +or upon rocks near the sea.</p> + +<p><i>C. Californicum</i> is a beautiful form, with pointed, ovate +leaves, of a light glaucous green, often tinged with pink. Its +flowers are yellow, and have their petals distinct almost to the +base, and its carpels are distinct. We are told that the Indians +make soothing poultices of these leaves.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f049"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f049.png">HEN-AND-CHICKENS—<i>Cotyledon Californicum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>Another species—<i>C. pulverulenta</i>, Benth. and Hook.,—found +from Santa Barbara to San Diego, is a very beautiful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[ 144]</a></span> +plant. It bears its leaves in a symmetrical rosette, like a +diminutive century-plant. These leaves are usually covered with +a dense white bloom, and the outer ones are spatulate, abruptly +pointed, and two to four inches broad at the tip, while the +inner are pointed. The plants are sometimes a foot and a half +across, and send up as many as eight of the leafy flowering +stems, which look like many-storied, slender Chinese pagodas. +The blossoms are pale-red.</p> + + +<h3>BLADDERPOD.</h3> + +<h4><i>Isomeris arborea</i>, Nutt. Caper Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubby; evil-scented. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; compound, with three +leaflets. <i>Flowers.</i>—With their parts in fours. <i>Petals.</i>—Yellow; five +to eight lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Eight; of equal length. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. +Style short. <i>Pod.</i>—Pendulous; inflated; pear-shaped; on a +long stalk. <i>Hab.</i>—Santa Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This low shrub is somewhat plentiful upon the mesas of the +south. Its yellow flowers attract one to it, only to be repulsed +by the dreadful odor of its foliage. It certainly ought to have +some compensating utility for so repellent a characteristic. +The ovary is so long-stalked, even in the flower, that it looks +like an abnormal, inflated stigma.</p> + +<p>This is the only species of the genus.</p> + + +<h3>YELLOW GLOBE-TULIP. DIOGENES' LANTERN. +GOLDEN LILY-BELL.</h3> + +<h4><i>Calochortus pulchellus</i>, Dougl. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Somewhat flexuous, with spreading branches; two inches +to a foot or more high. <i>Radical leaf.</i>—Equaling or exceeding the +stem; four to twelve lines broad. <i>Sepals.</i>—Greenish or yellow; eight +to twelve lines long. <i>Petals.</i>—Yellow; strongly arched; glandular ciliate. +<i>Gland.</i>—A deep pit, conspicuously prominent on the outside +of the petals, covered within by appressed hairs. (See <i>Calochortus</i>.) +<i>Hab.</i>—Coast Ranges, from Monterey to Mendocino County.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f050"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f050.png">DIOGENES' LANTERN—<i>Calochortus pulchellus</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>We have no more charmingly graceful flower than the yellow +globe-tulip. A single, long, grasslike leaf precedes the +flexuous stem, with its quaintly arched and delicately fringed +blossoms. There is a certain quizzical look about these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[ 146]</a></span> +flowers—something akin to the inquiring look of Diogenes, as +he thrust his lantern into all sorts of out-of-the-way places in +broad daylight. The margins of the petals look as though +they had been snipped into a very fine, delicate fringe, unlike +the slender, tapering hairs of <i>C. alba</i>.</p> + +<p>The Indians are fond of the bulbs, which they eat with great +relish, calling them "Bo."</p> + + +<h3>YELLOW SAND-VERBENA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Abronia latifolia</i>, Esch. Four-o'clock Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Prostrate; rubbery. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; unequal; roundish; +an inch or so across; petioled; leathery; gummy. <i>Flowers.</i>—Yellow; +five or six lines long; in dense clusters, subtended by an involucre +of five distinct bracts. <i>Perianth.</i>—Salver-shaped. Tube green; +its base strongly angled or winged. Limb yellow; four or five-lobed. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Mostly five, within the perianth. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Style +filiform. Stigma club-shaped. <i>Hab.</i>—The seashore from Vancouver +Island to Monterey.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The fragrant blossoms of the yellow sand-verbena may be +found upon the beach at almost any time of year. The stout +root, which often becomes several feet long, is sometimes eaten +by the Indians.</p> + + +<h3>SEA-DAHLIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Leptosyne maritima</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; sometimes six inches long; two or three times +divided into rather sparse, linear divisions; quite succulent. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Solitary; +on naked peduncles from six inches to two feet long; +large; three or four inches across; yellow; of disk- and ray-flowers. +<i>Rays.</i>—Narrowly oblong; ten-nerved; three-toothed. <i>Involucre.</i>—Double; +the outer part of several loose, leafy scales; the inner of eight +to twelve, erect, more chaffy ones. <i>Hab.</i>—The seashore of San Diego +and the islands.</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the cliffs overlooking the sea, where its merry yellow +faces can watch the white-crested breakers as they chase one +another ashore in never-ending succession, and where the pelicans +sail lazily over in lines, and gulls circle and scream, the +sea-dahlia flaunts its large yellow flowers. They closely resemble +the yellow single dahlias of our gardens; but the foliage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[ 148]</a></span> +is cut into long lobes, and has the appearance of a coarse, very +open lace. The odor of the flowers is not especially agreeable, +but the plant merits a place in the garden for its beauty.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f051"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f051.png">YELLOW SAND-VERBENA—<i>Abronia latifolia</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>FALSE LUPINE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Thermopsis Californica</i>, Wats. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Two feet tall. <i>Leaves.</i>—With leafy stipules an inch long. +<i>Leaflets.</i>—Three; obovate to oblanceolate; an inch or two long; +somewhat woolly. <i>Flowers.</i>—Yellow; in long-peduncled recemes. +<i>Calyx.</i>—Deeply five-cleft; the two upper teeth often united. <i>Corolla.</i>—Papilionaceous; +eight lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten; all distinct. +<i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. <i>Pod.</i>—Silky; six- to eight-seeded. <i>Hab.</i>—Marin +County and southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The false lupine very closely resembles the true lupines, but +may be distinguished from them by the stamens, which are all +distinct, instead of being united into a sheath. Its silvery +foliage and racemes of rather large canary-colored flowers are +common upon open hill-slopes by April.</p> + + +<h3>TIDY-TIPS. YELLOW DAISY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Layia platyglossa</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—A foot or so high; loosely branching. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +sessile; the lower linear and pinnatifid, the upper entire. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Solitary; +terminal; of disk- and ray-flowers. <i>Disk-flowers.</i>—Yellow, +with black stamens. <i>Rays.</i>—Bright yellow, tipped with white; +six lines long; four lines wide; three-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +Western California; in low ground.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Among the most charming of our flowers are the beautiful +tidy-tips. In midspring, countless millions of them lift themselves +above the sheets of golden <i>Bæria</i> on our flower-tapestried +plains. The fresh winds come sweetly laden with +their delicate fragrance. Were they not scattered everywhere +in such lavish profusion, we would doubtless cherish them in +our gardens.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f052"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[ 149]</a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f052.png">FALSE TIDY-TIPS—<i>Leptosyne Douglasii</i>.</a></p> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f052.png">TIDY-TIPS—<i>Layia Platyglossa</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>Growing among these blossoms is often found another +flower, somewhat similar to them. This is <i>Leptosyne Douglasii</i>, +DC., the false tidy-tip. It has not the clean, natty +appearance of <i>Layia platyglossa</i>; for the gradual blending of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[ 150]</a></span> +the light tips into the darker yellow below gives it an indefinite, +unattractive look. There is a difference in the involucre, +which has two series of bracts, and there are no touches of +black among the disk-flowers.</p> + + +<h3>GOLDEN BUTTERFLY-TULIP.</h3> + +<h4><i>Calochortus clavatus</i>, Wats. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>—Los Angeles County to San Luis Obispo and El Dorado County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Of all our Mariposa tulips, this is the largest-flowered and +stoutest-stemmed, and once seen is not readily forgotten. Its +magnificent flowers are sometimes six inches across, though +not usually so large, and have the form of a broad-based cup. +The sturdy, zigzagging stems and glaucous leaves and bracts, +combined with the large rich, canary-colored or golden flowers, +make a striking plant. The first glance within the cup shows +the ring of club-shaped hairs, characteristic of this species, and +the anthers radiating starlike in the center; and as the latter +are often a dark, rich prune-purple, the effect can readily be +imagined.</p> + +<p>I saw this charming Mariposa blooming in abundance in +May near Newhall, where its golden cups were conspicuously +beautiful against the soft browns of the drying fields and hill-slopes. +It is usually found growing upon lava soil.</p> + +<p><i>C. Weedii</i>, Wood., found from San Diego to San Luis +Obispo, is a charming species, somewhat similar to the above. +Its flowers are yellow, purple, or pure white, and it may be +known by several characteristics. Its bulb is heavily coated +with coarse fibers; it has a single, long radical leaf, like <i>C. +albus</i>, but unusual among the Mariposas; and its cups are +covered all over within with silky hairs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[ 151]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h4><i>Malacothrix Californica</i>, DC. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—All radical; pinnately parted into very narrow linear divisions. +<i>Scape.</i>—Six inches to a foot high; bearing a solitary, large, +light-yellow head. <i>Flower-head.</i>—Composed of strap-shaped ray-flowers +only; five-toothed at the apex. <i>Involucres.</i>—Of narrow acute +scales in two or three series. <i>Receptacle.</i>—Nearly naked. <i>Hab.</i>—San +Francisco to San Diego, and eastward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>These beautiful <i>Compositæ</i> are conspicuous upon our open +plains in late spring, and are among the handsomest plants of +the family. The fine flowers seem to be sown like disks of +light over the flower-carpet of the plain.</p> + + +<h3>BUTTER-AND-EGGS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Orthocarpus erianthus</i>, Benth. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Slender, with many erect branches; stems and bracts usually dark-reddish; +soft pubescent. <i>Corolla.</i>—Deep sulphur-yellow; the slender +falcate upper lip dark purple; the tube very slender, but the sacs of +the lower lip large and deep, their folds hairy within. (See <i>Orthocarpus</i>.) +<i>Hab.</i>—Monterey County and northward; very common.</p></blockquote> + +<p>There are many species of <i>Orthocarpus</i>, and they are more +numerous in Middle and Northern California and in the Sierras, +few of them reaching the south. They are very difficult of +determination, and are not well understood by botanists yet. +A common name for the plants of this genus is "owl's clover."</p> + + +<h3>BRASS BUTTONS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Cotula coronopifolia</i>, L. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Six inches to a foot long. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; lanceolate +or oblong-linear; pinnatifid or entire. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Solitary; yellow; +three to six lines across; without rays. <i>Involucre.</i>—Of two ranks of +nearly equal, scarious-margined scales. <i>Hab.</i>—Common everywhere.</p></blockquote> + +<p>These little weeds are natives of the Southern Hemisphere, +but are now common everywhere. They affect wet places, +and their little flowers, like brass buttons, are very familiar +objects along our roadsides. The foliage when crushed gives +out a curious odor, between lemon-verbena and camphor.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[ 152]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>DEER-WEED. WILD BROOM.</h3> + +<h4><i>Hosackia glabra</i>, Torr. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Woody at base; two to eight feet high; erect or decumbent. <i>Stems.</i>—Many; +slender; branching; reed-like. <i>Leaves.</i>—Sparse; short-petioled; +mostly trifoliolate. Leaflets three to six lines long; oblong to +linear-oblong; nearly glabrous. <i>Flowers.</i>—In numerous small axillary +umbels; yellow; four lines long. <i>Calyx.</i>—Less than three lines long; +five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>—Papilionaceous. <i>Stamens.</i>—Nine united and +one free. <i>Pod.</i>—Elongated; exserted. Seeds two. (See <i>Leguminosæ</i>.) +<i>Hab.</i>—Common throughout the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This graceful, willowy plant, whose slender branches are +closely set with small golden-yellow flowers, in which there is +often a hint of red, is as ornamental as any of the small-flowered +foreign <i>Genestas</i>, or brooms, we grow in our gardens; but because +it is so very abundant throughout our borders, we have +become blind to its merits. It is especially beautiful and symmetrical +in the south, where the low, bushy plants often spread +over several feet of ground; and on the mesas of Coronado, +the plants growing not far removed from one another, lend to +the natural scene the aspect of a garden. There it is in full +flower in April; but in the north the blossoms are usually later +in arriving, and it is often June before they show themselves; +then making whole hill-slopes dull-yellow among the chaparral.</p> + +<p>It is a great favorite with the bees, and for them holds untold +treasure in honey-making sweets. Among the mountaineers +it is known as "deer-weed" and "buck-brush," as +both deer and stock are said to feed upon it and flourish, when +pasturage is scarce, though they rarely touch it when other +food is plenty.</p> + + +<h3>TREFOIL SUMACH. FRAGRANT SUMACH. +SQUAW-BERRY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Rhus Canadensis, var. trilobata</i>, Gray. Poison-Oak or Cashew Family.</h4> + +<div class="image" id="f053"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f053.png">DEER-WEED.—<i>Hosackia glabra</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[ 154]</a></span></p> +<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to five feet high; spreading. <i>Leaves.</i>—Three-foliolate. +<i>Leaflets.</i>—Sessile; wedge-shaped; six lines to an inch long; pubescent, +becoming smooth. <i>Flowers.</i>—Yellowish; minute; borne in short, scaly-bracted +spikes preceding the leaves. <i>Fruit.</i>—Viscid; reddish; two or +three lines in diameter; pleasantly acid. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>R. aromatica, var. trilobata</i>, +Gray. <i>Hab.</i>—Dakota to Texas, and west to California and +Oregon.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The dense foliage of these little bushes has a strong odor, +which is not altogether agreeable, while their small fruit has a +pleasant acid taste, and is much relished by the Indians.</p> + +<p>Dr. Edward Palmer writes that this shrub furnishes the Indians +of Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Southern California +with one of the most valuable of basket materials. The young +twigs, which are much tougher than those of the willow, are +soaked, scraped, and split. The baskets are then built up +of a succession of small rolls of grass, over which the split +twigs are closely and firmly bound. The baskets thus made +are very durable, will hold water, and are often used to cook +in, by dropping hot stones into them till the food is done. The +wood exhales a peculiar odor, which is always recognizable +about the camps of these Indians, and never leaves articles +made from it.</p> + +<p>This is grown in England as an ornamental shrub.</p> + + +<h3>GOLDEN STARS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Bloomeria aurea</i>, Kell. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Bulb.</i>—Six lines in diameter. <i>Leaf.</i>—Solitary; about equaling the +scape; three to six lines broad. <i>Scape.</i>—Six to eighteen inches high. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Yellow; fifteen to sixty in an umbel. <i>Perianth.</i>—About an +inch across. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six; with cup-shaped appendages. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. +Style club-shaped. Stigma three-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>—The +Coast Ranges, from Monterey to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Just as the floral procession begins to slacken a little before +the oncoming of summer, the fields suddenly blossom out anew +and twinkle with millions of the golden stars of the <i>Bloomeria</i>. +These plants are closely allied to the <i>Brodiæas</i>, and by some +authorities are classed as such. They are especially characterized +by the structure of the stamens, which rise out of a +tiny cup. Under a glass this cup is seen to be granular, +somewhat flattened, and furnished with two cusps, or points. +The anthers are a very pretty Nile or peacock green.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f054"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f054.png">GOLDEN STARS—<i>Bloomeria aurea</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>Another species—<i>B. Clevelandi</i>, Wats.—is easily distinguished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[ 156]</a></span> +from the above by its numerous narrow leaves and +its green-nerved perianth. This is found at San Diego, upon +the mesas in midspring, growing abundantly in spots which, +earlier in the season, have been mud-holes. Its open flowers +are so outnumbered by the numerous undeveloped green buds, +that, even though it grows in masses, it is not very showy, but +makes the ground a dull yellow. But its flower-clusters are +feathery and delicate.</p> + +<p>There is another plant which closely resembles the <i>Bloomerias</i>. +This is the "golden Brodiæa"—<i>Brodiæa ixioides</i>, +Wats. But the filaments, instead of having a cuplike appendage, +are winged, with the little anthers swinging prettily upon +their summits. This is found in the Coast Ranges, from Santa +Barbara northward, also in the Sierras. It is a beautiful flower; +especially when seen starring the velvet alpine meadows in +August.</p> + +<p>Another plant—<i>Brodiæa lactea</i>, Wats.—the "white Brodiæa" +has flowers similar to the above, but pure white (sometimes +lilac), with a green mid-vein. This is common in late +spring from Monterey to British Columbia.</p> + + +<h3>YELLOW SWEET CLOVER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Melilotus parviflora</i>, Desf. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>—Widely naturalized from Europe.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In early summer the breezes come laden with fragrance +from the sweet clover. This is easily recognized by its tall +stems, its fragrant leaves, with three small, toothed leaflets, +and its small crowded racemes of minute yellow flowers a line +long.</p> + +<p>A white form—<i>Melilotus alba</i>, Lam.—is found in the +north. Its flowers are vanilla-scented.</p> + +<p>This plant is a highly valued remedy in the pharmacopœia +for various ailments, and its sweet-scented flowers have been +used for flavoring many products, such as Gruyčre cheese,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[ 157]</a></span> +snuff, and tobacco. In Europe the blossoms are packed +among furs to give them a pleasant odor and keep away +moths.</p> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN COMPASS-PLANT. SUNFLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Wyethia angustifolia</i>, Nutt. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Six inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Long-lanceolate; +pointed at both ends; the radical and lower ones six to twelve inches +long; the upper sessile, shorter, and often broader. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Yellow; +composed of ray- and disk-flowers. Plume-like styles of the +latter conspicuous. <i>Ray flowers.</i>—Numerous; one inch long; six lines +wide; early deciduous. <i>Involucre.</i>—Broadly campanulate, of numerous +erect, loose, foliaceous, ciliate scales, in several rows. <i>Hab.</i>—Monterey, +east to the Sierra foothills and north to Oregon.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In late spring our open plains and hillsides are often plentifully +sown with the large golden flowers of these Californian +compass-plants, called "sunflowers" by many people. There +is a belief prevalent that their erect leaves always stand with +their edges pointing north and south, whence the common +name. This trait is said to be true of all the species.</p> + +<p><i>W. helenioides</i>, Nutt., has large, broad leaves, which are +white-woolly when young. Its flower-heads are often four +inches or more across.</p> + +<p>This plant is used as a common domestic remedy for coughs +and colds by Californian housewives, and goes under the unmerited +name of "poison-weed." It has also been adopted +among physicians as an officinal drug. The root, which is +slightly bitter and aromatic, is made into a tincture and administered +for asthma, throat disorders, and epidemic influenza, +with excellent results. It blooms in early spring, and is common +upon hillsides.</p> + +<p>Another species, very similar to the above, is <i>W. glabra</i>, +Gray. This may be known by its smooth green leaves, which +are often very viscid. It is found from Marin County southward, +in the Coast Ranges, and probably northward.</p> + +<p><i>W. mollis</i>, Gray, or "Indian wheat," is very abundant in +the Sierras, growing all through the open woods, and covering +great tracts of dry gravelly soil. Its large, coarse, somewhat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[ 158]</a></span> +woolly radical leaves stand erect and clustered, usually having +a flower-stalk or two in their midst, bearing some smaller +leaves, and several yellow flower-heads, which resemble small +sunflowers with yellow centers. It has a strong odor, and +gives a characteristic smell to the region where it grows. The +common name, "Indian wheat," has been bestowed upon it +not because it in the least resembles wheat, but because the +Indians gather the seed in great quantities and grind it into a +flour.</p> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN SLIPPERY-ELM.</h3> + +<h4><i>Fremontia Californica</i>, Torr. Hand-tree Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs or trees from two to twenty feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +petioled; round-cordate to round-ovate; moderately three- to five-lobed +or cleft; woolly or whitish beneath; the larger two inches wide. <i>Flowers.</i>—Short-peduncled +on very short lateral branches; numerous; one to +three inches across; having three to five small bractlets. <i>Calyx.</i>—Corolla-like; +brilliant gold, five-cleft nearly to the base; the lobes having +a rounded, hairy pit at base. <i>Corolla.</i>—Wanting. <i>Filaments.</i>—United +to their middle; each bearing a linear, adnate, curved, two-celled +anther. <i>Ovary.</i>—Five-celled. Style filiform. <i>Hab.</i>—Dry Sierra +foothills, from Lake County southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>No more beautiful sight is often seen than a slope covered +with the wild slippery-elm in blossom. The bushes are almost +obscured from view by the masses of large golden flowers. +This shrub takes on various forms; sometimes sending out in +every direction long slender branches, which are solid wreaths +of the magnificent blooms; and again assuming a more erect, +treelike habit. It has been hailed with delight in the gardens +of our Southern States, and heartily welcomed in France and +England. Why do not <i>we</i> honor it with a place in our own +gardens, instead of giving room to so many far less beautiful +exotics?</p> + +<p>It flowers in early summer, and its season of bloom is said +to last only about two weeks, but the brilliant hibiscus-like +blossoms, drying upon their stems, maintain for a long time a +semblance of their first beauty. The branches are tough and +flexible, and are often cut for whips by teamsters. Among the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[ 160]</a></span> +mountaineers it is generally known as "leatherwood." But +this name properly belongs to another entirely different plant, +<i>Dirca palustris</i>.</p> +<div class="image" id="f055"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f055.png">CALIFORNIAN SLIPPERY-ELM—<i>Fremontia Californica</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The bark of the <i>Fremontia</i> so closely resembles that of the +slippery-elm in taste and other qualities, that it is difficult to +distinguish between them; and it is used in the same manner +for making poultices.</p> + +<p>We are told that this shrub thrives best upon a disintegrated +granite soil, and reaches its finest development upon the arid +slopes bordering such rainless regions as the Mojave Desert. +It was first discovered by General Fremont when crossing the +Sierras, about half a century ago, and was named in his honor. +It is closely related to the mallows.</p> + + +<h3>DODDER. LOVE-VINE. GOLDEN-THREAD.</h3> + +<h4><i>Cuscuta</i>, Tourn. Morning-Glory Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Leafless plants with filiform, yellow or orange-colored stems; germinating +in the soil; soon breaking off and becoming parasitic upon +other plants. <i>Flowers.</i>—Small; white; densely clustered. <i>Calyx.</i>—Usually +five-cleft or parted. <i>Corolla.</i>—Tubular or campanulate; four- or +five-toothed or lobed. <i>Stamens.</i>—On the corolla, alternate with its +lobes. Filaments with fringed scales below. <i>Ovary.</i>—Globose; two-celled. +Styles two.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">. . . "while everywhere</span> +<span class="ni">The love-vine spreads a silken snare,</span> +<span class="ni">The tangles of her yellow hair."</span> +</div></div> + +<p>Though popularly known as the love-vine, because of its +clinging habit, it must be confessed that this pernicious plant +in no respect merits the title. On the other hand, it might +with propriety be called the octopus of the plant world. If +you break a branch from a plant which has become its victim, +you can see how it has twined itself about it, drawing its very +life-blood from it at every turn, by means of ugly, wartlike +suckers.</p> + +<p>It is no wonder, however, that people are generally deceived +as to the moral character of this plant—for it is indeed a beautiful +sight, when it spreads its golden tangle over the chamisal,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[ 161]</a></span> +wild buckwheat, and other plants, often completely hiding them +from view.</p> + +<p>We have a number of species. <i>C. salina</i> often covers our +salt marshes with brilliant patches of orange.</p> + + +<h3>LARGE YELLOW LUPINE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lupinus arboreus</i>, Sims. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubby; four to ten feet high. <i>Flowers.</i>—Large; in a loose, +whorled raceme; sulphur-yellow; very fragrant. <i>Leaflets.</i>—Four to +eleven; generally about nine; narrowly lanceolate; nine to twenty lines +long. <i>Pods.</i>—Two to three inches long; ten- to twelve-seeded; silky +pubescent. (See <i>Lupinus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Common from the Sacramento to +San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The large yellow lupine is a common plant upon our wind-swept +mesas, growing in sandy soil. Its shrubby form, somewhat +silvery foliage, and large canary-colored, very fragrant +flowers make it always a conspicuous and beautiful plant.</p> + +<p>This species, together with <i>L. albifrons</i>, have been found +most useful in anchoring the shifting sands of the dunes near +San Francisco. It was accidentally discovered in a deep cutting +that these lupines sent their roots down sometimes twenty +feet, and the idea was conceived of making use of them in the +above manner. Barley, which grows more rapidly than the +lupine, was sown to protect the plants while very young. In a +single year the lupines covered the sands with a dense growth, +two or three feet high, sufficient to prevent them from shifting +during the severest storms, and to allow of the subsequent +planting of various pines, willows, and other trees. Thus the +way was prepared for one of the most beautiful of pleasure-grounds—the +Golden Gate Park of San Francisco which +can hardly be rivaled anywhere for natural situation and diversity +of scene.</p> + +<p>One of our handsomest species is <i>L. Stiveri</i>, Kell., found +in the Yosemite. Its blossoms have yellow standards and +rose-colored wings.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[ 162]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>ST. JOHN'S-WORT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Hypericum concinnum</i>, Benth. St. John's-wort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Three to eighteen inches high; branching from a woody +base. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; often in four ranks; linear to oblong; six +lines to an inch or more long; usually folded; translucently dotted. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Golden yellow; over an inch across. <i>Sepals.</i>—Five. <i>Petals.</i>—Five; +margins black-dotted. <i>Stamens.</i>—Numerous; in three bunches. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Usually three-celled. Styles three. <i>Hab.</i>—Central California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Just as spring is merging into summer, we may look for +the bright golden flowers of our common St. John's-wort. +The numerous stamens give these blossoms a feathery appearance, +and the leaves often group themselves characteristically +in four ranks upon the stems.</p> + +<p>All the plants of the genus are known as St. John's-wort, +because certain of the species were supposed to flower upon +the anniversary of this saint. Perhaps there are no other +plants around which tradition has thrown such a glamour. +Mr. Dyer says, in his interesting book, "The Folk-Lore of +Plants," that the St. John's-wort was supposed to be an excellent +amulet against lightning, and that it had the magic property +of revealing the presence of witches; whence in Germany +it was extensively worn on St. John's Eve, when the air was +supposed to be peopled with witches and evil spirits, who +wandered abroad upon no friendly errands. In Denmark it +is resorted to by anxious lovers who wish to divine their future.</p> + + +<h3>GOLDEN DICENTRA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Dicentra chrysantha</i>, Hook. and Arn. Bleeding-heart Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Glaucous and smooth; two to five feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—The +larger ones a foot long or more; finely dissected into small linear +lobes. <i>Flowers.</i>—Erect; yellow; six to nine lines long; in a loose terminal +panicle a foot or two long. <i>Sepals.</i>—Two; small; caducous. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Flattened and cordate; of two pairs of petals; the outer +larger, saccate at base, and with spreading tips; the inner much narrower, +spoon-shaped, their tips cohering and inclosing the anthers and +stigma. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Style slender. Stigma +two-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>—Dry hills, Lake County to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f056"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[ 163]</a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f056.png">ST. JOHN'S-WORT—<i>Hypericum concinnum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The arrangement of the essential organs in the genus <i>Dicentra</i> +is very curious and interesting. The six stamens are borne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[ 164]</a></span> +in two companies of three each, which stand in front of the +outer petals, and have their filaments more or less united at +the base. The central stamen in each group has a two-celled +anther, while its neighbor on either hand has but a one-celled +anther. The stigma-lobes often bend downward prettily, like +the flukes of a little anchor.</p> + +<p>To this genus belongs the beautiful Oriental bleeding-heart +of the garden; and we have two or three interesting native +species.</p> + +<p><i>D. chrysantha</i> is usually a somewhat coarse plant, lacking +the grace of <i>D. formosa</i>, the Californian bleeding-heart. The +pale leaves, which are minutely and delicately dissected, are +suggestive of the fronds of certain Japanese ferns. But the +flower-stalks are often stiff and sparsely flowered, and the blossoms, +which are erect, not pendulous, have an <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'over-powering'">overpowering</ins> +narcotic odor, much like that of the poppy. These plants may +be found upon dry hillsides or in sandy washes in early summer, +where the brilliant yellow blossoms are quite conspicuous. +One view of these flowers is not unlike the conventionalized +tulip.</p> + +<p>This species is said to thrive well in cultivation and make a +very effective plant when grown in rich garden soil.</p> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN DANDELION.</h3> + +<h4><i>Troximon grandiflorum</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Herbs with woody tap-root and milky juice. <i>Leaves.</i>—All radical; +lanceolate or oblanceolate; mostly laciniately pinnatifid. <i>Scapes.</i>—One +to two and one half feet high. <i>Heads.</i>—Solitary; two inches or so +across; of strap-shaped yellow rays only. <i>Involucre.</i>—Of several +series of imbricated scales, the outer foliaceous and loose. <i>Receptacle.</i>—Mostly +naked; pitted. <i>Akenes.</i>—Two lines long; tapering into a +filiform beak six or eight lines long, surmounted by a tuft of silk. <i>Hab.</i>—Washington +to Southern California near the Coast.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The common dandelion of the East has found its way into +our lawns, but it never adapts itself as a wild plant to the vicissitudes +of our dry summer climate. Nature has given us a +dandelion of our own, of a different genus, which is quite as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[ 165]</a></span> +beautiful, though its flowers are not so vivid a gold. They are +larger than those of the Eastern plant, and are borne upon +taller stems. In early summer the large, ethereal globes of the +ripened seed are conspicuous objects, hovering over our straw-tinted +fields.</p> + +<p>Mr. Burroughs writes of the dandelion:—"After its first +blooming, comes its second and finer and more spiritual inflorescence, +when its stalk, dropping its more earthly and carnal +flower, shoots upward and is presently crowned by a globe of +the most delicate and aerial texture. It is like the poet's +dream, which succeeds his rank and golden youth. This +globe is a fleet of a hundred fairy balloons, each one of which +bears a seed which it is destined to drop far from the parent +source."</p> + +<p>If gathered just before they open and allowed to expand in +the house, these down-globes will remain perfect for a long +time and make an exquisite adornment for some delicate vase.</p> + +<p>We have several other species of <i>Troximon</i>, but this is our +finest.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h4><i>Hosackia bicolor</i>, Dougl. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Smooth throughout; erect; two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—With rather +large, scarious, triangular stipules; pinnate. <i>Leaflets.</i>—Five to nine; +obovate or oblong; six to twelve lines long. <i>Peduncles.</i>—Three- to +seven-flowered; naked or with a small scarious, one- to three-leaved +bract. <i>Flowers.</i>—Seven lines long. <i>Calyx-teeth.</i>—Triangular; half +as long as the tube. <i>Standard.</i>—Yellow; wings and keel white. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Nine united; one free. <i>Pod.</i>—Linear; nearly two inches +long; acute. <i>Hab.</i>—Middle California to the State of Washington.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The yellow and white blossoms of this pretty <i>Hosackia</i> are +quite showy, and are usually found upon low ground near the +seaboard.</p> + +<p>Another similar species, also having a yellow standard and +white wings and keel, is <i>H. Torreyi</i>, Gray. This is more or +less silky pubescent; its wings are not spreading, its leaflets are +narrower, and the bract of the umbel is sessile. This is found +along shaded stream-banks both in the higher Coast Ranges +and in the Sierras, and blooms in summer.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[ 166]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>H. gracilis</i>, Benth., with the standard yellow and the widespreading +wings and shorter keel of rose-color, occurs in moist +meadows along the coast from Monterey to the Columbia. It +blooms by the middle of April.</p> + +<p><i>H. crassifolia</i>, Benth., a very large species, two or three feet +high, with greenish-yellow or purplish flowers, is abundant in +the Yosemite Valley about the borders of meadows. It is also +common in the foothill region.</p> + + +<h3>SKUNK-CABBAGE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lysichiton Camtschatcensis</i>, Schott. Arum Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>—Thick; horizontal. <i>Leaves.</i>—All radical; oblong-lanceolate; +acute; one to three feet or more long; three to ten inches broad; +narrowed to a short petiole or sessile. <i>Flowers.</i>—Small, crowded +on a spadix, at the summit of a stout peduncle becoming six to twelve +inches long. <i>Spadix.</i>—With an erect, spoon-shaped spathe, one and +one-half to two feet long; bright yellow. <i>Perianth.</i>—Four-lobed. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Four. Filaments short, flat. <i>Ovary.</i>—Conical; two-celled. +Stigma depressed. <i>Fruit.</i>—Fleshy, coalescent and sunk in the rachis. +<i>Hab.</i>—Peat bogs; from Mendocino County northward to Alaska; also, +perhaps, in the Rocky Mountains.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In our northwestern counties, before the frost is entirely +out of the ground, the leaves of the skunk-cabbage may be +seen pushing their way up through the standing water of +marshy localities. They soon attain a great size, and resemble +the leaves of the banana-tree. They are of a rich velvet-green, +slightly mottled, and are said to rival some of the tropical productions +of our greenhouses.</p> + +<p>There seems to be a difference of opinion as to the disagreeableness +of these leaves. I suspect the odor lies mostly +in the slimy, soapy sap, and is not very noticeable if they are +not bruised or cut.</p> + +<p>When the plants are in bloom, in May and June, they are +very handsome, the large spoon-shaped, golden spathes being +conspicuous at some distance. As this spathe withers away, +the flower-stalk continues to grow, and its little greenish-yellow +blossoms become brown.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f057"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f057.png"><i>Hosackia gracilis.</i></a></p> +</div> + +<p>The peppery root is highly esteemed for medicinal purposes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[ 168]</a></span> +and is gathered and made into a salve, which is considered +a specific for ringworm, white swelling, inflammatory +rheumatism, etc. The root is said to enter largely into the +composition of a patent medicine called "Skookum."</p> + +<p>Mr. Johnson, of the U.S. Forestry Department in Oregon, +tells me that the bears are very fond of this root, and dig +industriously for it, often making a hole large enough to bury +themselves, and he mentions having seen whole fields plowed +up by them in their search for it.</p> + +<p>This plant belongs to the same family as the skunk-cabbage +of the East and the calla-lily. It has been found in the Santa +Cruz Mountains.</p> + + +<h3>BLAZING-STAR.</h3> + +<h4><i>Mentzelia lævicaulis</i>, Torr. and Gray. Loasa or Blazing-star Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Stout; two or three feet high; white. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +sessile; lanceolate; sinuate-toothed; two to eight inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Sessile, +on short branches; light yellow or cream-color; three or +four inches across. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>—Cylindrical; naked; limb five-cleft +nearly to the base. <i>Petals.</i>—About ten; oblanceolate; acute. <i>Stamens.</i>—Numerous +on the calyx; almost equaling the petals. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled; +truncate at summit. Style three-cleft. <i>Capsule.</i>—Fifteen +lines long. <i>Hab.</i>—San Diego to the Columbia River, and eastward to +Wyoming.</p></blockquote> + +<p>After most other flowers have departed, the magnificent +blossoms of the <i>Mentzelia</i> come forth. It seems as though +they had waited for the firmament to be clear of other stars +before bursting upon the sight. Their enormous blossoms are +crowned by the soft radiance of the long stamens, "like the +lashes of light that trim the stars."</p> + +<p>These plants are furnished with barbed hairs, which cause +them to cling to whatever they come in contact with. They +are of tall and spreading habit, and are often found in the dry +beds of streams, where their flowers open in the daytime—unlike +those of <i>M. Lindleyi</i>, which open at night.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f058"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f058.png">BLAZING-STAR—<i>Mentzelia Lindleyi</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p><i>M. Lindleyi</i>, Torr. and Gray, is one of the most brilliantly +radiant of all our flowers. Its charming blossoms, which open +on the edge of evening, are of a delicate silken texture, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[ 170]</a></span> +of the richest gold. When the flowers first open, the stamens +lie flat upon the petals; but they gradually rise up, forming a +large tuft in the center of the flower. The faded sepals crown +the long seed-vessel, like the flame of the conventional torch +seen in old pictures. This grows in the Monte Diablo Range; +and Niles and Alum Rock are convenient places to find it. It +is cultivated in Eastern gardens under the name of <i>Bartonia +aurea</i>.</p> + + +<h3>STONECROP.</h3> + +<h4><i>Sedum spathulifolium</i>, Hook. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; fleshy; spatulate; six to ten lines long; sessile; +crowded in rosettes at the ends of the decumbent branches. <i>Scapes.</i>—Four +to six inches high. <i>Flowers.</i>—In compound, one-sided, loose +cymes; their parts four or five; pale-yellow. <i>Sepals.</i>—United at base. +<i>Petals.</i>—Lanceolate; three lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Twice the number +of the petals. <i>Pistils.</i>—Equaling the number of the petals; attenuate +into the short styles. <i>Ovaries.</i>—One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>—Middle California +to Vancouver Island.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Blooming somewhat earlier than the "hen-and-chickens," +but in similar situations, the stonecrop often clothes rock-masses +with beautiful color. The common name, "orpine," +was given on account of the yellow, or orpine, flowers; and +the name "stonecrop," from its always growing in stony +places.</p> + + +<h3>PRICKLY-PEAR. TUNA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Opuntia Engelmanni</i>, Salm. Cactus Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Erect, bushy, spreading shrubs without leaves, with flattened stems +produced in successive, compressed oval Joints. <i>Joints.</i>—Six to twelve +inches long; studded sparsely with bundles of stout spines. <i>Flowers.</i>—Solitary; +sessile; yellow or red; about three inches across. <i>Sepals</i>, petals, +and stamens numerous in many series, their cohering bases coating +the one-celled ovary and forming a cup above it. <i>Petals.</i>—Spreading. +Style one, with several stigmas. <i>Fruit.</i>—Purple; oval; pulpy; juicy; +two inches long. <i>Hab.</i>—Southern California, Los Angeles, San +Diego, etc.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The genus <i>Opuntia</i> is divided into two sections, consisting +respectively of flat-stemmed and cylindrical-stemmed plants, +the former commonly known as "prickly-pear," or "tuna," +the latter as <i>Cholla cactus</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[ 171]</a></span></p> + +<p>Of the former, <i>O. Engelmanni</i> is our commonest wild +species. It is the one seen from the car-windows growing in +great patches upon the Mojave Desert, and it is abundant +upon dry hills all through the south. There are two varieties +of it—<i>var. occidentalis</i>, Engelm., the form prevalent in the +interior, and <i>var. littoralis</i>, Engelm., found upon the sea-coast +from Santa Barbara to San Diego.</p> + +<p>These plants have a very leathery, impermeable skin, from +which evaporation takes place but slowly, which enables them +to inhabit arid regions. The fruit is sweet and edible, and +the Indians, who are especially fond of it, dry large quantities +for winter use. They make of the fresh fruit a sauce, by long-continued +boiling, which they regard as especially nutritious +and stimulating after it is slightly fermented. They also roast +the leaves in hot ashes and eat the slimy, sweet substance +which is left after the outer skin and thorns have been removed.</p> + +<p>Cattle-men of the southern plains plant the different species +as hedges about their corrals, and feed the succulent joints to +their stock after burning off the spines.</p> + +<p>Several Mexican species were planted in the early days +about the Missions by the Padres, as defensive hedges, and +remnants of these redoubtable fortifications, ten to fifteen feet +high, are still to be seen stretching for miles through our +southern fields.</p> + +<p>In Mexico the <i>Opuntia tuna</i> is largely cultivated for the +rearing of cochineal insects.</p> + + +<h3>VENEGASIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Venegasia carpesioides</i>, DC. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Several feet high; leafy to the top. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; slenderly +petioled; cordate or ovate-deltoid; crenate; two to four inches long; +thin. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Large; two-inches across, including the rays; +yellow; slender-peduncled; composed of ray- and disk-flowers. <i>Rays.</i>—Over +an inch long; six lines wide; two- or three-toothed; fertile; +about fifteen. <i>Involucre.</i>—Broad; of many roundish-green scales; becoming +scarious inward. <i>Hab.</i>—Santa Barbara and southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This plant, with its ample thin leaves and large yellow +flowers, would arrest the attention anywhere. It often grows<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[ 172]</a></span> +under the shade of trees in cool caņons, where its blossoms +brighten the twilight gloom. It is an admirable plant, and has +but one drawback—its rather unpleasant odor. It is the only +species of the genus which was named in honor of an early +Jesuit missionary, Michael Venegas. It is especially abundant +and beautiful about Santa Barbara.</p> + + +<h3>FALSE PIMPERNEL.</h3> + +<h4><i>Hypericum anagalloides</i>, Cham. and Schlecht. St. John's-wort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Numerous; weak; low; spreading; rooting at the joints. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Two to six lines long; oblong to round; clasping. <i>Flowers.</i>—Three +or four lines across; salmon-colored. <i>Stamens.</i>—Fifteen to +twenty. <i>Capsule.</i>—One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>—Lower California to British +Columbia, eastward into Montana.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In moist places the prostrate stems of this little plant often +make dense mats.</p> + +<p>Its specific name indicates its resemblance to the Anagallis, +or pimpernel. In fact, one might easily imagine it a pimpernel +with salmon-colored flowers.</p> + + +<h3>CANCER-ROOT. NAKED BROOM-RAPE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Aphyllon fasciculatum</i>, Gray. Broom-rape Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Leafless parasitic plants. <i>Stems.</i>—Scaly; thickened and knotty +below, and bearing on their summits few or many clustered, one-flowered +peduncles of about the same length. <i>Flowers.</i>—Yellowish; +sometimes purplish or reddish outside. <i>Calyx.</i>—Slenderly five-toothed. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Tubular; over an inch long, with five spreading +lobes; somewhat bilabiate. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four; in pairs; included. +<i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Style slender. Stigma two-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +California, eastward to Lake Superior.</p></blockquote> + +<p>There are about half a dozen species of cancer-root known +upon our Coast, all strange-looking, leafless plants, of very +doubtful moral character—for I fear it must be confessed +they are thieves. Stealthily sending their roots down and +imbedding them in the roots of their victims, they draw from +them the nourishment needed for their sustenance. But they +have been overtaken by the proper retributive punishment—for +having no longer any need of organs for the elaboration of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[ 174]</a></span> +nourishment, they are denied green leaves, the most beautiful +adornment of many plants; and even the flowers of some of +them seem to us to have a sickly, unwholesome hue. However, +it must be acknowledged that these plants are quite +interesting, despite their evil ways.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f059"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f059.png">CANCER-ROOT—<i>Aphyllon fasciculatum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p><i>A. fasciculatum</i> usually blooms in early summer, on dry, +rocky hills, and is parasitic upon the roots of sagebrush, wild +buckwheat, etc.</p> + + +<h3>YELLOW MARIPOSA TULIP.</h3> + +<h4><i>Calochortus luteus</i>, Dougl. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Four to twelve inches high; bearing a single bulblet inclosed +in the stem-sheath. <i>Leaves.</i>—Very narrow; one to three lines +wide. <i>Flowers.</i>—Erect; cup-shaped; yellow; small; not oculated, but +the petals striated with brown lines, especially on the middle third. +<i>Gland.</i>—Transversely oblong to lunate; densely hairy with orange-colored +ascending hairs, with scattered spreading hairs about it. <i>Capsule.</i>—Broad +at the base; tapering upward. <i>Hab.</i>—Clay soil; Coast +Ranges from Mendocino County to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The typical <i>C. luteus</i>, as described above, is the least beautiful +of all the Mariposa tulips, being lower of stature and +smaller of flower than most of the others; but among its varieties +may be found some of the most charming flowers of the +genus, the true butterfly-tulips of the early Spanish, often oculated +and marked in a wonderful manner. In color and marking +they often run closely into forms of <i>C. venustus</i>, the only +constant characters by which to distinguish them being found +in the shape of the gland and the capsule and the character of +the soil in which they grow.</p> + +<p>There are two well-marked varieties—<i>citrinus</i> and <i>oculatus</i>—besides +numerous other forms, where the species seems to +have run riot in color and marking. The <i>var. citrinus</i> is a +strong, vigorous-growing plant, with flowers of a deep lemon-yellow, +with a large, distinct, very dark maroon eye on each +petal. It is exceedingly beautiful.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[ 175]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>SILVER-WEED. CINQUEFOIL.</h3> + +<h4><i>Potentilla Anserina</i>, L. Rose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Prostrate. <i>Leaves.</i>—All radical; a foot or so long; pinnate, +with seven to twenty-one leaflets with smaller ones interposed. +<i>Leaflets.</i>—Sessile; oblong; toothed; shining green; silvery beneath. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Bright yellow; long-peduncled; solitary; an inch across. +<i>Sepals.</i>—Five; with five bractlets between. <i>Petals.</i>—Five. <i>Stamens.</i>—Twenty +to twenty-five. <i>Pistils.</i>—Numerous; on a hairy receptacle. +<i>Hab.</i>—Throughout North America.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The bright golden blossoms of the silver-weed are common +in moist places, haunting stream-banks, lingering about stagnant +ponds, or even pushing their way up amid the grasses of +our salt marshes. The white under-surfaces of the leaves are +responsible for one of the common names of this plant.</p> + +<p><i>P. glandulosa</i>, Lindl., is found upon dry hillsides. It is +one or two feet high, and is an ill-smelling, somewhat sticky +plant, with glandular hairs. The stems are leafy, and the small +flowers, like pale-yellow strawberry-blossoms, are produced in +loose clusters. The corolla scarcely exceeds the calyx. The +leaves, which have from five to nine leaflets, have not the silvery +under-surface of those of <i>P. Anserina</i>.</p> + + +<h3>COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Œnothera biennis</i>, L. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Stout; usually simple; one to five feet high; more or less +hairy. <i>Leaves.</i>—Mostly sessile; lanceolate to oblong; two to six inches +long; denticulate. <i>Flowers.</i>—Golden yellow; in a leafy spike; erect in +the bud. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>—Twelve to thirty lines long. <i>Petals.</i>—Six to +nine lines long. <i>Stigma-lobes.</i>—Linear. <i>Capsule.</i>—An inch or less +long. (See <i>Œnothera</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the United States.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The common evening primrose is a very widespread plant +in the United States, and it has long been in cultivation in Europe. +Its flowers open suddenly at night, and, according to +tradition, with a popping noise. Referring to this, the poet +Keats speaks of—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">"A turf of evening primroses,</span> +<span class="ni">O'er which the mind may hover till it dozes;</span> +<span class="ni">O'er which it well might take a pleasant sleep,</span> +<span class="ni">But that 'tis ever startled by the leap</span> +<span class="i0">Of buds into ripe flowers."</span> +</div></div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[ 176]</a></span></p> + +<p>These blossoms are said to be luminous at night, shining by +the sunlight they have stored during the daytime.</p> + +<p>The young roots, which are edible, are excellent, either +pickled or boiled, having a nutty flavor. In Germany and +France these are used, either stewed or raw, in salads, like +celery; and the young mucilaginous twigs are also used in the +same way. A tincture of the whole plant is a valued remedy +in medicine for many disorders. Our Californian plants are +mostly of the <i>var. hirsutissima</i>, Gray, having very large flowers +and a hairy capsule.</p> + + +<h3>GUM-PLANT. RESIN-WEED. AUGUST-FLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Grindelia cuneifolia</i>, Nutt. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Bushy; two to four feet high; smooth. <i>Leaves.</i>—Cuneate-spatulate +to linear-oblong; leathery; three or four inches long. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Solitary; +terminating the branches; yellow; composed of disk- and +ray-flowers. <i>Rays.</i>—One inch long. <i>Involucre.</i>—Hemispherical; of +numerous scales, with spreading tips. <i>Buds</i>.—Covered with a milky +gum. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>Grindelia robusta, var. angustifolia</i>, Gray. <i>Hab.</i>—From +Santa Barbara northward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The <i>Grindelias</i> are especially characteristic of the region +west of the Mississippi River, and are all known as "gum-plant," +or "resin-weed," owing to the balsamic exudation +which is found mostly upon the flower-heads. We have several +species, all of which are rather difficult of determination.</p> + +<p>Before the occupation of California by the whites, the value +of these plants was known to the Indians, who used them in +pulmonary troubles, and as a wash in cases of oak-poisoning +or other skin-diseases. They are now made into a drug by +our own people, who use them in the same manner as the +aborigines.</p> + +<p>By the middle of August our salt marshes are gay with the +bright yellow flowers.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f060"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177"></a> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f060.png">GUM-PLANT—<i>Grindelia cuneifolia</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>Every year men are sent out to gather the plant. Only +about five or six inches of the tops of the branches are cut, as +the resin is found mostly there in the form of a white gum.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[ 178]</a></span> +Tons of these shoots are shipped East annually, to be returned +to us later in the form of the medicine called "grindelia."</p> + +<p><i>Grindelia hirsutula</i>, Hook. and Arn., is a pretty species, +flowering in early summer upon hill-slopes. This may be +known by its reddish stems and more slender and fewer ray-flowers.</p> + + +<h3>SULPHUR-FLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i>, Torr. Buckwheat Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—All radical; obovate to oblong-spatulate; two inches or +less long; mostly smooth above; sometimes woolly below. <i>Scapes.</i>—Three +to twelve inches high. <i>Flowers.</i>—Sulphur-yellow; two or three +lines long; many contained in each little top-shaped involucre, on +threadlike stems. <i>Involucres.</i>—Two lines or so long; deeply cleft, the +lobes becoming reflexed. <i>Perianth.</i>—Six-parted. <i>Stamens.</i>—Nine. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Triangular; one-celled. <i>Styles.</i>—Three. Stigmas capitate. +<i>Hab.</i>—Mountains of Middle and Northern California, and eastward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Large companies of the sulphur-flower may be seen in the +Sierras in July and August, where it covers open, dry, rocky +slopes, making brilliant masses of color.</p> + +<p>Growing with this is often found another species—<i>E. ursinum</i>, +Wats.—with flowers of a beautiful translucent cream-color, +often tinged with pink.</p> + + +<h3>WILD BOUVARDIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Gilia grandiflora</i>, Gray. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Erect; a foot or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Two or three inches +long; linear or oblong-lanceolate; sessile. <i>Flowers.</i>—Salmon-color; +crowded at the summit of the stem. <i>Calyx.</i>—With obconic tube and +broad, obtuse lobes. <i>Corolla.</i>—Narrowly funnel-form, with tube an inch +long, and five-lobed border almost as broad. (See <i>Gilia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Widely +distributed.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This plant was formerly placed in the genus <i>Collomia</i>; but +that genus was not well founded, and all its species have now +been transferred to <i>Gilia</i>. From the resemblance of its showy +buff or salmon-colored flowers to the <i>Bouvardias</i> of our gardens, +these plants are popularly known as "wild Bouvardia." +The blossoms are found in early summer, and grow usually in +dry places, exposed to the sun.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f061"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f061.png">SULPHUR-FLOWER—<i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>LITTLE ALPINE LILY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lilium parvum</i>, Kell. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Bulbs.</i>—Small; of short, thick, jointed scales. <i>Stem.</i>—Slender;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[ 180]</a></span> +eighteen inches to six feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Scattered, or in whorls; +two to five inches long; an inch or less broad; rich green. <i>Flowers.</i>—Orange-vermilion, +dotted with purple; two to fifty; scattered or somewhat +whorled. <i>Capsule.</i>—Sub-spherical; six to nine lines long. <i>Hab.</i>—The +High Sierras, from Yosemite Valley to Lake Tahoe.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Passing from the parched and dusty plains of our central +valleys in July and August, we are transported as though upon +the magic tapestry of Prince Houssain into a heavenly region +of springtime, where the streams, fed by the snow lying in +shadowy mountain fastnesses, gush through plushy emerald +meadows, starred with millions of daisies and bordered by luxuriant +tangles of larkspurs, columbines, monk's-hoods, lupines, +and a thousand other charming plants—a veritable flower-lover's +paradise.</p> + +<p>Here from the thickets, standing with their roots in the +rich, loamy soil of the brookside, gleam the small orange blossoms +of the little alpine lily—little only in flower, for the +slender stems often rise to a height of six feet, producing several +whorls of rich green leaves. These lilies are but an inch +or an inch a half long, with their perianth-segments yellow or +orange below and deeper orange-vermilion above, their tips +only being rolled backward.</p> + + +<h3>GOLDEN YARROW.</h3> + +<h4><i>Eriophyllum confertiflorum</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>White-woolly plants, at length smooth. <i>Stems.</i>—A foot or two +high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Cuneate in outline; divided into three to seven narrow +linear divisions. <i>Flowers.</i>—Golden yellow; in densely crowded +flat-topped clusters. <i>Heads.</i>—Small; of disk- and ray-flowers. <i>Rays.</i>—Four +or five; broadly oval or roundish. <i>Involucre.</i>—Oval; of +about five thin bracts; two lines long. <i>Hab.</i>—From San Francisco to +the Sierras, and southward to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f062"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f062.png">LITTLE ALPINE LILY—<i>Lilium parvum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>In early summer many a dry, rocky hill-slope is ablaze with +the brilliant flowers of the golden yarrow. The brown-mottled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[ 182]</a></span> +butterfly may often be seen hovering over it, or delicately +poising upon its golden table, fanning his wings.</p> + +<p><i>E. cæspitosum</i>, Dougl., is a very handsome species with +solitary golden flower-heads an inch or so across. Its leaves +are broader and not so finely divided, and some of the upper +ones are linear and entire. This is found throughout California.</p> + + +<h3>TARWEED. WILD COREOPSIS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Madia elegans</i>, Don. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Usually viscid throughout. <i>Stems.</i>—Three to six feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Crowded +at the base of the stem; six to ten inches long; small +above. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Of both ray- and disk-flowers. <i>Rays.</i>—Twelve +to fifteen; one inch long; three-lobed at the apex; yellow, +sometimes with a dark-red base. <i>Involucre.</i>—With one series of +scales, each clasping a ray. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout California, and in +Oregon and Nevada.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This is one of the most beautiful of all our tarweeds. Its +golden, Coreopsis-like flowers open after sunset, and close at +the first warmth of the morning rays.</p> + +<p>All the <i>Madias</i> are used medicinally by old Spanish settlers.</p> + +<p><i>Madia sativa</i>, Molina, is one of our most troublesome +species, because its viscid secretion is so very abundant. The +plants are tall, but the flowers are inconspicuous, owing to the +smallness or absence of the rays. It is native of Chile as well +as of California.</p> + +<p>An oil of excellent quality was made from its seeds in that +country before the olive was so abundant.</p> + + +<h3>LEOPARD-LILY. TIGER-LILY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lilium pardalinum</i>, Kell. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Bulbs consisting of forking rhizomes, covered with small, erect imbricated +scales; often forming matted masses. <i>Stems.</i>—Three to ten +feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Usually whorled, with some scattered above and +below; lanceolate; three to seven inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Few to +many; long-pediceled. <i>Perianth segments.</i>—Six; two or three inches +long; six to nine lines wide; strongly revolute; with orange base and +reddish or scarlet tips; spotted or dotted with purple on the lower half. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Six. Anthers versatile. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. Style club-shaped. +Stigma capitate. <i>Capsule.</i>—Eighteen lines or more long.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f063"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f063.png"> TARWEED—<i>Madia elegans</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from Santa Barbara County to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[ 184]</a></span> +British Columbia, and eastward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>No more magnificent sight could be imagined than a caņon-side +covered with a mass of these red and gold blossoms nodding +on their tall stems. The plants often grow in clumps and +colonies of several hundred, and are always found in the rich +soil of stream-banks or of wet, springy places. Most of us +have been familiar with these spotted beauties from our childhood, +with their delicately swinging anthers full of cinnamon-colored +pollen.</p> + +<p>A friend writing us from near Mt. Shasta, one July, said: +"I wish you could have seen the <i>grove</i> of tiger-lilies we saw +near the place where we rested and lunched. They sprang +from a velvet bed of mosses and ferns, under the shadow of a +great rock, that towered at least a hundred feet above them. +Out of the rock sprang two streams of living water, ice-cold, +which crossed the trail and dashed over a rock below. Upon +one plant we counted twenty-five buds and blossoms, while a +friend counted thirty-two upon another."</p> + +<p>Under extraordinarily favorable conditions, this lily has been +known to reach a height of ten feet.</p> + + +<h3>YELLOW POND-LILY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Nuphar polysepalum</i>, Engelm. Water-Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Six to twelve inches long; three fourths as wide; obtuse; +deeply cleft at base; floating or erect. <i>Flowers.</i>—Floating; three to +five inches across. <i>Sepals.</i>—Eight to twelve; petaloid; bright yellow, +sometimes greenish without. <i>Petals.</i>—Twelve to eighteen; small; +about equaling the stamens, and resembling them. <i>Stamens.</i>—Numerous; +red; recurved in age; pollen yellow. <i>Ovary.</i>—Large; eight- to +twenty-celled. Stigma button-shaped; many-rayed; four lines to an +inch across. <i>Hab.</i>—From Colorado to Central California, and northward +to Alaska.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Most of us are familiar with the yellow water-lily, and have +seen its pretty shield-shaped leaves floating upon the surface +of some glassy pond, starred with its large, golden flowers. +The latter are sometimes five inches across and quite showy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[ 185]</a></span> +Sometimes entire marshes are covered with the plants. The +large seeds are very nutritious, and form an important article +of diet among the northern Indians.</p> + + +<h3>HUMBOLDT'S LILY. TIGER-LILY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lilium Humboldtii</i>, Roezl and Leichtlin. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Bulbs.</i>—Large; often weighing over a pound; with scales two or +three inches long. <i>Stems.</i>—Stout; purplish; three or four feet high; +eight- or ten-flowered, or more. <i>Leaves.</i>—Wavy-margined; roughish; +<i>Flowers.</i>—Large; six to eight inches in diameter; golden yellow; +spotted with pale purple, turning to red or brown. <i>Segments.</i>—Having +papillose prominences near the base. (Otherwise like <i>L. pardalinum</i>.) +<i>Hab.</i>—The foothills of the Sierras; southward to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This wonderful lily, at first glance, resembles the common +leopard- or tiger-lily—<i>L. pardalinum</i>—and it is found sometimes +in the same regions as the latter, but never in the same +kind of localities. It affects the loose soil of dry, upland +woods, but never grows in wet or boggy places. Its flowers +are larger than those of <i>L. pardalinum</i>, and have more of a +golden hue and less of red in them.</p> + +<p>By July this lily is in full bloom and a magnificent sight. +A plant was once known which had fifty buds and blossoms, +thirty of which were open at once!</p> + + +<h3>COMMON SUNFLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Helianthus annuus</i>, L. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Hispid, coarse plants. <i>Stems.</i>—Several feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Mostly +alternate; petioled; deltoid-ovate to ovate-lanceolate; acuminate; three +to seven inches long; three-ribbed at base. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Large; +three or four inches across, including the rays; solitary; composed of +yellow ray-flowers and purple-brown, tubular disk-flowers. <i>Involucre.</i>—Of +several series of imbricated, ovate, acuminate scales. <i>Disk.</i>—An +inch or so across. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The stately form of the sunflower is a common sight in the +south, where whole fields are often covered with the plants. +Their season of blossoming is supposed to be in the autumn, +but we have seen them blooming just as gayly in March. This +wild sunflower of the plains is believed to be the original parent +of the large sunflower of our gardens.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[ 186]</a></span></p> + +<p>Its seeds are used by the Indians as food and in the preparation +of hair-oil.</p> + +<p>Popular tradition makes this blossom a worshiper of the +sun, and it is believed to follow him with admiring glances.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">"The lofty follower of the sun,</span> +<span class="ni">Sad when he sets, shuts up her hollow leaves,</span> +<span class="ni">Drooping all night, and when he warm returns,</span> +<span class="ni">Points her enamored bosom to his ray."</span> +</div></div> + +<p>Another species—<i>H. Californicus</i>, DC.—found from San +Francisco Bay southward, along streams, has something the +same habit as the above, but may be known from it by its +slender, smooth stems, leafy to the top, the long, sprawling, awl-shaped +bracts of its involucre, and its more delicate flowers, +about two and a half inches across. The disk-corollas are +slightly pubescent below. This species has a rather strong +balsamic odor.</p> + + +<h3>PINE-DROPS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Pterospora andromedea</i>, Nutt. Heath Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—One to three feet high. <i>Bracts.</i>—Crowded at base; scattered +above. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>—Three lines long; yellowish. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Ten. Anthers tailed; opening lengthwise. <i>Ovary.</i>—Five-celled. +Style short. Stigma five-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +California, and across the continent.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In our walks in the mountains, we occasionally encounter +the flesh-colored wands of this curious plant. The colorless +leaves are reduced to mere bracts, and the stems are densely +clothed above with the little yellowish waxen bells. The +whole plant is very viscid and disagreeable to handle.</p> + +<p>Though rare, it is found all across the continent. In the +East it grows only under pine-trees, upon whose roots it is +supposed to be parasitic, while in California it is said to be +found under both oaks and pines.</p> + +<p>There is but a single species in this genus. The seed is +furnished with a broad membranous wing, which has given +rise to the name <i>Pterospora</i>, derived from two Greek words, +meaning <i>wing</i> and <i>seed</i>.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f064"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187"></a> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f064.png"> PINE-DROPS—<i>Pterospora andromedea</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<h3>TARWEED.</h3> + +<h4><i>Hemizonia luzulæfolia</i>, DC. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Glandular, strong-scented plants. <i>Stems.</i>—Loosely branching;]<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[ 188]</a></span> +slender; six inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Linear; very small +above; elongated and withering early below. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—White +or light yellow; composed of ray- and disk-flowers. <i>Rays.</i>—Six to +ten; two to five lines long; three-lobed. <i>Scales.</i>—of the involucre each +clasping a ray. <i>Hab.</i>—Common throughout the western part of the +State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Under the common designation of "tarweed," plants belonging +to two different genera—<i>Madia</i> and <i>Hemizonia</i>—and +comprising thirty or forty species, may be found. They are +mostly annuals or biennials, with viscid, heavily scented foliage, +which make themselves conspicuous in late summer and +through the autumn. The <i>Hemizonias</i> are distinctively Californian; +while the <i>Madias</i> we have in common with Chile. +Their viscid exudation is particularly ruinous to wool and +clothing, but alcohol is a solvent for it, and will generally +remove it.</p> + +<p>We wonder how these plants, which flourish in our driest +seasons, can extract so much moisture from the parched earth, +and of what practical use this resinous secretion can be in their +economy. Though some of them are described as having a +disagreeable odor, many of them have a very pleasant balsamic +fragrance, which gives our summer and autumn atmosphere a +peculiar character of its own. Whole fields and hillsides are +tinged with their warm olive foliage, or are yellow with their +golden flowers, which appear like a fall revival of the buttercups. +The flowers open mostly at night or in early morning, +closing in bright sunshine.</p> + +<p><i>Hemizonia luzulæfolia</i> is a common species, whose flowers are +redolent of the odor of myrrh.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f065"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[ 189]</a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f065.png">TARWEED—<i>Hemizonia luzulæfolia</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN GOLDENROD.</h3> + +<h4><i>Solidago Californica</i>, Nutt. Composite Family.</h4> + +<p><i>Stem.</i>—Rather stout; low or tall. <i>Leaves.</i>—Oblong, or the upper<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[ 190]</a></span> +oblong-lanceolate, and the lower obovate. <i>Flowers.</i>—In a dense, pyramidal +panicle, four to twelve inches long, with mostly erect racemose +branches. <i>Heads.</i>—Three or four lines long; yellow. <i>Rays.</i>—Small; +seven to twelve; about as many as the disk-flowers. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +California, to Nevada and Mexico.</p> + +<p>Our State is not so rich in <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'golden-rod'">goldenrods</ins> as New England, +yet we have several rather pretty species. <i>Solidago Californica</i> +is found upon dry hills, and blooms from July to October. +It is said to thrive well under cultivation.</p> + +<p>It differs from the "Western <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'golden-rod'">goldenrod</ins>" in having its +flowers in a pyramidal cluster.</p> + + +<h3>MOTH-MULLEIN.</h3> + +<h4><i>Verbascum Blattaria</i>, L. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<p><i>Stem.</i>—Tall and slender. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; oblong; crenate-toothed; +nearly smooth; the upper ovate, acute, clasping. <i>Flowers.</i>—Yellow +or white; purple-tinged; an inch or so across; in a terminal +raceme; the pedicels much exceeding the calyx-lobes. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Wheel-shaped, with five rounded, somewhat unequal +lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five. Filaments violet-bearded. Anthers +confluently one-celled. Pollen orange-colored, copious. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. +Style slender. <i>Hab.</i>—The Upper Sacramento Valley, +etc.; naturalized from Europe.</p> + +<p>The mulleins are natives of Europe, which have found their +way across the water to us. Two or three species are now +common in some localities. The moth-mullein is so called because +its blossoms have the appearance of a number of delicate +moths resting upon the stem. This is a tall, green plant.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>V. Thapsus</i>, L.—is also quite common. +In the Sacramento Valley its tall, woolly tapers may be seen leaning +in every direction, giving the fields a disorderly appearance. +This plant abounds throughout Europe and Asia, and +was well known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who made +lampwicks of its dried leaves and utilized its stalks, dipped in +tallow, for funeral torches. In medieval Europe it was called<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[ 191]</a></span> +"hag-taper," because it was employed by witches in their incantations. +In Europe at the present time it is known as the +"American velvet-plant," because of a mistaken idea that it is +a native of this country.</p> + + +<h3>WESTERN GOLDENROD.</h3> + +<h4><i>Solidago occidentalis</i>, Nutt. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Smooth throughout. <i>Stems.</i>—Paniculately branched; two to six +feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Linear; entire; obscurely three-nerved; two to +four inches long; one to three lines wide. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—In numerous +small, flat clusters, terminating the slender branchlets; three lines +long; yellow. <i>Rays.</i>—Sixteen to twenty not surpassing the eight to +fourteen disk-flowers. <i>Involucre.</i>—Of imbricated scales; the outer +successively shorter. <i>Hab.</i>—Near the Coast, from Southern California +to British America.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Western <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'golden-rod'">goldenrod</ins>, with its slender, willowy stems +and small flower-clusters, may be found in wet places in late +summer and early autumn. Its blossoms are acacia-scented.</p> + + +<h3>CREOSOTE-BUSH. GOBERNADORA. HIDEONDO.</h3> + +<h4><i>Larrea Mexicana</i>, Moricand. Creosote-Bush Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Ill-smelling, resinous shrubs, four to ten feet high; diffusely branched. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; with two unequal leaflets. <i>Leaflets.</i>—Three to six +lines long; pointed; sessile. <i>Flowers.</i>—Solitary; yellow. <i>Sepals.</i>—Five; +silky; deciduous. <i>Petals.</i>—Five; three or four lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten; +on a small ten-lobed disk. Filaments winged below. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Five-celled; Style slender. <i>Hab.</i>—Inland deserts of the +southern part of the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The most plentiful shrub growing in our southern desert +regions is the creosote-bush, so called because its sticky leaves +burn with a black smoke and a rank odor, between creosote +and carbolic acid.</p> + +<p>These shrubs often cover vast tracts of arid soil, and in +places are the only growth to be seen. The evergreen foliage +is of a warm olive tone, and is borne at the ends of many slender, +grayish branches. The small, stemless, opposite leaves, +each divided almost to its base into two leaflets, spread butterfly-like +upon the slender branchlets. The leaf-nodes are swollen +into small, warty prominences, which are especially resinous.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[ 192]</a></span></p> + +<p>In many localities, especially in Arizona, the branches of +this shrub are thickly incrusted with a certain gummy substance, +which careful examination has proved to be almost identical +with the East Indian shellac of commerce. This is caused by +an insect of the genus <i>Coccus</i>, who stings the young twigs, at +the same time laying its eggs in them, causing them to exude +the gum. Could this gum be collected in sufficient quantities, +it would doubtless prove a valuable article of commerce, probably +not inferior to the East Indian lac. Dr. Edwd. Palmer +writes that it is extensively used by our Indians as a cement +with which to fasten their flint <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'arrow-heads'">arrowheads</ins> to the shafts, to +mend broken pottery, and to make water-tight their baskets, +woven of grass and roots. The plant yields a greenish-yellow +dye, with which they paint their persons and color their fabrics; +but garments so dyed are said to emit a disagreeable odor +always upon being heated.</p> + +<p>A lotion made by steeping the branches in water is said to +be an excellent remedy for sores; while the leaves dried and +reduced to powder are effectively used for the same purpose. +Some of our pharmacists say that the plant is a valuable remedy +for rheumatism.</p> + +<p>By the Spanish-Californians this shrub is known as "gobernadora" +and "hideondo"; and by the American settlers of the +desert it is known by several uncomplimentary names, among +them the meaningless one of "greasewood."</p> + +<p>It blossoms in early summer.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[ 193]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="III_PINK" id="III_PINK"></a>III. PINK</h2> + + +<h3>[<i>Pink or occasionally or partially pink flowers not described in</i></h3> +<h3><i>the Pink Section.</i></h3> + +<ul> +<li><i>Described in the White Section</i>:--</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Achillea Millefolium</span>--Yarrow.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Calochortus venustus</span>--Mariposa Tulip.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Chimaphila Menziesii</span>--Prince's Pine.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Convolvulus luteolus</span>--Wild Morning-glory.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Gaultheria Shallon</span>--Salal.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Lathyrus Torreyi</span>.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Lathyrus vestitus</span>--Common Wild Pea.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Layia glandulosum</span>--White Daisy.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Lilium rubescens</span>--Ruby Lily.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Malacothrix saxatilis</span>.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</span>--Ice-Plant.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Œnothera Californica</span>--White Evening Primrose.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Orthocarpus versicolor</span>--White Owl's Clover.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Pyrola aphylla</span>.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Rhododendron occidentale</span>--Californian Azalea.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Rubus spectabilis</span>--Salmon-Berry.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Spiræa betulifolia</span>--Pink Spiræa.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Spiræa Douglasii</span>--Californian Hardhack.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Spraguea umbellata</span>--Pussy's-Paws.</li> + +<li><i>Described in the Yellow Section</i>:--</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Hosackia gracilis</span>.</li> + +<li><i>Described in the Blue and Purple Section</i>:--</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Calochortus splendens</span>--Mariposa Tulip.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Calochortus uniflorus</span>.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Trillium sessile</span>--Californian Trillium.</li> + +<li><i>Described in the Red Section</i>:--</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Gilia aggregata</span>--Scarlet Gilia.</li> + +<li><i>Described in the Miscellaneous Section</i>:--</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Cypripedium Californicum</span>--Californian Lady's Slipper.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Gomphocarpus tomentosus</span>--Hornless Woolly Milkweed.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Rumex hymenosepalus</span>--Wild Pie-Plant; Canaigre.]</li> +</ul> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>RED-STEMMED FILAREE. ALFILERILLA. CLOCKS. +PIN-CLOVER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Erodium cicutarium</i>, L'Her. Geranium Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Chiefly radical in a depressed rosette; six to ten inches<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[ 194]</a></span> +long; dissected into narrow toothed lobes. Stem-leaves smaller. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Pink; four to eight in an umbel; parts in fives. <i>Petals.</i>—Four +lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five perfect, with flattened filaments; +five reduced to mere scales. <i>Carpels</i> and styles one or two inches +long; separating upward from a central axis into twisted, bearded +tails. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The name "alfilerilla" is Spanish, coming from <i>alfiler</i>, a +needle, and refers to the long, slender beak of the carpels. By +corruption it has become "filaree."</p> + +<p>This plant is found in abundance everywhere, and is one +of our most valuable forage-plants. It varies greatly in size, +and becomes very rank in growth where the soil is rich. +Ordinarily, it makes its appearance soon after the beginning +of the rainy season, as a rosette of leaves lying upon the +ground, and later it sends up its reddish stems. Its seed-vessels +look like a group of fantastic, long-billed storks, and +the long beaks of the carpels, as they separate from the central +axis, begin to curl about any convenient object. They are +thus widely disseminated in the hair of animals and the clothing +of people. Children call them "clocks," and love to stand +the seed up in their clothing and watch the beaks wind slowly +about, like the hands of a timepiece.</p> + +<p>We have several other species of <i>Erodium</i>. <i>E. moschatum</i>, +L' Her., is a coarser plant whose foliage has a musky fragrance, +especially when wilted. It is also a valuable forage-plant and +is commonly known as "musky filaree" or "green-stemmed +filaree."</p> + +<p><i>E. Botrys</i>, Bertoloni, is a very abundant plant. Its flowers +are larger, six lines across, and are pink, strongly veined with +wine-color. The beaks of its carpels are sometimes four inches +long.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f066"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[ 195]</a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f066.png">RED-STEMMED FILAREE—<i>Erodium cicutarium</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>REDWOOD-SORREL.</h3> + +<h4><i>Oxalis Oregana</i>, Nutt. Geranium Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Herbs with sour juice. <i>Leaves.</i>—With three leaflets; petioles two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[ 196]</a></span> +to even twelve inches long. Leaflets one or two inches broad; usually +light-blotched. <i>Scapes.</i>—One to six inches long; one-flowered. +<i>Sepals.</i>—Five. <i>Petals.</i>—Five; nine to twelve lines long; white or rose-colored, +often veined with darker color; usually having an orange +spot at base. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten. <i>Ovary.</i>—Five-celled. Styles five. +<i>Hab.</i>—Coast woods, from Santa Cruz to Washington.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In deep woods, "where no stir nor call the sacred hush profanes," +the beautiful leaves and delicate flowers of the redwood-sorrel +cover the ground with an exquisite tapestry, which +catches the shimmer of the sunlight as it sifts down through +the tall trees. If the goddess Nanna in passing left the print +of her pretty fingers upon the clover, perhaps some wood-nymph +may have touched the leaves of this charming plant. +Each day as twilight deepens, the leaflets fold gently together +and prepare to sleep.</p> + +<p>The small yellow oxalis—<i>O. corniculata</i>, L.—becomes a +troublesome weed in our lawns.</p> + + +<h3>ROCK-CRESS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Arabis blepharophylla</i>, Hook. and Arn. Mustard Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Four to twelve inches high. <i>Radical-leaves.</i>—Broadly +spatulate; one or two inches long. <i>Cauline-leaves.</i>—Oblong; sessile. +<i>All.</i>—Ciliate. <i>Flowers.</i>—Purplish-pink. <i>Sepals.</i>—Four; generally colored. +<i>Petals.</i>—Four; six to nine lines long; clawed. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six; +two shorter. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. Stigma button-shaped. <i>Pod.</i>—Linear; +an inch or more long; flattened. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast, from San +Francisco to Monterey.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The bright magenta-colored blossoms of the rock-cress may +be looked for in early spring along the hills of the Coast +Ranges. This plant is said to be very beautiful in cultivation. +The generic name was bestowed because many of the well-known +species are natives of Arabia, while the formidable +specific name means "eyelash-leaved," referring to the ciliate +leaves.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f067"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[ 197]</a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f067.png">REDWOOD-SORREL—<i>Oxalis Oregana</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>WILD HOLLYHOCK.</h3> + +<h4><i>Sidalcea malvæflora</i>, Gray. Mallow Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Several; eight inches to two feet long. <i>Leaves.</i>—Round<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[ 198]</a></span> +in outline; variously lobed and cut. <i>Flowers.</i>—Pink; in terminal racemes. +<i>Calyx.</i>—Five-cleft; without bractlets. <i>Petals.</i>—Five; united at +base; one inch long. <i>Stamens.</i>—United in a column; in two series. +Anthers one-celled. <i>Ovaries.</i>—Three to ten in a ring; separating at +maturity. Styles as many; filiform. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast from San Diego +to Mendocino County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In early spring the graceful sprays of the <i>Sidalcea</i> bend over +our meadows everywhere, making them bright with their pink +blossoms, which the children call "wild hollyhocks." The +stamens of these flowers are especially pretty and interesting if +examined with a glass. By a careful dissection, the stamen-column +is found to be double, its outer part bearing five bunches +of stamens. The anthers are one-celled and of a beautiful rose-pink. +They may be seen best by pulling apart one of the unopened +buds.</p> + +<p>There are two kinds of these plants, one having large pale-pink +flowers, which are perfect; the other bearing smaller deep +rose-pink blossoms, in which the anthers are only rudimentary.</p> + +<p>There are quite a number of species of <i>Sidalcea</i> in California, +but they are very difficult of determination for the non-botanist.</p> + + +<h3>REDBUD. JUDAS-TREE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Cercis occidentalis</i>, Torr. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Small trees or shrubs. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; slender-petioled; round-cordate; +palmately veined; smooth; about two inches in diameter. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Rose-color; papilionaceous; clustered in the axils. <i>Petals.</i>—Four +lines long; the standard smaller and inclosed by the wings. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Ten; all distinct. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. <i>Pods.</i>—Two or +three inches long; thin. <i>Hab.</i>—Mt. Shasta to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>By April, or earlier, our interior hills and valleys begin to +show the rosy blossoms of the Judas-tree. The leafless branches +are wreathed with the abundant flowers, which gives the shrub +the appearance of a garden fruit-tree. When seen later, in its +full summer foliage, it is almost equally attractive. Its shapely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[ 200]</a></span> +leaves are then diversified by the clusters of long purple pods, +which hang gracefully among them.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f068"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f068.png">WILD HOLLYHOCK—<i>Sidalcea malvæflora</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The Indians find the slender twigs of this shrub very useful +in their basket-making. By means of the thumb-nail or flints, +they split them into threads, which they use as woof.</p> + +<p>A closely allied species of <i>Cercis</i>, growing in Palestine, had, +according to tradition, white flowers, until the arch-traitor +Judas hanged himself from its limbs, when it blushed pink for +very shame.</p> + +<p>In medieval Europe the Judas-tree was believed to be a +favorite rendezvous for witches, and it was considered dangerous +to approach one at nightfall.</p> + + +<h3>HUCKLEBERRY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Vaccinium ovatum</i>, Pursh. Heath Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Evergreen shrubs, three to eight feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Ovate to +oblong-lanceolate; leathery; smooth and shining. <i>Flowers.</i>—In axillary +clusters: small; pinkish. <i>Calyx.</i>—Minutely fine-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>—Campanulate; +two or three lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten; anthers +opening terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>—Globose; five-celled. Style filiform. +<i>Berries.</i>—Small; reddish, turning black. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges +from Monterey to Vancouver Island.</p></blockquote> + +<p>When in bloom our Californian huckleberry is a delightful +shrub. Its leaves, which are of a particularly rich, shining +green, are set at a characteristic angle to the red stems, contrasting +finely with their warm tones; and the effect is heightened +by the clusters of small pink and white waxen bells +scattered here and there amid the foliage.</p> + +<p>The huckleberry is at its best upon the high ridges of the +Coast Ranges, where it becomes especially luxuriant in the fog-nurtured +region of the northern portion of the redwood belt. +There its abundant berries become juicy and delicious, and are +much sought for preserving and pie-making. Its branches, +when cut, keep admirably in water and are favorite greens for +household decoration.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f069"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f069.png">HUCKLEBERRY—<i>Vaccinium ovatum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>STAR-FLOWER. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN.</h3> + +<h4><i>Trientalis Europæa, var. latifolia</i>, Torr. Primrose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>—Tuberous. <i>Stem.</i>—Four to eight inches high; with a whorl<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[ 202]</a></span> +of oval-pointed leaves one to four inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—White or +pink; eight lines across. <i>Calyx</i> and rotate corolla seven-parted, sometimes +six- to nine-parted; divisions pointed. <i>Stamens.</i>—As many as +the corolla-lobes, and opposite them. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Style filiform. +<i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges, from Monterey northward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In April and May, as we walk through shaded woods, we +begin to notice a trim little plant three or four inches high, with +very slender stem, bearing at its summit a number of pretty +leaves of varying size. A little later, we find among them one +or two delicate pink, starry flowers on very slender, threadlike +stems.</p> + +<p>The generic name is from the Latin <i>triens</i>, and is in allusion +to the height of the plant, which is the third part of a foot.</p> + + +<h3>CLINTONIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Clintonia Andrewsiana</i>, Torr. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Radical; oblong; six inches to one foot long; two to four +wide. <i>Flower-stem.</i>—One or two feet high; with one leafy bract. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Pink; many; in a terminal compound cluster on pedicels an +inch or less long. <i>Perianth.</i>—Campanulate; four to seven lines long. +<i>Segments.</i>—Six; gibbous at the base. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two- + or three-celled. <i>Fruit.</i>—Beautiful, large, dark-blue berries. <i>Hab.</i>—The +Coast Ranges, from Santa Cruz to Humboldt County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This is one of the most distinguished-looking plants of our +deep coast woods. Its large leaves, of a rich polished green, +arrange themselves symmetrically around the short stem, seeming +to come from the ground—and so fine are they, that if no +blossom appeared, we should feel the plant had fulfilled its +mission of beauty. But in April a blossom-stalk shoots up +from their midst, bearing upon its summit a cluster of deep +rose-colored, nodding bells. These are succeeded later by a +bunch of superb dark-blue berries, which might be made of +lapis lazuli or the rarest old delft china. I remember a beautiful +spot upon the Lagunitas Creek, where the stream, flowing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[ 203]</a></span> +over a brown, pebbly bottom, passes among the redwoods +where their tall shafts make dim cathedral aisles,—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">. . . "forest-corridors that lie</span> +<span class="ni">In a mysterious world unpeopled yet."</span> +</div></div> + +<p>Here little yellow violets and the charming wood-sorrel carpet +the ground, the fetid adder's-tongue spreads its mottled leaves, +while groups of the lovely <i>Clintonia</i> put the finishing touches +to an already beautiful scene.</p> + + +<h3>LEMONADE-BERRY. MAHOGANY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Rhus integrifolia</i>, Benth. and Hook. Poison-oak or Cashew Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Evergreen shrubs two to six feet high, becoming small trees southward. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; short-petioled; one to three inches long; +rigid; leathery. <i>Flowers.</i>—Of two sexes, also some perfect; in short, +dense terminal clusters one to three inches long; rose-colored or white. +<i>Sepals</i>, petals, and stamens four to nine; usually five. <i>Petals.</i>—Rounded; +ciliate; one or two lines across. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Stigmas +three. <i>Fruit.</i>—Flat; one-seeded; six lines across; red; viscid and +acid. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast from Santa Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Growing everywhere upon the southern coast in great +abundance, this shrub forms low, dense, wind-shorn thickets. +Farther inland it rises to a height of several feet, with tough, +India-rubber-like branches, and in Lower California it becomes +a small tree. In its better estate it is very ornamental, especially +in spring, when sprinkled with its clusters of small pink +flowers. The little drupes are covered with an acid, oily substance, +and have long been used by the Indians and Mexicans +in the preparation of a lemonade-like drink. These people are +so fond of this fruit that they dry it for winter use, grinding and +roasting it as we do coffee. The wood of these shrubs is of a +dark-red color, which is responsible for the common name, +"mahogany."</p> + +<p>Another <i>Rhus</i> very common in the valleys of Southern +California is <i>R. laurina</i>, Nutt., usually called "sumach." It +is an evergreen shrub, with smooth, lanceolate leaves, two or +three inches long, exhaling a rather strong odor, considered by +some like bitter almonds, and bearing dense clusters of small<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[ 204]</a></span> +white flowers in midsummer. Its small drupes are only a line +or two across. They are also coated with a waxen substance, +and yield a pungent oil.</p> + +<p>In the mountains from Santa Barbara to San Diego is found +another species—<i>R. ovata</i>, Wats. This has large leathery, +pointed leaves, and is known as "lemonade-and-sugar-tree," +as the acid berries are coated with a sweet, waxen substance, +which the Indians value as sugar. Its leaves resemble in form +those of the lilacs of our gardens.</p> + + +<h3>SHOOTING-STARS. WILD CYCLAMEN. MAD VIOLETS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Dodecatheon Meadia</i>, L. Primrose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—All radical; tufted; from obovate to lanceolate. <i>Scape.</i>—Three +to fifteen inches high; umbel two- to twenty-flowered. <i>Calyx.</i>—Deeply +five-cleft, the divisions reflexed in flower, erect in fruit. <i>Corolla.</i>—With +extremely short tube, and an abruptly reflexed five-parted +limb; white, rose-color, or purple. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; opposite the +corolla-lobes. Filaments short; united. Anthers standing erect around +the long style, forming a beak; violet. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +the continent; exceedingly variable.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The shooting-star is one of our prettiest spring flowers, +which arrives a little before the baby-eyes and just as the brakes +are unrolling their green crosiers. There is something particularly +pleasing in these blossoms. It seems as though Nature +had taxed her ingenuity to produce something original when +she fashioned them. The name <i>Dodecatheon</i>, from the Greek, +is entirely a fanciful one, and means "the twelve gods."</p> + +<p>Formerly <i>D. Meadia</i>, L., was considered the only species, +embracing many widely varying forms; but of late botanists +have made several of the forms into separate species.</p> + +<p><i>D. Hendersoni</i> (Gray), Ktz., is the species prevalent in our +central and northern Coast Ranges. This has ovoid or obovoid, +very obtuse, entire leaves, with broad petiole, equaling +the blade, two inches long. Its flower-stem is from eight to +twelve inches high, bearing a cluster of bright rose-purple +flowers. The corolla has a short, dark-maroon tube, encircled +by a band of yellow, sometimes merging into white. A variety<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[ 206]</a></span> +of this with very slender stems and the flower parts in fours is +common in the Bay region, and southward possibly to Santa +Barbara. This is called <i>var. cruciata</i>. Its blossoms have a +strong odor, suggestive of a tannery. In this species the capsule +opens at the top, splitting into a number of little teeth, +which soon turn downward.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f070"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f070.png">SHOOTING-STARS—<i>Dodecatheon Hendersoni var. cruciata</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p><i>D. Clevelandi</i>, Greene, is a beautiful species found in the +south. It sends up a tall shaft, crowned with a large cluster +of beautiful blossoms, varying from a delicate lilac to pure +white. The petals are ringed below with pale yellow, and the +beak of the flower is a rich prune-purple. There is a certain +generous, fine look about these flowers, although they are +exquisitely delicate. Their charm is completed by a delicious +perfume, like that of the cultivated cyclamen.</p> + +<p>Among the children the various forms are known by a number +of names, such as "mad violets," "prairie-pointers," +"mosquito-bills," and "roosters'-heads." The latter is said to +be the designation of prosaic little boys who see in these blossoms +gaming possibilities, and who love to hook them together +and pull to see which head will come off first.</p> + + +<h3>PRICKLY PHLOX.</h3> + +<h4><i>Gilia Californica</i>, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Woody; two or three feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Palmately +three- to seven-parted, with spreading, needle-like divisions, two to four +lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Solitary, at the ends of the branchlets; rose-pink +or lilac, with a white eye. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed. <i>Corolla-limb.</i>—An +inch and a half across. (See <i>Gilia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Dry hills from Monterey +to San Bernardino.</p></blockquote> + +<p>I hardly know how to describe these delightful flowers. At +a little distance the plant-stems have almost the look of a cactus, +so densely are they clothed with the small, rigid leaves. +Nor does a closer acquaintance serve to lessen the likeness—for +in our breathless haste to take possession of the beautiful +blossoms we are quite certain to have their prickly character +impressed upon the hands as well as upon the sight. The texture +of the flowers is of the finest silk, with an exquisite sheen;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[ 208]</a></span> +and they have a delicate fragrance. Growing at the tips of the +numerous branchlets, they often form large masses of rich rose-colored +bloom, which are especially brilliant and showy against +the warm foliage.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f071"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f071.png">PRICKLY PHLOX—<i>Gilia Californica</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>In some localities they are called "rock-rose," an unfortunate +name in two respects: it has long belonged to a yellow +flower of an entirely different family—<i>Helianthemum</i>; and +these blossoms do not in the least resemble a rose.</p> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN FOUR-O'CLOCK.</h3> + +<h4><i>Mirabilis Californica</i>, Gray. Four-o'clock Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—From a woody base; a foot or two long. <i>Leaves.</i>—Ovate; +six to fifteen lines long; rather thick. <i>Flowers.</i>—Magenta-colored; +one to three in a campanulate, calyx-like, five-toothed involucre. Involucres +nearly sessile. <i>Perianth.</i>—Six lines long; open funnel-form; +five-lobed. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five. Anthers yellow. <i>Ovary.</i>—Globose; +one-celled. Style filiform. Stigma capitate. <i>Hab.</i>—Southern California +and eastward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>When the heat of the day is over and the morning-glories +are folding together their faded chalices, the bright little four-o'clocks +begin to open their myriad magenta-colored eyes upon +the closing day, and they, together with the evening primroses, +will keep the vigils of the night. These diaphanous little +flowers, with their long stamens resting on the lower side of +the perianth, are like diminutive azaleas.</p> + +<p>They are very puzzling, and the part that baffles the young +botanist is the calyx, which, as it sometimes has two or three +corollas within it, cannot be considered a calyx at all, but must +be called an involucre. In reality the corolla is absent, and the +calyx, which is colored like a corolla, is called a perianth. This +appears to sit upon the top of the round ovary, but in reality a +green continuation of it is drawn down tightly over the ovary.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f072"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f072.png">CALIFORNIAN FOUR-O'CLOCK—<i>Mirabilis Californica</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>BEACH MORNING-GLORY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Convolvulus Soldanella</i>, L. Morning-glory Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—A foot or less long; trailing. <i>Leaves.</i>—Kidney-shaped;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[ 210]</a></span> +long-petioled; leathery; an inch or two broad. <i>Flowers.</i>—Pink to +lavender; one to nearly three inches across, with a pair of thin bracts +just below the calyx, partly enveloping it. (Otherwise as <i>C. luteolus</i>.) +<i>Hab.</i>—The seashore from Puget Sound to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The beach morning-glory trails its stems over the shifting +sands of the seashore, making clusters of beautiful foliage, over +which the large, delicate flowers raise their exquisite satin +funnels.</p> + + +<h3>CALYPSO.</h3> + +<h4><i>Calypso borealis</i>, Salisb. Orchis Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Bulb.</i>—Small; solid. <i>Stem.</i>—Three to six inches high. <i>Leaf.</i>—An +inch or two long. <i>Sepals</i> and petals light to deep rose-color; six to +nine lines long. <i>Lip.</i>—Brownish pink, mottled with purple. <i>Style.</i>—Petaloid, +oval, and concave, bearing the hemispherical anther on its +summit underneath. <i>Hab.</i>—The northern Coast Ranges; also across +the continent.</p></blockquote> + +<p>It has never been my good fortune to find this rare and exquisite +little orchid, but beautiful specimens have been sent +from the redwoods of Sonoma County and from Oregon. The +books speak of it as growing in bogs; but I am told by those +who gathered them that the little plants sit lightly upon the +layer of needles that carpet the forest-floor. The roots scarcely +penetrate the soil, so that the plants are easily disengaged without +digging.</p> + +<p>Nature produced a perfect work when she fashioned this +little plant, so simple, so charming in every way, with its one +dainty leaf and one unique blossom. The form of the column +is peculiarly interesting, being that of a curving concave petal, +bearing the anther, in the shape of a hollow hemisphere, on +its upper edge.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f073"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f073.png">CALYPSO—<i>Calypso borealis</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>WILD PORTULACA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Calandrinia caulescens</i>, HBK.; <i>var. Menziesii</i>, Gray. Purslane Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Decumbent, branching herbs, mostly smooth. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[ 212]</a></span> +linear to oblanceolate; one to three inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—In loose +racemes; rose-color or magenta; about an inch across. <i>Sepals.</i>—Two; +keeled. <i>Petals.</i>—Mostly five. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four to eleven. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. +Style slender. Stigma three-cleft. Seeds black, shining, +lens-shaped. <i>Hab.</i>—From Lower California to Vancouver Island.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The wild portulaca is very abundant, and in seasons favorable +to its development is a very noticeable little plant. Its +succulent stems have a spreading habit and bear many satiny +flowers of a deep purplish-pink, which open in the bright sunshine. +The petals, which are veined with a slightly darker +color, become white toward the center, and the little anthers +are full of orange-colored pollen. These blossoms have a delicate, +somewhat musky perfume.</p> + +<p>Cattle are fond of the herbage, and the plants are considered +excellent as potherbs and for salads. The seeds, which are a +favorite food of the wild dove are very pretty, being lens-shaped, +black and shining, with a granular surface.</p> + + +<h3>THE PRIDE OF CALIFORNIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lathyrus splendens</i>, Kell. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>—Climbing; six to ten feet. <i>Leaflets.</i>—About eight; scattered; +very variable; linear to lanceolate or oblong; acute; mucronate; strongly +three- to five-nerved. <i>Tendrils.</i>—Two- to five-parted. <i>Stipules.</i>—Small; +semi-sagittate. <i>Peduncles.</i>—Stout; usually seven- to ten-flowered. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Very large; brilliant crimson. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed; +eighteen-nerved. <i>Standard</i> and keel an inch or more long. <i>Pods.</i>—Three +inches long; smooth; compressed; ten- to twenty-seeded. <i>Hab.</i>—Parts +of San Diego County, and southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Clambering over our wild shrubs, this wonderful pea gives +them the appearance of being loaded with a magnificence +of bloom quite unwonted. The blossoms are the richest and +most gorgeous of crimsons throughout, and have such a +superb air that it is difficult to believe they are not the product +of centuries of careful selection by the gardener. The long +standard turns back over the stem, continuing the gracefully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[ 214]</a></span> +outlined keel in a long compound curve. The blossoms hang +from the stem in charming abandon, like a flock of graceful +tropic-birds poising upon the wing before taking flight, or like +a fleet of gayly decked pleasure-barges, with canopies thrown +back, fit for the conveyance of a Cleopatra.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f074"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[ 213]</a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f074.png">WILD PORTULACA—<i>Calandrinia caulescens</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN WILD CURRANT. INCENSE-SHRUB.</h3> + +<h4><i>Ribes glutinosum</i>, Benth. Saxifrage Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs six to fifteen feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Three- to five-lobed; glutinous +when young; three to five inches broad. <i>Flowers.</i>—Rose-pink +to pale pink; in long drooping racemes. <i>Calyx.</i>—Petaloid; five-lobed. +<i>Petals</i> and stamens five on the calyx. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Styles +two; more or less united. <i>Berries.</i>—Blue, with a dense bloom; glandular-hispid. +<i>Syn.</i>—<i>Ribes sanguineum</i>, Pursh. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast +Ranges; more common southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In early winter in the south, and somewhat later northward, +the wild currant becomes a thing of beauty hardly to have +been expected. The young foliage, of a clear brilliant green, +is gayly decked with the long clusters of peculiarly fresh pink +blossoms, which seem like the very incarnation of the spirit of +Spring, producing a certain <i>eblouissement</i>, which quickens our +sense into an anticipation of beauty on every side.</p> + +<p>We are made aware of a strong, heavy fragrance emanating +from this shrub, for which its numerous glands are +responsible, and which has gained for it the popular name of +"incense-shrub" in some localities.</p> + +<p>The fruit, which ripens toward fall, is dry and bitter, or +insipid.</p> + +<p>The genus <i>Ribes</i> includes the currant and the gooseberry, +and furnishes us with several charming shrubs in California.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f075"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f075.png">CALIFORNIAN WILD CURRANT—<i>Ribes glutinosum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>GROUND-PINK. FRINGED GILIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Gilia dianthoides</i>, Endl. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>One to six inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Six lines or so long; linear to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[ 216]</a></span> +filiform. <i>Flowers.</i>—Rose or lilac, blending inward to white, with +darker color or yellow in the throat. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>—Nine +to twelve lines across; fringed. (See <i>Gilia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—From Santa +Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In March our southern meadows and hill-slopes are all +aglow with the lovely flowers of this charming little <i>Gilia</i>. +The plants are tiny, often no more than an inch high, but are +ambitious out of all proportion to their size, covering themselves +with blossoms exquisitely delicate in texture, form, and +coloring, which literally carpet the earth with an overlapping +mosaic.</p> + +<p>It is a wonderful thought that upon every one of these +countless millions of little flowers that clothe the fields Nature +has bestowed such care that each is a masterpiece in itself.</p> + + +<h3>COMMON FLEABANE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Erigeron Philadelphicus</i>, L. Sunflower Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Hairy, perennial herbs. <i>Stems.</i>—One to three feet high; leafy to +the top. <i>Root-leaves.</i>—Spatulate or obovate. <i>Stem-leaves.</i>—Oblong; +sessile, with broad clasping base; irregularly toothed. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—In +a loose corymb. <i>Disks.</i>—Yellow; three or four lines across. +<i>Rays.</i>—Innumerable; very narrow; flesh-color to rose-purple; about +three lines long. <i>Hab.</i>—Widely distributed on the Pacific and Atlantic +Coasts.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The feathery, daisy-like flowers of the common fleabane +are of frequent occurrence in moist meadows or along the roadsides +in spring. The ray-flowers are so narrow as to form a +delicate fringe around the disk.</p> + +<p>The common name arose from the belief that these plants +were harmful to fleas.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f076"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f076.png">GROUND-PINK—<i>Gilia dianthoides</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>TURKISH RUGGING.</h3> + +<h4><i>Chorizanthe staticoides</i>, Benth. Buckwheat Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>A foot high or more, with widely spreading branches. <i>Leaves.</i>—All<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[ 218]</a></span> +radical; oblong; obtuse; twelve to thirty lines long, including +petioles. <i>Involucres.</i>—Loosely clustered; sessile; one-flowered; campanulate; +with six bristle-like teeth. <i>Perianth.</i>—Pink; two lines long; +six-lobed; not fringed. <i>Stamens.</i>—Mostly nine; on the perianth. +<i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Styles three. Stigmas capitate. <i>Hab.</i>—From +Monterey to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In late spring the dry, open hills of the south are overrun +with the soft lavender of the <i>Chorizanthe</i>. The flowers are +small, but the whole plant is purplish, and the stems are quite +as productive of color as the blossoms. In fact, the whole +plant seems to consist of a scraggly interlacement of slender +branches and small flowers, as the leaves, which nestle close to +the ground, are not very noticeable.</p> + + +<h3>CANCHALAGUA. CALIFORNIAN CENTAURY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Erythræa venusta</i>, Gray. Gentian Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Six inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Six to twelve lines long; pale +apple-green. <i>Calyx.</i>—Usually five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>—Bright pink, +with yellow or white center; an inch or so across. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; +anthers spirally twisted after shedding the pollen. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. +Style slender. Stigmas two. <i>Hab.</i>—From Plumas County +southward; more abundant southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Just as our attention has been called afresh to the fields by +the sudden appearance of the "golden stars," or <i>Bloomeria</i>, +in late spring, we find, as we stoop to gather them, a charming +pink flower nestling close to the earth amid the grasses. +Though low of stature, these firstlings of the season atone for +it by brilliancy of color, and their pink blossoms have a peculiarly +clean, fresh, wide-awake appearance, reminding one of a +rosy-faced country wench.</p> + +<p>While enjoying their bright beauty, we do not for a moment +suspect that we are paying homage to the famous "canchalagua" +of the Spanish-Californians. No well-regulated +household among these people is without bundles of these +herbs strung upon the rafters—for they are considered by them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[ 220]</a></span> +an indispensable remedy for fevers; also, an excellent bitter +tonic, and are said to possess rare antiseptic properties.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f077"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f077.png">CANCHALAGUA—<i>Erythræa venusta</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>FALSE MALLOW.</h3> + +<h4><i>Malvastrum Thurberi</i>, Gray. Mallow Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubby at base; three to fifteen feet high; densely tomentose. +<i>Leaves.</i>—An inch or two across; thick. <i>Flowers.</i>—Clustered in the +axils of the leaves; or in an interrupted naked spike. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-lobed; +with one to three bractlets. <i>Petals.</i>—Five, about six lines long; +rose-purple. <i>Stamens.</i>—United in a column. <i>Ovaries.</i>—Numerous; +united in a ring. Styles united at base. Stigmas capitate. <i>Hab.</i>—The +southern Coast Ranges and islands of the Coast.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Upon the mesas of the south we often see a shrubby member +of the mallow family, with long, wandlike branches ornamented +with closely set, pink flowers, of delicate texture and +pleasant perfume. This is the false mallow. It is a very handsome +and noticeable shrub when in full bloom. The anthers +are golden brown, and the stigmas are spherical instead of filiform. +Upon the seashore it blooms much earlier than in the +valleys inland.</p> + + +<h3>MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. FIG-MARIGOLD.</h3> + +<h4><i>Mesembryanthemum æquilaterale</i>, Haworth. Fig-marigold Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Succulent plants. <i>Stems.</i>—Elongating; forming large mats. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; +sessile; fleshy; three-angled; two inches or more long; +oblong. <i>Flowers.</i>—Terminal; solitary; fifteen lines to two inches +across; pink. <i>Calyx.</i>—With top-shaped tube and five-lobed border. +<i>Petals.</i>—Very numerous; linear. <i>Stamens.</i>—Innumerable. <i>Ovary.</i>—Four- +to twenty-celled. Stigmas six to ten. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast, from +Point Reyes southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The fig-marigold is a very common plant upon our seashore. +It seems to flourish best toward the south, where it +covers large tracts of sand with its succulent foliage, making +mats of pleasant verdure in otherwise sandy wastes. Its stems +often trail many yards down the cliffs, making beautiful natural +draperies, decked with myriads of the pink blossoms. +Because it is capable of withstanding the drouth in the most +remarkable manner, it has been planted to produce verdure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[ 222]</a></span> +where irrigation is impossible. The very numerous slender +petals give the flower the appearance at first sight of a <i>Composita</i>. +The fruit is pulpy and full of very small seeds, like +the fig, and has a suggestion of the flavor of the Isabella grape.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f078"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f078.png">FALSE MALLOW—<i>Malvastrum Thurberi</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>Many species of <i>Mesembryanthemum</i> are cultivated in our +gardens, mostly as border-plants. The genus is a large one, +most of the species being native of Southern Africa, and it is +supposed that the three species now common upon our Coast +were introduced in the remote past without the agency of man.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h4><i>Gilia androsacea</i>, Steud. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Three to twelve inches high; erect; spreading. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; +sessile; palmately five- to seven-parted; seemingly whorled. +<i>Flowers.</i>—In terminal clusters. <i>Corolla.</i>—Salver-shaped; rose-pink, +lilac, or white, with a yellow or dark throat; its tube filiform, about an +inch long; limb eight to ten lines across. Filaments and style slender; +exserted. (See <i>Gilia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the western part of the +State; into the Sierra foothills.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The delicate flowers of this little plant may be found nestling +amid the grasses of dry hill-slopes in late spring, often +making charming bits of color. It is usually rather a low +plant, but in specially favorable situations it rises to a foot in +height. Its fragile flowers vary from pure white to lilac and a +lovely rose-pink, and look like small phloxes.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h4><i>Mimulus Douglasii</i>, Gray. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Flowering at half an inch high; later becoming a span high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Ovate +or oblong; three- to five-nerved at base; narrowed into a +short petiole. <i>Flowers.</i>—Rich maroon, with deeper color in the throat +and some yellow below. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>—An inch +to eighteen lines long; with dilated throat. Lower lip much shorter +than the ample, erect, upper one; sometimes almost wanting. (See +<i>Mimulus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This little <i>Mimulus</i> is quite common upon gravelly or +stony hills. Its pert little maroon flowers, with their very +long tubes and erect lobes, so ridiculously out of proportion +to the size of the tiny plant, give it the look of some very +important small personage.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f079"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f079.png"><i>Gilia Androsacea.</i></a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>BITTER-ROOT. SPAT'LUM. TOBACCO-ROOT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lewisia rediviva</i>, Pursh. Purslane Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>—Very thick. <i>Leaves.</i>—Clustered; linear-oblong; one or two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[ 224]</a></span> +inches long. <i>Scapes.</i>—One-flowered; one or two inches long; jointed +in the middle, with a whorl of five to seven scarious bracts at the joint. +<i>Sepals.</i>—Six to eight; six to nine lines long; scarious-margined. <i>Petals.</i>—Twelve +to fifteen; rose-color, sometimes white; oblong; eight to sixteen +lines long; rotately spreading in sunshine. <i>Stamens.</i>—Forty or +more. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Style three- to eight-parted nearly to the +base. <i>Hab.</i>—The mountains of California, northward and eastward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Within our borders this little plant is not abundant, but +must be sought upon mountain heights. Formerly it was supposed +not to occur south of Mt. Diablo, but it has since been +found in the mountains of the southern part of the State and +at intermediate points. It is very abundant in Montana, where +it has been adopted as the State flower.</p> + +<p>The plants are very small, being but an inch or two high, +but the flowers are handsome and showy, and the delicate, +rose-colored corollas, which are often two inches across, are of +an exquisite silken texture. The root is remarkably large and +thick for so small a plant, and it contains a nutritious, farinaceous +matter, much esteemed by the Indians for food. Among +them it is known as "spat'lum," and they gather large quantities +of it, which they store in bags for future use.</p> + +<p>This was the "racine-amčre," or "bitter-root," of the +early French settlers. It is also known as "tobacco-root," +because when boiled it has a tobacco-like odor.</p> + +<p>The specific name, <i>rediviva</i>, was bestowed because of the +wonderful vitality of these plants. It is known upon good +authority that specimens which had been drying for two years +in an herbarium continued to produce leaves, and at last, when +taken out and planted, went on growing and blossomed!</p> + +<p>This genus is an exception to the other members of the +Purslane family, in having more than two sepals.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[ 225]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>SPINELESS TUNA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Opuntia basilaris, var. ramosa</i>, Parish. Cactus Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Low; spreading; branching freely above. <i>Joints.</i>—Flat; smooth; +without large spines, but with close tufts of minute bristles; obovate or +fan-shaped; five to eight inches long; nearly as wide at the top. <i>Flowers.</i>—Large; +brilliant rose-magenta; two or three inches long. <i>Fruit.</i>—Dry; +sub-globose. (Flower-structure as in <i>O. Engelmanni</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—The +southern deserts and San Bernardino Mountains.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the arid regions of the southern interior, this <i>Opuntia</i> is +a very common one, and its large, brilliant rose-magenta +flowers attract the attention wherever seen. They are very +tempting blossoms, and it is hard to resist them, even though +we know the penalty will be the conversion of thumbs and +fingers into pin-cushions for innumerable, minute, tormenting +thorns.</p> + + +<h3>SNOW-BERRY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Symphoricarpos racemosus</i>, Michx. Honeysuckle Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to four feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; short-petioled; +cuneate to oblong; entire or lobed; nine to eighteen lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Small; +mostly in terminal clusters. <i>Calyx.</i>—Adnate to the ovary; +with five-toothed border. <i>Corolla.</i>—Campanulate; five-lobed; three +lines long; waxen; pinkish; very hairy within. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; on +the corolla. <i>Ovary.</i>—Four-celled. <i>Berries.</i>—Waxen-white; six lines +in diameter. <i>Hab.</i>—Widely distributed.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In early winter the pure-white clusters of the snow-berry, +on their almost leafless stems, make flecks of light through +the dun woods. At this season of few woodland attractions, +these berries, together with the trailing sprays of the fragrant +yerba buena and the long graceful leaves of the iris, are about +the only trophies to be obtained upon a walk. In early spring, +when their slender twigs first begin to leaf out, these little +shrubs are among the most delicate and airy of growing things, +and make a tender veil of green through the shadowy woodland. +The blossoms, which arrive rather late, are inconspicuous.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[ 226]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>TREE-MALLOW.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lavatera assurgentiflora</i>, Kell. Mallow Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Shrubs.</i>—Six to fifteen feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Three to nine inches +across. <i>Flowers.</i>—Pink, veined with maroon. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-cleft, +with an involucel below, like a second calyx. <i>Petals.</i>—Twelve to +eighteen lines long. <i>Filaments.</i>—Numerous; united in a column. +<i>Styles.</i>—Numerous; filiform. <i>Carpels.</i>—One-seeded, in a ring around +an axis; separating at maturity. <i>Hab.</i>—The islands off the Coast; +cultivated on the mainland north to Mendocino County.</p></blockquote> + + +<p>The <i>Lavateras</i> are Old-World plants, with the exception +of a few species which are natives of the islands of our southern +coast. In the early days the Padres planted the above species +(<i>L. assurgentiflora</i>) plentifully around the old Missions, and +thence it has spread and become spontaneous in many localities. +It can be seen in San Francisco, planted as wind-break +hedges about the market-gardens, where it thrives luxuriantly +as long as it is protected from cattle.</p> + +<p>The leaves and twigs abound in mucilage, and are very +fattening and nutritious food for sheep and cattle, who are very +fond of it.</p> + + +<h3>WILD HONEYSUCKLE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lonicera hispidula</i>, Dougl. Honeysuckle Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Woody; climbing and twining. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; short-petioled; +oval; pale; one to three inches long; the upper pairs uniting around +the stem. <i>Flowers.</i>—Pink; in spikes of several whorls. <i>Calyx.</i>—Minute; +growing to the ovary; border five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>—Tubular; +six lines to an inch long; bilabiate; the lips strongly revolute; the +upper four-lobed, the lower entire. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; much exserted. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Two- or three-celled. Style slender. Stigma capitate. <i>Berries.</i>—Scarlet; +translucent. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In early summer the climbing honeysuckle with its pale +foliage flings its long arms over neighboring trees and shrubs, +showing glimpses here and there of small pinkish flowers. But +it is far more noticeable in the fall, when its long pendulous +branches are laden with the fine clusters of translucent, orange-red +berries. It is quite variable and has many forms, which +are all considered varieties of the one species.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f080"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f080.png">TREE-MALLOW—<i>Lavatera assurgentiflora</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>PINK PAINT-BRUSH. ESCOBITA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Orthocarpus purpurascens</i>, Benth. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Six to twelve inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Variously parted into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[ 228]</a></span> +filiform divisions. <i>Bracts.</i>—About equaling the flowers; tipped with +crimson or pale pink. <i>Corolla.</i>—About an inch long; the lower lip +only moderately inflated and three-saccate; the upper long, hooked, +bearded, crimson. <i>Stigma.</i>—Large. (See <i>Orthocarpus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Widely +distributed.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The bright-magenta tufts of the pink paint-brush are often +so abundant that they give the country a purplish hue for miles +at a stretch. The Spanish-Californians have a pretty name for +these blossoms, calling them "escobitas," meaning "little +whisk-brooms."</p> + +<p><i>O. densiflorus</i>, Benth., is a very similar species; but its +corolla has a straight upper lip, without hairs.</p> + + +<h3>CLARKIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Clarkia elegans</i>, Dougl. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—One to six feet high; simple or branching. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +broadly ovate to linear; dentate; an inch or more long. <i>Petals.</i>—About +nine lines long; with long, slender claws and rhomboidal +blades; pink. <i>Stamens.</i>—Eight; all perfect. Filaments with a hairy +scale at base. <i>Stigma.</i>—Four-lobed. <i>Capsule.</i>—Six to nine lines long; +sessile. (Otherwise as <i>C. concinna</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Widely distributed.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This plant is a very common one along our dusty roadsides +in early summer, and it shows a facility in adapting itself to +quite a range of climate and condition. It grows from six +inches to six feet high, is nearly smooth or quite hairy, and +has rather large flowers or quite small ones. Its scarlet stamens, +purple-pink petals, and often deeper purple sepals make an odd +combination of color. It often grows in showy masses, making +patches of glowing color under the shade of trees.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f081"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f081.png">PINK PAINT-BRUSH—<i>Orthocarpus purpurascens</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CHAPARRAL PEA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Pickeringia montana</i>, Nutt. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Evergreen, much branched, spiny shrubs, four to seven feet high.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[ 230]</a></span> +<i>Leaves.</i>—With from one to three leaflets. <i>Leaflets.</i>—Three to nine +lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Magenta-colored; solitary; sessile; seven to +nine lines long; papilionaceous. <i>Stamens.</i>—All ten distinct. <i>Pod.</i>—One-celled; +two inches long. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges, from Lake +County to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Upon wild mountain-slopes where are heard the fluting +notes of a certain shy bird that rarely comes near habitations, +the chaparral pea often makes dense, impenetrable thickets. +It would be impossible to mistake it for any other shrub, with +its solitary magenta-colored pea-blossoms, which often cover +the bushes with a mass of color. Its green branchlets terminate +in long, rigid spines, which are often clothed with small leaves +nearly to the end.</p> + +<p>Woe to him who tries to penetrate the chaparral when it is +composed of this formidable and uncompromising shrub! The +result is quite likely to be a humiliating progress upon hands +and knees before he can extricate himself, probably with torn +garments and scratched visage.</p> + + +<h3>HEDGE-NETTLE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Stachys bullata</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Rough, pubescent herbs. <i>Stem.</i>—Ten to eighteen inches high; +four- angled. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; ovate or ovate-oblong; cordate; +coarsely crenate; wrinkly veined; petioled; an inch or two long. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Pinkish; in a narrow, interrupted spike. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-cleft. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Eight lines long; bilabiate. Upper lip erect; lower +deflexed, of three unequal lobes, spotted with purple. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four. +Filaments hairy. Anthers divergently two-celled. <i>Ovary.</i>—Of four +seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma two-cleft. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The hedge-nettles are common weeds, of which we have +several species. <i>S. bullata</i>, so called on account of its leaves, +which look as though blistered, is the most widespread. It is +quite variable in aspect, and we are constantly meeting it in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[ 232]</a></span> +new guises and being deceived into believing it something finer +than it really is, through some subtle change in its usually +homely little pink flowers.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f082"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f082.png">CHAPARRAL PEA—<i>Pickeringia montana</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<h3>TWINING HYACINTH.</h3> + +<h4><i>Brodiæa volubilis</i>, Baker. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Coated corm about one inch in diameter. <i>Leaves.</i>—All radical; +broadly linear; a foot or more long. <i>Scape.</i>—Twining; two to even +twelve feet long; naked. <i>Umbel.</i>—Many-flowered. <i>Perianth.</i>—Five +to eight lines long; rose-color without, whitish within. <i>Stamens.</i>—Three; +alternating with three notched staminodia. Filaments winged; +very short. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. Style short. Stigma capitate. +<i>Syn.</i>—<i>Stropholirion Californicum</i>, Torr. <i>Hab.</i>—Sierra foothills, from +Mariposa County northward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In this plant we see the <i>Brodiæa</i> disporting itself in a very +odd manner, having vinelike aspirations. It produces several +long leaves, which lie prostrate upon the ground, and then the +stem puts in its appearance and commences a wonderful series +of evolutions not to be outdone by any contortionist. It twists +and clambers and climbs, reaching a height of five or six feet, +often having expended twice that amount of stem in its convolutions.</p> + +<p>During this remarkable process, which consumes from two +to four weeks, the terminal bud has remained dormant. But +it now commences to grow, and in a couple of weeks the +flower-cluster is complete in all its beauty. It is sometimes six +inches across.</p> + +<p>It often happens that before the flower has blossomed, the +stem is broken off at the ground. Strangely enough, this +seems not to matter at all, for it grows on and perfects its +flowers just as though nothing had occurred. People often +bring the stem indoors and allow it to climb up over the curtains, +where they can watch the interesting process of its +growth.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f083"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f083.png">TWINING HYACINTH—<i>Brodiæa volubilis</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN ROSE-BAY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Rhododendron Californicum</i>, Hook. Heath Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Evergreen shrubs three to fifteen feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Four to six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[ 234]</a></span> +inches long; leathery. <i>Flowers.</i>—Rose-pink; in large clusters. <i>Calyx.</i>—Small; +with rounded lobes. <i>Corolla.</i>—Broadly campanulate; two +inches or so across; slightly irregular; with wavy, margined lobes; the +upper spotted within. <i>Stamens.</i>—About equaling the corolla. Style +crimson. Stigma funnel-form. (Otherwise as <i>R. occidentale</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—From +British Columbia to Marin County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In our northern counties the rugged mountain-sides are +often densely covered with the lovely rose-bay, which in early +summer presents an appearance it would be impossible to rival. +When the foliage, which is very rich in both quality and hue, +is thickly massed with the great glowing flower-clusters, the +sight is worth a pilgrimage to see. It is a shrub so beautiful, +we marvel it is not generally cultivated in gardens.</p> + +<p>The bees are very fond of the blossoms, but popular tradition +ascribes a poisonous quality to the honey made from them.</p> + +<p>We have noticed no perfume in these flowers, but the +leaves are often quite pleasantly fragrant.</p> + + +<h3>COMMON WILD ROSE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Rosa Californica</i>, Cham. and Schlecht. Rose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Erect shrubs three to eight feet high. Prickles few; stout; recurved; +mostly in pairs beneath the entire stipules. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; pinnate; +with five to seven leaflets. <i>Leaflets.</i>—Ovate or oblong; serrate. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Few to many in clusters; pale-pink. <i>Calyx.</i>—With urn-shaped +tube and five-cleft border, whose lobes are foliaceously tipped. +<i>Petals.</i>—Five; six to nine lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Very numerous. +<i>Ovaries.</i>—Several; bony; in, but free from, the calyx-tube. <i>Hips.</i>—Many; +four or five lines through. <i>Hab.</i>—From San Diego to Oregon.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The wild rose is one of the few flowers that blooms cheerfully +through the long summer days, lavishing its beautiful +clusters of deliciously fragrant flowers as freely along the dusty +roadside as in the more secluded thicket. In autumn it often +seems inspired to a special luxuriance of blossoming, and it +lingers to greet the asters and mingle its pink flowers and +brilliant scarlet hips with their delicate lilacs.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f084"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f084.png">CALIFORNIAN ROSE-BAY—<i>Rhododendron Californicum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p><i>R. gymnocarpa</i>, Nutt., "the redwood-rose," is exquisitely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[ 236]</a></span> +dainty. This is found in shady places under the trees. It +blooms earlier than the common species, and is neither so +abundant nor so fragrant. Its flowers are barely an inch +across and of a bright pink. The prickles are straight, and +the calyx-lobes are without leafy tips, while the leaflets are +small and shapely.</p> + + +<h3>BEAUTIFUL CLARKIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Clarkia concinna</i> (F. and M.), Greene. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Several inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—One or two +inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Axillary; sessile; parts in fours. <i>Calyx.</i>—Red-pink; +tube an inch or more long. <i>Petals.</i>—Rose-pink; six lines +to over an inch long. <i>Ovary.</i>—Four-celled. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>Eucharidium +concinnum</i>, Fisch. and Mey. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges, from Santa +Barbara to Mendocino County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In June these charming blossoms may be found in the company +of the maidenhair fern fringing the banks of shady roads, +or standing in glowing masses under the buckeye-trees. In +them nature has ventured upon one of those rather daring +color combinations of which we would have hardly dreamed, +and the result is delightful. The petals are bright rose-pink, +while the sepals are of a red pink.</p> + + +<h3>SPREADING DOGBANE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Apocynum androsæmifolium</i>, L. Dogbane Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Erect; one to three feet high; spreading. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; +short-petioled; ovate or roundish; an inch or two long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Clustered; +pink. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>—Campanulate; three +or four lines long; with five revolute lobes; having a small scale at base, +opposite each lobe. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; on the corolla. Filaments short. +Anthers erect around the stigma. Style none. <i>Ovaries.</i>—Two; +becoming a pair of long pods. Seeds silky-tufted. <i>Hab.</i>—Widely +distributed in the United States.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f086"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f086.png">BEAUTIFUL CLARKIA—<i>Clarkia concinna</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The small pink flowers of the spreading dogbane may be +found all through the summer, often upon our driest hillsides. +The shapely little blossoms are of a flesh-tint without, richly +veined with deeper pink within, and quite fragrant. The plants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[ 238]</a></span> +have a milky juice and a tough fiber in the stem, similar to +that in the American-Indian hemp. The plant was formerly +supposed to be poisonous to dogs, from which fact it received +its generic name, which translated gives the common English +name, "dogbane." It is used in medicine as a remedy for +rheumatic gout. The very long pods seem absurdly out of +proportion to the small flowers.</p> + +<p><i>A. cannabinum</i>, L., the American-Indian hemp, is also found +within our borders, but it grows along stream-banks and in +marshy places. It has oblong, pointed leaves, and small +greenish-white flowers, only two lines long, whose close cylindrical +corollas hardly surpass the calyx. The yellowish-brown +bark of this plant is very tough and fibrous, and at the same +time soft and silky. Our Indians have always found it of the +utmost value in the making of ropes, lariats, nets, mats, baskets, +etc., and before the coming of the white man they even made +certain articles of clothing of it. A tincture made from the +root is a recognized drug in the pharmacopœia. Professor +Thouin, of Paris, says that a permanent dye may be obtained +from a decoction of it, which is brown or black, according to +the mordant used.</p> + + +<h3>FIRECRACKER FLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Brodiæa coccinea</i>, Gray. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Grasslike, a foot or two long. <i>Scape.</i>—One to three feet +high; six- to fifteen-flowered. <i>Perianth.</i>—An inch or two long; rich +crimson; the limb of six green or yellowish oblong lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>—Three; +on the perianth. Filaments adnate to its tube. Anther tips +exserted. <i>Staminodia.</i>—Three; broad; short; white; on the throat of +the perianth, alternating with the stamens. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. +Style exserted. Stigma three-lobed. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>Brevoortia coccinea</i>, Wats. +<i>Hab.</i>—The mountains from Mendocino County to Shasta County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>When our northern valleys have become parched by the +first heat of summer, many beautiful flowers are still to be +found in deep caņon retreats, where the streams, overarched +by great shadowing oaks, gush downward through leafy copses +of hazelwood and thimble-berry by beds of moss and fern.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[ 240]</a></span> +Upon the walls of such charming gorges the firecracker flower +rears its slender stem and shakes out its bunch of brilliant crimson +blossoms. These are a prophetic symbol of our national +holiday rather than an aid to its celebration—for they have +often passed away before the Fourth of July.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f087"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f087.png">FIRECRACKER FLOWER—<i>Brodiæa coccinea</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>GODETIA. FAREWELL TO SPRING.</h3> + +<h4><i>Godetia viminea</i>, Spach. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—One to three feet high; sometimes stout. <i>Leaves.</i>—Linear +to linear-lanceolate; entire; an inch or two long; distant. <i>Flowers.</i>—Nodding +in the bud. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>—Two to four lines long. <i>Petals.</i>—Deep +rose-color, sometimes yellowish at base with a dark spot; nine +to fifteen lines long. <i>Capsules.</i>—Smoothish; eight to eighteen lines +long; its sides two-ribbed; sessile or short-pediceled. (See <i>Godetia</i>.) +<i>Hab.</i>—From the Columbia River southward to Ventura.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In early summer the rosy flowers of this <i>Godetia</i> make +bright masses of color along dry banks and hill-slopes. Its +blossoms are very variable as to marking. Sometimes the +petals have a bright crimson blotch at the base and sometimes +they are without it, both forms often occurring upon the same +plant. In some seasons all the flowers are without the blotch.</p> + +<p><i>G. grandiflora</i>, Lindl., found in Humboldt and Mendocino +Counties, is probably the most showy species we have. The +plants are a foot or two high and covered all over with the +wonderful flowers, which are often four inches across. These +are delicate pink, blotched with rich crimson.</p> + +<p><i>G. Bottæ</i>, Spach., is an exquisite species found in the Coast +Ranges, from Monterey to San Diego. Its very slender stems +lift the fragile, satiny cups above the dried grasses in charming +companies. These blossoms also vary much. Among the +prettiest forms is one which is pale rose or lilac, blending to +white at the center, delicately striate with purple-dotted lines, +and having a rich purple spot in the center. This often grows +with the lilac butterfly-tulip, <i>Calochortus splendens</i>, and at a +little distance is so similar, it is difficult to distinguish it from the +lily. But the lily rarely or never grows in throngs. The capsules +of this species have pedicels from three to nine lines long.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f088"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f088.png">FAREWELL TO SPRING—<i>Godetia viminea</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>BLEEDING-HEART.</h3> + +<h4><i>Dicentra formosa</i>, DC. Bleeding-heart Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Ternately dissected, with toothed leaflets. <i>Scapes.</i>—Six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[ 242]</a></span> +inches to two feet high. <i>Flowers.</i>—Rose-colored to pale pink, sometimes +almost white or yellowish; nodding. (Floral structure as in <i>D. +chrysantha</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from Middle +California to British Columbia.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The bleeding-heart is a rather shy flower, and never makes +itself common enough to dull our enthusiasm for it. It fully +merits its specific name, for it is a plant of elegant form +throughout, from its shapely divided leaves to its graceful clusters +of pendent hearts. It is found in the woods of our Coast +Ranges, but may be seen to best advantage when nestling amid +the lush grasses of Sierra meadows.</p> + + +<h3>INDIAN RHUBARB. UMBRELLA-PLANT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Saxifraga peltata</i>, Torr. Saxifrage Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>—Thick; creeping. <i>Leaves.</i>—Radical; long-petioled; a +foot or more across when mature; nine- to fourteen-lobed; centrally +depressed. <i>Scapes.</i>—One to three feet high. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-lobed. +<i>Petals.</i>—Five; roundish; three lines or more long; purplish-pink. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten. +<i>Ovaries.</i>—Two; distinct. Stigmas capitate or reniform. +<i>Hab.</i>—The Sierras, from Mariposa County to Mt. Shasta; also Mendocino +County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Upon the borders of our swift-flowing mountain streams, +where the water-ouzel flies up and down all day, sometimes +filling the air with melody as he passes, may be seen the large +lotus-like leaves of this great Saxifrage. They stand with their +dark, warm stems in the water; or, poising upon the brink, +they lean gracefully over it, making myriad reflections in the +brown depths below, while every passing breeze awakens a +quick response among them.</p> + +<p>Early in the season, before the coming of the leaves, these +plants send up tall stems with dense, branching clusters of +handsome purplish-pink flowers. The leaves, small at first, +continue to grow until late summer, when they have reached<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[ 244]</a></span> +their perfection; after which they begin to deepen into the +richest of autumn hues.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f089"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f089.png">BLEEDING-HEART—<i>Dicentra formosa</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>This plant is commonly called "Indian rhubarb," because +the Indians are extravagantly fond of the stalks of the leaves +and flowers. It is now cultivated in Eastern gardens.</p> + + +<h3>GREAT WILLOW-HERB. FIREWEED.</h3> + +<h4><i>Epilobium spicatum</i>, Lam. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Often four to seven feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Scattered; willow-like. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Purplish-pink; an inch or more across. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>—Linear; +limb four-parted; often colored. <i>Stamens.</i>—Eight. Anthers +purplish. <i>Ovary.</i>—Four-celled. Seeds silky-tufted. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>E. angustifolium</i>, +L. <i>Hab.</i>—The Sierras; eastward to the Atlantic; also in +the North Coast mountains. Found also in Europe and Asia.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This plant has received one of its English names, because +its leaves are like those of the willow and its seeds are furnished +with silken down, like the fluff on the willow.</p> + +<p>It is our finest and most showy species of <i>Epilobium</i>, and is +also found in the Eastern States, where it is still known by a +former name—<i>E. angustifolium</i>, L. Owing to the fact that +it grows with special luxuriance in spots which have been +recently burned over, it is commonly known as "fireweed." +It may be found in perfection in the Sierras in August, where +its great spikes of large pink flowers make showy masses of +color along the streams and through the meadows, commanding +our warmest admiration.</p> + +<p>In the fall the tall, pliant, widely branching stems of the +"autumn willow-herb"—<i>E. paniculatum</i>, Nutt.—stand everywhere +by the roadside. The small pink flowers, half an inch +across, terminate the almost leafless stems, and later are replaced +by the dry, curled remains of the opened capsules and +the feathery down of the escaping seeds.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f090"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[ 245]</a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f090.png">GREAT WILLOW-HERB—<i>Epilobium spicatum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>ALPINE HEATHER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Bryanthus Breweri</i>, Gray. Heath Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Dwarf evergreens; six inches to a foot high; woody. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[ 246]</a></span> +linear; three to seven lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Purplish-rose; +on glandular pedicels. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed; small. <i>Corolla.</i>—Saucer-shaped; +six lines or so across. <i>Stamens.</i>—Seven to ten. +Anthers two-celled; opening terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>—Five-celled. Style +slender. Stigma capitate. <i>Hab.</i>—The High Sierras.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This little plant, to which Mr. Muir fondly alludes in his +charming book, "The Mountains of California," may be found +blooming in July and August in the Sierras. Sometimes it +nestles in rocky crevices in the cool drip of the snow-banks, +and again it ventures boldly out into the openings, where it +spreads its rich carpet, covered with a wealth of rosy bloom. +From the abundance of this little heathling about its shores, +one of our mountain lakes has received the name of "Heather +Lake."</p> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h4><i>Silene Gallica</i>, L. Pink Family.</h4> + +<p>Hairy. <i>Stems.</i>—Generally several. <i>Leaves.</i>—Spatulate; six to +eighteen lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>—In terminal, one-sided racemes; +four or five lines long; short-pediceled. <i>Petals.</i>—Pale rose-color or +almost white; barely exceeding the calyx. (Flower-structure as in <i>S. +Californica</i>.)</p> + +<p>This little weed has come to us from Europe, and it is now +so widely distributed, both near the sea and inland, that it is +hard to believe it is not native. The slender racemes are from +two to four inches long, and the little flowers vary from white +to pale pink. They can boast none of the showy beauty of +their relatives, the Indian pink and the Yerba del Indio.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f091"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f091.png">ALPINE HEATHER—<i>Bryanthus Breweri</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>ALPINE PHLOX.</h3> + +<h4><i>Phlox Douglasii</i>, Hook. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Plants forming cushion-like tufts; three or four inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Needle-like;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[ 248]</a></span> +six lines or less long; with shorter ones crowded in the +axils. <i>Flowers.</i>—Pink, lilac, or white; sessile; terminating the branchlets. +<i>Calyx.</i>—Five-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>—Salver-form; with five-lobed border. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Five; on the tube of the corolla. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. +Style three-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>—The Sierras, from Mariposa County +northward and eastward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This delightful little flower may be found in the Sierras at +an altitude of from five to ten thousand feet. It loves the open +sunshine of the cool mountain heights, and with its cushiony +tufts clothes many a bit of granite soil with beauty. It seems +undaunted by its stern surroundings, and lifts its innocent eyes +confidingly to the skies which bend gently over it—those skies</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">"So fathomless and pure, as if</span> +<span class="ni">All loveliest azure things have gone</span> +<span class="ni">To heaven that way—the flowers, the sea,—</span> +<span class="ni">And left their color there alone."</span> +</div></div> + + +<h3>PINK MONKEY-FLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Mimulus Lewisii</i>, Pursh. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Slender; eighteen inches or so high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Sessile; +oblong-ovate to lanceolate; denticulate; somewhat viscid. <i>Peduncles.</i>—Elongated. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Eighteen lines to two inches long; with tube +exceeding the calyx and five ample spreading ciliate lobes; rose-color +or paler, with usually a darker stripe down the center of each lobe. +Ridges of lower lobe yellow and spotted; bearded. <i>Stamens.</i>—Included. +(See <i>Mimulus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—The Sierras, from Central California +northward and eastward to Montana.</p></blockquote> + +<p>One of the most beautiful of all our monkey-flowers is this +charming species, which is found along the cold streams of the +Sierras. Its large flowers have a fragile, delicate look, and the +light stems and leaves are of an exquisite green.</p> + +<p>I remember coming upon a delightful company of these +blossoms, in a little emerald meadow upon the margin of one +of those alpine lakelets which nestle among the granite crags. +They seemed the most fitting flowers for just such a high, pure +atmosphere.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f092"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f092.png">ALPINE PHLOX—<i>Phlox Douglasii</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>SIERRA PRIMROSE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Primula suffrutescens</i>, Gray. Primrose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Wedge-shaped, an inch or so long; clustered at the ends<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[ 250]</a></span> +of the branches. <i>Flower-stems.</i>—Several inches high. Umbel several-flowered. +<i>Calyx.</i>—Five-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>—Salver-shaped; an inch or +less across; deep rose-color, with a yellow eye. <i>Stamens.</i>—High on +the corolla-throat opposite its lobes. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Style slender. +<i>Hab.</i>—The Sierras.</p></blockquote> + +<p>If one takes his alpenstock in hand and climbs to the snow line +in late summer, he is apt to be rewarded by the charming +flowers of the Sierra primrose. The little plants grow in the +drip of the snow-banks, where the melting ice gradually liberates +the tufts of evergreen leaves. The glowing flowers look +as though they might have caught and held the last rosy reflection +of the sunset upon the snow above them.</p> + + +<h3>PRIDE OF THE MOUNTAINS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Pentstemon Menziesii, var. Newberryi</i>, Gray. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Six inches to a foot high; woody at base. <i>Leaves.</i>—Ovate, +obovate, or oblong; an inch or less long; leathery. <i>Peduncles.</i>—Usually +one-flowered, forming a short, glandular-pubescent raceme. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Bright rose-pink; an inch long. <i>Anthers.</i>—White-woolly; +with divergent cells. (See <i>Pentstemon</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—The High Sierras of +Central California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This charming <i>Pentstemon</i> is one of the most gracious +flowers to be found in the Sierras in late summer. Upon +banks overhanging the streams, or growing at great heights +under the open sky, it makes many a rock-shelf gay with its +brilliant pink blossoms.</p> + +<p>We wonder how it can possibly subsist upon the hard, glittering +granite; but there the mystery of its life continues from +day to day, and there it cheerfully produces its masses of +bright flowers, which gladden the weary climber to these +snowy heights.</p> + +<p>This species of <i>Pentstemon</i> is well marked by its white-woolly +anthers, which almost fill the throat. Northward it +passes into the typical <i>P. Menziesii</i>, which has flowers from +violet-blue to pink-purple.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f093"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f093.png">SIERRA PRIMROSE—<i>Primula suffrutescens</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>LESSINGIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lessingia leptoclada</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Finely white-woolly. <i>Stems.</i>—From a few inches to two feet high,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[ 252]</a></span> +with numerous, almost filiform branchlets, bearing few or solitary heads +of pink or white flowers. <i>Lower leaves.</i>—Spatulate; sparingly toothed; +withering early. <i>Upper leaves.</i>—Lanceolate, or linear and entire; sessile; +uppermost diminished into remote, subulate bracts. <i>Heads.</i>—Five- to +twenty-flowered. Of tubular disk-flowers only. Outer flowers +much larger. <i>Involucre.</i>—Silky hairy; broadly campanulate; with +imbricated, appressed bracts. <i>Hab.</i>—Widespread.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In late summer the pink <i>Lessingia</i> is apparent along dry +roadsides or embankments, where its blossoms make charming +masses of soft color. It is quite abundant in the Yosemite, +especially in the lower end of the valley.</p> + +<p><i>L. Germanorum</i>, Cham., found plentifully from San Diego +to San Francisco, has yellow flowers.</p> + + +<h3>ELEPHANTS' HEADS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Pedicularis Grœnlandica</i>, Retz. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Tall and slender; smooth. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; lanceolate +in outline; pinnately parted into linear-lanceolate, serrate divisions; +diminishing upward into the flower-bracts. <i>Flowers.</i>—Pink; in a dense +spike several inches long. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>—With +short tube and bilabiate limb. Upper lip with a long beak, like an elephant's +trunk; lower three-lobed, deflexed. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four. Filaments +and style filiform; sheathed in the beak. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. +<i>Hab.</i>—The Sierras from King's River northward; and eastward to +Hudson's Bay.</p></blockquote> + +<p>No more curious flower could be found than this little denizen +of our alpine meadows. Its tall pink spikes attract one +from a distance, and astonish one upon nearer acquaintance by +the wonderful resemblance of their blossoms to many small +elephants' heads. The forehead, the long ears hanging at the +sides of the head, and the long, slender, curving trunk are all +perfectly simulated.</p> + +<p>These flowers have a pleasant perfume.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>P. attollens</i>, Gray—often found growing +with the above, is similar to it in general structure, but its +leaves are more dissected, its flower-spike is rather woolly, and +its beak is only two or three lines long. These blossoms bear +no resemblance to the elephant.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f094"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f094.png">LESSINGIA—<i>Lessingia leptoclada</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>ALPINE WILLOW-HERB. ROCK-FRINGE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Epilobium obcordatum</i>, Gray. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Decumbent; three to five inches long. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[ 254]</a></span> +ovate; sessile; four to ten lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>—One to five; +bright rose-pink; over an inch across. <i>Calyx.</i>—With linear tube and +four-cleft limb. <i>Petals.</i>—Four; erect and spreading; obcordate. <i>Stamens.</i>—Eight; +four shorter. Filaments slender; exserted. <i>Ovary.</i>—Linear, +four-celled. Style filiform; much exserted. Stigma four-lobed. +Seeds silky-tufted. <i>Hab.</i>—The Sierras from Tulare County northward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Though low of stature, this little willow-herb is a charming +plant, with large rosy flowers. At an elevation of eight thousand +feet or more in the mountains, it nestles amid the rocks, +fringing their crevices with a profusion of brilliant bloom. +Though it often costs a hard climb up rocky crags to secure it, +we feel well repaid by its bright beauty.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h4><i>Hosackia Purshiana</i>, Benth. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Soft-woolly throughout. <i>Stems.</i>—Erect or loosely spreading over +the ground. <i>Leaves.</i>—Sessile. <i>Leaflets.</i>—One to three; ovate to lanceolate; +three to nine lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Yellowish-pink; solitary; +two or three lines long. Peduncles usually exceeding the leaves; with +a single leaflet below the flower. <i>Calyx-teeth.</i>—Linear; much exceeding +the tube, about equaling the corolla. <i>Pod.</i>—Narrow; twelve to +eighteen lines long; five- to seven-seeded. (See <i>Hosackia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This little plant is very abundant and widespread. It +makes its appearance after the drouth sets in, and often spreads +over the ground in considerable patches. Its woolly or silky +foliage has a pale cast, and its small, solitary, pinkish flowers, +which are quite numerous, are not unattractive.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[ 255]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="IV_BLUE_AND_PURPLE" id="IV_BLUE_AND_PURPLE"></a>IV. BLUE AND PURPLE</h2> + + +<h3>[<i>Blue or purple or occasionally or partially blue or purple +flowers not described in the Blue and Purple Section.</i></h3> + +<ul> +<li><i>Described in the White Section</i>:--</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Antirrhinum Coulterianum</span>--Coulter's Snapdragon.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Audibertia polystachya</span>--White Sage.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Calochortus luteus oculatus</span>--Butterfly Tulip.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Calochortus venustus</span>--Mariposa Tulip.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Ceanothus integerrimus</span>--Mountain Birch; Tea-Tree; Soap-Bush.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Eriodictyon glutinosum</span>--Yerba Santa.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Eriodictyon tomentosum</span>--Yerba Santa.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Lathyrus vestitus</span>--Common Wild Pea.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Malacothrix saxatilis</span>.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Micromeria Douglasii</span>--Yerba Buena.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Solanum Douglasii</span>--Nightshade.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Sphacele calycina</span>--Pitcher-Sage.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Viola Beckwithii</span>--Mountain Heart's-ease.</li> + +<li><i>Described in the Yellow Section</i>:--</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Anagallis arvensis</span>--Pimpernel.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Calochortus Weedii</span>--Mariposa Lily, or Tulip.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Hosackia crassifolia</span>.</li> + +<li><i>Described in the Pink Section</i>:--</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Convolvulus soldanella</span>--Beach Morning-glory.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Dodecatheon Meadia</span>--Shooting-Stars.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Erigeron Philadelphicus</span>--Common Fleabane.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Gilia Androsacea</span>.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Gilia Californica</span>--Prickly Phlox.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Gilia Dianthoides</span>--Ground Pink.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Pentstemon Menziesii</span>--Pride of the Mountains.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Phlox Douglasii</span>--Alpine Phlox.</li> + +<li><i>Described in the Red Section</i>:--</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Aquilegia coerulea</span>.</li> + +<li><i>Described in the Miscellaneous Section</i>:--</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Darlingtonia Californica</span>--Californian Pitcher-Plant.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Dipsacus Fullonum</span>--Teasel.</li> +</ul> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[ 256]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>FETID ADDER'S-TONGUE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Scoliopus Bigelovii</i>, Torr. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—Two; oval-elliptical to narrowly oblanceolate; four to fifteen +inches long; blotched with brown. <i>Flowers.</i>—Three to twelve; +on lax pedicels three to nine inches long. <i>Sepals.</i>—Whitish, veined +with purple; spreading. <i>Petals.</i>—Erect; narrowly linear; wine-color +without. <i>Stamens.</i>—Three. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled; three-angled. Stigma +three-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges from Marin to Humboldt +County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>When the first white blossoms of the toothwort are making +their appearance in moist woodlands, we may be sure that the +fetid adder's-tongue is already pushing its shining green leaves +aboveground away up in the cold caņons of north hill-slopes; +and unless we hasten, we shall be too late to see its curious +flowers. I have often arrived only in time to find its fruit, +which resembles a beechnut in shape. When the flowers first +open they stand erect, held in the shining chalice formed by +the two sheathing green leaves. Later the leaves open out, +showing their beautiful blotched surfaces, and the three-angled +flower-stems become limp and twisted. The petals stand erect, +and are so slender as to resemble three linear stigmas. The +little oval anthers are green before opening, but soon become +golden with the discharging pollen.</p> + +<p>These flowers are elegant in appearance, and suggestive +of orchids; but unfortunately they have a very offensive odor, +like that of the star-fishes found upon our beaches, which +makes us quite content to leave them ungathered. But the +large yellow slug has no such aversion to them, and we have +often seen him banqueting upon them. Indeed, he is so fond +of them that the flowers are often entirely gone from the stems.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f095"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f095.png">FETID ADDER'S-TONGUE—<i>Scoliopus Bigelovii</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>HOUND'S-TONGUE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Cynoglossum grande</i>, Dougl. Borage Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>—Two feet or so high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; long-petioled;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[ 258]</a></span> +ovate-oblong; pointed; usually rounded at base; often a foot long. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Bright blue; in a terminal panicle. <i>Calyx.</i>—Deeply five-cleft. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Rotate; with short tube and five-lobed border; having +five beadlike crests in the throat. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; on the corolla, +alternate with its lobes. <i>Ovary.</i>—Four-lobed. Style undivided. <i>Fruit.</i>—Four +prickly nutlets. <i>Hab.</i>—From Marin County to Washington.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Among the first plants to respond to the quickening influence +of the early winter rains, is the hound's-tongue, whose +large, pointed leaves begin to push their way aboveground +usually in January. At first these are often quite velvety beneath +and of a pinkish hue, and hold hidden within their midst +the well-formed buds which a few warm, sunny days will call +forth. The flowers, at first pink, become bright blue after fertilization +has taken place.</p> + +<p>The favorite haunts of this welcome blossom are half-shaded +woods, where it rears its tall stalk in almost sole possession at +this early season.</p> + +<p>The common name is a translation of the generic name, +which is derived from two Greek words, signifying <i>dog</i> and +<i>tongue</i>, bestowed because of the shape of the leaves. In the +olden times a superstition was rife that if a person laid the +hound's-tongue beneath his feet it would prevent dogs from +barking at him.</p> + +<p>The distribution of the seed is most cunningly provided for, +as the upper surfaces of the nutlets are covered with tiny +barbs, which a magnifying-glass reveals to be quite perfect +little anchors, admirably adapted for catching in the hair +of animals.</p> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIA LILAC. SOAP-BUSH.</h3> + +<h4><i>Ceanothus divaricatus</i>, Nutt. Buckthorn Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Tall, almost arborescent shrubs; with very divergent and rigid +branches. Twigs cylindrical; smooth; mostly very pale. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +short-petioled; ovate; four to ten lines long; three-nerved; +somewhat leathery. <i>Flowers.</i>—In a narrowly oblong, dense cluster +two or three inches long; pale blue to white. <i>Capsule.</i>—Two or three</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f096"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f096.png">HOUND'S-TONGUE—<i>Cynoglossum grande</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<blockquote><p>lines in diameter; not lobed; scarcely crested. (See <i>Ceanothus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Chiefly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[ 260]</a></span> +the southern Coast Range.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This species of California lilac is very abundant in the south, +and is specially characterized by its widely branching habit +and its round, pale-green twigs. The flowers are usually light +blue; but in some localities they are pure white. Near Santa +Barbara, in January, the mountain-slopes are often snowy with +them.</p> + +<p>Dr. Gregg, of San Diego, while hunting one day in Lower +California, just over the border, had his attention called to the +wild lilac by his old Mexican guide, who assured him that the +blossoms in themselves were excellent soap. Taking a handful +of them down to the stream, he rubbed them vigorously +between his wet hands, and found to his astonishment that they +made an excellent lather, with a pleasant fragrance of wintergreen. +I have since proved the fact for myself. A more +delightful way of performing one's ablutions can hardly be +imagined than at the brookside with so charming a soap. It +is very cleansing and leaves the skin pleasantly soft.</p> + +<p>It was probably the blossoms of <i>C. integerrimus</i> he used, as +that shrub is called "soap-bush" in that region; but I have +since tried the experiment upon <i>C. divaricatus</i> and some other +species with perfect success, from which I suspect this may be +a generic characteristic.</p> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN TRILLIUM.</h3> + +<h4><i>Trillium sessile, var. Californicum</i>, Wats. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>—Like a small turnip. <i>Stems.</i>—Usually several from the +same root; a foot or so high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Three at the top of the stem; +three to eight inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—White to deep wine-color. +<i>Petals.</i>—One to four inches long. (Otherwise as <i>T. ovatum</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—From +San Luis Obispo to Oregon.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f097"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f097.png">CALIFORNIAN TRILLIUM—<i>Trillium sessile, var. Californicum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>We begin to look for the Californian <i>Trillium</i> early in the +spring. Little companies of the plants may be seen upon low +flats under the trees, where the soil is rich. The small, turnip-like +tubers usually send up several stems, which lean gracefully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[ 262]</a></span> +away from one another. The large leaves are often like pieces +of decorated china that have been several times through the +kiln. They have various superimposed blotchings, the latest +of which are dark, sharp, cuneiform characters, mysterious +hieroglyphs of Nature, which might reveal wondrous secrets, +could we but decipher them. The blossoms have a strong, +heavy fragrance, and are exceedingly variable in color, ranging +from pure white to lilac, deep wine, and even black-purple. +These plants are much admired in the East and in Europe, +where they are cultivated in the garden.</p> + + +<h3>BRODIÆA. CLUSTER-LILY. WILD HYACINTH.</h3> + +<h4><i>Brodiæa capitata</i>, Benth. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Corm.</i>—Small; scaly-coated. <i>Leaves.</i>—Linear; a foot or more +long; passing away early. <i>Scapes.</i>—Four inches to over two feet high. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Deep violet to white; six to ten lines long. <i>Bracts.</i>—Sometimes +deep, rich purple. <i>Perianth.</i>—With oblong tube and campanulate, +six-parted limb. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six; on the corolla; the inner with +an appendage on each side; the outer naked. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. +Style stout. Stigma three-lobed. <i>Hab</i>.—Throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This beautiful <i>Brodiæa</i> grows all over the hills in early +spring, and steals into cultivated fields, where it luxuriates in +the freshly stirred soil and lifts its fine violet-colored clusters +above the waving grain. It holds quite as warm a place in +our affections as the more gorgeous poppy. These blossoms +will keep a long time after being gathered, and are used every +year in lavish profusion in the decorations of the flower carnivals.</p> + +<p>The little bulbs, eaten raw, are quite palatable, and are +eagerly sought by the children, who call them "grass-nuts." +The early Spanish-Californians also appreciated them, and +knew them as "saitas." They have a number of other common +names, such as "Spanish-lily," "cluster-lily," "wild hyacinth," +and "hog-onion"; but I must protest against the +injustice of this latter, and beg all flower-lovers to discountenance +it.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f098"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[ 263]</a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f098.png">BRODIÆA—<i>Brodiæa capitata</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>Closely resembling the above, is <i>B. multiflora</i>, Benth. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[ 264]</a></span> +has, however, but three stamens, the other three being represented +by staminodia, which are entire and of the same length +as the stamens.</p> + +<p><i>B. congesta</i>, Smith, another similar species, is often four +feet tall. It also has three stamens and three staminodia; but +the latter are deeply cleft and exceed the anthers. This is +called "ookow" by the Indians.</p> + + +<h3>BROWN LILY. MISSION-BELLS. BRONZE-BELLS. +RICE-ROOT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Fritillaria lanceolata</i>, Pursh. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>—A foot or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>—In scattered whorls; lanceolate; +two to five inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—One to several; open campanulate; +greenish or black-purple; variously checkered or mottled. +<i>Perianth-segments.</i>—Strongly arched, with a large oblong nectary. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Six. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. <i>Hab</i>.—The Coast Ranges, +from British Columbia to Santa Cruz.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">"'Neath cloistered boughs each floral bell that swingeth</span> +</div></div> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">Makes Sabbath in the fields, and ever ringeth</span> +<span class="i8">A call to prayer."</span> +</div></div> + +<p>One of the oddest and most beautiful flowers of our rich +woodlands is the brown lily, or <i>Fritillaria</i>. It is unrivaled in +elegance, for every line of its contour is a study in grace. Nor +do its charms cease with stem and leaf and flower; for, hidden +away in the rich leaf-mold, is one of its most beautiful features, +its bulb. This is pure, shining white, conical in form, and surrounded +by many tiny bulblets, like grains of rice, which crumble +away from it at a touch. If you go into the woods in early +spring, you will often see certain handsome, broad, shining, +solitary leaves, close to the ground, and you will wonder what +they are. Often near them there are many tiny leaves of the +same sort pushing their way aboveground; and sometimes +among them all there is a solitary strong scape, with unfolding +leaves and a promise of flowers. This is a colony of the beautiful +brown lilies. The tiny leaves are the product of the little +rice-grains, and are probably now seeing the light for the first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[ 266]</a></span> +time. Between these and the large leaves the breadth of the +hand, are many sizes, in all stages. The broad leaves may be +from bulbs four or five years old, but they will send up no +blossom-stalk this year; for there is rarely or never a radical-leaf +and a blossom-stalk from the same bulb at once.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f099"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f099.png">BROWN LILY—<i>Fritillaria lanceolata</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>When the plant is about to flower, the bulb sends up a tall +stalk, with here and there a whorl of shining leaves, hanging at +the summit its string of pendent bronze-bells. These are mottled +and checkered, and are of varying shades, from dull green +to black-purple, and often have a beautiful bloom upon them. +Their modest colors blend so nicely into the shadowy scene +about, that it is difficult to see them unless the eye is somewhat +practiced.</p> + +<p>Following the inflorescence comes a beautiful and unique +seed-vessel, curiously winged and angled, and of a delicate, +papery texture when mature. It contains the thin, flat seeds, +neatly packed in six ranks.</p> + +<p>The flowers are usually an inch long, though they are sometimes +two inches long. A plant was once found three and a +half feet high, with a chime of nineteen bells.</p> + + +<h3>BLACK LILY. CHOCOLATE-LILY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Fritillaria biflora</i>, Lindl. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges, from San Diego to Mendocino County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>We have a number of species of <i>Fritillaria</i>, most of them +with beautiful flowers. They fall naturally into two groups, +according to the character of the bulb; <i>F. lanceolata</i> and <i>F. +biflora</i> being types of the two groups.</p> + +<p><i>F. biflora</i>, the black, or chocolate, lily, is the species common +in the south, and blooms early. It closely resembles <i>F. +lanceolata</i>, but can always be distinguished by its bulb, which is +composed of several erect, short, easily separable scales. Its +specific name is an unfortunate one; for, far from being confined +to two flowers, it often has as many as ten.</p> + +<p><i>F. pluriflora</i>, Torr., found upon the upper Sacramento, has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[ 267]</a></span> +flowers of a uniform reddish-purple, without mottling or spots. +It has a comparatively large bulb, an inch or so long, formed +of separate scales.</p> + +<p><i>F. pudica</i>, Spreng., found on the eastern slopes of the +Sierras, has solitary yellow flowers.</p> + +<p><i>F. liliacea</i>, Lindl., is our only white species. This is found +upon the hills of San Francisco and in the Sacramento Valley. +It has a whorl of leaves near the ground and two or three +greenish-white, nodding flowers. It is exceedingly local.</p> + + +<h3>LARGE-FLOWERED PHACELIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Phacelia grandiflora</i>, Gray. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Coarse, glandular-viscid plants; one to three feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Round-ovate; +irregularly toothed; sometimes three or four inches long. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Lavender to white; variously streaked and veined with +purple. <i>Corolla.</i>—Rotate; two inches across; without scalelike appendages +in the throat. <i>Filaments.</i>—Long; purple. Anthers large; +versatile. Style two-cleft. (See <i>Phacelia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—From Santa Barbara +to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This is the largest-flowered of all our <i>Phacelias</i>. Its tall +stems are abundantly covered above with the fine-looking +blossoms. These are very attractive to the uninitiated, who +usually rushes forward in breathless haste to possess himself of +these new-found treasures and is rarely satisfied with less than +a large bunch of them. But woe lies in wait for him. The +innumerable glands, covering the whole plant, readily yield up +their viscid fluid, which in a few moments turns everything +with which it comes in contact to a deep red-brown, like iron-rust. +If he escape with ruined clothing, and hands the color +of a red Indian, he will have come off well—for the plant +poisons some people.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>P. viscida</i>, Torr.—found in about the +same range as the above, resembles it closely. It is a foot or +so high, branching from the base, and has blue flowers, with +purple or white centers, and only half the size of the above.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[ 268]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>VIOLET NIGHTSHADE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Solanum Xanti</i>, Gray. Nightshade Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Herbaceous nearly to the base; viscid-pubescent, with jointed hairs. +<i>Stems.</i>—Several feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Two inches or less long; sometimes +with lobes at the base; thin. <i>Flowers.</i>—An inch or so across. +<i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>—Violet, with green spots ringed with +white at the base. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five. Filaments short. Anthers erect; +opening terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. Style filiform; exserted. +<i>Berries.</i>—Purple; six lines in diameter. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>These plants are especially abundant in the south, where +one encounters them upon every roadside. The clusters of +violet flowers are very handsome, and often have the perfume +of the wild rose.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>S. umbelliferum</i>, Esch.—is so nearly +like the above as to be often confounded with it. But it has +smaller, thicker leaves, the hairs are branched, and it is more +woody below, with shorter flowering branches.</p> + +<p>We once saw, in an ideal Japanese villa among the redwoods, +a rustic arbor over which had been trained the rough, +woody stems of one of these nightshades. The genius of these +wise little people, who had adapted this pretty woodland +climber to sylvan cultivation, seemed to us worthy of emulation.</p> + + +<h3>GREEN-BANDED MARIPOSA. NOONA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Calochortus macrocarpus</i>, Dougl. Lily Family</h4> + +<p>Nature has sent this, one of the finest and most elegant of +all our <i>Mariposas</i>, to beautify the arid sagebrush deserts of our +northeastern boundary. In Europe it is admired beyond all +our other species, and there is a great demand for the bulbs. +Its large flowers are of a beautiful lilac, similar in tone to the +Marie Louise violet, and each pointed petal has a green band +running down its center.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f100"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f100.png">VIOLET NIGHTSHADE—<i>Solanum Xanti</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>Among the Indians of their native region the rather large +bulbs of these plants are known as "noonas," and regarded as +a priceless delicacy. Even those who have never experienced +the bliss of tasting them know them by reputation as the acme<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[ 270]</a></span> +of all that is delicious. When Mr. Johnson, of Astoria, wished +to secure a number of the bulbs for the European market, he +hired the squaws to dig them, but found that they ate them as +fast as they dug them; and it was only by offering them most +liberal stores of bacon and flour he could induce them to +restrain their appetites and part with the treasure.</p> + + +<h3>SKULLCAP.</h3> + +<h4><i>Scutellaria tuberosa</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Several inches high, or at length trailing, and a foot long; +from small tubers. <i>Leaves.</i>—One inch long and less; not aromatic. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Axillary; blue-purple. <i>Calyx.</i>—Bilabiate. <i>Corolla.</i>—Six +lines or more long; tubular; bilabiate. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four; in pairs; ascending; +contained in the helmet. <i>Ovary.</i>—Of four seedlike nutlets. +Style filiform. <i>Hab.</i>—Hillsides, from San Diego northward; probably +throughout the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The bright-green herbage and the rich purple-blue flowers +of the little skullcap may be looked for early in February. In +the north they grow upon dry, stony hill-slopes under the +chaparral, while southward they often affect the walls of caņons, +among moist, luxuriant vegetation.</p> + +<p>Though borne in the axils of the opposite leaves, the pretty +blossoms, by a twist of their pedicels, stand side by side in +pairs, in a very sociable way. The curious little two-lipped +calyx resembles an old-fashioned Quaker bonnet.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>S. angustifolia</i>, Pursh.—has linear to +oblong leaves, an inch long; flowers an inch or more long, the +lower lobe of whose corolla is hairy within, and the root is not +tuberous. It is otherwise like the above.</p> + +<p><i>S. Californica</i>, Gray, is very similar to the last species, but +has cream-white flowers. This is found in early summer upon +dry banks.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f101"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f101.png">SKULLCAP—<i>Scutellaria tuberosa</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CORAL-ROOT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Corallorhiza Bigelovii</i>, Wats. Orchis Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[ 272]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Leafless plants, with coral-like roots. <i>Scapes.</i>—Flesh-colored; six +to twenty-four inches high, with two to four scarious, sheathing bracts. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Few to many; sessile. <i>Perianth.</i>—Of six segments. The +five upper yellowish, striped with purple. The lip yellowish, tipped +with deep red-purple. <i>Anther.</i>—One; resting upon the column like a +lid; falling early. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>—Central and northern +Coast Ranges and Sierras.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The coral-root is very rare in some localities, and one may +not meet it more than a few times. But there are favored +spots where its flesh-colored stems rear themselves luxuriantly. +One year I saw a magnificent bunch of them in the hands of +some friends who were taking them to San Francisco to furnish +a rare and costly decoration for some festive occasion. Some +of the stems were two feet tall and thickly covered above with +the odd flowers, making a cluster which it would be difficult to +equal for quiet elegance of coloring.</p> + +<p>The plants are often found in redwood groves or upon +wooded hill-slopes of north exposure, where the dull stems +and flowers blend so nicely into the dead needles and leaves +upon the ground that it is difficult to detect their presence.</p> + +<p>As its name indicates, the root is the counterpart of a spray +of branching coral.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>C. multiflora</i>, Nutt.—has stems of a +colder purple; and the lip of the flower is white, spotted with +purple, somewhat fan-shaped and three-lobed.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f102"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f102.png">CORAL-ROOT—<i>Corallorhiza Bigelovii</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIA LILAC. BLUE MYRTLE. +BLUE-BLOSSOM.</h3> + +<h4><i>Ceanothus thyrsiflorus</i>, Esch. Buckthorn Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[ 274]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Varying from small, prostrate shrubs in exposed places, to erect +shrubs or small trees. <i>Branches.</i>—Strongly angled; not spiny. <i>Leaves.</i>—Elliptical; +twelve to eighteen lines long; three-nerved; smooth and +shining above. <i>Flowers.</i>—Bright to pale blue, rarely white; in dense +clusters about three inches long, terminating the usually elongated, +somewhat leafy peduncles. <i>Capsules.</i>—Globose; two lines in diameter; +smooth, not crested; slightly lobed. (See <i>Ceanothus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Near +the coast, from Monterey northward into Oregon.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the spring our chaparral-covered slopes begin to take on +a bluish tinge, like the misty smoke of distant camp-fires, for +which the blossoms of the California lilac are responsible. This +is a graceful evergreen shrub, with rich, shining leaves, among +which the abundant feathery clusters of tiny blue flowers find a +charming setting. The blossoms are deliciously fragrant, filling +the cool air with perfume.</p> + +<p>This shrub is never found far away from the coast, and it +reaches its greatest beauty in Mendocino County, where it +becomes a tree, sometimes thirty-five feet high. Its wood is +exceedingly brittle. In early days it used to be cultivated in +San Francisco gardens before it was crowded out by foreign +shrubs, often far less worthy.</p> + +<p>It is known in some localities as "blue myrtle," and in +others as "blue-blossom." The name "California lilac," by +which it is most often known, is more generally and more +appropriately applied to this species of <i>Ceanothus</i> than to any +of the others.</p> + +<p>The dark seeds are a favorite food of the quail.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f103"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f103.png">CALIFORNIA LILAC—<i>Ceanothus thyrsiflorus</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>BLUE LARKSPUR. ESPUELA DEL CABALLERO.</h3> + +<h4><i>Delphinium</i>, Tourn. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[ 276]</a></span></p> + +<p>California is rich in beautiful larkspurs, but the species are +very difficult of determination and not well defined as yet. +We have two well-marked scarlet species; but confusion still +reigns among the blue and the white. Some of the latter are +poisonous to sheep and cattle, causing great losses to the herds +every year in some localities.</p> + +<p>Among the blue larkspurs are some of our handsomest +spring flowers. Their slender wands, covered with magnificent +large blossoms, rise abundantly on every side upon some +of the mesas of our seashore, making charming flower-gardens +upon the plains. They are so lavishly bestowed that every comer +may gather his fill and still none be missed. In color they +are matchless—of the richest of Mazarin blue and purple-blue.</p> + +<p>Other species are to be found upon the slopes of interior +valleys and scattered all through the Coast Ranges and the +Sierra foothills. In midsummer, which is the vernal springtime +of the mountains, many lovely species deck the alpine meadows +and brooksides.</p> + +<p>The Spanish-Californians have a pretty title for these blossoms—"espuela +del caballero"—"the cavalier's spur."</p> + +<div class="image" id="f104"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f104.png">BLUE LARKSPUR.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CAT'S-EARS. PUSSY'S-EARS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Calochortus Maweanus</i>, Leichtlein. Lily Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[ 278]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from San Francisco and +Butte County to the Willamette Valley.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This is an exceedingly pretty little <i>Calochortus</i>, much resembling +<i>C. Benthami</i> in form, but having pure-white or +purplish-blue flowers, which are also covered with hairs and +delicately fringed with hairs on the margin. Its stems are +low, slender, and graceful, without bulblets at the base; and +the gland upon the petals has a transverse scale covering its +upper portion.</p> + +<p>This plant belongs to the section of <i>Calochortus</i> whose +species are known as "star-tulips." In the Coast Ranges, in +early spring, the blossoms are found in moist meadows near +the sea, where they nestle amid the grasses.</p> + +<p>The children are specially fond of them, and know them as +"cat's-ears" and "pussy's-ears."</p> + +<p><i>C. uniflorus</i>, Hook. and Arn., found in wet meadows from +San Francisco northward, has lilac to rose-purple flowers. +Its petals are hairy on the lower third, and its stems bear small +bulblets at the base underground.</p> + +<p><i>C. umbellatus</i>, Wood., is very similar to <i>C. Maweanus</i>; +but its pure-white petals are almost without hairs, and its stem +is without bulblets. This is found blooming in March and +April on the low mountains of Contra Costa and Marin +Counties.</p> + + +<h3>PURPLE NEMOPHILA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Nemophila aurita</i>, Lindl. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—One to three feet long; square; angled; weak; very brittle; +with backward-pointing, hooked bristles. <i>Leaves.</i>—All with a dilated, +clasping, eared base or winged petiole; above deeply pinnatifid into +five to nine oblong or lanceolate, downward-pointing lobes. <i>Corolla.</i>—Violet; +an inch or so across. (Otherwise as <i>Nemophila insignis</i>.) +<i>Hab.</i>—From San Francisco to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f105"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f105.png"><i>CAT'S-EARS—Calochortus Maweanus.</i></a></p> +</div> + +<p>The purple <i>Nemophila</i> is most abundant in the south, +growing everywhere in early springtime upon hillsides partially<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[ 280]</a></span> +shaded. Its long, coarse, hispid stems run riot over +small undershrubs or dead or unsightly brushwood, often completely +covering them with a mound of foliage thickly sown +with the dull-purple flowers.</p> + +<p>At first it is difficult to realize that this plant of coarse habit +belongs to the sisterhood of baby-eyes, those delicate, ethereal +favorites of the springtime. In fact, one's first impression of +it is that it is some new species of nightshade. One learns, +however, to have a fondness for these blossoms and a growing +desire to gather them; but their tangling, quarrelsome habit +forbids one, if any other flowers are in question.</p> + +<p>It is said that the dark-eyed seņoritas of early days decked +their ball-dresses with sprays of this flower, which clung gracefully +to the thin fabrics.</p> + + +<h3>GROUND-IRIS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Iris macrosiphon</i>, Torr. Iris Family.</h4> + + +<blockquote><p>Almost stemless plants, often forming mats. <i>Rhizome.</i>—Slender. +<i>Radical-leaves.</i>—Grasslike; six to fifteen inches long. <i>Buds.</i>—One or +two; borne in sheathing bracts. <i>Flowers.</i>—On short pedicels; deep +purple-blue, marked with white. <i>Perianth.</i>—With slender tube one +to three inches long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Three; borne under the petaloid +divisions of the style. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. <i>Capsule.</i>—Oblong-ovoid; +shortly acute at each end; one inch long. Seeds in two rows +in each cell; compressed and angled. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges, from +San Mateo to Trinity County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>When spring is at its height, this charming little <i>Iris</i> may +be found upon sunny, open hillsides among the unrolling crosiers +of the common brake. There is something peculiarly +captivating about these blossoms, with their satisfying richness +of hue and perfect symmetry of form, added to which is a +sweet, delicate perfume, an ideal exhalation of the springtime.</p> + +<p>As the buds unfold beautifully in water, it is better to +gather buds than flowers, as the latter are too fragile to carry +without breaking.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f106"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f106.png">GROUND-IRIS—<i>Iris macrosiphon</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p><i>I. longipetala</i>, Herb., is the common bog-iris of our central +coast. It grows in large clumps in wet places, and while +not a delicate flower, it has a certain brave, hardy look as it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[ 282]</a></span> +stands out upon the wind-swept downs of the Coast. Its +stems are rather stout, a foot or two high, and have from three +to five large lilac flowers. The sepals are veined with deeper +lilac and blotched with orange.</p> + + +<h3>WILD HELIOTROPE. VERVENIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Phacelia tanacetifolia</i>, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—One to three feet high; rough and hairy. <i>Leaves.</i>—Much +divided. <i>Flowers.</i>—Bright violet to blue; in clustered, scorpioid +racemes. <i>Calyx-lobes.</i>—Linear or linear-spatulate. <i>Corolla.</i>—Six +lines long. Style two-cleft. (See <i>Phacelia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the +western part of the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The wild heliotrope is one of the most abundant flowers of +midspring, especially in the south. It affects the gravelly +banks of streams or the sandy soil of mesas; or grows all +along the railroad embankments, making great mounds of +foliage, thickly sown with the bright violet-blue blossoms; or +it may often be seen clambering up through small shrubs, +seeming to seek the support of their stiff branches. It is needless +to say that this is not a true heliotrope, but belongs to the +closely allied genus, <i>Phacelia</i>.</p> + +<p>The specific name, <i>tanacetifolia</i>, meaning with tansy-like +leaves, is more applicable to the <i>var. tenuifolia</i>, Thurber. +Among the Spanish-Californians it is known as "vervenía."</p> + +<p>It is a very important honey-plant.</p> + +<p><i>P. Douglasii</i>, Torr., is a species with lavender corolla with +much the aspect of the baby-blue-eyes. This is common in +the western part of the State, south of Monterey, and is found +sparingly north of that point.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f107"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f107.png">WILD HELIOTROPE—<i>Phacelia tanacetifolia</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>BLUE-EYED GRASS. AZULEA. VILLELA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Sisyrinchium bellum</i>, Wats. Iris Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[ 284]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Leaves.</i>—Radical; grasslike; shorter than the stems. <i>Stems.</i>—Flat; +clustered; six to eighteen inches high. <i>Flowers.</i>—Four to seven; contained +in two nearly equal sheathing bracts. <i>Perianth.</i>—Six-parted; +purplish-blue, with yellow center; six lines to an inch across. <i>Stamens.</i>—Three. +Filaments united. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. Style filiform. +Stigma spindle-shaped; three-cleft after fertilization. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +California.</p> + +<p>The blue-eyed grass is such a modest flower, one would +never suspect it to be closely allied to the regal <i>Iris</i>. In late +spring its quiet stars are found in our meadows everywhere. +In the south it grows so luxuriantly and so determinedly that +it has become a serious pest to the farmer, crowding more +useful plants from the pasture.</p> + +<p>Owing to the quaint manner in which its petals kink up +when they fade, these blossoms are called "nigger-babies" by +the children. Among the Spanish-Californians the plant is +known as "azulea" and "villela," and is made into a tea, +which is considered a valuable remedy in fevers. It is thought +that a patient can subsist for many days upon it alone.</p> + +<p><i>S. Californicum</i>, Ait., the "golden-eyed grass," with bright +yellow flowers, is found in wet places all up and down the +Coast.</p> + + +<h3>BABY-EYES. BLUE-VEINED NEMOPHILA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Nemophila intermedia</i>, Bioletti. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—With petioles somewhat widened at base and ciliate; the +upper all opposite. <i>Corolla.</i>—Nine to twelve lines wide; light blue to +white; distinctly blue-veined or more or less sown with purple dots. +Scales of the corolla long, narrow, hairy, with expanded tips extending +nearly to the sinuses. <i>Ovary.</i>—Rounded; with twelve to twenty-four +ovules. (Otherwise as <i>N. insignis</i>.) <i>Syn.</i>—<i>Nemophila Menziesii</i>, +Hook. and Arn. <i>Hab.</i>—Rather widespread.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f108"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f108.png">BLUE-EYED GRASS—<i>Sisyrinchium bellum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>This beautiful <i>Nemophila</i> is a more fragile flower than its +sister, the baby-blue-eyes. Its delicate corolla is usually white +in the center, blending to azure-blue upon the rim, and dotted +and veined with the same. At its best, it is an inch across. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[ 286]</a></span> +affects the borders of moist woodlands, rarely venturing far out +into the openings. There it nestles amid the tender herbage, +often producing its ethereal flowers in such profusion that it +seems as though bits of the sky had fallen to earth. In the +south these blossoms do not seem so truly at home—for they +are never so large nor so fine.</p> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN MILKWORT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Polygala Californica</i>, Nutt. Milkwort Family.</h4> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Two to eight inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Six to twelve lines +long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Rose-purple. <i>Sepals.</i>—Five; two of them large and +spreading like wings; six lines or less long. <i>Petals.</i>—Three; united to +each other and to the stamen-tube; the middle one hooded above and +beaked. <i>Stamens.</i>—Eight. Filaments united into a sheath, which is +open above. Anthers one-celled; opening terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. +Style enlarging upward; curved like a button-hook. <i>Pod.</i>—Rounded; +flat; three or four lines across. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>P. cucullata</i>, Benth. +<i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges southward to Santa Barbara and beyond.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In late spring the little flowers of the milkwort are common +upon dry hill-slopes in the shade of the trees. The small plants +have a very grown-up look, as though their age might be +greater than indicated by their stature. At first glance, one is +quite certain to mistake these plants for members of the pea +family, as the blossoms have wings and a keel like the papilionaceous +flower. But a careful counting of sepals, petals, and +stamens will reveal their separate identity.</p> + +<p>A curious feature of this plant is the fact that it bears +another kind of flower near the root. This is without petals, +and is destined, for some strange reason, to bear the seed. +The upper flowers seem mostly for show, though one does +occasionally mature fruit.</p> + +<p><i>P. cornuta</i>, Kell., found in the Sierras, is a larger plant, +with greenish-white flowers.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f109"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f109.png">CALIFORNIAN MILKWORT—<i>Polygala Californica</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>WILD CANTERBURY-BELL.</h3> + +<h4><i>Phacelia Whitlavia</i>, Gray. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[ 288]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>A foot or so high; very hairy and glandular. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +petioled; ovate or deltoid; toothed; twelve to eighteen lines long. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Purple. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>—An inch or more +long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; on the base of the corolla; appendaged at +base; long-exserted, with the two-cleft style. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. +<i>Syn.</i>—<i>Whitlavia grandiflora</i>, Harv. <i>Hab.</i>—From Los Angeles to +San Bernardino.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The wild Canterbury-bell is one of the most charming +flowers to be found anywhere. It affects the rich soil of half-shaded +hill-slopes in the vicinity of streams, where it opens its +beautiful fragile bells. Its stems are very brittle, and the blossoms +fall early, the lower ones usually having passed away +before the upper buds have emerged from the coil. The +exceedingly long stamens and style give these blossoms an elegant, +airy look.</p> + +<p><i>P. Parryi</i>, Torr., is another beautiful species, found from +Los Angeles to San Diego. It resembles the above in foliage, +color of blossoms, and the long stamens; but the form of the +flowers is that of the <i>Nemophila</i>.</p> + + +<h3>BIRD'S-EYES.</h3> + +<h4><i>Gilia tricolor</i>, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Slender; branching; six inches to a foot or more high. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Twice pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes. <i>Corolla.</i>—Six +lines long; with yellow tube; funnel-form throat, marked with deep +violet-purple; and lilac or white limb. (See <i>Gilia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +Western California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Whole slopes are often carpeted with this dainty <i>Gilia</i>, producing +an effect which has been described as like light chinchilla. +The little blossoms have a peculiarly fresh and winsome +look, and are called "bird's-eyes" by the children. The +corollas are delicate lilac, blending into white toward the center, +while the throat has five purple spots within, which give way +to bright gold below.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f110"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f110.png">WILD CANTERBURY-BELL—<i>Phacelia Whitlavia</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>BABY-BLUE-EYES. CALIFORNIAN BLUEBELLS. +MARIANAS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Nemophila insignis</i>, Dougl. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[ 290]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Tender, more or less hairy herbs. <i>Stems.</i>—Branching; six to twelve +inches long. <i>Leaves.</i>—Pinnately parted into five to nine small, oblong, +entire or two- to five-lobed divisions. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted, with five +extra, alternating, reflexed lobes. <i>Corolla.</i>—An inch or more across; +from azure-blue, with a large, well-defined white center, more or less +dotted, to deep blue. The throat furnished with ten short, wide, hairy +scales, or plates. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; on the corolla. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. +Style two-cleft. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>When skies are smiling and the earth is already clothed with +a luxuriant and tender herbage, we find upon some balmy +morning that the baby-eyes have opened in gentle surprise +upon the lovely world. The spring breezes blow over no +more beautiful and ethereal flowers than these. Companies of +them open together, dotting the sward and luring us on from +one to another, the one just beyond always seeming a little +brighter blue or a little more captivating than those near at +hand, till we are beguiled into filling our hands with them.</p> + +<p>These delicate blossoms vary greatly in size and color. The +largest and finest I ever saw grew upon the flower-sprinkled +slopes of Lake Merced, near San Francisco. There the perfect +azure corollas were an inch and a half across, with the large +white circle in the center well defined.</p> + +<p>Under southern skies it becomes a deep Yale blue, with the +texture of tissue-paper, and with dark red-brown anthers.</p> + +<p>From the campanulate, half-opened buds, it has been called +"Californian bluebell," and among the Spanish-Californians it +is known as "Mariana."</p> + +<div class="image" id="f111"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f111.png">BABY-BLUE-EYES—<i>Nemophila insignis</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>LILAC SAND-VERBENA. WILD LANTANA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Abronia villosa</i>, Wats. Four-o'clock Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[ 292]</a></span></p> + +<p>Plants with more or less glandular-villous pubescence. <i>Stems.</i>—Prostrate. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Rarely an inch long. <i>Peduncles.</i>—One to three +inches long; five- to fifteen-flowered. <i>Involucral bracts.</i>—Lanceolate; +three or four lines long. <i>Perianth.</i>—Lilac; four or five lines across; +with obcordate lobes. (Otherwise as <i>A. latifotia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—San Diego +and eastward; also in southern deserts.</p> + +<p>The charming flowers of the lilac sand-verbena are not found +upon the immediate sea-beach, but always a little withdrawn +from it, where the soil is more firmly established, yet within +sight and sound of the waves. The blossoms have a delicate +beauty, not shared by our other species of <i>Abronia</i>, and somewhat +resemble our garden verbenas. They are sometimes +called "wild lantana."</p> + +<p><i>A. umbellata</i>, Lam., is common all up and down our coast, +often making masses of deep pink on the beach; while <i>A. maritima</i>, +Nutt., is found from Santa Barbara to San Diego. The +latter is a very stout, coarse, viscid plant, with small, very deep +magenta flowers.</p> + + +<h3>CAMASS. KAMASS. WILD HYACINTH.</h3> + +<h4><i>Camassia esculenta</i>, Lindl. Lily Family.</h4> + + +<blockquote><p>Bulbs coated. <i>Leaves.</i>—Radical; six or eight; grasslike; three to +eight lines broad; usually shorter than the scape. <i>Scape.</i>—Twelve to +twenty-four inches high; loosely ten- to twenty-flowered. Pedicels +three to twelve lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>—From dark blue to nearly white; +seven to fifteen lines long or more; an inch or so across. <i>Perianth.</i>—Of +six distinct, oblanceolate, three- to seven-nerved segments. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six; +shorter than the segments. Anthers yellow. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. +Style filiform; about equaling the perianth; slightly three-cleft +at the summit. <i>Hab.</i>—From Central California to Washington.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In some localities these plants are found covering meadows +and marshy tracts in great profusion. They bear beautiful +clusters of showy blue flowers, somewhat like the hyacinth in +habit, and have long been favorites in European gardens. We +are especially interested in them, however, on account of the +bulbs, which are about an inch in diameter and very nutritious.</p> + +<p>Grizzly bears, when more plentiful in the early days, were +particularly fond of them; and the northern Indians to-day<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[ 293]</a></span> +value them very highly as an article of diet, calling them +"kamáss." Indeed, the Nez Percé Indian war in Idaho was +caused by encroachments upon the territory which was especially +rich in these bulbs. The plants are more abundant +north of us than with us.</p> + +<p>Mr. Macoun gives a most interesting account in "Garden +and Forest" of the preparation of kamáss among the Indians, +which is a very important and elaborate performance. He +says, in substance: For some days beforehand the squaws +were busily engaged in carrying into camp branches of alder +and maple, bundles of skunk-cabbage (<i>Lysichiton</i>), and a quantity +of a black, hairlike lichen, which grows in profusion upon +the western larch. A hole ten feet square and two feet deep +was then dug, and a large fire was made in this, in which they +heated a great many small boulders to the glowing point. +They then piled maple and alder boughs over these to the +depth of a foot or more, tramped them down, and laid over +them the leaves of the skunk-cabbage. Thin sheets of tamarack +bark were spread over the steaming green mass, and +upon these were placed the bulbs in large baskets. The black +lichen was laid over the uncovered bark, and the remaining +bulbs were spread on this. The whole was then covered with +boughs and leaves as before, and sand was sprinkled on to +the depth of four or five inches, and on the top of the whole a +larger fire than before was built. The sun was just setting +when this was lighted, and it burned all night. The oven was +left for a day to cool. When opened, the bulbs in the baskets +were dissolved to a flour, from which bread could be made; +while those on the lichen had become amalgamated with it, +forming a substance resembling plug-tobacco, which could be +broken up and kept sweet a long time.</p> + +<p>When boiled in water, the bulbs yield a very good molasses, +much prized by the Indians, and used by them upon important +festival occasions.</p> + +<p>There is a white-flowered form of this same species, whose +bulb is said to be poisonous.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[ 294]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>INNOCENCE. COLLINSIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Collinsia bicolor</i>, Benth. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<p><i>Stems.</i>—A foot or so high. <i>Leaves.</i>—The lower oblong; the upper +ovate-lanceolate. <i>Calyx.</i>—Unequally five-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>—Nine lines +long. Upper lip lilac or white; lower of three lobes; the middle folded +into a keeled sac containing the stamens and style; the two lateral +rose-purple. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four; in two pairs on the corolla. Upper +filaments bearded. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. Style filiform. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +Western California.</p> + +<p>Where spreading trees cast a dense shade and the moisture +still lingers, companies of lovely <i>Collinsias</i> stand amid the fresh +green grasses, their delicate, many-storied blossoms swaying +upon the idle breezes. In the north these are in the rear guard +of spring flowers, and make their appearance just before the +<i>Godetias</i> bid farewell to spring; but in the south they come +earlier. They vary much in color, from the typical rose-purple +and white or lilac to all white.</p> + +<p>We have a number of species; but <i>C. bicolor</i> is the most +showy and widespread.</p> + + +<h3>BLACK SAGE. BALL-SAGE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Audibertia stachyoides</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4> + + +<blockquote><p>Shrubby; three to eight feet high; with herbaceous flowering +branches. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; oblong-lanceolate; tapering into a +petiole; crenate. <i>Flowers.</i>—In interrupted spikes, having from three +to nine dense, rather remote, headlike, bracteate whorls. <i>Calyx.</i>—Bilabiate; +each lip with two or three awned teeth. <i>Corolla.</i>—Lavender; +six lines long; bilabiate. Upper lip erect; emarginate; lower +deflexed; three-lobed. <i>Stamens.</i>—Two sterile; two perfect on jointed +filaments. <i>Ovary.</i>—Of four seedlike nutlets. Style slender. Stigma +two-cleft. <i>Hab.</i>—From San Francisco Bay to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>We have but two or three true sages, or <i>Salvias</i>, in California; +but the plants of the closely allied genus <i>Audibertia</i> +are with perfect propriety called sages, as they manifest all the +characteristics of that genus, differing only in the structure of +the stamens. There are a number of species of <i>Audibertia</i>, +all of them important honey-plants. They are particularly +abundant in the south, where they form a characteristic feature +in the landscape, often covering whole hill-slopes.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f112"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f112.png">COLLINSIA—<i>Collinsia bicolor</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p><i>A. stachyoides</i> frequently forms dense thickets over vast<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[ 296]</a></span> +reaches of mountain-side, and when in full bloom is very noticeable. +Its specific name is a happy one, denoting its resemblance +to the <i>Stachys</i>, or hedge-nettle. But its pointed leaves, +shrubby habit, and rank odor, together with its more numerous +flower-whorls, proclaim its separate identity.</p> + +<p><i>A. nivea</i>, Benth., found from Santa Barbara to San Diego, +has larger spikes of rich, warm lilac flowers. Nothing could +be more charming than the soft lavender billows of it undulating +over slope after slope of wild mountain-side.</p> + + +<h3>BLUE GILIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Cilia Chamissonis</i>, Greene. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4> + +<p><i>Stems.</i>—About a foot high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; dissected into +linear segments. <i>Flowers.</i>—In capitate clusters an inch and a half +across; deep blue. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>—Four lines long; +with five obtuse lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>—Exserted. Anthers nearly white. +(See <i>Gilia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast of Central California.</p> + +<p>This pretty <i>Gilia</i> is quite common about San Francisco in +springtime, and often makes masses of bright deep blue over +the fields.</p> + +<p><i>G. capitata</i>, Dougl., is a closely allied species, found in the +Coast Ranges from Central California northward. This is in +every way a more delicate plant. Its stems are taller and +more slender; its flower-heads are less than an inch across, +and composed of very small light-blue flowers, with feathery, +exserted stamens.</p> + +<p><i>G. achilleæfolia</i>, Benth., is a beautiful form, closely related +to both the above, but quite variable in habit. Its flowers are +light lavender-blue, six lines or so long, and are borne in larger +clusters, often two inches across, on long, naked peduncles. +At a little distance these blossoms somewhat resemble the +clusters of <i>Brodiæa capitata</i>.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f113"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f113.png">BLUE GILIA—<i>Gilia Chamissonis</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CHIA. SAGE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Salvia Columbariæ</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[ 298]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Six inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Wrinkly; one to +several inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Blue; in interrupted whorls. <i>Whorls.</i>—Twelve +to eighteen lines in diameter; subtended by numerous, +ovate-acuminate bracts. <i>Calyx.</i>—Bilabiate; upper lip arching, and +tipped with two short bristles; lower, of two awn-like teeth. <i>Corolla.</i>—Three +or four lines long; bilabiate. Upper lip erect; notched or +two-lobed. Lower deflexed; with three lobes, the central much larger. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Two. Filaments two; short; apparently forked—<i>i.e.</i> bearing +on their summit a cross-bar having on one end a perfect anther-cell +and on the other a dwarfed or rudimentary one. <i>Ovary.</i>—Of four +seedlike nutlets. Style slender. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the State, specially +southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This rough-leaved sage is quite common, especially southward, +and grows upon dry hillsides or in sandy washes, where +it blossoms in early spring. Its small bright-blue flowers are +borne in an interrupted spike, consisting of from one to four +button-like heads. Each of these heads has below it a number +of leafy bracts, which are often of a bright wine-color, and form +a rather striking combination with the blue flowers.</p> + +<p>After the blossoms have passed away, the dried stems and +heads remain standing all over the hills, shaking out the little +gray seed in abundance. These seeds have been for centuries +an article of economic importance to the aborigines and their +descendants. Dr. Rothrock writes that among the Nahua +races of ancient Mexico the plant was cultivated as regularly as +corn, and was one of their most important cereals. Quantities +of the seed have been found buried beneath groves which must +be at least several hundred years old. It was in use among +the Indians of California before the occupation of the country +by the whites, being known among them as "chia."</p> + +<p>Dr. Bard writes of these seeds: "They were roasted, +ground, and used as food by being mixed with water. Thus +prepared, it soon develops into a mucilaginous mass, larger +than its original bulk. Its taste is somewhat like that of linseed +meal. It is exceedingly nutritious, and was readily borne +by the stomach when that organ refused to tolerate other +aliment. An atole, or gruel, of this was one of the peace offerings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[ 300]</a></span> +to the first visiting sailors. One tablespoonful of +these seeds was sufficient to sustain for twenty-four hours an +Indian on a forced march. Chia was no less prized by the +native Californian, and at this late date it frequently commands +six or eight dollars a pound."</p> + +<div class="image" id="f114"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f114.png">CHIA—<i>Salvia Columbariæ</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>When added to water, the seeds make a cooling drink, +which has the effect of assuaging burning thirst—a very valuable +quality on the desert.</p> + + +<h3>BLUE-AND-WHITE LUPINE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lupinus bicolor</i>, Lindl. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Stoutish; six to ten inches high; silky. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +with small stipules. <i>Leaflets.</i>—Five to seven; linear-spatulate; +one inch long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Four or five lines long; blue and white; the +white changing to red-purple after fertilization. Upper calyx-lip bifid; +lower twice as long; entire. <i>Keel.</i>—Falcate; acute; ciliate toward the +apex. <i>Pod.</i>—Small; about five-seeded. (See <i>Lupinus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Western +Central California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In late spring the open fields about San Francisco take on +a delicate, amethystine tinge, due to the blossoms of the blue-and-white +lupine. After fertilization has taken place, the white +in these blossoms turns to deep red, and this admixture gives +the general lilac tone to the mass.</p> + + +<h3>DOUGLAS IRIS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Iris Douglasiana</i>, Herb. Iris Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Rhizomes.</i>—Stoutish; clumps not dense. <i>Radical-leaves.</i>—Strongly +ribbed underneath; dark, shining green above; one to three feet long; +three to eight lines broad; flexile; rosy pink at base. <i>Stems.</i>—Simple; +two- or three-flowered. Flowers.—On pedicels six to eighteen lines +long; deep reddish-purple, lilac, or cream. <i>Perianth-tube.</i>—Six to +twelve lines long. <i>Capsule.</i>—Narrowly oblong; acutely triangular; +twenty lines long. Seeds nearly globular. (Otherwise as <i>I. macrosiphon</i>.) +<i>Hab.</i>—The Coast, from Santa Cruz to Marin County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>On account of the bright and varied hues of its flowers, the +genus <i>Iris</i> was named for the rainbow-winged messenger of +the gods. In France it is known as "fleur-de-lis," a name +whose origin has caused endless discussion and has been accounted +for in many ways. There are many species, all of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[ 302]</a></span> +them beautiful. Orris-root is the product of the lovely white +Florentine <i>Iris</i>.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f115"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f115.png">BLUE-AND-WHITE LUPINE—<i>Lupinus bicolor</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>In California we have several comparatively well-known +species, and a number of others which are without names as +yet; but the Douglas <i>Iris</i> is probably our most beautiful. It +thrives well upon open mesas or upon well-drained hill-slope +in the shelter of the chaparral. But it is found at its best in +the rich soil of moist woodlands, whose seclusion seems the +most fitting abode for so aristocratic a flower. There, surrounded +by the delicate greenery of fern-fronds and a hundred +other tender, springing things, it seems to hold a sylvan court, +receiving homage from all the other denizens of the wood. +There is a certain marked and personal individuality about +these flowers which makes encountering them seem like meeting +certain distinguished personages.</p> + + +<h3>ITHURIEL'S SPEAR. BLUE MILLA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Brodiæa laxa</i>, Wats. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Corm.</i>—Small; fiber-coated. <i>Leaves.</i>—Usually two; radical; linear +channeled. <i>Scapes.</i>—Six inches to two feet high. <i>Umbels.</i>—Of ten +to thirty or more purple or violet, or even white, flowers. <i>Pedicels.</i>—One +to three inches long. <i>Perianth.</i>—Twelve to twenty lines long. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Six; in two rows; the upper opposite the inner lobes of the +perianth. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled; on a stalk six lines long. <i>Hab.</i>—From +Kern County to Northern Oregon</p></blockquote> + +<p>After the delicate <i>Collinsias</i> have stolen away, the beautiful +flowers of Ithuriel's spear begin to claim our attention in +open grassy spots on the borders of rich woodlands. The +common name is a happy one; for there is something commanding +about this tall blossom-crowned shaft. It will perhaps +be remembered that the angel Ithuriel possessed a truth +compelling spear. When Satan, disguised, went to the Garden of +Eden to tempt Eve, Ithuriel and Zephon were sent to expel +him.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">... "him there they found,</span> +<span class="ni">Squat like a toad, close at the ear of Eve,</span> +<span class="ni">Assaying by his devilish art to reach</span> +<span class="ni">The organs of her fancy, and with them forge</span> +<span class="ni">Illusions as he list, phantasms, and dreams;</span> +</div></div> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">Him thus intent Ithuriel with his spear</span> +<span class="ni">Touched lightly; for no falsehood can endure</span> +<span class="ni">Touch of celestial temper, but returns</span> +<span class="ni">Of force to its own likeness: up he starts</span> +<span class="ni">Discovered and surprised."</span> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[ 304]</a></span></p> + +<div class="image" id="f116"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f116.png">ITHURIEL'S SPEAR—<i>Brodiæa laxa</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>BEACH-ASTER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Erigeron glaucus</i>, Ker. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Six to twelve inches high, having a tuft of radical leaves and some +ascending stems. <i>Leaves.</i>—Obovate or spatulate-oblong; one to four +inches long; pale; somewhat succulent; slightly viscid. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Composed +of dull-yellow disk-flowers and bright-violet ray-flowers. +<i>Disk.</i>—Eight lines or so across. <i>Rays.</i>—Six or eight lines long; narrow; +numerous; in several rows. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast, from Oregon to +Southern California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Almost anywhere upon our Coast, "within the roar of a +surf-tormented shore," we can find the beautiful blossoms of +the beach-aster. We may know them by their resemblance to +the China asters of our gardens, though they are not so large. +They present a most delightful combination of color in their +old-gold centers, violet rays, and rather pale foliage.</p> + + +<h3>TOAD-FLAX.</h3> + +<h4><i>Linaria Canadensis</i>, Dumont. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Slender; six inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Mostly +alternate on the flowering stems, but smaller and broader ones often +opposite or whorled on the procumbent shoots; linear; smooth. <i>Flowers.</i>—Blue; +in terminal racemes; like those of <i>Antirrhinum</i>, but the +tube furnished with a long, downward-pointing spur at base. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The delicate blue flowers of the toad-flax are not uncommon +in spring, and the plants are usually found in sandy soil. +The little blossoms are very ethereal and have a sweet perfume. +I once saw a deep blue band upon a mesa near San Diego, +which vied in richness with the ultramarine of the sea just beyond. +It stretched for some distance, and at last curved<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[ 306]</a></span> +around and crossed the road over which I was passing, when +it proved to be made up of millions of these delicate flowers. +The color effect seemed cumulative, for the mass was so much +richer and deeper than the individual flowers.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f117"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f117.png">BEACH-ASTER—<i>Erigeron glaucus</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CATALINA MARIPOSA TULIP.</h3> + +<h4><i>Calochortus Catalinæ</i>, Wats. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Two feet high; loosely branching; bulbiferous. Leaves +and bracts linear-lanceolate. <i>Flowers.</i>—Erect; eighteen lines or so +long. <i>Sepals.</i>—Green without; scarious-margined; whitish within; +with purple spot at base; one inch long; acute. <i>Petals.</i>—White; with +garnet base; bearing a round gland covered with hairs. Filaments +garnet. <i>Capsule.</i>—Narrowly oblong; three-sided; obtuse; an inch or +two long. Seeds flat; horizontal. (See <i>Calochortus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—From +San Luis Obispo County to San Bernardino; and the islands off the +Coast.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This is one of the earliest <i>Mariposas</i> to bloom in the south. +Its beautiful, stately white cups have a garnet base within, and +this, with its oblong, obtuse capsule and horizontal seeds, +clearly identifies it. These blossoms are favorite resting-places +for the bees, who are often beguiled in them from their labors +and lulled to a gentle slumber. We have frequently startled +the little truants from these siestas, and with amusement +watched them struggling for a moment before regaining consciousness +and whizzing away once more upon their round of +duties.</p> + +<p>This may be designated our maritime <i>Calochortus</i>, as it is +found mostly near the Coast or upon its islands.</p> + +<p><i>C. splendens</i>, Dougl., found in the Coast Ranges from Lake +County to San Diego, is sometimes confused with the above. +It is a beautiful flower, whose petals are a clear rose-lilac without +spots or marks, with long, whitish, cobwebby hairs on their +middle third. Its anthers are purple or lilac, three to six lines +long.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[ 307]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>DOG-VIOLET.</h3> + +<h4><i>Viola canina, var. adunca</i>, Gray. Violet Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Leafy; several from the rootstocks. <i>Leaves.</i>—Ovate; often +somewhat cordate at base; acute or obtuse; six to eighteen lines long; +obscurely crenate. Stipules foliaceous; narrowly lanceolate; lacerately +toothed. <i>Flowers.</i>—Violet or purple; rather large. Lateral petals +bearded. Spur as long as the sepals; rather slender; obtuse; hooked +or curved. (Otherwise as <i>V. pedunculata</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges, +from San Francisco to Washington.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i16">... "violets</span> +<span class="ni">Which yet join not scent to hue</span> +<span class="ni">Crown the pale year weak and new."</span> +</div></div> + +<p>Nestling amid the grasses on many a moist mesa by the +sea, the modest flowers of the dog-violet may be found at +almost any time of year. They vary greatly in the length of +their stems, according to the season and the locality of growth.</p> + + +<h3>THISTLE-SAGE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Salvia carduacea</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>—All radical; thistle-like; with cobwebby wool. <i>Stems.</i>—Stout; +a foot or two high. <i>Flower-whorls.</i>—An inch or two through. +<i>Calyx.</i>—Bilabiate; with five spiny teeth. <i>Corolla.</i>—Lavender; an +inch long. Upper lip erect; two-cleft. Lower fan-shaped; white-fringed. +<i>Stamens.</i>—On the lower lip. Proper filaments very short, +with one short and one long fork, each bearing an anther-cell. (Otherwise +like <i>S. Columbariæ</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Western and Southern California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Upon the dry, open plains of the south, the charming +flowers of the thistle-sage make their appearance by May. +Upon the train we pass myriads of them standing along the +embankments, and seeming to beckon mockingly at us, well +knowing the train almost never stops where we can get them.</p> + +<p>These plants present the most remarkable blending of the +rigid, uncompromising, touch-me-not aspect and the ethereal +and fragile. In each of the several stories of the flower-cluster +there are usually a number of the exquisitely delicate +flowers in bloom at once, standing above the hemisphere of +densely crowded, spiny calyx-tips. Nothing more airy or fantastic +could well be imagined than these diaphanous blossoms. +The upper lip of the corolla stands erect, its two lobes side by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[ 308]</a></span> +side, or crossed like two delicate little hands. The lower lip +has two small and inconspicuous lateral lobes and one large +central one, which is like the ruff of a fantail pigeon and +daintily fringed with white. The color combination in these +blossoms is charming. To the sage green of the foliage and the +lilac of the blossoms is added the dash of orange in the +anthers that puts the finishing touch. The whole plant has a +heavy, dull odor of sage.</p> + +<p>This species is also sometimes called "chia," and its seeds +are used in the same manner as those of our other <i>Salvia</i>, but +to no such extent.</p> + + +<h3>VIOLET BEARD-TONGUE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Pentstemon heterophyllus</i>, Lindl. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Woody at base; many-stemmed. <i>Stems.</i>—Two to five feet tall. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Lanceolate or linear; or the lowest oblong-lanceolate; diminishing +into narrow floral bracts. <i>Panicle.</i>—Narrow. Pedicels one- to +three-flowered; short and erect. <i>Corolla.</i>—Rose-purple, or violet suffused +with pink; an inch or more long; ventricose-funnel-form above +the narrow, slender tube. (See <i>Pentstemon</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Western California, +specially southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The beautiful flowers of the violet beard-tongue are often +seen among the soft browns of our dusty roadsides in early +summer. They are truly charming flowers, and we marvel +how any one can pass them by unnoticed. I have seen them +especially showy in the southern part of the State, in Santa +Barbara and Ventura Counties, where the plants often spread +over two or three feet, sending up innumerable slender flower-covered +wands. The undeveloped buds are of a characteristic +greenish-yellow tone, making an unusual contrast to the expanded +flowers and the rather pale foliage. The structure of +the anthers is quite interesting, each cell consisting of a little +bag with bristly margins, the two together being heart-shaped +in outline.</p> + +<p><i>P. azureus</i>, Benth., or the "azure beard-tongue," is very +similar to the above, growing from one to three feet high; but +it is smooth and glaucous; its leaves are inclined to have a +broader base, and its flowers are usually larger, azure blue,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[ 310]</a></span> +approaching violet, sometimes having a red-purple tube, while +its border is often an inch across. This is found throughout +the State, but is more common in the interior and in the +Sierras. Its buds are not yellow.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f118"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f118.png">AZURE BEARD-TONGUE—<i>Pentstemon heterophyllus</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<h3>WILD GINGER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Asarum caudatum</i>, Lindl. Birthwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Rootstocks.</i>—Creeping; aboveground. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; two to +four inches long; heart-shaped; not mottled; shining green. <i>Flowers.</i>—Raisin-colored. +<i>Perianth.</i>—With spherical tube and three long-pointed +lobes, thirty lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Twelve. Filaments more or less +coherent in groups, adherent to the styles, and produced beaklike beyond +the anthers. <i>Ovary.</i>—Six-celled. Styles united; equaling the stamens. +<i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges from Santa Cruz to British Columbia.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The beautiful long-stemmed leaves of the wild ginger stand +upon the borders of many a shaded caņon stream, seeming to +enjoy the gossiping of the brook as it gurgles by. The leaves +and roots of these plants are aromatic, and the former when +crushed emit a pleasant fragrance, similar to that of the camphor-laurel. +The branching rootstocks, creeping along the +surface of the ground, grow from their tips; which are swathed +in the undeveloped silky leaves.</p> + +<p>In the spring a warm hue comes among these closely-folded +leaves, and presently a curious dull-colored bud begins to protrude +its long tip from their midst. This bud looks as though +some worm had eaten off its end; but we soon see that its +blunt appearance is due to the fact that the long prongs of the +sepals are neatly folded in upon themselves, like the jointed +leg of an insect. It must require considerable force in the +flower to unfurl them. When at length expanded, these blossoms +have the look of some rapacious, hobgoblin spider, lurking +for its prey.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>A. Hartwegi</i>, Wats.—the "Sierra wild +ginger," is easily distinguished from the above by its white-mottled +leaves, which grow in clusters, and by its smaller flowers. +It blooms later than the other, its flowers lasting into July. +These plants are closely related to the "Dutchman's pipe."</p> + +<div class="image" id="f119"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f119.png">WILD GINGER—<i>Asarum caudatum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>COMMON MILKWEED. SILKWEED.</h3> + +<h4><i>Asclepias Mexicana</i>, Cav. Milkweed Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[ 312]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Three to five feet high; slender. <i>Leaves.</i>—Mostly whorled +and fascicled; linear-lanceolate; short-petioled; two to six inches long. +<i>Peduncles.</i>—Erect; slender; often in whorls. <i>Flowers.</i>—Very small +and numerous; in umbels; white and lavender. <i>Corolla-lobes.</i>—Two +lines long. <i>Anthers.</i>—Twice the filament column. <i>Horns.</i>—Awl-shaped; +arising from below the middle of the ovate hoods, and conspicuously +curved over the stigma. <i>Pods.</i>—Slender; spindle-shaped. +(Structure otherwise as in <i>Gomphocarpus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the +State, and beyond its borders.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This is one of our most widely distributed milkweeds, and +may be found blossoming along our dusty roadsides and +through the fields in early summer. Its stems are tall and +wandlike with long, narrow leaves, and its little blossoms are +very trim. Its distaff-shaped pods, with their beautiful silken +down, are familiar objects, much beloved by the children, and +are sought by older people who utilize them in many dainty +ways.</p> + + +<h3>CHICORY. SUCCORY. WILD BACHELOR'S-BUTTON.</h3> + +<h4><i>Cichorium Intybus</i>, L. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Two to five feet high; much branched. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +the lower oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, sometimes +sharply incised; the upper reduced to bracts. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Bright +blue; sessile; two or three together in the axils of the leaves or terminal; +of ray-flowers only. <i>Rays.</i>—Ten lines long; about two wide; +notched at the tip. Bracts of the involucre in two series; green. <i>Hab.</i>—Escaped +from cultivation in many places.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The most careless observer will some day have his attention +startled into activity by a certain tall, fine plant growing +along the roadside, bearing beautiful, ragged blue flowers +closely set to its stem. This is a stranger from over the seas, +whose native home is England; and, like all English, it is an +excellent colonist, having pushed its way into most parts of the +civilized world. It has become quite plentiful among us in the +last few years, and whole fields may often be seen covered with +its lovely bright-blue blossoms, which are known as "ragged +sailors," and "wild bachelor's-buttons." They open in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[ 314]</a></span> +early morning, closing by midday. In Europe a popular belief +is rife that they open at eight o'clock in the morning and +close at four in the afternoon.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f120"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f120.png">COMMON MILKWEED—<i>Asclepias Mexicana</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">"On upland slopes the shepherds mark</span> +<span class="i1">The hour when, to the dial true,</span> +<span class="ni">Cichorium to the towering lark</span> +<span class="i1">Lifts her soft eye, serenely blue."</span> +</div></div> + +<p>The plant is useful in several ways. Its root is boiled and +eaten as a vegetable; the leaves, when blanched, make an excellent +salad; and the whole plant was formerly employed in +medicine, and is still considered a valuable remedy for jaundice. +But the most common use of it is as a substitute for +coffee, or as an adulterant of it. The fleshy, milky root is +dried, ground, and roasted, and though it has neither the +essential oil nor the delicious aroma of coffee, it is not an +unpleasant beverage, and its cheapness brings it within the +reach of the very poor.</p> + +<p>The chicory industry has grown to be of considerable +importance in California of late. The plants are grown in +reclaimed tule land near Stockton, where there is a factory for +the conversion of the root into the commercial article.</p> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN LOBELIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Downingia pulchella</i>, Torr. Lobelia Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Three to six inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; sessile; +linear; obtuse; passing into flower-bracts above. <i>Flowers.</i>—Racemose; +blue. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>—Very long and slender; adnate to the +ovary; its limb of five slender divisions. <i>Corolla.</i>—With short tube +and bilabiate border. The smaller lip of two narrow spreading or +recurved divisions; the larger three-lobed; broader than long; nine +or ten lines by five or six lines. All the lobes intense blue; the large +centers mostly white. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; united into a curved tube. +<i>Capsule.</i>—Splitting at the sides. <i>Hab.</i>—Nearly throughout the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>These little lobeliaceous plants are very common, especially +upon the plains of the interior, and may be found growing in +wet places, where they often make the ground blue. The +showy, white-centered flowers are familiar along the roadsides<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[ 315]</a></span> +upon the borders of puddles. The blossoms, which are really +stemless, appear to have stems of considerable length, owing +to the very long, slender ovary and calyx-tube. They are +cultivated for ornament under the name of <i>Clintonia pulchella</i>.</p> + +<p>We have one other species in the northern part of the +State. It is a larger plant, sometimes a foot tall, with ovate to +lanceolate leaves. This is <i>D. elegans</i>, Torr.</p> + + +<h3>FALSE INDIGO. LEAD-PLANT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Amorpha Californica</i>, Nutt. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs three to over eight feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Mostly alternate; +with stipules; pinnate. <i>Leaflets.</i>—One inch long; five to nine or more +pairs. <i>Flower-spikes.</i>—Two to six inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Black-purple; +two and a half lines long. <i>Calyx.</i>—Half as long. <i>Corolla.</i>—With +only one petal! (the standard); this erect and folded. <i>Stamens.</i>—Slightly +united at base; exserted. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. <i>Pod.</i>—Three +lines long. (See <i>Leguminosæ</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges, from +Marin County to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This shrub or small tree is remarkable for its sickeningly +fragrant foliage. The small blossoms, taken individually, are +inconspicuous, but when seen in masses, sprinkling the foliage +with black and gold, they are quite effective.</p> + + +<h3>BLUE-CURLS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Trichostema lanceolatum</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>One or two feet high; branching from the base. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; +sessile; crowded; lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; gradually acuminate; +densely pubescent; several-nerved; an inch or more long. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Blue; in axillary, short-peduncled, dense clusters. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-cleft. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Six lines long; with filiform tube; and border +with five almost similar lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four; of two lengths. +Filaments filiform; long-exserted and curled. <i>Ovary.</i>—Of four seed like +nutlets. Style long; filiform; two-cleft at the tip. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +Western California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Of all the plants of our acquaintance, the common blue-curls +is the most aggressive and ill-smelling. Its odor is positively +sickening. Some years ago, when it was first new to +me, I brought some of it down from Sonoma County upon the +train, and, even though it had been carefully wrapped, I was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[ 316]</a></span> +obliged to deposit it in the wood-box, as far as possible from +the passengers.</p> + +<p>The generic name comes from two Greek words, signifying +<i>hair</i> and <i>stamen</i>, and was bestowed on account of the capillary +filaments. The common name also refers to the long, +curling blue stamens.</p> + +<p>This species blossoms late in summer, and grows upon very +dry ground, where it seems almost a miracle for any plant to +thrive.</p> + + +<h3>ROMERO. WOOLLY BLUE-CURLS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Trichostema lanatum</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubby; two to five feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite and fascicled +in the axils; an inch or so long; green above; white-woolly beneath. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Blue; in terminal clusters sometimes a foot long; covered +with dense violet wool. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>—Nearly an +inch long; with tube half its length and border violet-shaped. <i>Stamens +and Style.</i>—Two inches long. <i>Ovary.</i>—Of four seedlike nutlets. <i>Hab.</i>—From +San Diego to Santa Barbara.</p></blockquote> + +<p>When the first scorching winds of the desert have withered +and laid low the lovely flowers of the southern plains, the +Romero is just coming into bloom upon dry hillsides. Its +shrubby form, with densely crowded leaves, becomes conspicuous +by reason of its long spikes of purple-woolly buds and +blossoms. This inflorescence is an exquisite thing, more like +the production of a Paris milliner than a guileless creation of +nature. The individual blossoms have much the look of alert +little blue violets wearing long, elegant lilac aigrets. Both leaf +and flower have a pleasant aromatic fragrance, entirely unlike +the dreadful odor of the common blue-curls.</p> + +<p>Among the Spanish-Californians it is known altogether by +the musical name of "Romero," and is one of their most +highly valued medicinal herbs, being considered a panacea for +many troubles. Fried in olive oil, it becomes an ointment +which alleviates pain and cures ulcers; dried and reduced to +powder, it is a snuff very efficacious for catarrh; and made +into a tincture, it is used as a liniment. This plant is also +sometimes called "black sage."</p> + +<div class="image" id="f121"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f121.png">ROMERO—<i>Trichostema lanatum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>HARVEST BRODIÆA. LARGE-FLOWERED BRODIÆA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Brodiæa grandiflora</i>, Smith. Lily Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[ 318]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Corm.</i>—Fibrous-coated. <i>Leaves.</i>—Narrowly linear; somewhat +cylindrical. <i>Scape.</i>—Four to twelve inches high. <i>Pedicels.</i>—Three to +ten, rarely one; unequal. <i>Perianth.</i>—Violet; waxen; ten to twenty +lines long; broadly funnel-form; six-cleft; lobes recurving. <i>Stamens.</i>—Three; +opposite the inner segments. <i>Staminodia.</i>—Three; strap-shaped; +entire; white; erect; about equaling the stamens. <i>Ovary.</i>—Sessile; +three-celled. Style stout. Stigma three-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>—From +Ventura to the British boundary in the Coast Ranges and Sierras.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the latter part of May and early in June, just as the grain +is mellowing in the fields, the dry grasses of our hill-slopes and +roadsides begin to reveal the beautiful blossoms of the "harvest +Brodiæa." Seen at its best, this is one of our finest species. +It sends up a scape a foot high, bearing from five to ten of the +large, lily-like, violet flowers. They are somewhere described +as varying to rose. I have never seen them of this color, +though a flash of them caught when riding by a field is often +suggestive of a pink flower.</p> + +<p>These plants vary considerably in size, in some localities +blooming when but an inch or two high, and in others having +their tall scape crowned with as many as ten of the fine blossoms. +These have their segments nerved with brown upon the +outside. The clear-white stamens stand opposite the outer segments, +alternating with the white staminodia. The leaves have +dried away before the coming of the blossoms.</p> + +<p><i>B. terrestris</i>, Kell., common throughout Central California, +is always found in sandy soil. Its perianth is less than an inch +long, and its staminodia are yellow, with inrolled edges. This +is clearly distinguished by these characteristics, added to the +fact that its flower-cluster has no common stalk or scape, but +seems to sit upon the ground, giving the separate flowers the +appearance of coming from the ground.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f122"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f122.png">HARVEST BRODIÆA—<i>Brodiæa grandiflora</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>VIOLET SNAPDRAGON.</h3> + +<h4><i>Antirrhinum vagans</i>, Gray. Figwort Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[ 320]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Herbs with prehensile branchlets. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; short-petioled; +lanceolate to oblong-ovate; entire; an inch long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Six +lines long; lavender. <i>Sepals.</i>—Five; upper one large; oblong; the +others small, linear. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four; in pairs; on the corolla. Filaments +slender. Anthers with two diverging cells. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. +Style awl-shaped. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the western part of the +State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>When the first dryness of summer is beginning to make +itself felt, the tall wandlike sprays of the little lilac snapdragon +begin to appear along our dusty roadsides. A curious feature +of this plant is to be found in the long threadlike branchlets +produced in the axils of the leaves. These are like so many +little arms, apparently waving about in aimless abandon, but in +reality vigilant of any opportunity to grasp some convenient +object of support.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>A. glandulosum</i>, Lindl.—is common +from Santa Cruz southward. This may be known by its pink +and yellow flowers, its very viscid, leafy stems, three to five +feet tall, and its lack of prehensile branchlets. This has somewhat +more the look of the familiar garden species. Its anthers +are arranged like teeth in the roof of its mouth, and the children, +by slightly pinching the sides of its funny little countenance, +can make it open its mouth in quite a formidable +manner.</p> + +<p>Sir John Lubbock, writing of the fertilization of flowers, +says: "Thus the <i>Antirrhinum</i>, or snapdragon, is completely +closed, and only a somewhat powerful insect can force its way +in. The flower is in fact a strong-box, of which the humble-bee +only has the key."</p> + +<div class="image" id="f123"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f123.png">VIOLET SNAPDRAGON—<i>Antirrhinum vagans</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN HAREBELL. BELLFLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Campanula prenanthoides</i>, Durand. Harebell or Campanula Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[ 322]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Several inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; ovate-oblong +to lanceolate; one inch or less long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Blue; on +recurved pedicels. <i>Calyx.</i>—Growing to the ovary below; with five awl-shaped +teeth. <i>Corolla.</i>—Five to eight lines long; with short tube and +slender, spreading, recurved lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three- +to five-celled. Style club-shaped; much exserted. Stigma becoming +three-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>—Coast woods from Monterey to Mendocino County, +and through the northern Sierras.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The fragile blossoms of the harebell lurk in the seclusion of +our cool caņons or peer down at us from the banks of shaded +mountain roads toward the end of July. We almost wonder +that this ethereal flower dares delay its coming so long when +outside its cool retreat all is parched and dry. It forms a delicate +contrast to its more robust English sister, the harebell so +often celebrated by the poets.</p> + + +<h3>SELF-HEAL. HEAL-ALL.</h3> + +<h4><i>Brunella vulgaris</i>, L. Mint Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Six to fifteen inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; petioled; +ovate or oblong. <i>Flowers.</i>—In a dense, short spike, with broad, leafy +bracts; purple, violet, or rarely white. <i>Calyx.</i>—Bilabiate; upper lip +with three short teeth; the lower two-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>—Bilabiate; upper +lip arched, entire; lower three-lobed; deflexed. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four; in +pairs. Filaments two-forked; one fork naked, the other bearing the +two-celled anther. <i>Ovary.</i>—Of four seedlike nutlets. Style filiform; +two-cleft above. <i>Hab.</i>—Widely distributed over the Northern Hemisphere.</p></blockquote> + +<p>From April to July the purple blossoms of the self-heal, or +heal-all, may be found in the borders of woods or in open +grounds.</p> + +<p>The generic name is thought to come from the old German +word, <i>braune</i>, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was +believed to be a cure. According to the old doctrine of signatures, +plants by their appearance were supposed to indicate +the diseases for which nature intended them as remedies, and +in England the <i>Brunella</i> was considered particularly efficacious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[ 324]</a></span> +in the disorders of carpenters and common laborers, because +its corolla resembled a bill-hook. Hence it was commonly +called "carpenter's herb," "hook-heal," and "sicklewort."</p> + +<div class="image" id="f124"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f124.png">CALIFORNIAN HAREBELL—<i>Campanula prenanthoides</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>PENNYROYAL. POLÉO.</h3> + +<h4><i>Monardella villosa</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Woody; branching from below; a foot or two high. +<i>Leaves.</i>—An inch or less long; toothed or entire; veins conspicuous. +<i>Flowers.</i>—White to deep lilac; in a dense head subtended by a number +of ovate, green bracts. <i>Calyx.</i>—Tubular; five-toothed; four lines +long. <i>Corolla.</i>—Nine lines long; with filiform tube and bilabiate border. +Upper lip two-cleft; lower cleft into three linear divisions. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four; +in pairs; exserted. Anther cells divergent. <i>Ovary.</i>—Of +four seedlike nutlets. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the State; common.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Owing to their resemblance to the <i>Monarda</i>, or horsemint +of the East, these Western plants have been given the diminutive +of its name—<i>Monardella</i>.</p> + +<p>In early summer the blossoms, which are generally purple, +are conspicuous in our drying woods. The herbage is pleasantly +fragrant. The more hairy form, which suggested the +specific name, is found in the south.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>M. lanceolata</i>, Gray—common in the +Sierras and south to San Diego, is a very handsome plant with +lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire leaves, an inch or two +long, and having its bright rose-colored or purple corollas +sometimes dark-spotted. This is known among the Spanish-Californians +as "poléo" (pennyroyal), and is valued as a remedy +for various ailments.</p> + +<p><i>M. odoratissima</i>, Benth., found abundantly in the Sierras, +and known as "wild pennyroyal," is a bushy, many-stemmed +plant, whose flowers usually have a faded lavender hue. But +the plant is exceedingly fragrant, perfuming the air all about.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f125"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f125.png">PENNYROYAL—<i>Monardella villosa</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>LUCERN. ALFALFA. CHILEAN CLOVER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Medicago sativa</i>, L. Pea Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[ 326]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Perennials, with roots sometimes reaching down eight or ten feet. +<i>Stems.</i>—Two to four feet high. <i>Leaflets.</i>—Three; toothed above. +<i>Flowers.</i>—Violet. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>—Papilionaceous; +six lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Nine united; one free. <i>Pod.</i>—Spirally +coiled; without spines. <i>Hab.</i>—Usually escaped from cultivation.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The value of this little plant has been known for many centuries. +It was introduced into Greece from Media, whence it +received the name <i>Medicago</i>, and was cultivated several centuries +before Christ. It has reached us through Mexico and +Chile, where it is called "alfalfa" and "Chilean clover."</p> + +<p>It is but sparingly naturalized among us, but on account of +its very nutritious herbage it is largely cultivated for feed. Its +very deep root enables it to seek moisture from perennial +sources, and to thus withstand the dryness of our summers. +It requires considerable care to start the plants; but once +established, the roots will continue under favorable circumstances +to produce crops of herbage almost indefinitely. When +grown upon good soil and irrigated, it will yield several crops +a year. When cured for hay, it is cut just before flowering. +But it is of greatest value for feeding green to dairy cows and +other animals. An alfalfa field is a beautiful and grateful sight +amid the drouth of our late summer. In Chile sprays of this +plant are laid about in the houses to drive away fleas.</p> + + +<h3>SQUAW'S CARPET. MAHALA MATS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Ceanothus prostratus</i>, Benth. Buckthorn Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Hardy, evergreen, trailing shrubs, carpeting the ground. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; +short-petioled; obovate or spatulate; cuneate; leathery; several-toothed +above; three to twelve lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Bright blue; +in loose clusters on stout peduncles. <i>Fruit.</i>—With thick, often red, +flesh; with three large wrinkled, somewhat spreading horns from near +the apex, and low intermediate crests. (See <i>Ceanothus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—The +Sierras and northern Coast Ranges.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f126"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f126.png">ALFALFA—<i>Medicago sativa</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>Upon half-shaded slopes in the Sierras, where great firs rear +their noble shafts, forming an open forest, this little trailing +shrub makes a clean, delightfully springy carpet underfoot.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[ 328]</a></span> +Early in the season it is an exquisite thing, when covered with +its delicate clusters of bright-blue flowers, and it is no less +attractive in late summer, when its odd scarlet fruit studs the +rich green foliage.</p> + +<p>The children of our mountain districts know it as "squaw's +carpet" and "mahala mats." Among the Digger Indians the +word "Mahala" is applied as a title of respect to all the women +of the tribe indiscriminately, and they always refer to one +another as "Mahala Sally," "Mahala Nancy," etc.</p> + + +<h3>ACONITE. MONK'S-HOOD. FRIAR'S-CAP. BLUEWEED.</h3> + +<h4><i>Aconitum Columbianum</i>, Nutt. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Two to six feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; palmately three- +to five-cleft, three to five inches across. <i>Flowers.</i>—From blue to almost +white; in a terminal cluster. <i>Sepals.</i>—Five; petaloid; very irregular; +the upper one helmet-shaped. <i>Petals.</i>—Two to five; the upper two +stamen-like, concealed within the helmet; the lower three minute or +obsolete. <i>Stamens.</i>—Numerous. Filaments short. <i>Pistils.</i>—Usually +three; becoming divergent follicles. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>A. Fischeri</i>, Reichb. +<i>Hab.</i>—The Sierras and the northern Coast Ranges.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The blossoms of the monk's-hood, or aconite, may be found +with those of the tall blue larkspur and the little alpine lily +along our mountain streams in late summer. Owing to the +shape of the upper sepal, these flowers have received several +of their common names, such as "helmet-flower," "friar's-cap," +and "monk's-hood."</p> + +<p>The genus <i>Aconitum</i> has been known from remote times +and noted for the poisonous qualities of its species. From the +roots and leaves of <i>A. napellus</i>, the officinal species, supposed +to be native of Britain, is made the powerful drug, aconite. +Our own species is also poisonous, and among the mountaineers +it is called "blueweed," and remembered only for its disastrous +effect upon their sheep, who are sometimes driven to eat it +when other feed is scare. The helmet varies greatly in breadth +and length.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f127"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f127.png">MONK'S-HOOD—<i>Aconitum Columbianum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>BLUE GENTIAN.</h3> + +<h4><i>Gentiana calycosa</i>, Griseb. Gentian Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[ 330]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Six to twelve inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Eighteen lines to less +than an inch long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Deep, rich blue. <i>Corolla.</i>—An inch or +two long; plaited into folds between the lobes; the sinuses with two +long, <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'tooth-like'">toothlike</ins> appendages; the lobes green-dotted. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; +alternate with the corolla-lobes. Filaments flattened and adnate to the +corolla below. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Style awl-shaped. Stigma two-lobed. +<i>Hab.</i>—The Sierras.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This genus was named for Gentius, an ancient king of Illyria, +who is said to have discovered the medicinal virtues of +these plants. The drug called "gentian," a bitter tonic, is +made from the root of a German species—<i>G. lutea</i>—with yellow +flowers.</p> + +<p>All the Gentians are natives of the cooler portions of the +world, inhabiting northern latitudes and mountain heights. +We have several fine species, which are found in the Sierras +and the northern Coast Ranges.</p> + +<p><i>G. calycosa</i> is a truly beautiful flower, rivaling the sky with +its deep blue blossoms, which are to be found in the fall in +many an alpine meadow, called by Mr. Muir "gentian-meadows."</p> + + +<h3>TALL MOUNTAIN LARKSPUR.</h3> + +<h4><i>Delphinium scopulorum, var. glaucum</i>, Gray.</h4> + +<h4>Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Mostly smooth; more or less glaucous. <i>Stems.</i>—Two to six feet +high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Palmately five- to seven-parted; the divisions slashed +into sharp-pointed lobes. <i>Flowers.</i>—Blue; in narrow, slender racemes; +on rather short, slender pedicels. <i>Sepals.</i>—Rather narrow; six lines +long or less; minutely tomentose. Spur crapy; rather slender. <i>Ovaries.</i>—Smooth. +(Flower-structure as in <i>D. nudicaule</i>.) <i>Syn.</i>—<i>D. scopulorum</i>, +Gray. <i>Hab.</i>—The Sierras, at about six thousand feet; +from the San Bernardino Mountains to the Yukon River.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f128"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f128.png">BLUE GENTIAN—<i>Gentiana calycosa</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>By July and August the slender spires of the tall mountain +larkspur are conspicuous along the watercourses of the Sierras, +where they are usually found in the company of their near +relatives, the monk's-hoods and the gay scarlet columbines. +A ramble down one of these mountain streams affords a succession +of most delightful surprises. Willow copses, alternating<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[ 332]</a></span> +with tangles of larkspur, great willow-herb, and monk's-hood, +are followed by open, velvety meadows, starred by white and +blue daisies, or diversified by the pure spikes of the milk-white +rein-orchis, or the lovely blossoms of the pink mimulus; while +further down, the stream perchance suddenly narrows and +deepens, flowing by some jutting rock-wall, resplendent with +crimson pentstemons or brilliant sulphur-flowers.</p> + + +<h3>COMMON ASTER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Aster Chamissonis</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4> + +<p><i>Stems.</i>—Two to five feet high; loosely branching. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +sessile; lanceolate; three to six inches long; the upper becoming +small or minute. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Five or six lines long; composed of +yellow disk-flowers and violet or purple rays. <i>Rays.</i>—Twenty to +twenty-five; half an inch long. <i>Involucre.</i>—Campanulate; of many +small imbricated scales. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout California.</p> + +<p>We have not as many species of <i>Aster</i> as are found in the +Eastern States, but we have some very beautiful ones. <i>A. +Chamissonis</i> is one of our commonest and most widespread +species. Its blossoms begin to appear in late summer and linger +along through the fall. Many species of <i>Erigeron</i> (very +closely allied to <i>Aster</i>) are called "asters" among us, and +comprise some of our most charming flowers. These are +found chiefly in the mountains, though <i>E. glaucus</i> is found +upon the sea-beach and ocean cliffs.</p> + + +<h3>LAVENDER MOUNTAIN DAISY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Erigeron salsuginosus</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—A foot or two high. <i>Radical and lower leaves.</i>—Spatulate +to nearly obovate; tapering into a margined petiole. <i>Upper leaves.</i>—Ovate-oblong +to lanceolate; sessile. <i>Uppermost leaves.</i>—Small and +bract-like. <i>Flower-heads.</i>—Solitary; large; of yellow disk-flowers and +lavender rays. <i>Disk.</i>—Over half an inch across. <i>Rays.</i>—Fifty to +seventy; six lines or more long; rather wide. <i>Bracts</i> of the involucre +numerous; loosely spreading. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>Aster salsuginosus</i>, Richardson. +<i>Hab.</i>—Sierra meadows, at an altitude of from six to ten thousand feet.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f129"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f129.png">COMMON ASTER—<i>Aster Chamissonis</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>Of all the beautiful flowers of the Sierras, not one lingers so +fondly in the memory, after our return to the lowlands, as this +exquisite lavender daisy. Late in the summer it stars the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[ 334]</a></span> +alpine meadows with its charming flowers, or stands in sociable +companies on those natural velvet lawns of the mountains. It +resembles the feathery, white mountain daisy, and grows in the +same region; but its rays are wider and give the blossoms a +somewhat more substantial look.</p> + + +<h3>BLUE FORGET-ME-NOT. STICKSEED.</h3> + +<h4><i>Echinospermum floribundum</i>, Lehm. Borage Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Two feet or so high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Oblong to linear-lanceolate; +two to five inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—In numerous, slender-panicled +racemes; on short, slender pedicels. Racemes often in pairs. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted; +minute. <i>Corolla.</i>—Sky-blue (rarely white); salver-form, +with short tube and spreading, five-lobed border; two to five lines +across, with conspicuous arching crests in the throat. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; +included; on the corolla. <i>Ovary.</i>—Of four nutlets; each having +a deltoid, keeled disk and margined by long, flat prickles. <i>Hab.</i>—From +California to British Columbia and eastward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The beautiful blossoms of the wild blue forget-me-not will +be readily recognized by all lovers of flowers. They may be +found in the Sierras in midsummer. The tall stems rise amid +the lush grasses upon the sides of steep caņons, where the air is +humid and vegetation is rank. The flowers are unfortunately +followed by very troublesome burs, which are much dreaded +by sheep-herders.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[ 335]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="V_RED" id="V_RED"></a>V. RED</h2> + + +<h3>[<i>Red or occasionally or partially red flowers not described in +the Red Section.</i></h3> + +<ul> +<li><i>Described in the Yellow Section</i>:—</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Anagallis arvensis</span>—Pimpernel.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Meconopsis heterophylla</span>—Wind-Poppy.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Mimulus glutinosus</span>—Sticky Monkey-Flower.</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Opuntia Engelmanni</span>—Prickly Pear.]</li> +<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Cotyledon pulverulenta</span>.</li> +</ul> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[ 336]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<h3>INDIAN WARRIOR.</h3> + +<h4><i>Pedicularis densiflora</i>, Benth. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Root woody. <i>Stems.</i>—Six to twenty inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +oblong-lanceolate; pinnate; leaflets lobed and toothed; diminishing +into the flower-bracts. <i>Calyx.</i>—Campanulate; five-toothed. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Club-shaped, bent downward above the calyx and oblique +to it; one inch long; the two upper lobes united and containing the +stamens; the three lower mere teeth. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four. Style filiform; +exserted. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout Western California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>These blossoms, which come early in the season, seem +"warmed with the new wine of the year." They often stand +in little companies in openings among the trees, and the rays +of the afternoon sun slanting in upon them brighten and vivify +them into a rich, warm claret-color. The leaves, finely dissected, +like certain fern-fronds, are often of a bronze tone, +which harmonizes finely with the flowers.</p> + +<p>To the casual observer, this flower resembles the Indian +paint-brush. In reality, it belongs to a closely allied genus. +But in this blossom the bracts do not constitute the brilliant +part of the inflorescence, and the calyx, instead of being the +showy, sheathing envelop it is in the paint-brush, is quite small +and inconspicuous.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Blochman has quaintly and aptly alluded to the corolla +of this flower as a long and slender mitten, just fit for some +high-born fairy's hand.</p> + +<p>Among the children of our mountain districts this flower is +known as "Indian warrior."</p> + +<div class="image" id="f130"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f130.png">INDIAN WARRIOR—<i>Pedicularis densiflora</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>WILD GOOSEBERRY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Ribes Menziesii</i>, Pursh. Saxifrage Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[ 338]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to six feet high, with naked glandular-bristly or prickly +branches and stout triple thorns under the fascicled leaves. <i>Peduncles.</i>—With +one or two drooping, Fuchsia-like flowers. <i>Calyx.</i>—Half an +inch long; garnet; the five oblong lobes somewhat longer than the +tube, but hardly longer than the stamens, which surpass the five white +petals with inrolled edges. Styles exserted. Anthers sagittate. <i>Berry.</i>—Four +to six lines in diameter; thickly covered with long prickles. +(Otherwise as <i>Ribes glutinosum</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—From San Diego to Humboldt +County; also in the Sierras.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The wild gooseberry, considered as a fruit, is very disappointing, +as its large, prickly berries are composed mostly of +skin and seeds. But as an ornamental shrub it is very pleasing. +In February its long, thorny branches are densely clothed +with small but rich green leaves, under which hang the perfect +little miniature red and white Fuchsias.</p> + +<p>A closely allied species—<i>R. subvestitum</i>, Hook. and Arn.,—has +long exserted filaments and glandular-prickly berries.</p> + + +<h3>FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Ribes speciosum</i>, Pursh. Saxifrage Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs six to ten feet high, with spreading branches, armed with +large triple thorns. <i>Leaves.</i>—Evergreen; three- to five-lobed; an inch +or so long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Bright cardinal; an inch long. <i>Calyx.</i>—Petaloid; +its tube adnate to the ovary; the limb is usually five-cleft (sometimes +four). <i>Petals.</i>—On the sinuses of the calyx. <i>Stamens.</i>—As +many as the petals; twice the length of the calyx. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. +Style two-cleft. <i>Fruit.</i>—A dry, densely glandular berry. <i>Hab.</i>—From +Monterey to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>One of the most charming shrubs to be found in the southern +part of the State is the Fuchsia-flowered gooseberry. Early +in the season the long sprays of its spreading branches are +thickly hung with the beautiful drooping cardinal flowers, which +gleam against the rich green of the glossy leaves. The stems +often rival the flowers in brilliance of coloring, but they harbor +a multitude of formidable thorns which serve to cool our impetuous +desire to possess ourselves of the blossoms. Though far +more brilliant than the flowers of <i>R. subvestitum</i>, these are not +so truly counterparts in miniature of the garden Fuchsia as they.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f131"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f131.png">FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY—<i>Ribes speciosum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>WILD PEONY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Pæonia Brownii</i>, Dougl. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[ 340]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Coarse, leathery herbs, with woody roots. <i>Stems.</i>—Stout; branched; +ten to eighteen inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; once- or twice- ternately +compound; the leaflets ternately lobed. <i>Flowers.</i>—Solitary; +<i>Sepals.</i>—Green; often with leaflike appendages. <i>Petals.</i>—Five to ten; +dark red. <i>Stamens.</i>—Numerous. <i>Pistils.</i>—Two to five; becoming +leathery follicles. <i>Hab.</i>—Almost throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Our wild peony, which is the only species of North America, +grows through a wide range of territory, from the hot +plains of the south to the region of perpetual snow in the +mountains of the north. As might be expected, it manifests +considerable variation in form and character. Indeed, some +authors have thought these variations sufficiently marked to +warrant the division of the species into two.</p> + +<p>After the first rains in the south, the plant pushes up its +broad, scarlet-tipped leaves, and by January, or earlier, produces +its flowers, which are deep red, shading almost into +black, an inch or so across, and quite fragrant. These blossoms +are at first erect; but as the seed-vessels mature, the +stems begin to droop, till the fruit rests upon the ground.</p> + +<p>The Spanish-Californians consider the thick root an excellent +remedy for dyspepsia, when eaten raw; while the Indians +of the south use it, powdered or made into a decoction, for +colds, sore throat, etc. In the north its leaves are reputed to +be poisonous to the touch.</p> + +<p>In some localities it is known as "Christmas-rose," and in +others the children call its dark, round flowers "nigger-heads." +In the mountains it blossoms in June and July near snow-banks.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f132"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f132.png">WILD PEONY—<i>Pæonia Brownii</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN FIGWORT. CALIFORNIAN BEE-PLANT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Scrophularia Californica</i>, Cham. Figwort Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[ 342]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Two to five feet high; angled. <i>Leaves.</i>—Oblong-ovate or +oblong-triangular; two or more inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Small; dull +red; three to five lines long; in loose terminal panicles. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-lobed. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Bilabiate; upper lip four-lobed; lower of one +lobe. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four perfect; in pairs; and a fifth scalelike, rudimentary +one. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. Style exserted. <i>Hab.</i>—Almost +throughout the State.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The tall stems of the Californian figwort are common along +roadsides, and become especially rank and luxuriant where the +soil has been freshly stirred. The plants are so plentiful and +so plebeian in appearance, that we are apt to class them in the +category of weeds; but the fact that their little corollas are +almost always stored abundantly with honey for the bees, saves +them from this reproachful title.</p> + +<p>They are cultivated by the keepers of bees. The odd, +little dull-red or greenish flowers have a knowing look, which +is enhanced by two of the stamens, which project just over the +lower rim of the corolla, like the front teeth of some tiny +rodent.</p> + + +<h3>FALSE ALUM-ROOT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Tellima grandiflora</i>, R. Br. Saxifrage Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Radical-leaves.</i>—Long-petioled. <i>Stem-leaves.</i>—With shorter petioles, +round-cordate; variously lobed and toothed; very hairy, with +coarse, bristle-like hairs; two to four inches across. <i>Stems.</i>—One to +three feet high. <i>Flowers.</i>—In long racemes; on short pedicels; green +or rose-color. <i>Calyx.</i>—Campanulate; five-toothed; ribbed; three to +six lines long; adnate to the ovary below. <i>Petals.</i>—Five; short-clawed; +slashed above; two or three lines long; on the calyx. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten; +very short. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled; with a disklike summit, tapering into +two stout styles with large capitate stigmas. <i>Hab.</i>—From Santa Cruz +to Alaska.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This robust plant bears no resemblance to its delicate relative, +<i>T. affinis</i>. It is far more like the alum-root in habit and +appearance, and its leaves are prettily blotched in the same +manner. It grows along rich banks by shaded roads, and +blooms from early spring onward. Its tall racemes of either +rose-colored or greenish, obscure flowers look rather like the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[ 344]</a></span> +promise of something to come than a present fulfillment. The +petals are small and inconspicuous at a distance; but when +closely examined, reveal a delicacy and beauty of form entirely +unsuspected.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f133"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f133.png">CALIFORNIAN BEE PLANT—<i>Scrophularia Californica</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH. SCARLET PAINT-BRUSH.</h3> + +<h4><i>Castilleia parviflora</i>, Bong. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Hairy, at least above; six inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Laciniate-cleft +or incised; sometimes entire; two inches or so long; mostly +alternate. <i>Flowers.</i>—With conspicuous colored bracts. <i>Calyx.</i>—Tubular; +about equally cleft before and behind; tinged with scarlet or +yellow. <i>Corolla.</i>—Tubular; six lines to over an inch long; the upper +lip equaling the tube; the lower very short; three-toothed; the whole +tinged with red or yellow. <i>Stamens.</i>—Four; inclosed in the upper lip. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. Style long; exserted. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Scarlet flowers are so rare, and nature is so chary of that +beautiful hue, that these blossoms are especially welcome. +Their dense tufts make brilliant dashes of color, which are very +noticeable amid the vivid greens of springtime. Strange to +say, most of their brilliancy is due not to the corollas, but to +the large petal-like bracts under the flowers and to the calyxes. +In the vicinity of the seashore these blossoms may be found at +almost any time of the year, while inland they have their season +of bloom in the spring, resting for the most part during +the summer.</p> + +<p>They are known in some localities as "Indian plume." +The specific name is a very misleading one—for these flowers, +far from being small, are in reality comparatively large and +fine. The species was probably first named from poor or +depauperate specimens. It is in every way a larger, more +showy flower than the closely allied species—<i>C. coccinea</i>, +Spreng.—of the East, commonly known as the "painted +cup."</p> + +<p>We have a number of species closely resembling one +another. <i>C. foliolosa</i>, Hook. and Arn., may be easily recognized +by its white-woolly stems and foliage.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f134"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f134.png">INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH—<i>Castilleia parviflora</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>NORTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR. +CHRISTMAS-HORNS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Delphinium nudicaule</i>, Torr. and Gray. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[ 346]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—A foot or two high; naked or very few-leaved. <i>Leaves.</i>—One +to three inches in diameter; deeply three- to five-cleft, or barely +parted into obovate or cuneate divisions. <i>Flowers.</i>—Scarlet; in loose, +open racemes; on pedicels two to four inches long. <i>Sepals.</i>—Five; +petaloid; the upper prolonged upward into a spur containing the +smaller spurs of the two upper petals. Spur six to nine lines long. +<i>Petals.</i>—Usually four; the two lateral small, not spurred. <i>Stamens.</i>—Many. +<i>Pistils.</i>—Mostly three; becoming divergent follicles. <i>Hab.</i>—The +Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo to Oregon.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Though not so intensely brilliant and striking as the southern +scarlet larkspur, this is a delightful flower, the sight of +which gracing some rocky caņon-wall or making flecks of flame +amid the grass, gives us a thrill of pleasure. It would require +no great stretch of the imagination to fancy these blossoms a +company of pert little red-coated elves clambering over the +loose, slender stems. In our childhood we used to hear them +called "Christmas-horns."</p> + + +<h3>SCARLET FRITILLARY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Fritillaria recurva</i>, Benth. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Bulb as in <i>F. lanceolata</i>. <i>Stems.</i>—Eight to eighteen inches high; +one- to nine-flowered. <i>Flowers.</i>—Scarlet outside; yellow, spotted +with scarlet, within. <i>Perianth.</i>—Campanulate; urn-shaped. <i>Segments.</i>—Twelve +to eighteen lines long; with recurved tips. <i>Stamens</i> +and style not quite equaling the segments. <i>Capsule.</i>—Rather obtusely +angled. (Otherwise as <i>F. lanceolata</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—The Sierras, from Placer +County northward into Oregon.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The scarlet fritillary is without doubt the most beautiful of +all our species. It is a wonderful blossom, which seems as +much of a marvel to us every time we behold it as it did at first. +Usually there are from one to nine of the brilliant bells; but the +effect can be imagined when as many as thirty-five have been +seen upon a single stem!</p> + +<p><i>F. coccinea</i>, Greene, is another beautiful scarlet-and-yellow +species, found in the mountains of Sonoma and Napa Counties. +This has from one to four flowers, which are an inch long, with +simple campanulate outline, without recurving tips.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f135"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f135.png">NORTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR—<i>Delphinium nudicaule</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>COLUMBINE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Aquilegia truncata</i>, Fisch. and Mey. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[ 348]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—One to three feet high; very slender. <i>Leaves.</i>—Mostly +radical; divided into thin, distant leaflets. <i>Flowers.</i>—Scarlet; tinged +with yellow; eighteen to twenty-four lines across. Parts in fives. +<i>Sepals.</i>—Petaloid; rotately spreading. <i>Petals.</i>—Tubular; produced +into long spurs or horns. <i>Stamens.</i>—Numerous on the receptacle; +much exserted. <i>Pistils.</i>—Five; simple. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">Sprung in a cleft of the wayside steep,</span> +<span class="ni">And saucily nodding, flushing deep,</span> +<span class="i1">With her airy tropic bells aglow,—</span> +<span class="ni">Bold and careless, yet wondrous light,</span> +<span class="ni">And swung into poise on the stony height,</span> +<span class="i1">Like a challenge flung to the world below!</span> +<span class="ni">Skirting the rocks at the forest edge</span> +<span class="ni">With a running flame from ledge to ledge,</span> +<span class="ni">Or swaying deeper in shadowy glooms,</span> +<span class="ni">A smoldering fire in her dusky blooms;</span> +<span class="ni">Bronzed and molded by wind and sun,</span> +<span class="ni">Maddening, gladdening every one</span> +<span class="ni">With a gypsy beauty full and fine,—</span> +<span class="ni">A health to the crimson columbine!</span> +<p class="quotsig">—Elaine Goodale</p> +</div></div> + +<p>To enjoy the exquisite airy beauty of this lovely flower, +we must seek it in its own haunts—for there is a touch of +wildness in its nature that will not be subdued; nor will it submit +to being handled or ruthlessly transported from its own +sylvan retreat.</p> + +<p>Fringing the stream, peering over the bank, as if to see its +own loveliness reflected there, or hiding in the greenest recesses +of the woodland, it is always a welcome blossom, and +the eye brightens and the pulse quickens upon beholding it.</p> + +<p>This species is at home throughout our borders; but there +is another form which is said to be found occasionally in our +very high mountains—<i>A. cœrulea</i>, James. This is plentiful in +the Rocky Mountains, and is the State flower of Colorado. Its +blossoms, which are blue or white, are large and magnificent, +with slender spurs an inch and a half or two inches long.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f136"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f136.png">COLUMBINE—<i>Aquilegia truncata</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CLIMBING PENTSTEMON. SCARLET HONEYSUCKLE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Pentstemon cordifolius</i>, Benth. Figwort Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[ 350]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Woody at base, with long, slender branches, which climb over other +shrubs. <i>Leaves.</i>—Cordate or ovate; an inch or less long. <i>Calyx.</i>—Campanulate; +five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>—Bright scarlet; eighteen lines +long. Sterile stamen bearded down one side. (See <i>Pentstemon</i>.) +<i>Hab.</i>—From Santa Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In spring we notice in the borders of southern woodlands +and along the roadsides certain long, wandlike branches with +beautiful heart-shaped leaves, which are suggestive of those of +the garden Fuchsia. Our curiosity is naturally aroused and +we wonder what blossom is destined to grace this elegant foliage. +Early summer solves the mystery by hanging the tips +of these wands with brilliant scarlet blossoms, in every way +satisfying the earlier promise.</p> + +<p>These flowers often look down at us in a sort of mocking, +Mephistophelian manner, as they hang amid the rich greens of +other shrubs and trees. Seen with a glass, they are quite +glandular. The fifth stamen looks like a very cunning little +golden hearth-brush.</p> + + +<h3>HUMMING-BIRD'S SAGE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Audibertia grandiflora</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Coarse plants, with woolly stems; one to three feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Opposite; +wrinkly; white-woolly beneath; crenate; the lower three +to eight inches long; hastate-lanceolate; on margined petioles; upper +sessile; pointed. <i>Inflorescence.</i>—Over a foot long, with many large, +widely separated whorls of crimson flowers. <i>Corollas.</i>—Eighteen +lines long. Stamens and style much exserted. <i>Flower-bracts.</i>—Ovate; +sharp-pointed; often crimson-tinged. (Otherwise as <i>A. stachyoides.</i>) +<i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges, from San Mateo southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This, the largest-flowered of all our <i>Audibertias</i>, becomes +especially conspicuous by April and May in southern woodlands, +where its large, dark flower-clusters may be seen in +little companies amid the shadows. The leaves and bracts are +quite viscid, and have a rather rank, unpleasant odor; but the +flowers are not without a certain comeliness. The long, crimson +trumpets are arranged in whorls about the stems, projecting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[ 352]</a></span> +from many densely crowded bracts. Tier after tier of these +interrupted whorls, sometimes as many as nine, mount the +stems. The bracts and stems are usually of a rich bronze, +which harmonizes finely with the color of the flowers. The +joint in the filament is quite conspicuous in this species.</p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">"Humming-birds that dart in the sun like green and golden arrows"</span> +</div></div> +<p class="ni">seem to be the sole beneficiaries of the abundant nectar in these +deep tubes.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f137"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f137.png">CLIMBING PENTSTEMOM—<i>Pentstemon cordifolius</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB.</h3> +<h3>WESTERN SPICE-BUSH.</h3> + +<h4><i>Calycanthus occidentalis</i>, Hook. and Arn. Sweet Shrub Family.</h4> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Shrubs.</i>—Six to twelve feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Ovate to oblong-lanceolate; +three to six inches long; dark green; roughish. <i>Flowers.</i>—Wine-colored +(sometimes white); solitary; two inches or so across. +<i>Sepals</i>, petals, and stamens indefinite, passing into each other; all +coalescent below into the cuplike calyx-tube, on whose inner surface +are borne the numerous carpels. <i>Petals.</i>—Linear-spatulate, usually +tawny-tipped. Carpels becoming akenes. <i>Hab.</i>—From the lower +Sacramento River northward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This is one of our most beautiful shrubs. Upon the banks +of streams, or often upon a shaded hillside where some little +rill trickles out from a hidden source, it spreads its branches +and lifts its canopy of ample leaves. There is a pleasant +fragrance about the whole shrub, and the leaves, when crushed, +are agreeably bitter. From April to November the charming +flowers, like small wine-colored chrysanthemums, are produced; +and these are followed by the prettily veined, urn-shaped seed-vessels, +which remain upon the bushes until after the next season's +flowers appear, by which time they are almost black. It +is from these cuplike seed-vessels that the genus takes its +name, which is derived from two Greek words, meaning <i>flower</i> +and <i>cup.</i></p> + +<div class="image" id="f138"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f138.png">CALIFORNIAN SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB—<i>Calycanthus occidentalis</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>INDIAN PINK.</h3> + +<h4><i>Silene Californica</i>, Durand. Pink Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[ 354]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>—Deep. <i>Stems.</i>—Several; procumbent or sub-erect; leafy. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Ovate-elliptic or lanceolate; eighteen lines to four inches +long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Brilliant scarlet; over an inch across. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-toothed. +<i>Petals.</i>—Five; long-clawed; the blades variously cleft, and +with two erect <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'tooth-like'">toothlike</ins> appendages at the throat. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten; +exserted with the three filiform styles. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>—Widely +distributed.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Indian pink is one of the most beautiful of our flowers, +and it appeals to the æsthetic sense in a way few flowers do. +Its brilliant scarlet blossoms brighten the soft browns of our +roadsides in early summer, and gleam amid the green of +thickets like bits of fire. Its corolla is elegantly slashed, and +it is altogether a much finer flower than the southern form, +<i>S. laciniata</i>. Its rather broad leaves are often quite viscid to +the touch, in which respect it shares in the character from +which the genus was named in allusion to Silenus, the companion +of Bacchus, who is described as covered with foam.</p> + +<p><i>S. laciniata</i>, Cav., is a similar species found from Central +California southward. It is usually a taller plant, with many +stems and narrow leaves. It is also quite viscid, and many +small insects, mostly ants, are almost always to be seen ensnared +upon its stems. We are at a loss to account for this +until we remember what Sir John Lubbock says in this connection. +He suggests that ants are not very desirable visitors for +promoting cross-fertilization among plants, as their progress is +slow, and they cannot visit many plants far apart. On the +other hand, winged insects, such as bees, butterflies, and moths, +making long excursions through the air, are admirably adapted +for bringing pollen from distant plants. Hence plants spread +their attractions for such insects, while they often contrive all +sorts of ingenious devices for keeping undesirable ones, like +ants, away from their flowers.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f139"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f139.png">INDIAN PINK—<i>Silene Californica</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The Spanish-Californians call this plant "Yerba del Indio," +and make it into a tea which they esteem as a remedy for all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[ 356]</a></span> +sorts of aches and pains, and use as a healing application to +ulcers.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>S. Hookeri</i>, Nutt.—is easily known by +its large pink flowers, often two and a half inches across, and +delicately slashed. This is found in our western counties, growing +upon wooded hillsides, where its charming flowers show to +excellent advantage.</p> + + +<h3>COAST LILY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lilium maritimum</i>, Kell. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Bulb</i>.—Conical; twelve to eighteen lines thick, with closely appressed +scales. <i>Stem.</i>—One to three feet high; slender. <i>Leaves.</i>—Seldom, +if at all, whorled; linear or narrowly oblanceolate; obtuse; +one to five inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—One to five; deep blood-red; +spotted with purple; long-pediceled; horizontal. <i>Perianth-segments.</i>—Six; +lanceolate; eighteen lines long; the upper third somewhat +recurved. <i>Hab.</i>—Near the Coast, from San Mateo to Mendocino +County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The little Coast lily is found most abundantly in the black +peat bogs of Mendocino County, though it ranges southward +to San Mateo County and northward to Humboldt County.</p> + +<p>Mr. Purdy says of it: "It is seldom seen farther than two +miles from the ocean. On the edges of the bogs the lily is +often a dwarf, blossoming at three or four inches. In the bogs +it roots itself in the tufts, and becomes a lovely plant five feet +high with ten or fifteen fine blossoms."</p> + +<p>The leaves are dark, glossy green and the blossoms are +more cylindrical than funnel-form, the three inner segments +spreading more than the outer, which remain almost erect. +The little oval anthers, with cinnamon-colored pollen, almost +fill the narrow tube and conceal the fact that the segments are +yellow below and more decidedly spotted.</p> + + +<h3>CHOLLA-CACTUS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Opuntia prolifera</i>, Engelm. Cactus Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Leafless, spiny, arborescent shrubs, three to ten feet high, with +elongated, cylindrical joints, covered with oblong tubercles which bear +from three to eight spines. Longest spines twelve to eighteen lines +long. <i>Stems.</i>—Two to seven inches thick. <i>Flowers.</i>—Purplish-red;</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[ 357]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>densely clustered at the ends of the branches. <i>Sepals</i>, petals, and +stamens, many. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Style one. Stigmas several. +<i>Fruit.</i>—Green; obovate; concave on the top; having no spines, only +bristles; usually sterile; often producing other flowers. <i>Hab.</i>—From +Ventura to San Diego and southward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Upon dry hills, even as far north as Ventura, the cholla cactus +is a familiar feature of the landscape. In many places +it forms extensive and impassable thickets, which afford an +asylum to many delicate and tender plants that retire to it as a +last refuge from sheep and cattle.</p> + +<p>The young joints, which are clustered at the ends of the +branches, are from three to nine inches long. By means of +their barbed spines, these adhere to any passing object, and as +they break off very readily, they are thus often transported to +a distance. As they root easily, this seems to afford a means +of propagation, in the absence of seed—for the fruit is usually +seedless.</p> + +<p>The spines are quite variable in length, the longest being +sometimes an inch and a half. Each one is covered by a +papery sheath, which slips off easily.</p> + +<p>Upon the ground about these shrubs may usually be found +the skeletons of old branches. These are hollow cylinders of +woody basket-work, which are quite symmetrical and pretty.</p> + +<p><i>O. serpentina</i>, Engelm., found at San Diego, and often +growing with the above, resembles it somewhat, but may be +known by its much longer spines, which are from three to nine +inches long, and by its greenish-yellow flowers. The plants +are usually found near the seashore and scattered—<i>i.e.</i> never +forming thickets.</p> + +<p>Upon the sea-coast at San Diego is found another plant +similar to the above—<i>Cereus Emoryi</i>, Engelm.—the "velvet +cactus." Instead of being covered with tubercles, these plants +have from sixteen to twenty vertical ribs, upon which are borne +the bunches of slender spines. These spines are from a quarter +of an inch to one and three quarters inches long, and +without barbs. The flowers are greenish-yellow, and not particularly +pretty or attractive.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[ 358]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>SCARLET BUGLER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Pentstemon centranthifolius</i>, Benth. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Very glaucous and smooth. <i>Stem.</i>—One to three feet high. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Ovate-lanceolate; mostly sessile; the upper cordate-clasping; +thick. <i>Panicles.</i>—Narrow; a foot or two long. <i>Corolla.</i>—Bright +scarlet; an inch or more long; hardly bilabiate. (See <i>Pentstemon</i>.) +<i>Hab.</i>—From Monterey to Los Angeles.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The tall spires of the scarlet bugler are such familiar sights +along southern roadsides and sandy washes that people almost +forget the enthusiastic admiration their bright beauty first +elicited. It is said that acres of mountain lands are sometimes +a solid mass of vermilion during the blooming season of this +lovely plant.</p> + +<p>The panicle is often two feet long, with its string of scarlet +horns. The individual flowers bear quite a likeness to those +of the honeysuckle, common in Eastern gardens, and by those +who encounter the plant for the first time, it is usually spoken +of as "honeysuckle." The blossoms are sometimes yellow +near San Bernardino.</p> + +<p><i>P. Bridgesii</i>, Gray, met more frequently in the Yosemite +than elsewhere, though it occurs in the Sierras from the Yosemite +southward, is a very similar plant to the above. But it +differs in having its corolla quite distinctly bilabiate, though of +the same general tubular, funnel-form shape.</p> + + +<h3>LARGE VETCH.</h3> + +<h4><i>Vicia gigantea</i>, Hook. Pea Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Climbing. Stems.—Five to fifteen feet long. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +pinnate; terminated by a tendril. <i>Leaflets.</i>—Ten to thirteen pairs; +linear-oblong; obtuse; mucronulate; one or two inches long. <i>Stipules.</i>—An +inch long; semi-sagittate. <i>Racemes.</i>—Dense; one-sided; five to +eighteen-flowered. <i>Flowers.</i>—Dull red. <i>Corolla.</i>—Papilionaceous. +Petals not spreading. <i>Stamens.</i>—Nine united; one free. <i>Style.</i>—Hairy +all around under the stigma. <i>Pod.</i>—An inch or so long. (See +<i>Leguminosæ</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—From San Francisco Bay northward to Sitka.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This vine is usually found in moist places. Its blossoms are +never attractive for they have a faded, worn-out look, even +when they are fresh. The pods are black when ripe, and the +seeds are said to be edible.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f140"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f140.png">SCARLET BUGLER—<i>Pentstemon centranthifolius</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>SCARLET GILIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Gilia aggregata</i>, Spreng. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[ 360]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—One to three feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Pinnately parted into +seven to thirteen linear, pointed divisions. Upper leaves more simple. +<i>Flowers.</i>—In a loose panicle. <i>Calyx.</i>—Deeply five-cleft; glandular. +<i>Corolla.</i>—Scarlet, pink, or rarely even white; with funnel-form tube, +one inch long; and rotately spreading five-lobed border. Lobes three +to six lines long. (See <i>Gilia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout the Sierras.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The scarlet <i>Gilia</i> is a familiar flower in the Sierras in late +summer, growing everywhere in dry places. It may be easily +recognized by its rich, glossy, flat, green leaves, pinnately +divided into linear divisions, its tall, loosely branching habit, +and its bright, delicate scarlet flowers, standing out horizontally +from the stem. The corolla-lobes are often flesh-pink or yellowish +within, splashed or streaked with scarlet. The whole +plant is quite viscid.</p> + + +<h3>SCARLET MONKEY-FLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Mimulus cardinalis</i>, Dougl. Figwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Stout; viscid; hairy. <i>Stems.</i>—One to five feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Sessile; +ovate to ovate-lanceolate; ragged-margined; several-nerved; +two or three inches long. <i>Peduncles.</i>—Three inches long. <i>Corolla.</i>—Scarlet; +two inches or more long. Upper lip erect; its two lobes +turned back. Lower lip three-lobed; reflexed. <i>Stamens.</i>—Exserted. +(See <i>Mimulus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout Oregon and California along +watercourses.</p></blockquote> + +<p>One day in June, when riding upon the shores of Bolinas +Bay, I came upon a spot where a caņon stream flowed out upon +a little flat at tide-level, making a small fresh-water marsh, in +which mint, bulrushes, and scarlet <i>Mimulus</i> were striving for +the mastery. But the <i>Mimulus</i> was the most wonderful I ever +saw. It stood four or five feet high—a patch of it—strong +and vigorous, and covered with its handsome, large scarlet +flowers, a sight to be remembered. This species is often cultivated +in gardens.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f141"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f141.png">SCARLET GILIA—<i>Gilia Aggregata</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>SNOW-PLANT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Sarcodes sanguinea</i>, Torr. Heath Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[ 362]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Fleshy, glandular-pubescent plants; six inches to over a foot high; +bright red; without green foliage; having, in place of leaves, fleshy +scales, with glandular-ciliate margins. <i>Flowers.</i>—Short-pediceled. +<i>Sepals.</i>—Five. <i>Corolla.</i>—Six lines long; campanulate; with five-lobed +limb. <i>Stamens.</i>—Ten. Anthers two-celled; opening terminally. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Five-celled; globose. Style stout. Stigma capitate. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout +the Sierras, from four to nine thousand feet elevation.</p></blockquote> + +<p>I shall never forget finding my first snow-plant. It was +upon a perfect August day in the Sierras. Following the +course of a little rill which wound among mosses and ferns +through the open forest where noble fir shafts rose on every +hand, I came unexpectedly upon this scarlet miracle, standing +in the rich, black mold in a sheltered nook in the wood. A +single ray of strong sunlight shone upon it, leaving the wood +around it dark, so that it stood out like a single figure in a +<i>tableau vivant</i>. There was something so personal, so glowing, +and so lifelike about it, that I almost fancied I could see the +warm life-blood pulsing and quivering through it. I knelt to +examine it. In lieu of leaves, the plant was supplied with +many overlapping scalelike bracts of a flesh-tint. These were +quite rigid below and closely appressed to the stem, but above +they became looser and curled gracefully about among the +vivid red bells.</p> + +<p>I had heard that the plant was a root parasite; so it was +with much interest and great care I dug about it with my +trowel. But I failed to find its root connected with any other. +I have since learned that it is now considered one of those +plants akin to the fungi, which in some mysterious way draw +their nourishment from decaying or decomposing matter.</p> + +<p>I carried my prize home, where it retained its beauty for a +number of days. I afterward found many of them. They +gradually follow the receding snows up the heights; so that late +in the season one must climb for them.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f142"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f142.png">SNOW-PLANT—<i>Sarcodes sanguinea</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The name "snow-plant" is very misleading, because from +it one naturally expects to find the plant growing upon the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[ 364]</a></span> +snow. But this is rarely or never the case, for it is <i>after</i> the +melting of the snow that it pushes its way aboveground.</p> + +<p>Late in the season the plant usually has one or more well-formed +young plants underground at its base. These are all +ready to come forth the next season at the first intimation that +the snow has gone, which easily accounts for its marvelously +rapid growth. By the end of August, the seed-vessels are +well developed, and as large as a small marble, but flattened; +and by that time the plants have lost their brilliant coloring, +and become dull and faded.</p> + +<p>It is said that the stems have been boiled and eaten, and +found quite palatable; but this would seem to the lover of the +beautiful like eating the showbread from the ark of Nature's +tabernacle.</p> + + +<h3>SOUTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR.</h3> + +<h4><i>Delphinium cardinale</i>, Hook. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Three to ten feet tall. Leaves.—Large; five- to seven-lobed +nearly to the base, the lobes three- to five-cleft, with long-pointed +segments. <i>Flowers.</i>—Large. <i>Sepals.</i>—Lanceolate; eight lines or +more long; rotately spreading; the spur an inch or more long; pointed. +<i>Upper petals.</i>—Orange, tipped with red; pointed; standing prominently +forward. (Otherwise as <i>D. nudicaule</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—The mountains, +from Ventura County to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>During all the long springtime, Nature has been quietly +making her preparations for a grand floral <i>denouement</i> to take +place about mid-June. If we go out into the mountains of the +south at that season, we shall be confronted with a blaze of +glory, the like of which we have probably never witnessed +before. This is due to the brilliant spires of the scarlet larkspur, +which sometimes rise to a height of ten feet!</p> + +<p>One writer likens the appearance of these blossoms, as they +grow in dense masses, to a hill on fire; and Mr. Sturtevant +writes: "To come upon a large group of these plants in full +bloom for the first time, is an event never to be forgotten. I +first saw a mass of them in the distance from the top of a hill. +Descending, I came upon them in such a position that the rays<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[ 365]</a></span> +of the setting sun intensified the brilliancy of their fiery orange-scarlet +color. I gathered a large armful of stalks, from three +to seven feet high, and placed them in water. They continued +to expand for several weeks in water."</p> + +<p>There is a general resemblance between this and the northern +scarlet larkspur, but the clusters of this are far larger and +denser, and the individual flowers are finer. The half-opened +buds more resemble the open flowers of <i>D. nudicaule</i>; but the +fully expanded flowers have the form of some of the finest of +the blue larkspurs.</p> + +<p>The plants affect a sandy soil or one of decomposed granite.</p> + + +<h3>WESTERN CARDINAL-FLOWER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Lobelia splendens</i>, Willd. Lobelia Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Two to four feet tall; slender, smooth or nearly so. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; mostly sessile; lanceolate or almost linear; glandular-denticulate. +<i>Flowers.</i>—In an elongated, wandlike raceme; cardinal +red. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>—With straight tube, over an +inch long and split down the upper side; border two-lipped; upper lip +with two rather erect lobes; lower spreading and three-cleft, with lobes +three to six lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; united into a tube above. +Anthers somewhat hairy. <i>Ovary.</i>—Two-celled. Style simple. Stigma +two-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>—San Diego, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles +Counties, and eastward to Texas.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Western cardinal-flower quite closely resembles <i>L. cardinalis</i> +of the East, differing from it in a few minor points only. +I have never been fortunate enough to see it; but I am told that +it is a magnificent plant, and that from July to September many +a wet spot in our southern mountain caņons is made gay with +its brilliant blossoms.</p> + +<p>Of the Eastern plant Mr. Burroughs writes: "But when +vivid color is wanted, what can surpass or equal our cardinal-flower? +There is a glow about this flower, as if color emanated +from it as from a live coal. The eye is baffled and does not +seem to reach the surface of the petal; it does not see the texture +or material part as it does in other flowers, but rests in a +steady, still radiance. It is not so much something colored as +it is color itself. And then the moist, cool, shady places it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[ 366]</a></span> +affects usually, where it has no rivals, and where the large, +dark shadows need just such a dab of fire! Often, too, we see +it double, its reflected image in some dark pool heightening its +effect."</p> + + +<h3>HUMMING-BIRD'S TRUMPET. CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Zauschneria Californica</i>, Presl. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4> + +<p>Woody plants, more or less villous. <i>Stems.</i>—Much branched; +ascending or decumbent; one to three feet long. <i>Leaves.</i>—Mostly +alternate; sessile; narrowly lanceolate to ovate; six to eighteen lines +long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Bright scarlet; in a loose spike; funnel-form; twenty +lines long. <i>Calyx.</i>—Scarlet; four-cleft. <i>Petals.</i>—Four; obcordate; +borne on the calyx-tube. <i>Stamens.</i>—Eight. Filaments and style +more or less exserted. <i>Ovary.</i>—Four-celled; inferior. Stigma four-lobed. +<i>Hab.</i>—From Plumas County to Mexico; and the Rocky Mountains +east of the Great Basin.</p> + +<p>In late summer and through the autumn, the brilliant blossoms +of the California Fuchsia brighten the sombre tones of our +dry, open hill-slopes. Its aspect is one of gay insouciance, +which would drive away melancholy despite oneself, and +though other plants have been put to rout, one by one, by +the sun's fierce glare, nothing daunted, it puts on its brightest +hues, like a true apostle of cheerfulness. It has been cultivated +for some time, and is highly prized in Eastern gardens, +where it has earned for itself the pretty title of "humming-bird's +trumpet." It is not confined to our limits, but extends +southward into Mexico, and eastward to Wyoming. We have +seen it flourishing in the Sierras, where it is particularly beautiful.</p> + +<p>It is called "balsamea" by the Spanish-Californians, who +use a wash of it as a remedy for cuts and bruises.</p> + +<p>It varies greatly in the size and hairiness of its leaves, in +the form of its flowers, which are broadly or narrowly funnel-form, +and in the exsertion of the stamens and style. The <i>var. microphylla</i> +has a woolly pubescence, linear leaves often very +small, three or four lines long, and other small leaves crowded +in their axils. This is found in the south.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f143"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f143.png">CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA—<i>Zauschneria Californica</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368"></a></p> + + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">There is no glory in star or blossom</span> +<span class="i1">Till looked upon by a loving eye;</span> +<span class="ni">There is no fragrance in April breezes</span> +<span class="i1">Till breathed with joy as they wander by.</span> +<p class="quotsig">—William Cullen Bryant.</p> +</div></div> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="VI_MISCELLANEOUS" id="VI_MISCELLANEOUS"></a>VI. MISCELLANEOUS</h2> + + +<h3>MUILLA.</h3> + +<h4><i>Muilla maritima</i>, Benth. Lily Family.</h4> +<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">369</a></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>—A small membranous-coated corm. <i>Leaves.</i>—Radical; +linear; equaling the slender scape. <i>Scapes.</i>—Three to twelve inches +high, bearing an umbel of small greenish-white flowers, subtended by +several small lanceolate to linear bracts. <i>Pedicels.</i>—Five to fifteen; +two to twelve lines long. <i>Perianth.</i>—Almost rotate; of six segments; +two or three lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six. <i>Ovary.</i>—Globose; three-celled. +<i>Hab.</i>—The Coast, from Marin County to Monterey; also +inland.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The generic name of this little plant is <i>Allium</i> reversed.</p> + +<p>Though it has a coated bulb like the onion, it has none of +its garlic flavor. It differs from the other umbellate-flowered +genera of the Lily family in not having its flowers jointed upon +their pedicels. It thus seems to be a link between the onion, +on the one hand, and the beautiful <i>Brodiæas</i> and <i>Bloomerias</i>, +on the other. It is not at all an attractive plant, though its +blossoms are pleasantly fragrant.</p> + +<p>It is found on the borders of salt marshes and in subsaline +soils in the interior, as well as upon high hills in stony soils.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>M. serotina</i>, Greene—common upon +inland hills in the south, is quite a delicate, pretty flower. Its +greenish-white blossoms, with dainty Nile-green anthers, are +nearly an inch across, and each segment has a pale-green mid-nerve. +The plant has a number of very long, slender leaves, +and its flower-stems are sometimes two feet tall and very +slender.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[ 370]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>SILK-TASSEL TREE. QUININE-BUSH.</h3> + +<h4><i>Garrya elliptica</i>, Dougl. Dogwood Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs five to eight feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Leathery; white-woolly +beneath; wavy-margined. <i>Flowers.</i>—Of two kinds on separate shrubs; +in solitary or clustered catkins; and without petals. <i>Staminate catkins.</i>—Two +to ten inches long, consisting of a flexile chain of funnel-form +bracts, depending one from another; each having six flowers like clappers. +These flowers with four hairy sepals and four stamens with distinct +filaments. <i>Pistillate catkins.</i>—Of similar structure but stouter, +more rigid. Their flowers without floral envelopes; pistils two; fleshy +and hairy; stigmas filiform; dark. <i>Hab.</i>—Near the Coast from Monterey +County to Washington.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This shrub might easily be mistaken for one of our young +live-oaks, with its leathery leaves and gray bark; but the leaves +are opposite, and not alternate, as with the oaks. The bark +and leaves have an intensely bitter principle, similar to quinine +and equally efficacious.</p> + +<p>Early in February, after the first spell of balmy weather, +the bushes put forth their flowers, and then they are exceedingly +beautiful. The long pale-green chains at the ends of all +the branches hang limp and flexile, shaken with every breath +of wind, or, falling over other branches, drape and festoon the +whole shrub exquisitely. The catkins of the female shrub are +stouter and more rigid than those of the male; but when the +fruit is mature, they lengthen out into beautifully tinted clusters +of little papery-coated grapes, which are quite attractive in +themselves. This is cultivated as an ornamental shrub in +England.</p> + +<p><i>G. Fremonti</i>, Torr., another species, is distinguished by +having its leaves pointed at both ends, not wavy-margined, and +not permanently woolly; and also by its solitary catkins. This +is the shrub usually spoken of as "quinine-bush," "fever-bush," +etc., and whose leaves were used as a substitute for quinine in +the early days among the miners. It is said that its roots, left +in the ground after the cutting of the shrub, become marbled +with green, and are then very beautiful for inlaying in ornamental +woodwork.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f144"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f144.png">SILK-TASSEL TREE—<i>Garrya elliptica</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIA LAUREL.</h3> + +<h4><i>Umbellularia Californica</i>, Nutt. Laurel Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[ 372]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs or trees, ten to one hundred feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; +short-petioled; lanceolate-oblong; two to four inches long; smooth, +shining green; very aromatic. <i>Flowers.</i>—In clusters. <i>Sepals.</i>—Six; +greenish-white; two and a half lines long. <i>Petals.</i>—None. <i>Stamens.</i>—Nine; +in three rows; the filaments of the inner row having on either +side, at base, a stalked orange-colored gland. <i>Anthers.</i>—Four-celled; +the cells opening by uplifting lids. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Style stout. +Stigma lobed. <i>Fruit.</i>—Olive-like; an inch long; becoming purple. +<i>Hab.</i>—From Oregon to San Diego.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Early in February we usually have some of our loveliest +days. Life is then pulsing and throbbing everywhere at full tide. +The clear sunshine, the murmur of streams, the odor of the +freshly turned sod, the caroling of larks all are eloquent of +the springtime. The whole air is filled with a strange, spicy +fragrance which makes it a delight to breathe. The California +laurel is shaking out a delicious, penetrating odor from its +countless blossoms.</p> + +<p>Mr. Sargent refers to this tree as one of the stateliest and +most beautiful inhabitants of the North American forests, and +one of the most striking features of the California landscape.</p> + +<p>In France it is now much appreciated and cultivated in +parks and gardens.</p> + +<p>In Southern California it is only a shrub; but in the central +and northern counties it becomes a magnificent tree, a hundred +feet in height and from four to six feet in diameter. It thrives +best in the rich soil along stream-banks, though it grows also +upon hillsides. It would be impossible to mistake this tree for +any other; for its leaves, when crushed, give out a peculiar pungent +odor which, if inhaled too much, will cause headache. +The odor is something like that of bay-rum. The Indians, as +well as our own people, acting upon the homeopathic principle, +use them as a remedy for headache. The oil is also used +effectively in toothache, earache, etc., and enters into the composition +of certain patent medicines.</p> + +<p>The wood of the laurel is one of the most beautiful employed +by the cabinet-maker, and it is largely used in the manufacture<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[ 373]</a></span> +of choice furniture. The olive-like fruit is ripe by July, and +would remain upon the tree until the next year were not the +squirrels so fond of it.</p> + +<p>This tree is known in different localities by a variety of +names, such as "spice-bush," "balm of heaven," "sassafras +laurel," "cajeput," "California bay-tree," "California olive," +"mountain laurel," and "California laurel." But the last of +these is the one prevalent where its finest forms are found.</p> + + +<h3>MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY.</h3> + +<h4><i>Cercocarpus parvifolius</i>, Nutt. Rose Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to twenty feet high; branching from a thick base. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; short-petioled; cuneate; serrate across the summit; +more or less silky above; densely hoary-tomentose beneath; six +to eighteen lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Mostly solitary; axillary. <i>Calyx.</i>—Narrowly +tubular, with a deciduous campanulate five-lobed limb. +<i>Petals.</i>—None. <i>Stamens.</i>—Fifteen to twenty-five; on the calyx. +<i>Ovary.</i>—One-(rarely two-) celled. Style simple. <i>Fruit.</i>—An akene +with a silky tail, at length becoming three or four inches long. <i>Hab.</i>—The +Coast Ranges from Lake County to Southern California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The mountain mahogany is a common shrub upon the +interior hills of the Coast Ranges; and when one has once +made its acquaintance, it is always easily recognized by its +wedge-shaped, dark-green leaves, prominently veined and +notched at the summit. Its flowers, having no petals, are +green and inconspicuous; but the long, solitary plumes of its +little fruit are very noticeable and pretty. Its wood is the +heaviest and hardest we have.</p> + +<p>Mr. Greene says that its leafy twigs have a sweet, birchy +flavor, rendering them excellent food for cattle in late summer.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[ 374]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>DUTCHMAN'S PIPE. PIPE-VINE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Aristolochia Californica</i>, Torr. Birthwort Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>—Woody; climbing. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; short-petioled; +large; ovate-cordate, two to four inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Greenish, +veined with purple. <i>Perianth.</i>—Pipe-shaped; the lobes of the lip +leather-colored within. <i>Anthers.</i>—Six; sessile; adnate in pairs to the +thick style under the broad lobes of the stigma; vertical. <i>Stigma.</i>—Three-lobed. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Inferior; six-angled; six-celled. <i>Fruit.</i>—A +large, leathery pod two inches long. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges, from +Monterey to Marin County.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This odd flower is found rather sparingly in our middle +Coast Ranges from February to April, and in some parts of +the Sierra foothills, reaching even to the Yosemite. As it +flowers before the large leaves come out, and the blossoms are +much like dead leaves in color, it requires keen eyes to find it. +It usually grows on low ground, in a tangle of shrubs under +the trees, often festooning gracefully from branch to branch. +Before the flowers are fully open, the buds resemble ugly little +brown ducks hanging from the vine.</p> + +<p>The common blue-black butterfly is often seen hovering +over this vine, and it is said that its caterpillar is so fond of the +fruit that it rarely permits one to ripen.</p> + +<p>Later in the season, the large cordate leaves are quite conspicuous, +and cause people to wonder what may have been the +flower of so fine a vine.</p> + + +<h3>TURK'S-HEAD CACTUS. TURBAN CACTUS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Echinocactus viridescens</i>, Nutt. Cactus Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Depressed, hemispherical, fleshy, leafless plants, with from thirteen +to twenty-one prominent, vertical ribs, bearing groups of rigid spines; +usually less than a foot in diameter. <i>Spines.</i>—Straight or recurved; +stout; reddish; transversely ribbed or ringed. <i>Flowers.</i>—Sessile; +borne about the depressed woolly center; yellowish-green; about +eighteen lines long. <i>Sepals.</i>—Many; closely imbricated; merging into +the numerous, oblong, scarious petals; sometimes nerved with red. +<i>Stamens.</i>—Very many. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. Stigmas twelve to fifteen; +linear. <i>Berry.</i>—Pulpy; green; scaly. <i>Hab.</i>—From San Diego +inland.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="image" id="f145"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f145.png">DUTCHMAN'S PIPE—<i>Aristolochia Californica</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The Turk's-head cactus looks very much like the end of a +watermelon protruding from the ground, if one could imagine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[ 376]</a></span> +a watermelon deeply furrowed and furnished with very formidable +spines.</p> + +<p>This plant is abundant near San Diego, growing all over the +mesas; and it is marvelous that horses and cattle are not more +often injured by stepping upon these disagreeable, horrent +globes; but long experience has doubtless taught them the +instinct of caution.</p> + +<p>The plant is really beautiful when crowned with its circle of +gauzy, yellow-green flowers, which are more like some exquisite +artificial fabrication than real flowers. The fruit of this cactus +is slightly acid and rather pleasant.</p> + +<p>The plant is cultivated in Europe under the name of <i>Echinocactus +Californicus</i>.</p> + + +<h3>FAIRY BELLS. DROPS OF GOLD.</h3> + +<h4><i>Prosartes Hookeri</i>, Torr. Lily Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>—Creeping; spreading. <i>Stem.</i>—A foot or two high; +branching horizontally. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; ovate; cordate; acute; +several-nerved; two or three inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Greenish; one +to six; six lines long; pendulous under the ends of the branches. <i>Perianth.</i>—Spreading-campanulate. +<i>Segments.</i>—Six; lanceolate; arched +at the base. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six; equaling or exceeding the perianth. +<i>Ovary.</i>—Three-celled. Style slender; entire. <i>Fruit.</i>—An obovate, +somewhat pubescent berry; golden, ripening to scarlet. <i>Syn.</i>—<i>Disporum +Hookeri</i>, Britt. <i>Hab.</i>—The Coast Ranges from Marin County to +Santa Cruz; in shady woods, but not by the water.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In our walks through the April woods, we often notice a +fine plant with branching stems, whose handsomely veined +leaves are set obliquely to the stem and all lie in nearly the +same horizontal plane. In our subsequent meetings with the +plant it seems to change but little, and we begin to grow impatient +for the coming of the flower, which, however, seems to +show no disposition to appear. Some day, when bending over +a bit of moss or a fern-frond, or peering into the silk-lined hole +of a ground-spider, we suddenly catch a glimmer of something +under the broad leaves of our hitherto disappointing plant, and +hastening to examine it, we find to our amazement one or +more exquisitely formed little green bells hanging from the tip<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[ 377]</a></span> +of each branch. Later these are often succeeded by small berries, +at first golden, and afterward scarlet.</p> + +<p>The generic name, <i>Prosartes</i>, comes from a Greek word +signifying <i>to hang from</i>, and is in allusion to the pendulous +flowers. By some authorities this plant is called <i>Disporum +Hookeri</i>. The common name, "drops of gold," applies to the +berry.</p> + +<p>Another species <i>P. Menziesii</i>, Don.—is found growing +along stream-banks in the Coast Ranges from Marin County +northward. This differs from the above in its longer, more +cylindrical, <i>milk-white</i> flowers, and its salmon-colored berries. +It usually blossoms a little later than the other species, lasting +till June.</p> + + +<h3>COMMON MUGWORT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Artemisia vulgaris, var. Californica</i>, Bess. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Rather simple; a foot or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Ample; +slashed downward into long acute lobes; green above; cottony-woolly +beneath; bitter; strong-scented; the upper often entire, linear or lanceolate. +<i>Flower-heads.</i>—Minute; two lines high, one broad; composed +of tubular disk-flowers only; greenish, in long, slender, crowded panicles. +<i>Hab.</i>—Near the Coast, from San Francisco northward.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This is a common weed along our roadsides, and is easily +known by its slashed leaves with silvery under surfaces. These +leaves are very bitter. This is closely allied to the wormwood, +and by many people is called "wormwood."</p> + + +<h3>ARTEMISIA. SAGEBRUSH.</h3> + +<h4><i>Artemisia Californica</i>, Less. Composite Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Shrubby; four or five feet high; with many slender +branches. <i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; pinnately parted into three- to seven-filiform +divisions; or entire and filiform; an inch or so long; strong-scented. +<i>Flower-heads.</i>—Very small; two lines or less across; numerous, +in narrow panicles; greenish; composed of tubular disk-flowers +only. <i>Hab.</i>—Marin County to San Bernardino.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The <i>Artemisia</i>, or, as it is more commonly called, "sagebrush," +is an old friend that we always expect to meet in our +walks on rocky hill-slopes. Its leaves have a clean, bitter +fragrance, similar to that of the mugwort, but sweeter, and when +crushed in the hand they emit a strong odor of turpentine.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[ 378]</a></span></p> + +<p>Dr. Behr tells me that in the early days the miners laid +sprays of it in their beds to drive away the fleas.</p> + +<p>The Spanish-Californians regard it as a panacea for all ills, +and use it in the form of a strong wash to bathe wounds and +swellings, with excellent results.</p> + +<p>Another species—<i>A. tridentata</i>, Nutt.—is the shrubby +form, growing so abundantly all over the alkali plains of the +Great Basin, where it holds undisputed possession with the +prairie-dog and the coyote. It has narrow, wedge-shaped +leaves, which are three-toothed at the apex; and the whole +plant has a strong odor of turpentine.</p> + +<p>This is highly esteemed by the Indians as a medicinal plant.</p> + + +<h3>WILD PIE-PLANT. CANAIGRE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Rumex hymenosepalus</i>, Torr. Buckwheat Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>—A cluster of Dahlia-like tubers. <i>Stems.</i>—About two feet +high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Narrowly oblong or lanceolate; a foot long or less; +acute; undulate; narrowed into a short, very thick petiole. <i>Flowers.</i>—Light +raisin-color; in a large panicle a foot or so long. <i>Perianth.</i>—Of +six sepals; the outer minute; the inner about five lines long, appressed +to the ovary. <i>Stamens.</i>—Six. <i>Ovary.</i>—Three-angled; one-celled. +Styles three; short. Stigmas tufted. <i>Hab.</i>—Dry, sandy plains of +Southern California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The wild pie-plant is closely related to the garden rhubarb, +and also to the dock and the sorrel. In early days in both +Utah and Southern California housewives used its stems as a +substitute for the cultivated pie-plant, finding them quite acceptable. +The Indians have long used the root in the tanning of +buckskins, and they have also found in it a bright mahogany-brown +dye, with which to paint their bodies.</p> + +<p>Of late this plant has been attracting much notice under the +name "canaigre," and it is hoped that it will prove a valuable +substitute for tanbark. If it does, we shall hail it with delight +as the savior of our beautiful oak forests. Tannin exists in +large quantities in the thick roots; but it is yet a question +whether it will prove remunerative to the farmer as a crop. At +Rialto a company has been formed, which employs many men<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[ 380]</a></span> +to gather and prepare the roots, and there will soon be thousands +of acres of it under cultivation. The tops of the plants, +with the small upper portions of the roots, which have all the +eyes upon them, are cut off and replanted for the next year's +crop, while the remainder of the root is sliced, dried, pulverized, +and leached to extract the tannin, which is then ready +for use.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f146"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f146.png">CANAIGRE—<i>Rumex hymenosepalus</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The plant is a very noticeable one, with its red leaf-stems +and veins and its large, dense cluster of small raisin-colored +flowers, and it is often seen upon our southern plains. But I +am told that over the border in Lower California it grows in +great abundance, covering the ground for miles. It would +seem as though its cultivation might be carried on with best +results where nature produces it so freely.</p> + + +<h3>HORNLESS WOOLLY MILKWEED.</h3> + +<h4><i>Gomphocarpus tomentosus</i>, Gray. Milkweed Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Densely white-woolly plants, with milky juice. <i>Stems.</i>—One to +three feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Two to four inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Several, +in a pendulous cluster on yarnlike pedicels; lateral upon the stem +between the leaves. <i>Calyx.</i>—Five-parted; inconspicuous. <i>Corolla.</i>—Deeply +five-parted; greenish without, pinkish within. <i>Stamens.</i>—Five; +sunk in the column and alternating with the five hoods. <i>Hoods.</i>—Two +lines across; saccate; open down the outer face. <i>Ovaries.</i>—Two; +pointed; capped by a flat stigma. <i>Fruit.</i>—A pair of follicles; with +many silken-tufted seeds. <i>Hab.</i>—Dry hills from San Diego to Monte +Diablo.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the south by late spring the very woolly stems and foliage +of this milkweed become quite noticeable before any hint of +blossoms appears. The thick, gray leaves look as though they +might have been cut out of heavy flannel. By May the flower-clusters +begin to take definite form, and at last the buds open +and reveal a most interesting flower, whose structure is quite +complicated. The center of the blossom is occupied by a +fleshy column, in which are sunk the anthers, and upon which +are borne certain round, dark wine-colored bodies called the +"hoods," which are in reality nectaries, holding honey for +insect visitors. All the pollen in each anther-cell consists of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[ 382]</a></span> +waxy mass, and the adjacent masses of different anthers are +bound together by a gummy, elastic band, suspended upon +the rim of the stigma. The stigma occupies the top of the +fleshy column, and forms a cap, hiding from view the two tubes, +or styles, leading down into the ovaries.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f147"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f147.png">HORNLESS WOOLLY MILKWEED—<i>Gomphocarpus tomentosus</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The milkweeds of California are divided between two genera—<i>Asclepias</i> +and <i>Gomphocarpus</i>,—the difference between them +lying in the presence of a horn or crest rising out of the hoods +in <i>Asclepias</i>.</p> + +<p>Bees visiting the, blossoms of the milkweeds are said to be +frequently disabled by the pollen-masses, which adhere to +them in such numbers and weigh them down so heavily that +they cannot climb upon their combs, but fall down and perish.</p> + + +<h3>MOUNTAIN LADY'S SLIPPER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Cypripedium montanum</i>, Dougl. Orchis Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>—Stout; a foot or two high; leafy. <i>Leaves.</i>—Four to six +inches long; pointed. <i>Flowers.</i>—One to three; short pediceled. <i>Sepals +and petals.</i>—Brownish; eighteen to thirty lines long; the two lower +sepals united nearly to the apex. <i>Sac.</i>—An inch long; dull white, +veined with purple. <i>Anthers.</i>—Two fertile (one on either side of the +column); one sterile, four or five lines long, yellow, with purple spots +longer than the stigma. <i>Hab.</i>—The mountains from Central California +to the Columbia River.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The mountain lady's slipper is a rare plant with us, which +affects cool, secluded spots in our mountain forests. The +plants, of which two or three usually grow from a creeping +rootstock, generally stand where some moisture seeps out. +The leaves are ample and shapely, and the quaint flowers quiet +and elegant in coloring.</p> + +<p>The long, twisted sepals and petals and the oval sac give +these blossoms the aspect of some floral daddy-long-legs or +some weird brownie of the wood. We feel that we have fallen +upon a rare day when we are fortunate enough to find these +flowers, and we are reminded of Mr. Burroughs' lines: "How +fastidious and exclusive is the <i>Cypripedium</i>!... It does +not go in herds, like the commoner plants, but affects privacy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[ 384]</a></span> +and solitude. When I come upon it in my walks, I seem to +be intruding upon some very private and exclusive company."</p> + +<div class="image" id="f148"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f148.png">MOUNTAIN LADY'S SLIPPER.—<i>Cypripedium montanum</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>In our Coast Ranges we may look for these blossoms in +May.</p> + +<p>We have but two or three species of <i>Cypripedium</i>. <i>C. Californicum</i>, +Gray, is similar to <i>C. montanum</i>, but its blossoms +have comparatively short greenish-yellow sepals and petals, and +the sac is from white to pale rose-color. They have a more +compact look, and lack the careless grace of those of the +mountain lady's slipper. Their haunts are swamps in open +woodlands in the northern part of the State, where they bloom +in August and September, and are often found in the company +of the California pitcher-plant.</p> + + +<h3>REIN-ORCHIS.</h3> + +<h4><i>Habenaria elegans</i>, Bolander. Orchis Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>—An oblong tuber. <i>Stem.</i>—Rather slender; a foot or two +high. <i>Leaves.</i>—Two; radical; oblong; three to six inches long; eighteen +lines to two inches wide. <i>Flowers.</i>—Small; light green; in a +dense but slender spike. Sepals and petals about equal; two lines +long; obtuse. <i>Lip.</i>—Similar, with a filiform spur three to five lines +long. (Otherwise like <i>H. leucostachys</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>—Near the coast, from +Monterey to Vancouver Island.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In early summer the fragrant spikes of the rein-orchis stand +half-concealed under the trees and along the banks bordering +wooded mountain roads. The little greenish flowers are inconspicuous, +and reveal themselves only to those who have the +habit of observation. Early in the spring the rather large +lily-like leaves were far more noticeable and handsome; but +they seemed to weary of waiting for the tardy arrival of the +blossoms, and faded away long since. The little flowers are +very deliberate about unfolding themselves; and I have sometimes +watched them when they seemed for weeks at a standstill +before yielding to the summer's invitation to come forth.</p> + +<p>They are arranged in a three-sided spike, on two sides of +which the long spurs interlace and cross one another in quite a +warlike manner.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f149"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f149.png">REIN-ORCHIS—<i>Habenaria elegans</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>TEASEL. FULLER'S THISTLE.</h3> + +<h4><i>Dipsacus Fullonum</i>, L. Teasel Family.</h4> + +<p>The teasel is not an uncommon sight along our roadsides,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[ 386]</a></span> +having spread considerably since its introduction from Europe, +some years ago. The strong stems are tall and slender, and +bear at summit the large bristly cones, surrounded by rigid, +erect bracts. These cones are the inflorescence of the plant, +and each downward-pointing little hook is a bract beneath a +flower. Before the flowers come out, the buds show their +round, green heads, packed away down among the bristles. +Then for a time the cones are ringed or covered by the delicate +flesh-colored flowers; which stand out from the bristles, +giving the cone a soft, fluffy look. After these have passed +away, the cavities in which they were stored give the cone a +pitted appearance. These burs are exquisitely symmetrical, +and have long been in use by the fuller to "tease," or raise a +nap upon cloth, whence the name, "teasel." They are cut in +halves or quarters, and these are set in frames which are +worked by machinery. Many vain attempts have been made +to manufacture an instrument to take the place of the teasel; +but it is difficult to find anything that is strong enough to do +the work that at the same time will not injure the cloth.</p> + +<p>This is enumerated among the plants which are supposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[ 387]</a></span> +to foretell the weather. Mr. Dyer quotes the following:—</p> +<p class="noin">. . . "tezils, or fuller's thistle, being gathered and hanged +up in the house where the air may come freely to it, upon the +alteration of cold and windy weather will grow smoother, and +against rain will close up its prickles."</p> + +<h3>SAMPHIRE. GLASSWORT.</h3> + +<h4><i>Salicornia ambigua</i>, Michx. Goosefoot Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>—The Coast, from San Francisco to Oregon.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="ni">Ye marshes, how candid and simple, and nothing withholding and free,</span> +<span class="ni">Ye publish yourselves to the sky, and offer yourselves to the sea;</span> +<span class="ni">Tolerant plains that suffer the sea and the rains and the sun,</span> +<span class="ni">Ye spread and span, like the catholic man who hath mightily won</span> +<span class="ni">God out of knowledge, and good out of infinite pain,</span> +<span class="ni">And sight out of blindness, and purity out of a stain.</span> +<p class="quotsig">—<span class="smcap">Sidney Lanier.</span></p> +</div></div> + +<p>Though a humble enough plant in itself, the samphire, or +glasswort, is the source of a wonderful glory in our marshes in +the autumn. Great stretches of tide-land not already pre-empted +by the tule are covered by it, showing the most gorgeous +blendings of crimson, purple, olives, and bronzes, which, seen +with all the added charm of shifting and changing atmospheric +effects, far outrival any Oriental rug that could be conceived of.</p> + +<p>This plant is easily known by its succulent branching, leafless +stems and from the fact that it does not grow outside of +the salt marshes. Its flowering is obscure, and all that can be +seen is a few small stamens just protruding from the surface of +the fleshy spike, which appears much like any of the other +branches, the flowers being sunk in it.</p> + +<p>The generic name is derived from two Latin words—<i>sal</i>, +salt, and <i>cornu</i>, a horn—and conveys the idea of saline plants +with hornlike branches. The English name, "samphire," is of +French derivation, and comes originally from the old "l'herbe +de Saint Pierre," formerly having been written "sampętra" +and "sampire." In Great Britain this plant is usually designated +as "<i>marsh</i> samphire," to distinguish it from the ordinary +samphire, which is a plant of the genus <i>Crithmum</i>.</p> + +<p>This plant is much relished by cattle, and in England it is +made into a pickle, while on the continent it is used as a pot-herb. +Formerly, in Europe, it was burned in large quantities +for the soda contained in its ashes.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[ 388]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>MOTTLED SWAMP-ORCHIS. FALSE LADY'S SLIPPER.</h3> + +<h4><i>Epipactis gigantea</i>, Dougl. Orchis Family.</h4> + +<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>—Creeping. <i>Stems.</i>—Leafy; one to four feet high. +<i>Leaves.</i>—Alternate; sessile; clasping; ovate below; lanceolate above; +three to eight inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>—Three to ten; in terminal +racemes; greenish, veined with purple. <i>Sepals.</i>—Three; petaloid; +lanceolate; an inch or less long. <i>Petals.</i>—The two upper about equaling +the sepals. The lip concave; saccate; eared at base; with a +jointed, pendulous tip. <i>Anther.</i>—One; sessile upon the top of the +column. <i>Ovary.</i>—One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>—Throughout California.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The casual observer usually alludes to this plant as a +"lady's slipper," and he is not so very far wrong, for it is +closely related to the <i>Cypripedium</i>, and resembles it much in +habit, in the aspect of its leafy stems, and in the general form +of its blossom. But instead of having its lip in the form of +a sac, it is open and curiously jointed, the lower portion swinging +freely, as upon a hinge. When this lid is raised, one can +fancy some winged seraph or angel enshrined within, but when +lowered the semblance is more to a monk bowed in meditation.</p> + +<p>These beautiful plants will be found abundantly fringing our +streams in June and July, and the disciples of dear old Isaac +Walton who then pass down the stream with rod and line are +usually attracted by their quietly elegant colors. Dull purples +and greens predominate, though the lip is tinged with orange +or yellow.</p> + +<p>In Northern California and Oregon is occasionally found a +rare and curious plant—the "phantom orchis," <i>Cephalanthera +Oregana</i>, Richenb.f. This plant is white and ghostlike +throughout, has stems a foot or two high, but no leaves—only +three to five scarious sheathing bracts. Its blossoms are +very similar in size and shape to those of <i>Epipactis gigantea</i>.</p> + +<p>I have never had the pleasure of finding this floral oddity +myself; but one season a friend sent me the only plant which +was found in a thicket near a pretty camp upon the Sacramento +River, in the Shasta region.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f150"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f150.png">FALSE LADY'S SLIPPER—<i>Epipactis gigantea</i>.</a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>CALIFORNIAN PITCHER-PLANT. CALF'S-HEAD.</h3> + +<h4><i>Darlingtonia Californica</i>, Torr. Pitcher-plant Family.</h4> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[ 390]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Bog plants, with long horizontal rootstocks. <i>Leaves.</i>—Tubular; +hooded and appendaged above; eighteen to thirty-four inches high. +<i>Scape.</i>—Eighteen inches or more high, with green bracts crowded near +the solitary nodding flower. Flower parts in fives. <i>Sepals.</i>—Green; +twenty lines long. <i>Petals.</i>—Purplish; shorter than the sepals; constricted +above into a terminal lobe. <i>Stamens.</i>—Twelve to fifteen in +a circle around the ovary. <i>Ovary.</i>—Top-shaped; truncate; five-lobed; +five-celled. Style five-lobed. Stigmas thickish. <i>Hab.</i>—The Sierras, +from Truckee Pass into Oregon.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Our pitcher-plant is one of the most wonderful and interesting +of all the forms that grow, linking, as it were, the vegetable +world with the animal, by its unnatural carnivorous +habits. If you would like to visit it, this warm July day, we +will take a mountain trail, leading around under lofty yellow +pines, Douglas spruces, and incense-cedars, making our way +through the undergrowth until we come to a swamp lying +upon a hillside yonder. While still some distance away, we +can discern the yellowish-green of the myriad hoods as they +lift themselves in the sunlight like spotted snakes.</p> + +<p>If you have never seen the plant before, you will be in a +fever of excitement till you can reach the spot and actually +take one of the strange pitchers in your hand to examine it. +Nothing could be cleverer than the nicely arranged wiles of +this uncanny plant for the capturing of the innocent—yes, and +of the more knowing ones—of the insect world who come +within its enchantment. No ogre in his castle has ever gone +to work more deliberately or fiendishly to entrap his victims +while offering them hospitality, than does this plant-ogre. +Attracted by the bizarre yellowish hoods or the tall nodding +flowers, the foolish insect alights upon the former and commences +his exploration of the fascinating region. He soon +comes upon the wing, which often being smeared with a trail +of sweets, acts as a guide to lure him on to the dangerous +entrance to the hoodlike dome. Once within this hall of +pleasure, he roams about, enjoying the hospitality spread for +him. But at last, when he has partaken to satiety and would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[ 392]</a></span> +fain depart, he turns to retrace his steps. In the dazzlement +of the translucent windows of the dome above, he loses sight +of the darkened door in the floor by which he entered and flies +forcibly upward, bumping his head in his eagerness to escape. +He is stunned by the blow and plunged downward into the +tube below. Here he struggles to rise, but countless downward-pointing, +bristly hairs urge him to his fate. He sinks +lower and lower in this "well of death" until he reaches the +fatal waters in the bottom, where he is at length ingulfed, adding +one more to the already numerous victims of this diabolical +plant.</p> + +<div class="image" id="f151"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391"></a></span> +<p class="cen"><a href="images/f151.png">CALIFORNIAN PITCHER-PLANT—<i>Darlingtonia Californica</i>.</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The fluid at the bottom of the well is secreted by the plant, +and seems to have somewhat the action of a gastric juice in +disintegrating the insects submerged in it. Many species of +ants, flies, bees, hornets, grasshoppers, butterflies, moths, +dragon-flies, beetles, etc., are to be found in the tube, sometimes +filling it to a depth of two or three inches.</p> + +<p>The disagreeableness of the vicinity of these plants can be +imagined upon a hot day when the sun is shining "upon this +sad abode of death" and all the air is tainted with their sickening +odor.</p> + +<p>The mountaineers call the plant "calf's-head," because of +the large yellowish domes of the pitchers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[ 393]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="INDEX_TO_LATIN_NAMES" id="INDEX_TO_LATIN_NAMES"></a>INDEX TO LATIN NAMES</h2> + + +<p>[To assist in the pronunciation of the Latin names, the accented syllable in each +word is indicated by an accent mark. If this syllable ends in a vowel, the vowel has the +long sound; but if it ends in a consonant, the vowel has a short sound. Either the +English or the Continental sounds may be given the vowels, though the former are +more generally authorized.]</p> + + +<ul> +<li>Abroīnia latifoīlia, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li class="subitem">maritīima,<a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> +<li class="subitem">umbellaīta,<a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> +<li class="subitem">villoīsa,<a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> + +<li> Achilleīa Millefoīlium, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li> Aconiītum Columbiaīnum, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Fischīeri, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li> + +<li> Adenosītoma fasciculaītum, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> sparsifoīlium, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li> Æsīculus Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li> Amelanīchier alnifoīlia, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Amorīpha Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li> + +<li> Amsinckīia, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li> Anagalīlis arvenīsis, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li> Anaphīalis Margaritaīcea, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li> Anemoīne nemoroīsa, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> quinquefoīlia, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li> Anemopīsis Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li> Antennaīria, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li> Antirrhiīnum Coulteriaīnum, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> glanduloīsum, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Orcuttiaīnum, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> vaīgans, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li> + +<li> Apocīynum androsæmifoīlium, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> cannabīinum, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> + +<li> Aquileīgia cœruīlea, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> truncaīta, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li> + +<li> Arīabis blepharophylīla, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> + +<li> Araīlia Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li> Arībutus Menzieīsii, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li> Arctostaphīylos biīcolor, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> glauīca, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> manzaniīta, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> punīgens, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li> Argemoīne platyīceras, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li> Aristoloīchia Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> + +<li> Artemisīia Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> tridentaīta, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> vulgaīris, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li> + +<li> Asīarum caudaītum, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Hartweīgi, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> + +<li> Ascleīpias Mexicaīna, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li> + +<li> Asīter Chamissoīnis, <a href="#Page_332">332</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> salsuginoīsus, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li> Astragalus, <a href="#Page_xxxv">xxxv</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> leucopīsis, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li> Audiberītia grandifloīra, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> stachyoiīdes, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> nivīea, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> + + +<li> Bacīcharis Douglasīii, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> pilulaīris, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li> Baeīria graīcilis, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + +<li> Berīberis Aquifoīlium, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> nervoīsa, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> reīpens, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li> Bloomeīria auīrea, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Clevelanīdi, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> + +<li> Boykinīia occidentaīlis, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li> Brasīsica niīgra, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li> Brevoorītia coccinīea, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> + +<li> Brodiæīa capitaīta, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> coccinīea, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> congesīta, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> grandifloīra, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> ixioiīdes, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> lacītea, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> laxīa, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> multifloīra, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> terresītris, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> + + +<li> Brodiæīa voluībilis, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[ 394]</a></span></li> + +<li> Brunelīla vulgaīris, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> + +<li> Bryanīthus Brewīeri, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> + +<li> Calandrinīia caulesīcens, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> + +<li> Calochorītus, <a href="#Page_xl">xl</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> alībus, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Benīthami, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Cataliīnæ, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> clavaītus, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> luīteus, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> luīteus oculaītus, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> macrocarīpus, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Maweaīnus, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> pulchelīlus, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> splenīdens, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> umbellaītus, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> unifloīrus, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> venusītus, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Weedīii, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li> Calycanīthus occidentaīlis, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li> + +<li> Calypīso borealīis, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> + +<li> Camasīsia esculenīta, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> + +<li> Campanīula prenanthoiīdes, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> + +<li> Cardamīine paucisecīta, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li> Castilleīia folioloīsa, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> parvifloīra, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li> + +<li> Ceanoīthus, <a href="#Page_xxxiv">xxxiv</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> divaricaītus, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> integerīrimus, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> prostraītus, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> thyrsifloīrus, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> veluītinus, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li> Cephalanīthera Oregaīna, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li> + +<li> Cephalanīthus occidentaīlis, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li> Cerīcis occidentaīlis, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li> Cercocarīpus parvifoīlius, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> + +<li> Chamæbaītia folioloīsa, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> (Pronounced <i>K</i>amebaītia.)</li> + +<li> Cheiranīthus asīper, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li> Chimaphīila Menzieīsii, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> umbellaīta, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li> Chlorogīalum pomeridiaīnum, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li> Chorizanīthe staticoiīdes, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li> Cichoīrium Inītybus, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li> + +<li> Clarīkia concinīna, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> elīegans, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> + +<li> Claytoīnia perfoliaīta, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li> Clemīatis lasianītha, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> ligusticifoīlia, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li> Clintoīnia Andrewsiaīna, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> + +<li> Collinīsia biīcolor, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li> Colloīmia grandifloīra, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li> Convolīvulus arvenīsis, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> luteīolus, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> occidentaīlis, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Soldanelīla, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> villoīsus, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li> Corallorhiīza Bigeloīvii, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> multifloīra, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> + +<li> Corīnus Nuttalīlii, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li> Cotīula coronopifoīlia, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li> Cotyleīdon Califorīinicum, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> edīulis, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> lanceolaīta, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> pulverulenīta, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li> Cucurībita fœtidisīsima, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> perenīnis, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li> Cusīcuta, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> saliīna, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li> Cynoglosīsum granīde, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> + +<li> Cypripeīdium Califorīnicum, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> montaīnum, <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li> + + +<li> Darlingtoīnia Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li> + +<li> Datuīra meteloiīdes, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Stramoīnium, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> suaveoīlens, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li> Delphinīium, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> cardinaīle, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> nudicauīle, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> scopuloīrum, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li> + +<li> Dendromeīcon rigīidum, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li> Dentaīria Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li> Dicenītra chrysanītha, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> formoīsa, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> + +<li> Dipīsacus Fullonīum, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li> + +<li> Disīporum Hookīeri, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li> + +<li> Dodecaītheon Clevelanīdi, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Hendersoīni, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Meaīdia, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> + +<li> Downinīgia elīegans, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> pulchelīla, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> + + +<li> Echinocacītus viridesīcens, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> + +<li> Echinocysītis fabaīcea, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> macrocarīpa, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li> Echinospermīum floribunīdum, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li> + +<li> Ellisīia chrysanthemifoīlia, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li> Emmenanīthe pendulifloīra, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li> Enceīlia Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li> Epiloībium angustifoīlium, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> obcordaītum, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> paniculaītum, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> spicaītum, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> + +<li> Epipacītis giganteīa, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li> + +<li> Erigīeron Coulīteri, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li> Erigīeron glauīcus, <a href="#Page_304">304</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[ 395]</a></span></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Philadelīphicus, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> salsuginoīsus, <a href="#Page_332">332</a></li> + +<li> Eriodicītyon glutinoīsum, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> tomentoīsum, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li> Eriogīonum fasciculaītum, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> nuīdum, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> umbellaītum, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> ursiīnum, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li> Eriophylīlum cæspitoīsum, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> confertifloīrum, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> + +<li> Eritrichīium, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li> Eroīdium Boītrys, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> cicutaīrium, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> moschaītum, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + +<li> Erysīimum asīperum, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> grandifloīrum, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li> Erythræīa venusīta, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li> Erythroīnium giganteīum, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> grandifloīrum, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li> Eschscholītzia Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li> Eucharidīium concinīnum, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> + + +<li> Flœrīkia Douglasīii, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li> Fragaīria Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Chilenīsis, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li> Fremonītia Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li> Fritillaīria bifloīra, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> coccinīea, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> lanceolaīta, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> liliaīcea, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> plurifloīra, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> puīdica, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> recurīva, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li> + + +<li> Gaīlium Apariīne, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> angustifoīlium, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li> Garīrya ellipītica, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Fremonīti, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li> + +<li> Gaultheīria Shalīlon, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li> Gentiaīna calycoīsa, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li> + +<li> Gilīia, <a href="#Page_xxxvii">xxxvii</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> achilleæfoīlia, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> aggregaīta, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> androsaīcea, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> capitaīta, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Chamissoīnis, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> dianthoiīdes, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> dichoītoma, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> grandifloīra, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> triīcolor, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> + +<li> Gnaphaīlium decurīrens, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Sprengeīlii, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li> Godeītia, <a href="#Page_xxxvi">xxxvi</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Botītæ, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> grandifloīra, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> vimineīa, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> + +<li> Gomphocarīpus tomentoīsus, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></li> + +<li> Goodyeīra Menzieīsii, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li> Grindeīlia cuneifoīlia, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> hirsuītula, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> robusīta, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + + +<li> Habenaīria elīegans, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> leucostaīchys, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li> Helianīthus anīnuus, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Califorīnicus, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li> Heliotroīpium Curassaīvicum, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li> Hemizoīnia luzulæfoīlia, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + +<li> Heteromeīles arbutifoīlia, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li> Heuīchera micranītha, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li> Hosackīia biīcolor, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> crassifoīlia, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> glaībra, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> graīcilis, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Purshiaīna, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Torīreyi, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li> Hyperīicum anagalloiīdes, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> concinīnum, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + + +<li> Iīris longipetīala, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> macrosiīphon, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> + +<li> Isoīmeris arboīrea, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + + +<li> Krynitzīkia, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + + +<li> Larīrea Mexicaīna, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> + +<li> Lathīyrus splenīdens, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Torīreyi, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> vestiītus, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li> Lavaītera assurgentifloīra, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> + +<li> Layīia glanduloīsa, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> platyglosīsa, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li> Leīdum glanduloīsum, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li> Leptoīsyne Douglasīii, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> maritīima, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li> Lessinīgia Germanoīrum, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> leptoīclada, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> + +<li> Lewisīia rediviīva, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> + +<li> Lilīium Humboldītii, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> maritīimum, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> pardaliīnum, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> parīvum, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> rubesīcens, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li> Limnanīthes Douglasīii, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li> Linaīria Canadenīsis, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li> + +<li> Lobeīlia splenīdens, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li> + +<li> Lonicīera hispidīula, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[ 396]</a></span></li> + +<li class="subitem"> involucraīta, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li> Lupiīnus, xxxiv</li> + +<li class="subitem"> alībifrons, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> arboīreus, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> biīcolor, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> densifloīrus, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Stiīveri, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li> Lysichiīton Camtschatcenīsis, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + + +<li> Maīdia elīegans, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> satiīva, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> + +<li> Mahoīnia Aquifoīlium, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li> Malacoīthrix Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> saxatīilis, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> tenuifoīlia, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li> Malvasītrum Thurīberi, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> + +<li> Mamillaīria Goodridgīii, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li> Marruībium vulgaīre, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li> Meconopīsis heterophylīla, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li> Medicaīgo denticulaīta, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> satiīva, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> + +<li> Megarrhiīza Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li> Meliloītus alība, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> parvifloīra, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> + +<li> Mentzeīlia lævicauīlis, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Lindīleyi, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +<li> Mesembryanīthemum æquilateraīle, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> crystalliīnum, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li> Micramīpelis, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li> Micromeīria Douglasīii, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li> Mimīulus, xxxviii</li> + +<li class="subitem"> brevīipes, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> cardinaīlis, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Douglasīii, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> glutinoīsus, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Lewisīii, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> luīteus, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> moschaītus, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li> Mirabīilis Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> + +<li> Monardelīla lanceolaīta, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> odoratisīsima, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> villoīsa, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li> + +<li> Monītia perfoliaīta, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li> Muilīla maritīima, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> serotiīna, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li> + + +<li> Neilīlia opulifoīlia, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li> Nemophīila atomaīria, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> auriīta, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> insigīnis, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> intermeīdia, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> maculaīta, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Menzieīsii, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> parvifloīra, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li> Nicotiaīna glauīca, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li> Nuīphar polysepīalum, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> + +<li> Nuttalīlia cerasiforīmis, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + + +<li> œnotheīra, <a href="#Page_xxxv">xxxv</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> bienīnis, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> bistorīta, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> cheiranthifoīlia, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> ovaīta, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li> Opunītia basilaīris, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Engelmanīni, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> prolifīera, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> serpentiīna, <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li> + +<li> Orthocarīpus, xxxviii</li> + +<li class="subitem"> densifloīrus, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> erianīthus, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> purpurasīcens, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> versicīolor, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li> Oxīalis corniculaīta, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> + +<li> Oregaīna, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> + + +<li> Pæoīnia Brownīii, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li> + +<li> Papaīver Califorīnicum, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li> Pediculaīris attolīlens, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> densifloīra, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Grœnlanīdica, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> + +<li> Pentachæīta auīrea, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li> Pensteīmon, xxxix</li> + +<li class="subitem"> azuīreus, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Bridgeīsii, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> centranthifoīlius, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> cordifoīlius, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> heterophylīlus, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Menzieīsii, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> + +<li> Phaceīlia, xxxvii</li> + +<li class="subitem"> Douglasīii, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> grandifloīra, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Parīryi, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> tanacetifoīlia, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> visīcida, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Whitlaīvia, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> + +<li> Phlox Douglasīii, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> + +<li> Pickerinīgia montaīna, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> + +<li> Piptoīcalyx, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li> Plagiobothīrys, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li> Platysteīmon Califorīnicus, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li> Polygīala Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> + +<li> Polygīala cornuīta, <a href="#Page_286">286</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[ 397]</a></span></li> + +<li class="subitem"> cucullaīta, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> + +<li> Potentilīla Anseriīna, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> glanduloīsa, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li> Primuīla suffrutesīcens, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> + +<li> Prosarītes Hookīeri, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Menzieīsii, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li> + +<li> Pruīnus demisīsa, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> ilicifoīlia, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> subcordaīta, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li> Pterosīpora andromedeīa, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li> Pyrīola aphylīla, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> dentaīta, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> picīta, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> rotundifoīlia, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + + +<li> Ranunīculus Califorīnicus, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li> Rhamīnus Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Purshiaīna, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li> Rhododenīdron Califorīnicum, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> occidentaīle, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li> Rhus aromatīica, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Canadenīsis, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> diversiloība, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> integrifoīlia, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> lauriīna, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> ovaīta, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> + +<li> Riībes glutinoīsum, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Menzieīsii, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> sanguinīeum, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> specioīsum, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> subvesītitum, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li> + +<li> Romanzofīfia Sitchenīsis, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li> Romneīya Coulīteri, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li> Roīsa Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> gymnocarīpa, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> + +<li> Ruībus Nutkaīnus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> spectabīilis, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li> Ruīmex hymenosepīalus, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li> + + +<li> Salicorīnia ambigīua, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></li> + +<li> Salīvia carduaīcea, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Columbaīriæ, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> + +<li> Sambuīcus glauīca, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li> Sarcoīdes sanguinīea, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li> + +<li> Saxifīraga Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> peltaīta, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Virginienīsis, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li> Scoliīopus Bigeloīvii, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> + +<li> Scrophulaīria Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li> + +<li> Scutellaīria angustifoīlia, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> tuberoīsa, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> + +<li> Seīdum spathulifoīlium, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li> Sidalīcea malvæfloīra, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li> Sileīne Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Galīlica, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> laciniaīta, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li> + +<li> Sisyrinīchium belīlum, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Califorīnicum, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> + +<li> Smilaciīna amplexicauīlis, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> sessilifoīlia, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li> Solaīnum Douglasīii, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> niīgrum, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> umbellifīerum, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Xanīti, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> + +<li> Solidaīgo Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> occidentaīlis, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> + +<li> Sphaīcele calyciīna, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li> Spiræīa betulifoīlia, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> disīcolor, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> Douglasīii, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li> Spiranīthes Romanzoffiaīnum, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li> Spraīguea umbellaīta, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li> Staīchys bullaīta, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> + +<li> Stropholiīrion Califorīnicum, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> + +<li> Symphoricarīpos racemoīsus, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> + + +<li> Telliīma afīfinis, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> grandifloīra, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li> + +<li> Thermopīsis Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li> Trichosteīma lanatum, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> lanceolaītum, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li> + +<li> Trientaīlis Europæīa, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> + +<li> Trilīlium ovaītum, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> sesīsile, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> + + +<li> Umbellulaīria Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li> + + +<li> Vaccinīium ovaītum, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> + +<li> Vancouveīria parvifloīra, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li> Venegasīia carpesioiīdes, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li> Veraītrum Califorīnicum, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> fimbriaītum, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li> Verbasīcum Blattaīria, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Thapīsus, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li> Vicīia giganteīa, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li> + +<li> Viīola Beckwithīii, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> caniīna, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> ocellaīta, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li class="subitem"> sarmentoīsa, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + +<li> Whipīplea modesīta, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li> Whitlaīvia grandifloīra, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> + +<li> Wyeīthia angustifoīlia, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> glaībra, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> + +<li> Wyeīthia helenioiīdes, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[ 398]</a></span></li> + +<li class="subitem"> molīlis, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> + + +<li> Xerophylīlum teīnax, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li> Yucīca arboresīcens, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> baccaīta, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li> Yucīca Mohavenīsis, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> Whipīplei, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li> Zauschneīria Califorīnica, <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li> + +<li> Zygadeīnus Fremonīti, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="subitem"> venenoīsus, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +</ul> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="INDEX_TO_ENGLISH_NAMES" id="INDEX_TO_ENGLISH_NAMES"></a>INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES</h2> + + +<ul><li>Aconite, <a href="#Page_328">328</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[ 399]</a></span></li> + +<li>Alfalfa, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> + +<li>Alfilerilla, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + +<li>Alpine Heather, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> + +<li>Alpine Phlox, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> + +<li>Alpine Willow-Herb, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> + +<li>Alum-Root, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Amapola, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li>American Barrenwort, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>American Velvet-Plant, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> + +<li>Amole, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Angels' Trumpets, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Apple of Peru, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>August-Flower, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Azulea, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> + + +<li>Baby-Blue-Eyes, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> + +<li>Baby-Eyes, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> + +<li>Ball-Sage, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li>Balm of Heaven, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> + +<li>Balsamea, <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li> + +<li>Beach-Aster, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li> + +<li>Beach Morning-glory, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> + +<li>Beach Primrose, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Beach Strawberry, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li>Bearberry, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li>Bear-Clover, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li>Bearwood, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Beautiful Clarkia, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> + +<li>Bed-Straw, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Bellflower, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> + +<li>Black Lily, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> + +<li>Black Sage, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li> + +<li>Bladderpod, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Blazing-Star, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +<li>Bleeding-Heart, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> + +<li>Blood-Drop, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Blue-Blossom, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> + +<li>Blue-Curls, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li> + +<li>Blue-eyed Grass, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> + +<li>Blue Forget-me-not, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li> + +<li>Blue Gentian, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li> + +<li>Blue Gilia, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> + +<li>Blue Larkspur, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> + +<li>Blue-and-white Lupine, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> + +<li>Blue Milla, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li> + +<li>Blue Myrtle, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> + +<li>Blue-veined Nemophila, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> + +<li>Blueweed, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li> + +<li>Big-Root, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Bird's-Eyes, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> + +<li>Bitter-Bark, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Bitter-Root, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> + +<li>Brass Buttons, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li>Brodiæa, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> + +<li>Bronze-Bells, }</li> +<li>Brown Lily, }<a href="#Page_264"> 264</a></li> + +<li>Buck-Brush, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li>Bur-Clover, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Butter-and-Eggs, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li>Butterfly Tulip, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Button-Bush, }</li> +<li>Button-Willow,}<a href="#Page_98"> 98</a></li> + + +<li>Cajeput, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> + +<li>Calabazilla, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li>Calf's-Head, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li> + +<li>Californian Azalea, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>California Bay-Tree, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> + +<li>Californian Bee-Plant, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li> + +<li>Californian Bluebells, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> + +<li>Californian Buckeye, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Californian Centaury, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li>California Coffee, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Californian Compass-Plant, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> + +<li>Californian Dandelion, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li>Californian False Hellebore, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Californian Figwort, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li> + +<li>Californian Fish-hook Cactus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li>Californian Four-o'clock, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> + +<li>California Fuchsia, <a href="#Page_366">366</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[ 400]</a></span></li> + +<li>Californian Goldenrod, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li>Californian Hardhack, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Californian Harebell, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> + +<li>Californian Holly, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Californian Horse-Chestnut, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>California Laurel, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li> + +<li>California Lilac, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> + +<li>Californian Lobelia, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> + +<li>Californian Milkwort, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> + +<li>Californian Olive, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> + +<li>Californian Pitcher-Plant, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li> + +<li>California Poppy, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Californian Rose-Bay, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> + +<li>Californian Saxifrage, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li>Californian Slippery-Elm, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>Californian Spikenard, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li>Califor'n Sweet-scented Shrub, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li> + +<li>Californian Trillium, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> + +<li>Californian Wild Currant, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> + +<li>Calypso, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> + +<li>Camass, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> + +<li>Canaigre, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li> + +<li>Cancer-Root, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + +<li>Canchalagua, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li>Canker Lettuce, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li>Cascara Sagrada, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Catalina Mariposa Tulip, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> + +<li>Cat's-Ears, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> + +<li>Chamisal, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Chamise Lily, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Chamiso, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Chaparral Lily, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Chaparral Pea, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> + +<li>Chia, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> + +<li>Chicalote, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Chickweed-Wintergreen, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> + +<li>Chicory, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li> + +<li>Chilean Clover, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> + +<li>Chili-Cojote, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li>Chilicothe, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Chittemwood, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Chocolate Lily, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> + +<li>Choke-Cherry, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Cholla-Cactus, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li> + +<li>Christmas-Berry, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Christmas-Horns, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li> + +<li>Christmas-Rose, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li> + +<li>Cinquefoil, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li>Clarkia, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> + +<li>Cleavers, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Clematis, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Climbing Pentstemon, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li> + +<li>Clintonia, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> + +<li>Clocks, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + +<li>Cluster-Lily, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> + +<li>Coast Lily, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li> + +<li>Collinsia, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li>Columbine, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li> + +<li>Common Aster, <a href="#Page_332">332</a></li> + +<li>Common Black Mustard, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Common Buttercup, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Common Elder, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Common Evening Primrose, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li>Common Fleabane, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> + +<li>Common Milkweed, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li> + +<li>Common Monkey-Flower, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li>Common Mugwort, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li> + +<li>Common Nightshade, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li>Common Stramonium, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Common Sunflower, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> + +<li>Common White Lupine, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Common Wild Pea, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li>Common Wild Rose, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> + +<li>Copa de Oro, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Coral-Root, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> + +<li>Coulter's Snapdragon, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Cowslips, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Cream-colored Wall-Flower, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Cream-Cups, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li>Creeping Wood-Violet, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Creosote-Bush, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> + +<li>Cudweed, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Cup of Gold, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li>Death Camass, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li>Deerweed, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li>Devil's Apple, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Diogenes' Lantern, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Dodder, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> + +<li>Dog's-tooth Violet, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Dog-Violet, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li> + +<li>Dormidera, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li>Douglas Iris, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> + +<li>Drops of Gold, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li> + +<li>Dutchman's Pipe, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> + +<li>Echeveria, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Elephants' Heads, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> + +<li>Ellisia, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Escobita, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> + +<li>Espuela del Caballero, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> + +<li>Evening Snow, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Everlasting Flower, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Fairy Bells, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li> + +<li>False Alum-Root, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li> + +<li>False Indigo, <a href="#Page_315">315</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[ 401]</a></span></li> + +<li>False Lupine, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>False Lady's Slipper, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li> + +<li>False Mallow, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> + +<li>False Pimpernel, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + +<li>False Solomon's Seal, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li>False Tidy-Tips, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Farewell to Spring, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> + +<li>Fawn-Lily, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li>Fetid Adder's-Tongue, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> + +<li>Fever-Bush, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li> + +<li>Fig-Marigold, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> + +<li>Filaree, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + +<li>Finger-Tips, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Firecracker Flower, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> + +<li>Fireweed, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> + +<li>Flaming Poppy, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Floriponda, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Fly-Flower, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + +<li>Fragrant Sumach, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li>Friar's-Cap, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li> + +<li>Fringed Gilia, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> + +<li>Fuller's Thistle, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li> + +<li>Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li> + + +<li>Giant Californian White Poppy, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Glasswort, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></li> + +<li>Gobernadora, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> + +<li>Godetia, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> + +<li>Golden Brodiæa, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> + +<li>Golden Butterfly-Tulip, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Golden Dicentra, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Golden Lily-Bell, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Golden Stars, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Golden Thread, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> + +<li>Golden Yarrow, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> + +<li>Golden-eyed Grass, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> + +<li>Goose-Grass, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Gourd, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li>Grass-Nuts, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> + +<li>Greasewood, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Great Willow-Herb, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> + +<li>Green-banded Mariposa, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> + +<li>Green-stemmed Filaree, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + +<li>Ground-Iris, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> + +<li>Ground-Pink, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> + +<li>Groundsel-Tree, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li>Gum-Plant, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Hag-Taper, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> + +<li>Hairbell, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Harvest Brodiæa, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> + +<li>Heal-All, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> + +<li>Heart's-Ease, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Hedge-Nettle, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> + +<li>Heliotrope, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li>Helmet-Flower, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li> + +<li>Hen-and-Chickens, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li>Hideondo, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> + +<li>Hog-Onion, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> + +<li>Hog's Potato, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li>Holly-leaved Barberry, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Holly-leaved Cherry, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li>Horehound, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li>Hound's-Tongue, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> + +<li>Huckleberry, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> + +<li>Humboldt's Lily, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> + +<li>Humming-bird's Sage, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li> + +<li>Humming-bird's Trumpet, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li> + +<li>Ice-Plant, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Incense-Shrub, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> + +<li>Indian Lettuce, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li>Indian Paint-Brush, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li> + +<li>Indian Pink, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li> + +<li>Indian Plume, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li> + +<li>Indian Rhubarb, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> + +<li>Indian Warrior, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li> + +<li>Indian Wheat, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> + +<li>Innocence, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li>Islay, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Ithuriel's Spear, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li> + +<li>Jamestown-Weed, }</li> + +<li>Jimson-Weed, }<a href="#Page_96"> 96</a></li> + +<li>Joshua-Tree, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Judas-Tree, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li>June-Berry, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Kamass, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> + +<li>Labrador Tea, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Lady's Tobacco, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Ladies' Tresses, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li>Lantern of the Fairies, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Large-flowered Brodiæa, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> + +<li>Large-flowered Datura, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Large-flowered Dogwood, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li>Large-flowered Phacelia, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> + +<li>Large Vetch, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li> + +<li>Large White Mountain Daisy, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li>Large Yellow Lupine, <a href="#Page_161"><ins class ="mycorr" title = "missing from text">161</ins></a></li> + +<li>Lavender Mountain Daisy, <a href="#Page_332"><ins class ="mycorr" title = "missing from text">332</ins></a></li> + +<li>Lead-Plant, <a href="#Page_315"><ins class ="mycorr" title = "missing from text">315</ins></a></li> + +<li>Leatherwood, <a href="#Page_160"><ins class ="mycorr" title = "missing from text">160</ins></a></li> + +<li>Lemonade-Berry, <a href="#Page_3"><ins class ="mycorr" title = "missing from text">3</ins></a></li> + +<li>Lemon-Lily, <a href="#Page_109"><ins class ="mycorr" title = "missing from text">109</ins></a></li> + +<li>Leopard-Lily, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[ 402]</a></span></li> + +<li>Lessingia, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> + +<li>Lilac Sand-Verbena, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> + +<li>Little Alpine Lily, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> + +<li>Llavina, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li>Lobelia, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li>Loco-Weed, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Love-Vine, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> + +<li>Lucern, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> + + +<li>Mad-Apple, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Madrone, }</li> +<li>Madroņo, }<a href="#Page_37"> 37</a></li> + +<li>Mad Violets, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> + +<li>Mahala Mats, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> + +<li>Mahogany, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> + +<li>Mahonia, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Main-oph-weep, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Man-in-the-Ground, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Manzanita, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li>Marianas, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> + +<li>Mariposa Tulip, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Matilija Poppy, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Meadow-Foam, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li>Meadow-Sweet, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Mesembryanthemum, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> + +<li>Milfoil, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li>Milkweed, Hornless Woolly, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></li> + +<li>Milk-white Rein-Orchis, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li>Miner's Lettuce, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li>Mission-Bells, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> + +<li>Mission Poppy, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Mist-Maidens, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li>Mock-Orange, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li>Monk's-Hood, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li> + +<li>Mosquito-Bills, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> + +<li>Moth-Mullein, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li>Mother's Heart, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Mottled Swamp-Orchis, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li> + +<li>Mountain Balm, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Mountain Birch, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>Mountain Heart's-Ease, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li>Mountain Lady's Slipper, <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li> + +<li>Mountain Laurel, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> + +<li>Mountain Mahogany, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> + +<li>Mountain Misery, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li>Muilla, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li> + +<li>Musky Filaree, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + +<li>Naked Broom-Rape, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + +<li>Nievitas, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li>Nigger-Babies, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> + +<li>Nigger-Heads, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li> + +<li>Nine-Bark, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Noona, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> + +<li>Northern Scarlet Larkspur, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li> + +<li>Oregon Grape, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Orpine, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Oso-Berry, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li>Our Lord's Candle, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Pearly Everlasting Flower, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Pennyroyal, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li> + +<li>Pentachæta, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li>Pepper-Root, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li>Phantom Orchis, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li> + +<li>Pigeon-Berry, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Pimpernel, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li>Pin-Clover, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + +<li>Pine-Drops, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li>Pink Monkey-Flower, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> + +<li>Pink Paint-Brush, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> + +<li>Pipe-Vine, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> + +<li>Pipsissiwa, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li>Pitcher-Sage, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li>Poison-Oak, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li>Poison-Weed, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> + +<li>Poléo, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li> + +<li>Poor-Man's Weather-Glass, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li>Pop-corn Flower, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li>Prairie-Pointers, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> + +<li>Prickly-Pear, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Prickly Phlox, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> + +<li>Pride of California, The, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> + +<li>Pride of the Mountains, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> + +<li>Prince's Pine, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li>Purple Nemophila, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> + +<li>Pussy's-Ears, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> + +<li>Pussy's-Paws, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Quinine-Bush, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li> + +<li>Racine-Amčre, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> + +<li>Rattlesnake Plantain, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Rattle-Weed, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Redbud, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li>Red-stemmed Filaree, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + +<li>Redwood Lily, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Redwood Sorrel, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> + +<li>Rein-Orchis, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li> + +<li>Resin-Weed, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Rice-Root, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> + +<li>Rock-Cress, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> + +<li>Rock-Fringe, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> + +<li>Rock-Rose, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> + +<li>Romero, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li> + +<li>Roosters'-Heads, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> + +<li>Ruby Lily, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Sacred Bark, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[ 403]</a></span></li> + +<li>Sage, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> + +<li>Sagebrush, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li> + +<li>Saitas, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> + +<li>Salal, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Samphire, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></li> + +<li>Sassafras Laurel, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> + +<li>Satin-Bell, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Sauco, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li>Scarlet Bugler, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li> + +<li>Scarlet Fritillary, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li> + +<li>Scarlet Gilia, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li> + +<li>Scarlet Honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li> + +<li>Scarlet Monkey-Flower, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li> + +<li>Scarlet Paint-Brush, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li> + +<li>Sea-Dahlia, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Self-Heal, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> + +<li>Service-Berry, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Shad-Bush, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Shasta Lily, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Shepherd's Purse, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Shooting-Stars, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> + +<li>Sierra Plum, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Sierra Primrose, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> + +<li>Silk-Tassel Tree, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li> + +<li>Silver-weed, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li>Silkweed, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li> + +<li>Si me quieres, no me quieres, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + +<li>Skullcap, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> + +<li>Skunk-Cabbage, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Snow-Berry, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> + +<li>Snow-Plant, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li> + +<li>Snowy Lily-Bell, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Soap-Bush, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> + +<li>Soap-Plant, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Sour-Grass, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Southern Scarlet Larkspur, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li> + +<li>Spanish Bayonet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Spanish Lily, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> + +<li>Spat'lum, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> + +<li>Spice-Bush, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> + +<li>Spineless Tuna, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> + +<li>Spreading Dogbane, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> + +<li>Spring-Blossom, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li>Squaw-Berry, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li>Squaw-Grass, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Squaw's Carpet, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> + +<li>Star-Flower, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> + +<li>Stickseed, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li> + +<li>Sticky Monkey-Flower, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>St. John's-Wort, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Stonecrop, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Strawberry Cactus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li>Succory, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li> + +<li>Sulphur-Flower, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Sun-Cups, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Sunflower, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> + +<li>Sunshine, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + +<li>Tall Mountain Larkspur, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li> + +<li>Tarweed, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + +<li>Teasel, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li> + +<li>Thimble-Berry, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li>Thistle-Poppy, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Thistle-Sage, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li> + +<li>Thorn-Apple, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Tidy-Tips, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Tiger-Lily, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> + +<li>Toad-Flax, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li> + +<li>Tobacco-Root, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> + +<li>Tolguacha, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Toothwort, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li>Torosa, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li>Toyon, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Tree-Mallow, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> + +<li>Tree-Poppy, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li>Tree-Tobacco, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Tree-Yucca, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Trefoil Sumach, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li>Tuna, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Turban Cactus, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> + +<li>Turkey-Beard, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Turkish Rugging, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li>Turk's-head Cactus, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> + +<li>Twin-Berry, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Twining Hyacinth, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> + +<li>Umbrella-Plant, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> + +<li>Velvet Cactus, <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li> + +<li>Venegasia, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li>Vervenia, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> + +<li>Villela, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> + +<li>Violet Beard-Tongue, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> + +<li>Violet Nightshade, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> + +<li>Violet Snapdragon, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li> + +<li>Virgin's Bower, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + + +<li>Wahoo, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Wake-Robin, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li>Washington Lily, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li>Water-Holly, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li>Water-Lily, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li>Western Boykinia, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Western Cardinal-Flower, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li> + +<li>Western Goldenrod, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> + +<li>Western Spice-Bush, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li> + +<li>Western Wall-Flower, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Whipplea, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[ 404]</a></span></li> + +<li>Whispering Bells, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>White Brodiæa, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> + +<li>White Daisy, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>White Evening Primrose, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li>White Forget-me-not, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li>White Fritillary, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> + +<li>White Globe-Tulip, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>White Layia, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>White Nemophila, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>White Owl's Clover, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li>White Sage, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>White Sweet Clover, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> + +<li>White Tea-Tree, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li>White-veined Shinleaf, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li>Wild Bachelor's Button, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li> + +<li>Wild Bouvardia, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Wild Bridal-Wreath, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li>Wild Broom, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li>Wild Buckwheat, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Wild Canterbury-Bell, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> + +<li>Wild Cherry, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Wild Coreopsis, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> + +<li>Wild Cucumber, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Wild Cyclamen, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> + +<li>Wild Date, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li>Wild Ginger, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> + +<li>Wild Gooseberry, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li> + +<li>Wild Heliotrope, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> + +<li>Wild Hollyhock, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li>Wild Honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> + +<li>Wild Hyacinth, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> + +<li>Wild Lantana, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> + +<li>Wild Morning-glory, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li>Wild Peony, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li> + +<li>Wild Pie-Plant, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li> + +<li>Wild Plum, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Wild Portulaca, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> + +<li>Wild White Lilac, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li>Wind-Flower, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li>Wind-Poppy, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li>Wintergreen, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Wood Anemone, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li>Wood-Balm, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li>Woodland Star of Bethlehem, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Wood Strawberry, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li>Woolly Blue-Curls, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li> + +<li>Woolly Breeches, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + + +<li>Yarrow, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li>Yellow-Boy, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Yellow Daisy, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Yellow Forget-me-not, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Yellow Globe-Tulip, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li>Yellow Mariposa Tulip, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> + +<li>Yellow Pansy, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li>Yellow Pond-Lily, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> + +<li>Yellow-Root, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Yellow Sand-Verbena, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Yellow Star Tulip, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Yellow Sweet Clover, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> + +<li>Yerba Buena, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Yerba de Chivato, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Yerba del Indio, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li> + +<li>Yerba del Pasmo, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Yerba Mansa, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li>Yerba Santa, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Yucca-Palm, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + + +<li>Zygadene, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li></ul> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[ 405]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="INDEX_OF_TECHNICAL_TERMS" id="INDEX_OF_TECHNICAL_TERMS"></a>INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS</h2> + + +<ul><li>Aggregate fruit, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li> + +<li>Akene, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li> + +<li>Ament, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + +<li>Anther, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + +<li>Axil, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a></li> + + +<li>Berry, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li> + +<li>Blade, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li> + +<li>Bract, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li> + +<li>Bulb, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li> + + +<li>Calyx, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + +<li>Capsule, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li> + +<li>Catkin, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + +<li>Complete flower, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + +<li>Compound leaf, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></li> + +<li>Corm, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li> + +<li>Corolla, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + +<li>Corymb, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li> + +<li>Cyme, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + + +<li>Drupe, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li> + + +<li>Essential organs, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + + +<li>Female flower, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + +<li>Filament, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + +<li>Flower-cluster, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li> + +<li>Flower-head, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + +<li>Follicle, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li> + +<li>Foot-stalk, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li> + +<li>Fruit, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + + +<li>Gourd, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li> + + +<li>Imperfect flower, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + +<li>Inflorescence, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li> + +<li>Internodes, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a></li> + +<li>Involucre, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li> + + +<li>Leaflet, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></li> + +<li>Leaves, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li> + +<li>Legume, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li> + + +<li>Male flower, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + + +<li>Neutral flower, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + +<li>Nodes, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a></li> + + +<li>Ovary, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + + +<li>Palmate leaf, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></li> + +<li>Panicle, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + +<li>Pedicel, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li> + +<li>Peduncle, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li> + +<li>Pepo, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li> + +<li>Perianth, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + +<li>Perfect flower, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + +<li>Pericarp, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + +<li>Petals, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + +<li>Petiole, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li> + +<li>Pinnate leaf, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></li> + +<li>Pistil, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + +<li>Pistillate flower, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + +<li>Pollen, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + +<li>Pome, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li> + + +<li>Raceme, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li> + +<li>Rhizome, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li> + +<li>Root, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a></li> + +<li>Rootstock, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li> + + +<li>Samara, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li> + +<li>Scape, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li> + +<li>Sepals, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + +<li>Simple leaf, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></li> + +<li>Solitary flower, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li> + +<li>Spadix, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + +<li>Spathe, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + +<li>Spike, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li> + +<li>Stamen, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + +<li>Staminate flower, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + +<li>Staminodia, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + +<li>Stem, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a></li> + +<li>Stigma, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + +<li>Stipules, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li> + +<li>Style, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li> + + +<li>Tuber, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li> + + +<li>Umbel, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li> + + +<li>Veinlets, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></li></ul> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[ 406]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="GLOSSARY" id="GLOSSARY"></a>GLOSSARY</h2> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Abortive</i>, defective or barren.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Acuminate</i>, ending in a tapering +point.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Adnate</i>, growing to; or said of an +anther whose cells are borne +upon the sides of the apex of +the filament.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Appendage</i>, any superadded part.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Appressed</i>, lying flat against or together +for the whole length.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Arborescent</i>, treelike; approaching +the size of a tree.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Attenuate</i>, slenderly tapering to a +point.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Auricle</i>, a small earlike lobe at the +base of a leaf.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Awn</i>, a bristle-shaped appendage.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Barb</i>, a sharply reflexed point upon +an awn, etc., like the barb of a +fish-hook.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Basifixed</i>, attached by the base or +lower end.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Beak</i>, a narrow or prolonged tip.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Bifid</i>, two-cleft to the middle or +thereabouts.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Bilabiate</i>, two-lipped.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Blade</i>, the expanded portion of a +leaf, petal, etc.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Bract</i>, one of the leaves of a flower-cluster.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Bracteate</i>, furnished with bracts.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Bractlet</i>, a bract of the ultimate +grade; as one inserted <i>on</i> a pedicel +or ultimate flower-stalk instead +of <i>under</i> it.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Bracteolate</i>, having bractlets.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Bulbiferous</i>, bearing bulbs.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Caducous</i>, dropping off very early.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Campanulate</i>, bell-shaped.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Capitate</i>, headlike, or collected in +a head.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Carina</i>, a salient longitudinal projection +on the center of the lower +face of an organ.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Carinate</i>, furnished with a carina, +or keel.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Carpel</i>, a simple pistil, or one of the +several parts of a compound one.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Ciliate</i>, marginally fringed with +hairs.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Clavate</i>, club-shaped.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Claw</i>, the narrowed base, or stalk, +which some petals, etc., possess.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Coalescing</i>, cohering; used properly +in respect to similar parts.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Column</i>, a body formed by the +union of filaments (stamineal); +or (in orchids) of the stamens and +pistil.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Confluent</i>, blended, or running together.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Connate</i>, growing together; united +in one.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Connective</i>, the portion of the filament +which connects or separates +the cells of an anther.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Connivent</i>, coming into contact or +converging.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Cordate</i>, heart-shaped.</p><p class="noin"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[ 407]</a></span></p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Coriaceous</i>, leathery.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Corymb</i>, a flat-topped inflorescence +flowering from the margin inward.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Corymbose</i>, in corymbs, or in the +form of a corymb.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Cruciferous</i>, of four somewhat +similar petals, spreading in the +form of a cross.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Cymose</i>, in cymes. (See <i>cyme</i>, in +Explanation of Terms, p. xxviii.)</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Deciduous</i>, falling at the end of the +season.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Declined</i>, bent or curved downward +or forward.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Decumbent</i>, reclining, but with +summit ascending.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Decurrent</i>, running down the +stem; applied to a leaf with +blade prolonged below its insertion.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Deflexed</i>, bent or turned abruptly +downward.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Dehiscing</i>, opening by valves, slits, +or regular lines; as a capsule or +an anther.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Deltoid</i>, having the shape of the +Greek letter <i>delta</i>; broadly triangular.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Denticulate</i>, minutely toothed.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Depauperate</i>, impoverished in size +by unfavorable surroundings.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Dichotomous</i>, forking regularly by +pairs.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Diæcious</i>, with stamens and pistils +in different flowers on different +plants.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Dissected</i>, deeply cut, or divided +into numerous segments.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Divaricate</i>, extremely divergent.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Divided</i>, lobed or cut clear to the +base.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Emarginate</i>, notched at the extremity.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Entire</i>, with the margin uninterrupted; +without teeth or divisions +of any sort.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Equitant</i>, astride; as of leaves +folding over each other in two +ranks; as in the iris.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Erose</i>, gnawed.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Exserted</i>, projecting beyond an envelop; +as stamens from a corolla.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Extrorse</i>, facing outward; said of +the anther.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Falcate</i>, scythe-shaped; sickle-shaped.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Fascicled</i>, in a close cluster or bundle; +said of flowers, stalks, roots, +and leaves.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Fertile</i>, capable of producing fruit; +as a pistillate flower; applied +also to a pollen-bearing stamen.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Fibrous</i>, composed of or of the +nature of fibres.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Filiform</i>, threadlike.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Flexuous</i>, zigzag; bent alternately +in opposite directions.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Foliaceous</i>, leaflike in structure or +appearance; leafy.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Foliolate</i>, having leaflets; the number +indicated by the Latin prefixes, +<i>bi-</i>, <i>tri-</i>, etc.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Follicle</i>, a pod formed from a +single pistil, dehiscing along the +ventral suture only.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Free</i>, not growing to other organs.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Fugacious</i>, falling very early.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Funnel-form</i>, tubular, but expanding +gradually from the narrow +base to the spreading border or +limb; <i>e. g.</i> the Morning-glory +flower.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Galea</i>, a helmet; applied to the +helmet-shaped upper lip of the +corolla in <i>Labiatæ</i>, etc.; also in +some <i>Scrophularineæ</i>, though +not so shaped.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Glabrous</i>, without any kind of +hairiness.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Gland</i>, any secreting structure, depression +or prominence, on any +part of a plant, or any structure +having such an appearance.</p><p class="noin"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[ 408]</a></span></p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Glandular</i>, bearing glands, or +glandlike.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Glaucous</i>, covered or whitened with +a bloom like that on a cabbage-leaf.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Habit</i>, the general form or mode +of growth of a plant.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Herbaceous</i>, having the character +of an herb; not woody or +shrubby.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Hispid</i>, beset with rigid or bristly +hairs, or with bristles.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Imbricate</i>, overlapping, like shingles +on a roof.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Incised</i>, cut irregularly and sharply.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Included</i>, inclosed by the surrounding +organs; not exserted.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Indigenous</i>, native to the country.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Inferior</i>, said of the ovary when +the calyx, corolla, or stamens are +borne upon its summit or sides.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Inflorescence</i>, the flowering portion +of a plant, and especially the +mode of its arrangement.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Innate</i>, said of an anther when it +is a continuation of the filament.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Introrse</i>, facing inward, or toward +the axis, as an anther.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Involucrate</i>, having an involucre.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Involucre</i>, a circle of bracts subtending +a flower-cluster.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Involute</i>, rolled inward.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Keel.</i> (See <i>carina</i>.)</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Keeled</i>, furnished with a keel, or +carina.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Lacerate</i>, torn; irregularly and +deeply cleft.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Laciniate</i>, cut into narrow, slender +teeth, or lobes.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Liliaceous</i>, lily-like.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Limb</i>, the dilated and usually +spreading portion of a perianth +or petal as distinct from the tubular +part, or claw.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Line</i>, the twelfth part of inch.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Linear</i>, narrow and elongated, +with parallel margins.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Lip</i>, either of the two divisions of +a bilabiate corolla or calyx; in +orchids the upper petal (often, +apparently, the lower) usually +very different from the others.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Lobe</i>, any division of a leaf, corolla, +etc., especially if rounded.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Lunate</i>, crescent-shaped, or half-moon-shaped.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Lyrate</i>, lyre-shaped; pinnatifid +with the terminal lobe large and +rounded, and one or more of the +lower pairs small.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Membranaceous</i>, thin; rather soft +and translucent, like membrane.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Monœcious</i>, with stamens and pistils +in separate blossoms on the +same plant.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Mucronate</i>, with a short, abrupt, +small tip.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Nectar</i>, the sweetish secretion of +the blossom from which bees +make honey.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Nectary</i>, the place or gland in +which nectar is secreted.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Nerve</i>, a simple, unbranched vein +or slender rib.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Nerved</i>, furnished with a nerve or +nerves.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Ob-</i>, used as a prefix meaning inversely.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Obtuse</i>, blunt or rounded at the end.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Odd-pinnate</i>, pinnate, with an odd +leaflet at the end.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Palate</i>, a protrusion at or near the +throat of a two-lipped corolla.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Panicle</i>, a loose, irregularly branching +inflorescence.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Papilionaceous</i>, butterfly-like; applied +to the peculiar irregular +flower common in <i>Leguminosæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Papillæ</i>, minute, thick, nipple-shaped, +or somewhat elongated +projections.</p><p class="noin"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[ 409]</a></span></p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Parasitic</i>, growing upon and deriving +nourishment from another +plant.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Parted</i>, cleft nearly, but not quite, +to the base.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Perfoliate</i>, said of leaves connate +about the stem.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Persistent</i>, not falling off; said of +leaves continuing through the +winter.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Petaloid</i>, petal-like.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Petiolate</i>, having a petiole.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Petiole</i>, the foot-stalk of a leaf.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Petiolulate</i>, having a petiolule.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Petiolule</i>, the foot-stalk of a leaflet.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Pinnate</i>, having its parts arranged +in pairs along a common rachis.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Pinnatifid</i>, pinnately cleft.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Pistillate</i>, having a pistil or pistils, +and no stamens.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Puberulent</i>, minutely pubescent.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Pubescent</i>, covered with hairs, usually +soft and short.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Rachis</i>, the axis (backbone) of a +spike, or of a compound leaf.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Radiate</i>, diverging from a common +center, or bearing ray-flowers; +said of flower-heads of composite +plants.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Radical</i>, belonging to or proceeding +from the root, or from the +base of the stem.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Ray</i>, one of the radiating branches +of an umbel; the marginal flowers, +as distinct from those of the +disk, in <i>Compositæ</i>, etc.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Receptacle</i>, a more or less expanded +surface, forming a support for +a cluster of organs (in a flower) +or a cluster of flowers (in a head), +etc.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Recurved</i>, curved backward or +downward.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Reflexed</i>, abruptly bent or turned +backward or downward.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Regular</i>, symmetrical in form; uniform +in shape or structure.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Retrorse</i>, directed backward or +downward.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Revolute</i>, rolled backward from +the margins or apex.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Rhomboidal</i>, quadrangular, with +the lateral angles obtuse.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Rudiment</i>, an imperfectly developed +and functionally useless +organ.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Rugose</i>, wrinkled; ridged.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Saccate</i>, sac-shaped; baggy.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Sagittate</i>, shaped like an arrowhead; +triangular, with basal lobes +prolonged downward.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Salver-form</i>, narrowly tubular, with +limb abruptly or flatly expanded.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Scabrous</i>, rough to the touch.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Scape</i>, a naked peduncle rising +from the ground.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Scarious</i>, thin, dry, membranaceous, +and not green.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Scorpioid</i>, incurved like the tail of +a scorpion; said of an inflorescence.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Segment</i>, one of the parts of a leaf +or other organ that is cut or +divided.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Serrate</i>, having teeth directed forward, +like the teeth of a saw.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Serrulate</i>, minutely serrate.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Sessile</i>, stemless.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Sinus</i>, a recess or re-entering angle.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Sheathing</i>, infolding like a sheath.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Spathe</i>, a large bract or pair of +bracts (often colored) inclosing +a flower-cluster.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Spinescent</i>, ending in a spine or +rigid point.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Spinulose</i>, with diminutive spines.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Spur</i>, a usually slender tubular +process, from some part of a +flower, often honey-bearing.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Staminate</i>, having stamens, but +no pistils.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Staminodium</i>, a sterile stamen, or +something taking the place of a +stamen.</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[ 410]</a></span></p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Stellate</i>, star-shaped.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Sterile</i>, barren; incapable of producing +seed; a sterile stamen is +one not producing pollen.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Striate</i>, marked with fine longitudinal +lines.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Subtended</i>, supported or surrounded; +as a pedicel by a bract, or a +flower-cluster by an involucre.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Subulate</i>, awl-shaped.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Succulent</i>, fleshy and juicy.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Superior</i>, growing above; a superior +ovary is one wholly above +and free from the calyx.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Terete</i>, cylindrical.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Ternate</i>, in threes.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Thyrse</i>, a contracted or ovate panicle.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Thyrsoid</i>, thyrselike.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Tomentum</i>, dense, matted, woolly +pubescence.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Trifoliolate</i>, having three leaflets.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Tubular</i>, tube-shaped.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Undulate</i>, wavy.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Unisexual</i>, of one sex; said of +flowers having stamens only, or +pistils only.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Urceolate</i>, cylindrical or ovoid, but +contracted at or below the open +orifice, like an urn or a pitcher.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Valve</i>, the several parts of a dehiscent +pericarp; the doorlike +lid by which some anthers open.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Ventricose</i>, swelling unequally, or +inflated on one side.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Versatile</i>, swinging; turning freely +on its support.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Villous</i>, bearing long and soft, +straight or straightish hairs.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Virgate</i>, wandlike.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>Viscid</i>, glutinous; sticky.</p> + + +<p class="noin"><i>Whorl</i>, an arrangement of leaves, +flowers, etc., in a circle about the +stem, or axis.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 95%;" /> + +<div class="tr"> +<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3> + +<p>Obvious punctuation and spelling errors repaired.</p> + +<p>Page numbers for blank pages, pages consisting entirely of +illustration, are not visible. </p> +<p>Flowers with no common name known have a thought break.</p> +<p>Images aren't shown, just the captions with links to the images.</p> +<p>Inconsistent hyphenation has been repaired.</p> + +<p>The oe and ae ligatures in the text have been left as they appear in the +original book. If they do not display properly, you may have an +incompatible browser or unavailable fonts. Make sure that the browser's +"character set" or "file encoding" is set to Unicode (UTF-8). +You may also need to change your browser's default font.</p> + +<p>The remaining corrections made are indicated by lines under the +corrections. Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text +will be displayed.</p> + + + +</div> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Wild Flowers of California: Their +Names, Haunts, and Habits, by Mary Elizabeth Parsons + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA *** + +***** This file should be named 38886-h.htm or 38886-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/8/8/38886/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Mark Young and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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