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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Historic Shrines of America, by John T. (John
+Thomson) Faris
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Historic Shrines of America
+       Being the Story of One Hundred and Twenty Historic Buildings and the Pioneers Who Made Them Notable
+
+
+Author: John T. (John Thomson) Faris
+
+
+
+Release Date: March 6, 2012  [eBook #39068]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made
+available by Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 39068-h.htm or 39068-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39068/39068-h/39068-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39068/39068-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      http://www.archive.org/details/historicshrines00faririch
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA
+
+by
+
+JOHN T. FARIS
+
+
+  [Illustration: INDEPENDENCE HALL, REAR VIEW, PHILADELPHIA
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_]
+
+
+
+
+HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA
+
+Being the Story of One Hundred and Twenty Historic Buildings
+and the Pioneers Who Made Them Notable
+
+by
+
+JOHN T. FARIS
+
+Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and Fellow of the
+American Geographical Society
+Author of "Real Stories from Our History," "Old Roads
+Out of Philadelphia," etc.
+
+Illustrated
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New York
+George H. Doran Company
+
+Copyright, 1918,
+By George H. Doran Company
+
+Printed in the United States of America
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+Circular tours have long been popular in England. There was a time--as
+there will be a time again--when American visitors felt that to make
+the rounds of the cathedral towns or the historic castles or the homes
+and haunts of great men and women, was a necessary part of seeing the
+tight little island.
+
+"What a pity it is that we in America have no such wealth of historic
+places," one returning tourist was heard to remark. "Oh, of course,
+there are a few spots like Independence Hall and Concord and
+Lexington," he went on, "but there are not enough of them to make it
+worth while to plan a tour such as those in which we have taken
+delight in England."
+
+It was easy to point out to the traveler his mistake; most Americans
+know that the country is rich in places of historic interest. Just how
+rich it is they may not realize until they make a serious study of the
+landmarks of their own land, as does the European tourist of the
+centers noted in his guidebook.
+
+In fact, there are in America so many houses, churches, and other
+buildings having a vital connection with our history that volumes
+would be required to tell of them all. Even a brief record of the
+buildings whose owners or occupants played a conspicuous part in the
+early history of the country would fill a large book.
+
+It is fascinating to learn of these houses and public buildings and to
+delve into the biographies which tell what happened to the people who
+lived in them. Fiction seems tame after connecting, for instance, the
+story of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler with the Ford
+Mansion and the Campfield House at Morristown, New Jersey, then with
+the Schuyler Mansion in Albany, New York, and The Grange in New York
+City. The heart of the patriot burns with new love for his country as
+he reads of Faneuil Hall and the Old South Church and Carpenters'
+Hall. The story of the Revolution is clothed with living interest when
+Washington and his generals are followed to Valley Forge and Newburgh
+and Cambridge and Morristown and Princeton. Fresh appreciation of the
+sacrifice of the pioneers comes from going with them into the garrison
+houses of New England, along the Wilderness Road in Kentucky, to the
+settlements on the Ohio, or to the banks of the Wabash where more than
+one Indian treaty was made.
+
+Next comes the keen pleasure of visiting the houses and churches
+which, through the piecing together of these facts, have become like
+familiar friends. The vacation journey that includes a careful study
+of a few of these buildings becomes a fascinating course in
+patriotism.
+
+It is the purpose of the author of "Historic Shrines of America" to
+tell just enough about each of one hundred and twenty of these
+buildings of historic interest to create a hunger for more; to present
+pictures sufficiently attractive to make those who turn the pages of
+the book determine to visit the places described; to arrange the brief
+chapters in such sequence that it will be possible for the reader to
+plan for successive vacations a series of journeys through the centers
+where historic buildings may be found, and, in doing this, to pass by
+so many structures of interest that the reader and the tourist will
+have abundant opportunity to discover houses and churches of which he
+will say, "I wonder why this was not included."
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+     CHAPTER                                                   PAGE
+
+
+     ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS
+
+        I THE OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS             19
+
+       II PAUL REVERE'S HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS             23
+
+      III FANEUIL HALL, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS                    28
+
+       IV THREE HISTORIC CHURCHES OF BOSTON                      32
+
+        V ELMWOOD, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS                      36
+
+       VI THE CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS            40
+
+      VII THE ADAMS HOUSES, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS                44
+
+     VIII THE QUINCY MANSION, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS              49
+
+       IX FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS                54
+
+        X THE DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS    56
+
+       XI THE OLD MANSE AND THE WAYSIDE, CONCORD,
+          MASSACHUSETTS                                          61
+
+      XII THE ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS               66
+
+     XIII BROADHEARTH AND THE BENNET-BOARDMAN HOUSE,
+          SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS                                  69
+
+      XIV THE COLONEL JEREMIAH LEE HOUSE, MARBLEHEAD,
+          MASSACHUSETTS                                          72
+
+       XV THE OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT, MASSACHUSETTS       75
+
+      XVI THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, PROVIDENCE, RHODE
+          ISLAND                                                 80
+
+
+     TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND KNICKERBOCKERS
+           FLOURISHED
+
+     XVII THE MORRIS-JUMEL MANSION, NEW YORK CITY                87
+
+    XVIII THE PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS, NEW YORK            91
+
+     XIX  ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL, NEW YORK CITY                       95
+
+      XX  FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY                        97
+
+     XXI  THE GRANGE, NEW YORK CITY                             100
+
+    XXII  THE VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY                104
+
+   XXIII  THE HASBROUCK HOUSE, NEWBURGH, NEW YORK               106
+
+
+     THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH THE PATRIOTS
+
+     XXIV THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY          115
+
+      XXV THE CHURCH AT CALDWELL, NEW JERSEY                    119
+
+     XXVI OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD, NEW JERSEY              122
+
+    XXVII THE FORD MANSION, MORRISTOWN, NEW JERSEY              126
+
+   XXVIII NASSAU HALL, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY                    130
+
+     XXIX THREE HISTORIC HOUSES AT PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY        134
+
+      XXX THE SPRINGFIELD MEETING HOUSE, NEW JERSEY             138
+
+
+     FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE
+
+     XXXI THE LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA                  145
+
+    XXXII CARPENTERS' HALL, PHILADELPHIA                        149
+
+   XXXIII ST. PETER'S CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA                      153
+
+    XXXIV CLIVEDEN, GERMANTOWN, PHILADELPHIA                    156
+
+     XXXV OLD PINE STREET CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA                  159
+
+    XXXVI INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA                       162
+
+   XXXVII THE DAVID RITTENHOUSE HOME, NEAR PHILADELPHIA         170
+
+  XXXVIII THE HEADQUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE, PENNSYLVANIA        174
+
+    XXXIX THREE HEADQUARTERS OF WASHINGTON                      178
+
+       XL SWEETBRIER-ON-THE-SCHUYLKILL, PHILADELPHIA            183
+
+      XLI MILL GROVE AND FATLANDS, NEAR PHILADELPHIA            187
+
+     XLII WAYNESBOROUGH, NEAR PAOLI, PENNSYLVANIA               192
+
+    XLIII THE MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA          196
+
+
+     FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND DIXON LINE
+
+     XLIV HISTORIC LANDMARKS AT NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE            203
+
+      XLV THE RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DELAWARE                    208
+
+     XLVI REHOBOTH CHURCH ON THE POCOMOKE, MARYLAND             211
+
+    XLVII DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, MARYLAND       216
+
+   XLVIII THE UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND            220
+
+     XLIX THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON                             225
+
+        L THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON                           230
+
+       LI THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON                         234
+
+
+     SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE CAVALIERS
+
+      LII MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA                                241
+
+     LIII ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA                                   246
+
+      LIV CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA                   249
+
+       LV THE MARY WASHINGTON HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG,
+          VIRGINIA                                              251
+
+      LVI GREENWAY AND SHERWOOD FOREST, VIRGINIA                257
+
+     LVII TWO HISTORIC COURTHOUSES OF VIRGINIA                  262
+
+    LVIII ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND                           266
+
+      LIX THE NELSON HOUSE AND THE MOORE HOUSE, YORKTOWN,
+      VIRGINIA                                                  270
+
+       LX THE JOHN MARSHALL HOUSE, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA           274
+
+      LXI FIVE OLD HOUSES OF TIDEWATER, VIRGINIA                278
+
+     LXII GUNSTON HALL, VIRGINIA                                281
+
+    LXIII THE WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING, LEXINGTON,
+          VIRGINIA                                              285
+
+     LXIV BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA          288
+
+      LXV WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, WILLIAMSBURG,
+      VIRGINIA                                                  291
+
+     LXVI THE MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA             294
+
+    LXVII MONTPELIER, ORANGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA                   296
+
+   LXVIII OAK HILL, LOUDOUN COUNTY, VIRGINIA                    301
+
+     LXIX RED HILL, CHARLOTTE COUNTY, VIRGINIA                  305
+
+      LXX POHICK CHURCH, TRURO PARISH, VIRGINIA                 311
+
+     LXXI MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VIRGINIA                 314
+
+    LXXII TWO OF VIRGINIA'S OLDEST CHURCH BUILDINGS             318
+
+   LXXIII MONTICELLO, NEAR CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA            322
+
+    LXXIV THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA AT CHARLOTTESVILLE,
+          VIRGINIA                                              326
+
+
+     SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH
+
+     LXXV THREE OLD CHURCHES IN CHARLESTON, SOUTH
+          CAROLINA                                             333
+
+    LXXVI THE HOUSE OF REBECCA MOTTE, CHARLESTON, SOUTH
+          CAROLINA                                             336
+
+   LXXVII THE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, SAVANNAH, GEORGIA            340
+
+  LXXVIII THE CABILDO OF NEW ORLEANS                           343
+
+    LXXIX THE ALAMO, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS                        347
+
+     LXXX THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE                  351
+
+    LXXXI ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY                         355
+
+   LXXXII SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, KENTUCKY        359
+
+  LXXXIII WHITE HAVEN, NEAR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI                362
+
+
+     EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO NEW ENGLAND
+
+   LXXXIV THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS     369
+
+    LXXXV THE GOVERNOR'S PALACE AT VINCENNES, INDIANA          374
+
+   LXXXVI THE HOUSE OF GENERAL RUFUS PUTNAM, MARIETTA,
+          OHIO                                                 377
+
+  LXXXVII MONUMENT PLACE, ELM GROVE, WEST VIRGINIA             381
+
+ LXXXVIII THE CASTLE AT FORT NIAGARA, NEW YORK                 386
+
+   LXXXIX THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, NEW YORK               391
+
+       XC THE WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE       395
+
+      XCI THE WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW HOUSE, PORTLAND, MAINE      400
+
+          BIBLIOGRAPHY                                         407
+
+          INDEX                                                411
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+     INDEPENDENCE HALL, REAR VIEW, PHILADELPHIA,
+       PENNSYLVANIA                                 _Frontispiece_
+
+                                                              PAGE
+
+     OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS                     25
+
+     PAUL REVERE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS                   26
+
+     HANCOCK-CLARKE HOUSE, LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS             26
+
+     OLD NORTH CHURCH, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS                    34
+
+     OLD SOUTH CHURCH, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS                    35
+
+     CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS                    48
+
+     FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS                    48
+
+     DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS            49
+
+     ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS                       49
+
+     BROADHEARTH, SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS                         70
+
+     BENNET-BOARDMAN HOUSE, SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS               70
+
+     OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT, MASSACHUSETTS               71
+
+     MORRIS-JUMEL HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY                          97
+
+     PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS, NEW YORK                    97
+
+     FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY                            98
+
+     VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY                         98
+
+     THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY              121
+
+     OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD, NEW JERSEY                  121
+
+     NASSAU HALL AND THE FIRST PRESIDENT'S HOUSE, PRINCETON,
+       NEW JERSEY                                              122
+
+     MORVEN, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY                             122
+
+     LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA            146
+
+     ST. PETER'S PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA,
+       PENNSYLVANIA                                            147
+
+     CLIVEDEN, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA                      160
+
+     THIRD (OLD PINE STREET) PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,
+       PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA                              160
+
+     DAVID RITTENHOUSE'S HOUSE, NORRISTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA       161
+
+     DAWESFIELD, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA               161
+
+     EMLEN HOUSE, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA              179
+
+     FATLANDS, NEAR PHOENIXVILLE, PENNSYLVANIA                 179
+
+     WAYNESBOROUGH, PAOLI, PENNSYLVANIA                        180
+
+     MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA                  180
+
+     AMSTEL HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE                        205
+
+     DOORWAY OF AMSTEL HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE             205
+
+     HALL OF READ HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE                  205
+
+     DOORWAY OF RODNEY HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE             206
+
+     DOORWAY OF STEWART HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE            206
+
+     DOORWAY OF READ HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE               206
+
+     DOORWAY OF PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE      206
+
+     IMMANUEL CHURCH, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE                     217
+
+     RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DELAWARE                            218
+
+     DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, MARYLAND           218
+
+     UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND                    233
+
+     OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.                          233
+
+     THE STAIRWAY, OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.            234
+
+     MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA, REAR VIEW                         244
+
+     ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA                                       244
+
+     CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA                       245
+
+     MARY WASHINGTON'S HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG, VIRGINIA         262
+
+     HANOVER COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA                             262
+
+     ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA                     263
+
+     NELSON HOUSE, YORKTOWN, VIRGINIA                          263
+
+     WESTOVER ON THE JAMES, VIRGINIA                           282
+
+     GUNSTON HALL ON THE POTOMAC, VIRGINIA                     282
+
+     WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING, LEXINGTON, VIRGINIA          283
+
+     BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA              283
+
+     MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA                     314
+
+     POHICK CHURCH, VIRGINIA                                   314
+
+     MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VIRGINIA                     315
+
+     UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA         315
+
+     INDEPENDENT PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SAVANNAH, GEORGIA        336
+
+     PRINGLE HOUSE, CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA                 337
+
+     THE CABILDO, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA                       337
+
+     THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE                       352
+
+     ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY                              352
+
+     SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, KENTUCKY             353
+
+     WHITE HAVEN, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI                          353
+
+     ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS            370
+
+     WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON'S HOUSE, VINCENNES, INDIANA        370
+
+     RUFUS PUTNAM'S HOUSE, MARIETTA, OHIO                      371
+
+     THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, NEW YORK                    371
+
+     WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE                394
+
+     WARNER HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE                   394
+
+     WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW HOUSE, PORTLAND, MAINE               395
+
+
+
+
+ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS
+
+     The riches of the Commonwealth
+     Are free, strong minds, and hearts of health;
+     And more to her than gold or grain,
+     The cunning hand and cultured brain.
+
+     For well she keeps her ancient stock,
+     The stubborn strength of Pilgrim Rock;
+     And still maintains, with milder laws,
+     And clearer light, the Good Old Cause!
+
+     Nor heeds the skeptic's puny hands,
+     While near her school the church-spire stands;
+     Nor fears the blinded bigot's rule,
+     While near her church-spire stands the school.
+
+       --JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER.
+
+
+
+
+ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS
+
+  [Illustration: OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company, Boston_
+   See Page 19]
+
+
+I
+
+THE OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+FROM WHOSE BALCONY THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE WAS PROCLAIMED
+
+Thirty-three years after Captain John Smith sailed into Boston Harbor,
+the first Town House was built. This was in 1657. The second Town
+House, which was built on the same site, was erected in 1712. In 1748
+the third Town House, later the Old State House, followed the
+structure of 1712, the outer walls of the old building being used in
+the new.
+
+Since 1689, when Governor Andros' tyranny was overthrown, the old
+building has been in the thick of historic events. How it figured in
+the Boston Massacre was shown by John Tudor in his diary. He wrote:
+
+      "March, 1770. On Monday evening the 5th current, a few
+      Minutes after 9 o'clock a most horrid murder was committed in
+      King Street before the custom house Door by 8 or 9 Soldiers
+      under the Command of Capt. Thos Preston of the Main Guard on
+      the South side of the Town House. This unhappy affair began
+      by Some Boys & young fellows throwing Snow Balls at the
+      sentry placed at the Custom house Door. On which 8 or 9
+      Soldiers Came to his Assistance. Soon after a Number of
+      people collected, when the Capt commanded the Soldiers to
+      fire, which they did and 3 Men were Kil'd on the Spot &
+      several Mortaly Wounded, one of which died next Morning....
+      Leut Governor Hutchinson, who was Commander in Chiefe, was
+      sent for & Came to the Council Chamber, where some of the
+      Magustrates attended. The Governor desired the Multitude
+      about 10 O'Clock to sepperat & to go home peaceable & he
+      would do all in his power that Justice should be done &c. The
+      29 Regiment being then under Arms on the south side of the
+      Townhouse, but the people insisted that the Soldiers should
+      be ordered to their Barracks first before they would
+      sepperat. Which being done the people sepperated aboute 1
+      O'Clock."
+
+Next day the people met in Faneuil Hall, and demanded the immediate
+removal of the troops. The demand being refused, they met again at
+Faneuil Hall, but adjourned to Old South Church, since the larger hall
+was required to accommodate the aroused citizens. A new committee,
+headed by Samuel Adams, sought Hutchinson in the Council Chamber of
+the Town House, and secured his permission to remove the troops
+without delay.
+
+The next event of note in the history of the old building was the
+public reading there of the Declaration of Independence on July 18,
+1776, in accordance with the message of John Hancock, President of the
+Continental Congress, who asked that it be proclaimed "in such a mode
+that the people may be impressed by it."
+
+Abigail Adams told in a letter to her husband, John Adams, of the
+reading:
+
+      "I went with the multitude to King street to hear the
+      Declaration Proclamation for Independence read and
+      proclaimed.... Great attention was given to every word....
+      Thus ends royal Authority in the state."
+
+A British prisoner on parole, who was an invited guest at the reading
+of the Declaration, wrote a detailed narrative of the events of the
+day, in the Town Hall, in which he said:
+
+      "Exactly as the clock struck one, Colonel Crafts, who
+      occupied the chair, rose and, silence being obtained, read
+      aloud the declaration, which announced to the world that the
+      tie of allegiance and protection, which had so long held
+      Britain and her North American colonies together, was forever
+      separated. This being finished, the gentlemen stood up, and
+      each, repeating the words as they were spoken by an officer,
+      swore to uphold, at the sacrifice of life, the rights of his
+      country. Meanwhile the town clerk read from the balcony the
+      Declaration of Independence to the crowd; at the close of
+      which, a Shout began in the hall, passed like an electric
+      spark to the streets, which rang with loud huzzas, the slow
+      and measured boom of Cannon, and the rattle of musketry."
+
+Thirteen years later, when Washington visited Boston, he passed
+through a triumphal arch to the State House. In his diary he told of
+what followed his entrance to the historic building:
+
+      "Three cheers was given by a vast concourse of people, Who,
+      by this time, had assembled at the Arch--then followed an ode
+      composed in honor of the President; and well sung by a band
+      of select singers--After this three cheers--followed by the
+      different Professions and Mechanics in the order they were
+      drawn up, with their colors, through a lane of the people
+      which had thronged about the arch under which they passed."
+
+The ode sung that day was as follows:
+
+     "General Washington, the hero's come,
+       Each heart exulting hears the sound;
+     See, thousands their deliverer throng,
+       And shout his welcome all around.
+         Now in full chorus bursts the song,
+         And shout the deeds of Washington."
+
+The Old State House was near destruction in 1835, as a result of the
+uproar that followed the attempt of William Lloyd Garrison to make an
+abolition address in the hall next door to the office of the
+_Liberator_, whose editor he was. A furious crowd demanded his blood,
+and he was persuaded to retire. Later the doors of the _Liberator_
+office where he had taken refuge were broken down, and, after a chase,
+the hunted man was seized and dragged to the rear of the Old State
+House, then used as the City Hall and Post-office. The mayor rescued
+him from the mob, which was talking of hanging him, and carried him
+into the State House. The threats of the outwitted people became so
+loud that it was feared the building would be destroyed and that
+Garrison would be killed. As soon as possible, therefore, he was
+spirited away to the Leverett Street jail.
+
+For many years, until 1882, the Old State House was used for business
+purposes, after previous service as Town House, City Hall, Court
+House, and State House. It is now used as a historical museum by the
+Bostonian Society.
+
+The historic halls within the building have the same walls and
+ceilings as when the old house was erected in 1748. For many years the
+exterior was covered with unsightly paint, but this has been scraped
+off, and the brick walls gleam red as in former days.
+
+
+  [Illustration: PAUL REVERE HOUSE, BOSTON
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+   See Page 23]
+
+II
+
+PAUL REVERE'S HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+WHERE THE MERCURY OF THE REVOLUTION LIVED AND TOILED
+
+     "_Take three fourths of a Paine that makes Traitors Confess_  (RAC)
+     _With three parts of a place which the Wicked don't Bless_    (HEL)
+     _Joyne four sevenths of an Exercise which shop-keepers use_   (WALK)
+     _Add what Bad Men do, when they good actions refuse_          (ER)
+     _These four added together with great care and Art
+     Will point out the Fair One that is nearest my Heart._"
+
+Thus wrote Paul Revere, the Boston goldsmith, on the back of a bill to
+Mr. Benjamin Greene for "Gold buttons," "Mending a Spoon," and "Two
+pr. of Silver Shoe Buckles," which was made out one day in 1773 in the
+old house in North Square, built in 1676. To this house he planned to
+lead as his second wife Rachel Walker; his eight children needed a
+mother's care, and he wanted some one to share the joys and the
+burdens of his life.
+
+Before his first marriage, in 1757, he had served as a second
+lieutenant in a company of artillery, in the expedition against Crown
+Point. Soldiering was succeeded by work at his trade of goldsmith and
+silversmith, learned from his father. He was a skilled engraver; most
+of the silverware made in Boston at this period testified to his
+ability. Later, when the rising patriotic tide seemed to call for
+lithographs and broadsides, he engraved these on copper with eager
+brain and active hand.
+
+He began his patriotic work as a member of the secret order The Sons
+of Liberty, which had organizations in nearly all the colonies, held
+frequent meetings, and laid plans for resisting the encroachments of
+Great Britain. Once, when some three hundred of these Sons dined at
+Dorchester, Paul Revere was present, as well as Samuel Adams, John
+Adams, and John Hancock.
+
+It was necessary to have a trusted messenger to carry tidings of
+moment from place to place, and Paul Revere was one of those chosen
+for the purpose. His first important ride was at the time of the
+destruction of the tea in Boston harbor. He had a leading part in
+bringing together the patriots who gathered on November 29, 1773,
+first at Faneuil Hall, then at Old South Meeting House, to protest
+against the landing of the tea from the ship _Dartmouth_, and he was
+one of the men who, on December 16, in Indian disguise, threw £18,000
+worth of tea into the harbor. In preparation for the rallying of the
+men of the tea party at the "Green Dragon," the following ditty was
+composed:
+
+     "Rally Mohawks! bring out your axes,
+     And tell King George we'll pay no taxes
+         On his foreign tea.
+     His threats are vain, and vain to think
+     To force our girls and wives to drink
+         His vile Bohea!
+     Then rally boys, and hasten on
+     To meet our chief at the Green Dragon.
+
+     "Old Warren's there, and bold Revere,
+     With hands to do, and words to cheer,
+         For liberty and laws;
+     Our country's brave and free defenders
+     Shall ne'er be left by true North-Enders
+         Fighting Freedoms cause!
+     Then rally boys, and hasten on
+     To meet our chiefs at the Green Dragon."
+
+Of the work done by the Mohawks on that December night John Adams
+wrote on December 17, 1773, "This Destruction of the Tea is so bold,
+so daring, so firm, intrepid, and inflexible, and it must have so
+important Consequences, and so lasting, that I can't but consider it
+as an Epoch in History."
+
+The enactment of the Boston Port Bill was the cause of Revere's next
+ride. A meeting of citizens in Boston decided to ask the other
+colonies "to come into a joint resolution to stop all importation
+from, and exportation to, Great Britain and every part of the West
+Indies till the act be repealed," in the thought that this would
+"prove the salvation of North America and her liberties."
+
+These resolutions were given to Paul Revere by the selectmen of
+Boston, and he was urged to ride with all speed to New York and
+Philadelphia. On May 30, 1774, the Essex _Gazette_ told of the return
+of the messenger, and announced, "Nothing can exceed the indignation
+with which our brethren of Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York and
+Philadelphia have received this proof of Ministerial madness. They
+universally declare their resolution to stand by us to the last
+extremity."
+
+Four months later another ride to Philadelphia was taken, to carry to
+the Continental Congress the Suffolk Resolves. Six days only were
+taken for the journey. When Congress learned of the protest in New
+England against the principle "that Parliament had the right to
+legislate for the colonies in all cases whatsoever," there was no
+question that a new nation was ready for birth. "I think I may assure
+you, that America will make a point of supporting Boston to the
+utmost," Samuel Adams wrote, the day after Revere's message was read.
+
+Once more during the historic year 1774 the Boston silversmith turned
+aside from his shop long enough to ride to Portsmouth, New Hampshire,
+to give information of the prohibition by Great Britain of further
+importations of gunpowder, and to tell of the coming of a large
+garrison to Fort William and Mary at Portsmouth. The immediate result
+of the ride was the sending of a party of four hundred patriots
+against the fort, which surrendered at once. Little attention has been
+paid to this event by historians, yet it was one of the most potent of
+the events preceding the Revolution. One hundred barrels of gunpowder
+were seized at the fort, and this was a large part of the ammunition
+used later at Bunker Hill.
+
+Then came April 18, 1775, the date of "that memorable ride, not only
+the most brilliant, but the most important single exploit in our
+national annals." The Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety
+were in session at Concord. General Warren had remained in Boston to
+watch the movements of the British, and Revere had been holding
+himself in readiness to carry tidings as soon as there was anything of
+importance to be told. Now word was to be sent to John Hancock and
+Samuel Adams, who were at the residence of Rev. Mr. Clarke at
+Lexington, "that a number of soldiers were marching towards the bottom
+of the Common, ... and that it was thought they were the objects of
+the movement." Revere had foreseen the necessity for the ride, and,
+fearing that he might not be able to cross the Charles River, or get
+over Boston Neck, had arranged with patriots in Charleston that two
+"lanthorns" would be shown in the North Church steeple if the British
+went out by water, and one if they went by land.
+
+On the night of April 18 Revere was rowed by two friends across
+Charles River, passing almost under the guns of the _Somerset_. After
+conferring with the Charleston patriots, who had seen the signals, he
+secured a horse, and started toward Lexington, proceeding with extreme
+care, because he had been told that ten mounted British officers had
+been seen going up the road. Once he was chased by two British
+officers. At Medford he awakened the captain of the minute men. "After
+that I alarmed almost every house till I got to Lexington," the
+patriot rider later told the story. Messrs. Hancock and Adams were
+aroused. Then Revere went on to Concord, accompanied by two others,
+that the stores might be secured. Once more residents by the roadside
+were awakened. He himself was soon surrounded by four mounted British
+soldiers, but his companions were able to proceed. After a time he was
+released by his captors, and he made his way to the Clarke house,
+where Hancock and Adams still were.
+
+  [Illustration: HANCOCK-CLARKE HOUSE, LEXINGTON, MASS.
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+   See Page 23]
+
+Thus the way was prepared for Concord and Lexington. That the patriots
+were not taken by surprise, and the stores at Concord taken, as the
+British had hoped, was due to the courage and resourcefulness of Paul
+Revere.
+
+Revere's rides as messenger did not end his services to the colonists.
+In 1775 he engraved the plates and printed the bills of the paper
+money of Massachusetts, and later he built and operated a powder
+mill. He was made lieutenant-colonel of State artillery, and took part
+in the unfortunate Penobscot expedition out of which grew the charges
+of which he was triumphantly acquitted by the court-martial held at
+his own request.
+
+The old house in North Square was the home of the Revere family until
+about 1795.
+
+
+III
+
+FANEUIL HALL, BOSTON
+
+"THE CRADLE OF AMERICAN LIBERTY"
+
+Andrew Faneuil was one of the Huguenots who fled from France as a
+result of the Edict of Nantes. By way of Holland he came to Boston. It
+is a matter of official record that on February 1, 1691, he was
+admitted by the Governor and Council of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
+
+Within a few years the refugee was looked upon as a leader both in the
+French church and in business. Copies of invoices of merchandise
+consigned to him show that he was a dealer in all kinds of supplies of
+food, household furnishings, and dress goods.
+
+When he died, in 1738, the Boston _News Letter_ said that "1,100
+persons of all Ranks, beside the Mourners," followed the body to the
+grave. "And 'tis supposed that as the Gentleman's fortune was the
+greatest of any among us, so his funeral was the most generous and
+expensive of any that has been known here."
+
+Peter Faneuil, the heir and successor to the fortune and business of
+his uncle, was a shrewd business man who knew how to make the most of
+his opportunities. But he took time to think and plan for his
+fellow-townsmen. He was disturbed because there was no adequate public
+market in Boston, and he was not discouraged by the fact that numerous
+attempts to establish such a convenience had been received with
+hostility by the people, especially the farmers, who felt that they
+would have a better chance to sell from house to house on any day than
+in a fixed place on a set day.
+
+His proposition to provide the market by gift to the town stirred up a
+spirited controversy. At a town meeting called to consider the
+proposition, held on July 14, 1740, the attendance was so large that
+the company adjourned to the Brattle Street Meeting House.
+
+There the people set themselves to consider the proposition of Peter
+Faneuil, who "hath been generously pleased to offer at his own cost
+and charge to erect and build a noble and complete structure or
+edifice to be improved for a market, for the sole use, benefit and
+advantage of the town, provided that the town of Boston would pass a
+vote for the purpose, and lay the same under such proper regulation as
+shall be thought necessary, and constantly support it for the said
+use."
+
+The gift had a narrow escape from the 727 voters who cast the ballots.
+The majority in favor of accepting the market was only seven!
+
+The average giver would have been discouraged by such a reception; but
+Peter Faneuil, on the contrary, did more than he had proposed. When
+the selectmen were told in August, 1742--seven months before Faneuil's
+death--that the building was ready, there was not only a market
+house, but above it a hall for town meetings and other gatherings. By
+action of the meeting called to accept the building the hall over the
+market was named Faneuil Hall.
+
+"I hope that what I have done will be of service to the whole
+country," was the donor's response to this graceful act.
+
+At once the Hall became a Boston institution. The town offices were
+removed to the building, town meetings were held there, and a series
+of public concerts was given in it. The market, however, was not
+popular.
+
+The fire of January 13, 1761, destroyed the interior of the building.
+The money for rebuilding was raised by a lottery.
+
+Faneuil Hall began its career as a national institution on August 27,
+1765, when the voters, in mass meeting, denounced the lawless acts of
+"Persons unknown" by which they had shown their hatred of the
+iniquitous Stamp Act. At a second meeting, held on September 12, the
+voters instructed their Representatives "as to their conduct at this
+very alarming crisis."
+
+"The genuine Sons of Liberty" gathered in the Hall March 18, 1767,
+that they might rejoice together because of the repeal of the Stamp
+Act. The Boston _Gazette_ reported that "a large company of the
+principal inhabitants crowded that spacious apartment, and with loud
+huzzas, and repeated acclamations at each of the twenty-five toasts,
+saluted the glorious and memorable heroes of America, particularly
+those who distinguished themselves in the cause of Liberty, which was
+ever growing under the iron hand of oppression."
+
+What has been called "perhaps the most dramatic scene in all history"
+was staged in this Cradle of Liberty on the day after the Boston
+Massacre, March 6, 1770. The crowd was so large that it was necessary
+to adjourn to Old South before action could be taken requesting the
+governor to withdraw the troops whose presence had led to the
+massacre.
+
+Then came the tea meetings. The first of these was held in the Hall on
+November 5, 1773. At this meeting committees were appointed to wait on
+the several persons to whom tea had been consigned by the East India
+Company, "and in the name of the town to request them from a regard to
+their character, and to the peace and good order of the town,
+immediately to resign their trust." The response made to these
+committees and to subsequent tea meetings was unsatisfactory, and on
+December 16 a number of disguised citizens gathered at the waterfront
+and held the "Boston Tea Party."
+
+The occupation of Boston by the British interrupted the Faneuil Hall
+town meetings, but soon after the evacuation of the city the people
+turned their steps thither for public gatherings of many sorts.
+Fortunately the building had not been seriously injured. When
+Washington entered the city he spoke with feeling of the safety of the
+structure that had meant so much to the people.
+
+It was fitting that, in the stirring days that preceded the War of
+1812, meetings to protest against the acts of Great Britain should be
+held here. Historic gatherings followed during this war, as also
+during the War of 1861-65.
+
+Three times Faneuil Hall has been rebuilt since its donor turned it
+over to his fellow-citizens. The first reconstruction came after the
+fire. In 1806 the building was enlarged and improved. Again in 1898 it
+was completely rebuilt and made fireproof, though, wherever possible,
+original materials were used. While it is much larger than in the
+early days, the general appearance is so similar that the structure
+would be recognized by such an ardent lover of the early structure as
+Lafayette, who, when he was in Boston in 1824, said:
+
+      "May Faneuil Hall ever stand, a monument to teach the world
+      that resistance to oppression is a duty, and will under true
+      republican institutions become a blessing."
+
+
+  [Illustration: OLD NORTH CHURCH, BOSTON
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+   See page 32]
+
+IV
+
+THREE HISTORIC CHURCHES OF BOSTON
+
+THE STORY OF OLD NORTH, OLD SOUTH, AND KING'S CHAPEL
+
+The First Church of Boston would have been large enough for all its
+members for many years longer than they worshipped together, if they
+had been of one mind politically. But the differences that separated
+people in England in the troublous days of Charles I were repeated in
+Boston. For this reason some of the members of the First Church
+thought they would be better off by themselves, and in 1650 they
+organized the Second Church. Later the church became known as North
+Church, by reason of its location. As it grew older the name Old North
+was applied to it.
+
+From its organization Old North became known as the church of spirited
+reformers, a real school for patriots. Increase Mather, one of its
+early pastors, was responsible for developing and directing the
+peculiar genius of its organization. At the time of the Revolution
+the British officers spoke of the church as "a nest of traitors."
+
+Many mass meetings to protest against the acts of Great Britain were
+held in this church. The corporation used it for a time as a fire
+house and a public arsenal, and when signals were given by the
+direction of Paul Revere on the night of his famous ride the lanterns
+were hung in the steeple of Old North.
+
+The original building of 1652 was burned in 1673. The second building
+was also burned, but by the British, who tore it down and used it for
+firewood during the cold winter of the occupation of the city.
+
+After the destruction of the building the members of New Brick Church,
+an offshoot of Old North, invited the congregation to worship with
+them. The invitation was accepted, and soon the congregations came
+together, under the name Old North. The building occupied ever since
+by the reunited congregation was erected in 1723. Ralph Waldo Emerson
+served as pastor and conducted services in this structure.
+
+In 1669 there were many earnest people who felt that the teachings of
+the older church were not liberal enough for them, and they decided to
+have a church after their own heart. They felt that all who had been
+baptized might be citizens of the town; they were unwilling to be
+associated longer with those who insisted, as the General Synod of
+Massachusetts recommended, that all citizens must be church members,
+as formerly. So permission to organize was asked of the other
+churches. On their refusal appeal was taken to the Governor. The next
+appeal, to the selectmen of Boston, was successful.
+
+  [Illustration: OLD SOUTH CHURCH, BOSTON
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+   See page 34]
+
+The new church, which was called the South Meeting House, was built on
+the site of Governor Winthrop's house. In 1717 the people began to
+call the church "The Old South," to distinguish it from another church
+which was still further south.
+
+In 1685 Governor Andros insisted that the Old South building should
+be used for the Church of England service, as well as for the
+services of the owners of the building. For two years Churchmen and
+Congregationalists occupied it harmoniously at different hours on
+Sunday.
+
+On a Fast Day in 1696 Judge Sewall stood up before the congregation
+while they heard him read his prayer for the forgiveness of God and
+his fellow-citizens for any possible guilt he had incurred in the
+witchcraft trials.
+
+Ten years later, on the day he was born, January 17, 1706, Benjamin
+Franklin was baptized in the church, though not in the present
+building.
+
+The building made famous by the series of town meetings before and
+during the Revolution was erected in 1730. When Faneuil Hall was too
+small to hold the crowds that clamored for entrance, Old South was
+pressed into use. On June 14, 1768, at one of these meetings, a
+petition was sent to the Governor asking that the British frigate be
+removed from the harbor. John Hancock was chairman of this committee.
+The Boston Tea Party followed a mass meeting held here.
+
+Burgoyne's cavalry used Old South Church as a riding school. Pigs were
+kept in one of the pews, while many of the furnishings were burned.
+
+Since March, 1776, when the church was repaired, it has been little
+changed. Services were discontinued in 1872. After the great fire
+the building was used as a post-office.
+
+Five years later there was talk of destroying the historic structure
+that the valuable lot might be used for business purposes, but the
+efforts of patriotic women were successful in preserving the relic.
+Since that time it has been kept open as a museum.
+
+While Old North and Old South were organizations expressing the will
+of the people, the third of the famous churches of Boston was the
+expression of the will of King James II of England. During more than
+sixty years of the city's history there had been no congregation of
+the Church of England; members of that body were required to attend
+service in the existing parishes. A minister and a commission sent
+from England to arrange for the new church were received with scant
+courtesy by the churches when request was made that opportunity be
+given to hold Church of England services in the building of one of
+them.
+
+Not satisfied with the offer of a room in the Town House, Governor
+Andros demanded that Old South make arrangements to accommodate the
+new body. On the refusal of the trustees to do as the Governor wished,
+the sexton of the church was one day ordered to ring the bell and open
+the doors for the Governor and his staff, and those who might wish to
+attend with them. Then the trustees submitted to the inevitable.
+
+This was in 1687. The first chapel was built for the new congregation
+in 1689, on land appropriated for the purpose, since no one would
+convey a site willingly. This building was enlarged in 1710. The
+present striking structure dates from 1749-53. Peter Faneuil was
+treasurer of the committee that raised the necessary funds. The
+expense was but £2,500, though granite from the new Quincy quarry was
+used. The colonnade surrounding the tower was not built until 1790.
+
+King's Chapel, as the new church building came to be called, was known
+as the abode of loyalists, just as Old North and Old South were famous
+as the haunts of patriotic worshippers. The presence on the walls of
+the insignia of royalty and varied heraldic devices seriously
+disturbed the minds of those who felt that a house of worship should
+have no such furnishings.
+
+During the Revolution the building was respected by the British as
+well as by the citizens of the town. When the war was over, the
+congregation of Old South was invited to use the chapel because their
+own church needed extensive repairs in consequence of the use the
+British had made of it.
+
+Since 1787 King's Chapel has been a Unitarian church. The change was
+made under the leadership of Rev. James Freeman.
+
+
+V
+
+ELMWOOD, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+WHERE JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL WAS BORN, AND WHERE HE DIED
+
+When Thomas Oliver, Lieutenant Governor and president of George III's
+provincial council, built his house in Cambridge about 1767, he did
+not dream that within nine years he would have to abandon it because
+of his allegiance to the same George III. But so it proved. He was a
+Tory, and his neighbors would not suffer him to remain among them. On
+September 2, 1774, he wrote his resignation of the offices he held,
+adding the statement, "My house at Cambridge being surrounded by five
+thousand people, in compliance with their command, I sign my name." At
+his request, made to General Gage and the admiral of the English
+fleet, troops were not sent to Cambridge, according to plan. "But for
+Thomas Oliver's intercession," Edward Everett Hale says, "Elmwood
+would have been the battle-ground of the First Encounters."
+
+After his summary departure the house was used as a hospital by the
+Continental Army. When the government sold it at auction it became the
+property first of Arthur Cabot, then of Elbridge Gerry, a Signer of
+the Declaration of Independence, Governor of Massachusetts from 1810
+to 1812, and Vice-President under Madison.
+
+The next occupant was Rev. Charles Lowell, pastor of the West Church
+of Boston. He bought the property just in time to make it ready for
+his son, James Russell Lowell, who was born February 22, 1819.
+
+As a boy James never wearied of rambling over the old house and the
+ten acres of ground, all that was left of the original ninety-five
+acres. Many of his poems contain references to the memories of these
+early years. "The First Snowfall," "Music," and "A Year's Life" are,
+in part, autobiographical. Lines on "The Power of Music" told of the
+days when he was his father's companion in the chaise, on the way to
+make a Sunday exchange of pulpits with a neighboring minister:
+
+     "When, with feuds like Ghibelline and Guelf,
+     Each parish did its music for itself,
+     A parson's son, through tree-arched country ways,
+     I rode exchange oft in dear old days,
+     Ere yet the boys forgot, with reverent eye,
+     To doff their hats as the black coat went by,
+     Ere skirts expanding in their apogee
+     Turned girls to bells without the second e;
+     Still in my teens, I felt the varied woes
+     Of volunteers, each singing as he chose,
+     Till much experience left me no desire
+     To learn new species of the village choir."
+
+Life at Elmwood was interrupted by college days, but he returned to
+the Cambridge house with his wife, Maria Lowell. The oldest children
+were born here. Here, too, came the first great sorrow of the parents,
+the death of their first born. At that time Mrs. Lowell found comfort
+in writing "The Alpine Sheep," a poem that has helped many parents in
+a like time of bereavement.
+
+The next great sorrow came during the Civil War, when the death from
+wounds was announced first of General Charles Russell Lowell, then of
+James Jackson Lowell, and finally of William Lowell Putnam, all
+beloved nephews. In the Biglow Papers, Second Series, the poet
+referred to these three soldiers. Leslie Stephen called the lines "the
+most pathetic that he ever wrote" in which he spoke of the three
+likely lads,
+
+     "Whose comin' step ther' 's ears thet won't,
+     No, not lifelong, leave off awaitin'."
+
+During the closing year of the war, one of the students who attended
+his lectures on Dante at Harvard College wrote of a visit to his
+preceptor:
+
+      "I found the serene possessor of Elmwood in good spirits,
+      ate a Graham biscuit and drank some delicious milk with him
+      and his wife, then enjoyed a very pleasant conversation. He
+      read some of Shakspeare's sonnets, to make me think better of
+      them, and succeeded.... He gave me a very welcome copy of
+      Macaulay's essays and poems, and the little visit was another
+      oasis in school life's dearth of home sociability. Mabel, his
+      only child, was not there at supper, but came home some time
+      after: 'salute your progenitor!' and the answer was a
+      daughter's kiss."
+
+After spending years abroad, part of the time as Minister to Spain,
+then as Minister to England, Lowell returned to Elmwood. To a friend
+who congratulated him on being at home again, he said, "Yes, it is
+very nice here; but the old house is full of ghosts." His cousin, as
+quoted by Dr. Hale, says of these closing six years of the poet's
+life:
+
+      "The house was haunted by sad memories, but at least he was
+      once more among his books. The library, which filled the two
+      rooms on the ground floor to the left of the front door, had
+      been constantly growing, and during his stay in Europe he had
+      bought rare works with the intention of leaving them to
+      Harvard College. Here he would sit when sad or unwell and
+      read Calderon, the 'Nightingale in the Study,' whom he always
+      found a solace. Except for occasional attacks of the gout,
+      his life had been singularly free from sickness, but he had
+      been at home only a few months when he was taken ill, and,
+      after the struggle of a strong man to keep up as long as
+      possible, he was forced to go to bed. In a few days his
+      condition became so serious that the physician feared he
+      would not live; but he rallied, and, although too weak to go
+      to England, as he had planned, he appeared to be
+      comparatively well. When taken sick, he had been preparing a
+      new edition of his works, the only full collection that had
+      ever been made, and he had the satisfaction of publishing it
+      soon after his recovery. This was the last literary work he
+      was destined to do, and it rounded off fittingly his career
+      as a man of letters."
+
+He died in August, 1891, when he was seventy-two years old.
+
+Elmwood remains in the possession of the Lowell heirs. The ten acres
+of the poet's boyhood days have been reduced to two or three, but the
+house is much the same as when the poet lived in it.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace, Philadelphia_
+   See page 40]
+
+VI
+
+THE CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+MADE FAMOUS BY GEORGE WASHINGTON AND HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW
+
+     "_Somewhat back from the village street
+     Stands the old-fashioned country seat.
+     Across its antique portico
+     Tall poplar-trees their shadows throw;
+     And from its station in the hall
+     An ancient timepiece says to all,--
+         'Forever, never!
+         Never--forever.'_"
+
+The clock of which Longfellow wrote stood on the stair-landing of the
+old Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, which he bought in 1843,
+after having occupied it a number of years. Here he wrote the majority
+of his poems. Here, one June day, Nathaniel Hawthorne dined with the
+poet. In the course of conversation, the author of "The House of
+Seven Gables" told Longfellow the heart-moving story of the Acadian
+maiden who was separated from her lover by the cruel mandate of the
+conquerors of Acadia, and here the poem was written that told the
+story. Here were spent days of gladness with friends who delighted to
+enter the hospitable door. Here the poet rejoiced in his home with the
+children of whom he wrote in "The Children's Hour":
+
+     "Between the dark and the daylight,
+     When the night is beginning to lower,
+     Comes a pause in the day's occupations,
+     That is known as the Children's Hour."
+
+And here, one sad day in July, 1861, Mrs. Longfellow was so severely
+burned that she died the next day. This great sorrow bore rich fruit
+for those who loved the poet. "Above the grave the strong man sowed
+his thoughts, and they ripened like the corn in autumn," one of his
+biographers has said.
+
+The house was named for Andrew Craigie, who became the owner of the
+property in 1793. He had given valuable service during the
+Revolutionary War, acting as an "apothecary-general" in the
+Continental Army. He was a man of wealth, and his home was the popular
+resort for people of note from all parts of the country. During his
+later years he lost all his money, and his widow was compelled to rent
+rooms to Harvard students. In this way Edward Everett became a
+resident of the house.
+
+The builder of the mansion was John Vassall. In 1760, when he occupied
+the house, it was surrounded by a park of one hundred and fifty acres.
+Soon after the beginning of the war he went to Boston, and later he
+removed to England, for his sympathies were with the Crown.
+Accordingly, in 1778, the property was declared forfeited to the
+State.
+
+But the estate really became public property three years before this,
+when a regiment, under the command of Colonel Glover, pitched its
+tents in the park. In July, 1775, Washington made the house his
+headquarters, remaining until April 4, 1776.
+
+During these months the house was a busy place. Officers gathered here
+both for business and for pleasure. Military conferences and
+court-martials were held in the large room in the second story which
+was later used by Longfellow as a study. Dinners and entertainments
+were frequent; these provided a needed safety valve during the weeks
+of anxious waiting near the British line. Mrs. Washington was a
+visitor here, thus giving to her husband the taste of home life which
+he was unwilling to take during the Revolution by making a visit to
+his estate at Mt. Vernon.
+
+On one of the early days of the Commander-in-Chief's occupancy of the
+house, he wrote this entry in his carefully-kept account book:
+
+      "July 15, 1775, Paid for cleaning the House which was
+      provided for my Quarters, and which had been occupied by the
+      Marblehead regiment, £2 10s. 9d."
+
+The day before this entry was made General Green wrote to Samuel Ward:
+
+      "His Excellency, General Washington, has arrived amongst us,
+      universally admired. Joy was visible in every countenance,
+      and it seemed as if the spirit of conquest breathed through
+      the whole army. I hope I shall be taught, to copy his
+      example, and to prefer the love of liberty, in this time of
+      public danger to all the soft pleasures of domestic life, and
+      support ourselves with manly fortitude amidst all the dangers
+      and hardships that attend a state of war. And I doubt not,
+      under the General's wise direction, we shall establish such
+      excellent order and strictness of discipline as to invite
+      victory to attend him wherever he goes."
+
+A council of war was held in the upstairs room on August 3, 1775.
+After this council General Sullivan wrote to the New Hampshire
+Committee of Safety:
+
+      "To our great surprise, discovered that we had not powder
+      enough to furnish half a pound a man, exclusive of what the
+      people have in their homes and cartridge boxes. The General
+      was so struck that he did not utter a word for half an hour."
+
+Further hints of the serious straits caused by the lack of ammunition
+were contained in a letter of Elias Boudinot. He said that at the time
+there were fourteen miles of line to guard, so that Washington did not
+dare fire an Evening or Morning Gun. "In this situation one of the
+Committee of Safety for Massachusetts ... deserted and went over to
+General Gage, and discovered our poverty to him. The fact was so
+incredible, that General Gage treated it as a stratagem of war, and
+the informant as a Spy, or coming with the express purpose of
+deceiving him & drawing his Army into a Snare, by which means we were
+saved from having our Quarters beaten up...."
+
+The strange inactivity of the British in the face of the
+unpreparedness of the Continental troops was remarked in a letter
+written to Congress on January 4, from Headquarters:
+
+      "It is not in the pages of history, perhaps, to furnish a
+      case like ours. To maintain a post within musket shot of the
+      enemy, for six months together, without [powder], and at the
+      same time to disband one army, and recruit another, within
+      that distance of twenty odd British regiments, is more,
+      probably, than was ever attempted."
+
+To-day visitors are free to roam through the rooms that echoed to the
+tread of Washington and his generals, in which the children played in
+Longfellow's day, and where the poet wrote so many of his messages
+that have gone straight to the hearts of millions.
+
+
+VII
+
+THE ADAMS HOUSES, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+WHERE TWO PRESIDENTS WERE BORN
+
+John Adams was born and spent his boyhood in a simple farmhouse near
+Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts. It has been described as a
+"plain, square, honest block of a house, widened by a lean-to, and
+scarcely two stories high." This house, built in 1681, Daniel Munro
+Wilson says was "the veritable roof-tree, under which was ushered into
+being the earliest and strongest advocate of independence, the leader
+whose clear intelligence was paramount in shaping our free
+institutions, the founder of a line of statesmen, legislators,
+diplomats, historians, whose patriotism is a passion, and whose
+integrity is like the granite of their native hills."
+
+It is a remarkable fact that John Adams and John Hancock, who stood
+shoulder to shoulder in the fight for American independence, were born
+within a mile of each other, on days only a little more than a year
+apart. The baptismal records show that October 19, 1735, was the
+birthday of John Adams, while John Hancock was born on January 12,
+1737.
+
+From the modest home in Braintree John Adams went to college. Later he
+taught school and studied law. Soon after he returned home in 1758 he
+wrote in his diary:
+
+      "Rose at sunrise, unpitched a load of hay, and translated two
+      more leaves of Justinian."
+
+After the death of his father, in 1761, the burden of the home fell on
+his shoulders, and in the same year he was called to serve the
+country. His diary tells of the call:
+
+      "In March, when I had no suspicion, I heard my name
+      pronounced (at town meeting) in a nomination of surveyor of
+      highways. I was very wroth, because I knew better, but said
+      nothing. My friend, Dr. Savil, came to me and told me that he
+      had nominated me to prevent me from being nominated as a
+      constable. 'For,' said the doctor, 'they make it a rule to
+      compel every man to serve either as constable or surveyor, or
+      to pay a fine.' Accordingly, I went to ploughing and
+      ditching."
+
+Thus John Adams showed the spirit of service that later animated his
+son, John Quincy Adams, who, after he had been President, became a
+representative in Congress, and made answer to those who thought such
+an office beneath his dignity, "An ex-President would not be degraded
+by serving as a selectman in his town if elected thereto by the
+people."
+
+During those early years the young lawyer had other occupations than
+ditch-digging. The records of the family show that he was assiduously
+courting Abigail Smith, daughter of Rev. William Smith, minister in
+Weymouth, near by. Probably he first met her in the historic house,
+for she was a frequent visitor there.
+
+The marriage of the young people on October 25, 1764, excited much
+comment. In Puritan New England the profession of the law was not a
+popular calling, and many of the people thought Abigail Smith was
+"throwing herself away." Parson Smith was equal to the occasion; as he
+had helped his eldest daughter out of a similar difficulty by
+preaching on the text, "And Mary hath chosen that good part, which
+shall not be taken away from her," so, on the Sunday after Abigail's
+marriage, he announced the text, "For John ... came neither eating
+bread nor drinking wine; and ye say, He hath a devil."
+
+The year of the marriage witnessed the beginning of John Adams' fight
+for independence. For it was the year of the iniquitous Stamp Act. In
+his diary he wrote:
+
+      "I drew up a petition to the selectmen of Braintree, and
+      procured it to be signed by a number of the respectable
+      inhabitants, to call a meeting of the town to instruct their
+      representatives in relation to the stamps."
+
+The following year, when a meeting was held in Braintree to take
+action in consequence of the failure of Great Britain to heed the
+protest against the Stamp Act, he wrote:
+
+      "I prepared a draught of instruction at home, and carried
+      them with me. The cause of the meeting was explained at some
+      length, and the state and danger of the country pointed out.
+      A committee was appointed to prepare instructions, of which I
+      was nominated as one. My draught was unanimously adopted
+      without amendment, reported to the town, and accepted without
+      a dissenting voice.... They rang through the state and were
+      adopted in so many words ... by forty towns, as instructions
+      to their representatives."
+
+Less than two years later, on July 11, 1767, in the town close by his
+own birthplace, to which John Adams had taken his bride, John Quincy
+Adams was born. The delights of the new home have been pictured in a
+pleasing manner by Daniel Munro Wilson:
+
+      "Elevated was life in this 'little hut,' but it was real,
+      genuine, beautifully domestic. The scene of it, visible there
+      now to any pious pilgrim, and reverently preserved in many of
+      its antique appointments by the Quincy Historical Society,
+      assists the imagination to realize its noble simplicity. The
+      dining-room or general living room, with its wide open
+      fireplace, is where the young couple would most often pass
+      their evenings, and in winter would very likely occupy in
+      measureless content a single settle, roasting on one side and
+      freezing on the other. The kitchen, full of cheerful bustle,
+      and fragrant as the spice isles, how it would draw the
+      children as they grew up, the little John Quincy among them!
+      Here they could be near mother, and watch her with absorbing
+      attention as she superintended the cooking, now hanging pots
+      of savory meats on the crane, and now drawing from the
+      cavernous depths of the brick oven the pies and baked beans
+      and Indian puddings and other delicacies of those days. We
+      can more easily imagine the home scene when we read these
+      words written by Mrs. Adams to her husband: 'Our son is much
+      better than when you left home, and our daughter rocks him to
+      sleep with the song of "Come papa, come home to brother
+      Johnnie."' 'Johnnie' is the dignified President and 'old man
+      eloquent' that is to be."
+
+When it became evident that there must be Revolution, the patriot
+Adams was compelled to leave his family and go into the thick of the
+fight. He did not want to go. "I should have thought myself the
+happiest man in the world if I could have returned to my little hut
+and forty acres, which my father left me in Braintree, and lived on
+potatoes and sea-weed the rest of my life. But I had taken a part, I
+had adopted a system, I had encouraged my fellow citizens, and I could
+not abandon them in conscience and in honor."
+
+From the old home Abigail Adams wrote him letters that moved him to
+renewed efforts for his struggling countrymen. In one of them she
+said, "You cannot be, I know, nor do I wish to see you, an inactive
+spectator; but if the sword be drawn, I bid adieu to all domestic
+felicity, and look forward to that country where there are neither
+wars nor rumors of war, in a firm belief, that through the mercy of
+its King we shall both rejoice there together."
+
+The wife rejoiced when her husband's ringing words helped to carry the
+Declaration of Independence; she urged him to make the trips to France
+which Congress asked him to undertake; she encouraged him when he was
+Vice-President and, later, President, and she made home more than ever
+an abode of peace when, in 1801, he returned to Braintree, to a house
+of Leonard Vassall, built in 1731, which he bought in 1785.
+
+In this house husband and wife celebrated their golden wedding, as
+John Quincy Adams was to celebrate his golden wedding many years
+later. Here, for many years, the son enjoyed being with the mother of
+whom he once wrote:
+
+      "My mother was an angel upon earth. She was a minister of
+      blessings to all human beings within her sphere of action....
+      She has been to me more than a mother. She has been a spirit
+      from above watching over me for good, and contributing by my
+      mere consciousness of her existence to the comfort of my
+      life.... There is not a virtue that can abide in the female
+      heart but it was the ornament of hers."
+
+And in this house the mother died, on October 28, 1818. John Quincy
+Adams lived there until his death, on July 4, 1826.
+
+
+VIII
+
+THE QUINCY MANSION, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+THE HOME OF THREE DOROTHY QUINCYS
+
+Among the settlers to whom Boston granted large allotments of outlying
+lands were William Coddington and Edmund Quincy. In 1635 they went, in
+company with their associate settlers, to "the mount," which became
+Braintree, now Quincy.
+
+By the side of a pleasant brook, under the shade of spreading trees,
+Coddington built in 1636 his house of four rooms. Downstairs was the
+kitchen and the living room, while upstairs were two bedrooms. The
+upper story overhung the lower in the old manner, and a generous
+chimney, which afforded room for a large open fireplace, dominated the
+whole.
+
+This house became the meeting place for a group of seekers after
+religious liberty who were looked upon with suspicion in Boston--Rev.
+John Wheelwright, Sir Harry Vane, Atherton Hough, Ann Hutchinson, and
+others. In consequence of their views the company was soon broken up.
+Ann Hutchinson and Wheelwright were banished, while Coddington would
+have been banished if he had not gone hastily to Rhode Island.
+
+Edmund Quincy, who succeeded to Coddington's house, probably would
+have been banished if he had not died before the decree could be
+pronounced. For a season his widow, Judith, lived in the house, which,
+from that time, became known as the Quincy Mansion. With her were the
+children, Edmund and Judith. Judith, who married at twenty, and became
+the mother of Hannah (Betsy) Hull, whose dowry, when she became the
+bride of Judge Samuel Sewell, was her weight in pine-tree shillings,
+the gift of her father, the master of the colony's mint. Florence
+Royce Davis has written of the wedding:
+
+     "Then the great scales were brought, amid laughter and jest,
+       And Betsy was called to step in and be weighed;
+     But a silence fell over each wondering guest
+     When the mint-master opened a ponderous chest
+       And a fortune of shillings displayed.
+
+     "By handfuls the silver was poured in one side
+     Till it weighed from the floor blushing Betsy, the bride;
+     And the mint-master called: 'Prithee, Sewell, my son,
+     The horses are saddled, the wedding is done;
+     Behold the bride's portion; and know all your days
+     Your wife is well worth every shilling she weighs.'"
+
+Edmund Quincy married at twenty-one, and became the next occupant of
+the mansion. During his long life there were welcomed to the
+hospitable roof many of those whose words and deeds prepared the way
+for the liberty that was to come to the country within a century.
+
+The second of the Quincy line was a leader in the town. At one time he
+was its representative in the General Court, and as colonel of the
+Suffolk Regiment, he was the first of a long list of colonels in the
+family. But the day came when it was written of him, "Unkel Quincy
+grows exceeding crazy," and in 1698 the second Edmund yielded the
+house to Edmund the third.
+
+This Edmund also became a colonel and a representative and, later, a
+judge of the Supreme Court. His pastor said of him, "This great man
+was of a manly Stature and Aspect, of a Strong Constitution and of
+Good Courage, fitted for any Business of Life, to serve God, his King
+and Country." Not only did he enlarge the glory of the family, but, in
+1706, he enlarged the house, yet in such a way that the original
+Coddington house could be clearly traced after the improvements were
+finished. Judge Sewell, the cousin of the builder, was one of the
+welcome occupants of the improved house. On his way to Plymouth he
+stopped at "Braintry." "I turned in to Cousin Quinsey," he said,
+"where I had the pleasure to see God in his Providence shining again
+upon the Persons and Affairs of the Family after long distressing
+Sickness and Losses. Lodged in the chamber next the Brooke." Later on
+another chamber near the brook was provided for Mrs. Quincy's brother,
+Tutor Flynt of Harvard, when he came that way for rest and change.
+
+The oldest child of this generation was Edmund, whose daughter,
+Dorothy Quincy, married John Hancock, while the fourth child was
+Dorothy Quincy, the great-grandmother of Oliver Wendell Holmes.
+
+The continuity of life at the mansion was sadly broken when, within a
+year, the grandmother, the mother, and the father died. The death of
+the latter occurred in England, where he had gone on business for the
+colony. When news came of the ending of his life, the General Court of
+Massachusetts declared that "he departed the delight of his own
+people, but of none more than the Senate, who, as a testimony of their
+love and gratitude, have ordered this epitaph to be inscribed on his
+tomb in Bunhill Fields, London."
+
+For a year Dorothy Quincy remained in the house; but on her marriage
+the place ceased for a time to be the chief residence of a Quincy.
+Edmund was in business in Boston. He resorted to the house for a
+season now and then, but his Boston home remained his permanent
+abiding place until after the birth of his daughter Dorothy. Then
+failing fortune sent him back to the ancestral home.
+
+During the next few years John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John
+Hancock were favored visitors at the mansion. John Hancock won Dorothy
+Quincy for his bride, and family tradition says that preparations were
+made for the wedding in the old home. "The large north parlor was
+adorned with a new wall paper, express from Paris, and appropriately
+figured with the forms of Venus and Cupid in blue, and pendant wreaths
+of flowers in red," writes the author of "Where American Independence
+Began." But the approaching Revolution interfered. The bridegroom
+hurried away to Boston and then to Lexington. Dorothy, under the care
+of Mrs. Hancock, the mother of John Hancock, also went to Lexington on
+April 18, 1775, the very day when Paul Revere aroused the patriots,
+and Hancock was once more compelled to flee for his life. Four months
+later, at Fairfield, Connecticut, the lovers were married.
+
+The old mansion was never again the home of the Quincys. Josiah,
+brother of Edmund the fourth, built for himself in 1770 a beautiful
+home not far from the family headquarters. Here he lived through the
+war. Visitors to the house are shown on one of the windows the record
+he made of the departure of the British from Boston Harbor, scratched
+there when he saw the welcome sight, on October 17, 1775.
+
+For much more than a century the house was in the hands of other
+families, but, fortunately, it has come under the control of the
+Colonial Dames of Massachusetts. They have made it the historic
+monument it deserves to be. The visitors who are privileged to wander
+through the rooms hallowed by the presence of men and women who helped
+to pave the way for American independence read with hearty
+appreciation the lines which Holmes addressed to the portrait of his
+ancestress, "My Dorothy Q," as he called her:
+
+     "Grandmother's mother: her age, I guess
+     Thirteen summers, or something less;
+     Girlish bust, but womanly air;
+     Smooth, square forehead, with uprolled hair;
+     Lips that lover has never kissed,
+     Taper fingers and slender wrist;
+     Hanging sleeves of stiff brocade;
+     So they painted the little maid."
+
+
+  [Illustration: FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASS.
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+   See page 54]
+
+IX
+
+FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+THE BIRTHPLACE AND BOYHOOD HOME OF JOHN G. WHITTIER
+
+The first house built by Thomas Whittier, the three-hundred-pound
+ancestor of the poet Whittier, and first representative of the family
+in America, was a little log cabin. There he took his wife, Ruth
+Flint, and there ten children were born. Five of them were boys, and
+each of them was more than six feet tall.
+
+No wonder the log house grew too small for the family. So, probably in
+1688, he built a house whose massive hewn beams were fifteen inches
+square, whose kitchen was thirty feet long, with a fireplace eight
+feet wide. The rooms clustered about a central chimney.
+
+In this house the poet was born December 17, 1807, and here he spent
+the formative years of his life. When he was twenty-seven years old he
+wrote for _The Little Pilgrim_ of Philadelphia a paper on "The Fish I
+Didn't Catch." In this he described the home of his boyhood:
+
+      "Our old homestead nestled under a long range of hills which
+      stretched off to the west. It was surrounded by woods in all
+      directions save to the southeast, where a break in the leafy
+      wall revealed a vista of low, green meadows, picturesque with
+      wooded islands and jutting capes of upland. Through these, a
+      small brook, noisy enough as it foamed, rippled and laughed
+      down its rocky falls by our garden-side, wound, silently and
+      scarcely visible, to a still larger stream, known as the
+      Country Brook. This brook in its time, after doing duty at
+      two or three saw and grist mills, the clack of which we
+      could hear across the intervening woodlands, found its way to
+      the great river, and the river took it up and bore it down to
+      the great sea."
+
+Whittier's poems are full of references to the life on the farm; many
+of his best verses had their inspiration in memories of the past. For
+instance, the description of the building of the fire in "Snow-Bound,"
+a poem which describes the life at the farm when he was twelve years
+old, is a faithful picture of what took place in the old kitchen every
+night of the long New England winter, when
+
+     "We piled, with care, our nightly stack
+     Of wood against the chimney back--
+     The oaken log, green, huge and thick,
+     And on its top the thick back-stick;
+     The knotty fore-stick laid apart,
+     And filled between with curious art.
+     The ragged brush; then, hovering near,
+     We watched the first red blaze appear,
+     Heard the sharp crackle, caught the gleam
+     On whitewashed wall and sagging beam,
+     Until the old, rude-fashioned room
+     Burst, flower-like, into rosy bloom."
+
+Young Whittier was a faithful worker on the farm. One day, when he was
+nineteen years old, William Lloyd Garrison, the young editor of a
+Newburyport newspaper, to which Whittier had contributed a poem, found
+him assisting in repairing a stone wall. The visitor urged the father
+of the young poet to send him to school. As a result of this visit
+Whittier entered the Academy in Haverhill, with the understanding that
+he was to earn his way.
+
+At intervals during the succeeding ten years the poet returned to the
+old farm, but when he was thirty years old the place was sold, the
+family went to Amesbury, and he left soon afterward for Philadelphia,
+where he was to edit an anti-slavery paper.
+
+All through life Whittier dreamed of buying back the homestead. When
+he received a check for $1,000 as the first proceeds from
+"Snow-Bound," he set the sum aside as the beginning of a redemption
+fund.
+
+But the citizens of Haverhill, led by Alfred A. Ordway, asked the
+privilege of buying the property themselves, and making it a memorial
+to the poet. Whittier died before the purchase was completed, but soon
+afterward Fernside Farm, as the poet called it, was taken over by Mr.
+Ordway. It is now in the hands of an association that has restored it
+and keeps it open to visitors whose hearts have been stirred by the
+work of the Quaker poet.
+
+
+  [Illustration: DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL, MASS.
+   _Photo by W. R. Merryman, Haverhill_
+   See page 57]
+
+X
+
+THE DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+FROM WHICH HANNAH DUSTON WAS CARRIED AWAY BY THE INDIANS
+
+The attention of visitors to Haverhill, Massachusetts, is attracted to
+a great granite boulder set in a place of honor in the old town. When
+they ask about it they are told the story of Hannah Duston, heroine.
+
+Thomas and Hannah Duston were married in 1677, and at once built a
+humble house of imported brick on the spot where the boulder now
+stands. Frequently one of the bricks is uncovered on the site; those
+who examine it marvel at the thought of the building material brought
+across the sea.
+
+Later Thomas Duston uncovered deposits of clay near his home which led
+him to make experiments in brick making. He was so successful that his
+product was in demand; villagers said that the Haverhill bricks were
+fully as good as those brought from England.
+
+Strong building material was needed, for hostile Indians were all
+about. In order to afford protection against them, Mr. Duston
+determined to build a new house, which should serve as a garrison in
+time of danger. By the village authorities he was appointed keeper of
+the garrison, as this commission shows:
+
+      "To Thomas Duston, upon the settlement of garrisons. You
+      being appointed master of the garrison at your house, you are
+      hereby in his Maj's name, required to see that a good watch
+      is kept at your garrison both by night and by day by those
+      persons hereafter named who are to be under your command and
+      inspection in building or repairing your garrison, and if any
+      person refuse or neglect their duty, you are accordingly
+      required to make return of the same, under your hand to the
+      Committee of militia in Haverhill."
+
+The new house was well under way when this command was given. As it is
+still standing, it is possible to tell of its construction. A
+Haverhill writer says that "white oak, which is to-day well preserved,
+was used in its massive framework, and the floor and roof timbers are
+put together with great wooden pins. In early days the windows swung
+outward, and the glass was very thick, and set into the frames with
+lead."
+
+On March 15, 1697, the watching Indians decided that their opportunity
+had come to attack the village. They knew that if they waited for the
+completion of the new garrison, there would be little chance of
+success. So they struck at once.
+
+The story of what followed was told by Cotton Mather, in his "Magnalia
+Christi Americana," published in London in 1702:
+
+      "On March 15, 1697, the Salvages made a Descent upon the
+      Skirts of Haverhil, Murdering and Captiving about Thirty-nine
+      Persons, and Burning about half a Dozen Houses. In the Broil,
+      one Hannah Dustan having lain-in about a Week, attended with
+      her Nurse, Mary Neffe a Widow, a Body of terrible Indians
+      drew near unto the House where she lay, with Design to carry
+      on their Bloody Devastations. Her Husband hastened from his
+      Employment abroad unto the relief of his Distressed Family;
+      and first bidding Seven of his Eight Children (which were
+      from Two to Seventeen Years of Age) to get away as fast as
+      they could into some Garrison in the Town, he went in to
+      inform his Wife of the horrible Distress come upon them. E'er
+      he could get up, the fierce Indians were got so near, that
+      utterly despairing to do her any Service, he ran out after
+      his Children.... He overtook his children about Forty Rod
+      from his Door, ... a party of Indians came up with him; and
+      now though they Fired at him, and he Fired at them, yet he
+      Manfully kept at the Reer of his Little Army of Unarmed
+      Children, while they Marched off with the Pace of a Child of
+      Five Years Old; until, by the Singular Providence of God, he
+      arrived safe with them all unto a Place of Safety about a
+      Mile or two from his House....
+
+      "The Nurse, trying to escape with the New-born Infant, fell
+      into the Hands of the Formidable Salvages; and those furious
+      Tawnies coming into the House, bid poor Dustan to rise
+      immediately....
+
+      "Dustan (with her Nurse) ... travelled that Night about a
+      Dozen Miles, and then kept up with their New Masters in a
+      long Travel of an Hundred and Fifty Miles....
+
+      "The poor Women had nothing but Fervent Prayers to make their
+      Lives Comfortable or Tolerable, and by being daily sent out
+      upon Business, they had Opportunities together and asunder to
+      do like another Hannah, in pouring out their Souls before the
+      Lord."
+
+      The Indians were "now Travelling with these Two Captive
+      Women, (and an English Youth taken from Worcester a Year and
+      half before,) unto a Rendezvous of Salvages which they call a
+      Town somewhere beyond Penacook; and they still told, these
+      poor Women, that when they came to this Town they must be
+      Stript, and Scourg'd, and Run the Gantlet through the whole
+      Army of Indians. They said this was the Fashion when the
+      Captives first came to a Town;...
+
+      "But on April 30, while they were yet, it may be, about an
+      Hundred and Fifty Miles from the Indian Town, a little before
+      break of Day, when the whole Crew was in a Dead Sleep ... one
+      of these Women took up a Resolution to imitate the Action of
+      Jael upon Sisera; and being where she had not her own Life
+      secured by any Law unto her, she thought she was not
+      forbidden by any Law to take away the Life of the
+      Murderers.... She heartened the Nurse and the Youth to assist
+      her in this Enterprize; and all furnishing themselves with
+      Hatchets for the purpose, they struck such home Blows upon
+      the Heads of their Sleeping Oppressors, that e'er they could
+      any of them struggle into any effectual resistance, at the
+      Feet of those poor Prisoners, they bow'd, they fell, they lay
+      down; at their Feet they bowed, they fell; where they bowed,
+      there they fell down Dead."
+
+One old squaw and a boy of eleven escaped to the forest. The scalps
+were not taken at first, but soon Hannah Duston returned to the camp
+and gathered the trophies, in order that she might claim the bounty
+offered by the colony for the scalps of hostile Indians. Then all the
+Indians' canoes were scuttled, their arms were taken, and the party of
+three embarked.
+
+Day after day they paddled down the Merrimac, the three taking turns
+in the unaccustomed labour. At night they paused to rest. Cautiously a
+fire was kindled, and food was cooked. Always they feared discovery by
+the bands of Indians. Two slept, while a third stood guard. But no
+Indians appeared.
+
+At last the home village was in sight. The wondering villagers came
+out to see who the visitors could be. Their astonishment and delight
+can be imagined.
+
+The General Assembly of Massachusetts voted Mrs. Duston twenty-five
+pounds' reward, while a similar amount was divided between Mrs. Neff
+and the boy Samuel Lennardson. Later the governor of Maryland sent
+Mrs. Duston a silver tankard.
+
+The Duston descendants, who hold a reunion every year, prize these
+souvenirs. But most of all they prize a letter (the original of which
+is in the possession of the Haverhill Historical Society) written by
+Mrs. Duston in 1723, in which she gave a wonderful testimony to God's
+goodness to her and hers. This is the message she gave to children and
+grandchildren:
+
+      "I Desire to be thankful that I was born in a Land of Light &
+      Baptized when I was young and had a good education by my
+      Father, tho' I took but little notice of it in the time of
+      it--I am Thankful for my Captivity, 'twas the Comfortablest
+      time that ever I had. In my Affliction God made his Word
+      Comfortable to me. I remember ye 43 ps. ult. [probably
+      meaning last part] and those words came to my mind--ps.
+      118:17--I have had a great Desire to Come to the Ordinance of
+      the Lord's Supper a Great while, but fearing I should give
+      offense and fearing my own Unworthiness has kept me back.
+      Reading a Book concerning X's Sufferings Did much awaken me.
+      In the 55th of Isa. beg [beginning] We are invited to come:
+      Hearing Mr. Moody preach out of ye 3rd of Mal. 3 last verses
+      it put me upon Consideration. Ye 11th of Matt., ending, has
+      been encouraging to me--I have been resolving to offer my
+      Self from time to time ever since the Settlement of the
+      present Ministry. I was awakened by the first Sacraml Sermon
+      [Luke 14:17]. But Delays and fears prevailed upon me: But I
+      desire to Delay no longer, being Sensible it is my Duty--I
+      desire the Church to receive me tho' it be the Eleventh hour;
+      and pray for me that I may honer God and receive the
+      Salvation of My Soul.
+
+        "Hannah Duston, wife of Thomas. Ætat 67."
+
+Mrs. Duston lived in the old house at Haverhill for many years after
+her remarkable escape.
+
+
+XI
+
+THE OLD MANSE AND THE WAYSIDE, CONCORD, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+TWO HOUSES MADE FAMOUS BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
+
+Nathaniel Hawthorne was thirty-eight years old before he was able to
+begin the ideal life of Adam with his Eve, to which he had looked
+forward for many years.
+
+"I want a little piece of land that I can call my own, big enough to
+stand upon, big enough to be buried in," he said to a friend when he
+was thirty-four years old. Lack of money delayed the realization, but
+it is a curious fact that the marriage to Sophia Peabody took place
+just after he had made up his mind that the thousand dollars he had
+invested in the Emerson Brook Farm experiment was gone forever.
+
+The marriage took place July 9, 1842, and housekeeping was at once
+begun in the Old Manse at Concord, which was built in 1765 by
+Emerson's grandfather. But he was merely a renter; his dream of
+ownership was to be delayed ten years longer. The great rooms of the
+curious gambrel-roofed house were rather bare, and there was a
+scarcity of everything except love, yet the author and his bride found
+nothing but joy in the retired garden and the dormer-windowed house.
+
+Hawthorne's own charming description of the house and grounds is so
+attractive that the reader wishes to visit them:
+
+      "Between two tall gateposts of rough-hewn stone (the gate
+      itself having fallen from its hinges at some unknown epoch),
+      we beheld the grey front of the old parsonage terminating the
+      vista of an avenue of black ash trees. It was now a
+      twelvemonth since the funeral procession of the venerable
+      clergyman, the last inhabitant, had turned from that gateway
+      toward the village burying ground....
+
+      "Nor, in truth, had the old manse ever been profaned by a lay
+      occupant until that memorable summer afternoon when I entered
+      it as my home. A priest had built it; a priest had succeeded
+      to it; other priestly owners from time to time had dwelt in
+      it; and children born in the chambers had grown up to assume
+      the priestly character. It was awful to recollect how many
+      sermons must have been written there. The latest inhabitant
+      there--he by whose translation to paradise the dwelling was
+      left vacant--had penned nearly three thousand discourses....
+      How often, no doubt, had he paced along the avenue, attuning
+      his meditations to sighs and gentle murmurs, and deep and
+      solemn peals of the wind among the leafy tops of the
+      trees!... I took shame to myself for having been so long a
+      writer of idle stories, and ventured to hope that wisdom
+      would descend upon me with the falling leaves of the autumn,
+      and that I should light upon an intellectual treasure in the
+      Old Manse well worth those hoards of long-hidden gold which
+      people seek for in moss-grown houses."
+
+Two years after their marriage, Mrs. Hawthorne wrote to her mother:
+
+      "I have no time, as you may imagine. I am baby's tire-woman,
+      hand-maiden, and tender, as well as nursing mother. My
+      husband relieves me with her constantly, and gets her to
+      sleep beautifully.... The other day, when my husband saw me
+      contemplating an appalling vacuum in his dressing-gown, he
+      said he was a man of the largest rents in the country, and it
+      was strange he had not more ready money.... But, somehow or
+      other, I do not care much, because we are so happy."
+
+Hawthorne did much of his work in the rear room where Emerson wrote.
+In the introduction to "Mosses from an Old Manse" he said of this
+apartment:
+
+      "When I first saw the room, the walls were blackened with the
+      smoke of unnumbered years, and made still blacker by the grim
+      prints of Puritan ministers, that hung around.... The rain
+      pattered upon the roof and the sky gloomed through the dirty
+      garret windows while I burrowed among the venerable books in
+      search of any living thought."
+
+From his writing Hawthorne turned easily to wandering in the garden or
+rowing on the river or helping his wife about the house. "We had a
+most enchanting time during Mary the cook's holiday sojourn in
+Boston," Mrs. Hawthorne wrote at one time. "We remained in our bower
+undisturbed by mortal creature. Mr. Hawthorne took the new phases of
+housekeeper, and, with that marvellous power of adaptation to
+circumstances that he possesses, made everything go easily and well.
+He rose betimes in the mornings and kindled fires in the kitchen and
+breakfast room, and by the time I came down the tea-kettle boiled and
+potatoes were baked and rice cooked, and my lord sat with a book
+superintending."
+
+Poverty put an untimely end to life at the Old Manse. The years from
+1846 to 1852 were spent in Boston and Salem. In 1852 Hawthorne was
+able to buy a dilapidated old house at Concord, which he called The
+Wayside. Here he remained until his appointment in 1853 as American
+Consul at Liverpool, and to it he returned after long wandering.
+
+The Wayside had been the home of Bronson Alcott. Here Mr. and Mrs.
+Hawthorne made their second real home. They rejoiced as, a little at a
+time, they were able to improve the property, and they showed always
+that they knew the secret of finding happiness in the midst of
+privations.
+
+Hawthorne described his new abode for his friend, George William
+Curtis:
+
+      "As for my old house, you will understand it better after
+      spending a day or two in it. Before Mr. Alcott took it in
+      hand, it was a mean-looking affair, with two peaked gables;
+      no suggestion about it and no venerableness, although from
+      the style of its architecture it seems to have survived
+      beyond its first century. He added a porch in front, and a
+      central peak, and a piazza at each end, and painted it a
+      rusty olive hue, and invested the whole with a modest
+      picturesqueness; all which improvements, together with the
+      situation at the foot of a wooded hill, make it a place that
+      one notices and remembers for a few minutes after passing
+      it....
+
+      "The house stands within ten or fifteen feet of the old
+      Boston road (along which the British marched and retreated),
+      divided from it by a fence, and some trees and shrubbery of
+      Mr. Alcott's setting out. Wherefore I have called it 'The
+      Wayside,' which I think a better name and more morally
+      suggestive than that which, as Mr. Alcott has since told me,
+      he bestowed on it, 'The Hillside.' In front of the house, on
+      the opposite side of the road, I have eight acres of
+      land,--the only valuable portion of the place in a farmer's
+      eye, and which are capable of being made very fertile. On the
+      hither side, my territory extends some little distance over
+      the brow of the hill, and is absolutely good for nothing, in
+      a productive point of view, though very good for many other
+      purposes.
+
+      "I know nothing of the history of the house, except Thoreau's
+      telling me that it was inhabited a generation or two ago by a
+      man who believed he should never die. I believe, however, he
+      is dead; at least, I hope so; else he may probably appear and
+      dispute my title to his residence."
+
+In furnishing the house Mrs. Hawthorne took keen pleasure in putting
+the best of everything in her husband's study. She called it "the best
+room, the temple of the Muses and the Delphic shrine."
+
+In these surroundings, supported by a wife who worshipped him,
+Hawthorne wrote until the call came to go to England. It was 1860
+before he returned to The Wayside. There he hoped to end his life,
+but death overtook him at Plymouth, New Hampshire, while he was making
+a tour of New England with Franklin Pierce. Mrs. Hawthorne survived
+him seven years.
+
+
+  [Illustration: ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASS.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 66]
+
+XII
+
+THE ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+FROM WHOSE ROOF MOLLY STARK SIGNALLED TO HER HUSBAND
+
+One who is familiar with the old plantation houses of Virginia is
+tempted to rub his eyes when he first sees the Royall House at
+Medford, Massachusetts, for this relic of Colonial days has the
+outbuildings, the slave-quarters, and other characteristics of so many
+Virginia houses. True, it has not the low wings and the stately
+columns at the entrance, but the doorway is so chaste and dignified
+that this is not felt to be a lack. Those who enter the doorway and
+walk reverently through the rooms of what has been called the finest
+specimen of colonial architecture in the vicinity of Boston, are
+filled anew with admiration for the builders of another day who chose
+the finest white pine for their work, and would not dream of scamping
+anywhere. Evidently there was little need in those days of the
+services of an inspector to see that the terms of a contract were
+carried out.
+
+The history of the property goes back to 1631, when Governor John
+Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who
+served for nineteen years, secured a grant to the farm on which,
+within six or seven years, the original dormer-windowed Royall House
+was built. This was smaller than the present house, but it was later
+incorporated in the present stately mansion; one story was added, and
+the outer wall was moved a few feet. Thus it is really a house within
+a house.
+
+At the time of Governor Winthrop's ownership it was called the
+Ten-Hill Farmhouse, because ten hills could be seen from its windows.
+John Winthrop, Jr., sold the place to Mrs. Elizabeth Lidgett.
+Lieutenant Governor Usher married a Lidgett, and owned the estate
+until he lost it through business reverses. The name was not changed
+until 1732, when the house was bought by Isaac Royall, a planter from
+Antigua, in the Leeward Islands, a descendant of William Royall of
+Salem. He paid £10,350 for the estate, which then consisted of five
+hundred and four acres. It was he who enlarged the house. For five
+years the neighbors watched the transformation of the comfortable
+Ten-Hill Farmhouse to the great Royall House, with its enclosing wall,
+elm-bordered driveway, pleasing garden, summerhouse, great barn, and
+rambling slave-quarters.
+
+Two generations of Royalls entertained lavishly here. Among the guests
+were the most celebrated men of the time, as well as many who were not
+so well known, for all were welcome there. Many of these guests drove
+up the driveway to the paved courtyard in their own grand equipages.
+Some were brought in the four-horse Royall chariot. But those who came
+on foot were welcomed as heartily.
+
+Isaac Royall, II, was a Tory, and in 1775 he was compelled to abandon
+the property. Thereupon Colonel, later General, John Stark made it
+his headquarters. The regiment which he had himself raised, and whose
+wages he paid for a time from his own pocket, was encamped near by.
+From the Royall house these men and their intrepid leader went out to
+the Battle of Bunker Hill.
+
+Under the direction of Molly Stark the house maintained its reputation
+for hospitality, and she did her best to make the place the abode of
+patriotism. On the day when the British evacuated Boston she promised
+her husband to signal to him from the roof the movements of the enemy.
+Passing on with his soldiers to Dorchester Heights, he anxiously
+awaited the news sent to him by his faithful Molly.
+
+The Royall family regained possession of the property in 1805. To-day
+it is owned by the Royall House Association, which keeps it open to
+the visitors. These come in large numbers to see relics of former
+days, including what is said to be the only chest that survived the
+Boston Tea Party, the sign of the Royall Oak Tavern in Medford, which
+bears the marks of the bullets of the soldiers who were on their way
+to the Battle of Bunker Hill, the old furniture, the first fork used
+in the Colony, and the furnishings of the quaint kitchen fireplace,
+which dates from 1732.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BROADHEARTH, SAUGUS, MASS.
+   _Photo by Wallace Nutting, Inc., Framingham Center, Mass_
+   See page 69]
+
+XIII
+
+BROADHEARTH AND THE BENNET-BOARDMAN HOUSE, SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+TWO REMARKABLE SPECIMENS OF THE OVERHANG HOUSE
+
+"Thomas Dexter of Lyn, yeoman," was the first owner of much of the
+land on which Lynn, Massachusetts, is built. Evidently he was land
+poor, for on October 22, 1639, he "mortgaged his fearme in Lyn ... for
+two oxen & 2 bulls upon condition of payment to Simon Broadstreet of
+Ipswich £90 the first day of August, the next following with a
+reservation upon the sale of the said fearme to give the said Dexter
+the overflow above the debt and damages of the said £90."
+
+Six years later the Registry of Deeds at Salem told of the sale, to
+Richard Leader, Gent, of England, of a bit of the farm on which
+Governor Broadstreet held a mortgage. Mr. Leader was the agent of "ye
+Company of undertakers of ye Iron Works," and he thought that Dexter
+had the best location for the purposes of the company that proposed to
+start what proved to be the first successful iron works in the
+Colonies. The quaint story of the transaction was entered thus:
+
+      "Thomas Dexter of Lyn in the County of Essex ye[oman] for the
+      sum of 40 £ st[erling] hath sowld unto Richard Leder for ye
+      use of ye Iron works all that land, wch by reason of [a]
+      damme now agreed to be made, shall overflow and all
+      sufficient ground for a water course from the damme, to the
+      works to be erected, and alsoe all [the] land betwene the
+      an[cient] water course and the new extended flume or water
+      course togeather with five acres and an halfe of land lying
+      in the corn field most convenient for the Iron Works and also
+      tooe convenient cartwayes that is to one on each side of the
+      premises as by a deed indented bearing date the twentie
+      seaventh of January, 1645, more at lardge apth."
+
+On the ground thus bought a sturdy house, Broadhearth, was built in
+1646. The second story overhung the first story, after the manner of
+many English houses of the period. The overhang is still in evidence,
+though a veranda has hidden it except to the careful observer.
+
+The first product of the iron works, a kettle, was made in 1642. This
+is still in existence. During more than one hundred years neighboring
+colonists looked to the foundry for their supplies of house hardware,
+furnishings, and implements of iron. The site of the foundry was
+opposite the house, while traces of the pits from which the bog ore
+was dug are easily found in the field at the rear. Remains of scoria
+and slag are also pointed out to the visitor by employees of the
+Wallace Nutting Corporation, which has restored the house as nearly as
+possible to its original condition and has placed in it furniture of
+the period. A caretaker has been placed in charge who will copy for
+applicants iron work in the house, or other old examples. Thus, in a
+modest way, the Saugus Iron Works has been reëstablished.
+
+  [Illustration: BENNET-BOARDMAN HOUSE, SAUGUS, MASS.
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+   See page 69]
+
+Another specimen of the overhang house is not far away. This is the
+house built some time between 1649 and 1656 by Samuel Bennet,
+carpenter. It is famous as the house that has been in two counties,
+Suffolk and Essex, and in four towns, Boston, Lynn, Chelsea, and
+Saugus.
+
+That it was once in Boston was due to the narrow strip of the
+territory of the city that stretched far out in the country, somewhat
+after the manner of a portion of a modern gerrymandered legislative
+district. When the district was set off as Chelsea and Lynn, in
+response to a petition of citizens who were inconvenienced by their
+distance from town meetings, the boundaries between Chelsea and Lynn
+were carelessly marked; one line ran directly through the front door
+and the chimney of the Bennet house. This mistake, which caused
+annoyance and expense to those who occupied the house, was not
+corrected for more than one hundred years. Finally Abijah Boardman
+asked that he be relieved of his double liability to Lynn and Chelsea,
+and in 1803, by Act of the General Court, the petition was granted.
+
+Bennet, the builder of the house, figured more than once in the
+courts. In 1644 the Grand Jury indicted him as "a Common sleeper in
+time of exercise," and he was fined 2s. 6d. In 1671 he brought suit
+against the Iron Works Company for £400 for labor. In connection with
+this suit John Paule, whose "constant employment was to repair carts,
+coale carts, mine carts, and other working materials" for the "tiemes"
+at the iron works, testified that "my master Bennet did yearly yearme
+a vast sum from said Iron Works, for he commonly yearmed forty or
+fifty shillings a daye, for he had five or six teemes goeing generally
+every faire day."
+
+Bennets and Boardmans have held the house from the beginning. The
+Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities has
+interested itself in the protection of the property.
+
+
+XIV
+
+THE COLONEL JEREMIAH LEE HOUSE, MARBLEHEAD, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+THE HOME OF ONE OF THE EARLIEST MARTYRS TO THE CAUSE OF THE COLONIES
+
+Marblehead was a comparatively insignificant port when Jeremiah Lee
+came to town. At once he made a place for himself among the humble
+fishermen and other seafaring men of the place. He was a member of the
+Board of Firewards in the town's first fire department, and he served
+on important committees.
+
+When, in 1768, he built a wonderful mansion that cost more than ten
+thousand pounds, the most wonderful house in Massachusetts at the
+time, his townsmen knew him well enough to understand that he was
+their good friend, even if he did have much more money than any of
+them.
+
+The Lee Mansion was a hospitable home. The Colonel and his wife Martha
+entertained lavishly, not only the people of the town but famous men
+from abroad. In 1789 Washington was entertained in the house. But it
+was one of the glories of the mansion that the humblest mariner in the
+place was not slow to go there if he wished to have a chat with the
+bluff owner or if he desired to go to the quaint cupola from which it
+is possible to look far out to sea. To this outlook Colonel Lee
+himself often went, for his ships were sailing to Marblehead from all
+parts of the world, and he was as eager as any one to turn his eyes
+seaward.
+
+The house is sixty-four feet by forty-six feet, and the walls are of
+brick, though they are covered with wooden clapboards two feet by one
+and a half feet. There are fifteen rooms, in addition to the great
+halls that make the house seem like a palace.
+
+In these rooms the Colonel conferred with other patriots as to the
+welfare of Massachusetts and all the colonies. From the house he went
+out to the town meetings where the men gathered to talk over the
+Boston Port Bill and the Boston Tea Party and questions of Taxation
+without Representation.
+
+He rejoiced to serve as a representative in the General Court and on
+the Committee of Safety and Supplies of the Province. He was chosen to
+represent the town in the Continental Congress, and when he was unable
+to go, Elbridge Gerry, who later became Vice-President of the United
+States, was sent in his place at the expense of the town.
+
+On the night of April 18, 1775, in company with Elbridge Gerry and
+Azor Orin, who were members with him of the Committee of Safety and
+Supplies, he was attending a meeting at Weatherby's Black Horse Tavern
+just outside of Cambridge. The meeting adjourned so late that the
+three men decided to spend the night at the tavern. The eight hundred
+British soldiers who were on their way that night to Lexington learned
+of the presence in Cambridge of the patriots. Some one rushed to the
+tavern and roused them from slumber. They did not even have time to
+put on their clothes, but ran at once from the house and hid
+themselves at some distance from the tavern. When the disappointed
+troops had gone on, the hunted men returned to their room.
+
+Three weeks later Lee died as the result of the exposure. He has been
+called one of the earliest martyrs to the cause of the Colonies.
+Before he died he left directions that five thousand pounds should be
+given to the treasury of the provinces.
+
+Mrs. Lee, who was Martha Swett of Marblehead, lived on in the mansion
+with those of her eight children who had not gone already to homes of
+their own. Under her guidance the hospitality for which the house had
+become noted was maintained.
+
+Those who pass between the beautiful porch pillars and enter the
+chaste colonial doorway are amazed at the remarkable hallway and the
+stairs. The hall is fifteen feet wide and extends the length of the
+house. It is heavily wainscoted with mahogany. On the walls hangs
+remarkable panelled paper whose designs, depicting ancient
+architecture, are in keeping with the majestic proportions of the
+place. The stairway is so wide that four or five people can climb it
+abreast and the balustrade and the spindles are of exquisite
+workmanship.
+
+The rear stairway is far more ornate than the best stairway in most
+houses, and the rooms are in keeping with the hall and the stairways.
+
+The cupola is one of the most striking features of the house. Here six
+windows give a view that is worth going far to see.
+
+When Mrs. Lee died, the property descended to her son. Judge Samuel
+Sewell was a later owner. But the day came when it was to be sold at
+auction. All Marblehead feared that the historic place would be
+destroyed. Fortunately the Marblehead Historical Society was able to
+raise the fifty-five hundred dollars needed to secure it.
+
+Since July 9, 1909, the Society has owned the mansion. For six months
+of every year it is open to visitors who throng to see the choice
+collection of china, portraits, embroidery, and furniture that has
+been gathered together by the Society.
+
+
+  [Illustration: OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT, MASS.
+   _Photo Furnished by Rev. A. McDonald, Newburyport, Mass._
+   See page 75]
+
+XV
+
+THE OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+WHERE GEORGE WHITEFIELD, THE GREAT EVANGELIST, IS BURIED
+
+More than one hundred years after the organization of the First Church
+of Newburyport, Rev. George Whitefield, then a young man of
+twenty-six, preached in the community. "The Great Awakening," which
+followed, spread all over New England, and more than thirty thousand
+were converted. Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, the Tennents, and others
+led in the work that had such wonderful results.
+
+Five years after Whitefield's visit to Newburyport the Old South
+Church was organized, most of those who became members having been
+converted under Whitefield's preaching. The new church was actually a
+Presbyterian church from the beginning, though it did not finally
+adopt the Presbyterian form of government until 1802.
+
+The members of the new church were called "a misguided band," and "new
+schemers." Their first pastor was called a dissenting minister. Their
+protest against these aspersions took the form of a petition to "The
+King's Most Excellent Majesty," which was a prayer for that "equal
+liberty of conscience in worshipping God" that had already been
+granted to others. The petition recited the desire of the people to be
+relieved of taxation "for the support of ministers on whose ministry
+they cannot in conscience attend," and stated that, because of their
+refusal to pay what they felt were unjust taxes, "honest and peaceable
+men have been hauled away to prison to their great hurt and damage."
+
+When the petition was presented to the king by Mr. Partridge, their
+agent, he declared that they were not "a wild, friekish people," and
+cited as an argument for relief from double taxation that, while they
+had some wealthy members, there were among them "more poor widows than
+all the other congregations in town put together." He said those who
+protested against double taxation had been "dragged about upon the
+ground," dressed up in bear skins and worried, and imprisoned.
+
+The protest did not bring relief at once; it was 1773 before the
+General Court granted the plea of the members. For more than twenty
+years more the town tried to collect double taxes, but in 1795 the
+rights of the members of Old South were conceded.
+
+The first building, erected in 1743, gave way in 1756 to the structure
+still in use. Alterations made since that time have not made any great
+change in its appearance, except in the tower, which was repaired in
+1848, because it was thought that the timber must be decaying.
+However, to the surprise of the carpenters who undertook the repairs,
+they were found as sound as ever. A half-hour was required to saw
+through one of them!
+
+The bell in the new tower was cast by Paul Revere. Surmounting the
+spire is a cock which was perched on the original tower. When this
+tower, after the carpenters had done all they could with their saws,
+was pulled over by horses and oxen, the cock broke loose and fell at
+some distance. The man who picked up the figure was surprised to find
+that it was of solid copper, instead of wood, as had been thought, and
+that it weighed more than fifty pounds.
+
+In the original pews there was a central chair, surrounded by seats
+hung on hinges. Over the pulpit was a sounding board. At the head of
+the pulpit stair a seat was provided for the sexton, that he might be
+on hand to trim the candles during the evening service.
+
+The official history of the church, written by Dr. H. C. Hovey, gives
+interesting facts concerning the heating of the old building:
+
+      "For seventy years those who crowded this church depended on
+      footstoves altogether for warmth in winter; while the
+      minister preached in his ample cloak, and wore gloves with a
+      finger and thumb cut off to enable him the better to turn the
+      leaves. A law was made allowing the sexton twenty cents for
+      each footstove that he had to fill before service and remove
+      afterward. A great sensation was made in 1819 by the
+      introduction of wood stoves at an outlay of $100. The first
+      day they were in place the people were so overcome that some
+      of them fainted away and were carried out of the house; but
+      they revived on learning that as yet no fire had been
+      kindled in the new stoves. The doors of the stoves opened
+      into the ample vestibule, where the custom continued of
+      ranging the many footstoves in a wide circle to be filled
+      with live coals from the stove."
+
+On the Sunday after the battle of Lexington Dr. Jonathan Parsons made
+an appeal in the name of liberty. After this Captain Ezra Lunt stepped
+into the aisle and formed a company of sixty men, which is said to
+have been the first company of volunteers to join the Continental
+Army.
+
+Later Newburyport supplied a number of companies. But the call came
+for still another company. "Day after day the recruiting officers
+toiled in vain," Dr. Hovey writes, "Finally the regiment was invited
+to the Presbyterian church, where they were addressed in such spirited
+and stirring words that once again a number of this church stepped
+forth to take the covenant, and in two hours after the benediction had
+been spoken the entire company was raised."
+
+During the war twenty-two vessels and one thousand men, from the towns
+of Newbury and Newburyport, were lost at sea. The first American flag
+seen in British waters, after the cessation of hostilities, was
+displayed in the Thames by Nicholas Johnson of Newburyport, captain of
+the _Compte de Grasse_.
+
+Among the treasures of the church is the Bible which Whitefield used.
+The evangelist, who died Sunday, September 30, 1770, is buried in the
+crypt under the pulpit where he had planned to preach on the very day
+of his death, as he had preached many times during the years since the
+building of the church. To this dark crypt thousands of reverent
+visitors have groped their way. One, less reverent, removed an arm of
+the skeleton and carried it to England as a relic. No one knew what
+had become of it until, after the death of the thief, it was returned
+to Newburyport, together with a bust of Whitefield. This bust is also
+one of the treasures of Old South.
+
+Those who love this old church at Newburyport delight in the lines of
+John Greenleaf Whittier:
+
+     "Under the church of Federal Street,
+     Under the tread of its Sabbath feet,
+     Walled about by its basement stones,
+     Lie the marvellous preacher's bones.
+     No saintly honors to them are shown,
+     No sign nor miracle have they known;
+     But he who passes the ancient church
+     Stops in the shade of its belfry-porch,
+     And ponders the wonderful life of him
+     Who lies at rest in that charnel dim.
+     Long shall the traveller strain his eye
+     From the railroad car, as it plunges by,
+     And the vanishing town behind him search
+     For the slender spire of the Whitefield Church;
+     And feel for one moment the ghosts of trade
+     And fashion and folly and pleasure laid,
+     By the thought of that life of pure intent,
+     That voice of warning, yet eloquent,
+     Of one on the errands of angels sent.
+     And if where he labored the flood of sin
+     Like the tide from the harbor-bar sets in.
+     And over a life of time and sense
+     The church-spires lift their vain defence,
+     As if to scatter the bolts of God
+     With the points of Calvin's thunder-rod,--
+     Still, as the gem of its civic crown,
+     Precious beyond the world's renown,
+     His memory hallows the ancient town!"
+
+
+XVI
+
+THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND
+
+THE OLDEST BAPTIST CHURCH IN AMERICA
+
+When Roger Williams, Welshman, left England for America because he
+could not find in the Church of England freedom to worship God
+according to his conscience, he came to Salem, in the Massachusetts
+Bay Colony. There he joined others who had sought America for the same
+purpose, but to his disappointment he found that his ideas of liberty
+of worship did not agree with theirs, and he was once more adrift. On
+October 9, 1635, the authorities of the Colony ordered that he "shall
+depart out of this jurisdiction." He was later given permission to
+remain until spring, on condition that he make no attempt "to draw
+others to his opinions."
+
+On the ground that he had broken the implied agreement, the Governor,
+on January 11, 1636, sent for him to go to Boston, from whence he was
+to be banished to England. Williams sent word that he was ill and
+could not come at the time. A force of men was sent to seize him, but
+when they reached his house he had departed already, turning his face
+toward the southern wilderness. He was "sorely tossed for fourteen
+weeks in a bitter winter season, not knowing what bread or bed did
+mean."
+
+On April 30, 1636, he came to the country of the Wampanoags, where the
+sachem Massasoit made him a grant of land. Within a short time some
+of his friends joined him, and primitive houses were built. Then came
+word from the Governor of Massachusetts Bay that he must go beyond the
+bounds of the Plymouth Colony. Accordingly, with six others, he
+embarked in canoes and sought for a location. When this was found
+Canonicus and Mantonomi agreed to let the company have lands, and soon
+the new settlement was made and named Providence, in recognition of
+God's care of him during his journey. Then others joined him and his
+companions.
+
+Two years after the settlement of Providence twelve of the citizens
+decided that they must have a church. One of the company, Ezekiel
+Hollyman, baptized Roger Williams and Williams baptized Hollyman and
+ten others. The twelve then baptized were the original members of the
+first church of Providence, Rhode Island, the first Baptist church in
+America, and the second in the world. Roger Williams was the first
+pastor, but he withdrew before the close of the year in which the
+church was organised. During the remaining forty-five years of his
+life he remained in Providence as a missionary among the Indians,
+whose friendship he had won by his scrupulously careful and honorable
+method of dealing with them.
+
+The church met in private houses or under the trees, for more than
+sixty years. The first meeting house was not erected until 1700. The
+builder was Pardon Tillinghast, the sixth pastor of the church, who,
+like his predecessors, served without salary. However, he urged that
+the church should begin to pay its way, and that his successor should
+receive a stipulated salary. The Tillinghast building was in use for
+fifteen years after it was deeded to the congregation, in 1711. The
+deed, which is on record at the Providence City Hall, calls the church
+a "Six-Principle church."
+
+The growth of the congregation called for a larger building. This was
+erected in 1726 and was used until 1774. An old document gives an
+interesting side light on the building of the meeting house. This is
+an account of Richard Brown, dated May 30, 1726, which reads:
+
+      The account of what charge I have been at this day as to the
+      providing a dinner for the people that raised the Baptist
+      meeting-house at Providence (it being raised this day,) is as
+      followeth:
+
+     One fat sheep, which weighed forty-three lbs.     £0,14,04
+
+     For roasting the said sheep, etc.                     8
+
+     For one lb. butter                                    1
+
+     For two loaves of bread which weighed fifteen lbs.    2
+
+     For half a peck of peas                               1,03
+
+When the building was planned the Charitable Baptist Society was
+incorporated, that it might hold title to "a meeting-house for the
+public worship of Almighty God, and to hold Commencement in." Nearly a
+third of the £7,000 required for the new building was raised by a
+lottery, authorized by the State. The architects modelled the church
+after the popular St. Martins-in-the-Fields in London, whose designer
+was James Gibbs, a pupil of Sir Christopher Wren.
+
+In the two-hundred-foot spire was hung the bell made in London, on
+which were inscribed the strange words:
+
+     "For freedom of conscience this town was first planted;
+     Persuasion, not force was used by the people:
+     This Church is the eldest, and has not recanted,
+     Enjoying and granting bell, temple, and steeple."
+
+The pastor at the time the new church was first occupied, on May 28,
+1775, was president of Rhode Island College, an institution which had
+been located in Providence in 1773, in consequence of the generosity
+and activity of the members of the church. The institution later
+became Brown University. Every one of the presidents of the college
+has been a member of the First Church.
+
+A church whose building was dedicated "midway between the battles of
+Lexington and Bunker Hill" should have a patriotic history. The story
+of Providence during the Revolution shows that the members were keenly
+alive to their opportunities. The first suggestion for the Continental
+Congress came from Providence. Rhode Island was the first State to
+declare for independence. Pastor and people were ardent supporters of
+these movements. Many soldiers were furnished to the army by the
+congregation.
+
+Naturally, then, people would be interested in a man like Stephen
+Gano, who became pastor in 1792. He had been a surgeon in the
+Revolutionary Army, and had been taken prisoner, put on board a
+prison-ship, and bound in chains, which made scars that lasted for
+life. His pastorate of thirty-six years was the longest in the history
+of the church.
+
+The stately building erected in 1774 is still in use. The gallery long
+set apart for the use of slaves has given way to a square loft, the
+old pews have been displaced by modern seats, and the lofty pulpit and
+sounding-board have disappeared. Otherwise the church is much as it
+was when the first congregation entered its doors in 1775.
+
+
+
+
+TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND KNICKERBOCKERS FLOURISHED
+
+     _Where nowadays the Battery lies,
+       New York had just begun,
+     A new-born babe, to rub its eyes,
+       In Sixteen Sixty-One.
+     They christened it Nieuw Amsterdam,
+       Those burghers grave and stately,
+     And so, with schnapps and smoke and psalm,
+       Lived out their lives sedately._
+
+     _Two windmills topped their wooden wall,
+       On stadthuys gazing down,
+     On fort, and cabbage-plots, and all
+       The quaintly gabled town;
+     These flapped their wings and shifted backs,
+       As ancient scrolls determine,
+     To scare the savage Hackensacks,
+       Paumanks, and other vermin_.
+
+     _At night the loyal settlers lay
+       Betwixt their feather-beds;
+     In hose and breeches walked by day,
+       And smoked, and wagged their heads.
+     No changeful fashions came from France,
+       The vrouwleins to bewilder;
+     No broad-brimmed burgher spent for pants
+       His every other guilder._
+
+     _In petticoats of linsey red,
+       And jackets neatly kept,
+     The vrouws their knitting-needles sped
+       And deftly spun and swept.
+     Few modern-school flirtations there
+       Set wheels of scandal trundling,
+     But youths and maidens did their share
+       Of staid, old-fashioned bundling._
+
+       EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN.
+
+
+
+
+TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND KNICKERBOCKERS FLOURISHED
+
+
+  [Illustration: MORRIS-JUMEL HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY.
+   _Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company_
+   See page 87]
+
+XVII
+
+THE MORRIS-JUMEL MANSION, NEW YORK CITY
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON ESCAPED FROM THE BRITISH BY A FIFTEEN MINUTE MARGIN
+
+      "A Pleasant situated Farm, on the Road leading to King's
+      Bridge, in the Township of Harlem, on York-Island, containing
+      about 100 acres, near 30 acres of which is Wood-land, a fine
+      piece of Meadow Ground, and more easily be made: and commands
+      the finest Prospect in the whole Country: the Land runs from
+      River to River: there is Fishing, Oystering, and Claming at
+      either end...."
+
+When, in 1765, Roger Morris, whose city house was at the corner of
+Whitehall and Stone streets, saw this advertisement in the New York
+_Mercury_, he hungered for the country. So he bought the offered land,
+and by the summer of 1766 he had completed the sturdy Georgian house
+that, after a century and a half, looks down on the city that has
+grown to it and beyond it.
+
+In an advertisement published in 1792, in the New York _Daily
+Advertiser_, a pleasing description of the mansion of Roger Morris was
+given:
+
+      "On the premises is a large dwelling-house, built in modern
+      style and taste and elegance. It has ... a large hall
+      through the centre; a spacious dining room on the right....
+      On the left is a handsome parlor and a large back room.... On
+      the second floor are seven bedchambers ... On the upper floor
+      are five lodging rooms ... and at the top of the house is
+      affixed an electric conducter. Underneath the building are a
+      large, commodious kitchen and laundry and wine cellar,
+      storeroom, kitchen pantry, sleeping apartments for servants,
+      and a most complete dairy room...."
+
+For nine years Roger Morris and his family lived in the mansion on the
+Heights. As a member of the Legislative Council much of his time was
+given to the interests of his fellow-citizens. But as time passed he
+found himself out of sympathy with his neighbors. They demanded war
+with Great Britain, and he felt that he could not join the revolt.
+Accordingly, in 1775, he sailed for England, leaving his large
+property in the care of Mrs. Morris.
+
+Mrs. Morris kept the house open for a time, but finally, taking her
+children with her, she went to her sister-in-law at the Philipse Manor
+House at Yonkers.
+
+On September 14, 1776, General Washington decided to abandon the city
+to the British. He planned to go to Harlem, to the fortification
+prepared in anticipation of just such an emergency. On September 15 he
+took possession of the Roger Morris house as headquarters. Two days
+later his Orderly Book shows the following message, referring to the
+battle of Harlem Heights:
+
+      "The General most heartily thanks the troops commanded
+      yesterday by Major Leitch, who first advanced upon the enemy,
+      and the others who so resolutely supported them. The behavior
+      of yesterday was such a contrast to that of some troops the
+      day before [at Kip's Bay] as must show what may be done when
+      Officers and Soldiers exert themselves."
+
+During the weeks when the mansion remained Washington's headquarters
+the curious early flag of the colonists waved above it. In the space
+now given to the stars was the British Union Jack, while the thirteen
+red and white stripes that were to become so familiar completed the
+design. This flag the English called "the Rebellious Stripes."
+
+On November 16, 1776, Washington was at Fort Lee, on the New Jersey
+shore, opposite the present 160th Street. Desiring to view from the
+Heights the British operations in their attack on Fort Washington, he
+crossed over to the Morris house. Fifteen minutes after he left the
+Heights to return to New Jersey, fourteen thousand British and Hessian
+troops took possession of the Heights, the Morris Mansion, and Fort
+Washington.
+
+The period of British occupation continued, at intervals, until near
+the close of the war. Since the owner was a Loyalist, the British
+Government paid rent for it.
+
+After the Revolution the property was confiscated, as appears from an
+entry in Washington's diary, dated July 10, 1790:
+
+      "Having formed a Party consisting of the Vice-President, his
+      lady, Son & Miss Smith; the Secretaries of State, Treasury, &
+      War, and the ladies of the two latter; with all the Gentlemen
+      of my family, Mrs. Lear & the two Children, we visited the
+      old position of Fort Washington, and afterwards dined on a
+      dinner provided by a Mr. Mariner at the House lately Colo.
+      Roger Morris, but confiscated and in the occupation of a
+      common Farmer."
+
+For nearly thirty years after the Revolution the stately old house was
+occupied as a farmhouse or as a tavern. In 1810 it became the home of
+Stephen Jumel, a wealthy New York merchant, whose widow, Madam Jumel,
+later gave such wonderful entertainments in the house that the whole
+city talked about her. After many years of life alone in the mansion,
+in July, 1833, she married Aaron Burr. He was then seventy-two years
+old, while she was fifty-nine.
+
+Madam Jumel-Burr lived until July 16, 1865. During her last years she
+was demented and did many strange things. For a time she maintained an
+armed garrison in the house, and she rode daily about the grounds at
+the head of fifteen or twenty men.
+
+The mansion passed through a number of hands until, in 1903, title to
+it was taken by the City of New York, on payment of $235,000.
+
+For three years the vacant house was at the mercy of souvenir hunters,
+but when, in 1906, it was turned over to the Daughters of the American
+Revolution, to be used as a Revolutionary Museum, twelve thousand
+dollars were appropriated for repairs and restoration. This amount was
+woefully inadequate, but it is hoped that further appropriation will
+make complete restoration possible.
+
+The spacious grounds that once belonged to the mansion have been sold
+for building lots, but the house looks down proudly as ever from its
+lofty site almost opposite the intersection of Tenth Avenue and One
+Hundred and Sixty-first Street with St. Nicholas Avenue. The corner
+of its original dooryard is now Roger Morris Park.
+
+
+  [Illustration: PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS, N. Y.
+   _Photo by A. V. Card, Yonkers_
+   See page 91]
+
+XVIII
+
+THE PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS, NEW YORK
+
+THE HOME OF MARY PHILIPSE, IN WHOM GEORGE WASHINGTON WAS INTERESTED
+
+At first glance one would not think that the name Yonkers was derived
+very directly from the name of the first settlers of the region, de
+Jonkheer Adriaen Van der Donck. When, in 1646, he secured a large
+tract of land bounded by the Hudson, the Bronx, and Spuyten Duyvil
+Creek, this was called "Colen Donck" (Donck's Colony) or "De
+Jonkheer's" (the Young Lord's). As the Dutch "j" is pronounced "y,"
+the transition from Jonkheers to Yonkers was easy.
+
+On September 29, 1672, after the death of the original owner, 7,708
+acres of the princely estate were sold to three men, of whom Frederick
+Philipse (originally Ffreric Vlypse) was one. A few years later
+Philipse bought out the heirs of the other two purchasers, and added
+to his holdings by further purchases from his countrymen and from the
+Indians. On June 12, 1693, he was permitted to call himself lord of
+the Manor of Philipsburgh. From that day the carpenter from Friesland,
+who had grown so rich that he was called "the Dutch millionaire,"
+lived in state in the house he had begun in 1682.
+
+This lord of the manor became still more important in consequence of
+the acceptance of his offer to build a bridge over Spuyt-den-duyvil,
+or "Spiting Devil" Creek, when the city declined to do so for lack of
+funds. The deed given to him stated that he had "power and authority
+to erect a bridge over the water or river commonly called Spiten devil
+ferry or Paparimeno, and to receive toll from all passengers and
+drovers of cattle that shall pass thereon, according to rates
+hereinafter mentioned." This bridge, which was called Kingsbridge, was
+a great source of revenue until 1713, when it was removed to the
+present site. Then tolls were charged until 1759, or, nominally, until
+1779.
+
+Part of the Manor House was used as a trading post. Everything
+Philipse handled seemed to turn into gold. All his ventures prospered.
+It was whispered that some of these ventures were more than a little
+shady, that he had dealings with pirates and shared in their
+ill-gotten gains, and that he even went into partnership with Captain
+Kidd when that once honest man became the prince of the very pirates
+whom the Government had commissioned him to apprehend. And Philipse,
+as a member of the Governor's Council, had recommended this Kidd as
+the best man for the job! It is not strange that the lord of the manor
+felt constrained to resign his seat in the council because of the
+popular belief in the statement made by the Governor, that "Kidd's
+missing treasures could be readily found if the coffers of Frederick
+Philipse were searched."
+
+Colonel Frederick Philipse, the great-grandson of Captain Kidd's
+partner, enlarged the Manor House to its present proportions and
+appearance. He also was prominent in the affairs of the Colony. He was
+a member of the Provincial Assembly, and was chairman of a meeting
+called on August 20, 1774, to select delegates to the county
+convention which was to select a representative to the First
+Continental Congress. Thus, ostensibly, he was taking his place with
+those who were crying out for the redress of grievances suffered at
+the hands of Great Britain. Yet it was not long until it was evident
+that he was openly arrayed with those who declined to turn from their
+allegiance to the king.
+
+The most famous event that took place in the Philipse Manor was the
+marriage, on January 28, 1758, of the celebrated beauty, Mary
+Philipse, to Colonel Roger Morris. A letter from Joseph Chew to George
+Washington, dated July 13, 1757, shows that--in the opinion of the
+writer, at least--the young Virginian soldier was especially
+interested in Mary Philipse. In this letter, which he wrote after his
+return from a visit to Mrs. Beverly Robinson in New York, the sister
+of Mary Philipse, he said:
+
+      "I often had the Pleasure of Breakfasting with the Charming
+      Polly, Roger Morris was there (Don't be startled) but not
+      always, you know him he is a Lady's man, always something to
+      say, the Town talk't of it as a sure & settled Affair. I
+      can't say I think so and that I much doubt it, but assure you
+      had Little Acquaintance with Mr. Morris and only slightly
+      hinted it to Miss Polly, but how can you be Excused to
+      Continue so long in Phila. I think I should have made a kind
+      of Flying March of it if it had been only to have seen
+      whether the Works were sufficient to withstand a Vigorous
+      Attack, you a soldier and a Lover, mind I have been arguing
+      for my own Interest now for had you taken this method then I
+      should have had the Pleasure of seeing you--my Paper is
+      almost full and I am Convinced you will be heartily tyred in
+      Reading it--however will just add that I intend to set out
+      to-morrow for New York where I will not be wanting to let
+      Miss Polly know the Sincere Regard a Friend of mine has for
+      her--and I am sure if she had my Eyes to see thro would
+      Prefer him to all others."
+
+While it is true that George Washington went to New York to see the
+charming Polly, there is no evidence that he was especially interested
+in her.
+
+Colonel Morris later built for his bride the Morris-Jumel Mansion,
+which is still standing near 160th Street. Mrs. Morris frequently
+visited at the home of her girlhood. The last visit was paid there
+during Christmas week of 1776. Her father, who had been taken to
+Middletown, Connecticut, because of his activities on the side of the
+king, was allowed to go to his home on parole.
+
+In 1779 the Manor House and lands were declared forfeited because the
+owner refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Colonies, and
+Frederick Philipse, III, went to England.
+
+The property was sold in 1785. Until 1868 it was in the hands of
+various purchasers. To-day the Manor House is preserved as a relic of
+the days when Washington visited the house, when loyalists were driven
+from the doors, and when it was the centre of some of the important
+movements against the British troops.
+
+
+XIX
+
+ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL, NEW YORK CITY
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON ATTENDED SERVICE ON HIS FIRST INAUGURATION DAY
+
+In the New York _Gazette_ of May 14, 1764, appeared this notice
+concerning St. Paul's Chapel:
+
+      "We are told that the Foundation Stone of the third English
+      Church which is about erecting in this City, is to be laid
+      this day. The church is to be 112 by 72 feet."
+
+For two years those who passed the corner of Broadway and Partition
+(Fulton) Street watched the progress of the building. On October 30,
+1766, it was ready for the first service.
+
+On the opening day there was no steeple, no organ, and no stove. But
+those who entered the doors were abundantly satisfied with the work of
+the architect, who is said to have been a Scotchman named McBean, a
+pupil of Gibbs, the designer of St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London, to
+which church the interior of St. Paul's Chapel bears a marked
+resemblance. In the account of the opening the New York _Journal and
+General Advertiser_ said that the new church was "one of the most
+elegant edifices on the Continent."
+
+Between April 13, 1776, when Washington arrived in New York, and
+September 15, 1776, when Lord Howe occupied the city, the church was
+closed, since the rector did not see his way to omit from the service
+the prayers for the king. But when the British took possession of New
+York the doors were opened once more. Until the city was evacuated,
+November 25, 1783, Lord Howe and many of his officers were regular
+attendants at St. Paul's.
+
+Six days after the beginning of the British occupation the church had
+a narrow escape from destruction. A fire, which Howe declared was of
+incendiary origin, burned four hundred of the four thousand homes in
+New York. St. Paul's Chapel was in the centre of the burnt district.
+Trinity Church was destroyed, and St. Paul's was saved by the efforts
+of its rector, Dr. Inglis. This was the first of five such narrow
+escapes. The steeple was actually aflame during the conflagration of
+1797, but the building was saved. Three times during the nineteenth
+century, in 1820, 1848, and 1865, fire approached or passed by the
+chapel.
+
+Immediately after the first inauguration of Washington, at the City
+Hall, he walked to St. Paul's to ask God's blessing on the country and
+his administration. During his residence in New York, until Trinity
+Church was rebuilt, he was a regular attendant at the services. From
+1789 to 1791 his diary records the fact many times, "Went to St.
+Paul's Chappel in the forenoon." At first he used the pew built for
+the Governor of New York, but later, when a President's pew was built,
+he moved to this. Canopies covered both pews, while they were further
+marked by the arms of the United States and of New York.
+
+Dr. Morgan Dix, in his address at the Centennial anniversary of the
+completion of the building, told of an old man who had said to him
+that when he was a boy he used to sit with other school-boys in the
+north gallery, and from there he would watch the arrival of the
+General and "Lady Washington" as they came up Fair Street to the
+church, in a coach and four.
+
+In the same address Dr. Dix said: "The church remains, substantially,
+such as it was in the first days; alterations have been made in it,
+but they have not changed its general appearance. For justness of
+proportion and elegance of style, it still holds a leading place among
+our city churches, and must be regarded as a fine specimen of its
+particular school of architecture. When it was built, the western end
+commanded an uninterrupted view of the river and the Jersey shore, for
+the waters of the Hudson then flowed up to the line of Greenwich
+Street, all beyond is made land."
+
+In the portico of the old church is a monument to General Montgomery,
+a member of St. Paul's parish, who fell at Quebec, and is buried in
+the chapel. This monument, which was sent from France by Benjamin
+Franklin, had an adventurous career. The vessel in which it was
+shipped was captured by the British, and some time elapsed before it
+reached its destined place.
+
+
+  [Illustration: FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY
+   _Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company_
+   See page 97]
+
+XX
+
+FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON TOOK LEAVE OF HIS SOLDIERS
+
+The subscribers of the _Pennsylvania Packet_, on the morning of
+December 2, 1783, read the following pleasing despatch from New York
+City, which was dated November 26, 1783:
+
+      "Yesterday in the morning the American troops marched from
+      Haerlem, to the Bowery lanes. They remained there until about
+      one o'clock, when the British troops left the fort in the
+      Bowery, and the American troops marched in and took
+      possession of the city.--After the troops had taken
+      possession of the city, the GENERAL and GOVERNOR made their
+      public entry in the following manner:--Their excellencies the
+      general and governor with their suites on horseback. The
+      lieutenant governor, and the members of the council for the
+      temporary government of the southern district, four
+      a-breast.--Major-general Knox, and the officers of the army,
+      eight a-breast.--Citizens on horseback, eight a-breast.--The
+      speaker of the assembly and citizens, on foot, eight
+      a-breast.
+
+      "Their excellencies the governor and commander-in-chief were
+      escorted by a body of West Chester light horse, under the
+      command of Captain Delavan. The procession proceeded down
+      Queen [now Pearl] Street, and through the Broad-way to Cape's
+      Tavern. The governor gave a public dinner at Fraunces'
+      tavern; and which the commander-in-chief, and other general
+      officers were present."
+
+The building which Washington made famous that day was erected by
+Etienne de Lancey, probably in 1700. Samuel Fraunces purchased the
+place in 1762. Soon it became one of the most popular taverns in New
+York. Among its patrons were some of the leaders in the Revolution, as
+well as many who were loyal to King George. But Fraunces himself never
+wavered in his allegiance to the Colonies.
+
+One of the clubs that met regularly at Fraunces' was the Social Club,
+of which John Jay, Gouverneur Morris, and Robert R. Livingston were
+members.
+
+During the occupation of New York by the British the tavern did not
+have an opportunity to play a part in the history of the country,
+though the daughter of the proprietor, who was a tavern keeper at
+Washington's Richmond Hill headquarters, made ineffective a plot to
+poison the Commander-in-Chief.
+
+Ten days after Washington's triumphal entry into the city, and the
+dinner at the tavern, one of the rooms was the scene of a historic
+event of which Rivington's _New York Gazette_ told in these words:
+
+      "Last Thursday noon (December 4) the principal officers of
+      the army in town assembled at Fraunces' tavern to take a
+      final leave of their illustrious, gracious and much loved
+      comrade, General Washington. The passions of human nature
+      were never more tenderly agitated than in this interesting
+      and distressful scene. His excellency, having filled a glass
+      of wine, thus addressed his brave fellow-soldiers:
+
+      "'With an heart full of love and gratitude I now take leave
+      of you: I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as
+      prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious
+      and honorable.'
+
+      "These words produced extreme sensibility on both sides; they
+      were answered by warm expressions, and fervent wishes, from
+      the gentlemen of the army, whose truly pathetic feelings it
+      is not in our power to convey to the reader. Soon after this
+      scene was closed, his excellency the Governor, the honorable
+      the Council and Citizens of the first distinction waited on
+      the general and in terms the most affectionate took their
+      leave."
+
+Two years later Fraunces sold the tavern, but it retains his name to
+this day. It is still at the corner of Broad and Pearl streets. Many
+changes have been made in the building, under the direction of the
+Sons of the Revolution, and it will continue to attract visitors as
+long as it stands.
+
+
+XXI
+
+THE GRANGE, NEW YORK CITY
+
+WHERE ALEXANDER HAMILTON SPENT HIS LAST YEARS
+
+After nineteen years of moving from house to house and from city to
+city, Alexander Hamilton made up his mind to have a home of his own.
+In 1780 he had taken Elizabeth Schuyler from a mansion in Albany that
+was, in its day, almost a palace; and in 1799 he felt that the time
+had come to give her a home of corresponding comfort.
+
+At this time he was commander-in-chief of the army of the United
+States, a service that was made notable, among other things, by his
+suggestion and preparation of plans for the West Point Military
+Academy.
+
+The chosen site for the house, nine miles from Bowling Green, was
+bounded by the present St. Nicholas and Tenth Avenues and 141st and
+145th streets. The coach from New York to Albany afforded regular
+transportation to the spot, though, of course, Hamilton had his own
+equipage. When he planned the house he thought his income of $12,000
+would be ample to care for the property. Accordingly he felt justified
+in offering £800 for sixteen acres, one-half of which was to be paid
+in cash, the balance within a year.
+
+The architect chosen was John McComb, the designer of New York's old
+City Hall. Hamilton and his father-in-law, General Schuyler, had a
+hand in the development of the plans. In a letter to Hamilton, written
+August 25, 1800, General Schuyler said:
+
+      "If the house is boarded on the outside, and the clapboards
+      put on, and filled on the inside with brick, I am persuaded
+      no water will pass to the brick. If the clapboards are well
+      painted, and filling in with brick will be little if any more
+      expensive than lath and plaister, the former will prevent the
+      nuisance occasioned by rats and mice, to which you will be
+      eternally exposed if lath and plaister is made use of instead
+      of brick."
+
+The mason's specifications, quoted by Allan MacLane Hamilton, were as
+follows:
+
+      "Proposal for finishing General Hamilton's Country
+      House--Viz.
+
+      To build two Stacks of Chimneys to contain eight fire-places,
+      exclusive of those in Cellar Story.
+
+      To fill in with brick all the outside walls of the 1st and
+      2nd stories, also all the interior walls that Separate the
+      two Octagon Rooms--and the two rooms over them--from the Hall
+      and other Rooms in both Stories.
+
+      To lath and plaster the side walls of 1st and 2nd stories
+      with two coats & set in white.
+
+      To plaster the interior walls which separate the Octagon Room
+      in both Stories, to be finished white, or as General Hamilton
+      may chose.
+
+      To lath and plaster all the other partitions in both stories.
+
+      To lath and plaster the Ceiling of the Cellar Story
+      throughout.
+
+      To plaster the Sidewalls of Kitchen, Drawing Room, Hall &
+      passage, & to point & whitewash the Stone and brick walls of
+      the other part of Cellar Story. To Point outside walls of
+      Cellar Story and to fill in under the Sills.
+
+      To lay both Kitchen hearths with brick, placed edge ways.
+
+      To put a Strong Iron back in the Kitchen fire-place, five
+      feet long by 2½ 9" high.
+
+      To Put another Iron back in the Drawing Room 3'--6" by
+      2'--9".
+
+      To place two Iron Cranes in the Kitchen fire Place--& an Iron
+      door for the oven mouth.
+
+      The Rooms, Hall and Passage of the first Story to have neat
+      Stocco Cornices--Those of Octagon Rooms of Best Kind (but not
+      inriched).
+
+      To put up the two setts of Italian Marble in the Octagon
+      Room, such as General Hamilton may choose--and six setts of
+      Stone Chimney pieces for the other Rooms.
+
+      The Four fireplaces in the two Octagon rooms & the two rooms
+      over them, to have Iron Backs and jambs, and four fire places
+      to have backs only.
+
+      To lay the foundations for eight piers for the Piazza.
+
+      Mr. McComb to find at his own expense all the Material
+      requisite for the afore described work and execute it in a
+      good & workmenlike manner for one thousand Eight Hundred and
+      Seventy five Dollars.
+
+      General Hamilton to have all the Materials carted and to have
+      all the Carpenter work done at his expense--
+
+      General Hamilton is to find the workmen their board or to
+      allow ---- shillings per day for each days work in thereof."
+
+One of the workmen on the house was paid $424.50 for three and
+one-half years' work. Another laborer was given $152.18 for sixteen
+months and twenty-seven days, or ninepence per day. The cost of the
+house, complete, was £1,550.
+
+The country place was a joy, both indoors and out. The garden was
+especially attractive to Hamilton. In a letter written from The Grange
+to a friend in South Carolina, he said:
+
+      "A garden, you know, is a very usual refuge of a disappointed
+      politician. The melons in your country are very fine. Will
+      you have the goodness to send me some seed, both of the water
+      and musk melons?"
+
+Guests were numerous. Gouverneur Morris and General Schuyler were
+often at The Grange. Chancellor Kent, after a visit paid in April,
+1804, wrote to his wife:
+
+      "I went with General Hamilton on Saturday, the 21st, and
+      stayed till Sunday evening. There was a furious and dreadful
+      storm on Saturday night. It blew almost a hurricane. His
+      house stands high, and was much exposed, and I am certain
+      that in the second story, where I slept, it rocked like a
+      cradle. He never appeared before so friendly and amiable. I
+      was alone, and he treated me with a minute attention that I
+      did not suppose he knew how to bestow. His manners were also
+      very delicate and chaste. His daughter, who is nineteen years
+      old, has a very uncommon simplicity and modesty of
+      deportment, and he appeared in his domestic state the plain,
+      modest, and affectionate father and husband."
+
+The ideal life at The Grange continued only until July 13, 1804. That
+morning Hamilton set out as if for the office in the city as usual,
+without informing Mrs. Hamilton of the impending duel with Aaron Burr.
+At noon the wife was at the side of her husband, who died next day.
+
+After his death there were put in her hands two letters. In these he
+told of his purpose to permit his antagonist to shoot him:
+
+      "The scruples of a Christian have determined me to expose my
+      own life to any extent rather than subject myself to the
+      guilt of taking the life of another. This much increases my
+      hazards, and redoubles my pangs for you....
+
+      "If it had been possible for me to have avoided the
+      interview, my love for you and my precious children would
+      have been alone a decisive motive. But it was not possible,
+      without sacrifices which would have rendered me unworthy of
+      your esteem."
+
+Mrs. Hamilton remained at The Grange as long as possible, directing
+the men in the care of the estate and caring for her children. But she
+could not afford to keep a carriage, and the inaccessibleness of the
+estate and the drain it made on her limited purse soon made it
+necessary for her to rent a house in the city.
+
+Though friends proposed the raising of a fund that would care for Mrs.
+Hamilton and the children, it does not seem that there was any relief
+until 1816, when Congress gave to Mrs. Hamilton back pay amounting to
+ten thousand dollars.
+
+After The Grange was sold to pay debts, its career was checkered. Some
+years ago it was moved to the east side of Convent Avenue, and it then
+became the schoolhouse of St. Luke's Episcopal Church.
+
+
+  [Illustration: VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 104]
+
+XXII
+
+THE VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY
+
+AT THE EDGE OF THE MANHATTAN "NEUTRAL GROUND"
+
+In 1699 Jacobus Van Cortlandt bought the first fifty acres of the
+ground now included in Van Cortlandt Park, New York City, and for one
+hundred and ninety years the property remained in the Van Cortlandt
+family. Until fifty-three years before the first of the Van
+Cortlandts acquired it, the Indians were the undisputed possessors of
+the plot.
+
+Adriæn Van der Donck, the first settler to acquire title, lived until
+his death in the _bouwerie_ or farmhouse, which he built on the shore
+of a brook. When Jacobus Van Cortlandt built his _bouwerie_ by the
+side of the same brook, he dammed the water to make a mill-pond, which
+is to-day the beautiful Van Cortlandt lake. There he built a grist
+mill which remained in use until 1889. Early visitors to the lake
+delighted to study the ancient structure to which, during the
+Revolution, both British and patriot soldiers resorted with their
+grain. The mill was struck by lightning and destroyed in 1901.
+
+The third house on the estate was built in 1748 by Frederick the son
+of Jacobus, who acquired by the will of his father the "farm, situate,
+lying, and being in a place commonly called and known by the name of
+Little or Lower Yonkers." This house, which was modelled after the
+Philipse Manor House at Yonkers, is still in a fine state of
+preservation. Since 1897, it has been used as a public museum, in
+charge of the Colonial Dames of the State of New York.
+
+The room fitted up as a museum was occupied by General Washington on
+the occasion of his visit to the house in 1783. This room is also
+pointed out as the scene of the death of Captain Rowe of the Hessian
+jaegers, who was severely wounded near the house. When he realised
+that he could not recover, he sent in haste for the young woman who
+had promised to marry him, and he died in her arms.
+
+Other famous visitors were Rochambeau, Admiral Digby, and William
+Henry, Duke of Clarence, who became King William IV of England.
+Admiral Digby, after his departure, sent to Augustus Van Cortlandt,
+the owner of the house, two wooden vultures, which he had captured
+from a Spanish privateer. These vultures are now in the museum.
+
+The old house was the centre of important military operations during
+the Revolution. Washington fortified eight strategic spots in the
+vicinity of Kingsbridge, and when he withdrew before the British
+occupied the fortification, a number of Hessian jaegers were quartered
+in the Van Cortlandt House. To the north of the house was the neutral
+ground for which the two armies continually struggled for possession.
+In 1781, when Washington was about to withdraw his army to Yorktown,
+he directed that camp-fires be lit on Vault Hill, the site of the Van
+Cortlandt family vault. By this stratagem he succeeded for a time in
+deceiving the enemy as to his movements.
+
+Since the building of the Broadway subway Van Cortlandt Park has been
+so easy of access that the number of visitors to the historic spot has
+rapidly increased.
+
+
+XXIII
+
+THE HASBROUCK HOUSE, NEWBURGH, NEW YORK
+
+WHERE THE CLOSING DRAMA OF THE REVOLUTION WAS STAGED
+
+During the entire period of the Revolution the country about Newburgh
+was an important centre of military operations. West Point was
+fortified in 1776, that the British might not be able to carry out
+their design of separating New England from the middle colonies. Many
+officers had their headquarters within a few miles of these
+fortifications. Lafayette was at the Williams House, three miles north
+of Newburgh, while Generals Green, Gates, and Knox were at Vail's
+Gate, four miles south of the town. General George Clinton was at
+Little Britain, and General Anthony Wayne was in Newburgh.
+
+Washington's first stay in the vicinity was at Vail's Gate, New
+Windsor, in the winter of 1779-80. His longest sojourn, however, was
+in the house which Jonathan Hasbrouck built in 1750 and enlarged in
+1770. The best description of this substantial one-story stone house
+at the time of Washington's residence there is contained in the
+"Memoirs" of Marquis de Chastellux, who was the guest of the
+Commander-in-chief on December 6, 1872:
+
+      "The largest room in it, (which was the proprietor's parlor
+      for his family, and which General Washington has converted
+      into his dining-room) is in truth tolerably spacious, but it
+      has seven doors and only one window. The chimney, or rather
+      the chimney back, is against the wall; so that there is in
+      fact but one vent for the smoke, and the fire is in the room
+      itself. I found the company assembled in a small room, which
+      served by way of parlor. At nine supper was served, and when
+      the hour of bed-time came, I found that the chamber, to which
+      the General conducted me, was the very parlor I speak of,
+      wherein he had made them place a camp bed...."
+
+The records of the months when Washington was an occupant of the old
+Dutch house are among the most interesting of the war. For instance,
+on May 10, 1782, there came tidings of the arrival in New York of Sir
+Guy Carleton, the new British commander, who wrote that he desired to
+tell of the king's idea of a possible peace, and of the attitude of
+the House of Commons. He closed his letter by saying, "If war must
+prevail, I shall endeavor to render its miseries as light to the
+people of this continent as the circumstances of such a condition will
+possibly permit."
+
+Two days earlier Washington wrote a letter to Meschech Weare in which
+he seems to have anticipated and discredited Carleton's word of
+appeal:
+
+      "They are meant to amuse this country with a false idea of
+      peace, to draw us off from our connection with France, and to
+      lull us into a state of security and inactivity, which having
+      taken place, the ministry will be left to prosecute the war
+      in other parts of the world with greater vigor and effect."
+
+In less than two weeks a tempter of an entirely different sort
+approached Washington. Lewis Nicola, colonel of the corps of invalids,
+wrote to tell of the fact that the officers and soldiers were
+discontented because they had not received their pay. Then he
+intimated that he had no hope of the success of republican
+institutions, but thought this country needed a ruler like a king,
+though he might not be called king, owing to the objection to that
+word. Yet he added, "I believe strong arguments might be produced for
+admitting the title of KING, which I conceive would be attended with
+some material advantages."
+
+To this letter Washington sent prompt reply, on May 22, 1782:
+
+      "SIR: With a mixture of great surprise and astonishment, I
+      have read with attention the sentiments you have submitted
+      to my perusal. Be assured, Sir, no occurrence in the course
+      of the war has given me more painful sensations, than your
+      information of there being such ideas existing in the army,
+      as you have expressed, and I must view with abhorrence and
+      reprehend with severity. For the present the Communication of
+      this will rest in my own bosom, unless some further agitation
+      of the matter shall make a disclosure necessary.
+
+      "I am much at a loss to conceive what part of my conduct
+      could have given encouragement to an address, which to me
+      seems big with the greatest mischiefs that can befall my
+      country. If I am not deceived in the knowledge of myself, you
+      could not have found a person to whom your schemes are more
+      disagreeable. At the same time, in justice to my own
+      feelings, I must add that no man possesses a more sincere
+      wish to see ample justice done to the Army than I do, and so
+      far as my power and influence, in a constitutional way,
+      extend, they shall be employed to the utmost of my abilities
+      to effect it, should there be any occasion. Let me conjure
+      you then, if you have any regard for your country, concern
+      for yourself or respect for me, to banish these thoughts from
+      your mind, and never communicate, as from yourself or any one
+      else, a sentiment of the like nature.
+
+      "With esteem I am, sir, Your most obedient servant,
+
+        "GEORGE WASHINGTON."
+
+That Washington desired to be a simple resident on his own estate at
+Mount Vernon instead of king of the new country, was emphasized by a
+letter written on June 15 to Archibald Cary:
+
+      "I can truly say, that the first wish of my soul is to return
+      speedily into the bosom of that country which gave me birth,
+      and, in the sweet enjoyment of domestic happiness and the
+      company of a few friends, to end my days in quiet, when I
+      shall be called from this stage."
+
+There was joy in the village on the banks of the Hudson when, late in
+1782, a letter came from Sir Guy Carleton announcing that negotiations
+for a general peace had already begun in Paris, and that the king had
+decided to propose the independence of the thirteen Provinces "in the
+first instance, instead of granting it as a condition of a general
+treaty."
+
+In the long interval before the receipt of decisive word concerning
+peace, the sagacity of Washington was once more tested severely. There
+was still disaffection among the officers and the men because they had
+not been paid, and because Congress seemed to pay no attention to
+their protests. Washington learned that a call had been issued for a
+meeting of officers to be held in New Windsor to consider taking
+matters into their own hands and forcing Congress to act.
+
+Washington did not hesitate. He asked the officers to meet him in the
+very building in which they had planned to make their plans for
+revolt. Then he appealed to their patriotism, urging them not to put a
+stain on their noble service by hasty action. When he had gone, the
+officers acted in a way that justified the General's confidence.
+Unanimously they promised all that had been asked of them, and voted
+to thank Washington for his method of dealing with them.
+
+On March 19, 1783, four days after this action, Washington
+acknowledged to Congress receipt of word that the preliminary articles
+of peace had been signed on November 30, and on April 18 he ordered
+the cessation of hostilities, in accordance with the proclamation of
+Congress.
+
+The Hasbrouck house was sold by the family to New York State in 1849.
+For twenty-four years, by act of Assembly, the historic quarters were
+cared for by the trustees of the village, and later by the city
+authorities. In May, 1874, trustees appointed by the legislature took
+over the property and have held it ever since, for the benefit of the
+people.
+
+
+
+
+THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH THE PATRIOTS
+
+     _See the ancient manse
+       Meet its fate at last!
+     Time, in his advance,
+       Age nor honor knows;
+     Axe and broadaxe fall,
+       Lopping off the Past:
+     Hit with bar and maul,
+       Down the old house goes!_
+
+     _Sevenscore years it stood;
+       Yes, they built it well,
+     Though they built of wood,
+       When that house arose.
+     For its cross-beams square
+       Oak and walnut fell;
+     Little worse for wear,
+       Down the old house goes!_
+
+     _On these oaken floors
+       High-shoed ladies trod;
+     Through those panelled doors
+       Trailed their furbelows;
+     Long their day has ceased;
+       Now, beneath the sod,
+     With the worms they feast,--
+       Down the old house goes!_
+
+     _Many a bride has stood
+       In yon spacious room;
+     Here her hand was wooed
+       Underneath the rose;
+     O'er that sill the dead
+       Reached the family tomb;
+     All that were have fled,--
+       Down the old house goes!_
+
+     _Once, in yonder hall,
+       Washington, they say,
+     Led the New Year's ball,
+       Stateliest of beaux;
+     O that minuet,
+       Maids and matrons gay!
+     Are there such sights yet?
+       Down the old house goes!_
+
+     _Doorway high the box
+       In the grass-plot spreads;
+     It has borne its locks
+       Through a thousand snows;
+     In an evil day,
+       From those garden beds
+     Now 'tis hacked away,--
+       Down the old house goes!_
+
+       EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN.
+
+
+
+
+THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH THE PATRIOTS
+
+
+  [Illustration: THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY, N. J.
+   _Photo furnished by W. A. Little, D.D., Perth Amboy_
+   See page 115]
+
+XXIV
+
+THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY
+
+THE HOME OF THE SON OF WHOM BENJAMIN FRANKLIN VAINLY TRIED TO MAKE A
+PATRIOT
+
+There was a time when Benjamin Franklin was proud of his son William,
+and was glad to have his name coupled with that of the young man.
+
+The first year of the father's service in the Pennsylvania Assembly
+William was appointed clerk of that body; this fact is mentioned with
+pride in the Autobiography.
+
+When General Braddock was sent from England to America to oppose the
+union of the Colonies for defence, "lest they should thereby grow too
+military and feel their own strength," Franklin was sent by the
+Assembly to Fredericktown, Maryland, to confer with the General. "My
+son accompanied me on the journey," the Autobiography says.
+
+At Braddock's request Franklin advertised at Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
+for one hundred and fifty wagons for the proposed expedition into the
+interior, and at the close of the advertisement was the note, "My son,
+William Franklin, is empowered to enter into like contracts with any
+person in Cumberland County."
+
+Later, when the father was asked to secure financial assistance for
+certain subalterns in Braddock's company, he wrote to the Assembly,
+recommending that a present of necessaries and refreshments be sent to
+those officers. "My son, who had some experience of camp life and of
+its wants, drew up a list for me which I enclos'd in my letter," the
+father wrote.
+
+When, during the French and Indian War, the Governor of Pennsylvania
+asked Franklin to take charge of "our Northwestern frontier which was
+infested by the enemy, and provide for the defence of the inhabitants
+by raising troops and building a line of forts," he went to the front
+with five hundred and sixty men. In the Autobiography he wrote, "My
+son, who had in the preceding war, been an officer in the army rais'd
+against Canada, was my aid-de-camp, and of great use to me."
+
+And in 1771, when beginning his Autobiography, Franklin addressed it
+"Dear Son," and spoke of the trip the two had taken together to
+England, to make "enquiries among the remains of my relations." Then
+he added:
+
+      "Imagining it may be equally agreeable to you to know the
+      circumstances of my life, many of which you are yet
+      unacquainted with, and expecting the enjoyment of a week's
+      uninterrupted leisure in my present country retirement, I sit
+      down to write them for you."
+
+Six years before the beginning of the Autobiography, Franklin, in
+company with six other Philadelphians, entered on a land speculation
+in Nova Scotia. Together they bought two hundred thousand acres of
+land. There they intended to found a colony. Two shiploads of
+emigrants were taken to Monkton, the site of the proposed colony, but
+most of the men settled on other land, finding that this could be had
+practically for nothing. Franklin's will later provided that William
+be given an interest in the Nova Scotia property, and he explained the
+gift by saying that this was "the only part of his estate remaining
+under the sovereignty of the king of Great Britain."
+
+What was the explanation of the father's changed attitude to his son
+that led him to make his bequest in such unpleasant terms?
+
+After William Franklin's return from the frontier, he was appointed
+governor-in-chief of the Province of New Jersey. A mansion was built
+for him in Perth Amboy by the Lord Proprietor. Its construction
+required a somewhat extended time, for it was a grand place; no wonder
+it was called "The Palace." But in 1774 the Governor took possession.
+
+Of course this was not the reason for the breach with his father.
+Again Benjamin Franklin was proud of his son, and of the lavish
+entertainments he made for his associates.
+
+But the father began to shake his head when his son became a favorite
+of the Tories in Perth Amboy who had looked askance on his
+appointment, the year before. He was told that William would himself
+remain a loyalist when the break came with Great Britain, and he was
+compelled to believe that there was serious ground for the charge. He
+decided, however, to make a supreme effort to rouse the Governor to
+the call of patriotism. Accordingly, in 1775, he sought the Palace and
+pleaded with William to forsake his Tory associates, turn his back on
+the king who had turned his back on the Colonies, and become a
+steadfast defender of his country's rights.
+
+What a subject that interview would make for an artist! Opposed to the
+luxury-loving governor, in the house furnished for his satisfaction by
+the Tories with whom he had chosen to ally himself, was the sturdy
+figure of the sage of Pennsylvania, who was ready to lay down his life
+in the defence of his country.
+
+It must have been a stirring interview. But it was fruitless. Benjamin
+Franklin went back to Philadelphia a disappointed man. His feelings
+were expressed in the letter in which he said, "I am deserted by my
+only son."
+
+Within a year Governor Franklin was practically a prisoner in the
+Palace, in consequence of the discovery that he was plotting against
+the Colonies. When he persisted in courses that troubled Congress, he
+was arrested and taken to Burlington. Mrs. Franklin fled to New York,
+and the Palace was at the mercy of the British. On several occasions
+the house was used as headquarters by British generals, and soldiers
+made their encampment on the grounds.
+
+Though the interior of the Palace was destroyed by fire soon after the
+war, the house was restored, and it still looks much as it did when
+Franklin, the patriot, stood within its walls. For years it was used
+as a hotel, and later as a private residence. In 1883 it was made a
+Home for aged ministers of the Presbyterian Church. To-day it is again
+used as a hotel.
+
+
+XXV
+
+THE CHURCH AT CALDWELL, NEW JERSEY
+
+WITH GLIMPSES OF THE FIGHTING CHAPLAIN CALDWELL
+
+The trying days of the Revolution would not seem to be a favorable
+time for the beginning of a church, especially in the section of New
+Jersey which was so often overrun by the soldiers of both armies. Yet
+it was at this critical time that many of the people of Horseneck (now
+Caldwell), New Jersey, near Montclair, were looking forward to the
+organization of a church and the building of a house of worship.
+Timbers were in fact drawn and framed for church purposes, but the war
+interfered with the completion of the project.
+
+The donation, in 1779, of ninety acres of wild land in the centre of
+the settlement gave the prospective congregation new heart. On this
+land a parsonage was begun in 1782. The upper portion of this house,
+unplastered and unceiled, was used for church purposes until 1796.
+
+The final organization of the church dates from December 3, 1784, when
+forty persons signed their names to the following curious agreement:
+
+      "We Whose Names are Under writen Living at the Place called
+      Horse Neck, Being this Day to be Formed or Embodied as a
+      Church of _Jesus Christ_, Do Solemnly Declare that as we do
+      desire to be founded Only on the Rock Christ Jesus, So we
+      would not wish to Build on this foundation, Wood Hay and
+      Stubble, but Gold and Silver and Precious Stones; and as it
+      is our profested Sentiments that a Visible Church of Christ,
+      Consists of Visible Believers with their Children, so no
+      Adult Persons ought to be Admitted as members but such as
+      Credibly profess True Faith in Jesus Christ, Love, Obedience,
+      and Subjection to Him, Holding the Fundamental Doctrines of
+      the Gospel, and who will Solemnly Enter into Covenant to Walk
+      Worthy such an Holy Profession as we do this Day."
+
+The last survivor of those who signed this document was General
+William Gould, who died February 12, 1847, in his ninetieth year.
+During the Revolution he saw much active service, especially at the
+battles of Springfield and Monmouth and the campaigns that preceded
+and followed these conflicts.
+
+But the connection of the church with the Revolution came rather
+through Rev. James Caldwell, who was pastor of the First Presbyterian
+Church of Elizabeth Town. During the early years of the struggling
+congregation he was their adviser and helper, and after his death the
+name of the church was changed to Caldwell, in his honor.
+
+Mr. Caldwell--who had among his parishioners in Elizabeth Town William
+Livingston, the Governor of the State, Elias Boudinot, Commissary
+General of Prisons and President of Congress, Abraham Clark, one of
+the signers of the Declaration of Independence, as well as more than
+forty commissioned officers of the Continental Army--was one of the
+famous chaplains of the war, having been chosen in 1776 chaplain of
+the regiment largely made up of his own members. Later he was
+Assistant Commissary General.
+
+The British called him the "Fighting Chaplain," and he was cordially
+hated because of his zeal for the cause of the patriots. His life was
+always in danger, and when he was able to spend a Sunday with his
+congregation he would preach with his cavalry pistols on the pulpit,
+while sentinels were stationed at the doors to give warning.
+
+The enmity of the British led to the burning of the chaplain's church,
+and the murder, a few months later, of Mrs. Caldwell. While she was
+sitting in a rear room at the house at Connecticutt Farms, where she
+had been sent for safety, surrounded by her children, a soldier thrust
+his musket through the window and fired at her.
+
+Mr. Caldwell survived the war, in spite of the efforts of the British
+to capture him, only to be murdered on November 24, 1781, by a
+Continental soldier who was thought to have been bribed by those whose
+enmity the chaplain had earned during the conflict.
+
+The Elizabeth Town congregation succeeded in rebuilding their church
+five years after it was destroyed, but the delayed Caldwell church
+building was not ready for its occupants until 1795. The timbers for
+the church were hewed in the forest where the trees were felled and
+were drawn by oxen to the site selected. Forty men worked several days
+to raise the frame. Lime was made from sea shells, which were hauled
+from Bergen, and then burned in a kiln erected near the church lot.
+
+The interior of the building was plain. The pulpit, "about the size of
+a hogshead," was built on a single pillar, against the wall; above
+this was a sounding board. The windows had neither blinds nor
+curtains, and nothing was painted but the pulpit. The backs of the
+pews were exactly perpendicular. Provision was made regularly for the
+purchase of sand to freshen the floors. This building was burned in
+1872.
+
+The first pastor, Rev. Stephen Grover, received as salary one hundred
+and fifty dollars a year, though this sum was to be increased ten
+dollars a year until the total was two hundred and fifty dollars. Of
+course the use of the parsonage and land was given in addition.
+
+Mr. Grover was pastor for forty-six years, and his successor was Rev.
+Richard F. Cleveland, to whose son, born in the old manse at
+Caldwell,--which was purchased in 1912 by the Grover Cleveland
+Birthplace Memorial Association,--was given the name Stephen Grover,
+in memory of the first pastor of the church. Forty-seven years later
+Stephen Grover Cleveland became President of the United States.
+
+For the first ten months of its history the Caldwell church was
+Presbyterian, then it became Congregational, but since 1831 it has
+been a Presbyterian body.
+
+
+  [Illustration: OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD, N. J.
+   _Photo by Hall's Studio, Freehold_
+   See page 122]
+
+XXVI
+
+OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD, NEW JERSEY
+
+ON THE BATTLE FIELD OF MONMOUTH
+
+One of the bas-reliefs on the monument commemorating the decisive
+Battle of Monmouth, which has been called the turning-point of the War
+for Independence, represents the famous Molly Pitcher as she took the
+place at the gun of her disabled husband. In the background of the
+relief is the roof and steeple of Old Tennent, the church near which
+the battle raged all day long.
+
+Tennent Presbyterian Church was organized about 1692. The first
+building was probably built of logs. The second structure, more
+ambitious, was planned in 1730. Twenty years later a third structure
+was demanded by the growing congregation. This building, which was
+twenty-seven years old at the time of the battle of Monmouth, is still
+standing.
+
+The plan called for a building sixty feet long and forty feet wide.
+The present pastor of the church, Rev. Frank R. Symmes, in his story
+of the church, says of the building:
+
+      "The sides were sheathed with long cedar shingles, and
+      fastened with nails patiently wrought out on an anvil, and
+      the interior was finished with beaded and panelled Jersey
+      pine.... The pulpit ... is placed on the north side of the
+      room, against the wall, with narrow stairs leading up to it,
+      closed in with a door. The Bible desk is nine feet above the
+      audience floor, with a great sounding board overhanging the
+      whole.... Below the main pulpit a second desk or sub-pulpit
+      is built, where the precentor used to stand.... The galleries
+      extend along three sides of the room."
+
+Among the early pastors of the church were Rev. John Tennent and his
+brother, Rev. William Tennent, members of a family famous in the early
+history of the Presbyterian Church in New Jersey. In consequence of
+their forty-seven years of service the church became known as "Old
+Tennent."
+
+The story of the marriage of Rev. William Tennent is a tradition in
+the congregation. In spite of his salary of about one hundred pounds,
+and the use of the parsonage farm, he became financially embarrassed.
+A friend from New York who visited him when he was thirty-three years
+old told him he ought to marry and suggested a widow of his
+acquaintance. Mr. Tennent agreed to the proposition that he go to New
+York in company with his friend, and see if matters could not be
+arranged. So, before noon next day, he was introduced to Mrs. Noble.
+"He was much pleased with her appearance," the story goes on, "and
+when left alone with her, abruptly told her that he supposed her
+brother had informed her of his errand; that neither his time nor his
+inclination would suffer him to use much ceremony, but that if she
+approved ... he would return on Monday, be married, and immediately
+take her home." Thus in one week she found herself mistress of his
+house. She proved a most invaluable treasure to him.
+
+The year after the death of Mr. Tennent, on Sunday, June 28, 1778,
+General Washington, at the head of about six thousand men, hurried by
+Old Tennent. That morning he had been at Englishtown where the sound of
+cannon told him his advance forces under General Lee were battling with
+the British. Washington was about one hundred yards beyond the church
+door when he met the first straggler who told him that Lee had
+retreated before the British. A little further on the Commander-in-chief
+met Lee. After rebuking him sharply he hastened forward, and rallied
+the retreating Continentals. The renewed battle continued until
+evening when the British were driven back to a defensive position.
+During the night they retired, to the surprise of Washington, who
+hoped to renew the battle in the morning. The victory snatched from
+defeat in this, one of the most stubbornly contested and longest
+battles of the war, gave new courage to the Colonies.
+
+During the battle wounded soldiers were carried to the church, where
+members of the congregation tended them, in what could not have been a
+very secure refuge, since musket balls pierced the walls. An exhausted
+American soldier, while trying to make his way to the building, sat
+for rest on the grave of Sarah Mattison. While he was there a cannon
+ball wounded him and broke off a piece of the headstone. Watchers
+carried him into the church where he was laid on one of the pews. The
+stains of blood are still to be seen on the board seat, while the
+marks of his hands were visible on the book-rest of the pew until the
+wood was grained.
+
+A tablet has been placed on the front wall of the church with this
+message:
+
+                        1778-1901
+                In Grateful Remembrance
+       of Patriots Who, on Sabbath June 28, 1778,
+     Gained the Victory Which Was the Turning Point
+               Of the War for Independence,
+              And to Mark a Memorable Spot on
+                The Battlefield of Monmouth,
+         This Tablet is placed by Monmouth Chapter
+           Daughters of the American Revolution
+                    September 26, 1901.
+
+Not far from the church is the monument commemorating the battle
+itself. Spirited bronze reliefs on this tell the story of some of the
+picturesque incidents of the memorable struggle.
+
+
+XXVII
+
+THE FORD MANSION, MORRISTOWN, NEW JERSEY
+
+FROM WHICH ALEXANDER HAMILTON WENT COURTING
+
+New Jersey, which was the scene of so many battles during the
+Revolution, was also the scene of what was perhaps Washington's
+pleasantest winter during the war. From December, 1799, to June, 1780,
+the Commander-in-chief lived at the Ford Mansion with his "family," as
+he was fond of calling Mrs. Washington and his aides.
+
+During these months he was busily engaged in making plans for the
+later successful conduct of the war, yet he took time for those social
+relaxations which were a needed relief from the anxious strain of the
+long conflict.
+
+Among those who helped to make that winter memorable were Surgeon
+General John Cochrane and Mrs. Cochrane, who occupied the Campfield
+House close by, and General and Mrs. Philip Schuyler, who had come
+down from Albany for a season at headquarters. Mrs. Schuyler and Mrs.
+Cochrane were sisters. Elizabeth Schuyler had come in advance of her
+parents, and for a time was a guest at the Campfield House.
+
+Visitors from France were arriving from time to time, bringing word of
+the alliance that was to mean so much to the Colonies, and conferring
+as to methods of cooperation.
+
+In one wing of the Ford Mansion lived Mrs. Ford and her son Timothy.
+In the rooms set apart for the use of Washington's family eighteen
+people were crowded. Two of these were Alexander Hamilton and Tench
+Tilghman, both members of the General's staff.
+
+Though Mrs. Washington delighted to put on style, on occasion, she
+could also be plain and simple. There had been times during the war
+when she was not ashamed to drive to headquarters in a coach and four.
+But sometimes at Morristown she was in a different mood--as, for
+instance, one day when a number of the ladies of the neighborhood,
+dressed in their best, called to pay their respects to her. To their
+surprise they found her sitting in a speckled apron, knitting
+stockings. If they were ill at ease at first, their state of mind can
+be imagined when their hostess began to talk to them of the need of
+care in their expenditures for their country's sake. After telling
+them of a dress she had made out of the carefully unravelled
+upholstery of a set of chairs, she completed their consternation by
+saying:
+
+      "American ladies should be patterns of industry to their
+      countrywomen, because the separation from the mother-country
+      will dry up the source whence many of our comforts have been
+      derived. We must become independent by our determination to
+      do without what we cannot make ourselves. While our husbands
+      and brothers are examples of patriotism, we must be examples
+      of thrift and economy."
+
+The coming of Elizabeth Schuyler to the Campfield House was the signal
+for a spirited contest for her favor between two of Washington's
+aides. Both Hamilton and Tilghman had met her at her father's house in
+Albany, and both called on her. But Hamilton soon distanced his
+comrade in the race for her favor. It was not long until everybody was
+watching developments. Both of the young people were favorites. It is
+related that even a young soldier on sentry duty late one night was
+persuaded to a breach of military rules by his interest in Hamilton's
+courtship. That night the lover was on his way home after spending an
+evening with his Betsey. Evidently the young man had been thinking of
+anything but the countersign, for when he was halted and asked to give
+the countersign words he cudgelled his brain in vain. Then he
+whispered to the sentry, "Tell me!" And the sentry did tell. Whereupon
+Hamilton drew himself up before the soldier, gravely gave the
+countersign, and passed on to his quarters.
+
+There was no time for long courtship in those days of quick movements
+in military circles. So, before long, Hamilton was writing to
+Elizabeth Schuyler such cheering letters as the following:
+
+      "I would not have you imagine, Miss, that I write you so
+      often to gratify your wishes or please your vanity, but
+      merely to indulge myself, and to comply with that restless
+      property of my mind which will not be happy unless I am doing
+      something, in which you are concerned. This may seem a very
+      idle disposition in a philosopher and a soldier; but I can
+      plead illustrious examples in my justification. Achilles
+      liked to have sacrificed Greece and his glory for a female
+      captive; and Anthony lost the world for a woman. I am very
+      sorry times are so changed as to oblige me to go to antiquity
+      for my apology, but I confess to the disgrace of the present
+      that I have not been able to find as many who are as far gone
+      as myself in their laudable zeal of the fair sex. I suspect,
+      however, that if others knew the charms of my sweetheart as
+      well as I do, I should have a great number of competitors. I
+      wish I could give you an idea of her. You have no conception
+      of how sweet a girl she is. It is only in my heart that her
+      image is truly drawn. She has a comely form, and a mind still
+      more lovely; she is all goodness, the gentlest, the dearest,
+      the tenderest of her sex. Oh, Betsey, how I love her!"
+
+Who could withstand such a lover? Elizabeth Schuyler did not, and her
+father commended her judgment. For he wrote to Hamilton:
+
+      "You cannot, my dear sir, be more happy at the connexion you
+      have made with my family than I am. Until the child of a
+      parent has made a judicious choice, his heart is in critical
+      anxiety; but this anxiety was removed the moment I discovered
+      on whom she had placed her affection. I am pleased with every
+      instance of delicacy in those who are dear to me; and I think
+      I read your soul on that occasion you mention. I shall
+      therefore only entreat you to consider me as one who wishes
+      in every way to promote your happiness, and I shall."
+
+The young people were married at the Schuyler homestead in Albany on
+December 14, 1780.
+
+To-day the Ford Mansion where Hamilton dreamed of a conquest in which
+the British had no part is owned by the Washington Association of New
+Jersey, and is open to visitors. The Campfield House is to be found on
+a side street; it has been moved from its original site.
+
+
+  [Illustration: NASSAU HALL AND THE FIRST PRESIDENT'S HOUSE,
+   _Photo by R. H. Rose and Son, Princeton_ PRINCETON, N. J.
+   See page 130]
+
+XXVIII
+
+NASSAU HALL, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
+
+WHERE THE CONGRESS OF 1783 MET FOR FIVE MONTHS
+
+Where the College of New Jersey, as Princeton University was
+officially known until 1896, erected its first building at Princeton,
+the far-sighted trustees arranged what was long ago the largest stone
+structure in the Colonies. The records of early travellers on the road
+between Philadelphia and New York tell of their amazement at the
+wonderful building.
+
+In 1756 the college abandoned its rooms in the First Presbyterian
+Church of Newark, New Jersey, and occupied the ambitious quarters in
+Princeton, which had cost about £2,900.
+
+Originally the halls extended from end to end of Nassau Hall, a
+distance of one hundred and seventy-five feet. These long, brick-paved
+halls afforded students inclined to mischief wonderful opportunity to
+make life miserable for the tutors who were charged with their
+oversight. "Rolling heated cannon balls, to tempt zealous but unwary
+tutors, was a perennial joy," writes Varnum Lansing Collins, in his
+book, "Princeton." Then he adds the statement that at a later epoch
+there were wild scenes, "when a jackass or a calf was dragged
+rebelliously up the narrow iron staircase, to be pitted in frenzied
+races with the model locomotive purloined from the college museum."
+
+There was no provision for lighting the long halls, so the rollicking
+students were accustomed to fix candles to the walls with handfuls of
+mud. When a tutor was heard approaching, the candles would be blown
+out and he would be foiled in his attempt to identify the offenders.
+Sometimes barricades of cordwood were built hastily on the stairs or
+across the entrance to one of the halls.
+
+In vain the authorities tried to correct these abuses by the passage
+of strict regulations. "No jumping or hollowing or any boisterous
+Noise shall be suffered, nor walking in the gallery in the time of
+Study," was a regulation which could be made known far more easily
+than it could be enforced. Lest there be breaches of decorum inside
+the rooms, tutors were directed to make at least three trips a day to
+the quarters of the students, to see that they were "diligent at the
+proper Business." They were to announce their coming to a room "by a
+stamp, which signal no scholar shall imitate on penalty of five
+shillings." Should the occupant of the room refuse to open the door,
+the tutor had authority to break in. At a later date, students in
+Nassau Hall liked to have double doors to their rooms, so that the
+obnoxious tutor might be hindered in his efforts to force an entrance,
+long enough to give them opportunity to hide all evidence of
+wrongdoing.
+
+In 1760 a code of "orders and customs" was issued by the authority of
+President Aaron Burr. One of the most astounding directions in this
+code was that "Every Freshman sent on an errand shall go and do it
+faithfully and make quick return." Other rules, as indicated in Mr.
+Collins' book, concerned deportment, and demanded constant deference
+to superiors. "Students are to keep their hats off 'about ten rods to
+the President and about five to the tutors;' they must 'rise up and
+make obeisance' when the President enters or leaves the prayer hall,
+and when he mounts into the pulpit on Sundays. When walking with a
+superior, an inferior 'shall give him the highest place.' When first
+coming into the presence of a superior, or speaking to him, inferiors
+'shall respect by pulling their Hats;' if overtaking or meeting a
+superior on the stairs, he 'shall stop, giving him the banister side;'
+when entering a superior's, 'or even an equal's' room, they must
+knock; if called or spoken to by a superior, they must 'give a direct,
+pertinent answer concluding with sir;' they are to treat strangers and
+townspeople 'with all proper complaisance and good manners;' and they
+are forbidden to address any one by a nickname."
+
+Evidently rules like these helped to make good patriots, for Princeton
+students were among the most sturdy adherents of the Colonists' cause.
+In September, 1770, the entire graduating class wore American cloth,
+as a protest against Great Britain's unjust taxation measures.
+
+In January, 1774, the students broke into the college storeroom and
+carried the winter's supply of tea to a bonfire in front of Nassau
+Hall. While the tea burned the college bell tolled and the
+students--in the words written home to a parent by one of them--made
+"many spirited resolves."
+
+The spirited students were jubilant on the evening of July 9, 1776,
+when the news of the Declaration of Independence was read in
+Princeton. Nassau Hall was illuminated and the whole town rejoiced
+that President Witherspoon, as a member of the Continental Congress,
+had been a signer of the document.
+
+In November, 1776, the students who had not enlisted in the army were
+sent from the town just in time to escape the British, who took
+possession of the building and used it as barracks and hospital. Early
+in the morning of January 3, 1777, the British held the building.
+After the battle Washington's troops took possession, but abandoned it
+almost at once. At evening the British were once more in control. Soon
+they hurried on to New Brunswick. The next occupants were the soldiers
+of General Putnam, who found room here for a hospital, a barracks, and
+a military prison. They found that during the battle of Princeton a
+round shot had struck the portrait of George II in the prayer hall.
+
+After the British left Princeton College classes were continued in the
+President's house, and it was 1782 before a serious attempt was made
+to reoccupy Nassau Hall, which was found to be "mostly bare partition
+walls and heaps of fallen plaster."
+
+A year later, when temporary repairs had been made, the Continental
+Congress, which had been besieged by a company of troops who were
+insistent in their demands for overdue pay, made its way to Princeton.
+From June to November the sessions were held in Nassau Hall.
+Commencement day came during the sessions and Congress sat, with
+Washington, on the platform. On that occasion Washington gave fifty
+pounds to the college. This sum was paid to Charles Wilson Peale for a
+portrait of the donor, which was placed in the frame from which the
+portrait of George II had been shot more than seven years before.
+
+Congress was still in session at Nassau Hall when, in October, the
+first authentic news came of the signing of the Definitive Treaty of
+Peace with Great Britain.
+
+A few weeks later the college was left to its sedate ways. Never
+since then has it witnessed such stirring events. But the experiences
+of the years from 1776 to 1784 had made Nassau Hall one of the
+nation's picturesque monuments.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MORVEN, PRINCETON, N. J.
+   _Photo by R. H. Rose and Son, Princeton_
+   See page 134]
+
+XXIX
+
+THREE HISTORIC HOUSES AT PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
+
+MORVEN, THE MERCER HOUSE, AND WASHINGTON'S ROCKY HILL HEADQUARTERS
+
+      "Sollemnity & Distress appeared almost on every countenance,
+      several students that had come 5 & 600 miles & just got
+      letters in college were now obliged under every disadvantage
+      to retire with their effects, or leave them behind, which
+      several through the impossibility of getting a carriage at so
+      Confused a time were glad to do, & lose them all, as all
+      hopes of continuing longer in peace at Nassau were now taken
+      away I began to look out for some place where I might pursue
+      my studies & as Mr. G. Johnson had spoke to me to teach his
+      son I accordingly went there & agreed to stay with him till
+      spring."
+
+So wrote John Clark, one of the students at the College of New Jersey,
+who, in 1776, was dismayed by the threatened approach of Cornwallis
+and his army. He was able to remove his effects in ample time, for he
+had only a "Trunk & Desk." But there were others in the peaceful
+village who were not so fortunate. One of them was Mrs. Richard
+Stockton of Morven, a beautiful home still standing not far from the
+college campus. The activity of her husband in the interests of the
+Colonies had angered the British, and they were not slow to take
+advantage of the absence of the family by pillaging the mansion and
+destroying many things it contained. Fortunately Mrs. Stockton, before
+leaving hurriedly for Freehold, had buried the family silver, and this
+was not discovered, though Cornwallis and his officers occupied the
+house as headquarters.
+
+Probably, while they were here, they talked gleefully of what they
+called the collapse of the war. They felt so sure that the war was
+over that Cornwallis was already planning to return to England.
+
+Then came the surprise at Trenton, when nearly a thousand Hessians of
+a total force of twelve hundred were captured.
+
+Immediately Cornwallis, who had returned to New York, hastened back to
+Princeton, where he left three regiments and a company of cavalry.
+Then he hurried on to Trenton. On the way he was harassed by
+Washington's outposts, and the main force of the General delayed his
+entrance into the town until nightfall. He expected to renew the
+attack next morning, but during the night Washington stole away toward
+Princeton. Within two miles of Princeton the force of General Mercer
+encountered the reserve troops of Cornwallis, which were on their way
+to their commander's assistance. Washington, hearing the sound of the
+conflict that followed, hastened to the field in time to rally the
+forces of Mercer, who had been wounded. The day was saved, but General
+Mercer was lost; he died in the farmhouse on the battle field to which
+he was carried. To this day visitors are shown the stain made on the
+floor by the blood of the dying man. Those who express doubt as to
+the stain are not welcomed.
+
+Alfred Noyes has written of this conflict which meant more to the
+struggling Colonies than some historians have indicated. The reference
+in the first line of the second stanza is to the tigers that crouch at
+the entrance of Nassau Hall in Princeton:
+
+     _"Here Freedom stood by slaughtered friend and foe,
+         And, ere the wrath paled or that sunset died,
+       Looked through the ages; then, with eyes aglow,
+         Laid them to wait that future, side by side._
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "The dark bronze tigers crouch on either side
+       Where redcoats used to pass;
+     And round the bird-loved house where Mercer died,
+       And violets dusk the grass,
+     By Stony Brook that ran so red of old,
+       But sings of friendship now,
+     To feed the old enemy's harvest fifty-fold
+       The green earth takes the plow.
+
+     "Through this May night, if one great ghost should stray
+       With deep remembering eyes,
+     Where that old meadow of battle smiles away
+       Its blood-stained memories,
+     If Washington should walk, where friend and foe
+       Sleep and forget the past,
+     Be sure his unquenched heart would leap to know
+       Their souls are linked at last."
+
+After the battle came happier days for Princeton. Morven was restored,
+and Washington was frequently an honored guest within the walls, as
+have been many of his successors in the White House.
+
+More than six years after the memorable battle of Princeton, another
+house in the neighborhood received him. When Congress convened in
+Nassau Hall, it rented for Washington the Rocky Hill House, five miles
+from the village, which was occupied by John Berrian, Associate
+Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. This house, which was
+suitably furnished for the General, was the last headquarters of the
+Revolution.
+
+While at the Berrian house, Washington sat to William Dunlap for his
+portrait. In his "Arts of Design" the artist, who at the time of which
+he wrote was eighteen years old, said:
+
+      "My visits are now frequent to headquarters. The only
+      military in the neighborhood were the general's suite and a
+      corporal's guard whose tents were on the green before the
+      Berrian House, and the captain's marquee nearly in front. The
+      soldiers were New England yeomen's sons, none older than
+      twenty.... I was quite at home in every respect at
+      headquarters; to breakfast and dine day after day with the
+      general and Mrs. Washington and members of Congress."
+
+It was Washington's custom to ride to Princeton, mounted on a small
+roan horse. The saddle was "old and crooked, with a short deep blue
+saddle cloth flowered, with buff cloth at the edge, buckskin seat, the
+cloth most below the skirt of the saddle at the side, double skirts,
+crupper, surcingle, and breast straps, double belted steel bridle and
+plated stirrup."
+
+The real closing scene in the Revolution was Washington's farewell
+address to the army, which he wrote in the southwest room of the
+second story. On Sunday, November 2, from the second-story balcony, he
+read this to the soldiers. Two days later orders of discharge were
+issued to most of them.
+
+Fortunately the Berrian House has become the property of "The
+Washington Headquarters Association of Rocky Hill," and is open to the
+patriotic pilgrim.
+
+
+XXX
+
+THE SPRINGFIELD MEETING HOUSE, NEW JERSEY
+
+WHOSE PSALM BOOKS FURNISHED WADDING FOR THE CONTINENTAL GUNS
+
+"One pint of spring water when demanded on the premises" was the
+strange payment stipulated by the donor of one hundred acres of land
+given in 1751 to the trustees of the First Presbyterian Church in
+Springfield, New Jersey, to be for the use of the minister of the
+parish. The church records do not state that the rent has been paid
+regularly, but they do state that the woodland enabled them for many
+years to furnish the free firewood that was a part of the support
+promised to every one of the early pastors.
+
+The first building occupied by the church was completed in 1746.
+Fifteen years later the second building was first occupied, and it
+continued to be the centre of the community's religious life until
+November, 1778, when it was needed for military stores. The church was
+gladly given up to the army, and services were held in the garret of
+the parsonage.
+
+The British under General Knyphausen, determined to drive Washington
+and his men from the New Jersey hills and to destroy his supplies,
+marched from Elizabeth Town on June 23, 1780. There were five thousand
+men, with fifteen or twenty pieces of artillery, in the expedition. A
+few miles away, near Springfield, was a small company of patriots,
+poorly equipped but ready to die in the defence of their country.
+
+Warning of the approach of the enemy was given to the Continentals by
+the firing of the eighteen-pounder signal gun on Prospect Hill; twelve
+Continentals stationed at the Cross Roads, after firing on the enemy,
+had hurried to the hill. After firing the gun they lighted the tar
+barrel on the signal pole.
+
+Instantly the members of the militia dropped their scythes, seized
+their muskets, and hurried to quarters. "There were no feathers in
+their caps, no gilt buttons on their home-spun coats, nor flashing
+bayonets on their old fowling pieces," the pastor of Springfield
+church said in 1880, on the one hundredth anniversary of the skirmish
+that followed, "but there was in their hearts the resolute purpose to
+defend their homes and their liberty at the price of their lives."
+
+The sturdy farmers joined forces with the regular soldiers. For a time
+the battle was fierce. The enemy were soon compelled to retreat, but
+not before they had burned the village, including the church. Chaplain
+James Caldwell was in the hottest of the fight. "Seeing the fire of
+one of the companies slacking for want of wadding, he galloped to the
+Presbyterian meeting house nearby, and rushing in, ran from pew to
+pew, filling his arms with hymn books," wrote Headley, in "Chaplains
+and Clergy of the Revolution." "Hastening back with them into the
+battle, he scattered them about in every direction, saying as he
+pitched one here and another there, 'Now put Watts into them, boys.'
+With a laugh and a cheer they pulled out the leaves, and ramming home
+the charge did give the British Watts with a will."
+
+The story has been attractively told by Bret Harte:
+
+     "... Stay one moment; you've heard
+     Of Caldwell, the parson, who once preached the Word
+     Down at Springfield? What, no? Come--that's bad; why, he had
+     All the Jerseys aflame! And they gave him the name
+     Of the 'rebel high priest.' He stuck in their gorge,
+     For he loved the Lord God--and he hated King George!
+
+     "He had cause, you might say! When the Hessians that day
+     Marched up with Knyphausen, they stopped on their way
+     At the 'farm,' where his wife, with a child in her arms,
+     Sat alone in the house. How it happened none knew
+     But God--and that one of the hireling crew
+     Who fired the shot! Enough!--there she lay,
+     And Caldwell, the chaplain, her husband, away!
+
+     "Did he preach--did he pray? Think of him as you stand
+     By the old church to-day--think of him and his band
+     Of military ploughboys! See the smoke and the heat
+     Of that reckless advance, of that straggling retreat!
+     Keep the ghost of that wife, foully slain, in your view--
+     And what could you, what should you, what would you do?
+
+     "Why, just what he did! They were left in the lurch
+     For the want of more wadding. He ran to the church,
+     Broke down the door, stripped the pews, and dashed out in the road
+     With his arms full of hymn-books, and threw down his load
+     At their feet! Then above all the shouting and shots
+     Rang his voice, 'Put Watts into 'em! Boys, give 'em
+     Watts.'
+
+     "And they did. That is all. Grasses spring, flowers blow
+      Pretty much as they did ninety-three years ago.
+      You may dig anywhere and you'll turn up a ball--
+      But not always a hero like this--and that's all."
+
+The battle of Springfield is not named among the important battles of
+the Revolution, but it had a special meaning to the people of all that
+region, for it taught them that the enemy, who had been harassing them
+for months, was not invulnerable. From that day they took fresh
+courage, and their courage increased when they realized that the
+British would not come again to trouble them.
+
+After the burning of the Springfield church, the pastor, Rev. Jacob
+Vanarsdal, gathered his people in the barn of the parsonage. Later the
+building was ceiled and galleries were built.
+
+For ten years the barn was the home of the congregation, but in 1791
+the building was erected which is in use to-day.
+
+
+
+
+FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE
+
+     _In that delightful land which is washed by the Delaware's waters,
+     Guarding in sylvan shades the name of Penn the apostle,
+     Stands on the banks of its beautiful stream the city he founded.
+     There all the air is balm, and the peach is the emblem of beauty,
+     And the streets still re-echo the names of the trees of the forest,
+     As if they fain would appease the Dryads whose haunts they molested.
+     There from the troubled sea had Evangeline landed, an exile,
+     Finding among the children of Penn a home and a country.
+     There old Rene Leblanc had died; and when he departed,
+     Saw at his side only one of all his hundred descendants.
+     Something at least there was in the friendly streets of the city,
+     Something that spake to her heart, and made her no longer a stranger;
+     And her ear was pleased with the Thee and Thou of the Quakers,
+     For it recalled the past, the old Acadian country,
+     Where all men were equal, and all were brothers and sisters._
+
+       HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW.
+
+
+
+
+FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE
+
+
+  [Illustration: LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 145]
+
+XXXI
+
+THE LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA
+
+WILLIAM PENN'S FIRST AMERICAN HOME
+
+When William Penn, English Quaker, met Guli Springett, he fell in love
+with her at once. In 1672 they were married.
+
+Ten years later when, as Proprietor of Pennsylvania, Penn was about to
+sail in the _Welcome_ for America, he wrote a letter of which the
+following is a portion:
+
+      "My dear wife and children, my love, which neither sea, nor
+      land, nor death itself, can extinguish or lessen toward you,
+      most tenderly visits you with eternal embraces and will abide
+      with you for ever.... My dear wife, remember thou wast the
+      love of my youth and the joy of my life, the most beloved as
+      well as the most worthy of all my earthly comfort, and the
+      reason of that love were more thy inward than thy outward
+      excellencies, which were yet many. God knows, and thou
+      knowest it, that it was a match of Providence's making, and
+      God's image in us both was the first thing and the most
+      amiable and engaging ornament in our eyes. Now I am to leave
+      thee, and that without knowing whether I shall ever see thee
+      more in this world."
+
+Penn landed at New Castle, Delaware, in October, 1682. He had already
+sent forward the plot of his new country village; his cousin,
+Lieutenant Governor Markham, had come to America in 1681, bringing
+with him instructions for the beginning of the settlement. On this
+plot there was evidence of his thought for his wife and his daughter
+Letitia; two lots were set apart for the family, on one of which he
+planned to build, while the other he designed for Letitia.
+
+When he reached America, he found that, by some mistake, Letitia's lot
+had been given to the Friends for a meeting house. He was vexed, but
+nothing could be done. So he decided that the lot reserved for his own
+use should be made over to her. He did not carry out his purpose for
+some time, however.
+
+For a time Penn remained at Upland (now Chester), but in 1684, he went
+to Philadelphia to oversee the erection of the houses for the
+settlers. His own house he built on a large plot facing the Delaware
+River and south of what is now Market Street. The house was of brick,
+which was probably made nearby, though many of the interior fittings
+had been brought from England in the _John and Sarah_ in 1681. It was
+the first brick house in the new settlement, the first house which had
+a cellar, and was built in accordance with the request the Proprietor
+had made:
+
+      "Let every house be placed, if the person pleases, in the
+      middle of the plat, as to breadth way of it, that so there
+      may be ground on each side for garden or orchard, or fields,
+      that it may be a green country town, which will never be
+      burnt and always wholesome."
+
+For a few months the Quaker kept bachelor's hall in his new house.
+Then he went to England, intending to return before long. Before his
+departure he arranged that the house should be used in the public
+service. Probably it was the gathering place for the Provincial
+Council for many years. Thus it was the first state house of
+Pennsylvania.
+
+During the fourteen years' stay in England many misfortunes came to
+Penn. He was accused of treason, and his title to the American lands
+was taken away from him. Later he was acquitted, and his lands were
+returned.
+
+In 1692 Guli Penn died, and in 1696 Penn married Hannah Callowhill. In
+1699, when he returned to America, he brought with him his wife and
+Letitia, who was then about twenty-five years old.
+
+Evidently the old house was not good enough for the ladies of the
+family. At any rate they occupied for a time the "slate-roof house,"
+one of the most pretentious buildings in the Colony. When the manor,
+Pennsbury, twenty miles up the Delaware, was completed, the family was
+taken there. Great style was maintained at the country estate in the
+woods. The house had cost £5,000, and was "the most imposing house
+between the Hudson and Potomac rivers."
+
+The Philadelphia house was transferred to Letitia on "the 29th of the
+1st month 1701." At once extravagant Letitia tried to dispose of it.
+She succeeded in selling a portion of the generous lot, but it was
+some years before she was able to sell the whole.
+
+In the meantime the Proprietor felt that he must return to England
+because of the threat of Parliament to change the government of the
+American Colonies. Mrs. Penn and Letitia, who did not like America,
+pleaded to go with him. He thought he would be returning soon, and he
+urged them to remain. They insisted. In a letter to James Logan he
+wrote: "I cannot prevail on my wife to stay, and still less with
+_Tish_. I know not what to do." Later he wrote: "The going of my wife
+and Tish will add greatly to the expense.... But they will not be
+denied."
+
+In 1702 Letitia married William Aubrey, who had all of Penn's keenness
+and none of his genial qualities. Almost from the day of the marriage
+both husband and wife pestered Penn for money. Aubrey insisted on a
+prompt payment of his wife's marriage portion. His father-in-law was
+already beginning to feel the grip of financial embarrassment that
+later brought him to the verge of bankruptcy, but, on this occasion as
+well as later, he felt compelled to yield to the insistent demands of
+the grasping Aubrey.
+
+The only members of the Penn family who ever returned to America were
+the children of the second wife, to whom most of the property
+descended.
+
+The Letitia Penn House, as it came to be known, fell on evil days. It
+was an eating house in 1800, and in 1824 it was the Rising Sun Inn.
+Later it was called the Woolpack Hotel.
+
+In 1882 funds were raised by public subscription, and the venerable
+house was taken down and rebuilt in Fairmount Park. Visitors who enter
+the city by the Pennsylvania Railroad from New York City may easily
+see it from a right-hand car window, for it is the only house in the
+corner of the park on the west side of the river.
+
+
+XXXII
+
+CARPENTERS' HALL, PHILADELPHIA
+
+CALLED BY BENSON J. LOSSING "THE TEMPLE OF FREEDOM"
+
+Philadelphia was but forty-two years old when a number of builders in
+the growing town decided to have a guild like the journeymen's guilds
+of London. Accordingly they formed, in 1724, "The Carpenters' Company
+of the City and County of Philadelphia," whose object should be "to
+obtain instruction in the science of architecture; to assist such of
+the members, or the widows and children of members, as should be by
+accident in need of support," as well as "the adoption of such a
+system of measurements and prices that every one concerned in a
+building may have the value of his money, and every workman the worth
+of his labor."
+
+At first the meetings were held here and there, probably in taverns.
+In 1768 the Company decided to build a home. A lot was secured on
+Chestnut Street, between Third and Fourth streets, for which an annual
+ground rent of "176 Spanish milled pieces of eight" was to be paid.
+The sum of three hundred pounds necessary to begin operations was
+subscribed in about a week.
+
+The Company's annual meeting of January 21, 1771, was held within the
+walls, though the building was not entirely completed until 1792.
+
+Three years after the opening of the hall came the first event that
+linked the building with the history of America. A general meeting of
+the people of Philadelphia was held here to protest against the
+failure of Governor Penn to convene the Assembly of the Colony. A
+committee of three was appointed to wait on the Speaker and ask him
+for "a positive answer as to whether he would call the Assembly
+together or not."
+
+The Assembly was then called to meet on the "18th day of the 6th
+month." Three days before the time fixed, another meeting was held in
+Carpenters' Hall to consider what measures for the welfare of the
+Colony should be proposed to the Assembly. At this meeting the
+necessity of holding "a general Congress of delegates from all the
+Colonies" was voiced. Later the Assembly approved of the idea of such
+a conference, and a call was issued.
+
+On September 5, 1774, the delegates from eleven provinces met in the
+City Tavern. Learning that the Carpenters' Company had offered the
+hall for the use of the Continental Congress, the delegates voted to
+inspect the accommodations. John Adams, one of their number, said
+after the visit: "They took a view of the room and of the chamber,
+where there is an excellent library. There is also a long entry, where
+gentlemen may walk, and also a convenient chamber opposite to the
+library. The general cry was that this was a good room."
+
+When this First Continental Congress met, it was decided that the
+session of the second day should be opened with prayer. Rev. Jacob
+Duché of Christ Church and St. Peter's was asked to be present and
+conduct an opening service. This historic account of the service was
+written by John Adams:
+
+      "Next morning he appeared with his clerk and having on his
+      pontificals, and read several prayers in the established
+      form, and then read the Psalter for the seventh day of
+      September, which was the thirty-fifth Psalm. You must
+      remember that this was the next morning after we had heard of
+      the horrible cannonade of Boston (the account proved to be an
+      error). It seemed as if heaven had ordered that Psalm to be
+      read on that morning. After this, Mr. Duché, unexpectedly to
+      everybody, struck out into extemporary prayer, which filled
+      the bosom of every man present. I must confess, I never heard
+      a better prayer, or one so well pronounced."
+
+In part, this prayer was as follows:
+
+      "Be thou present, O God of wisdom! And direct the councils of
+      this honorable assembly, enable them to settle things on the
+      best and surest foundation, that the scene of blood may be
+      speedily closed, that order, harmony, and peace may be
+      effectually restored, and truth and justice, religion and
+      piety, prevail and flourish amongst Thy people."
+
+On October 26 the Congress was dissolved. The second Congress was
+called to meet on May 10, 1775, at the State House, later known as
+Independence Hall.
+
+When the British took possession of the city in 1777, a portion of the
+army was quartered in the building. Officers and men alike borrowed
+books from the Library Company of Philadelphia, which had quarters
+here, invariably making deposits and paying for the use of volumes
+taken in strict accordance with the rules.
+
+In 1778 the United States Commissary of Military Stores began to
+occupy the lower story and cellar of the building. From 1791 to 1821
+various public organizations sought quarters here, including the Bank
+of the United States, the Bank of Pennsylvania, the United States Land
+Office, and the United States Custom House. The Carpenters' Company
+therefore, in 1791, erected a second building on this lot, which they
+occupied until 1857.
+
+When Benson J. Lossing visited the historic hall, on November 27,
+1848, he wrote of his great disappointment because the banner of an
+auctioneer was on the front of the building. He said:
+
+      "I tried hard to perceive the apparition ... to be a classic
+      frieze, with rich historic trigliphs, but it would not do....
+      What a desecration! Covering the façade of the very Temple of
+      Freedom with the placards of grovelling Mammon! If
+      sensibility is shocked with this outward pollution, it is
+      overwhelmed with indignant shame on entering the hall where
+      that august Assembly of men--the godfathers of our
+      Republic--convened to stand as sponsors at the baptism of
+      infant American liberty--to find it filled with every species
+      of merchandise, and the walls which once echoed the eloquent
+      words of Henry, Lee, and the Adamses, reverberating with the
+      clatter of the auctioneer's voice and hammer. Is there not
+      patriotism strong enough in Philadelphia to enter the temple,
+      and 'cast out all them that buy and sell, and overthrow the
+      tables of the money-changers?'"
+
+At length the Carpenters' Company decided that the time had come to do
+what the historian pleaded for. In 1857 they returned to the building,
+and since then they have held their meetings within the walls
+consecrated by the heroes of Revolutionary days. The rooms were
+restored to their original condition, and relics and mementoes of
+early days were put in place. The Hall has ever since been open to
+visitors "who may wish to visit the spot where Henry, Hancock, and
+Adams inspired the delegates of the Colonies with nerve and the sinew
+for the toils of war."
+
+
+  [Illustration: ST. PETER'S PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 153]
+
+XXXIII
+
+ST. PETER'S CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA
+
+WHOSE BUILDING IS PRACTICALLY UNCHANGED AFTER MORE THAN ONE HUNDRED
+AND FIFTY YEARS
+
+There were but fifteen thousand people in Philadelphia when, on March
+19, 1753, the suggestion was made to the vestry of Christ Church that
+a new church or Chapel of Ease of Christ Church be built for the
+accommodation of the people in the southern part of the city. Thomas
+and Richard Penn gave a site for the building of the new church, and
+on September 21, 1758, the corner stone was laid. In 1761 the church
+was opened, though it was not completed until March, 1763. To the new
+organization was given the name St. Peter's, and it was ordered by the
+vestry of Christ Church, "that the said church ... in every respect
+whatever shall be upon an equal footing with Christ Church, and be
+under the same government with it."
+
+At the same time, in view of the gift of the site, it was ordered that
+"the first and best pew in the said Church shall be set apart forever
+for the accommodation of the Honorable Proprietary's family."
+
+When the building was completed the building committee reported that
+the cost was £4,765, 19 s. 6½ d. Added to this report were statements
+that sound quite modern. "The sudden rise in the prices of materials
+and labor," and "the inability of some subscribers to meet their
+engagements," had added to the burdens of the committee.
+
+From the beginning prayers were read in the church for the king and
+all the royal family, but on July 4, 1776, the vestry ordered that
+patriotic prayers be substituted. While the British were in
+Philadelphia the prayers for the king were renewed by order of Dr.
+Duché, rector of Christ Church and St. Peter's. The official history
+of St. Peter's refers to Dr. Duché, who ordered this, in the following
+sentences:
+
+      "From an advocate of the Colonies, he became an advocate of
+      the King, and on the Sunday following the occupation of
+      Philadelphia by the British, he restored the prayers for the
+      King to the Liturgy. This compromise with conditions availed
+      him nothing, and he was arrested for serving as chaplain to
+      Congress after the adoption of the Declaration of
+      Independence. The influence of his loyalist friends secured
+      his speedy release.... Not long afterward he went to England,
+      where he remained practically an exile for twelve years,
+      returning to Philadelphia several years before his death,
+      when, it is said, no truer American could have been found in
+      the City. He ... was buried in St. Peter's Churchyard."
+
+During the occupation of the church by British troops in 1777 the pews
+were burned for fuel, but the building was never closed for lack of
+fuel or for any other reason, until the late winter of 1917-18, when
+coal could not be secured.
+
+The wooden fence that surrounded the property originally was burned by
+the British for fuel, and the brick wall that is now in place was
+built in 1784.
+
+Washington frequently occupied a pew in St. Peter's, and many other
+men who were prominent in the early history of the country worshipped
+here. The building is practically as it was when they lived. "It is
+the same church to which the colonists in their knee-breeches and rich
+coats came to attend the first service in 1761," a member of the
+vestry said in 1891. "The pulpit, reading desk, and chancel rails were
+built in 1764, and the present organ loft was put up over the chancel
+in 1789. In all other respects the plain, austere interior of this old
+church ... remains unchanged, the only relic in Pennsylvania, and one
+of the very few in the country at large, of the church in colonial
+days. Bishop De Lancey, in his centennial sermon, preached September
+4, 1861, said: 'We enter by the same doors--we tread the same
+aisles--we kneel where they knelt--we sit where they sat; the voice of
+prayer, instruction, and praise ascends from the same desk from which
+it reached their ears, in the privacy and seclusion of the same high,
+strait unostentatious pews.'"
+
+In the crowded churchyard are the graves of many colonial worthies as
+well as many leaders in the early history of America. Stephen Decatur
+is buried here, and Charles Wilson Peale, who painted a famous
+portrait of Washington.
+
+The _Pennsylvania Evening Post_ of January 18, 1777, told of the
+burial of one of the patriots whose bodies were laid here:
+
+      "Yesterday the remains of Captain William Shippen, who was
+      killed at Princeton the third instant, gloriously fighting
+      for the liberty of his country, were interred in St. Peter's
+      Churchyard. His funeral was attended by the Council of
+      Safety, the members of Assembly, officers of the army, a
+      troop of Virginia light horse, and a great number of
+      inhabitants. This brave and unfortunate man was in his
+      twenty-seventh year, and has left a widow and three children
+      to lament the death of an affectionate husband and a tender
+      parent, his servants a kind master, and his neighbors a
+      sincere and obliging friend."
+
+Captain Shippen, before joining Washington's army, was captain of the
+privateer _Hancock_, which, between July 1 and November 1, 1776, sent
+to American ports ten prizes captured at sea.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CLIVEDEN, PHILADELPHIA
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 156]
+
+XXXIV
+
+CLIVEDEN, GERMANTOWN, PHILADELPHIA
+
+ON THE FIELD OF THE BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN
+
+In the days before the Revolution there were many residents of
+Philadelphia who had, in addition to a sumptuous town house, a country
+house, to which they could resort in the summer or at other times when
+they wished relief from the cares of daily life. Germantown, the
+straggling village five miles from the town of William Penn, was one
+of the popular places for such establishments.
+
+Samuel Chew's town house was at Front and Dock streets when he built
+Cliveden at Germantown in 1761. At that time he was Attorney-General
+of Pennsylvania, though in 1774 he became Chief-Justice of the Supreme
+Court of Pennsylvania.
+
+Both in Philadelphia and in Germantown he maintained the hospitable
+traditions he had learned at Maidstone, near Annapolis, where he was
+born, in 1722, of a family whose first American ancestor, John Chew,
+came to Virginia a century earlier.
+
+During the days of the Continental Congress Judge Chew seemed to
+sympathize with the colonists in their protests against the aggression
+of Great Britain, but when independence was proposed, he let it be
+known that he was unwilling to act with the patriots. Accordingly he
+was arrested by order of Congress, together with John Penn, and when
+he refused to sign a parole, he was banished from the State.
+
+During his absence the battle of Germantown was fought. On October 3,
+1777, the British forces were disposed on nearly all sides of the Chew
+mansion. Washington planned to attack these scattered forces by four
+columns, which were to advance from as many directions. General
+Wayne's column successfully opened the attack at daybreak October 4,
+driving before him the enemy encountered at Mount Airy. Colonel
+Musgrave checked the retreat of the soldiers at Cliveden. With six
+companies he took possession of the mansion, prepared to defend
+themselves behind hastily barricaded doors and windows. Wayne and the
+leaders who were with him pushed on past the house, continuing the
+pursuit of that portion of the enemy which had continued its retreat;
+he did not know that he was leaving an enemy in his rear. When
+Washington came to Cliveden, he was surprised by the fire of the
+entrenched enemy. After a hasty conference with others, it was decided
+not to pass on, leaving a fortress behind. Cannon were planted so as
+to command the door, but they were fired without much effect.
+
+The next attempt was made by a young Frenchman who asked others to
+carry hay from the barn and set fire to the front door. Thinking they
+were doing as he asked, he forced open a window and climbed on the
+sill. From this position he was driven back, and he found that he had
+not been supported by those on whom he had counted.
+
+In the meantime the artillery fire continued, but with little effect.
+General Wilkinson, who was present, afterward wrote:
+
+      "The doors and shutters of the lower windows of the mansion
+      were shut and fastened, the fire of the enemy being delivered
+      from the iron gratings of the cellars and the windows above,
+      and it was closely beset on all sides with small-arms and
+      artillery, as is manifest from the multiplicity of traces
+      still visible from musket-ball and grape-shot on the interior
+      walls and ceilings which appear to have entered through the
+      doors and windows in every direction; marks of cannon-ball
+      are also visible, in several places on the exterior of the
+      wall and through the roof, though one ball only appears to
+      have penetrated below the roof, and that by a window in the
+      passage of the second story. The artillery seem to have made
+      no impression on the walls of the house, a few slight
+      indentures only being observable, except from one stroke in
+      the rear, which started the wall."
+
+In a few minutes Washington, realizing that precious time was being
+lost in the attack on the thick walls of the house, ordered a regiment
+to remain behind to watch Cliveden, while his main force hastened on.
+
+It has been claimed that this brief delay was responsible for the
+defeat at Germantown. Wilkinson, on the contrary, insists that this
+delay saved Washington's army from annihilation, since he would
+otherwise have hurried on in the thick fog until he was in contact
+with the main body of the British army. The result, he thinks, would
+have been a far greater disaster than actually overtook the American
+arms that day.
+
+The damage done to the house was so great that five carpenters were
+busy for months making repairs. Evidently Judge Chew was not satisfied
+with the result, for in 1779 he sold Cliveden for $9,000, only to buy
+it back again in 1787 for $25,000.
+
+The property descended to Benjamin Chew, Jr., on the death of his
+father. During his occupancy of Cliveden, Lafayette was a guest there
+in 1825.
+
+
+  [Illustration: THIRD (OLD PINE STREET) PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,
+   PHILADELPHIA
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 159]
+
+XXXV
+
+OLD PINE STREET CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA
+
+WHOSE PASTOR INSPIRED JOHN ADAMS TO PLEAD FOR INDEPENDENCE
+
+There were four thousand, seven hundred and seventy-four houses in
+Philadelphia in 1767 when the Pine Street Presbyterian Church, the
+third church of this denomination in the city, was built. The
+subscription paper, still in existence, shows that £1,078 "in money or
+otherwise" was subscribed for the purpose. The sum needed to complete
+the building was raised by a lottery, which yielded £2,500. In the
+proceeds of the lottery the Market Street Church and the Second Church
+shared, £1,035 going to the Pine Street building.
+
+The original building was of but one story, with gable ends. When
+alterations were made in 1837 the top of the church was raised bodily,
+while a larger roof was built over the old roof. The visitor who
+climbs to the loft is able to see the old walls and windows. The
+floor was raised one step above the street level, and was paved with
+brick.
+
+Rev. George Duffield, D.D., who was pastor from 1772 to 1790, was a
+prominent figure during the Revolution. He was chaplain of the
+Continental Congress and of the Pennsylvania militia during the period
+of the war, and he delivered fiery messages that stirred patriots to
+action. John Adams, who was a member of the church, called him a man
+of genius and eloquence. On May 17, 1776, after listening to a sermon
+in which Dr. Duffield likened the conduct of George III to the
+Americans to that of Pharaoh to the Israelites, and concluded that God
+intended the liberation of the Americans, as He had intended that of
+the Israelites, he wrote to his wife:
+
+      "Is it not a saying of Moses, Who am I that I should go in
+      and out before this great people? When I consider the great
+      events which are passed, and those greater which are rapidly
+      advancing, and that I may have been instrumental in touching
+      some springs, and turning some small wheels, which have had
+      and will have such effects, I feel an awe upon my mind, which
+      is not easily described. Great Britain has at last driven
+      America to the last step, complete separation from her; a
+      total, absolute independence...."
+
+Headley, in "Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution," says:
+
+      "The patriots of the first Congress flocked to his church,
+      and John Adams and his compeers were often his hearers.... In
+      a discourse delivered before several companies of the
+      Pennsylvania militia and members of Congress, four months
+      before the Declaration of Independence, he took bold and
+      decided ground in favor of that step, and pleaded his
+      cause with sublime eloquence, which afterwards made him so
+      obnoxious to the British that they placed a reward of fifty
+      pounds for his capture."
+
+Later on in the same sermon he prophesied:
+
+      "Whilst sun and moon endure, America shall remain a city of
+      refuge for the whole earth, until she herself shall play the
+      tyrant, forget her destiny, disgrace her freedom, and provoke
+      her God."
+
+As chaplain of the Pennsylvania militia, Dr. Duffield was frequently
+in camp, where "his visits were always welcome, for the soldiers loved
+the eloquent, earnest, fearless patriot."
+
+Headley gives this incident of the courageous chaplain's work:
+
+      "When the enemy occupied Staten Island, and the American
+      forces were across the river on the Jersey shore, he repaired
+      to camp to spend the Sabbath. Assembling a portion of the
+      troops in an orchard, he climbed into the forks of a tree and
+      commenced religious exercises. He gave out a hymn.... The
+      British on the island heard the sound of the singing, and
+      immediately directed some cannon to play on the orchard, from
+      whence it proceeded. Soon the heavy shot came crashing
+      through the branches, and went singing overhead, arresting
+      for a moment the voices that were lifted in worship. Mr.
+      Duffield ... proposed that they should adjourn behind an
+      adjacent hillock. They did so, and continued their worship,
+      while the iron storm hurled harmlessly overhead."
+
+In spite of his almost constant service in the field, Dr. Duffield was
+in Philadelphia among his people every little while. The church
+records show that he baptized children every month during the
+Revolution, except for the period of the British occupation of
+Philadelphia, when the church was occupied as a hospital, and more
+than one hundred Hessian soldiers were buried in the churchyard.
+
+Another remarkable fact is that of the one hundred and ten men who had
+signed the call to George Duffield in 1771, sixty-seven served in the
+army during the war. Colonel Thomas Robinson, whose portrait is in
+Independence Hall, was a member of the church; Captain John Steele,
+who was field officer on the day of the surrender of Cornwallis, and
+Colonel William Linnard, whose company attempted to keep the British
+from crossing the Brandywine, were also members. Many other officers
+and private soldiers were on the rolls; the stones and vaults in the
+cemetery tell of many of them.
+
+One of the original trustees of Pine Street was Dr. William Shippen,
+Jr., first Professor of Medicine in America and Director General of
+all the hospitals during the war. Benjamin Rush, Signer of the
+Declaration, was an attendant at the services, and his mother was a
+member.
+
+
+XXXVI
+
+INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA
+
+WHERE AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE WAS BORN
+
+William Penn was a man of vision. When, in 1682, Thomas Holme surveyed
+for him the site of Philadelphia, the Quaker pioneer gave instruction
+that "the Centre Square," one mile from the Delaware, be set apart
+for the public buildings of the city and colony.
+
+But for many years after the founding of the city, Centre Square was
+far out in the country. During these years temporary public buildings
+were provided for official meetings, including the Assembly, but in
+1728 steps were taken to erect a suitable public building within reach
+of the people of the young city. Ground was bought on Chestnut Street,
+between Fifth and Sixth streets, and the State House was begun in
+1730. The total cost of the building was $16,250. Two wings were added
+in 1739 and 1740; these cost some $12,000 more.
+
+Two years after the completion of the main building the Pennsylvania
+Assembly passed an act in which this statement was made:
+
+      "It is the true intent and meaning of these Presents, that no
+      part of the said ground lying to the southward of the State
+      House, as it is now built, be converted into or made use of
+      for erecting any sort of Building thereupon, but that the
+      said ground shall be enclosed and remain a public open Green
+      and Walks forever."
+
+Eighty years after the passage of the act an attempt was made to
+divert the State House yard to other purposes. In a curious old
+document, dated February 6, 1816, W. Rawle and Peter S. Duponceau made
+an argument against this diversion, showing conclusively that the
+State House Square had been "irrevocably devoted to the purpose of an
+open and public walk." Thanks to their efforts and the efforts of
+others who have labored to the same end, the grounds are to-day, and
+must forever remain, open to the use of the people.
+
+The first public function held in the new State House was a banquet,
+given in the "long room," in the second story. Of this Franklin's
+_Pennsylvania Gazette_ of September 30, 1736, said:
+
+      "Thursday last William Allen, Esq., Mayor of this city for
+      the past year, made a feast for his citizens at the State
+      House, to which all the strangers in town of note were also
+      invited. Those who are judges of such things say that
+      considering the delicacy of the viands, the variety and
+      excellency of the wines, the great number of guests, and yet
+      the easiness and order with which the whole was conducted, it
+      was the most grand, the most elegant entertainment that has
+      been made in these parts of America."
+
+The builders were dilatory. It was 1736 before the Assembly was able
+to hold its first session in the chamber provided for it, and not
+until 1745 was the room completed. Three years more passed before the
+apartment intended for the Governor's Council was ready for its
+occupants.
+
+In 1741 the tower was built, and on November 4 Edmund Wooley sent to
+the Province of Pennsylvania an interesting bill, "for expenses in
+raising the Tower of the State House":
+
+     95 loaves of Bread                         £0 19 9
+     61¾ lb. Bacon, at 7d                        1 14 1
+     148½ lb. Beef at 3½d                        2  8 1
+     Potatoes and Greens                         0  7 1
+     800 Limes at 4s                             1 12 0
+     1½ Barrels of Beer at 18s                   1  7 0
+     44 lb. Mutton at 3½d                        0 12 8
+     37¾ lb. Veal at 3½d                         0 11 0
+     30 lb. Venison at 2d                        0  5 0
+     Turnips                                     0  1 6
+     Pepper and Mustard                          0  1 5
+     2 Jugs and Candles, Pipes and Tobacco       0  6 0
+     Butter 9s. 8d. Turkey 4s. 4 pair Fowls 9s   1  2 8
+     ¼ of a hundred of Flour                     0  3 6
+     Two former Hookings at getting on two
+      Floors, and now for raising the Tower,     3  0 0
+      Fire Wood, etc.
+
+Provision was made in 1750 for the extension of the tower for the
+accommodation of a bell, and on October 16, 1751, the Superintendent
+of the State House sent a letter to the colonial agent in London. In
+this letter he said:
+
+      "We take the liberty to apply ourselves to thee to get us a
+      good bell, of about two thousand pounds weight, the cost of
+      which we presume may amount to about one hundred pounds
+      sterling, or, perhaps, with the charges, something more....
+      Let the bell be cast by the best workmen, and examined
+      carefully before it is shipped, with the following words
+      well-shaped in large letters round it, viz:--
+
+      "'By order of the Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania,
+      for the State House in the city of Philadelphia, 1752,'
+
+      "And underneath,
+
+      "'Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land to all the
+      inhabitants thereof--Levit. XXV. 10.'"
+
+When the new bell was hung it was cracked by a stroke of the clapper.
+Isaac Norris wrote:
+
+      "We concluded to send it back by Captain Budden, but he could
+      not take it on board, upon which two ingenious workmen
+      undertook to cast it here, and I am just now informed they
+      have this day opened the Mould and have got a good bell,
+      which, I confess, pleases me very much, that we should first
+      venture upon and succeed in the greatest bell cast, for aught
+      I know, in English America. The mould was finished in a very
+      masterly manner, and the letters, I am told, are better than
+      [on] the old one. When we broke up the metal, our judges here
+      generally agreed it was too high and brittle, and cast
+      several little bells out of it to try the sound and strength,
+      and fixed upon a mixture of an ounce and a half of copper to
+      one pound of the old bell, and in this proportion we now have
+      it."
+
+But when the bell was in place it was found to contain too much
+copper, and Pass & Stow, the founders, "were so teazed with the
+witticisms of the town," that they begged to be allowed to recast it.
+In June, 1753, this third bell was hung, and in the following
+September the founders were paid £60 13s. 5d.
+
+In 1752 arrangements were made for a clock. The works were placed in
+the middle of the main building, immediately under the roof. These
+were connected by rods, enclosed in pipes, with the hands on the dial
+plates at either gable. Early views of the State House show these
+dials. The cost of the clock, which included care for six years, was
+£494 5s. 5½d.
+
+During the twenty years that followed the installation of the clock
+and the bell the State House became a civic centre of note; but not
+until the stirring events that led up to the Revolution did it become
+of special interest to other colonies than Pennsylvania. On April 25,
+1775, the day after news came to Philadelphia of the battles of
+Lexington and Concord, the great bell sounded a call to arms that was
+the real beginning of making the building a national shrine. In
+response to the call eight thousand people gathered in the Yard to
+consider measures of defence. On April 26 the newspapers reported that
+"the company unanimously agreed to associate for the purpose of
+defending with arms their lives, liberty, and property, against all
+attempts to deprive them of them." This determination of the people
+was soon sanctioned by the Assembly, and Pennsylvania prepared to
+raise its quota towards the Army of the Revolution.
+
+On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress met in the Assembly
+Chamber, and took action that made inevitable the adoption of the
+Declaration of Independence the next year. On Friday, June 7, 1776, in
+the Eastern Room on the first floor of the State House, Richard Henry
+Lee of Virginia introduced the following:
+
+      "Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought
+      to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved
+      from all allegiance to the British Crown and that all
+      political connection between them and the State of Great
+      Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved."
+
+At the same time the Pennsylvania Assembly was considering, in the
+chamber upstairs, what instruction to give to its delegates. When the
+Assembly adjourned the Continental Congress removed to the upper room.
+There, on July 2, the Virginian's motion was carried. Later the
+Declaration itself was adopted, and on July 4, it was
+
+      "Resolved, that Copies of the Declaration be sent to the
+      several assemblies, conventions, and committees or councils
+      of safety, and to the several commanding officers of the
+      Continental troops; that it be proclaimed in each of the
+      United States and at the head of the army."
+
+It was ordered that the Declaration be proclaimed from the State House
+on Monday, July 8, 1776. On that day the State House bell sounded its
+glad call; for the first time did it indeed "proclaim liberty
+throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." And in the
+hearing of those who gathered in response to its call the Declaration
+was read.
+
+From that day the State House has been known as Independence Hall,
+while the State House Yard has become Independence Square.
+
+The sittings of Congress in Independence Hall were interrupted by the
+approach of the British. For five months the building was used as a
+British prison and hospital. But on July 2, 1778, Congress returned;
+the building once more belonged to the nation.
+
+The building became more than ever a national shrine when, in 1787,
+the Constitutional Convention met there. On September 17, 1787, the
+votes of eleven States were recorded in favor of the Constitution, and
+Benjamin Franklin, looking toward a sun which was blazoned on the
+President's chair, said of it to those near him, "In the vicissitudes
+of hope and fear I was not able to tell whether it was rising or
+setting; now I know that it is the rising sun."
+
+In 1790, the Congress of the United States met in the western portion
+of the buildings on the Square, erected in 1785 for the Pennsylvania
+Assembly.[1] This building was, by that body, offered to Congress and
+accepted for the term of ten years, until the Capital should be
+removed to the shore of the Potomac.
+
+During these ten years, and for thirty-five years more, the Liberty
+Bell continued to sound notes of joy and of sorrow. On July 8, 1835,
+it was tolling for Chief Justice Marshall. When the funeral procession
+was on Chestnut Street, not far from Independence Hall, the bell
+cracked. Since that day it has been mute.
+
+The passing years have brought many changes to Independence Hall, as
+well as to the Liberty Bell. The bell cannot be renewed, but the
+historic building and the Square have been restored until they present
+essentially the appearance of the days of 1776. The chief difference
+is in the steeple. The present steeple was built in 1828. It is much
+like the old steeple, but a story higher.
+
+As the visitor passes from room to room of the venerable building, and
+examines the relics and studies the portraits of the great men who
+gathered there so long ago, his heart is stirred to thankfulness to
+those who dared to call a nation into being, and he cannot but think
+that it is good to live for one's country.
+
+
+  [Illustration: DAVID RITTENHOUSE'S HOUSE, NORRITON, PENNA.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 170]
+
+XXXVII
+
+THE DAVID RITTENHOUSE HOME, NEAR PHILADELPHIA
+
+THE HEADQUARTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S FRIEND AND CO-LABORER
+
+     _"See the sage Rittenhouse with ardent eye
+     Lift the long tube and pierce the starry sky!
+     He marks what laws the eccentric wanderers bind,
+     Copies creation in his forming mind,
+     And bids beneath his hand in semblance rise
+     With mimic orbs the labors of the skies."_
+
+This was Barlow's way of telling of the achievement of David
+Rittenhouse, the colonial astronomer, in fashioning the marvellous
+orrery, the mechanical representation of the movements of the
+planetary system. Thomas Jefferson's prose description was a little
+more readable:
+
+      "A machine far surpassing in ingenuity of contrivance,
+      accuracy and utility anything of the kind ever before
+      constructed.... He has not indeed made a world, but he has by
+      imitation approached more its Maker than any man who has
+      lived from the creation to this day."
+
+The father of the maker of the orrery was a paper manufacturer near
+Germantown, but when David was three years old he moved to a little
+farm in Norriton, nineteen miles from Philadelphia, where, in 1749, he
+built the stone house in which his son spent the rest of his life.
+
+It was his purpose to make a farmer of David, and he might have
+succeeded if he had not invested in a few mathematical books. The
+twelve-year-old boy was fascinated by these volumes. Samuel W.
+Pennypacker has told the result:
+
+      "The handles of his plough, and even the fences around the
+      fields, he covered with mathematical calculations.... At
+      seventeen he made a wooden clock, and afterward one in metal.
+      Having thus tested his ability in an art in which he had
+      never received any instruction, he secured from his somewhat
+      reluctant father money enough to buy in Philadelphia the
+      necessary tools, and after holding a shop by the roadside,
+      set up in business as a clock and mathematical instrument
+      maker."
+
+Dr. Benjamin Rush once said that "without library, friends, or
+society, and with but two or three books, he became, before he had
+reached his four-and-twentieth year, the rival of two of the greatest
+mathematicians of Europe."
+
+The skilled astronomer was soon called upon to render a service to
+several of the Colonies. By means of astronomical instruments he did
+such accurate work in marking out the boundary between Delaware and
+Pennsylvania that Mason and Dixon later accepted his results, and he
+settled the dispute between New Jersey and New York as to the point
+where the forty-first degree of latitude touches the Hudson River.
+Perhaps, however, the achievement that won for him greatest fame was
+the observation, made in 1769, of the transit of Venus. The importance
+of the observation is evident from the facts that it provides the best
+means for calculating the distance between the heavenly bodies, which
+had never been satisfactorily made, and that the opportunity would
+not occur again for one hundred and five years. After months of
+preparation, which included the making of delicate instruments,
+Rittenhouse, one of a committee of three appointed by the American
+Philosophical Society, succeeded. In the words of Pennypacker, "The
+first approximately accurate results in the measurement of the spheres
+were given to the world, not by the schooled and salaried astronomers
+who watched from the magnificent royal observatories of Europe, but by
+unpaid amateurs and devotees to science in the youthful province of
+Pennsylvania."
+
+Benjamin Franklin found in him a kindred spirit, and the Philadelphian
+was frequently a visitor at the Norriton farmhouse. On Sunday the two
+friends often went to the old Norriton Presbyterian Church, which had
+been built on the corner of the Rittenhouse farm, within sight of the
+house. This church, which probably dates from 1698, is still standing
+in good repair.
+
+Some years after the successful observation of the transit of Venus
+brought fame to the American astronomer, he moved to Philadelphia.
+There, among other duties, he had charge of the State House clock.
+
+At the beginning of the Revolution the Council of Safety asked that he
+should "prepare moulds for the casting of clock weights, and send them
+to some iron furnace, and order a sufficient number to be immediately
+made for the purpose of exchanging them with the inhabitants of this
+city for their leaden clock weights." The leaden weights were needed
+for bullets. Later he was sent to survey the shores of the Delaware,
+to choose the best points for fortifications.
+
+When he became Engineer of the Council of Safety "he was called upon
+to arrange for casting cannon of iron and brass, to view the site for
+the erection of a Continental powder mill, to conduct experiments for
+rifling cannon and muskets, to fix upon a method of fastening a chain
+for the protection of the river, to superintend the manufacture of
+saltpeter, and to locate a magazine for military stores on the
+Wissahickon."
+
+This was but the beginning of service to Pennsylvania during the
+Revolution. His activities were so valuable to the Colonies that a
+Tory poet published in the _Pennsylvania Evening Post_ of December 2,
+1777, a verse addressed "To David Rittenhouse," of which the first
+stanza read:
+
+     "Meddle not with state affairs,
+     Keep acquaintance with the stars;
+     Science, David, is thy line;
+     Warp not Nature's great design.
+     If thou to fame would'st rise."
+
+The following year Thomas Jefferson wrote to him:
+
+      "You should consider that the world has but one Rittenhouse,
+      and never had one before.... Are those powers, then, which,
+      being intended for the erudition of the world, are, like
+      light and air, the world's common property, to be taken from
+      their proper pursuit to do the commonplace drudgery of
+      governing a single State?"
+
+To the call of the nation Rittenhouse responded in April, 1792, when
+President Washington appointed him the first Director of the Mint.
+
+His closing years were full of honors, but his strength was declining
+rapidly; he had spent himself so fully for his country that his power
+of resistance was small. Just before he died, on June 26, 1796, he
+said to a friend who had been writing to him, "You make the way to God
+easier."
+
+
+XXXVIII
+
+THE HEADQUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON LIVED DURING THE WINTER OF 1777-78
+
+A few rods from the beautiful Schuylkill River, at Valley Forge,
+Pennsylvania, twenty-four miles from Philadelphia, is the quaint stone
+house where Washington spent nearly six months of the most trying year
+of the Revolution.
+
+While the British troops were occupying Philadelphia Congress was in
+session at York, Pennsylvania. Valley Forge was accordingly a
+strategic location, for from here it was comparatively simple to guard
+the roads leading out of Philadelphia, and to prevent both the exit of
+the British and the entrance of supplies designed for the enemy.
+
+The eleven thousand men who marched to the site selected for the camp
+were miserably equipped for a winter in the open. Provisions were
+scarce, and clothing and shoes were even more scarce. But the men
+looked forward bravely to the months of exposure before them.
+
+Washington did everything possible to provide for their comfort.
+Realizing that the soldiers needed something more than the tents in
+which they were living at first, he gave orders that huts should be
+built for them. The commanding officers of the regiments were
+instructed to divide their soldiers into parties of twelve, to see
+that each party had the necessary tools, and to superintend the
+building of a hut for each group of twelve soldiers, according to
+carefully stated dimensions. A reward was offered to the party in each
+regiment which should complete its hut in the quickest and best
+manner. Since valuable time would be lost in preparing boards for the
+roofs, he promised a second sword to the officer or soldier who should
+devise a material for this purpose cheaper and more quickly made than
+boards.
+
+Some of the first huts were covered with leaves, but it was necessary
+to provide a more lasting covering. After a few weeks fairly
+acceptable quarters were provided for the men, in spite of the
+scarcity of tools. Colonel Pickering, on January 5, wrote to Mrs.
+Pickering, "The huts are very warm and comfortable, being very good
+log huts, pointed with clay, and the roof made tight with the same."
+
+At first, Washington sought to encourage his soldiers by assuring them
+that he would accept no better quarters than could be given them; he
+would set the example by passing the winter in a hut. But officers and
+men alike urged that it would be unwise to risk his health in this
+way, and he consented to seek quarters in a near-by house. However, he
+refused to make himself comfortable until the men were provided for.
+
+His headquarters were finally fixed in the two-story stone house of
+Isaac Potts. There he met his officers, received visitors, planned for
+the welfare of the army, and parried the attacks of those who could
+not understand the difficulties of the situation. Once he wrote to
+Congress: "Three days successively we have been destitute of bread.
+Two days we have been entirely without meat. The men must be supplied,
+or they cannot be commanded."
+
+To the objections of those who thought that the army should not be
+inactive during the winter weather, he wrote:
+
+      "I can assure these gentlemen, that it is a much easier and
+      less distressing thing to draw remonstrances in a comfortable
+      room by a good fireside, than to occupy a cold, bleak hill,
+      and sleep under frost and snow, without clothes or blankets.
+      However, although they seem to have little pity for the naked
+      and distressed soldiers, I feel superabundantly for them,
+      and, from my soul, I pity those miseries which it is neither
+      in my power to relieve or prevent."
+
+The heavy hearts of Washington and his officers rejoiced when, on
+February 23, 1778, Baron Steuben and Peter S. Du Ponceau called at
+headquarters. Du Ponceau wrote later:
+
+      "I cannot describe the impression that the first sight of
+      that great man made upon me. I could not keep my eyes from
+      that imposing countenance--grave, yet not severe; affable,
+      without familiarity.... I have never seen a picture that
+      represents him to me as I saw him at Valley Forge.... I had
+      frequent opportunities of seeing him, as it was my duty to
+      accompany the Baron when he dined with him, which was
+      sometimes twice or thrice in the same week. We visited him
+      also in the evening, when Mrs. Washington was at
+      head-quarters. We were in a manner domesticated in the
+      family."
+
+An order was sent from headquarters, dated March 28, that Baron
+Steuben be respected and obeyed as Inspector General. The need of his
+services is revealed by his description of the condition of the army
+when he arrived in camp:
+
+      "The arms at Valley Forge were in a horrible condition,
+      covered with rust, half of them without bayonets, many from
+      which a single shot could not be fired. The pouches were
+      quite as bad as the arms. A great many of the men had tin
+      boxes instead of pouches, others had cow-horns; and muskets,
+      carbines, fowling-pieces, and rifles were to be seen in the
+      same company.... The men were literally naked.... The
+      officers who had coats, had them of every color and make. I
+      saw officers, at a grand parade in Valley Forge, mounting
+      guard in a sort of dressing-gown, made of an old blanket or
+      woolen bed-cover...."
+
+Mrs. Washington joined the circle at headquarters on February 10. She
+was not favorably impressed. "The General's apartment is very small,"
+she wrote. "He has had a log cabin built to dine in, which has made
+our quarters much more tolerable than they were at first."
+
+The most joyful day at Valley Forge was May 7, 1778, when a fête was
+held to celebrate the conclusion of the treaty of alliance between
+France and the United States. After religious service, the army was
+reviewed, and Washington dined in public with his officers. "When the
+General took his leave, there was a universal clap, with loud huzzas,
+which continued till he had proceeded a quarter of a mile."
+
+On June 18 the glad tidings came to headquarters that the British were
+evacuating Philadelphia. Next day the camp was left behind.
+Washington did not see it again for nine years.
+
+In 1879 the Isaac Potts house was bought by the Continental Memorial
+Association of Valley Forge. And in 1893 the Pennsylvania Legislature
+created the Valley Forge Park Commission, which has since acquired the
+entire encampment, has laid it out as a park, and has arranged for the
+erection of many monuments and markers and a number of memorial
+structures. But the house in which Washington lived must always be the
+central feature of the grounds.
+
+
+  [Illustration: DAWESFIELD, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.
+   _Photo by H. C. Howland, Philadelphia_
+   See page 178]
+
+XXXIX
+
+THREE HEADQUARTERS OF WASHINGTON
+
+PENNYPACKER'S MILLS, DAWESFIELD, AND EMLEN HOUSE, NEAR PHILADELPHIA
+
+During the closing months of 1777, one of the darkest times of the
+Revolution, Washington made famous by his occupancy three houses, all
+located within a few miles of Philadelphia. The first of these,
+Pennypacker's Mills, is the only building used by the Commander-in-Chief
+during the war that is still in the hands of the family that owned it
+when he was there.
+
+Pennypacker's Mills is delightfully situated in the angle formed by
+the union of the two forks of the Perkiomen, the largest tributary of
+the Schuylkill. Hans Joest Heijt, who built the grist mill and house
+on the land in 1720, sold the property in 1730 to John Pauling. He was
+succeeded in 1757 by Peter Pannebecker. His son Samuel was the
+owner of the house by the creek when, on September 26, 1777,
+Washington reached the Mills.
+
+The orderly book of the following days and letters written from the
+house shed light on the events of the stay here.
+
+On the day he reached the Mills, Washington wrote to William Henry at
+Lancaster:
+
+      "You are hereby authorized to impress all the Blankets,
+      Shoes, Stockings, and other Articles of Clothing that can be
+      spared by the Inhabitants of the County of Lancaster, for the
+      Use of the Continental Army, paying for the same at
+      reasonable Rates or giving Certificates."
+
+The entry in the orderly book on September 28 read:
+
+      "The Commander-in-Chief has the happiness again to
+      congratulate the army on the success of the Americans to the
+      Northward. On the 19th inst. an engagement took place between
+      General Burgoyne's army and the left wing of ours, under
+      General Gates. The battle began at 10 o'clock, and lasted
+      till night--our troops fighting with the greatest bravery,
+      not giving an inch of ground.... To celebrate this success
+      the General orders that at 4 o'clock this afternoon all the
+      troops be paraded and served with a gill of rum per man, and
+      that at the same time there be discharges of 13 pieces of
+      artillery from the park."
+
+On the same day there was a council of war. It was found that there
+were in camp, fit for duty, 5,472 men. The whole army in all the camps
+then contained about eight thousand Continental troops and three
+thousand militia.
+
+Next day Washington wrote:
+
+      "I shall move the Army four or five miles lower down to-day
+      from whence we may reconnoitre and fix upon a proper
+      situation, at such distance from the Enemy, as will entitle
+      us to make an attack, should we see a proper opening, or
+      stand upon the defensive till we obtain further
+      reinforcements...."
+
+Later in the day the army marched to Skippack, within about
+twenty-five miles of Philadelphia. The next stage in the advance was
+Methacton Hill, and from there the army began to move, on October 3,
+at seven o'clock in the evening, to the attack on the British at
+Germantown.
+
+After the battle of Germantown Washington wrote to the President of
+Congress:
+
+      "In the midst of the most promising appearances, when
+      everything gave the most flattering hopes of victory, the
+      troops began suddenly to retreat, and entirely left the
+      field, in spite of every effort that could be made to rally
+      them."
+
+The Commander's marvellous ability to handle men was shown by the
+entry made in his orderly book the next day, when he was back at
+Pennypacker's Mills. Instead of reprimanding the soldiers for their
+strange retreat, he "returned thanks to the generals and other
+officers and men concerned in the attack on the enemy's left wing, for
+their spirit and bravery, shown in drawing the enemy from field to
+field, and although ... they finally retreated, they nevertheless see
+that the enemy is not proof against a vigorous attack, and may be put
+to flight when boldly pursued."
+
+The good results of this message were evident from the letter of a
+soldier written from the Mills on October 6. He said:
+
+      "Our excellent General Washington ... intends soon to try
+      another bout with them. All our men are in good spirits and I
+      think grow fonder of fighting the more they have of it."
+
+To the joy of the soldiers the word was given on October 8 to march
+toward Philadelphia. In three short stages the army arrived, on
+October 21, at Whitpain, where Washington took up his headquarters in
+the house of James Morris, Dawesfield. From here messages were sent
+that tied his men still closer to him. On October 24 he issued a
+proclamation of full pardon to deserters who should return before a
+specified date, and next day he congratulated the troops on the
+victory at Red Bank.
+
+The chief event of the stay at Dawesfield was the court-martial
+convened October 30, to try Brigadier-General Wayne, at his own
+request, on the charge that his negligence was responsible for the
+defeat at Paoli, September 20. The verdict was that "he did everything
+that could be expected from an active, brave, and vigilant officer,
+under the orders he then had."
+
+  [Illustration: EMLEN HOUSE, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 178]
+
+Three days after the trial the army moved to Whitemarsh, near the
+junction of the Skippack and Bethlehem roads. There Washington lived
+at Emlen House, of which Lossing says, "At the time of the Revolution
+it was a sort of baronial hall in size and character, where its
+wealthy owner dispensed hospitality to all who came under its roof."
+
+The house was modernized in 1854, but it still retains many of the
+original features. Among these is the moat at the side of the house.
+
+Washington followed the example of the owner of the house by welcoming
+guests, in spite of the handicaps mentioned in the orderly book on
+November 7:
+
+      "Since ... the middle of September last, he [the General] has
+      been without his baggage, and on that account is unable to
+      receive company in the manner he could wish. He nevertheless
+      desires the Generals, Field Officers and Brigadier-Major of
+      the day, to dine with him in the future, at three o'clock in
+      the afternoon."
+
+It was from Emlen House that Washington gave the first intimation that
+he knew of the infamous attempts to discredit and displace him which
+later became known as the "Conway Cabal." To General Conway himself he
+wrote saying that he had heard of Conway's letter to General Gates in
+which he had said, "Heaven has been determined to save your country,
+or a weak General and bad counsellors would have ruined it."
+
+A few glimpses of the awful condition of privation that were to
+prevail that winter at Valley Forge were given on November 22:
+
+      "The Commander-in-Chief offers a reward of ten dollars to any
+      person, who shall, by nine o'clock on Monday morning, produce
+      the best substitute for shoes, made of raw hide."
+
+The movement to Valley Forge was begun on December 1. The army went by
+way of "Sweeds" Ford (Norristown), where, as the quaint diary of
+Albigence Waldo says:
+
+      "A Bridge of Waggons made across the Schuylkill last night
+      consisted of 36 waggons, with a bridge of Rails between each.
+      Sun Set--We are order'd to march over the River. The Army
+      were 'till Sun Rise crossing the River--some at the Waggon
+      Bridge, & some at the Raft Bridge below. Cold and
+      Uncomfortable."
+
+
+XL
+
+SWEETBRIER-ON-THE-SCHUYLKILL, PHILADELPHIA
+
+THE HOME OF THE FATHER OF THE FREE SCHOOLS OF PENNSYLVANIA
+
+When Samuel Breck was fifty-eight years and six months old--on January
+17, 1830--he wrote:
+
+      "My residence has been ... for more than thirty years ... on
+      an estate belonging to me, situated on the right bank of the
+      Schuylkill, in the township of Blockley, county of
+      Philadelphia, and two miles from the western part of the
+      city. The mansion on this estate I built in 1797. It is a
+      fine stone house, rough cast, fifty-three feet long,
+      thirty-eight broad, and three stories high, having
+      out-buildings of every kind suitable for elegance and
+      comfort. The prospect consists of the river, animated by its
+      great trade, carried on in boats of about thirty tons, drawn
+      by horses; of a beautiful sloping lawn, terminating at that
+      river, now nearly four hundred yards wide opposite the
+      portico; of side-screen woods; of gardens, green-house, etc.
+      Sweetbrier is the name of my villa."
+
+Mr. Breck spent his boyhood in Boston, but his parents removed to
+Philadelphia in 1792 to escape what they felt was an unjust system of
+taxation. During the first years of their residence in the city of
+William Penn it had "a large society of elegant and fashionable and
+stylish people," Mr. Breck said in his diary. "Congress held its
+sessions in Philadelphia until the year 1800, and gave to the city the
+style and tone of a capital. All the distinguished emigrants from
+France took up their abode there."
+
+Among the associates of the Brecks were some of the leaders of the new
+nation. Samuel Breck was frequently at the Robert Morris house, and
+later, during the four years' imprisonment of Mr. Morris, he "visited
+that great man in the Prune Street debtors' apartment, and saw him in
+his ugly whitewashed vault."
+
+The diarist's comment was bitter: "In Rome or Greece a thousand
+statesmen would have honored his mighty services. In a monarchy ... he
+would have been appropriately pensioned; in America, Republican
+America, not a single voice was raised in Congress or elsewhere in aid
+of him or his family."
+
+There is not a more striking passage in the diaries than that written
+on August 27, 1814, during the second war with England:
+
+      "I was in town to-day ... at half past twelve o'clock I went
+      with an immense crowd to the post-office to hear the news
+      from the South. The postmaster read it to us from a chamber
+      window. It imported that the navy-yard had been burnt (valued
+      at from six to eight millions of dollars) including the new
+      frigate _Essex_, sloop-of-war _Argus_, some old frigates, a
+      vast quantity of timber, from five to eight hundred large
+      guns, and many manufactories of cordage, etc., by our people;
+      that the President's House, Capitol, and other important
+      buildings had been destroyed, and all this by a handful of
+      men, say, six thousand!"
+
+The diary told also of some interesting experiences at the mansion on
+the Schuylkill. In 1807 "a newly invented iron grate calculated for
+coal" was installed at Sweetbrier. After less than three weeks' trial
+Mr. Breck wrote, "By my experiment in coal fuel I find that one
+fireplace will burn from three to three and a half bushels per week in
+hard weather and about two and a half in moderate weather. This
+averages three bushels for twenty-five weeks, the period of burning
+fire in parlors." The coal cost forty-five cents a bushel, and Mr.
+Breck decided that wood was a cheaper fuel.
+
+Even in those early days city families had their troubles with
+servants. "This is a crying evil, which most families feel very
+sensibly at present," was Mr. Breck's sorrowful statement. Fifteen
+years after this entry was written, a bitter complaint was made:
+
+      "In my family, consisting of nine or ten persons, the
+      greatest abundance is provided; commonly seventy pounds of
+      fresh butcher's meat, poultry and fish a week, and when I
+      have company nearly twice as much; the best and kindest
+      treatment is given to the servants; they are seldom visited
+      by Mrs. Breck, and then always in a spirit of courtesy; their
+      wages are the highest going, and uniformly paid to them when
+      asked for; yet during the last twelve months we have had
+      seven different cooks and five different waiters.... I pay,
+      for instance, to my cook one dollar and fifty cents, and
+      chambermaid one dollar and twenty-five cents per week; to my
+      gardener eleven dollars per month; to the waiter ten dollars;
+      to the farm servant ten dollars, etc., etc. Now, if they
+      remain steady (with meat three times a day) for three or four
+      years, they can lay by enough to purchase two or three
+      hundred acres of new land."
+
+On one occasion, learning that the ship _John_ had arrived from
+Amsterdam, Mr. Breck visited it in search of men and women. He wrote:
+
+      "I saw the remains of a very fine cargo, consisting of
+      healthy, good-looking men, women and children, and I
+      purchased one German Swiss for Mrs. Ross and two French Swiss
+      for myself.... I gave for the woman seventy-six dollars,
+      which is her passage money, with a promise of twenty dollars
+      at the end of three years, if she serves me faithfully,
+      clothing and maintenance of course. The boy had paid
+      twenty-six guilders towards his passage money, which I have
+      agreed to give him at the end of three years; in addition to
+      which I paid fifty-three dollars and sixty cents for his
+      passage, and for two years he is to have six weeks' schooling
+      each year."
+
+It was like Mr. Breck to make the provision for schooling. He was an
+ardent friend of education in an age when too many were indifferent.
+In 1834, when the fortunes of a proposal for free schools in
+Pennsylvania were in doubt, he consented to become a member of the
+State Senate. There he bent every effort to secure the passage of a
+generous provision for common schools. On the first day of the session
+he moved successfully for the appointment of a Joint Committee on
+Education of the two Houses, "for the purpose of digesting a general
+system of education." Of this committee he was made chairman.
+
+After seven weeks of unremitting labor the bill incorporating the
+committee's report, a bill drafted by Mr. Breck, was introduced. In
+six weeks more it became a law, four votes only having been cast
+against it. Wickersham, in his "History of Education in Pennsylvania,"
+says that the passage of the bill was "the most important event
+connected with education in Pennsylvania--the first great victory for
+free schools."
+
+At the close of the session the author of the bill retired to
+Sweetbrier, in accordance with his intention to decline any further
+public honors. He felt that his work for the State and the Nation was
+done.
+
+
+  [Illustration: FATLANDS, NEAR PHOENIXVILLE, PENNA.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 187]
+
+XLI
+
+MILL GROVE AND FATLANDS, NEAR PHILADELPHIA
+
+THE HOMES OF JOHN J. AUDUBON AND OF HIS BRIDE, MARY BAKEWELL
+
+About two hundred years ago, there lived in France a poor fisherman
+named Audubon, who had nineteen daughters and two sons. One of the
+sons was sent away to make his fortune when he was twelve years of
+age. His entire patrimony was a shirt, a suit of clothes, a cane, and
+a blessing. For five years he was a sailor before the mast. Then he
+bought a boat. He prospered and bought other vessels. After many years
+he had large wealth, and was trading to the distant quarters of the
+earth.
+
+When he was an old man he paid a visit to America. In two widely
+separated places, attracted by the country, he bought land. One estate
+was on Perkiomen Creek, near Philadelphia; the other was in Louisiana.
+In Louisiana he spent much of his time; and there, on May 4, 1780,[2]
+his son, John James Audubon, was born.
+
+Commodore Audubon wanted his son to be a seaman, and he took him to
+France that he might be educated for the navy. But the boy's tastes
+were in another direction altogether. One of the teachers provided for
+him was an artist, who gave him lessons in drawing that were intended
+as a part of his training for the profession the father had chosen for
+him. But the boy put it to a use of his own. On his holidays he used
+to take a lunch into the country, and would return loaded down with
+all kinds of natural history specimens. These he would preserve in a
+cabinet of his own devising, and drawings of many of them would be
+made and treasured.
+
+Commodore Audubon was not pleased with his son's habits, and he
+thought he would give him something to do that would distract his
+mind. The estate in Pennsylvania needed a superintendent. So he sent
+the would-be naturalist to America, with instructions to look after
+the estate.
+
+But the wild woods about Philadelphia offered so many opportunities
+for tramping and nature investigation that the estate was neglected.
+The house on the estate, Mill Grove, which is still standing, is near
+the mouth of the Perkiomen. Along this pleasing stream he could
+ramble for hours, with his gun or his fishing rod or his collecting
+instruments. Before long the attic room which he occupied was a
+treasure house of birds and animals and natural-history specimens. He
+was his own taxidermist. He would do his work seated at a window that
+looks toward the Valley Forge country, where Washington spent the
+winter of 1777-78 with his faithful soldiers. The marks of his work
+are still to be seen on the old boards beneath the window. These
+boards came from the sawmill on the estate which gave the house its
+name.
+
+Here in this attic room the young naturalist dreamed of making
+careful, accurate drawings of all the birds of America. He knew that
+this would be a difficult matter, but he was not deterred by thought
+of hardship and poverty.
+
+While he was dreaming of what he would do for the world, something was
+happening in London that was to have an effect on his life. An
+official named Bakewell refused to be silent about a matter that the
+king felt should be forgotten. Bakewell was a conscientious man, and
+he did not feel that silence would be proper. The king rebuked him,
+and he resigned his office. At once he made up his mind to leave
+England and make a home in America, taking with him his wife and
+daughter.
+
+After many investigations, he found an estate near Philadelphia that
+pleased him--Fatlands, on the Schuylkill, near the Perkiomen, so named
+because every year the latter stream overflows and deposits rich
+sediment on the surrounding lands. The mansion house at Fatlands was
+built in 1774, and there Washington as well as the British commander
+had been entertained by the Quaker owner who felt that he could not
+show partiality. Here the English immigrant made his home.
+
+Of course Audubon heard of the coming of the strangers to the house
+across the road, not half a mile from his own quarters. But he did not
+go to call on them. He was French and they were English; he felt sure
+they would be undesirable acquaintances, and that he had better keep
+to the woods and follow his own pursuits, without reference to others.
+
+Then came a day when he was having a delightful stroll through the
+woods. He was carrying specimens of many kinds. A stranger, also a
+hunter, encountered him and made a remark about his burden that
+touched a responsive chord. Soon the two were on good terms. "You must
+come and see me," the stranger said. The invitation was accepted with
+alacrity. Then came the question, "Where do you live?" To his
+surprise, Audubon heard that this pleasing man was his new neighbor at
+Fatlands.
+
+Deciding that an Englishman was not so bad, after all, he made it
+convenient to call very soon. Then when he saw Mary Bakewell, the
+daughter of the house, he was sure he liked the English. She showed
+great sympathy for his pursuits, and he liked to talk with her about
+them. Before long she decided to help him in his great life work, the
+American ornithology.
+
+The marriage was postponed because of the death of Mrs. Bakewell, who
+pined away, homesick for her native England. But the time came when,
+on April 8, 1808, the two nature lovers became husband and wife. Then
+they began the long wanderings in the West and the South, the fruit
+of which was what has been called one of the most wonderful
+ornithological treatises ever made, Audubon's "Birds of America."
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Audubon floated down the Ohio River, spent a season in
+Kentucky and Missouri, had narrow escapes from the Indians, and
+finally found their way to Louisiana. There for a time the wife
+supported herself by teaching at the home of a planter. Friends and
+acquaintances thought the husband was a madman to continue his quest
+of birds when his family was in straitened circumstances. But Mrs.
+Audubon believed in him, urged him to go to Europe and study painting
+in oils, that he might be better equipped for the preparation of his
+bird plates. She secured a good situation as teacher at Bayou Sara,
+and was soon enjoying an income of three thousand dollars a year.
+
+Finally, with some of his own savings, as well as some of his wife's
+funds, he went to England, where he was well received. Plans were made
+to publish the bird plates, with descriptive matter, at one thousand
+dollars per set. He had to have one hundred advance subscribers. These
+he secured by personal solicitation.
+
+At last the work was issued. Cuvier called it "the most magnificent
+work that art ever raised to ornithology."
+
+Many years later, Audubon, after the death of his wife, returned to
+the scenes of his early life as a naturalist. "Here is where I met my
+dear Mary," he said, with glistening eyes, as he looked into one of
+the rooms of the old mansion.
+
+Mill Grove was built in 1762. Five years after Audubon's marriage the
+estate was bought by Samuel Wetherill, the grandfather of the present
+owner, W. H. Wetherill.
+
+Fatlands, which is one of the most beautiful old houses in the
+vicinity of Philadelphia, was built in 1774. During the Revolution it
+was occupied by a Quaker named Vaux, who entertained many officers of
+both armies. It is related that one day General Howe, the British
+commander, was entertained at breakfast, while Washington was in the
+house for tea the same evening.
+
+The house was rebuilt in 1843, on the old foundations, according to
+the original plan.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WAYNESBOROUGH, NEAR PAOLI, PENNA.
+   _Photo by H. C. Howland_
+   See page 192]
+
+XLII
+
+WAYNESBOROUGH, NEAR PAOLI, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+THE HOME OF "MAD ANTHONY" WAYNE
+
+Captain Isaac Wayne, who commanded a company at the Battle of the
+Boyne, came from Ireland to Pennsylvania in 1722. Two years later he
+bought sixteen acres of land in Chester County and built
+Waynesborough.
+
+His son Isaac, who was a captain in the French and Indian War,
+enlarged the mansion in 1765. While a wing was added in 1812, it
+presents much the same appearance to-day as it did at the time Anthony
+Wayne left it to go to war with General Washington, even to the
+crooked hood above the entrance door. The present owner, William
+Wayne, is as unwilling as were his ancestors to have this hood
+straightened.
+
+On the front of the house is a tablet which reads:
+
+           The Home of General Anthony Wayne,
+          Born in this House, January 1, 1745.
+     Died at Erie, Pennsylvania, December 15, 1796.
+         A Leader of the American Revolution in
+        Pennsylvania and a soldier distinguished
+                        for his
+           Services at Brandywine, Germantown,
+                      Valley Forge,
+          Monmouth, Stony Point, and Yorktown.
+           Subdued the Indians of Ohio, 1794.
+               Commander-in-Chief of the
+             United States Army 1792-1796.
+        Marked by the Chester County Historical
+                        Society.
+
+To this record the statement might have been added that General
+Lafayette visited the home of his old commander when he was in the
+United States in 1824. Reverently the General bowed his head in
+Wayne's favorite sitting-room, to the right of the entrance hall,
+where nothing had been disturbed since the death of the patriot. The
+furnishings and ornaments of the room are the same to-day as then.
+
+Anthony Wayne was a delegate to several of the conventions which took
+the preliminary steps leading to the Revolutionary War. In 1775 he was
+a member of the Committee of Safety, and in the same year he organized
+a regiment of "minute men" in Chester County.
+
+His first active service was as colonel with troops sent to Canada in
+January, 1776, and from November, 1776, to April, 1777, as commander
+of twenty-five hundred men at Ticonderoga. "It was my business to
+prevent a junction of the enemy's armies and ... to keep at bay their
+whole Canadian force," he wrote in a private letter.
+
+Here, in the midst of difficulties with soldiers who wanted to desert,
+he heard that the British were threatening Waynesborough. But, like a
+true soldier, he stuck to his work, and urged his wife to be brave.
+"Should you be necessitated to leave East-town, I doubt not but you'll
+meet with hospitality in the back parts of the Province," he wrote to
+her.
+
+His fidelity and resourcefulness were recognized in February, 1777, by
+a commission as brigadier general. Washington, who was then in New
+Jersey, wrote to him a little later, saying that his presence with him
+was "materially needed," to guard the country between West Point and
+Philadelphia. And when the British fleet sailed out of New York
+Harbor, Washington sent him to Chester, to organize the militia of
+Pennsylvania. A few weeks later he was in charge of a division at
+Brandywine. Historians say that his steadfastness on the left
+prevented the advance of Knyphausen, and saved the right from entire
+destruction.
+
+Less than a week later, within a mile of his own house, he was
+surprised by the enemy near Paoli, in consequence, it is said, of the
+act of an inn-keeper who betrayed Wayne's presence to the British. The
+result was the only defeat of his brilliant career. Eighty of his men
+were killed. The engagement has been called "the Paoli Massacre,"
+because of the conduct of the victors. Wayne escaped. A squad of
+soldiers searched for him at Waynesborough. When they could not find
+him in the house, they thrust their bayonets into the great boxwood
+bush that is still to be seen in the rear of the mansion.
+
+Because some said that the General was responsible for the defeat, he
+demanded a court-martial. The court-martial was held soon after, and
+he was acquitted with the highest honor, and was declared to be "an
+active, brave, and vigilant officer."
+
+Washington's letters and orderly book are full of references to Wayne.
+He was a trusted commander, and his advice was followed many times. He
+it was who first proposed that the army should "hut" during the winter
+of 1776-77, some twenty miles from Philadelphia. He was always eager
+to do his Commander's bidding. On one occasion, when he was in
+Philadelphia, on his way to greet his family, he was met by a fast
+rider who handed him a despatch in which Washington said, "I request
+that you join the army as soon as you can."
+
+During his long absence from Waynesborough his wife Polly and his
+children were continually in his thoughts. Once he wrote:
+
+      "I am not a little anxious about the education of our girl
+      and boy. It is full time that Peggy should be put to dancing
+      school. How does she improve in her writing and reading? Does
+      Isaac take learning freely? Has he become fond of school?"
+
+Just before the storming of Stony Point, he prepared for death,
+sending to a friend a letter which was not to be opened until the
+author was dead. The letter said:
+
+      "I know that your friendship will induce you to attend to the
+      education of my little son and daughter. I fear that their
+      mother will not survive this stroke. Do go to her."
+
+On the way up the mount he was grievously wounded and fell senseless.
+Soon he roused himself and cried, "Lead me forward.... Let me die in
+the fort." Several hours later he was able to send word to Washington,
+"The fort and garrison are ours."
+
+In this spirit he served through the war. And when the action was won
+he continued to fight for his country. On February 6, 1796, Claypool's
+_Daily American Advertiser_ told of his return from his successful
+campaign against the Indians of Ohio:
+
+      "Four miles from the city, he was met by the entire Troop of
+      Philadelphia Light Horse, and escorted by them to town. On
+      his crossing the Schuylkill, a salute of fifteen guns was
+      fired from the Centre-square, by a party of Artillery. He was
+      ushered into the city by the ringing of bells and other
+      demonstrations of joy."
+
+
+  [Illustration: MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM, PENNA.
+   _Photo by Rev. A. D. Therelar, Bethlehem_
+   See page 196]
+
+XLIII
+
+THE MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+A RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY WHOSE FOUNDERS WERE TRUE PATRIOTS
+
+The Unitas Fratrum or Church of the Brethren arose in the fifteenth
+century in Bohemia and Moravia. In 1727 intolerance led its leaders to
+begin to plan an emigration to America. A colony was sent to
+Pennsylvania in 1734, while a second colony went to Georgia in 1735.
+Late in the year 1740 the remnant of the emigrants to Georgia joined
+forces with the Pennsylvania contingent, and settled on five thousand
+acres of land in the "Forks of the Delaware," as the locality just
+within the confluence of the Delaware River and the Lehigh or "West
+Fork of the Delaware" was called. The object of the settlers was to
+preach to the Indians, and they began at once to win the confidence of
+the Delawares.
+
+The first house was built in 1741. This was twenty by forty feet, one
+story high, with sleeping quarters for a number of persons in the
+attic under the steep pitched roof. The cattle were kept in a portion
+of the house partitioned off for them. The common room in which they
+lived was also the place of worship for more than a year. The site of
+this house is marked by a memorial stone, which was put in place in
+1892.
+
+The foundation for the Gemeinhaus, or Community House, was laid in
+September. For many years this was to serve as home and hospice, manse
+and church, administration office, academy, dispensary, and town-hall.
+As "The House on the Lehigh," it became known through all the
+countryside.
+
+The event of the year 1741 was the coming of Count Zinzendorf. The
+Community House was not yet finished, but two rooms in the second
+story were hurriedly prepared for the guest.
+
+No name had yet been given to the settlement, but on Christmas Eve,
+after Zinzendorf had celebrated the Holy Communion in the building,
+the only fitting name suggested itself. Bishop Levering of the
+Moravian Church tells the story:
+
+      "This humble sanctuary, with beasts of the stall sharing its
+      roof, brought the circumstances of the Saviour's birth
+      vividly before their imagination.... Acting upon an impulse,
+      the Count rose and led the way into the part of the building
+      in which the cattle were kept, while he began to sing the
+      quaintly pretty words of a German Epiphany hymn which
+      combined Christmas thoughts and missionary thoughts.... Its
+      language expressed well the feeling of the hour.... The
+      little town of Bethlehem was hailed, its boon to mankind was
+      lauded.... With this episode a thought came to one and
+      another which gave rise to a perpetual memorial of the
+      occasion.... By general consent the name of the ancient town
+      of David was adopted and the place was called Bethlehem."
+
+The chapel of the Gemeinhaus was used by the congregation for nine
+years. During this period many of the Indians were baptised there. In
+1752 and again in 1753 councils were held here with the
+representatives of the Nanticoke and Shawnee Indians from the Wyoming
+Valley.
+
+The second place of worship was an extension of the Gemeinhaus,
+completed in 1751. Here congregations gathered for fifty-five years.
+Here the gospel was preached by some of the most eminent ministers of
+colonial days, while the records show that famous visitors sat in the
+pews. Among them were Governor John Penn; Generals Washington,
+Amherst, Gage, Gates, and Lafayette; John Hancock, Henry Laurence,
+Samuel and John Adams, Richard Henry Lee, and many other delegates to
+the Continental Congress.
+
+During the Revolution there were no more earnest patriots than the
+members of the Moravian Community at Bethlehem. At one time the Single
+Brethren's House was used for eight months as a hospital, and no
+charge was made, though in 1779 a bill for repairs was sent which
+amounted to $358.
+
+A letter from David Rittenhouse, received on September 16, 1778,
+caused great excitement, for he told of the despatch to Bethlehem of
+all the military stores of Washington's army, carried in seven hundred
+wagons. This was done because Washington's army had been compelled to
+fall back on Philadelphia. It was also thought wise to send the bells
+of Christ Church and of Independence Hall to Allentown, by way of
+Bethlehem. The wagon on which Independence Bell was loaded broke down
+on descending the hill in front of the hospital, and had to be
+unloaded while repairs were being made.
+
+The most distinguished patient cared for in Bethlehem was the Marquis
+de Lafayette, who was brought from Brandywine, and was nursed by
+Sister Liesel Beckel.
+
+Twenty years after the close of the war it was decided that the time
+had come for the building of a permanent church. The first estimate
+was made in 1802. At that time it was thought that the total cost
+would be $11,000. "It is interesting to note how very modern they were
+in underestimating the probable cost of a church," Bishop Levering
+says. The actual cost, including the organ, was more than five times
+the estimate.
+
+The excavation for the building was made in March, 1803, by volunteer
+laborers, to whom the residents of the Sisters' House furnished lunch.
+The work was completed in two weeks. Then the great foundation walls
+were laid, six feet thick.
+
+For the services of consecration, held from May 18 to May 26, 1806,
+six thousand people gathered in the village of five hundred
+inhabitants. On the first day, "at five o'clock in the morning the
+jubilant note of trombones, trumpets, and other wind instruments from
+the belfry of the church broke the stillness of the awaking village
+with a musical announcement of the festival day."
+
+The Moravian Community at Bethlehem has grown. But those who worship
+in the old church are animated by the same missionary enthusiasm that
+characterized those who founded the institution so long ago.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] A building to the east of Independence Hall was completed in 1791.
+In this building, which was the Philadelphia City Hall until 1854, the
+Supreme Court of the United States held its first session, February 7,
+1791.
+
+In 1813 the arcades connecting the main building with the wings were
+removed, and new buildings were erected which connected Independence
+Hall with the corner buildings.
+
+In 1816 the city of Philadelphia became the owner of the whole
+property.
+
+[2] This date and place were generally accepted until 1917, when
+Francis Hobart Herrick published proof that Audubon was born in Santo
+Domingo in 1785.
+
+
+
+
+FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND DIXON LINE
+
+     _Afar, through the mellow hazes
+     Where the dreams of June are stayed,
+     The hills, in their vanishing mazes,
+     Carry the flush, and fade!
+     Southward they fall, and reach
+     To the bay and the ocean beach,
+     Where the soft, half-Syrian air
+     Blows from the Chesapeake's
+     Inlets, coves, and creeks
+     On the fields of Delaware!
+     And the rosy lakes of flowers,
+     That here alone are ours,
+     Spread into seas that pour
+     Billow and spray of pink,
+     Even to the blue wave's brink,
+     All down the Eastern Shore!_
+
+       BAYARD TAYLOR.
+
+
+
+
+FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND DIXON LINE
+
+
+XLIV
+
+HISTORIC LANDMARKS AT NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE
+
+THE FIRST LANDING PLACE OF WILLIAM PENN
+
+How many students of United States history would be able to answer the
+question, "What town has had at least seven different names and has
+been under the flags of four different countries?"
+
+There is such a town, and but one--New Castle, Delaware. The Swedes
+laid it out in 1631, and called it New Stockholm. In 1651 the Dutch
+built a fort there, and called it Fort Kasimir. Sandhoec was a second
+Dutch name. When the Dutch West India Company ceded it to the city of
+Amsterdam it was named New Amstel. After 1675 the English took a hand
+in naming the village. Grape Wine Point, Delaware Town, and, at
+length, New Castle were the last names assigned to the seaport that,
+within a generation, boasted twenty-five hundred inhabitants.
+
+The site of Fort Kasimir was long ago covered by the Delaware. A
+quaint house, still occupied, is the only survival from the Dutch
+period. But it would be difficult to find a town of four thousand
+inhabitants which is so rich in buildings and traditions that go back
+to the earliest English occupation.
+
+Many of the buildings and traditions centre about the old Market
+Square, in the centre of the town, only a few hundred feet from the
+Delaware. This square dates from the days of Petrus Stuyvesant, in
+1658. At one end of the square is the old stone-paved courthouse,
+which has been in use since 1672. To this building William Penn was
+welcomed, as a tablet on the outer wall relates:
+
+      "On the 28th Day of October, 1682, William Penn, the Great
+      Proprietor, on His First Landing in America, Here Proclaimed
+      His Government and Received from the Commissioner of the Duke
+      of York the Key of the Fort, the Turf, Twig, and Water, as
+      Symbols of His Possession."
+
+From the steps of the courthouse, as a centre, was surveyed the
+twelve-mile circle whose arc was to be the northern line of Delaware,
+according to the royal grant made to Penn. This arc forms the curious
+circular boundary, unlike any other boundary in the United States.
+
+  [Illustration: IMMANUEL CHURCH, NEWCASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 204]
+
+In the rear of the courthouse, though still on the green Market
+Square, is old Emmanuel Protestant Episcopal Church, which was
+organized in 1689, though the building now occupied was begun in 1703.
+This cruciform structure is the oldest church of English building on
+the Delaware, and services have been held here continuously since
+1706, when it was completed. Queen Anne gave to the church a "Pulpit
+and Altar Cloath, with a Box of Glass." A memorial tablet on the wall
+tells of the first rector, Rev. George Ross, who came as a missionary
+from England in 1703, and served for fifty years. His son, also George
+Ross, was one of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence.
+His daughter Gertrude married George Read, another of the Signers. The
+tomb of George Read is in the rear of the church.
+
+  [Illustration: DOORWAY OF PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, NEW CASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 205]
+
+Across the street from the Market Square is the Presbyterian church,
+whose first building, erected in 1707, is still in use as a part of
+its ecclesiastical plant. The pastor and many of the members of this
+church had a prominent part in the War of the Revolution.
+
+The visitor who crosses from one of these churches to the other is
+attracted by a stone pyramid, on the edge of the Market Square, whose
+story is told by a tablet:
+
+      "These stones were sleepers in the New Castle and Frenchtown
+      Railroad, completed in 1831, the first railroad in Delaware,
+      and one of the first in the United States."
+
+  [Illustration: DOORWAY OF RODNEY HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_]
+
+  [Illustration: DOORWAY OF STEWART HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_]
+
+The fire of 1824 which burned a large part of New Castle destroyed
+many of the old houses, but there remain enough to make the town a
+Mecca for those who delight in studying things that are old. Most of
+these houses are on the square, or are within a short distance of it.
+All are remarkable for the beautiful entrance doorways and wonderfully
+carved interior woodwork. Artists from all parts of the country turn
+to these houses for inspiration in their work.
+
+  [Illustration: AMSTEL HOUSE, NEWCASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 205]
+
+The Amstel House, the home of Henry Hanby Hay, is the oldest of these;
+it was probably built about 1730. One of its earliest owners was
+Nicholas Van Dyke, who was a major of militia during the Revolution,
+and later served six years in the Continental Congress. For three
+years he was Governor of Delaware. During his residence in this house
+it was called "The Corner." So, at least, it was referred to by
+Kensey Johns in a love-letter to comely Anne Van Dyke, written during
+the cold winter of 1784:
+
+      "This evening I visited 'the Corner.' Soon after I went in
+      Mrs. V. says, 'Well, Mr. Johns, what say you to a ride below
+      with me, and bringing Miss Nancy up?' After an hour passed, I
+      recovered myself and answered in the negative, that my
+      business would not permit of it--Your papa discovered by his
+      countenance the lightest satisfaction at my refusal; this
+      approbation of his afforded me great pleasure. The more I
+      regard your happiness, the more desirous I am by assiduity
+      and attention to business to establish a character which will
+      give me consequence and importance in life. I wish to see you
+      more than words express.
+
+      "Mrs. B. says she wants you to come up very much; she asked
+      me to use my influence to persuade you. All I can say is,
+      that if your Grand Mama's indisposition will admit of it, and
+      your inclination prompts you to come, it will much contribute
+      to my happiness, even if I should only see you now and then
+      for a few moments. My fingers are so cold I can scarce hold
+      my pen, therefore adieu. Be assured that I never cease to be,
+
+       "Yours most affectionately,
+
+         "KENSEY JOHNS."
+
+  [Illustration: DOORWAY OF AMSTEL HOUSE, NEWCASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 205]
+
+On a pane of glass in the guest chamber of the old house some one long
+ago scratched with a diamond a message that sounds as if it came from
+the heart of the lover:
+
+     "Around her head ye angels constant Vigil keep,
+     And guard fair innocence her balmy sleep."
+
+Three months after Kensey Johns wrote the ardent letter to Anne Van
+Dyke, the day after the wedding, April 30, 1784, George Washington
+came to the Corner, and there was a reception in his honor and that
+of the bride and groom. The Father of his Country received the guests
+standing before an old fireplace whose hearthstone has been lettered
+in memory of the event.
+
+A few years later Kensey Johns, then Chief Justice of Maryland, built
+near by a beautiful colonial mansion where he entertained many of the
+leading men of the nation.
+
+Kensey Johns' predecessor as Chief Justice was George Read, the
+Signer. His house, an old record says, stood so near the Delaware,
+which is here two and a half miles wide, that when the tide was high
+one wheel of a carriage passing in the street in front of it was in
+the water, and in violent storms the waves were dashed against the
+building. The house was in the midst of a wonderfully beautiful
+garden. This garden is still one of the sights of the town, though the
+house was destroyed in the fire of 1824.
+
+  [Illustration: DOORWAY OF READ HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 207]
+
+George Read, the Signer's son, in 1801, built a house in the corner of
+the garden, which was saved from the fire by a carpet laid on the roof
+and kept thoroughly wet until the danger was past. This Georgian house
+is a marvel of beauty, both inside and out. The hand-carved moldings,
+mantels, and arches bring to the house visitors from far and near.
+Miss Hatty Smith, the present owner, delights to show the place to all
+who are interested.
+
+  [Illustration: HALL OF READ HOUSE, NEWCASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 207]
+
+In the early days New Castle was on the King's Road from Philadelphia
+to Baltimore. Washington passed this way when on his journeys.
+Lafayette visited the town in 1824. The house built by Nicholas Van
+Dyke, son of the owner of the Corner, received him for the marriage
+of Charles I. Du Pont and Dorcas M. Van Dyke. It is recorded that on
+this occasion he gave the bride away.
+
+Cæsar Rodney, too, passed through the town frequently, notably when he
+made the famous ride in July, 1776, that helped to save the
+Declaration of Independence; here he rested after the first stage of
+his historic journey.
+
+The name of George Thomson, secretary of Congress during the
+Revolution, is also enrolled in the list of the worthies who visited
+the town. In 1740 his father, when on his way from Ireland to America
+with his three sons, died on shipboard. The captain appropriated the
+meagre possessions of the family and set the boys ashore at New
+Castle, penniless. George was sheltered by a butcher who was so
+delighted with him that he decided to bring him up to the trade.
+George was terrified when he overheard the man's plan; he did not
+intend to be a butcher. So he stole out of the town between dark and
+daylight and made his way to surroundings where the way was opened
+that led him to usefulness and fame.
+
+
+  [Illustration: RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DEL.
+   _Photo by R. C. Holmes_
+   See page 208]
+
+XLV
+
+THE RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DELAWARE
+
+A BOYHOOD HAUNT OF CÆSAR RODNEY, THE SIGNER
+
+On the Green in Dover, Delaware, is one of the most striking houses of
+the quaint old town--the Ridgely house. The date of its erection is
+not certain, but it is an interesting fact that on one of the bricks
+is the date 1728. Originally there were but two rooms in the house;
+subsequent enlargements have been so harmonious that one who sees the
+place from the Green must pause to admire. Admiration turns to delight
+when the interior of the house is examined. The old-fashioned garden
+at the rear intensifies delight.
+
+Dr. Charles Greenburg Ridgely became owner of the property in 1769.
+The house was a gift from his father, Nicholas Ridgely. The second of
+the wives who lived here with Dr. Ridgely was Ann, the daughter of
+Squire William Moore of Moore Hall, near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania,
+whose determined advocacy of armed preparation for defence against a
+threatened Indian attack once aroused the indignation of the
+Pennsylvania Assembly, most of whose members were Friends.
+
+The Ridgely house was famous throughout Delaware as the resort of
+patriots. Dr. Ridgely was six times a member of the Provincial
+Assembly, and was also an active member of the Constitutional
+Convention of Delaware in 1776.
+
+During the days when patriotic feelings were beginning to run high,
+Cæsar Rodney, the ward of Dr. Ridgely's father, was often an inmate of
+the Ridgely house. Cæsar was born near Dover in 1728. At Dover he
+received most of his education. Some twenty years after the little
+town saw so much of him he became famous because of his vital service
+to the Colonies, as a member of the Continental Congress in
+Philadelphia. "He was the most active, and was by odds the leading man
+in the State in espousing the American cause," Henry C. Conrad once
+said to the Sons of Delaware. In the course of his address Mr. Conrad
+told the thrilling story of Cæsar Rodney's most spectacular service.
+
+On July 1, 1776, when the vote was taken in the Committee of the Whole
+of the Continental Congress as to the framing and proclaiming of the
+Declaration of Independence, ten of the thirteen Colonies voted yes.
+"Pennsylvania had seven delegates, four of whom were opposed to it,
+and three in favor of it. Delaware had two members present, McKean and
+Read. Rodney was absent. McKean was in favor of, and Read against the
+Declaration. McKean, appreciating that it was most important, for the
+sentiment it would create, that the Declaration of Independence should
+be proclaimed by the unanimous vote of the thirteen Colonies, sent for
+Rodney, who was at that time at one of his farms near Dover. Rodney
+came post-haste, and he arrived just in time to save the day, and cast
+the vote of Delaware in favor of the Declaration.
+
+McKean, writing of the event years afterward to Cæsar A. Rodney, a
+nephew of Cæsar Rodney, said:
+
+      "I sent an express, at my own private expense, for your
+      honored uncle, the remaining member from Delaware, whom I met
+      at the State House door, in his boots and spurs, as the
+      members were assembling. After a friendly salutation, without
+      a word in the business, we went into the hall of Congress
+      together, and found we were among the latest. Proceedings
+      immediately commenced, and after a few minutes the great
+      question was put. When the vote of Delaware was called, your
+      uncle arose and said: 'As I believe the voice of my
+      constituents and of all sensible and honest men is in favor
+      of independence, and my own judgment coincides with theirs, I
+      vote for independence.'"
+
+Since Pennsylvania also voted in favor of the Declaration, it was
+adopted unanimously.
+
+Cæsar Rodney was Governor of Delaware from 1778 to 1781. On April 8,
+1784, the State Council, of which he was presiding officer, met at his
+house near Dover, because he was too ill to go to Dover. Less than
+three months later he died.
+
+A monument marks his last resting-place in Christ Episcopal churchyard
+in Dover.
+
+
+XLVI
+
+REHOBOTH CHURCH ON THE POCOMOKE, MARYLAND
+
+THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA
+
+The Pocomoke River rises in southern Delaware, forms a part of the
+eastern boundary of Somerset County, Maryland, and empties into
+Pocomoke Sound, an inlet of Chesapeake Bay. On the banks of this
+stream, not far from the mouth, Colonel William Stevens, a native of
+Buckinghamshire, England, located in 1665, taking out a patent on what
+he called the Rehoboth plantation, the name being chosen from Genesis
+26:22. "And he called the name of it Rehoboth. And he said, For now
+the Lord hath made room for us, and we shall be fruitful in this
+land." When Somerset County was organized he was made Judge of the
+County Court. He also became a member of "His Lordship's Councill,"
+and was one of the Deputy Lieutenants of the Province.
+
+As the years passed many followed Colonel Stevens to Somerset County,
+in search of religious freedom. Scotch, Scotch-Irish, French, and
+Quakers were represented in the village that was known at first as
+Pocomoke Town, though later it was called Rehoboth. Many of these
+settlers were Presbyterians, who had lost their property through
+persecution.
+
+In 1672 the Grand Jury, encouraged by Judge Stevens, asked Rev. Robert
+Maddux to preach at four points in the county. One of these points was
+the plantation house at Rehoboth. The next year George Fox, the
+Quaker, was in the community. He also preached in his famous "leather
+breeches" at Colonel Stevens' plantation, to a great congregation of
+several thousand whites and Indians. A Quaker monthly meeting
+followed.
+
+The number of Presbyterians increased to such an extent that in 1680
+Colonel Stevens asked the Presbytery of Laggan in Ireland for a godly
+minister to gather the band of exiles into a church. Francis Makemie
+was sent as a result. Soon Rehoboth Church was organized by him, as
+well as a number of other churches in the neighborhood. The exact date
+of the beginning of Rehoboth Church is uncertain, but it is probable
+that the first building was erected about 1683.
+
+For some years Makemie travelled from place to place, preaching and
+organizing churches as he went, but from 1699 to 1708, except in 1704
+and 1705, when he visited Europe, he lived in the neighborhood and
+preached at Rehoboth whenever he was at home.
+
+When it became necessary to erect a new church building, he decided to
+have this on his own land, because of Maryland's intolerant laws. This
+building, which is still in use, dates from 1706, the year when its
+builder assisted in organizing the first Presbytery of the
+Presbyterian Church at Philadelphia.
+
+Makemie's name will ever be connected with the struggle for religious
+liberty. He had a certificate from the court that permitted him to
+preach in the Province of Maryland, but he had many trying experiences
+in spite of this fact. His congregation groaned under the necessity of
+paying taxes to support the rectors of three neighboring parishes.
+
+The greatest trial was not in Maryland, but in New York, where he
+spent a portion of 1706 and 1707. His experiences there should be
+familiar to all who are interested in the struggle for religious
+liberty in America.
+
+The story is told in a curious document written by Makemie himself,
+which was printed in New York in 1707, under the title "A Particular
+Narrative of the Imprisonment of two Non-Conformist Ministers; and
+Prosecution & Tryal of one of them, for Preaching one Sermon in the
+city of New-York. By a Learner of Law and Lover of Liberty."
+
+The warrant for the arrest of the "criminal" was addressed to Thomas
+Cordale, Esqr., High-Sheriff of Queens County on Long-Island, or his
+Deputy, and was signed by Lord Cornbury. It read:
+
+      "Whereas I am informed, that one Mackennan, and one Hampton,
+      two Presbyterian Preachers, who lately came to this City,
+      have taken upon them to Preach in a Private House, without
+      having obtained My Licence for so doing, which is directly
+      contrary to the known Laws of England, and being likewise
+      informed, that they are gone into Long-Island, with intent
+      there to spread their Pernicious Doctrines and Principles, to
+      the great disturbance of the Order by Law established by the
+      Government of this province. You are therefore hereby
+      Required and Commanded, to take into your Custody the Bodies
+      of the said Mackennan and Hampton, and then to bring them
+      with all convenient speed before me, at Fort-Anne, in
+      New-York."
+
+When brought before Lord Cornbury, Makemie said: "We have Liberty from
+an Act of Parliament, made the first year of the Reign of King William
+and Queen Mary, which gave us Liberty, with which Law we have
+complied."
+
+But Lord Cornbury replied: "No one shall Preach in my Government
+without my Licence.... That Law does not extend to the American
+Plantations, but only to England.... I know, for I was at Making
+thereof.... That Act of Parliament was made against Strowling
+Preachers, and you are such, and shall not Preach in my Government."
+
+Makemie again challenged Lord Cornbury to show "any Pernicious
+Doctrine in the Confession of Faith of the Presbyterian Church." Later
+he refused to give "Bail and Security to Preach no more."
+
+"Then you must go to Gaol," his Lordship said.
+
+On January 23 another warrant was given to the High Sheriff of New
+York. He was told "to safely keep till further orders" the prisoners
+committed to him.
+
+From the prison Makemie sent a petition asking to know the charge, and
+demanding a speedy trial. Later the prisoner was released on habeas
+corpus proceedings.
+
+At the trial, where Makemie conducted his own defence, he read Chapter
+23 of the Westminster Confession of Faith, as a complete reply to the
+charge that he believed what incited the people to disregard the
+authority of the king.
+
+The jury brought in a verdict of "not guilty," but Makemie was obliged
+to pay the costs, including the fees of the Court Prosecutor, which
+amounted to twelve pounds. The total cost of the trial, including the
+expense of a trip from his home in Maryland, made necessary by a
+recess in the trial, was more than eighty pounds.
+
+A few months later Makemie died. It was felt by those who knew him
+that the trying experiences at New York hastened his end.
+
+He had not lived in vain. His struggles for religious liberty were to
+bear rich fruit before many years.
+
+Henry van Dyke wrote a sonnet to the memory of Francis Makemie, which
+was read on May 14, 1908, when the monument to the memory of the
+pioneer was unveiled:
+
+     "To thee, plain hero of a rugged race,
+       We bring a meed of praise too long delayed!
+       Thy fearless word and faithful work have made
+     Of God's Republic a firmer resting-place
+     In this New World: for thou hast preached the grace
+       And power of Christ in many a forest glade,
+       Teaching the truth that leaves men unafraid
+     Of frowning tyranny or death's dark face.
+
+     "Oh, who can tell how much we owe to thee,
+       Makemie, and to labor such as thine,
+       For all that makes America the shrine
+     Of faith untrammelled and of conscience free?
+     Stand here, grey stone, and consecrate the sod
+     Where rests this brave Scotch-Irish man of God."
+
+
+  [Illustration: DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, MD.
+   _Photo by James F. Hughes Company, Baltimore_
+   See page 216]
+
+XLVII
+
+DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, MARYLAND
+
+WHOSE OWNER WAS THE LAST SURVIVING SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF
+INDEPENDENCE
+
+It is true that when Charles Carroll was about to sign his name to the
+Declaration of Independence he added the words, "of Carrollton," but
+the story that he added the words there that he might be distinguished
+from a second Charles Carroll is an error; he had been writing his
+name thus since 1765. It would have been just as true a description if
+he had used the name of another of the numerous Carroll estates,
+Doughoregan Manor, but the designation he chose was simpler. At any
+rate he could not spell it in so many ways as the name of the family
+estate where he lived and died. Letters written by him at different
+periods show such diverse spellings as "Doeheragen," "Doohoragen,"
+"Dooheragon," and "Dougheragen," before he settled down to
+"Doughoregan."
+
+Doughoregan Manor, which was named for one of the O'Carroll estates in
+Ireland, is one of the most ancient family seats in Maryland. In 1688
+Charles Carroll, I, came over from England. He became a large landed
+proprietor, in part as a result of his appeal to the king of England
+for a part in the estate of the O'Carrolls of King's County, Ireland.
+The king satisfied the claim by offering him 60,000 acres of land in
+the Colonies. His heir was Charles Carroll, II, who was born in 1702.
+Fifteen years later Doughoregan Manor was built, and twenty-seven
+years later Charles Carroll, II, and his brother Daniel sold sixty
+acres of land which became the site of old Baltimore.
+
+Charles Carroll, II, divided his time between Doughoregan Manor and
+the Carroll Mansion in Annapolis, his town house. Here was born, in
+1737, Charles Carroll, III, the Signer. Most of the education of this
+heir to the vast estate of Charles Carroll, II, was secured in France.
+He was in Paris when his father wrote to him, in 1764, telling him of
+the large property that was to come to him. After speaking of this in
+detail, he concluded:
+
+      "On my death I am willing to add my Manor of Doughoregan,
+      10,000 acres, and also 1,425 Acres called Chance adjacent
+      thereto, on the bulk of which my negroes are settled. As you
+      are my only child, you will, of course, have all the residue
+      of my estate at my death."
+
+When the estate of his father finally came into his hands, Charles
+Carroll, III, was the richest man in Maryland. That he knew how to
+handle such a large property he showed by a letter which he wrote to
+his son, Charles Carroll, IV, on July 10, 1801:
+
+      "He who postpones till to-morrow what can and ought to be
+      done to-day, will never thrive in this world. It was not by
+      procrastination this estate was acquired, but by activity,
+      thought, perseverance, and economy, and by the same means it
+      must be preserved and prevented from melting away."
+
+But while the owner of Doughoregan Manor was careful, he was not
+penurious. He kept open house to his numerous friends, of whom George
+Washington was one. In one of the rooms of the Manor Washington sat
+to Gilbert Stuart for his portrait.
+
+Both Mr. Carroll's property and his services were at his country's
+call. From the days of the Stamp Act to the close of the Revolution
+there was no more ardent patriot than he. He served as a member of the
+Continental Congress, was for three months with Washington at Valley
+Forge, by appointment of Congress, was later United States Senator,
+and was a leader in business as well as in political affairs. With
+Washington he was a member from the beginning of the Potomac Canal
+Company, which later was merged into the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
+Company.
+
+After the Revolution he spent most of his time at Doughoregan Manor,
+where he completed the remarkable three-hundred-foot façade by the
+addition of the chapel which has been used by the family for more than
+a century.
+
+One by one the sons and daughters went out from the house, carrying
+the Carroll name or the Carroll training into many sections of
+Maryland and Virginia. Perhaps the most interesting marriage was that
+of Charles Carroll, IV, who was mentioned by Washington in his diary
+for 1798:
+
+      "March 27--Mr. Charles Carroll, Jr. ... came to dinner.
+
+      "March 28--Mr. Carroll went away after breakfast."
+
+William Spohn Baker, in "Washington after the Revolution," after
+quoting these extracts from the diary, says:
+
+      "The visit of young Mr. Carroll having given rise at
+      Annapolis to a rumor that it was made with the intention
+      of paying his addresses to Nelly Custis, her brother wrote
+      to the General in allusion to it, saying, 'I think it a most
+      desirable match, and wish that it may take place with all my
+      heart.' In reply, under date of April 15, Washington wrote,
+      'Young Mr. Carroll came here about a fortnight ago to dinner,
+      and left on next morning after breakfast. If his object was
+      such as you say has been reported, it was not declared here;
+      and therefore, the less is said upon the subject,
+      particularly by your sister's friends, the more prudent it
+      will be, until the subject develops itself more.'
+
+      "But youthful alliances are not always made at the nod of
+      Dame Rumor, nor are they always controlled by the wishes of
+      relatives. Nelly Custis married, February 22, 1799, at Mount
+      Vernon, Laurence Lewis, a nephew of Washington; and Charles
+      Carroll, Junior, found, in the following year, a bride at
+      Philadelphia, Harriet, a daughter of Benjamin Chew" [of
+      Cliveden].
+
+A delightful picture of life at the Manor was given by Adam Hodgson,
+an English visitor, who wrote from Baltimore on July 13, 1820:
+
+      "I have lately been paying some very agreeable visits at the
+      country seats of some of my acquaintances in the
+      neighborhood.... The other morning I set out, at four
+      o'clock, with General H, on a visit to a most agreeable
+      family, who reside at a large Manor, about seventeen miles
+      distant. We arrived about seven o'clock, and the family soon
+      afterward assembled to breakfast. It consisted of several
+      friends from France, Canada, and Washington, and the children
+      and grandchildren of my host, a venerable patriarch, nearly
+      eighty-five (83) years of age, and one of the four survivors
+      of those who signed the Declaration of Independence.... After
+      breakfasting the following morning, the ladies played for us
+      on the harp; and in the evening, I set out on horseback, to
+      return hither, not without a feeling of regret, that I had
+      probably taken a final leave of my hospitable friend, who,
+      although still an expert horseman, seldom goes beyond the
+      limits of his manor...."
+
+The other three surviving Signers died first, so that when Charles
+Carroll of Carrollton followed on November 14, 1832, the last Signer
+was gone. Among his last words were these:
+
+      "I have lived to my ninety-sixth year; I have enjoyed
+      continued health, I have been blessed with great wealth,
+      prosperity, and most of the good things which this world can
+      bestow--public approbation, esteem, applause; but what I now
+      look back on with the greatest satisfaction to myself is,
+      that I have practiced the duties of my religion."
+
+He was buried under the pavement of the chapel at the Manor.
+
+The present occupants of Doughoregan are Mr. and Mrs. Charles Carroll,
+who followed Governor John Lee Carroll, after his death in 1911.
+
+
+  [Illustration: UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MD.
+   _Photo by M. M. Carter, Annapolis_
+   See page 220]
+
+XLVIII
+
+THE UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND
+
+WHERE, AS A BOY, THE AUTHOR OF "THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER" WAS A
+FREQUENT VISITOR
+
+When Colonel James Wolfe was campaigning in Scotland in 1748 to 1753,
+one of the surgeons in his command was Upton Scott, a young Irishman
+from County Antrim. At that time began a friendship between the two
+men that continued through life.
+
+Another friend made at this time by the young surgeon was Horatio
+Sharpe. In 1753, when Sharpe planned to go to America, Dr. Scott
+decided to go with him, though it was not easy to think of resigning
+his commission, for this would mean the severance of pleasant
+relations with his colonel. When Wolfe said good-bye to his comrade he
+gave him a pair of pistols as a remembrance. These are still treasured
+by descendants of the surgeon.
+
+From 1754 to 1769 Horatio Sharpe was Proprietary Governor of Maryland,
+and Dr. Scott was his companion and physician. The young surgeon was
+popular among the young people whom he met at Annapolis, the colonial
+capital.
+
+In 1760, when he persuaded Elizabeth Ross, the daughter of John Ross,
+the Register of the Land Office of Maryland, to become his bride, he
+built for her the stately house in Annapolis, Maryland, which is now
+occupied by the Sisters of Notre Dame. The new house, with its
+charming doorway and wonderful hall carvings, was well worth the
+attention even of one who had spent her girlhood at Belvoir, a quaint
+mansion of great beauty, six miles from Annapolis.
+
+Governor Sharpe was a welcome visitor at the Scott house until the
+time of his death in 1789, when he appointed his friend, the owner,
+one of his executors. Governor Robert Eden, the last of the
+Proprietary Governors, who served from 1769 to 1774, was at times
+almost a member of the Scott household.
+
+Governor Eden was looked upon with favor by the patriots in Maryland
+because he was always moderate and advised the repeal of the tax on
+tea. In 1776 he went to England, but in 1784 he returned to Maryland
+to look after the estate of Mrs. Eden, who was Caroline Calvert,
+sister of Lord Baltimore; by the terms of the treaty of 1783 he was
+entitled to this property. While in Annapolis he was the guest of Dr.
+Scott. There, in the room now used by the Sisters of Notre Dame as a
+chapel, he died.
+
+But probably the most famous visitor to the Scott mansion was Francis
+Scott Key, who was the grandson of Mrs. Scott's sister, Ann Arnold
+Ross Key of Belvoir. When he was a boy he was often in Annapolis. His
+college training was received at St. John's in the old town, and in
+later life he frequently turned his steps to the house of his
+great-aunt and listened to the stories of Dr. Scott that helped to
+train him in the patriotism that was responsible, a few years later,
+for the composition of the "Star-Spangled Banner."
+
+Many garbled stories have been told of the circumstances that led to
+the writing of this song that has stirred the hearts of millions. The
+true story, and in many respects the simplest, was told by Key himself
+to his brother-in-law, R. R. Taney, who was later Chief Justice of the
+Supreme Court. In 1865, when the "Poems of the Late Francis Scott Key,
+Esq.," were published, the volume contained the story as related by
+Judge Taney.
+
+In 1814, the main body of the British invaders passed through Upper
+Marlboro, Maryland. Many of the officers made their headquarters at
+the home of Dr. William Beanes, a physician whom the whole town loved.
+When some of the stragglers from the army began to plunder the house,
+Dr. Beanes put himself at the head of a small body of citizens and
+pursued these stragglers. When the British officers heard of this, Dr.
+Beanes was seized and treated, not with kindness as a prisoner of
+war, but with great indignity. Key, as an intimate friend of the
+doctor, and a lawyer, was asked by the townsmen to intercede for the
+prisoner. When application was made to President Madison for help, he
+arranged to send Key to the British fleet, under a flag of truce, on a
+government vessel, in company with John S. Skinner, a government
+agent.
+
+For a week or ten days no word came from the expedition. The people
+were alarmed for the safety of Key and his companion.
+
+The bearers of the flag of truce found the fleet at the mouth of the
+Potomac. They were received courteously until they told their
+business. The British commander spoke harshly of Dr. Beanes, but
+fortunately Mr. Skinner had letters from the British officers who had
+received kindness at the doctor's hands. General Ross finally agreed
+that, solely as a recognition of this kindness, the prisoner would be
+released. But he told the Americans that they could not leave the
+fleet for some days. They were therefore taken to the frigate
+_Surprise_, where they were under guard. They understood that an
+immediate attack on Baltimore was contemplated, and that they were
+being restrained that they might not warn the city of the plans of the
+enemy.
+
+That night Fort McHenry was attacked. The Admiral had boasted that the
+works would be carried in a few hours, and that the city would then
+fall. So, from the deck of the _Surprise_, Key and his companion
+watched and listened anxiously all night. Every time a shell was
+fired, they waited breathlessly for the explosion they feared might
+follow. "While the bombardment continued, it was sufficient proof that
+the fort had not surrendered. But it suddenly ceased some time before
+day.... They paced the deck for the remainder of the night in fearful
+suspense.... As soon as it dawned, and before it was light enough to
+see objects at a distance, their glances were turned to the fort,
+uncertain what they should see there, the Stars and Stripes, or the
+flag of the enemy. At length the light came, and they saw that 'our
+flag was still there.'"
+
+A little later they saw the approach of boats loaded with wounded
+British soldiers. Then Key took an envelope and wrote many of the
+lines of the song, and while he was on the boat that carried him to
+shore he completed the first rough draft. That night, at the hotel, he
+rewrote the poem. Next day he showed it to Judge Nicholson, who was so
+delighted with it that the author was encouraged to send it to a
+printer, by the hand of Captain Benjamin Eades. Captain Eades took the
+first handbill that came from the press and carried it to the old
+tavern next the Holliday Street Theatre. There the words were sung for
+the first time, to the tune "Anacreon in Heaven," the tune Key had
+indicated on his copy.
+
+Long before the author's death in 1843 the song had won its place in
+the affections of the people. He wrote many other poems, and some of
+them have become popular hymns. At the memorial service conducted for
+him in Christ Church, Cincinnati, by his friend and former pastor,
+Rev. J. T. Brooke, the congregation was asked to sing Key's own hymn,
+beginning:
+
+     "Lord, with glowing heart I'd praise thee,
+       For the bliss thy love bestows;
+     For the pardoning grace that saves me,
+       And the peace that from it flows.
+
+     Help, O Lord, my weak endeavor;
+       This dull soul to rapture raise;
+     Thou must light the flame, or never
+       Can my love be warmed to praise."
+
+Dr. Scott, in whose Annapolis home Key had spent so many happy days,
+died in 1814, the year of the composition of "The Star-Spangled
+Banner." Mrs. Scott lived until 1819.
+
+
+XLIX
+
+THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON
+
+THE BEGINNINGS OF WASHINGTON CITY, AND THE STORY OF THE HOME OF
+CONGRESS
+
+The selection of parts of Virginia and Maryland as the site of the
+Federal District in which the National Capital was to be located was
+made only after many years of discussion.
+
+In 1779 some of the members of Congress talked of buying a few square
+miles near Princeton, New Jersey, as a site for the government's
+permanent home. Four years later, the trustees of Kingston, New York,
+sought to interest Congress in that location. In 1783 Annapolis,
+Maryland, offered the State House and public circle to "the Honorable
+Congress" for their use. Burlington, New Jersey, also entered the
+lists, while in June, 1783, Virginia offered the town of Williamsburg
+to Congress and proposed to "present the palace, the capitol, and all
+the public buildings and 300 acres of land adjoining the said city,
+together with a sum of money not exceeding 100,000 pounds, this state
+currency to be expended in erecting thirteen hotels for the use of
+the delegates in Congress."
+
+In October, 1784, Congress decided to place the capital near Trenton,
+New Jersey. Later it was decided to have a second capital on the
+Potomac, Congress to alternate between the two locations.
+
+Neither Congress nor the country was satisfied with this solution of
+the difficulty. After years of discussion, in September, 1789, one
+house of Congress fixed on the Falls of the Susquehanna in
+Pennsylvania as the permanent site. The Senate amended their proposal
+by suggesting Germantown, Pennsylvania.
+
+This action was reconsidered and a long dispute followed. Finally, in
+1790, the site on the Potomac was selected, and Congress was ready to
+provide for the building of "a palace in the woods."
+
+President Washington and Vice-President Adams disagreed as to the
+location of the Capitol building. John Adams wished to see it the
+centre of a quadrangle of other public buildings, but Washington urged
+that Congress should meet in a building at a distance from the
+President's house and all other public buildings, that the lawmakers
+might not be annoyed by the executive officers.
+
+The invitation to architects to present plans for the Capitol was made
+in March, 1792, five hundred dollars being promised for the best plan.
+None of the sixteen designs submitted were approved. Later two men,
+Stephen L. Hallet and Dr. William Thornton, offered such good plans
+that it was not easy to decide between them. The difficulty was solved
+by acceptance of Thornton's design and the engagement of Hallet as
+supervising architect at a salary of two thousand dollars a year.
+This arrangement was not satisfactory; it became necessary to replace
+Hallet first by George Hadfield, then by James Hoban, the architect of
+the White House. Under his charge the north wing was completed in
+1800.
+
+The proceeds from the sale of lots in the new city proved woefully
+inadequate for the expenses of the building. Congress authorized a
+loan of eight hundred thousand dollars, but this loan could not be
+disposed of until Maryland agreed to take two-thirds of the amount, on
+condition that the commissioners in charge of the work add their
+personal guarantee to the government's promise to pay.
+
+Congress was called to hold its first meeting in the Capitol north
+wing on November 17, 1800. A few months earlier the government
+archives had been moved from New York. These were packed in ten or
+twelve boxes, and were shipped on a packet boat, by sea. The arrival
+of the vessel was greeted by the three thousand citizens of
+Washington, who rang bells, cheered, and fired an old cannon in
+celebration of the event.
+
+At that time the foundation for the dome had been laid, and the walls
+of the south wing had been begun. Later a temporary brick building was
+erected for the House, on a portion of the site of the south wing. The
+legislators called the building "The Oven."
+
+The south wing was completed under the guidance of Benjamin Henry
+Latrobe, who also reconstructed the north wing and connected the two
+wings by a wooden bridge. That the building was far from satisfactory
+is evident from an article in the _National Intelligencer_ of December
+2, 1813, which spoke with disgust of the wooden passageway as well as
+of the piles of débris on every hand.
+
+In less than a year after the printing of the criticism, conditions
+were far worse, for the British troops came to Washington on August
+24, 1814. They piled furniture in the hall of the House, and set fire
+to it. The wooden bridge that connected the wings burned like tinder.
+In a little while nothing was left but the walls. "The appearance of
+the ruins was perfectly terrifying," Architect Latrobe wrote.
+
+Thus was fulfilled in a striking way the prophecy made by John
+Randolph when he pleaded with Congress not to make war on Great
+Britain, "All the causes urged for this war will be forgotten in your
+treaty of peace, and possibly this Capitol may be reduced to ashes."
+
+The next session of Congress was held in the Union Pacific Hotel, but
+by December, 1815, there was ready a three-story building, erected by
+popular subscription, which Congress used for three years, paying for
+it an annual rental of $1,650. This was called "The Brick Capitol."
+
+Of course efforts were made to remove the Capital to another location,
+but Congress made appropriation for the reconstruction of the Capitol
+on the old site. Work was begun almost at once, and was continued
+until 1830, when the wings had been rebuilt as well as the rotunda and
+centre structure. In general appearance the building was the same as
+before the fire, but marble instead of sandstone was used for
+colonnades and staircases and floors. The beautiful capitals of the
+marble pillars were carved in Italy or prepared by workmen brought
+from Italy.
+
+During the latter part of this period the rotunda was used for all
+sorts of exhibitions. Once a panorama of Paris was shown there, an
+admission fee of fifty cents being charged. Exhibits of manufactured
+goods were made in this "no man's land," over which nobody seemed to
+have jurisdiction. In 1827 a congressman spoke in the House of the
+fact that "triangles of steel to take the place of bells, stoves, stew
+pans, pianos, mouse traps, and watch ribbons were marked with prices
+and sundry good bargains were driven." The general public felt that
+they had a right even to the hall of the House; frequently popular
+meetings were held there.
+
+The present dome surmounting the rotunda is not the dome first
+planned. For Latrobe's dome, which he did not build, a higher dome was
+substituted by Bulfinch. The present dome is the work of Thomas U.
+Walter, the designer of Girard College, Philadelphia, whose plans for
+the completion of the Capitol were approved in 1851. The burning of
+the western front of the centre building in December, 1851, proved a
+blessing in disguise, for Walter was able to rebuild the section in
+perfect harmony with the other portions. The House first occupied its
+present quarters on December 16, 1857, but the Senate was not able to
+take possession of its new hall until January 4, 1859.
+
+The great structure was finished in 1865, work having been carried on
+throughout the Civil War. Though they knew that there would be delay
+in receiving payment for their work, the contractors insisted on
+continuing and completing what is one of the most harmonious public
+buildings in the world.
+
+The patriotic contractors had their reward, for the building was
+ready to receive the body of President Lincoln when, on April 19,
+1865, after the services in the White House, the casket was placed on
+a catafalque under the dome of the rotunda, that the people of the
+country whose destinies he had guided through four years of civil war
+might gather there to do him honor.
+
+
+L
+
+THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON
+
+THE HOME OF EVERY PRESIDENT SINCE WASHINGTON
+
+When, in 1792, James Hoban suggested to the commission appointed to
+supervise the erection of public buildings at Washington that the
+Executive Mansion be modelled after the palace of the Duke of Leinster
+in Dublin, his proposition was accepted, and he was given a premium of
+five hundred dollars for the plan. More, he was engaged, at the same
+amount per year, to take charge of the builders.
+
+No time was lost in laying the corner stone. The ceremony was
+performed on October 13, 1792, and operations were pushed with such
+speed that the building was completed ten years later!
+
+In November, 1800, six months after the transfer of the government
+offices from Philadelphia to Washington, Mrs. Adams joined President
+Adams at the White House. She had a hard time getting there. A few
+days after her arrival she wrote to her daughter:
+
+      "I arrived here on Sunday last, and without meeting any
+      accident worth noticing, except losing ourselves when we
+      left Baltimore, and going eight or nine miles on the
+      Frederick road, by which means we were obliged to go the
+      other eight miles through woods, where we wandered for two
+      hours, without finding a guide, or the path. Fortunately, a
+      straggling black came up with us, and we engaged him as a
+      guide to extricate us out of our difficulty; but woods are
+      all you see, from Baltimore until you reach the city, which
+      is only so in name. Here and there is a small cot, without a
+      glass window, interspersed amongst the forests, through which
+      you travel miles without seeing any human being. In the city
+      there are buildings enough, if they were compact and
+      furnished, to accommodate Congress and those attached to it;
+      but as they are, and scattered as they are, I see no great
+      comfort for them."
+
+Mrs. Adams found no great comfort in the White House, either. "To
+assist us in this great castle," she wrote, "and render less
+attendance necessary, bells are wholly wanting, not one single one
+being hung through the whole house, and promises are all you can
+obtain.... If they will put me up some bells, and let me have wood
+enough to keep fires, I design to be pleased.... But, surrounded with
+forests, can you believe that wood is not to be had, because people
+cannot be found to cut and cart it.... The house is made habitable,
+but there is not a single apartment finished.... We have not the least
+fence, yard, or other convenience, without, and the great, unfinished
+audience-room I make a drying room of, to hang up the clothes in. The
+principal stairs are not up, and will not be this winter."
+
+The building itself was in good condition, though the surroundings
+were far from prepossessing, when it was burned by the British in
+1814. President and Mrs. Madison moved to the Octagon House, and spent
+more than a year in this comfortable winter home of Colonel John
+Tayloe.
+
+The cost of rebuilding and refurnishing the Executive Mansion was
+about three hundred thousand dollars. The work was begun in 1814, and
+in September, 1817, the building was so far completed that President
+Monroe was able to take up his quarters there in some degree of
+comfort, though the floor in the East Room had not yet been laid and
+some of the walls were still without plastering. On January 1, 1818,
+the first New Year's reception was held there. "It was gratifying to
+be able to salute the President of the United States with the
+compliments of the season in his appropriate residence," the _National
+Intelligencer_ said. It may be added that the editor called the
+building "the President's House." The title, "the White House," was
+not yet in common use.
+
+For many years the successive occupants of the building were subject
+to all sorts of criticism. Mrs. Monroe refused both to make first
+calls and to return calls. President Monroe bought foreign-made
+furnishings! John Quincy Adams actually introduced a billiard table,
+and the use of public money to buy "a gaming table" was bitterly
+attacked! (Of course the purchase was made with personal funds.) Mrs.
+Adams was cold and haughty! When President Van Buren left Washington
+he took with him the gold spoons and the gilt dessert service that had
+attracted attention! But these were private property.
+
+However, most criticisms like these have been inspired by pride in the
+President and his household, and a pardonable feeling of possession in
+them and the White House.
+
+Until within recent years the President's offices were in the east end
+of the White House. A pleasing description of these offices has come
+down from Isaac N. Arnold, who thus spoke of the quarters of President
+Lincoln:
+
+      "The furniture of the room consisted of a large oak table,
+      covered with cloth extending north and south, and it was
+      round this table that the Cabinet sat when it held its
+      meetings. Near the end of the table and between the windows
+      was another table, on the west side of which the President
+      sat, in a large arm-chair, and at this table he wrote. A tall
+      desk, with pigeon holes for paper, stood against the south
+      wall. The only books usually found in this room were the
+      Bible, the United States Statutes, and a copy of Shakespeare.
+      There were a few chairs and two plain hair-covered sofas.
+      There were two or three map frames, from which hung military
+      maps, on which the positions and movements of the armies were
+      traced. There was an old and discolored engraving of General
+      Jackson over the mantel and a later photograph of John
+      Bright. Doors open into this room from the room of the
+      secretary and from the outside hall, running east and west
+      across the house. A bell-cord within reach of his hand
+      extended to the secretary's office. A messenger sat at the
+      door opening from the hall, and took in the cards and names
+      of visitors."
+
+During the time of President Roosevelt, outside Executive offices were
+built, and rooms that had long been needed for the personal uses of
+the President's household were released. The change has increased
+patriotic pride in the White House, one of the simplest mansions
+provided for the rulers of the nations.
+
+
+  [Illustration: THE STAIRWAY, OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
+   _From the Monograph on the Octagon House,
+   Issued by the American Institute of Architects_]
+
+LI
+
+THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON
+
+IN WHICH DOLLY MADISON LAVISHED HOSPITALITY IN 1814
+
+John Tayloe, the wealthiest man in the Virginia of the late eighteenth
+century, had his summer home at Mt. Airy. His plantation, the largest
+in the State, was worked by more than five hundred slaves.
+
+When he wanted a winter home, he thought of building at Philadelphia.
+But George Washington, eager to secure him as a resident of the young
+Federal City on the Potomac, asked him to consider the erection of a
+house there. So Mr. Tayloe made an investigation of Washington as a
+site for a residence, bought a lot for one thousand dollars, and in
+1798 commissioned Dr. William Thornton to make the plans for a
+palatial house. During the construction of the building Washington
+several times rode by and from the saddle inspected the progress of
+the work.
+
+Thornton was at the time a well-known man, though he had been born in
+the West Indies and was for many years a resident there. After
+receiving his education in Europe, he lived for several years in the
+United States. During this period he was a partner of John Fitch in
+the building and trial of the steamboat that for a time ran
+successfully on the Delaware River, more than twenty years before
+Fulton built the _Clermont_. He was himself something of an inventor;
+he secured a number of patents for a device to move a vessel by
+applying steam to a wheel at the side of the hull.
+
+He had returned to the West Indies when he read that a prize was to be
+given for the best plan submitted for the Capitol to be built at
+Washington. At once he wrote for particulars, and in due time he
+presented his plans. He was then living in the United States. The
+plans were considered the best that had been offered. Jefferson said
+that they "captivated the eyes and judgment of all," while Washington
+spoke of their "grandeur, simplicity, and convenience." While these
+plans were later modified by others, certain features of the Capitol
+as it appears to-day are to be traced directly to Dr. Thornton's
+plans.
+
+At the time of the award he was but thirty-one years old, and had
+already won a place as a physician, an inventor, and a man of science.
+He was a friend of Benjamin Franklin, and had received the prize
+offered for the design for the new building of the Library Company of
+Philadelphia, in which Franklin was especially interested. Later he
+was awarded a gold medal by the American Philosophical Society for a
+paper in which he outlined the method of the oral teaching of deaf and
+dumb children which is still in use in many institutions.
+
+  [Illustration: OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
+   _Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company
+   from the Monograph on the Octagon House
+   by the American Institute of Architects_
+   See page 234]
+
+The building planned by Dr. Thornton for Mr. Tayloe, at the northeast
+corner of New York Avenue and Eighteenth Street, was completed in
+1801. At the time it was the best house in Washington. At once, as the
+Octagon House, it became famous for the lavish hospitality of its
+owner.
+
+The next stirring period in the history of the Octagon House was the
+later years of the second war with Great Britain. On the night of
+August 24, 1814, when the British Army entered the city, the French
+minister, M. Serurier, looked from his window and saw soldiers
+bearing torches going toward the White House. Quickly he sent a
+messenger to General Ross and asked that his residence be spared. The
+messenger found General Ross in the Blue Room, where he was collecting
+furniture for a bonfire. Assured that "the king's house" would be
+respected, he returned to the minister.
+
+Dr. Thornton, who was at the time superintendent of the patent office,
+succeeded in persuading Colonel Jones to spare that building, on the
+ground that it was a museum of the Arts, and that its destruction
+would be a loss to all the world.
+
+Among the public buildings destroyed was the White House. Mr. Tayloe
+at once offered the Octagon House to President Madison. On September
+9, 1814, the _National Intelligencer_ announced, "The President will
+occupy Colonel Tayloe's large house, which was lately occupied by the
+French minister." For more than a year the house was known as the
+Executive Annex.
+
+Rufus Rockwell Wilson, in "Washington, the Capital City," tells how
+the mansion looked at this time:
+
+      "Its circular entrance hall, marble tiled, was heated by two
+      picturesque stoves placed in small recesses in the wall.
+      Another hall beyond opened into a spacious and lovely garden
+      surrounded by a high brick wall after the English fashion. To
+      the right was a handsome drawing room with a fine mantel,
+      before which Mrs. Madison was accustomed to stand to receive
+      her guests. To the left was a dining-room of equal size and
+      beauty. A circular room over the hall, with windows to the
+      floor and a handsome fireplace, was President Madison's
+      office. Here he received his Cabinet officers and other men
+      of note, listening to their opinions and reports on the
+      progress of the war; and here, also, on a quaintly carved
+      table, he signed, February 18, 1815, the proclamation of the
+      Treaty of Ghent, which ended the contest with England."
+
+The story of this table's history is interesting. From the Octagon
+House it went to John Ogle Ferneaux, of King George County, Virginia.
+He kept it until October 30, 1897, when it was sold to Mrs. A. H.
+Voorhies, of 2011 California Street, San Francisco. When the fire that
+succeeded the earthquake of 1906 approached the house, the table was
+taken away hurriedly. Mrs. Voorhies says, "We wrapped sheets around
+the circular part of the table, and in part of the journey, it went
+turning round as a wheel to a place of safety." The San Francisco
+chapter of the Institute of Architects purchased it for $1,000, and
+sent it to Washington, December 1, 1911.
+
+It is said that on the day the message came to the Octagon House that
+peace had been declared, Miss Sally Coles, who was Mrs. Madison's
+cousin, called from the head of the stairs, "Peace! Peace!" One who
+was a guest at the time gave a lively account of the scene in the
+house:
+
+      "Late in the afternoon came thundering down Pennsylvania
+      Avenue a coach and four foaming steeds, in which was the
+      bearer of the good news. Cheers followed the carriage as it
+      sped on its way to the residence of the President. Soon after
+      nightfall, members of Congress and others deeply interested
+      in the event presented themselves at the President's House,
+      the doors of which stood open. When the writer of this
+      entered the drawing room at about eight o'clock, it was
+      crowded to its full capacity. Mrs. Madison--(the President
+      being with the Cabinet)--doing the honors of the occasion;
+      and what a happy scene it was!"
+
+Mr. Tayloe occupied the Octagon at intervals until his death in 1828.
+Mrs. Tayloe lived until 1855. By this time the neighborhood had
+changed, and the property deteriorated. In 1865 it was occupied as a
+girls' school. From 1866 to 1879 it was the hydrographic office of the
+Navy Department. Later it became a dwelling and studio. From 1885 to
+1889 it was in the hands of a caretaker, and deteriorated rapidly. At
+the last eight or ten families of colored people lived within the
+storied walls.
+
+The Institute of American Architects leased the property in 1899 and
+later purchased the house for $30,000. It is now one of the sights of
+Washington. A tablet fixed to the wall relates the main facts of its
+history.
+
+
+
+
+SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE CAVALIERS
+
+     _I love the stately southern mansions with their tall white
+       columns,
+     They look through avenues of trees, over fields where the cotton
+       is growing;
+     I can see the flutter of white frocks along their shady porches,
+     Music and laughter float from the windows, the yards are full of
+       hounds and horses.
+     Long since the riders have ridden away, yet the houses have not
+       forgotten,
+     They are proud of their name and place, and their doors are always
+         open,
+     For the thing they remember best is the pride of their ancient
+         hospitality._
+
+       HENRY VAN DYKE.
+
+
+
+
+SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE CAVALIERS
+
+
+  [Illustration: MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA, REAR VIEW
+   _Photo by E. C. Hall_
+   See page 241]
+
+LII
+
+MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA
+
+SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON
+
+George Washington was twenty years old when he became the owner of the
+Mount Vernon estate on the Potomac, in accordance with the provisions
+of the will of Laurence Washington, his half-brother. At that time the
+house contained but eight rooms and an attic, four rooms on each
+floor. There were twenty-five hundred acres in the farm.
+
+As a boy Washington had tramped over every acre of the estate. When he
+was sixteen he made a plot of the region around Mt. Vernon. The
+original of the survey made at that time may be seen in the Library of
+Congress at Washington.
+
+The young owner looked forward to years of quiet on his estate, but he
+was frequently called away from home for service in the militia of
+Virginia. In spite of these absences, however, he managed to make the
+acres surrounding the mansion give a good account of themselves.
+
+When he responded to the call of the Colonies and became
+Commander-in-Chief of the army, he turned his back on Mt. Vernon with
+great reluctance, and for six years hardly saw the place he loved.
+But when the independence of the Colonies had been won he returned
+home, in the hope that he might be permitted to remain there in
+obscurity, farming his land and entertaining his friends in the house
+on the Potomac.
+
+That he might have more room for his friends, he enlarged the house.
+On July 5, 1784, he wrote to his friend, William Rumney of Alexandria,
+asking him to inquire into the terms on which "a House Joiner and
+Bricklayer" might be engaged for two or three years. To the house,
+which dated from 1744, he made additions until it was three times as
+large as when he inherited the property. The alterations were
+completed in 1785. The completed house was ninety-six feet long, and
+thirty feet deep, with a piazza fifteen feet wide. The building
+material was wood, cut in imitation of stone.
+
+While these alterations were in progress a visitor to Mt. Vernon was
+Charles Vardo, an Englishman. When he returned home he wrote an
+account of his visit, in which said:
+
+      "I crossed the river from Maryland into Virginia, near to the
+      renowned General Washington's, where I had the honor to spend
+      some time, and was kindly entertained with that worthy
+      family. As to the General, if we may judge by the
+      countenance, he is what the world says of him, a shrewd,
+      good-natured, plain, humane man, about fifty-five years of
+      age, and seems to wear well, being healthful and active,
+      straight, well made, and about six feet high. He keeps a good
+      table, which is always open to those of a genteel
+      appearance....
+
+      "The General's house is rather warm, snug, convenient and
+      useful, than ornamental. The size is what ought to suit a man
+      of about two or three thousand a year in England. The
+      out-offices are good and seem to be not long built; and he
+      was making more offices at each wing to the front of the
+      house, which added more to ornament than to real use. The
+      situation is high, and commands a beautiful prospect of the
+      river which parts Virginia and Maryland, but in other
+      respects the situation seems to be out of the world, being
+      chiefly surrounded by woods, and far from any great road or
+      thoroughfare.... The General's lady is a hearty, comely,
+      discreet, affable woman, some few years older than
+      himself.... The General's house is open to poor travellers as
+      well as rich, he gives diet and lodging to all that come that
+      way, which indeed cannot be many, without they go out of
+      their way on purpose...."
+
+A visitor of January 19, 1785, was Elkanah Watson. In his diary
+Washington wrote simply that Mr. Watson came in and stayed all night;
+and that he went away after breakfast next morning. But Mr. Watson had
+a fuller account to give:
+
+      "I found him at table with Mrs. Washington and his private
+      family, and was received in the native dignity and with that
+      urbanity so peculiarly combined in the character of a soldier
+      and eminent private gentleman. He soon put me at ease.... The
+      first evening I spent under the wing of his hospitality, we
+      sat a full hour at table by ourselves, without the least
+      interruption, after the family had retired. I was extremely
+      oppressed by a severe cold and excessive coughing, contracted
+      by the exposure of a harsh winter journey. He pressed me to
+      use some remedies, but I declined doing so. As usual after
+      retiring, my coughing increased. When some time had elapsed,
+      the door of my room was gently opened, and on drawing my
+      bed-curtains, to my utter astonishment, I beheld Washington
+      himself, standing at my bedside, with a bowl of hot tea in
+      his hand."
+
+The following May Rev. Thomas Coke and Bishop Francis Asbury were
+welcomed to Mt. Vernon. "The General's seat is very elegant," Mr. Coke
+wrote. "He is quite the plain, country-Gentleman." After dinner the
+visitors presented to their host a petition for the emancipation of
+the Negroes, "entreating his signature, if the eminence of his station
+did not render it inexpedient for him to sign any petition."
+Washington told his guests that he was "of their sentiments, and had
+signified his thoughts on the subject to most of the great men of the
+State; that he did not see it proper to sign the petition, but if the
+Assembly took it into consideration, would signify his sentiments to
+the Assembly by a letter."
+
+An attractive picture of the General was given by Richard Henry Lee
+after a visit to Mt. Vernon in November, 1785:
+
+      "When I was first introduced to him he was neatly dressed in
+      a plain blue coat, white Casimer waistcoat, and black
+      breeches and Boots, as he came from his farm. After having
+      sat with us some time he retired.... Later he came in again,
+      with his hair neatly powdered, a clean shirt on, a new plain
+      drab Coat, white waistcoat and white silk stockings."
+
+John Hunter, who was with Colonel Lee, added his impression:
+
+      "The style of his house is very elegant, something like the
+      Prince de Condé's at Chantilly, near Paris, only not quite so
+      large; but it's a pity he did not build a new one at once, as
+      it has cost him nearly as much as repairing his old one....
+      It's astonishing what a number of small houses the General
+      has upon his Estate for his different Workmen and Negroes
+      to live in. He has everything within himself--Carpenters,
+      Bricklayers, Brewers, Blacksmiths, Bakers, etc., etc., and
+      even has a well assorted store for the use of his family and
+      servants."
+
+While the repairs were still in progress, the ship _Mary_ arrived at
+Alexandria, having a consignment for Washington from Samuel Vaughan, a
+great admirer in London. This was a chimney-piece, wrought in Italy
+from pure white and sienite marble, for the use of Mr. Vaughan. When
+the mantel reached England the owner learned of the improvements then
+in progress at Mt. Vernon. Without unpacking the mantel he sent it on
+to America. When Washington received word of the arrival of the gift,
+he wrote, "By the number of cases, however, I greatly fear it is too
+elegant and costly for my room and republican style of living."
+Nevertheless the mantel was installed in the mansion and became a
+great delight to the household.
+
+Washington's days at Mt. Vernon were interrupted by the renewed call
+of his country. For much of the time for eight years he was compelled
+to be absent, and when, at length, the opportunity came to resume the
+free life on his estate, he had less than three years left. But these
+years were crowded full of hospitality in the mansion and of joyous
+work on the estate, and when, on December 14, 1799, he died as a
+result of a cold caught while riding on the estate, he left it to his
+"dearly beloved wife, Martha Washington."
+
+For many years Mt. Vernon continued its hospitable career. Then came
+years of neglect, when the mansion was falling into ruins. But in
+1853-56 Miss Ann Pamela Cunningham of South Carolina appealed to the
+women of the nation, and succeeded in organizing an association that
+took over the estate, restored it to its original condition, furnished
+it with Washington relics gathered from far and near, and opened it
+for the visits of the reverent visitors to the city of Washington, who
+continue their journey sixteen miles down the Potomac that they may
+look on the scene that brought joy to the heart of the Father of his
+Country.
+
+
+  [Illustration: ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 246]
+
+LIII
+
+ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA
+
+FROM WHICH ROBERT E. LEE WENT TO BATTLE FOR THE SOUTH
+
+After the death of George Washington the Mt. Vernon family was
+gradually broken up, one after another going elsewhere for a home.
+George Washington Parke Custis, Washington's adopted son, and grandson
+of Martha Washington, decided to build a home on a hill overlooking
+the Potomac, opposite Washington City. There were eleven hundred acres
+in the estate of which Arlington, the mansion he built in 1802, was
+the central feature.
+
+It has been said that the stately house is an adaptation of the Doric
+temple at Paestum, near Naples. The roof of the great portico rests on
+eight massive columns. The rooms within are of a size in keeping with
+the magnificent portal.
+
+Perhaps the plan was too ambitious for the Custis fortune. At any rate
+the rooms on the south side of the hall were not completed. But it
+was a famous house, nevertheless. Guests were many. They delighted to
+look from the portico across the Potomac to Washington, where they
+could see the government buildings slowly taking shape.
+
+One of the favored guests was Robert E. Lee. His frequent visits led
+to his marriage, in 1831, to Mr. Custis' daughter. At this time Lee
+was a lieutenant in the United States Army. Mrs. Lee remained at
+Arlington, waiting for the husband whose military duties enabled him
+to spend only brief seasons with her and the growing family there.
+
+During the years before the war visitors to the Capital City thronged
+to Arlington. Some of them were interested in the many Washington
+relics in the house. Chief among these was the bed on which Washington
+died. Others came to the picnic grounds at Arlington Spring, which Mr.
+Custis had opened for the pleasure of the people, building for the use
+of all comers a great dining-hall, a dancing pavilion, and a kitchen.
+
+One of these visitors told his impressions of Arlington:
+
+      "In front of the mansion, sloping toward the Potomac, is a
+      fine park of two hundred acres, dotted with groves of oak and
+      chestnut and clumps of evergreens; and behind it is a dark
+      old forest, with patriarchal trees bearing many centennial
+      honors, and covering six hundred acres of hill and dale.
+      Through a portion of this is a sinuous avenue leading up to
+      the mansion."
+
+At the time of the secession of Virginia, Robert E. Lee was a colonel.
+Duty seemed clear to him. It was not easy for him to take up arms
+against the United States Government, but he considered himself first
+of all a citizen of his native State. To respond to the call of the
+Confederacy meant ruin. His beautiful home, he feared, would be
+destroyed. But he did not hesitate. A desire to retain possession of
+his slaves had nothing to do with his decision. His own slaves had
+already been freed, and provision had been made in the will of Mrs.
+Lee's father that all his slaves should be freed in 1862.
+
+When, in 1865, General Lee was urged to prolong the conflict by
+guerilla warfare, he said: "No, that would not do. It must be
+remembered that we are Christian people. We have fought the fight as
+long and as well as we know how. We have been defeated. For us as a
+Christian people there is but one course to pursue. We must accept the
+situation. These men must go home and plant a crop, and we must
+proceed to build up our country on a new basis."
+
+But he could not return to Arlington. The government had taken
+possession of the estate for a National Cemetery. For a time he lived
+in obscurity on a little farm. Then he became President of Washington
+College, later Washington and Lee University. With his family he lived
+on the campus at Lexington, Virginia, and there he died, October 12,
+1870.
+
+In the meantime the National Cemetery at Arlington was becoming a
+pilgrimage point for patriotic Americans. The slopes of the beautiful
+lawn were covered with graves. The stately white mansion, with its
+eight great pillars and its walls of stucco seemed a fitting
+background for the ranks of little white tombstones.
+
+For years the title to the property was in dispute. In 1864 the United
+States bought it for $26,800, when it was sold at auction for
+delinquent taxes. In 1882 the Supreme Court decided that G. W. C. Lee,
+son of General Lee, was entitled to the property, and the following
+year the government paid him $150,000 for eleven hundred acres,
+including the mansion.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VA.
+   Photo by H. P. Cook
+   See page 249]
+
+LIV
+
+CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON HAD A PEW "AT THE UPPER PART OF THE CHURCH"
+
+George Washington was chosen one of the vestrymen of Fairfax parish in
+1764, when this was formed by the division of Truro parish, although
+he was already a vestryman in Pohick Church at Truro.
+
+The records of the new parish show that in 1766 it was decided to
+build Christ Church at Alexandria, and a second church at the Falls of
+the Potomac instead of the old church there. The members of the parish
+were asked to pay thirty-one thousand pounds of tobacco for the
+purpose of construction.
+
+James Wren, the architect of Christ Church, is said to have been a
+descendant of Sir Christopher Wren. While the building was well
+designed, no one ever thought of it as a masterpiece. But it has
+answered the purposes of the worshipper for more than a century and a
+half, and it promises to last at least a hundred and fifty years more.
+
+The original contract called for the expenditure of £600. Colonel John
+Carlisle, who was bondsman for the contractor, James Parsons, in
+1772, agreed to complete the building on payment of £220 additional,
+since Parsons failed to fulfil his agreement.
+
+The church was built of brick, and was sixty by fifty feet long. The
+work was carefully done, but the structure was ready for the vestry to
+take possession early in 1773.
+
+At the first sale of pews, of which there were fifty in all,
+Washington paid £36 10 s. for pew number five. He had already made a
+generous gift toward the building fund, but asked the privilege of
+giving the brass chandelier which still hangs from the ceiling.
+
+When the Church and State were separated in Virginia, after the
+Revolution, Washington subscribed five pounds a year to the rector's
+salary. By act of the legislature the glebe lands of churches in the
+State were confiscated, but, through the influence of Washington and
+Charles Lee, Christ Church "and one other" (probably Falls Church)
+were allowed to retain their lands.
+
+Many changes have been made in the building. The gallery was added in
+1787, that twenty-five pews might be provided for the growing
+congregation. The west aisle was built in 1811, and the next year the
+chimneys were built, for stoves were placed in the church at that
+time. The bell was hung in 1816. The pews were later divided,
+including that which Washington occupied, but this pew has since been
+restored to its original condition. Since 1891 the high pulpit and
+sounding board have been replaced as they were at first.
+
+Washington's diary tells of his attendance at service on Sunday, June
+2, 1799. Perhaps it was of this Sunday a visitor to Alexandria wrote
+in a letter to a friend, which was quoted in "The Religious Opinions
+and Character of George Washington," published in 1836. The writer
+said:
+
+      "In the summer of 1799 I was in Alexandria on a visit to the
+      family of Mr. H.... Whilst there, I expressed a wish to see
+      General Washington, as I had never enjoyed that pleasure. My
+      friend ... observed: 'You will certainly see him on Sunday,
+      as he is never absent from church when he can get there; and
+      as he often dines with us, we will ask him on that day, when
+      you will have a better opportunity of seeing him.'
+      Accordingly, we all repaired to church on Sunday.... General
+      Washington ... walked to his pew, at the upper part of the
+      church, and demeaned himself throughout the service of the
+      day with that gravity and propriety becoming the place and
+      his own high character. After the services were concluded, we
+      waited for him at the door, for his pew being near the pulpit
+      he was among the last that came out--when Mrs. H. invited him
+      to dine with us. He declined, however, the invitation,
+      observing, as he looked at the sky, that he thought there
+      were appearances of a thunderstorm in the afternoon, and he
+      believed he would return home to dinner."
+
+
+  [Illustration: MARY WASHINGTON'S HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG, VA.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 251]
+
+LV
+
+THE MARY WASHINGTON HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG, VIRGINIA
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON'S MOTHER SPENT HER LAST YEARS
+
+The first property mentioned in connection with the name of Mary Ball,
+who became the mother of George Washington, was on the tract of four
+hundred acres "in ye freshes of Rappa-h-n River," bequeathed to her in
+her father's will before she was six years old. Her father, Colonel
+Joseph Ball of Epping Forest, Lancaster County, thought he was about
+to die, but he lived some years longer.
+
+Ten years later an unknown writer spoke of Mary Ball in pleasing
+terms:
+
+        "WmsBurg, ye 7th of Octr, 1722.
+
+      "Dear Sukey, Madam Ball of Lancaster and her sweet Molly have
+      gone Hom. Mama thinks Molly the Comliest Maiden She Knows.
+      She is about 16 yrs old, is taller than Me, is verry
+      Sensable, Modest and Loving. Her Hair is like unto Flax, Her
+      Eyes are the color of Yours, and her Chekes are like May
+      blossoms. I wish You could see Her."
+
+This "Belle of the Northern Neck," as she came to be called, continued
+her conquests of young and old until, at twenty-two, an orphan, she
+left Epping Forest to live with her brother, Joseph Ball, at
+"Stratford-by-bow, Nigh London." There, on March 6, 1730, she became
+the second wife of Augustine Washington, the second son of Laurence
+Washington, who was visiting England at the time.
+
+Less than two years later, at Wakefield, on the Potomac, in
+Westmoreland County, Virginia, George Washington was born. He was not
+three years old when the mansion was burned.
+
+The new home was at Pine Grove, in Stafford County, on the
+Rappahannock River, opposite Fredericksburg. For eight years the
+family circle was unbroken, but on April 12, 1743, Augustine
+Washington died. Laurence Washington, Mary Washington's stepson, then
+became the owner of Mt. Vernon, while to George Washington was
+bequeathed Pine Grove, though the estate was to be managed by Mrs.
+Washington until the son became twenty-one.
+
+With wonderful skill Mrs. Washington directed the plantation and with
+firm purpose she devoted herself to the care of her five fatherless
+children.
+
+A picture of this capable woman at this period was recorded by
+Laurence Washington, a nephew of George Washington's father. He wrote:
+
+      "I was often there [at Pine Grove] with George, his playmate,
+      schoolmate, and young man's companion. Of the mother, I was
+      more afraid than of my own parents; she awed me in the midst
+      of her kindness; and even now, when time has whitened my
+      locks and I am the grandfather of a second generation, I
+      could not behold that majestic woman without feelings it is
+      impossible to describe."
+
+The death, in 1752, of Laurence Washington of Mt. Vernon made George
+Washington the owner of that property. Thereafter the twenty-five
+hundred acre estate became known as the home of the eldest son, while
+Mrs. Washington remained at Pine Grove with her younger children.
+
+Only a few months later he stopped to see his mother, as he was on his
+way to the West to carry out a commission laid upon him by Governor
+Dinwiddie. As Mrs. Washington bade her son good-bye, she urged him to
+"remember that God only is our sure trust." Then she added, "To Him I
+commend you."
+
+Her words were remembered. In 1755, when General Braddock asked
+Colonel Washington to accompany him to Fort Pitt, Mrs. Washington
+hurried to Mt. Vernon and urged him not to go. He considered her
+objections, but said:
+
+      "The God to whom you commended me, madam, when I set out on a
+      more perilous errand, defended me from all harm, and I trust
+      He will do so now; do you?"
+
+One by one the children left Pine Grove. In 1750 Betty Washington was
+married to Colonel Fielding Lewis, who built for her the stately house
+Kenmore, not far from her mother's home, but across the river, on the
+edge of Fredericksburg. This house is still among the show places of
+the old town.
+
+In the early days of the Revolution Colonel and Mrs. Lewis tried to
+persuade Mrs. Washington that she was getting too old to live alone at
+Pine Grove, and urged her to make her home at Kenmore. At the same
+time Colonel Lewis offered to take over the management of the
+plantation. To both entreaties she turned a deaf ear; she said she
+felt entirely competent to take care of herself, and she would manage
+her own farm.
+
+However, she consented to make her home in a house purchased for her
+in Fredericksburg, because "George thought it best." The dutiful son
+had time to help in the flitting to the new home before he hurried to
+the North. He was not to see her again for seven long years.
+
+A member of the family described later the days of waiting when Mary
+Washington directed her household in the preparation of clothes,
+provisions, and other comforts for the General and his associates:
+"During the trying years when her son was leading the Continental
+forces, the mother was watching and praying, following him with
+anxious eyes," the story is told. "But to the messenger who brought
+tidings, whether of victory or defeat, she turned a calm face,
+whatever tremor of feeling it might mask, and to her daughter she
+said, chiding her for undue excitement, 'The sister of the commanding
+general should be an example of fortitude and faith.'"
+
+It was November 11, 1781, when the victorious commander next saw
+Fredericksburg, on his way to Philadelphia from Yorktown. George
+Washington Parke Custis has described the meeting with his mother:
+
+      "She was alone, her aged hands employed in the works of
+      domestic industry, when the good news was announced, and it
+      was told that the victor was awaiting at the threshold. She
+      bade him welcome by a warm embrace, and by the
+      well-remembered and endearing name of George.... She inquired
+      as to his health, for she marked the lines which mighty cares
+      and toils had made in his manly countenance, and she spoke
+      much of old times and old friends, but of his glory not one
+      word."
+
+When the Peace Ball was given in Fredericksburg she was an honored
+guest. Her son walked with her into the gaily decorated ballroom. She
+remained for a time, but after a while, from the seat where she had
+watched the dance, she called him to her side. When she was near she
+said, "Come, George, it is time for old folks to be at home."
+
+Lafayette visited Fredericksburg in 1784, that he might pay his
+respects to Mrs. Washington. He found her in her garden, dressed in a
+short linsey skirt, working among her flowers. After his visit he
+declared, "I have seen the only Roman matron living at this day."
+
+She still went frequently to her plantation across the river, but as
+she became more feeble her son gave her a phaeton in which she could
+cross the ferry in comfort. Her great-granddaughter has written of her
+appearance when she rolled in the phaeton down the village street:
+
+      "In summer she wore a dark straw hat with broad brim and low
+      crown, tied under her chin with black ribbon strings; but in
+      winter a warm hood was substituted, and she was wrapped in
+      the purple cloth cloak lined with silk shang (a present from
+      her son George) that is described in the bequests of her
+      will. In her hand she carried her gold-headed cane, which
+      feeble health now rendered necessary as a support."
+
+One of the last visits paid by George Washington to his mother was on
+March 7, 1789. A Fredericksburg paper of March 12 said, "The object of
+his Excellency's visit was probably to take leave of his aged mother,
+sister, and friends, previous to his departure for the new Congress,
+over the councils of which, the united voice of America has called him
+to preside." On March 11 Washington's account book shows that the
+expenses of the trip were £1.8.0. He also noted that he advanced to
+his mother at the time "6 Guineas."
+
+At New York, on September 1, 1789, President Washington was dining
+with friends when a messenger brought word of the death of Mrs.
+Washington. The notice of her death, as given in the _Gazette of the
+United States_, on September 9, read:
+
+      "Fredericksburg, Virginia, August 27, 1789--On Tuesday, the
+      25th inst. died at her home in this town, Mrs. Mary
+      Washington, aged 83 years, the venerable mother of the
+      illustrious President of the United States, after a long and
+      painful indisposition, which she bore with uncommon
+      patience. Though a pious tear of duty, affection, and esteem
+      is due to the memory of so revered a character, yet our grief
+      must be greatly alleviated from the consideration that she is
+      relieved from the pitiable infirmities attendant on an
+      extreme old age.--It is usual when virtuous and conspicuous
+      persons quit this terrestrial abode, to publish an elaborate
+      panegyric on their characters--suffice it to say, she
+      conducted herself through this transitory life with virtue,
+      prudence, and Christianity, worthy the mother of the grandest
+      Hero that ever adorned the annals of history."
+
+     "O may kind heaven, propitious to our fate,
+     Extend THAT HERO'S to her lengthen'd date;
+     Through the long period, healthy, active, sage;
+     Nor know the sad infirmities of age."
+
+The house in Fredericksburg which was occupied after 1775 by Mrs.
+Washington, is now the property of the Association for the
+Preservation of Virginian Antiquities.
+
+
+LVI
+
+GREENWAY AND SHERWOOD FOREST, VIRGINIA
+
+TWO OF THE HOMES OF JOHN TYLER
+
+A little girl was responsible for the fact that John Tyler, who became
+the tenth president of the United States, was born, not at Marlie, but
+at Greenway. Marlie was the name chosen by Judge John Tyler for his
+James River estate, but his young daughter, Anne Contesse, as soon as
+she began to talk, insisted on calling it "Greenway," "because the
+grass grows so green there."
+
+The fact that Anne's name displaced that chosen by her father is an
+indication of his great love for children. Greenway was "a bird's nest
+full of young," but at various times he added to his own flock one or
+another of twenty-one children, of whom he was made guardian, all of
+whom he guided through childhood to earnest manhood and womanhood.
+
+These children must have enjoyed roaming about the estate, for,
+according to Judge Tyler's description, it was a delightful place. He
+said of it:
+
+      "Greenway contains five hundred acres, well improved. On it
+      is a genteel, well-furnished dwelling-house, containing six
+      rooms, all wainscoted, chair-board high, with fine dry
+      cellars the full length of the house, which is 56 feet; also
+      every other building which a reasonable person could wish or
+      desire, to wit: a handsome study, storehouse, kitchen,
+      laundry, dairy, meat-house, spring-house, and an ice-house
+      within the curtelage; a barn 40 by 34 feet, two granaries,
+      two carriage houses, 20 stalls for horses, a quarter for
+      house servants; a handsome pigeon-house, well stocked; and
+      several other houses for slaves; a well of water (so
+      excellent that I can drink with delight after returning from
+      a mountain circuit), a large, fertile garden, abounding with
+      a great variety of shrubs, herbs, and beautiful flowers, well
+      enclosed. The buildings new and well covered with shingles."
+
+On this attractive estate John Tyler was born on March 29, 1790. He
+was a slender, delicate-looking lad, but he was not afraid to stand up
+for himself when he felt he was being abused. His first schoolmaster,
+a Mr. McMurdo, who taught across the road from Greenway, thought that
+it was impossible to teach well unless the rod was in daily use. "It
+was a wonder that he did not whip all the sense out of his scholars,"
+John said once, years later. But one day the boys rebelled. "John and
+some of the larger boys tripped him up, and began to tie his hands and
+feet," the Tyler family biographer tells the story. "McMurdo scuffled
+bravely, but upon little William Tyler, the smallest boy in school,
+throwing himself upon him, he exclaimed, in imitation of the great
+Roman, '_Et tu, Brute!_' and ceased to resist. The boys firmly secured
+him, locked him up in the schoolhouse, and left with cheers of triumph
+and derision."
+
+Hours later the schoolmaster was released by a passing traveller, who
+heard his cries. At once the enraged man hastened to Judge Tyler and
+told his story. "But the Judge, born and bred in the Revolutionary
+school, hated tyranny in any shape, and as he drew himself up to his
+full stature, he ... replied, in the language of Virginia's motto,
+_'Sic Semper Tyrannis_.'"
+
+At the age of twelve John entered the grammar school of William and
+Mary College at Williamsburg. There he had a good time, and he made a
+creditable showing in his classes. Yet that he did not advance in at
+least one study is evident from a letter written by his father in
+1807. He said:
+
+      "I can't help telling you how much I am mortified to find no
+      improvement in your handwriting; neither do you construct
+      your lines straight, which makes your letters look too
+      abominable. It is an easy thing to correct this fault, and
+      unless you do so, how can you be fit for law business?"
+
+Some years later, when Judge Tyler was Governor of Virginia, he
+announced impressively to John that Thomas Jefferson would be among
+the dinner guests on a certain day. "Be sure you have a good dinner,"
+the Governor added; for John was at the time in charge of the
+establishment. The future President asked himself, "What is the best
+thing for dinner?" "Plum pudding!" was the answer.
+
+The appointed time came. The company was seated at table. The first
+course was served. Then came a long wait.
+
+      "Suddenly a door flew open, and a negro servant appeared,
+      bearing, with both hands raised high above his head, a
+      smoking dish of plum pudding. Making a grand flourish, the
+      servant deposited it before Governor Tyler. Scarcely had he
+      withdrawn before another door flew open, and an attendant,
+      dressed exactly like the first, was seen bringing another
+      plum pudding, equally hot, which at a grave nod from John, he
+      placed before Mr. Jefferson. The Governor, who expected a
+      little more variety, turned to his son, who sat surveying the
+      puddings with tender interest, and exclaimed, in accents of
+      astonishment, 'Two plum puddings, John, two plum puddings!
+      Why, this is rather extraordinary!' 'Yes, sir,' said the
+      enterprising major domo, 'it is extraordinary; but' (and here
+      he rose and bowed deferentially to Mr. Jefferson) 'it is an
+      extraordinary occasion.'"
+
+In 1813, John Tyler married Letitia Christian. They did not make their
+home at Greenway, however. On the death of Judge Tyler the old house
+was sold, but it became the property of John Tyler in 1821. There he
+retired for the season of rest which he sorely needed after his
+strenuous years as a member of the House of Delegates, and
+Representative in Congress. During the intervals of his service as
+Governor and United States Senator he resided at the old home, but in
+1829 he sold the property, and removed to Gloucester County, to an
+estate which he took for debt. Eighteen years later, at the close of
+his presidential term, he returned, with his bride, the second Mrs.
+Tyler, to the county where he was born, having bought an estate of
+twelve hundred acres, three miles from Greenway, on the north side of
+the James, opposite Brandon. He tore down the old house on the estate,
+and built a house on the same plan, which, with its connected
+out-buildings, was more than two hundred feet long. He called his
+place "Sherwood Forest," with grim humor; for was he not an outlaw, in
+the opinion of the Whigs, just as really as was Robin Hood?
+
+Not long after the beginning of life at Sherwood Forest he was
+appointed overseer of the road on which his estate was located. Some
+claimed that this appointment was secured by the Whigs to humiliate
+him. But he refused to be humiliated. Instead he determined to be a
+good overseer and make the road the best in the State. All the men in
+the township were called, and they were kept at work day after day,
+as, according to law, he had a right to keep them. But it was harvest
+time, and the wheat was dead ripe. "The smiles that lately illuminated
+the countenances of the Whigs turned to dismay. The august justice who
+had made the appointment repaired to Mr. Tyler's house, and
+represented to him the state of things. Mr. Tyler replied that the law
+made it his duty to put the road in good order, and to keep it so. The
+Whigs expostulated. Mr. Tyler was firm. Then the justice begged him to
+resign, and let the hands go home. The ex-President said, 'Offices
+are hard to obtain in these times, and having no assurance that I can
+ever get another, I cannot think, under the circumstances, of
+resigning.'"
+
+One of the statesman's valued companions during these early years at
+Sherwood Forest was "General," the old horse which he had owned for
+many years. At length the horse died, and was buried in the grave at
+Sherwood Forest. On a wooden slab at the head of the grave the owner
+wrote:
+
+      "Here lieth the bones of my old horse, General, who served
+      his master faithfully for twenty-seven years, and never
+      blundered but once--would that his master could say the
+      same!"
+
+The last years of John Tyler's life witnessed the return of his
+popularity. Enemies became friends, and all rejoiced to do him honor.
+He was called to a number of honorable posts, and he was about to take
+his seat as a member of the House of Representatives of the
+Confederate Congress when he died, in Richmond, on January 18, 1862.
+
+
+  [Illustration: HANOVER COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 262]
+
+LVII
+
+TWO HISTORIC COURTHOUSES OF VIRGINIA
+
+OLD DOMINION COUNTY BUILDINGS AT HANOVER AND WILLIAMSBURG
+
+A momentous announcement appeared in the Williamsburg, Virginia,
+_Gazette_ on March 16, 1769:
+
+      "The Common Hall having this day determined to build a
+      commodious brick court-house in this city and having
+      appointed us to agree with and undertake to build the same,
+      we do hereby give notice that we shall meet at Mr. Hay's (the
+      Raleigh Tavern) on Tuesday, the 4th of April, to let the
+      building thereof; we are also appointed to dispose of the
+      present court-house, and the ground on which the same stands.
+      James Cock, John Carter, James Carter, John Tazewell."
+
+The building displaced by the new structure was erected in 1716 by
+William Levington, and was given to the city in 1745 by "the Gentlemen
+subscribers for the Play House."
+
+The stone steps on the new building, which are still in use, were
+brought from England in 1772. A copy of the letter in which William
+Wilson acknowledged their receipt is in a letter book preserved in the
+library of the Episcopal Seminary, near Alexandria.
+
+During the Revolution, the patriots were called together, from time to
+time, by the bell in the picturesque tower. It was fitting, then, that
+when American independence was celebrated at Williamsburg, on May 1,
+1783, the Courthouse was made the rallying place for the people. On
+receipt of official notice from Governor Benjamin Harrison that the
+treaty of peace had been signed, the mayor of Williamsburg prepared an
+"Order of the Procession on the Great Day," which closed with the
+following direction:
+
+      "The Citizens to be Conveyed on Thursday, at 1 o'clock at the
+      Court-House by a Bellman.
+
+      "After the convention of citizens they are to make
+      proclamation at the C: House, after which the Bells at the
+      Church, College, & Capitol are to ring in peal.
+
+      "From the Ct House the Citizens are to proceed to the
+      College, and make proclamation at that place, from whence
+      they are to proceed to the Capitol and make proclamation
+      there and from thence Proceed to the Raleigh (Tavern) & pass
+      the rest of the day."
+
+A frequent visitor to the Williamsburg Courthouse was the brilliant
+lawyer Patrick Henry, whose reputation as an orator was made long
+before he delivered his "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech at
+St. John's Church, Richmond.
+
+Some years before the Williamsburg Courthouse was erected, this orator
+made his first public speech, at Hanover Courthouse, a building that
+dates from 1735, in the celebrated suit of the clergy demanding the
+payment of their stipends in tobacco, according to law. In consequence
+of a short crop the price had increased, and they insisted that it was
+their right to have the advantage of the increase. Their case had been
+tried once and won. The attorney of the people thereupon withdrew, and
+Henry was engaged to appear for them in court.
+
+When the case was called, Rev. Patrick Henry was present, to the
+regret of his nephew. The lawyer sought his uncle and said that he
+feared he would be too much overawed by his presence to do his duty to
+his clients, and added that he would be compelled to say some "very
+hard things of the clergy." The minister thereupon entered his
+carriage, and drove away.
+
+William Wirt describes the scene at the opening of the case:
+
+      "On the bench sat more than twenty clergymen, the most
+      learned men in the Colony, and the most capable, as well as
+      the severest critics before whom it was possible for him to
+      have made his début. The Court House was crowded with an
+      overwhelming multitude, and surrounded with an immense and
+      anxious throng, who, not finding room to enter, were
+      endeavoring to listen without, in the deepest attention. But
+      there was something still more awfully disconcerting than all
+      this; for in the chair of the presiding magistrate, sat no
+      other person than his own father....
+
+      "And now came on the first trial of Patrick Henry's strength.
+      No one had ever heard him speak, and curiosity was on tiptoe.
+      He rose very awkwardly, and faltered much in his exordium.
+      The people hung their heads at so unpromising a commencement;
+      the clergy were observed to exchange sly looks with each
+      other, and the father is described as having almost sunk with
+      confusion, from his seat. But these feelings were of short
+      duration, and soon gave place to others, of a very different
+      character.... The spirit of his genius awakened all his
+      features.... His action became graceful, bold, and
+      commanding; and in the tones of his voice, but more
+      especially in his emphasis, there was a peculiar charm, a
+      magic, of which any one who ever heard him will speak as soon
+      as he is named, but of which no one can give any adequate
+      description....
+
+      "The people, whose countenances had fallen as he arose, had
+      heard but very few sentences before they began to look up;
+      then to look at each other with surprise, as if doubting the
+      evidence of their own senses.... In less than twenty minutes,
+      they might be seen in every part of the house, on every
+      bench, in every window, stooping forward from their stands,
+      in deathlike silence.... The mockery of the clergy was soon
+      turned into alarm; their triumph into confusion and despair;
+      and at one burst of his rapid and overwhelming invective,
+      they fled from the bench in precipitation and terror. As for
+      the father, such was his surprise, such his amazement, such
+      his rapture, that, forgetting where he was, and the character
+      which he was filling, tears of ecstasy streamed down his
+      cheeks without the power or inclination to restrain them."
+
+The case was won. As soon as the verdict was announced the people
+seized the orator at the bar and bore him out of the courthouse. Then,
+raising him on their shoulders, they carried him about the yard.
+
+
+  [Illustration: ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND, VA.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 266]
+
+LVIII
+
+ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND
+
+WHERE PATRICK HENRY SAID, "GIVE ME LIBERTY, OR GIVE ME DEATH"
+
+In 1611 Sir Thomas Dale founded his town of Henricopolis, the second
+established settlement in Virginia. It was named in honor of Prince
+Henry, the eldest son of James I. A church was soon after built. The
+bounds of Henrico parish, to which it belonged, were quite large until
+1634, when the parish was made to include the present Chesterfield,
+Powhatan, and Goochland counties.
+
+Soon after the marriage of Pocahontas she moved to the plantation of
+her husband, John Rolfe, near Henricopolis, and they were both members
+of Henrico parish until they left Virginia.
+
+The written records of Henrico parish begin with 1730. At that time
+the principal church of the parish was on Curle's plantation, on the
+north side of the James, some miles below the present city of
+Richmond. Curle's church disappeared during the Civil War. The bowl of
+the baptismal font in St. John's Church, Richmond, is a relic of the
+old church. This was removed from the cellar of a house where it had
+been in use for beating hominy.
+
+Steps were taken in 1737 to build the present St. John's Church,
+because of the increase of population in Richmond. The first action
+was recorded as follows:
+
+      "At a Vestry held at Curls Church for Henrico parish ye 8th
+      day of October Anno Dom. 1737 for laying ye parish Levey--
+
+      "The Vestry do agree to build a Church on the most convenient
+      place at or near Thomas Williamsons in this parish to be
+      Sixty feet in Length and Twenty-five in Breadth and fourteen
+      feet pitch to be finished in a plain Manner After the Moddle
+      of Curls Church. And it is ordered that the Clerk do Set up
+      Advertisements of the particular parts of the Said Building
+      and of the time and place of undertaking the Same.... It is
+      ordered that the Collector do receive of every Tithable
+      person in this parish five pounds of Tobacco after the Usual
+      deduction to be apply'd towards building the New Church at
+      Williamsons."
+
+At a later meeting the location and the dimensions of the church were
+changed. Richmond was decided on, and it was stated that "Richard
+Randolph Gent undertakes the Said Building and engages to finish the
+Same by the Tenth day of June, which Shall be in the year of our Lord
+1741; for which the Vestry agrees to pay him the Sum of £317 10s.
+Current Money to be paid by the amount of the Sale of Twenty thousand
+pounds of Tob'o Annually to be Levyd on the parish and Sold here for
+Money till the whole payment be compleat."
+
+There is no record of the completion of the building, but probably it
+was finished at the appointed time. Since that date various additions
+have been made, yet it is possible to trace the lines of the original
+structure. The original pews are still in use, though they have been
+lowered. The hinges of the pew doors are handwrought. The wainscoting
+and the window sashes are those first put in. The original
+weather-boarding is still in place. It is fastened by nails whose
+heads are half an inch broad.
+
+For the new church there were imported from England:
+
+      "One Parsons Surples, a Pulpit Cushen and Cloth, two cloths
+      for Reading Desks, a Communion Table Cloth, and a Dozen of
+      Cushens--to be of good Purple Cloth, and the Surples good
+      Hollond, also Large Bible and four large Prayer Books."
+
+An entry in the vestry book on December 17, 1773, shows that the
+rector, Mr. Selden, received as salary 17,150 pounds of tobacco, worth
+£125. The clerk of the parish received 1,789 pounds of tobacco, or £13
+10s., the sexton had 536 pounds, or £3.10s.7d.
+
+Selden was chaplain of the Virginia Convention which met in the church
+March 20, 1775. At the closing session of this convention Patrick
+Henry "flashed the electric spark, which exploded the country in
+revolution," as Burton says in his history of Henrico Parish. This was
+the speech that closed:
+
+      "Gentlemen may cry peace, peace, but there is no peace. The
+      war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the
+      north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms!
+      Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand here idle?
+      What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life
+      so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price
+      of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God. I know not
+      what course others may take, but as for me, Give me liberty,
+      or give me death."
+
+Dr. Burton says that the orator "stood, according to tradition, near
+the present corner of the east transept and the nave, or more exactly,
+in pew 47, in the east aisle of the nave.... He faced the eastern wall
+of the transept, where were the two windows. In the more northern of
+these stood Colonel Edward Carrington. He broke the silence that
+followed the orator's burning words with the exclamation, 'Right here
+I wish to be buried!'"
+
+When the British took possession of Richmond in 1781, St. John's
+Church became a barracks for Arnold's men. And some of them stood on
+the spot where Patrick Henry spoke the words that had such large part
+in stirring up the people to drive all British soldiers from the
+Colonies.
+
+After the close of the war the diocese of Virginia was reorganized in
+the building, and plans were laid to overcome the difficulties that
+would soon come through the loss of the property of the Protestant
+Episcopal Church, which led Edmund Randolph, later Governor of
+Virginia and Secretary of State in Washington's Cabinet, to speak the
+famous words:
+
+      "Of what is the Church now possessed? Nothing but the glebes
+      and your affections."
+
+That the affections of the people are a better dependence than rich
+endowments in money has been shown by the later history of the church,
+the parish, and the diocese.
+
+
+  [Illustration: NELSON HOUSE, YORKTOWN, VA.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 270]
+
+LIX
+
+THE NELSON HOUSE AND THE MOORE HOUSE, YORKTOWN, VIRGINIA
+
+MADE MEMORABLE BY THE BATTLE OF YORKTOWN AND THE SURRENDER OF
+CORNWALLIS
+
+One day in 1740 a baby a little more than one year old, whose name was
+Thomas Nelson, stood by the side of his father, William Nelson, as the
+father was about to lay the foundation of his new home in York,
+Virginia. The babe had been stationed there that the brick for the
+corner might be placed in the little hands; then it could be said in
+later years that the babe had helped in the exercises of the day. The
+little fellow became a Signer of the Declaration of Independence, a
+General in the Revolutionary War, and Governor of Virginia.
+
+William Nelson was a merchant, who had invested his savings in land
+and had become quite wealthy. When his son was fourteen years old he
+was able to send him to Cambridge, England, to be educated. Nine years
+later the young man married Lucy Grymes of Brandon, and took up his
+residence in the house whose foundation he had helped to lay.
+
+For many years the home of the young people was noted for the
+hospitality shown there. Whenever the owner could leave his guests, he
+rode to his plantation near town. He kept a pack of hounds, which were
+frequently employed in fox hunting.
+
+When discontent against England became pronounced, he was a leader of
+the patriots. He was a member of the House of Burgesses of 1774 which
+was dissolved by Lord Dunmore because of the passage of a resolution
+against the Boston Port Bill, and he was one of the eighty-nine men
+who met next day at a tavern and took action that led to the first
+Continental Congress.
+
+On July 17, when the Convention of Virginia delegates gathered in
+Richmond decided to raise three regiments for home defence, Patrick
+Henry was named as commander of the first while Nelson was put in
+charge of the second.
+
+He was among the patriots who sat in the Continental Congress of 1775,
+1776, and 1777, and his name was signed to the Declaration of
+Independence. On August 16, 1777, he retired from public service
+because of failing health, but when, a little later, the Governor of
+Virginia, fearing the approach of the British fleet, asked him to
+serve as brigadier general and commander-in-chief of the forces of the
+State, he agreed, on condition that he be excused from accepting
+payment for his services.
+
+During the siege of Yorktown he was at the head of the militia. The
+sketch of his life as given by Sanderson in the "Biography of the
+Signers," says: "During the siege, observing his own house uninjured
+by the artillery of the American batteries he inquired the cause. A
+respect for his property, was assigned. Nelson ... requested that the
+artillerists would not spare his house more than any other, especially
+as he knew it to be occupied by the principal officers of the British
+Army. Two pieces were accordingly pointed against it. The first shot
+went through the house and killed two ... officers.... Other balls
+soon dislodged the hostile tenants." It is said that Nelson gave ten
+guineas reward to the man who fired the first shot.
+
+Again Thomas Nelson responded to the call of his State when in June,
+1781, he became Governor, succeeding Thomas Jefferson. Four months
+after the beginning of his term as chief executive of the State,
+George Washington, in general orders, said:
+
+      "The General would be guilty of the highest ingratitude, a
+      crime of which he hopes he shall never be accused, if he
+      forgot to return his sincere acknowledgments to his
+      excellency governor Nelson, for the succours which he
+      received from him and the militia under his command, to whose
+      activity, emulation, and bravery, the highest praises are
+      due. The magnitude of the acquisition will be ample
+      compensation for the difficulties and dangers which they met
+      with so much firmness and patriotism."
+
+Nelson's term as Governor was shortened by ill health. In November,
+1781, he was compelled to resign.
+
+But he was not permitted to rest. Attacks were made on him for certain
+courses taken during his term as Governor. When he asked and was given
+permission to defend himself before the State delegates, he was
+triumphantly acquitted of all blame. On December 31, 1781, this action
+was recorded:
+
+      "An act to indemnify THOMAS NELSON, JUNIOR, Esquire, late
+      governor of this commonwealth, and to legalize certain acts
+      of his administration. Whereas, upon examination, it appears
+      that previous to and during the siege of York, Thomas Nelson,
+      Esquire, late governor of this commonwealth, was compelled by
+      the peculiar circumstances of the state and army, to perform
+      many acts of government without the advice of the council of
+      state, for the purpose of procuring subsistence for the
+      allied army under the command of his excellency general
+      Washington; be it enacted that all such acts of government,
+      evidently productive of general good, and warranted by
+      necessity, be judged and held of the same validity, and the
+      like proceedings be had on them as if they had been executed
+      by and with the advice of the council, and with all the
+      formality prescribed by law. And be it enacted that the said
+      Thomas Nelson, jr., Esquire, be and he hereby is in the
+      fullest manner indemnified and exonerated from all penalties
+      and dangers which might have accrued to him from the same."
+
+Nelson lived more than seven years after this act approving his
+emergency actions. But three years were spent in comparative poverty.
+Most of his property was sold to satisfy the debts incurred by paying
+two regiments out of his own pocket, and by going security, with the
+State, for two million dollars needed to carry on the war. Sanderson
+says of these acts of generosity:
+
+      "He had spent a princely fortune in his country's service;
+      his horses had been taken from the plough, and sent to drag
+      the munitions of war; his granaries had been thrown open to a
+      starving soldiery, and his ample purse had been drained to
+      its last dollar, when the credit of Virginia could not bring
+      a sixpence into her treasury. Yet it was the widow of this
+      man who, beyond eighty years of age, blind, infirm, and poor,
+      had yet to learn whether republics can be grateful."
+
+On the simple gravestone in Yorktown, erected to the memory of the
+patriot, is this eloquent inscription:
+
+     Thomas Nelson,
+     Governor of Virginia.
+     He Gave All for Liberty.
+
+Not far from the grave is another historic house that should be named
+with the Nelson house. This is the Moore house, on Temple farm, then
+less than a mile from Yorktown. In this house, which was built in
+1713, the terms of the surrender of Cornwallis were drawn up. It was
+once the summer home of the colonial governor, Alexander Spottswood.
+
+
+LX
+
+THE JOHN MARSHALL HOUSE, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
+
+WHERE THE CHIEF JUSTICE CARED FOR HIS WIFE AND ENTERTAINED HIS FRIENDS
+
+An old book, "Richmond in By Gone Days," says that John Marshall was
+noted in Richmond for his unpretending manner. "His dress was plain
+even to negligence. He marketed for himself and might be seen at an
+early hour returning home with a pair of fowls, or a basket of eggs in
+his hand, not with ostentatious humility, but for mere convenience."
+
+It is related by Flanders that Marshall "was one morning strolling
+through the streets of Richmond, attired in a plain linen roundabout
+and shorts, with his hat under his arm, from which he was eating
+cherries, when he stopped in the porch of the Eagle Hotel, indulged in
+some little pleasantry with the landlord, and then passed on." Just
+then a man from the country, who wished a lawyer to appear for him in
+court, was referred by the landlord to Marshall, as the best advocate
+he could have, but the countryman declined to have anything to do with
+the careless young man. In court he asked the clerk for a lawyer, and
+was once more recommended to take John Marshall. Again he refused.
+Just then a dignified old man in powdered wig and black coat entered.
+He was at once engaged, on his appearance. After a time the
+inferiority of the black-coated lawyer was so apparent that the
+countryman sought Marshall, told him of the mistake he had made, said
+that he had left but five dollars of the one hundred dollars he had
+set aside for lawyers' fees, and asked Marshall if he would assist on
+the case. The lawyer laughingly agreed.
+
+In 1781, when Marshall was twenty-five years old, he walked from
+Virginia to Philadelphia, to be inoculated for smallpox. "He walked at
+the rate of thirty-five miles a day. On his arrival, such was his
+shabby appearance, that he was refused admission into one of the
+hotels; his long beard, and worn-out garments, probably suggesting the
+idea that his purse was not adequate to his entertainment. And this in
+the city which had seen much of the young man's heroic services during
+the Revolution!"
+
+Before the close of the war, while visiting his father, Colonel
+Marshall, who was the commanding officer at Yorktown, Virginia, he met
+Mary Willis Ambler, a daughter of Jacqueline Ambler, the treasurer of
+Virginia. "She was just fourteen years of age at the time, and it is
+stated to have been a case of love at first sight." Even when Marshall
+called to see her he was not prepossessing in appearance, yet he was
+well received, "notwithstanding his slouched hat, and negligent and
+awkward dress," for his amiable manners, fine talents, and especially
+his love for poetry, which he read to them with deep pathos, led them
+to forget his dress.
+
+The young people were married on January 3, 1783. After paying the fee
+of the minister, the groom's sole remaining fortune was a guinea!
+
+Mrs. Marshall was for many years a nervous invalid. Bishop Meade says,
+"The least noise was sometimes agony to her whole frame, and his
+perpetual endeavor was to keep the house and yard and out-houses from
+the slightest cause of distressing her; walking himself at times about
+the house and yard without shoes." The attitude of the people of
+Richmond to the husband and wife is shown by the fact that "on one
+occasion, when she was in her most distressing state, the town
+authorities manifested their great respect for him and sympathy for
+her, by having either the town clock or town bell muffled."
+
+On his marriage John Marshall took his wife to one of the best houses
+then available in the village of Richmond, a two-room frame building.
+In 1789 he bought two acres of ground on Shockoe Hill, and here, in
+1793, he built a nine-room brick house. One of the rooms was a large
+apartment, in which he gave his famous "lawyer dinners."
+
+When Marshall was not in Washington, he lived in this comfortable
+house, which was near the home of his father-in-law. He had also a
+farm a few miles from Richmond. Bishop Meade says that one morning,
+between daybreak and sunrise, he met Marshall on horseback. He had a
+bag of clover seed lying before him, which he was carrying to his
+farm.
+
+An English traveller who spent a week in Richmond in 1835 gave his
+impression of the Richmond home:
+
+      "The house is small, and more humble in appearance than those
+      of the average of successful lawyers and merchants. I called
+      there three times upon him; there is no bell to the door.
+      Once I turned the handle of it and walked in unannounced; on
+      the other two occasions he had seen me coming, and had lifted
+      the latch and received me at the door, although he was at the
+      time suffering from severe contusions received in the stage
+      while travelling on the road from Fredericksburg to
+      Richmond."
+
+Chief Justice Marshall frequently attended the Monumental Church. The
+narrow pews troubled him, for he was quite tall. "Not finding room
+enough for his whole body within the pew, he used to take his seat
+nearest the door of his pew, and, throwing it open, let his legs
+stretch a little into the aisle."
+
+The death of his wife was a great grief to him. "Never can I cease to
+feel the loss and to deplore it," he wrote on December 25, 1832, the
+anniversary of her death. "Grief for her is too sacred ever to be
+profaned on this day, which shall be, during my existence, marked by a
+recollection of her virtues."
+
+He survived Mrs. Marshall less than five years. In June, 1835, he went
+to Dr. Physic in Philadelphia, seeking relief for a disability that
+had been aggravated by the road accident of which the English visitor
+wrote, as already quoted. There he died, July 6, 1835. On July 4 he
+wrote the inscription which he wished placed above his grave:
+
+      "John Marshall, son of Thomas and Mary Marshall, was born on
+      the 24th of September, 1755, intermarried with Mary Willis
+      Ambler the 3rd of January, 1783, departed this life the ----
+      day of ---- 18 ---- ."
+
+The Marshall house is now in possession of the Society for the
+Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, having been purchased a few
+years ago from the Misses Harvie, the granddaughters of Chief Justice
+Marshall. They had lived in the house until they sold it to the city
+of Richmond.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WESTOVER ON THE JAMES, VIRGINIA
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 278]
+
+LXI
+
+FIVE OLD HOUSES OF TIDEWATER, VIRGINIA
+
+SABINE HALL, WESTOVER, SHIRLEY, BRANDON, AND CARTER'S GROVE
+
+The five houses mentioned briefly in this chapter are noteworthy, not
+only because of their beauty, but because the stories of those who
+lived in them show how the leading families of old Virginia
+intermarried until the various relationships became a puzzle that
+delights the genealogist.
+
+On the Rappahannock, in Richmond County, Virginia, Landon Carter, son
+of Robert ("King") Carter, the ancestor of the Carter family of
+Virginia, built Sabine Hall in 1730. He was a great lover of the works
+of Horace, and it was quite natural that he should adopt for his
+mansion the name of the Roman poet's Sabine Farm.
+
+Until his death in 1778 he was a recognized leader in both Church and
+State. Robert A. Lancaster quotes an unnamed writer who says that he
+was "a high-minded public servant and a finished scholar, indulging a
+taste for science and a love for letters," and was considered "one of
+the most notable of the pre-Revolutionary statesmen of the Colony,"
+and was "looked up to by the younger generation as a Nestor among his
+compatriots." He was a friend of Washington, and received many letters
+from him, some of which have been preserved.
+
+Landon Carter's second wife was Maria Byrd, of Westover. Her portrait,
+as well as those of the other two wives, the husband and "King"
+Carter, are hanging to-day on the walls of Sabine Hall. The estate of
+four thousand acres descended to his son by his third marriage with
+Elizabeth Beale, Robert Wormeley Carter, who was a member of the
+Virginia Assembly. The property is still in the possession of the
+descendants of the original owner.
+
+Westover, where Landon Carter courted Maria Byrd, is on the James in
+Charles City County, not far south of Sabine Hall. The mansion was
+built in the same year as Sabine Hall, 1730, by William Byrd, II,
+whose father came from England about 1674.
+
+William Byrd, of Westover, was famous as a literary man and as a
+statesman. At one time he was President of His Majesty's Council. But
+perhaps his greatest fame came to him because he was the father of
+Evelyn Byrd, who was a reigning belle. When, at the age of eighteen,
+she was presented at Court, it was reported that the king of England
+complimented her by saying he was glad Virginia could produce such
+"beautiful Byrds."
+
+Evelyn's brother, William Byrd, III, was the heir of the estate. He
+married Elizabeth Hill Carter, of Shirley, a neighboring estate. He
+was a member of the Virginia Council and attained distinction by his
+service as a colonel in the French and Indian War.
+
+During the siege of Yorktown some of the French officers made frequent
+visits to Westover. One of them, Marquis de Chastellux, said that
+this was the most beautiful place in America.
+
+Two armies have halted at Westover. In April, 1781, Cornwallis passed
+that way, and, during the Civil War McClellan's army camped on the
+grounds. A war-time picture shows something of the havoc wrought by
+the soldiers.
+
+When Elizabeth Hill Carter, of Shirley, came to Westover, she gave up
+one beautiful home for another. Her father's Charles City County
+mansion was probably built late in the seventeenth century, though the
+exact date is not known. One of the estate's claims to distinction is
+that it has never been offered for sale. Colonel Edward Hill, the
+builder, Colonel Edward Hill, II, his son, and Colonel Edward Hill,
+III, his grandson, were leaders in the life of the county. At the
+death of Colonel Hill, III, his sister, Elizabeth Hill, became heir to
+the estate. She married John Carter, of Corotoman, son of Robert
+("King") Carter, who was Secretary of the Colony. It was his daughter
+who married William Byrd, III, of Westover. Her brother, Charles
+Carter, who was a patriot of prominence, was the father-in-law of
+Light Horse Harry Lee, and the grandfather of General Robert E. Lee.
+
+Carter's Grove, another seat of the Carter family, is also on the
+James, in Charles City County, not far from Shirley. The builder was
+Carter Burwell, and the house dates from 1751. The work was done by
+slaves, under the direction of a foreman who received £140 for his
+work. In the construction of the house 25,000 feet of lumber, 40,000
+shingles, 15,000 laths, and 460,000 bricks were used. The total cost
+was only £500.
+
+Carter Burwell was the son of Elizabeth, daughter of Robert ("King")
+Carter, who married Colonel Nathaniel Burwell.
+
+Across the James, in Prince George County, is Brandon, whose builder
+was Nathaniel Harrison. The house dates from early in the eighteenth
+century. His son, also Nathaniel Harrison, married, as his second
+wife, Lucy the daughter of Robert ("King") Carter of Corotoman.
+Benjamin Harrison, the son by the first wife, Mary Digges, married
+Evelyn Taylor Byrd, of Westover. When she went to Brandon she took
+with her the Byrd portraits, which are to-day one of the attractions
+of the mansion.
+
+Brandon has always been in the possession of descendants of the
+original owner.
+
+
+  [Illustration: GUNSTON HALL ON THE POTOMAC, VIRGINIA
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 281]
+
+LXII
+
+GUNSTON HALL, VIRGINIA
+
+THE HOME OF GEORGE MASON, "THE PEN OF THE REVOLUTION IN VIRGINIA"
+
+Four miles from Mt. Vernon, on the Potomac, is the well-preserved
+mansion, Gunston Hall, built in 1758 by George Mason, the
+great-grandson of George Mason, who fled to America after the Battle
+of Worcester, where he was in arms against the king of England. The
+first mention of the name of this George Mason occurs in the Virginia
+patent of land which he secured in March, 1655.
+
+George Washington and George Mason were not only near neighbors, but
+they were warm friends. Frequently Washington drove to Gunston Hall
+for a talk with Mason; or sometimes he floated down the stream in his
+four-oared gig, manned by his own slaves. Sometimes the men roamed
+together through the woods or the fields; on one of these walks they
+sought to define the boundaries between their estates.
+
+Gifts of various kinds passed back and forth between the two manors;
+one day in 1785, when Mason was driven from Mt. Vernon in Washington's
+carriage, he sent back by the driver some young shoots of the Persian
+jessamine and Guelder rose.
+
+A few days later a hogshead of cider was broached at Gunston Hall, and
+a liberal sample was sent to Washington. A note dated "9th November,
+1785," addressed to Washington, begins, "The bearer waits on you with
+a side of venison (the first we have killed this season), which I beg
+your acceptance of."
+
+At one time both Washington and Mason were members of the vestry of
+Truro parish. Washington's list of the vestrymen shows that his friend
+was elected by two hundred and eighty-two votes, while he himself
+received but fifty-one votes.
+
+Mason was as often at Mt. Vernon as Washington was at Gunston Hall.
+After a visit made on Christmas Day, 1783, one of the other guests,
+Miss Lewis, of Fredericksburg, wrote:
+
+      "Among the most notable of the callers was Mr. George Mason,
+      of Gunston Hall, who was on his way home from Alexandria, and
+      who brought a charming granddaughter with him.... He is said
+      to be one of the greatest statesmen and wisest men in
+      Virginia. We had heard much of him and were delighted to look
+      in his face, hear him speak, and take his hand, which he
+      offered in a courtly manner. He is slight in figure, but
+      not tall, and has a grand head and clear gray eyes."
+
+To the home of George Mason other men of note delighted to come. In
+the guest room Jefferson and Richard Henry Lee, as well as Washington,
+slept more than once. Patrick Henry, too, was a welcome visitor at
+Gunston Hall. George Mason had as high an opinion of the orator as
+Patrick Henry had of the statesman. "He is by far the most powerful
+speaker I ever heard," Mason once said of Henry; "every word he says
+not only engages but commands the attention; and your passions are no
+longer your own when he addresses them. But his eloquence is the
+smallest part of his merit. He is in my opinion the first man upon
+this continent, as well in abilities as public virtues, and had he
+lived in Rome about the time of the first Punic War, when the Roman
+people had arrived at their meridian glory and their virtue not
+tarnished, Mr. Henry's talents must have put him at the head of that
+glorious commonwealth."
+
+The orator returned the compliment by calling Mason one of the two
+greatest statesmen he ever knew.
+
+George Mason's statesmanlike vision was seen in 1766, when he warned
+the British public of the results that would follow coercion. "Three
+millions of people driven to desperation are not an object of
+contempt," he wrote. Again he proved a good prophet when he wrote to
+George Washington, on April 2, 1776, after the General took possession
+of Boston:
+
+      "I congratulate you most heartily upon this glorious and
+      important event--an event which will render George
+      Washington's name immortal in the annals of America, endear
+      his memory to the latest posterity, and entitle him to those
+      thanks which heaven appointed as the reward of public
+      virtue."
+
+Mason was of a retiring disposition, and he would have preferred to
+remain at home. But he was forced into the councils of the Virginia
+Convention, and during his service there he prepared the marvellous
+Bill of Rights which was later made a part of the Constitution of that
+State and was the model for similar documents in many other States. He
+was also the author of the Constitution of Virginia, and the designer
+of the State seal. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention in
+Philadelphia, where he proved himself "the champion of the State and
+the author of the doctrine of State Rights." Because the Constitution
+as finally drafted by the convention contained so many provisions that
+he felt were dangerous, he refused to sign the document, "declaring
+that he would sooner chop off his right hand than put it to the
+Constitution" whose provisions he could not approve.
+
+After the Constitutional Convention for more than four years the
+statesman lived quietly at Gunston Hall. When he died in October,
+1792, he asked to be buried by the side of his first wife, whose death
+in 1773 had been a grievous blow to him. Over her tomb he had
+inscribed:
+
+     "Once She was all that cheers and sweetens Life;
+     The tender Mother, Daughter, Friend and Wife:
+     Once She was all that makes Mankind adore;
+     Now view the Marble, and be vain no more."
+
+No monument was ever raised over his own grave. A grandson planned to
+set a stone inscribed to "The Author of the Bill of Rights and the
+Constitution of Virginia," but he was unable to do as he wished.
+
+Gunston Hall still stands, though it has passed through many hands
+since the death of him whom George Esten Cooke called "one of the most
+remarkable men, not only of his Country, and of his epoch, but of all
+Countries and all time."
+
+
+  [Illustration: WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING, LEXINGTON, VA.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 285]
+
+LXIII
+
+THE WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING, LEXINGTON, VIRGINIA
+
+HOW GEORGE WASHINGTON SOLVED A DELICATE PROBLEM
+
+Even before the treaty of peace with Great Britain was signed, George
+Washington was making plans for the development of the West. He was
+especially impressed with the possibilities of the Potomac and James
+rivers, if improved by canals, as a means of communication with the
+Ohio. Companies were organized to the work. In both enterprises he was
+a stockholder. On August 13, 1785, he wrote to Edmund Randolph:
+
+      "The great object for the accomplishment of which I wish to
+      see the inland navigation of the River Potomack and James
+      improved and extended is to connect the western territory
+      with the Atlantic states.... I have already subscribed five
+      shares to the Potomack navigation; and enclosed I give you a
+      power to put my name down for five shares to that of James
+      River."
+
+In 1785 Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, wrote to Washington that
+the General Assembly of the State had voted to give him one hundred
+shares in the James River Company, "it being their wish, in
+particular, that those great works of improvement, which, both as
+springing from the liberty which he has been so instrumental in
+establishing, and as encouraged by his patronage, will be durable
+monuments of his glory, may be made monuments also of the gratitude of
+his country."
+
+Washington replied that he could not accept money for his services to
+his country. Then he added: "But if it should please the General
+Assembly to permit me to turn the destination of the fund vested in
+me, from my private emolument, to objects of a public nature, it will
+be my study in selecting these to prove the sincerity of my gratitude
+for the honor conferred on me, by preferring such as may appear most
+subservient to the enlightened and patriotic views of the
+legislature."
+
+Of course the legislature granted the desired permission, indicating
+that the gifts might be made either during Washington's life, or by
+bequest.
+
+Some years passed before Washington fixed on a proper recipient for
+the canal shares. In 1798, however, he gave them to the trustees of
+Liberty Academy, at Lexington, Virginia, which had been incorporated
+in 1782. In recognition of the gift the trustees asked the legislature
+to change the name of the school to Washington Academy. In 1813 the
+name was once more changed to Washington College.
+
+This, the first large gift received by the institution, is still
+yielding an income of three thousand dollars. During many times of
+crisis the income provided in this way has been of signal use to the
+institution, notably in 1824, when the Washington College building was
+begun. This structure is two hundred and fifty feet long, is built of
+brick, and each of its three porticoes is supported by white colonial
+columns.
+
+For more than seventy-five years after Washington turned over the
+canal shares, the institution's sole endowment amounted to only about
+one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. The seventy thousand dollars
+added to the canal shares came from sources that were influenced by
+Washington's confidence in the institution.
+
+The beginning of the larger life of the college was the election of
+General Robert E. Lee as president. The keynote of his five years of
+service was sounded in the letter which he wrote to the trustees on
+receiving notification of his election. He feared that, in view of his
+military history, he might cause harm to the college. He was never
+greater than when he said:
+
+      "I think it is the duty of every citizen, in the present
+      condition of the country, to do all in his power to aid in
+      the restoration of peace and harmony, and in no way to oppose
+      the policy of the State or General Government directed to
+      that object. It is particularly incumbent upon those charged
+      with the instruction of the young to set them an example of
+      submission to authority, and I would not consent to be the
+      cause of animadversion on the College."
+
+Following the death of General Lee, which came after five years of
+remarkable development under his leadership, the name of Washington
+College was changed to Washington and Lee University, that it might
+continue forever a memorial to its two greatest benefactors.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, VA.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 288]
+
+LXIV
+
+BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA
+
+"THE COURT CHURCH OF COLONIAL VIRGINIA"
+
+Jamestown was the capital of Virginia until 1699. Then Williamsburg
+became the seat of government. Six years earlier the latter town had
+taken on some importance because of the founding there of William and
+Mary College, and for more than sixty years efforts had been made to
+persuade the people to make their homes in the place. The records of
+the Colony show that in 1632 rewards were offered to those who would
+locate in what seemed a promising situation for a town.
+
+The date of the building of the first church in Williamsburg is not
+known. The first entry in the vestry book of Bruton parish was made in
+April, 1674, but the parish dates from 1658. In that year Harrop and
+Middle Plantation parishes were united, though the new parish was not
+called Bruton for some time. The name was given because Sir James
+Ludwell, who afterward left a legacy of twenty pounds to the parish,
+was born in Bruton, England.
+
+A building (that it was not the first is shown by the mention in the
+records of the Old Church) was completed in 1683, and the first
+service was held on January 6, 1684. The cost was "£150 sterling and
+sixty thousand pounds of good sound, marketable sweet, scented
+Tobacco." The minister, "Mr. Rowland Jones," was "paid annually ye
+sum of sixteen thousand, six hundred and sixty pounds of Tobacco and
+Caske."
+
+The removal of the capital to Williamsburg brought so many new people
+to town that the church became too small for the congregation. In 1701
+the parish records show that there was talk of a new building.
+
+On October 1, 1706, the vestry decided to levy a tax of twenty
+thousand pounds of Tobacco as a beginning of the building fund. Four
+years later the members of the vestry made known their hope that the
+House of Burgesses would assist in the expense, which, they thought,
+would be about five hundred pounds. To the Burgesses a message was
+sent indicating that the vestry "do not doubt in the least but the
+House of Burgesses would show their Pious and Generous Spirits by
+their Liberall Donation towards soe Necessary and good a worke and
+that they would assure them to the best of their Judgment they would
+appropriate the same according to the true Intent thereof."
+
+The Burgesses offered "to take Care of the wings and intervening
+parts," if the vestry would build the ends of the church. They also
+agreed to build the pews for the Governor, the Council, and
+themselves. With their help, the building was completed and occupied
+in 1715. The tower was added in 1769.
+
+Rev. James Blair, who was minister of Bruton parish at the time of the
+erection of the new building, had been instrumental in organizing
+William and Mary College. The early history of that institution is
+bound up with that of the church. Some of the most notable conflicts
+between Church and State in the old Colony took place during the years
+of Mr. Blair's activity. He died in 1743, after serving the church as
+minister for thirty-three years, William and Mary College as
+President for fifty years, and the Colony as Commissioner for
+fifty-three years.
+
+Among the famous names on the vestry rolls are those of Henry Tyler,
+great-great-grandfather of President Tyler, who was first mentioned on
+"The Seaventh day of April, 1694," and George Wythe, one of the
+Signers of the Declaration of Independence. Patrick Henry, and George
+Washington later worshipped with the congregation.
+
+When Virginia was about to go to war with Great Britain, the House of
+Burgesses, on May 24, 1774, ordered that "the members of the House do
+attend in their places, at the hour of ten in the morning, on the
+first day of June next, in order to proceed with the Speaker and the
+mace, to the church," for fasting, humiliation, and prayer. During the
+Revolution the members of the church were noted for their loyalty to
+the Colonies.
+
+To-day the building is about as it was during the troubled days of the
+war. No change has been made in the exterior, but in 1839 the interior
+was changed in many important particulars. In 1905, however, it was
+restored as before. The pulpit was put in the old place. The canopy
+and curtain which had long stood above the pew of Governor Spotswood,
+were found and again put in position. King Edward VII gave the new
+pulpit Bible, and President Roosevelt provided the lectern.
+
+
+LXV
+
+WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA
+
+THE ALMA MATER OF THOMAS JEFFERSON, JAMES MONROE, AND JOHN TYLER
+
+Three years before John Harvard left a legacy for the founding of the
+college that bears his name, the first bequest for public education
+made by a resident of Virginia was recorded, though this was used for
+a secondary school, rather than for a college.
+
+The project of a college, proposed in 1617 and 1618 by the London
+Company, and in 1619 at the first session of the General Assembly,
+languished until 1685, when Rev. James Blair came to the Colony as a
+missionary and settled in Henrico County, where it had been proposed
+to found the college sixty-eight years earlier. For five years he
+brooded over the need of a college and in 1690 he made to a convention
+at Jamestown "Severall Propositions for a free school and college, to
+be humbly presented to the consideration of the next general
+assembly." Later, by authority of the Assembly, Dr. Blair appealed to
+the Merchants of London, "especially such as traffick with Virginia,"
+and three thousand pounds were pledged.
+
+On the occasion of Dr. Blair's visit to England in 1691, he had an
+audience with King William, at which he presented the petition for "a
+charter to erect a free school and college." The king replied, "Sir, I
+am glad that the Colony is upon so good a design, and will promote it
+to the best of my power." Queen Mary also showed her interest in the
+college.
+
+To the endowment in lands and taxes provided by royal order, Dr. Blair
+secured an appreciable addition in an ingenious manner. Learning that,
+some time before his arrival, the authorities had promised forgiveness
+to pirates who, before a set day, should confess their crimes and give
+up a portion of their booty, and that three famous pirates had come in
+after the appointed day, so that they were arrested, he visited them
+in jail and offered to use his influence in their behalf, if they
+would consent to give to the college a portion of their booty. They
+gladly agreed; Dr. Blair's efforts were successful, and they were
+given their liberty together with their treasure, minus the promised
+gift to the Virginia College. Another much larger gift was secured
+from the executor of an estate which held money devised indefinitely
+for "pious and charitable uses." The income from this portion of the
+endowment was to be used "to keep as many Indian children in meat,
+drink, washing, clothes, medicine, books and education, from the first
+beginning of letters till they should be ready to receive orders and
+be sent abroad to convert the Indians."
+
+In connection with the charter for "the College of William and Mary,"
+which was dated February 8, 1693, authority was given to use the seal
+described as follows: "On a green field a college building of silver,
+with a golden sun, showing half its orb, rising above it." This is
+said to be the sole instance of a college, either English or American,
+which has a seal of such high origin.
+
+Sir Christopher Wren, the designer of St. Paul's Cathedral, made the
+plan for the original building, which was to be two stories and a half
+high, one hundred and thirty-six feet long, and forty feet wide, and
+with two wings sixty feet long and twenty-five feet wide. In 1697 it
+was reported to the governor of the province that the front and north
+side of the proposed rectangle had been completed at Williamsburg, and
+that funds were exhausted. The walls were more than three feet thick
+at the base, and contained 840,000 bricks, the product of a brickyard
+nearby.
+
+For some years subscriptions were paid slowly, and interest in the
+college languished, but conditions improved when King William sent to
+Governor Nicholson a proclamation urging him "Yt you call upon ye
+persons yt have promised to contribute towards ye maintenance of ye
+sd college, to pay in full the severall Contributions."
+
+The first of the disasters that have visited the main building came in
+1705, when the interior was burned. The college was rebuilt on the old
+walls, as was the case after the fire of 1859. Thus, after much more
+than two hundred years, the venerable building looks almost as it did
+when the first students entered its doors. A number of other
+structures have been erected since, including the Brafferton building
+in 1723, the house now occupied by the president, which dates from
+1732, and the chapel, begun in 1729. Interest must always centre about
+the central structure, however.
+
+During the Revolution the president was James Madison, second cousin
+of the future President of the United States. The president's house
+was occupied by Cornwallis in 1781. After his surrender French
+officers lived there. During their occupancy the house was badly
+damaged by fire, but it was repaired at the expense of the French
+Army.
+
+Three events of the years of the war are of special moment in the
+history of higher education in America. On December 5, 1776, the Phi
+Beta Kappa Society, the first intercollegiate fraternity in the United
+States, was organized. On December 4, 1779, the college was made a
+university, the first in the country, and the same year marked the
+beginning of the Honor System of college government which worked such
+a revolution in other colleges more than a century later. When Thomas
+Jefferson, who was a student at William and Mary in 1760-62, founded
+the University of Virginia, the Honor System was successfully
+inaugurated in the new institution.
+
+Other famous men who have been connected with William and Mary
+included George Washington, who was chancellor in 1794; Chief Justice
+John Marshall, student in 1779; Secretary of State Edmund Randolph,
+student in 1766; James Monroe, student in 1775. John Tyler was also
+educated there. It is a remarkable fact that the presidents who are
+responsible for adding to the original territory of the country
+Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and most of the western territory, were
+products of William and Mary.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, VA.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 294]
+
+LXVI
+
+THE MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
+
+ON THE SITE OF A THEATRE WHOSE BURNING MOVED THE ENTIRE COUNTRY
+
+      "Last night the playhouse in this city was crowded with an
+      unusual audience. There could not have been less than 600
+      persons in the house. Just before the conclusion of the
+      play, the scenery caught fire, and in a few minutes the whole
+      building was wrapt in flames. It is already ascertained that
+      61 persons were devoured by that most terrific element. The
+      Editor of this paper was in the house when the
+      ever-to-be-remembered, deplorable accident occurred. He is
+      informed that the scenery took fire in the back part of the
+      house, by raising of a chandelier; that the boy, who was
+      ordered by some of the players to raise it, stated, that if
+      he did so, the scenery would take fire, when he was commanded
+      in a peremptory manner, to hoist it. The boy obeyed, and the
+      fire was instantly communicated to the scenery."
+
+This story the editor of the Richmond (Virginia) _American Standard_
+told in the columns of his paper on Friday, December 27, 1811. He
+added the fact that among those who perished were the Governor of the
+State, as well as many of the leaders in the business and social life
+of the city.
+
+By order of the city council the remains of the victims were buried on
+the site of the burned building, which was bought for the purpose. At
+the same time it was ordered that "no person or persons should be
+permitted for and during the time of four months ... to exhibit any
+public show or spectacle ... within the city."
+
+By ordinance it was also decreed that a monument should be erected on
+the site. Later it was suggested that there should be built there, by
+public subscription, "an edifice to be set apart and consecrated for
+the worship of God," and that this should be the monument.
+
+Accordingly, on August 1, 1812, the corner stone of the Monumental
+Church was laid, the lot having been purchased by the city for $5,000.
+The building was consecrated as a Protestant Episcopal church in May,
+1814. In April, 1815, the subscribers to the fund for the building,
+who had organized under the title, "The Association for building a
+Church on Shockoe Hill," were notified that one-half of their
+subscription money would be returned to them on application at the
+Bank of Virginia.
+
+In the middle of the front or main porch of the church a white marble
+monument was erected to the memory of the victims of the fire.
+
+To the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal church, which
+assembled in Philadelphia on May 18, 1814, report was made that "a
+magnificent church has sprung up in Richmond from the ashes of the
+Theatre; it has the patronage and support of men of the greatest
+talents and highest rank in Virginia."
+
+Among the communicants of the Monumental Church have been numbered
+many of the most prominent men in the Virginia capital, and men famous
+in the early history of the country were attendants from time to time.
+In February, 1824, General Lafayette worshipped in the building.
+
+
+LXVII
+
+MONTPELIER, ORANGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA
+
+THE LIFELONG HOME OF JAMES MADISON
+
+James Madison was born at the residence of his mother's parents, at
+Port Conway, Prince George County, Virginia, but before long he was
+taken to his father's house, Montpelier, which was the first brick
+house built in Orange County. And Montpelier continued to be his home
+to the day of his death. Much of his life was spent in Washington, but
+his heart was always turning to the old Virginia plantation where he
+had spent his boyhood, and he took advantage of every possible
+opportunity to go there for a longer or shorter visit.
+
+The distance to Shadwell, where Thomas Jefferson lived as a boy, was
+only thirty miles, but these two who were to have such a large place
+in the early history of America, did not meet until Madison was
+seventeen years old. Then lost time was made up. For many years the
+road between Montpelier and the home of Jefferson became quite
+familiar to the friends.
+
+In the years before he went to college Madison roamed at will over the
+twenty-five hundred acres of the Montpelier estate. He walked and
+rode, he hunted and fished, he learned to take delight in the quiet
+scenery of that beautiful Blue Ridge country. His tutor, who lived on
+the estate, was his companion on his expeditions.
+
+It was probably due to this outdoor life that his health was so much
+better in Virginia than it was at the College of New Jersey (Princeton
+College). Soon after he graduated in 1771 he returned to Montpelier,
+somewhat broken by reason of overwork and lack of exercise. To a
+college friend in Philadelphia he wrote rather pessimistically:
+
+      "I am too tired and infirm now to look for extraordinary
+      things in this world, for I think my sensations for many
+      months have intimated to me not to expect a long or a healthy
+      life, though it may be better for me after some time; but I
+      hardly dare expect it, and therefore have little spirit or
+      elasticity to set about anything that is difficult in
+      acquiring and useless in possessing after one has exchanged
+      time for eternity."
+
+He was right in thinking that he was not to have a healthy life, but
+he was wrong in thinking it was to be neither long nor eventful. For
+more than sixty years after he wrote the letter from which quotation
+has been made, he was energetic and devoted in the service of his
+country. In May, 1776, he entered the Virginia Convention, thus
+beginning the career that led him to eight years in the White House.
+And after he retired from the Presidency much of his time and thought
+was given to the affairs of the nation. During all these years the
+thought of his Virginia home gave him new strength in the midst of his
+tasks.
+
+That home meant more to him than ever when, in September, 1794, he
+entered the doors of Montpelier with his bride, Dorothy Todd, the
+young Philadelphia widow whom he had married at Harewood, Virginia.
+
+The estate was still the property of Mr. Madison's father, and both
+his father and mother continued to live there. Before long the house
+was enlarged. The rooms so long occupied by the old people were made a
+part of the new mansion.
+
+The two families lived together in perfect harmony. The father lived
+to see his son President of the United States, and the mother was
+ninety-eight when she died. William O. Stoddard, in his "Life of James
+Madison," says that "she kept up the old-fashioned ways of
+housekeeping; waited upon by her servants who grew old and faded away
+with her. She divided her time between her Bible and her knitting, all
+undisturbed by the modern hours, the changed customs, or the elegant
+hospitality of the mansion house itself. She was a central point in
+the life of her distinguished son, and the object of his most devoted
+care to the end of her days."
+
+For Mr. and Mrs. Madison, real life at Montpelier began in 1817, after
+the close of the stirring period in the White House. They did not have
+much opportunity to be alone, for guests delighted to come to them,
+and they liked to have others with them, yet they managed to secure a
+wonderful amount of joy out of the years spent "within a squirrel's
+jump of heaven," to use Dolly Madison's expressive phrase.
+
+Among the guests were intimate friends like Jefferson, who was almost
+a member of the family. Lafayette, too, found his way to the estate,
+while Harriet Martineau told in her "Recollections" of her pleasant
+sojourn there. Frequently strangers who were on the way to the
+Virginia Hot Springs took the five-mile detour merely to reach
+Montpelier, and they were always made welcome.
+
+The dining-room was large, but there were sometimes so many guests
+that the table had to be set out of doors. Mr. Madison wrote in 1820
+of one such occasion: "Yesterday we had ninety persons to dine with us
+at our table, fixed on the lawn, under a large arbor.... Half a dozen
+only staid all night."
+
+After a visit to her parents that was broken into by the presence of
+guests, a daughter of the house complained to her husband that she had
+not been able to pass one sociable moment with her father. His reply
+was sympathetic: "Nobody can ever have felt so severely as myself the
+prostration of family society from the circumstances you mention....
+But there is no remedy. The present manners and ways of our country
+are laws we cannot repeal. They are altering by degrees, and you will
+live to see the hospitality of the country reduced to the visiting
+hours of the day, and the family left to tranquillity in the evening."
+
+When the steward saw that Madison would not curb these guests, he
+began to cut down on the fodder for the horses, but when the
+hospitable host learned of this he gave orders that there should be no
+further attempts of this sort. He realized that he was living beyond
+his income, but he saw no help for it. He longed for more time in his
+library or for riding or walking about the estate.
+
+The time came when walks had to be taken on the veranda; health was
+failing rapidly. He was not able to oversee the farm as he had long
+been accustomed to do, but depended on others. In 1835 Mrs. Madison
+wrote to her daughter: "My days are devoted to nursing and comforting
+my sick patient, who walks only from the bed in which he breakfasts to
+another." Still later she wrote: "I never leave my husband more than a
+few minutes at a time, and have not left the enclosure around our
+house for the last eight months."
+
+When the owner of Montpelier died, on June 28, 1836, he was buried in
+the cemetery on the estate. Mrs. Madison spent a few lonely years in
+the old home, but the property was finally sold to satisfy the debts
+of her wayward son, Payne Todd. She was sometimes in actual want
+before she died, but Congress provided for her relief by buying for
+twenty-five thousand dollars the Madison letters and other papers.
+
+She lived until July 12, 1849, and her body was finally laid by the
+side of that of her husband.
+
+William Dupont, the present owner of Montpelier, has enlarged the
+house by the addition of a second story to the wings. So the house
+that was built in 1760 by James Madison, Sr., and was enlarged by
+James Madison, Jr., has entered on a new era of hospitality.
+
+
+LXVIII
+
+OAK HILL, LOUDOUN COUNTY, VIRGINIA
+
+THE HOME OF JAMES MONROE'S OLD AGE
+
+James Monroe, at twenty-eight, wrote from New York to Thomas
+Jefferson, with whom he had studied law:
+
+      "I shall leave this about the 1st of October for
+      Virginia--Fredericksburg. Believe me, I have not relinquished
+      the prospect of being your neighbor. The house for which I
+      have requested a plan may possibly be erected near
+      Monticello; to fix there, and to have yourself in particular,
+      with what friends we may collect around, for society is my
+      chief object; or rather, the only one which promises to me,
+      with the connection I have formed, real and substantial
+      pleasure; if, indeed, by the name of pleasure it may be
+      called."
+
+The "connection" of which the future President wrote was his marriage
+to Miss Eliza Kortwright of New York. Of this he had spoken in an
+earlier letter to Jefferson:
+
+      "You will be surprised to hear that I have formed the most
+      interesting connection in human life with a young lady in
+      this town, as you know my plan was to visit you before I
+      settled myself, but having formed an attachment to this
+      young lady ... I have found that I must relinquish all other
+      objects not connected with her."
+
+Monroe was not permitted to practice law long. As United States
+Senator, diplomat, Governor, Cabinet officer, and President, his time
+was so fully occupied that no one but a man of his fine physique and
+endurance could have stood the strain. Once, during the War of 1812,
+according to his friend, Judge E. R. Watson, when the burden of three
+of the departments of the government rested on him--State, Treasury,
+and War--he did not undress himself for ten days and nights, and was
+in the saddle the greater part of the time.
+
+After some years he bought an estate in Loudoun County, Virginia, to
+which he retired for a brief rest whenever this was possible. For a
+time the old dormer-windowed house on the property satisfied him, but
+during his presidential term he built Oak Hill, the house for which
+Jefferson had prepared the plans. It is said that the nails used in
+its construction were manufactured on the Jefferson estate.
+
+The house--which was named Oak Hill because of the oaks on the lawn,
+planted by the owner himself, one for each State of the Union--has
+been described by Major R. W. N. Noland as follows:
+
+      "The building was superintended by Mr. William Benton, an
+      Englishman, who occupied the mixed relation to Mr. Monroe of
+      steward, counsellor and friend. The house is built of brick
+      in a most substantial manner, and handsomely finished; it is,
+      perhaps, about 90 x 50 feet, three stories (including
+      basement), and has a wide portico, fronting south, with
+      massive Doric columns thirty feet high, and is surrounded by
+      a grove of magnificent oaks covering several acres. While the
+      location is not as commanding as many others in that section,
+      being in lower Loudoun where the rolling character of the
+      Piedmont region begins to lose itself in the flat lands of
+      tide water, the house in two directions commands an
+      attractive and somewhat extensive view, but on the other side
+      it is hemmed in by mountains, for the local names of which,
+      'Bull Run' and 'Nigger Mountain,' it is to be hoped the late
+      President is in no wise responsible.... The little stream
+      that washes the confines of the Oak Hill estate once bore the
+      Indian name Gohongarestaw (the River of Swans), and is now
+      called Goose Creek."
+
+After the expiration of his second term as President Monroe made Oak
+Hill his permanent home, though sometimes he was with his daughter,
+Mrs. Gouverneur, in New York.
+
+One who was a member of the household during a part of the six years
+of the life in Virginia said that he "looked perhaps older than he
+was, his face being strongly marked with the lines of anxiety and
+care."
+
+There were many guests at Oak Hill, among these being Madison and
+Jefferson. Monroe, in turn, was frequently at Monticello and
+Montpelier. His office as Regent of the University of Virginia also
+brought him into frequent touch with his two predecessors in the
+presidency, for they were fellow-members on the Board.
+
+Whenever weather and guests permitted he was accustomed to ride about
+the estate and through the countryside both morning and evening. One
+day, when he was seventy-two, his horse fell on him, and his right
+wrist was sprained so badly that for a time he could not write to his
+friends, as he had delighted to do. Thus he was able to sympathize
+with Madison when a letter came from Montpelier a few months later:
+
+      "In explanation of my microscopic writing, I must remark that
+      the older I grow the more my stiffening fingers make smaller
+      letters, as my feet take shorter steps, the progress in both
+      cases being, at the same time, more fatiguing as well as more
+      slow."
+
+Monroe's last years of life were saddened by financial difficulties,
+though even these brought gleams of joy, because of the fidelity of
+his friends. Lafayette, who visited Oak Hill in 1825, wrote later to
+his friend a most delicately worded offer of assistance, indicating
+that he felt it was his right to offer this, since Monroe, when
+minister to France, had exerted himself to bring about the release of
+Lafayette, then a prisoner at Olmütz, and had ministered to the wants
+of Madame Lafayette.
+
+A measure of relief came when Congress voted to repay, in part, the
+extraordinary expense incurred by the statesman during his diplomatic
+career, but not before he had advertised Oak Hill for sale and had
+planned to go to New York to live near his daughter. The estate was
+later withdrawn from the market, but the plan to go to New York was
+carried out: he did not see how he could remain after the death of
+Mrs. Monroe, which took place in 1830.
+
+He did not stay long in New York. On July 4, 1831, he died.
+Twenty-seven years later, on the one hundredth anniversary of his
+birth, his body was taken to Richmond for burial. There, in his native
+State, rest the remains of him of whom Thomas Jefferson said, "He is
+a man whose soul might be turned inside out without discovering a
+blemish to the world."
+
+
+LXIX
+
+RED HILL, CHARLOTTE COUNTY, VIRGINIA
+
+WHERE PATRICK HENRY SPENT HIS LAST YEARS
+
+Patrick Henry was only fifty-eight years old when he retired for rest
+and the enjoyment of family life to his 2,920-acre estate, Red Hill,
+in the Staunton Valley, thirty-eight miles southeast of Lynchburg.
+Just before he made this move he wrote to his daughter Betsy, "I must
+give out the law, and plague myself no more with business, sitting
+down with what I have. For it will be sufficient employment to see
+after my little flock."
+
+He had served his country well for thirty years, as member of the
+House of Burgesses, as Speaker of the first Continental Congress in
+Philadelphia in 1774, in the Virginia Convention of 1775 where he made
+his most famous speech, and as Governor of Virginia from 1776 to 1779
+and again from 1784 to 1786. He had well earned the rest he hoped to
+find. Washington asked him to become Secretary of State and, later,
+Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. John Adams nominated him as
+minister to France. But he resisted all these efforts to draw him from
+his retirement.
+
+The house at Red Hill was a simple story and a half structure, to
+which the owner soon added a shed kitchen, solely because he "wished
+to hear the patter of the rain on the roof." This original portion of
+the house has been retained intact by later occupants, who have made
+additions with rare appreciation of what is fitting. The central
+portion was built by the son of the orator, John Henry. The box hedges
+in which the sage of Red Hill took such delight have been retained and
+extended.
+
+George Morgan, in "The True Patrick Henry," says that this life in
+retirement "might be designated as a patriarchal life, if it were not
+for the fact that the cradle was still rocking at Red Hill." Henry's
+letters were full of references to his children. Once he wrote to his
+daughter Betsy, "I have the satisfaction to inform you that we are
+well, except Johnny, Christian, and Patrick, and they are recovering
+fast now." And again, "I have great cause of thankfulness for the
+health I enjoy, and for that of your mamma and all the children.... We
+have another son, named Winston."
+
+William Wirt, in his "Life of Patrick Henry," written in 1817, said,
+"His visitors have not infrequently caught him lying on the floor,
+with a group of these little ones, climbing over him in every
+direction, or dancing around him with obstreperous mirth to the tune
+of his violin, while the only contest seemed to be who should make the
+most noise."
+
+That there were many visitors who had the opportunity to see such
+contests as these is evident from a paragraph in "Homes of American
+Statesmen":
+
+      "His home was usually filled with friends, its dependences
+      with their retinue and horses. But crowds, besides, came and
+      went; all were received with cordiality.... Those who lived
+      near always came to breakfast, when all were welcomed and
+      made full. The larder never seemed to get lean. Breakfast
+      over, creature comforts, such as might console the belated
+      for the loss, were promptly set forth on side-tables in the
+      wide entrance-hall.... Meanwhile, the master saw and welcomed
+      all with the kindliest attention, asked of their household,
+      listened to their affairs, gave them his view, contented all.
+      These audiences seldom ceased before noon, or the early
+      dinner. To this a remaining party of twenty or thirty often
+      sat down.... The dinner ended, he betook himself to his
+      studies until supper, after which he again gave himself up to
+      enjoyment."
+
+Not only was he a total abstainer, but as he grew older he came to
+detest the odor of tobacco; so there were certain refreshments that
+were never offered to the guests at Red Hill.
+
+During the closing years of his life he spent hours over the Bible.
+Every morning he would take his seat in the dining-room, with the big
+family Bible open before him. Once he said to a visitor, "This book is
+worth all the books that ever were printed, and it has been my
+misfortune that I never found time to read it with the proper
+attention and feeling till lately. I trust in the mercy of heaven that
+it is not too late."
+
+To Betsy, a daughter by his first marriage, he wrote in 1796:
+
+      "Some good people think I am no Christian. This thought gives
+      me much more pain than the appellation of tory; because I
+      think religion of infinitely higher importance than politics,
+      and I find much cause to reproach myself that I have lived so
+      long and have given no decided and public proof of my being a
+      Christian. But, indeed, my dear child, there is a character
+      which I prize far above all this world has or can boast. And
+      amongst all the handsome things I hear said of you, what
+      gives me the greatest pleasure is, to be told of your piety
+      and steady virtue."
+
+As, one by one, the older children grew up and went out from Red Hill
+to homes of their own, they were urged to read the Bible. Dorothea was
+the first to be married. Then came Martha Catherine, who, at
+seventeen, fell in love with the hero who rescued her when she fell
+from a boat into the water. Sarah married Robert, the brother of the
+poet Thomas Campbell. It is said that at one time the poet was engaged
+to come to Red Hill as tutor for the younger children of the family,
+but was unable to keep his promise.
+
+Because of the constant pleas that were made that he give up his quiet
+life and reënter politics, Henry Clay wrote, in 1796:
+
+      "I shall never more appear in a public character, unless some
+      unlooked-for circumstance shall demand from me a transient
+      effort.... I see with concern our old Commander-in-chief most
+      abusively treated--nor are his long and great services
+      remembered, as any apology for his mistakes in an office to
+      which he was totally unaccustomed. If he, whose character as
+      our leader during the whole war was above all praise, is so
+      roughly treated in his old age, what may be expected by men
+      of the common standard of character?"
+
+He kept his resolution. A few months after writing this message, when
+notified that he had been elected Governor of Virginia, for a third
+term, he wrote, "My declining years warn me of my inability."
+
+But in January, 1799, came an appeal from Washington himself that he
+would present himself as a candidate "if not for Congress, which you
+may think would take you too long from home, as a candidate for
+Representative in the General Assembly of the Commonwealth." The
+reasons were given: "Your insight of character and influence in the
+House of Representatives would be a bulwark against such dangerous
+sentiments as are delivered there at present. It would be a rallying
+point for the timid, and an attraction of the wavering. In a word, I
+conceive it to be of immense importance at this crisis that you should
+be there, and I would fain hope that all minor considerations will be
+made to yield to the measure."
+
+Though Henry knew that he had little strength left, he responded to
+the appeal. On County Court day, the first Monday in March, he
+presented himself before the people at Charlotte as a candidate for
+Representative. How they flocked about him!
+
+A Hampdon-Sidney student, Henry Miller, who heard him that day, said
+afterward:
+
+      "He was very infirm, and seated in a chair conversing with
+      some friends who were pouring in from all the surrounding
+      country to hear him. At length he rose with difficulty, and
+      stood, somewhat bowed with age and weakness. His face was
+      almost colorless. His countenance was careworn, and when he
+      commenced his exordium, his voice was slightly cracked and
+      tremulous. But in a few minutes a wonderful transformation of
+      the whole man occurred, as he warmed with his theme. He stood
+      erect; his eyes beamed with a light that was almost
+      supernatural, his features glowed with the hues and fires of
+      youth; and his voice rang clear and melodious, with the
+      intonations of some great musical instrument whose notes
+      filled the area, and fell distinctly and delightfully upon
+      the ears of the most distant of the thousands gathered before
+      him."
+
+Near the close of this effective address he said:
+
+      "You can never exchange the present government, but for a
+      monarchy. If the administration have done wrong, let us all
+      go wrong together, rather than split into factions, which
+      must destroy that union upon which our existence hangs. Let
+      us preserve our strength for the French, the English, the
+      German, or whoever else shall dare to invade our territory,
+      and not exhaust it in civil commotion and intestine wars."
+
+After the conclusion of the oration, Henry went back to Red Hill, and
+never left it again. In April he was triumphantly elected, but he was
+unable to take his seat.
+
+On June 6, 1799, he was near death. When the physician offered him a
+vial of mercury, at the same time telling him that the remedy might
+prolong his life a little while, or it might be fatal, he drew over
+his eyes a silken cap which he usually wore, and, holding the vial in
+his hands, made "a simple childlike prayer for his family, for his
+country, and for his own soul. Afterwards in perfect calm he swallowed
+the medicine."
+
+His last word was to his physician, commending the Christian religion,
+which was so real a benefit to a man about to die.
+
+Patrick Henry and his wife lie side by side in the rear garden of Red
+Hill. "His fame his best epitaph" is the simple inscription on the
+stone above the patriot.
+
+
+  [Illustration: POHICK CHURCH, VIRGINIA
+   _Photo furnished by Aymar Embury, II_
+   See page 311]
+
+LXX
+
+POHICK CHURCH, TRURO PARISH, VIRGINIA
+
+THE HOME CHURCH OF GEORGE WASHINGTON
+
+Both Truro parish and George Washington were born in 1732, and
+Washington's connection with Truro Church began in 1735, when his
+father, Augustine Washington, became a vestryman, and it continued
+throughout his life, though during his later years, when services were
+seldom held there, he went to Christ Church at Alexandria.
+
+When Washington was a boy he had to make a round trip of eighteen
+miles, frequently over extremely rough roads, when he wished to attend
+services. Yet he was a faithful attendant, at all seasons.
+
+A number of the early rectors of Truro were welcome guests at Mt.
+Vernon. One of these, Charles Green, was a physician as well as a
+minister, as appears from the record that he was called to prescribe
+for Washington in 1757, when the young campaigner was so seriously
+ill, in consequence of hardships suffered on his western trip, that he
+said he had "too much reason to apprehend an approaching decay."
+
+Five years after this illness Washington was elected a member of the
+vestry of the parish, and he was re-elected many times. His record for
+attendance was unusual, in spite of his many outside engagements.
+During the years from 1763 to 1774 thirty-one vestry meetings were
+held. He was absent from eight of these, once on account of sickness,
+twice because he was attending the House of Burgesses, and at least
+three times because he was out of the county. For a few months, in
+1765, he did not serve, because, on the division of Truro parish, Mt.
+Vernon was thrown over the line into the new Fairfax parish. At once
+the new parish made him a member of its vestry, but when, in response
+to a petition which Washington helped to present, the House of
+Burgesses changed the parish line so that Mt. Vernon was once more in
+Truro parish, he resumed his service in the old church. There he
+maintained his connection with an official body noted for the fact
+that, at one time or another, it had eleven members in the House of
+Burgesses, two members in His Majesty's Council for Virginia, as well
+as the author of the Virginia Bill of Rights and the Constitution of
+the State of Virginia, George Mason.
+
+When it was decided that a new church building was needed, Washington
+was instrumental in settling the inevitable discussion as to site that
+followed. He made a map of the parish, showing where each communicant
+lived, and recommended that the building be placed at the centre of
+the parish, as shown by the map. His suggestion was adopted, and a
+site two miles nearer Mt. Vernon was chosen.
+
+For the new church Washington himself drew the plan. He was also
+active in letting the plan and overseeing the building operation. At
+an auction of pews, held in 1772, when the church was ready for use,
+he bought Number 28, next the communion table, for £10, while he paid
+£13 10s. for pew 30. Evidently he was thoughtful for the guests who
+frequently rode with him to service, either in the coach, or in the
+chaise that followed, or on horseback. When the Mt. Vernon contingent
+came to church there was usually quite a procession.
+
+Under date October 2, 1785, the diary of Washington tells of one of
+these processions, as well as of an interesting event that followed:
+
+      "Went with Fanny Bassett, Burwell, Bassett, Doctr Stuart, G.
+      A. Washington, Mr. Shaw and Nellie Custis to Pohick Church to
+      hear a Mr. Thompson preach, who returned with me to
+      Dinner.... After we were in Bed (about Eleven o'clock in the
+      Evening) Mr Houdon, sent from Paris by Doctr Franklin and
+      Mr Jefferson to take my Bust, in behalf of the State of
+      Virginia ... arrived."
+
+For many years Pohick Church was practically deserted, but there is
+evidence that services were held here in 1802. Davies, an Englishman,
+in his "Four Years in America," wrote:
+
+      "About four miles from Occoquon is Pohick. Thither I rode on
+      Sunday and joined the Congregation of Parson Weims, who was
+      cheerful in his mien that he might win me to religion. A
+      Virginia churchyard on Sunday is more like a race-course than
+      a cemetery; the women come in carriages and the men on horses
+      which they tie to the trees. The church bell was suspended
+      from a tree. I was confounded to hear 'steed threaten steed
+      with dreadful neigh,' nor was I less astounded at the
+      rattling of carriage-wheels, the cracking of whips, and the
+      vociferation of the gentlemen to the negroes who attended
+      them; but the discourse of Parson Weims calmed every
+      perturbation, for he preached the great doctrines of
+      Salvation as one who has experienced their power; about half
+      the congregation were negroes."
+
+This Parson Weems was no other than the author of Weems' "Life of
+Washington," a readable but inaccurate biography that had a great
+vogue seventy-five years ago.
+
+For many years Truro Church was desolate, and relic hunters made spoil
+of the furnishings. But since 1876 it has been open for services once
+more.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VA.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 314]
+
+LXXI
+
+MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VIRGINIA
+
+THE PLANTATION HOME OF COLONEL JOHN TAYLOE
+
+The purchase for £500 of three thousand acres of productive land in
+Charles County, on the Potomac, gave a big boost to the fortunes of
+the Tayloe family of Virginia. This shrewd purchase was made by
+Colonel John Tayloe, the son of William Tayloe (or Taylor) who came
+from England in the seventeenth century. William Tayloe was a member
+of the House of Burgesses in 1710. His son John became a member of the
+Colonial Council in 1732, while his son John, who was born in 1721,
+also had the honor of serving in the Council under Lord Dunmore, as
+well as in the first Republican Council, during the administration of
+Patrick Henry. He married the sister of Governor George Plater of
+Maryland. Of his eight daughters one married Richard Lightfoot Lee, a
+Signer of the Declaration of Independence, while another married
+Colonel William Augustine Washington, a nephew of George Washington,
+by whom he was educated.
+
+Colonel John Tayloe, the father of three daughters, was the builder
+of Mount Airy, which was for many years the most superb mansion in
+Virginia, and was so different from all other mansions that it
+attracted many visitors, even in the days when transit was difficult.
+Its twenty-five spacious rooms afforded generous accommodation for the
+guests who were eager to accept the invitations of Colonel and Mrs.
+Tayloe. Among the entertainments provided for these guests by the
+thoughtful hosts were concerts by a band made up entirely of slaves
+who had been instructed by their master. On occasion this band was
+taken to the town house at Williamsburg, the capital of the State.
+
+The letters of Washington show that the builder of Mount Airy was an
+ardent patriot, and his friend and associate. These two men were joint
+executors of the estate of one of the Lees. From his headquarters in
+the Craigie House at Cambridge the General wrote to Mount Airy a
+letter about the estate, asking Tayloe to become sole executor.
+
+The varied interests of Colonel Tayloe were indicated by his
+remarkable will, which asked, among other things, that one part of his
+estate in Prince William County, Virginia, and Baltimore County,
+Maryland, be kept intact and worked for the making of pig iron. Not
+only did he own a number of other plantations, but he was a large
+shipowner, and reaped unusual profits from trade.
+
+Perhaps the best known owner of Mount Airy was John Tayloe, III, who
+was born in 1771, and was the only son in a family of twelve. He was
+educated at Eton and Cambridge, England. Before going abroad he had
+learned patriotism from his father, and on his return he was ready to
+administer his estate for the benefit of the country as well as his
+own family. When his inheritance was turned over to him the income was
+sixty thousand dollars. Within a few years he increased this to
+seventy-five thousand dollars. His father's iron- and ship-building
+interests were conserved and enlarged. His master ship-builder at
+Occoquon was his slave Reuben.
+
+During his residence at Mount Airy the splendor of the mansion was
+increased. Among his guests were men who had stood shoulder to
+shoulder with Washington during the Revolution, and those who later
+became prominent as associates of Hamilton, Jay, Marshall, and
+Pinckney. He married the daughter of Governor Ogle of Maryland, and
+had fifteen children.
+
+The memorial by one of his sons, Benjamin Ogle Tayloe, says that "his
+manners were refined and elegant. He was distinguished for his nice
+sense of honor, and a scrupulous regard to his word at all times. His
+wife was esteemed for sincerity and kindness of heart, graceful and
+dignified manners, and true and unaffected piety."
+
+He took time for the services of his country. As Captain of Dragoons
+he went to Western Pennsylvania, to help put down the whiskey
+insurrection. When President Adams made him a Major of Dragoons,
+General Washington wrote to him a warm letter of congratulation, but
+Tayloe hesitated to accept the commission. He had just been elected as
+a Federalist to the Virginia Senate, and he feared, as he wrote to
+Washington, that if he resigned his seat the place would be filled by
+an opponent of the administration. On February 12, 1799, Washington
+replied that he was inclined to believe his civil service would be
+more important than military service, but he asked that decision be
+delayed until they could have a personal interview. Later, on the
+breaking out of the War of 1812, he was made commander of the cavalry
+of the District of Columbia, and saw active service.
+
+Washington's friendship led him to make his winter home in the
+District of Columbia. In 1801 he occupied the Octagon House, then the
+finest private residence in the city. When the British burned the
+White House he was at Mount Airy. At once he sent a mounted messenger
+to President Madison, offering the use of the Octagon as the temporary
+Executive Mansion.
+
+His establishment at Mount Airy was maintained in remarkable splendor.
+His household and equipages were the talk of the neighborhood. A lover
+of fine horseflesh, he was the owner of some of the swiftest animals
+of his day.
+
+The eldest son, John Tayloe, inherited his father's ardor for public
+service. He was engaged brilliantly in the battles of the
+_Constitution_ with the _Guerriere_, and with the _Cyano_ and the
+_Levant_. After the action his native State gave him a sword, and he
+was promoted to a lieutenancy. Though he was captured by the British,
+he lived to return to Mount Airy, where he died in 1824. His father
+died four years later, while his mother lived until 1855.
+
+Mount Airy has always been in the hands of a Tayloe. It is now in
+possession of the family of the late Henry Tayloe.
+
+
+LXXII
+
+TWO OF VIRGINIA'S OLDEST CHURCH BUILDINGS
+
+ST. LUKE'S, IN SMITHFIELD, AND ST. PETER'S, IN NEW KENT COUNTY
+
+Captain Smith in 1607 wrote of his discovery of the Indian kingdom of
+Warrosquoyacke. Soon settlers were attracted to its fertile lands.
+Twenty-seven years later the more than five hundred residents were
+organized into Isle of Wight County.
+
+In 1632, the ancient brick church near Smithfield was built. The
+tradition fixing this date was established in 1887, when the date 1632
+was read in some bricks that fell from the walls.
+
+The builder of the staunch church was Joseph Bridger, who was
+Counsellor of State to Charles II. He is buried not far from the
+church, and on his tomb is the inscription: "He dyed April 15 Anno
+Domini 1688 Aged 58 years. Mournfully leaving his wife, three sons and
+four daughters."
+
+The oldest vestry book dates from 1727, for the first book was
+destroyed at the time of General Arnold's expedition made to Isle of
+Wight County, in the effort to capture General Parker, of the
+Continental Army. Fortunately, however, a few other records were
+saved. An entry in 1727 spoke of "The Old Brick Church"; evidently the
+name St. Luke's was of later origin.
+
+The architectural beauty of the old building is described in a
+pleasing manner by Aymar Embury, II, the well-known New York
+architect, in his "Early American Churches":
+
+      "The building is an extremely picturesque brick church,
+      reminiscent not of the Renaissance work then becoming
+      dominant in England, but of the older Gothic; it is not at
+      all unlike many of the small English parish churches of the
+      sixteenth century, when the Gothic style was really extinct,
+      although its superficial characteristics, the buttresses and
+      the pointed arch, still obtained. The stepped gable at the
+      chancel end of the church is an unusual feature in English
+      architecture.... The tower is the only part of the building
+      which shows the Renaissance influence."
+
+When the building was some two hundred years old it began to fall into
+disrepair; the people preferred to attend the church in Smithfield.
+Bishop Meade wrote his "Old Churches and Families of Virginia" at the
+time when the old church was most dilapidated. He said:
+
+      "Its thick walls and high tower, like that of some English
+      castle, are still firm, and promise to be for a long time to
+      come. The windows, doors, and all the interior, are gone. It
+      is said that the eastern window--twenty-five feet high--was
+      of stained glass. This venerable building stands not far from
+      the main road leading from Smithfield to Suffolk, in an open
+      tract of woodland. The trees for some distance round it are
+      large and tall and the foliage dense, so that but little of
+      the light of the sun is thrown upon it. The pillars which
+      strengthen the walls, and which are wide at the base,
+      tapering toward the eaves of the house by stair-steps, have
+      somewhat mouldered, so as to allow various shrubs and small
+      trees to root themselves therein."
+
+For nearly fifty years the church was closed. But in 1884 Rev. David
+Barr, who was in charge of a church nearby, began to raise funds for
+the reconstruction of the building. He persisted in spite of many
+discouragements. When matters looked darkest a man who signed himself
+"A Virginian" made the following appeal:
+
+      "There is still some plastering to be done in the tower, and
+      the pews are to be made or bought. The church cannot be
+      completed until the money is raised. Can no generous giver be
+      found who will contribute the money necessary to bring the
+      east window from London?... For sixty odd years the church
+      has stood there silent, without a service, facing and defying
+      storms and decay, appealing in its desolation to every
+      sentiment of the State, of the Church and of the Nation
+      against abandonment and desertion, and now in its half
+      completed condition, feeling the touch of revival and
+      restoration, it pleads more imploringly still for just enough
+      money to complete the repairs and to enable it once more to
+      enter upon its life of activity, and to utter again with
+      renewed joyousness the ancient but long suppressed voice of
+      prayer and of thanksgiving. Shall it appeal in vain?"
+
+The appeal was not in vain. The church was completed. Twelve beautiful
+memorial windows were put in place. These bore the names of George
+Washington, Joseph Bridger, the architect of the church, Robert E.
+Lee, Rev. William Hubbard, the first rector, Sir Walter Raleigh, John
+Rolfe, Captain John Smith, Bishops Madison, Moore, Meade, and Johns,
+and Dr. Blair, whose connection with Bruton Church and William and
+Mary College is told in another chapter of this volume.
+
+A building that is similar and yet in many respects quite different is
+in New Kent County, about as far above Williamsburg as Smithfield is
+below that university town. This is St. Peter's Church. It is thought
+that the parish dates from 1654, though the present building was not
+begun until 1701. The minute which tells of the first plan for the
+structure is dated August 13, 1700:
+
+      "Whereas, the Lower Church of this Parish is very much out of
+      Repair and Standeth very inconvenient for most of the
+      inhabitants of the said parish; Therefore ordered that as
+      soon as conveniently may be a new Church of Brick Sixty feet
+      long and twenty fower feet wide in the clear and fourteen
+      feet pitch with a Gallery Sixteen feet long be built and
+      Erected upon the Main Roade, by the School House near Thomas
+      Jackson's; and the Clerk is ordered to give a copy of this
+      order to Capt. Nich. Merewether who is Requested to show the
+      same to Will Hughes and desire him to draw a Draft of said
+      Church and to bee at the next vestry."
+
+The cost of the new church was one hundred and forty-six thousand
+pounds of tobacco. This included the main building only, for the
+belfry was not built until 1722.
+
+Rev. David Mossom, who was rector of the church from 1727 to 1767, was
+the minister who married General Washington, at the White House, as
+the home of his bride was called, a few miles from St. Peter's Church.
+The story is told of this eccentric minister that on one occasion,
+having quarrelled with his clerk, he rebuked him from the pulpit. The
+latter avenged himself by giving out to the congregation the psalm in
+which were these lines:
+
+     "With restless and ungovern'd rage
+     Why do the heathen storm?
+     Why in such rash attempts engage
+     As they can ne'er perform?"
+
+The epitaph on the tomb of Mr. Mossom in St. Peter's churchyard states
+that he was the first native American admitted to the office of
+Presbyter in the Church of England.
+
+
+LXXIII
+
+MONTICELLO, NEAR CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA
+
+THE HOME OF THOMAS JEFFERSON
+
+"Oh, my young master, they were all burnt, but ah! we saved your
+fiddle!"
+
+So the negro servant replied to Thomas Jefferson who, on returning
+from a trip, learning that his home at Shadwell had been burned, asked
+after his books. To the negro's mind the fiddle was the most important
+thing in the house.
+
+Fortunately the new mansion, Monticello, near Charlotte, which he had
+designed, was so nearly completed that he was able to take up his
+residence there. Two years later he led into the new house his bride,
+Martha Skelton, a widow of twenty-three.
+
+Before the marriage Jefferson, in accordance with the Virginia law, in
+company with Francis Eppes, entered into a license bond, of which the
+following is a copy:
+
+      "Know all men by these presents that we Thomas Jefferson and
+      Francis Eppes are held and firmly bound to the sovereign lord
+      the king his heirs and successors in the sum of fifty pounds
+      current money of Virginia, to the paiment of which well and
+      truly to be made we bind ourselves jointly and severally, our
+      joint and several heirs, executors and administrators, in
+      witness whereof we have hereto set our hands and seals this
+      twenty-third day of December in the year of our Lord one
+      thousand seven hundred and seventy one. The condition of the
+      above obligation is such that if there be no lawful cause to
+      obstruct a marriage intended to be had and solemnized between
+      the above bound Thomas Jefferson and Martha Skelton of the
+      County of Charles County, widow, for which a license is
+      desired, then this obligation is to be null and void,
+      otherwise the same is in full force."
+
+Edward Bacon, who was overseer at Monticello for twenty years,
+described the estate in vivid words:
+
+      "Monticello is quite a high mountain, in the shape of a
+      sugar-loaf. A winding road led up to the mansion. On the very
+      top of the mountain the forest trees were cut down, and ten
+      acres were cleared and levelled.... I know every room in that
+      house. Under the house and the terrace that surrounded it,
+      were the cisterns, ice-house, cellar, kitchen, and rooms for
+      all sorts of purposes. His servants' rooms were on one
+      side.... There were no negro and other out-houses around the
+      mansion, as you generally see on plantations. The grounds
+      around the house were beautifully ornamented with flowers and
+      shrubbery.... Back of the house was a beautiful lawn of two
+      or three acres, where his grandchildren used to play.
+
+      "His garden was on the side of the mountain. I had it built
+      while he was President. It took a great deal of labor. We had
+      to blow out the rocks for the walls for the different
+      terraces, and then make the soil.... I used to send a servant
+      to Washington with a great many fine things for his table,
+      and he would send back the cart loaded with shrubbery."
+
+Jefferson spent most of his time on his estate until his death in
+1826, except when he was called away for the service of his country.
+
+Nine years after the beginning of the happy married life in Monticello
+there was a panic among the servants because of the approach of the
+British. Because Jefferson was Governor of Virginia, it was thought
+that of course the mansion would be pillaged. Mrs. Jefferson was put
+in the carriage and sent to a place of safety, while Mr. Jefferson
+remained at home, collecting his most valuable papers. Later he
+followed his family. But when the soldiers reached the estate, the
+first inquiry of the leader of the party was for the master of the
+house. When he learned that Jefferson had escaped, he asked for the
+owner's private rooms, and, on being shown the door which led to them,
+he turned the key in the lock and ordered that nothing in the house
+should be touched. This, it was explained, was in strict accordance
+with the orders that had been given by General Tarleton; their sole
+duty was to seize the Governor.
+
+A year later, when the Marquis de Chastellux, a nobleman from France,
+visited Monticello, he was charmed with the house of which Mr.
+Jefferson was the architect, and often one of the workmen. He said it
+was "rather elegant, and in the Italian taste, though not without
+fault; it consists of one large square pavilion, the entrance of which
+is by two porticoes, ornamented with pillars. The ground floor
+consists of a very large lofty saloon, which is to be decorated
+entirely in the antique style; above it is a library of the same
+size; two small wings, with only a ground floor and attic story, are
+joined to this pavilion, and communicate with the kitchen, offices,
+etc., which will form a kind of basement story, over which runs a
+terrace."
+
+Another attractive picture was given by the Duc de la
+Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, after his visit to Monticello in 1796. He
+noted the fact that Jefferson owned five thousand acres, of which but
+eleven hundred were cultivated.
+
+"I found him in the midst of the harvest," he wrote, "from which the
+scorching heat of the sun does not prevent his attendance.... Every
+article is made on his farm: his negroes are cabinet makers,
+carpenters, masons, bricklayers, smiths, etc. The children he employs
+in a nail factory, which yields already a considerable profit.... His
+superior mind directs the management of his domestic concerns with the
+same abilities, activity and regularity which he evinced in the
+conduct of public affairs."
+
+Long absence from home and lavish hospitality wrecked the Jefferson
+fortune, and when the owner of Monticello finally returned home after
+his eight years as President, he was compelled to curtail his
+expenses. But still he made guests welcome. It is said that at times
+there were as many as fifty guests in the house at one time. One of
+those who sought the Sage of Monticello in 1817 was Lieutenant Francis
+Hall, who wrote of his veneration as he looked on "the man who drew up
+the Declaration of American Independence, who shared in the Councils
+by which her freedom was established, when the unbought voices of his
+fellow-citizens called to the exercise of a dignity from which his
+own moderation impelled him, when such an example was most salutary,
+to withdraw; and who, while he dedicates the evening of his glorious
+days to the pursuits of science and literature, shuns none of the
+humble duties of private life; but, having filled a seat higher than
+that of kings, succeeds with graceful dignity to that of the good
+neighbor, and becomes the friendly adviser, lawyer, physician, and
+even gardener of his vicinity."
+
+July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of
+Independence, was the day of Jefferson's death. The sale of his estate
+was sufficient to pay all his debts. To his daughter who was thus made
+homeless, the legislatures of South Carolina and Virginia each voted
+as a gift $10,000.
+
+On the stone placed over the grave of the Sage of Monticello was
+carved the inscription which he himself had asked for: "Here was
+buried Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of American
+Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, and
+Father of the University of Virginia."
+
+
+  [Illustration: UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 326]
+
+LXXIV
+
+THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA AT CHARLOTTESVILLE
+
+THE CHILD OF THOMAS JEFFERSON'S OLD AGE
+
+When Thomas Jefferson retired from the Presidency he was surrounded at
+Monticello by his daughter, her husband, and eleven grandchildren.
+Daily association with the young people made him more anxious than
+ever to carry out a plan that was the growth of years. He wanted to
+see other children as happy as were those in his own home, and he felt
+that the one thing he could do to increase their happiness would be to
+see that the State made provision for their education.
+
+During the remainder of his life he never lost sight of his project.
+While he did not live to see his system of common schools established
+in Virginia, it was his joy to see the University of Virginia grow
+under his hands from an academy to a college and then to a university.
+From 1817 he labored for State appropriations for the school. A friend
+in the State Senate assisted him nobly. The reader of the published
+volume of the correspondence between the two men, a volume of 528
+pages, will see how untiring was the labor that had its reward when
+the appropriation of funds made sure the founding of the university.
+Three hundred thousand dollars were provided for construction, as well
+as $15,000 a year for maintenance.
+
+Jefferson himself drew the plans for the buildings and superintended
+the construction. Sarah N. Randolph, in "The Domestic Life of Thomas
+Jefferson," says that "the architectural plan and form of government
+and instruction for this institution afforded congenial occupation for
+his declining years.... While the buildings were being erected, his
+visits to them were daily; and from the northeast corner of the
+terrace at Monticello he frequently watched the workmen engaged on
+them, through a telescope which is still [1871] preserved in the
+library of the University."
+
+Edmund Bacon, the overseer at Monticello, gave to Hamilton W. Pierson,
+the author of "Jefferson at Monticello," a humorous account of the
+early days of the project:
+
+      "The act of the Legislature made it the duty of the
+      Commissioners to establish the University within one mile of
+      the Court House at Charlottesville. They advertised for
+      proposals for a site. Three men offered sites. The
+      Commissioners had a meeting at Monticello, and then went and
+      looked at all these sites. After they had made their
+      examination, Mr. Jefferson sent me to each of them, to
+      request them to send by me their price, which was to be
+      sealed up. Lewis and Craven each asked $17 per acre, and
+      Perry, $12. That was a mighty big price in those days....
+      They took Perry's forty acres, at $12 per acre. It was a poor
+      old turned-out field, though it was finely situated. Mr.
+      Jefferson wrote the deed himself. Afterwards Mr. Jefferson
+      bought a large tract near it. It had a great deal of timber
+      and rock on it, which was used in building the University.
+
+      "My next instruction was to get ten able-bodied hands to
+      commence the work.... Mr. Jefferson started from Monticello
+      to lay off the foundation, and see the work commenced. An
+      Irishman named Dinsmore, and I, went along with him. As we
+      passed through Charlottesville, I ... got a ball of twine,
+      and Dinsmore found some shingles and made some pegs.... Mr.
+      Jefferson looked over the ground some time, and then stuck
+      down a peg.... He carried one end of the line, and I the
+      other, in laying off the foundation of the University. He had
+      a little ruler in his pocket that he always carried with him,
+      and with this he measured off the ground, and laid off the
+      entire foundation, and then set the men at work."
+
+This foot-rule was shown to Dr. Pierson by Mr. Bacon, who explained
+how he secured it:
+
+      "Mr. Jefferson and I were once going along the bank of the
+      canal, and in crawling through some bushes and vines, it
+      [the ruler] fell out of his pocket and slid down the bank
+      into the river. Some time after that, when the water had
+      fallen, I went and found it, and carried it to Mr. Jefferson.
+      He told me I ... could keep it.... When I die, that rule can
+      be found locked up in that drawer.
+
+      "After the foundations were nearly completed, they had a
+      great time laying the corner-stone. The old field was covered
+      with carriages and people. There was an immense crowd there.
+      Mr. Monroe laid the corner-stone. He was President at that
+      time.... He held the instruments, and pronounced it square. I
+      can see Mr. Jefferson's white head just as he stood there and
+      looked on.
+
+      "After this he rode there from Monticello every day while the
+      University was building, unless the weather was very
+      stormy.... He looked after all the materials, and would not
+      allow any poor materials to go into the building if he could
+      help it."
+
+A letter from Jefferson to John Adams, written on October 12, 1823,
+spoke of the "hoary winter of age." "Against this _tedium vitae_," he
+said, "I am fortunately mounted on a hobby, which, indeed, I should
+have better managed some thirty or forty years ago; but whose easy
+amble is still sufficient to give exercise and amusement to an
+octogenary rider. This is the establishment of a University, on a
+scale more comprehensive, and in a country more healthy and central
+than our old William and Mary, which these obstacles have long kept in
+a state of languor and inefficiency."
+
+In designing the buildings Jefferson acknowledged his indebtedness to
+Palladio, who guided him in his adaptation of Roman forms. The visitor
+who is familiar with Rome is reminded of the baths of Diocletian, the
+baths of Caracalla, and the temple of Fortuna Virilis, while a
+reduction of the Pantheon, with a rotunda, is the central feature of
+the group.
+
+The University was opened in March, 1825. Forty students were in
+attendance, though at the beginning of the second year the number was
+increased to one hundred and seventy-seven.
+
+The central feature of the collection of buildings, the wonderful
+Rotunda, was badly injured in the fire of 1895 which destroyed the
+Annex. The Rotunda was soon rebuilt according to Jefferson's original
+plan, and the group of buildings is more beautiful than ever.
+
+
+
+
+SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH
+
+     _The long, grey moss that softly swings
+         In solemn grandeur from the trees,
+         Like mournful funeral draperies,--
+     A brown-winged bird that never sings._
+
+       ALBERT BIGELOW PAINE.
+
+     _O Magnet-South! O glistening perfumed South! my South!
+     O quick mettle, rich blood, impulse and love! good and evil! O all
+       dear to me!
+     O dear to me my birth-things--all moving things and the trees
+       where I was born--the grains, plants, rivers,
+     Dear to me my own slow sluggish rivers where they flow, distant,
+       over flats of silvery sands or through swamps._
+
+     _O the cotton plant! the growing fields of rice, sugar, hemp!
+     The cactus guarded with thorns, the laurel-tree with large white
+       flowers,
+     The range afar, the richness and barrenness, the old woods charged
+       with mistletoe and trailing moss,
+     The piney odor and the gloom, the awful natural stillness (here in
+       these dense swamps the freebooter carries his gun, and the
+       fugitive has his conceal'd hut;)_
+
+     The mocking bird, the American mimic, singing all the forenoon,
+       singing through the moonlit night,
+     The humming bird, the wild turkey, the raccoon, the opossum;
+     A Kentucky corn-field, the tall, graceful, long-leav'd corn,
+       slender, flapping, bright green, with tassels, with beautiful
+       ears each well-sheath'd in its husk;
+     O my heart! O tender and fierce pangs, I can stand them not, I
+       will depart;
+     O to be a Virginian where I grew up! O to be a Carolinian!
+     O longings irrepressible! O I will go back to old Tennessee and
+       never wander more.
+
+       WALT WHITMAN.
+
+
+
+
+SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH
+
+
+LXXV
+
+THREE OLD CHURCHES IN CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+ST. MICHAEL'S, ST. PHILIP'S, AND THE HUGUENOT CHURCH, RELICS OF
+COLONIAL DAYS
+
+The oldest church building in Charleston, South Carolina, St.
+Michael's Protestant Episcopal Church, is a relic of three wars. At
+the beginning of the Revolution the rector and the vestry disagreed;
+the rector was a loyalist and most of the members were patriots.
+Accordingly the rector resigned. Later the beautiful tower, which is
+unlike any other church tower in America, was painted black, lest it
+become a guiding beacon to the British fleet. Unfortunately the black
+tower against the blue sky proved a better guide than a white tower
+would have been.
+
+The clear-toned bells, which were cast in London in 1757, were taken
+from the tower when the British evacuated the city in 1782, and were
+sold in London as spoils of war. Fortunately a Mr. Ryhiner, once a
+merchant in Charleston, learned of this, bought them, and sent them to
+Charleston as a business venture.
+
+When the bells were landed on the wharf from the brig _Lightning_, on
+November 20, 1783--according to Johnson's "Traditions of
+Charleston"--"the overjoyed citizens took possession, and hurried them
+up to the church and into the steeple, without thinking that they
+might be violating a private right." In June, 1785, Mr. Ryhiner asked
+for payment for the bells. Later a subscription was ordered to pay the
+merchant.
+
+During the British occupation of the city horses were stabled in the
+church, and the lead roof was removed, for use in bullet making.
+
+In 1811 and 1812 the church figured in the second war with Great
+Britain. The vestry, whose patriotism was as great as ever, opened the
+building more than once for meetings of the citizens who wished to
+consider what they could do to help their country in the impending
+conflict.
+
+During the Civil War the bells were taken to Columbia, to be cast into
+cannon. Fortunately they were not used for this purpose, but during
+Sherman's march to the sea they were burned and broken into small
+pieces. A friend of the church in London, on learning of the disaster,
+searched records of the bell-founders till he learned who had cast the
+bells. These records told the proportions of metal used and the sizes
+of the bells. Then the Londoner wrote to Charleston and asked that the
+fragments be sent to him. When these were received in London they were
+recast in the original moulds, which were discovered by an old
+employee. The cost of recasting the bells and restoring them to their
+places in the steeple was $7,723, of which sum the City Council
+contributed $3,000; $2,200, the charge made for import duty, was later
+returned to the church by special Act of Congress.
+
+For nearly twenty years after the receipt of these new-old bells,
+they were used to sound fire-alarms, as well as for calling to the
+services of the church.
+
+The venerable building has suffered from fire, wind, and earthquake,
+as well as from war. In 1825 a cyclone damaged the spire and the roof,
+and in 1886 earthquake cracked the walls, destroyed a portion of the
+tower, and did so much further damage that a Charleston paper spoke of
+it as the "saddest wreck of all." At first it was feared that the
+building would have to be demolished, but repairs were found to be
+possible at a cost of $15,000.
+
+The structure dates from 1752, when Governor Glenn of South Carolina
+laid the corner stone. The cost was $32,775.87.
+
+St. Michael's parish was set off in 1751 from St. Philip's parish. The
+first St. Philip's Church was burned in 1681 or 1682. A second church
+was opened in 1723. This famous building survived until 1835, in spite
+of wars and fires. The building was saved during the fire of 1796 by a
+slave who climbed to the tower and threw to the ground a burning
+brand. As a reward the vestry purchased his freedom. But during the
+great fire of February 15, 1835, the edifice was destroyed.
+
+The old church had been so much a part of the life of the city and was
+so thoroughly identified with the history of the country, that the
+citizens rejoiced when the decision was reached to rebuild it in
+practically every detail like the original, with the addition of a
+chancel and spire.
+
+Older than either St. Philip's or St. Michael's, as an organization,
+is the Huguenot Church of Charleston. The early records of the
+congregation were destroyed in the fire of 1740, though the building
+was saved. This first building was blown up during the fire of 1796,
+in a vain effort to stay the progress of the conflagration. A second
+building followed in 1800, and the present building was erected in
+1828, when English displaced the French language in the services.
+
+Many of the early members became famous in history. The tablets
+erected to their memory are so numerous that the Huguenot Church might
+well dispute with St. Philip's Church the title, "The Westminster of
+South Carolina."
+
+
+  [Illustration: PRINGLE HOUSE, CHARLESTON, S. C.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 336]
+
+LXXVI
+
+THE HOUSE OF REBECCA MOTTE, CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+THE SPARTAN MATRON WHO HELPED BURN HER OWN PROPERTY
+
+Charleston, South Carolina, was only about thirty years old when the
+Englishman, Robert Brewton, and the Huguenot exile, John de la Motte,
+took up their residence there. In 1758 Robert Brewton's daughter
+Rebecca married Jacob Motte, grandson of the Huguenot.
+
+Three daughters came to the Motte home, and the family lived quietly
+until the outbreak of the Revolution. In 1775 Mrs. Motte's brother,
+Miles Brewton, sailed for England with his family, intending to leave
+them with relatives there while he returned to Charleston for the
+service of his country. But the vessel was lost, and was never
+heard from again. His Charleston house on King Street, which was built
+about 1765, became the property of his sister.
+
+When the war broke out, Mrs. Motte, knowing that it was impossible for
+her husband to become a soldier because of his failing health, decided
+to do her part for her country. Fortifications were to be built, and
+many laborers were needed, so she sent to her plantation for all the
+able-bodied men; these she placed at the disposal of those in charge
+of the work of defence.
+
+She had her reward when, first in 1776, and again in 1779, the British
+forces were unable to secure possession of the town. The third
+attempt, made by Sir Henry Clinton in 1780, was successful. For nearly
+three years the town was in the enemy's control. The Motte house was
+made headquarters by Clinton and his staff. The Mottes were crowded
+into a small room, while the British lived in comfort in the large
+apartments. Mrs. Motte divided her time between her invalid husband,
+her timid daughters, and the invaders. It was her custom to preside at
+the long dinner table, but the young ladies were never allowed to
+appear in the presence of the officers.
+
+A reminder of the presence of the unwelcome guests is still to be seen on
+the marble mantel in one of the rooms--a caricature of Clinton scratched
+on the polished surface, evidently with a diamond point. In the same
+room the women of Charleston--who were accustomed to go about the
+streets in mourning, during the period of the occupation--presented a
+petition to Lord Rawdon, asking for the pardon of Isaac Hayne, a
+patriot who had been condemned for some infraction of the regulations
+of the invaders. Their petition for clemency was in vain, though it
+was emphasized by the presence of Hayne's two little children.
+
+After the death of Mr. Motte, in January, 1781, Mrs. Motte and her
+daughters secured permission to leave Charleston that they might
+return to the family plantation on the Congaree, thirty or forty miles
+from Columbia. They were disappointed in their desire to be alone, for
+it was not long till the English decided to build on the estate one of
+their long line of military stations. Earthworks were thrown up around
+the house, which became known as Fort Motte. Again the family were
+crowded into a few rooms, while officers occupied the remainder.
+
+After a time Mrs. Motte was asked to retire to a small house on the
+plantation, a rough structure, covered with weather-boards,
+unplastered and only partially lined. At first it seemed that there
+was no place here to conceal the silverware brought from Fort Motte.
+How the difficulty was solved has been told in "Worthy Women of Our
+First Century":
+
+      "Some one suggested that the unfinished state of the walls of
+      their sitting-room afforded a convenient hiding place; and
+      they set to work to avail themselves of it. Nailing tacks in
+      the vacancy between the outer and inner boarding, and tying
+      strings around the various pieces of silver, they hung them
+      along the inner wall. Shortly afterwards a band of marauders
+      did actually invade the premises; and one more audacious than
+      the others jumped on a chair and thrust his bayonet into the
+      hollow wall, saying he would soon find what they had come in
+      search of; but, rapping all along on the floor within the
+      wall, he did not once strike against anything to reward bad
+      perseverance."
+
+After a time General Marion and Colonel Lee led up troops for the
+siege of Fort Motte. Fearing that British reinforcements were on the
+way, they decided they must make an attack at once. The best way
+seemed to be to set fire to the main building. The American leaders,
+knowing that this was the home of Mrs. Motte, took counsel with her.
+"Do not hesitate a moment," was the prompt reply of the patriotic
+woman. Then she added, "I will give you something to facilitate the
+destruction." So saying, she handed to General Lee a quiver of arrows
+from the East Indies which, so she had been told by the ship captain
+who brought them to Charleston, would set on fire any wood against
+which they were thrown.
+
+Two of the arrows were fired from a gun without result, but the third
+set fire to the shingles of the house. The efforts of the garrison to
+extinguish the flames were in vain, and before long the fortress was
+surrendered to the patriots. In later years, when Mrs. Motte was
+praised for her part in the siege, she was accustomed to say, "Too
+much has been made of a thing that any American woman would have
+done."
+
+After the war Mrs. Motte returned to the house in Charleston. The
+daughters married, and numerous grandchildren played in the rooms
+where the British officers lived during the occupation of Charleston.
+The youngest of these granddaughters lived in the house in 1876, when
+the story of Rebecca Motte was written for the Women's Centennial
+Executive Committee.
+
+During her last years in the old mansion, Mrs. Motte was proudly
+pointed out to visitors to the city. One of her great-grandchildren
+said that at the time "she was rather under-sized and slender, with a
+pale face, blue eyes, and grey hair that curled slightly under a
+high-crowned ruffled mob-cap. She always wore a square white
+neckerchief pinned down in front, tight sleeves reaching only to the
+elbow, with black silk mittens on her hands and arms; a full skirt
+with huge pockets, and at her waist a silver chain, from which hung
+her pin-cushion and scissors and a peculiarly bright bunch of keys."
+
+The body of this gracious patriot was buried in old St. Philip's
+Church, another of the Revolutionary landmarks of the Palmetto City.
+
+The mansion which she made famous should be called the Brewton House,
+or the Motte House. But a Motte married an Alston, and an Alston
+married a Pringle, and so many families of the latter name have been
+associated with the place that their name is popularly given to it.
+
+
+  [Illustration: INDEPENDENT PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SAVANNAH, GA.
+   _Photo furnished by Rev. Rockwell S. Brank, Savannah_
+   See page 340]
+
+LXXVII
+
+THE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, SAVANNAH, GEORGIA
+
+FOR WHICH KING GEORGE II MADE A LAND GRANT
+
+When George II, of his "special Grace, certain knowledge and meer
+motion," gave a deed for a lot in Savannah, "in our province of
+Georgia," he declared that it was "for the use and benefit of such of
+our loving subjects ... as are or shall be professors of the Doctrines
+of the Church of Scotland, agreeable to the Westminster Confession of
+Faith." The further stipulation was made that the annual rent, if
+demanded, should be "one pepper corn."
+
+The date of the grant was January 16, 1756, and within the three years
+allowed for the erection of the building a brick structure was ready
+for the use of the Independent Presbyterian Church. The church was
+independent in fact as well as in name. There was at first no
+presbytery in Georgia with which it could unite, and when a presbytery
+was organized, this independent relation continued.
+
+The first pastor was Rev. John Joachim Zubly, who came to the Colonies
+from Switzerland. He remained with the church until 1778, and became a
+prominent figure among the patriots of the early years of the
+Revolution. When the first Provincial Congress of Georgia met in
+Savannah, July 4, 1775, it adjourned, immediately after organization,
+to the Independent Church, where Dr. Zubly preached a sermon for which
+he received the public thanks of Congress.
+
+_The London Magazine_ for January, 1776, contained an impassioned
+appeal for the Colonies, which was signed by Dr. Zubly. The editor
+stated that the communication was printed at the request of "an old
+correspondent," who signed himself "O." It is supposed that this
+correspondent was General James E. Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia.
+A few months later Dr. Zubly went to Philadelphia, as a member of the
+second Continental Congress. He had also been a member of the first
+Congress in 1774.
+
+During the siege of Savannah by the British the church building was
+badly injured by British cannon, in spite of the fact that it was used
+as a hospital. Later the British used the church as barracks. A
+visitor who entered the city in 1784 said that he found the church in
+a ruinous condition. It was promptly repaired, however, and services
+were resumed.
+
+But there was another pastor in the pulpit. In 1778 Dr. Zubly
+resigned, probably because, for some strange reason, he deserted the
+Colonies and made known his allegiance to Great Britain.
+
+Fire destroyed the original building in 1796, and a fine new church
+was built. Twenty-one years later the rapidly increasing congregation
+made necessary a much larger structure. The new church was modelled
+after St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, London, and more than two years were
+required for its construction. The cost was $96,108.67½, a large sum
+for that day in a town of ten thousand people. Although the middle
+aisle was eleven feet wide and each of the side aisles four and a half
+feet wide, there were seatings for 1,350 people. The beautifully
+proportioned steeple was 223 feet high. The day after the dedication a
+local paper said that "for grandeur of design and nature of execution,
+we presume this church is not surpassed by any in the United States."
+Many architectural writers have told rapturously of the wonders of
+this building.
+
+President James Monroe and his suite, as well as many other
+distinguished visitors, were reverent worshippers in the church on the
+day of dedication.
+
+Lowell Mason, who was organist of the church from 1815 to 1827,
+composed the popular melody to which Bishop Heber's missionary hymn,
+"From Greenland's Icy Mountains," is usually sung. This melody was
+first played by him for the Sunday school of the church, whose
+organization dates from 1804.
+
+Dr. S. K. Axson, the grandfather of Ellen Axson, the first wife of
+President Woodrow Wilson, was pastor of the church from 1857 to 1889.
+The Wilson marriage ceremony was performed by Dr. Axson in the manse
+of the church.
+
+All Savannah mourned when, on April 6, 1889, firebrands tossed by the
+wind lodged on a cornice of the graceful steeple, too high to be
+reached. Soon the old church was in ruins. But the city resolved that
+the historic church must be restored. A new building was erected which
+is an exact reproduction of the former church. To it, as to its
+predecessors, ecclesiastical architects go on pilgrimage as a part of
+their education.
+
+One of the old customs still continued in the church is the assembling
+of the communicants at a table which is laid the entire length of the
+broad aisle, as well as in the transept aisle.
+
+
+  [Illustration: THE CABILDO, NEW ORLEANS, LA.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 343]
+
+LXXVIII
+
+THE CABILDO OF NEW ORLEANS
+
+WHICH SAW THE TRANSFER OF LOUISIANA TO THE UNITED STATES
+
+When Count Alejandro O'Reilly, Irish Lieutenant-General of Spain,
+entered New Orleans on July 24, 1769, he came as the avenger of the
+disorders that followed the transfer of Louisiana to Spain by the
+Treaty of Paris. After putting to death some of the leaders in the
+revolt, he reorganized the civil government. Among other innovations
+he instituted the Cabildo as the law-making body for the province, to
+take the place of the French superior council. The meeting place was
+a building on the Place d'Armes. In this square, on the coming of
+O'Reilly, the flag of France had been displaced by that of Spain as
+Aubrey said, "Gentlemen, by order of the King, my master, I absolve
+you from your oath of fidelity and obedience to his most Christian
+majesty." The Spanish and French officers then had gone together to
+the cathedral, next door to the meeting place of the Cabildo.
+
+The original building occupied by the Cabildo was destroyed in the
+fire of 1788, when, in less than five hours, eight hundred and sixteen
+buildings were burned. The loss, amounting to three million dollars,
+was a blessing in disguise, for it cleared the ground for the
+reconstruction of the city under the leadership of Don Andres
+Almonaster y Roxas, who was a member of the Cabildo. He had become
+rich since his arrival with the Spaniards, and he had a vision of a
+city glorified through his wealth.
+
+First he built a schoolhouse, a church, and a hospital. On one side of
+the church he built a convent; on the other side he erected a new town
+hall, the Cabildo. The walls--which are as sturdy to-day as in
+1795--are of brick, half the thickness of the ordinary brick. Shell
+lime was used for the mortar. Originally the Cabildo was two stories
+in height, with a flat roof; the mansard roof was added in 1851. At
+the same time the open arches of the second story loggia that
+corresponded to the arcade on the ground floor were closed, that there
+might be more room for offices.
+
+For eight years more the Cabildo continued its sessions under Spanish
+rule. Then came the news that Louisiana had been transferred by Spain
+to France. Great preparations were made for the ceremonies that were
+to accompany the lowering of the Spanish flag and the raising of the
+French colors in the square before the Cabildo. Then the prefect
+Laussat was thunderstruck by the coming of word that Napoleon had
+appointed a Commission not only to receive the colony from Spain but
+also to give it into the hands of the United States, to whom the vast
+territory had been sold.
+
+The first transfer took place on November 30, 1803. The official
+document was signed in the Sala Capitular, the hall where the Cabildo
+met, and was read from the centre gallery. Then the tricolor of France
+replaced the flag of Spain.
+
+December 20, 1803, was the date of the transfer to the United States.
+The American Commission met the French Commission in the Sala
+Capitular of the Hôtel de Ville, or City Hall, as the French called
+the Cabildo. Governor Claiborne received the keys of the city, and the
+tricolor on the flagstaff gave way to the Stars and Stripes. A vast
+company of citizens watched the ceremonies, listened to the addresses,
+and looked at the American troops in the square, as well as at the
+French soldiers who were to have no further power in the province.
+
+Grace King, in "New Orleans, the Place and the People," tells what
+followed:
+
+      "When, twenty-one days before, the French flag was flung to
+      the breeze, for its last brief reign in Louisiana, a band of
+      fifty old soldiers formed themselves into a guard of honor,
+      which was to act as a kind of death watch to their national
+      colors. They stood now at the foot of the staff and received
+      in their arms the Tricolor as it descended, and while the
+      Americans were rending the air with their shouts, they
+      marched silently away, their sergeant bearing it at their
+      head. All uncovered before it; the American troops, as they
+      passed, presented arms to it. It was carried to the
+      government house, and left in the hands of Laussat."
+
+During the years since that momentous transfer the Cabildo has
+continued to be the centre of historical interest in New Orleans. In
+1825 Lafayette was quartered here. In 1901 President McKinley was
+received in the building. In 1903 the Centennial of the Louisiana
+Purchase was observed in the Sala Capitular, which had been for many
+years the meeting place of the State Supreme Court. The great hall is
+almost as it was when the Cabildo of Don Almonaster met there.
+
+Since 1910 the Cabildo, in common with the Presbytere, the old Civil
+District Court, a building of nearly the same age and appearance,
+located on the other side of the Cathedral, has been the Louisiana
+State Museum. The curios are shown in a large hall on the ground
+floor. Among these is the flag used by General Jackson at the battle
+of New Orleans.
+
+From this hall of relics a door leads to a courtyard, which is lined
+by tiers of gloomy cells. Stocks and other reminders of the old
+Spanish days are in evidence.
+
+The old Place d'Armes is now called Jackson Square. On either side are
+the Pontalba buildings, which were erected by the daughter of Don
+Andres Almonaster y Roxas, who inherited millions from her generous
+father. On the spot where the Stars and Stripes were raised in 1803 is
+the statue to General Jackson, the victor of the battle of New
+Orleans, to which the same public-spirited woman was a large
+contributor.
+
+The tomb of Don Andres is shown in the Cathedral he gave to the
+people, by the side of the Cabildo which he built for the city he
+loved.
+
+
+LXXIX
+
+THE ALAMO, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
+
+"THERMOPYLÆ HAD HER MESSENGER OF DEFEAT: THE ALAMO HAD NONE"
+
+Early in the eighteenth century the Spaniards built in Texas, then a
+part of Mexico, a number of staunch structures that were designed to
+serve not only as chapels but also as fortresses. The mission that at
+length became known as the Alamo was first built on the Rio Grande in
+1710, and during the next forty-seven years was rebuilt four times in
+a new location, before it was given a final resting-place at San
+Antonio, on the banks of the Alazan River. There it was called Alamo,
+or Poplar Church. Though the Alamo was begun in 1744, it was not
+completed until 1757.
+
+For nearly eighty years there was nothing specially notable about the
+building. Then came the events that made the name famous.
+
+In 1832 Sam Houston was sent to Texas by President Jackson to arrange
+treaties with the Indians for the protection of settlers on the
+border. Just at this time settlers in Texas, which was then a part of
+the state of Coahuila, were seeking equal privileges with the other
+Mexican states. Most of the settlers had come from the United States,
+and they hoped that in time Texas might become a part of that
+country.
+
+On February 13, 1833, Houston wrote to President Jackson that the time
+was ripe for getting hold of the country. Less than three months later
+he was asked to serve as a delegate to a constitutional convention,
+which demanded from Mexico the organization of the territory into
+states, and was made the chairman of the committee which drew up for
+the proposed states a constitution based on that of the United States.
+Stephen F. Austin, who has been called "The Father of Texas," went to
+Mexico City with the petition. But he was imprisoned, and the request
+of Texas was denied by Santa Anna, president of Mexico.
+
+Later, when the colonists attempted to defend themselves against the
+Indians and other lawbreakers, the demand was made that they give up
+their arms.
+
+The organization of a provincial government followed in 1834, and
+Houston was chosen commander-in-chief of the army. The brief war with
+Mexico was marked by a number of heroic events, chief of which was the
+defence of the Alamo, where a small force of Texans resisted more than
+ten times the number of Mexicans.
+
+When the army of Santa Anna approached San Antonio, on February 22,
+1836, one hundred and forty-five men, under the leadership of Colonel
+James Bowie and Lieutenant-Colonel William B. Travis, retired within
+the church fortress. For nearly two weeks these heroic men defended
+themselves, and the enemy did not gain entrance until every one of
+them was killed.
+
+The details of the heroic struggle were not known until 1860, when
+Captain R. M. Potter printed an account in the San Antonio _Herald_,
+in which he had patiently pieced together the reports that came to him
+through those whom he regarded most dependable among the besiegers,
+and from one who was an officer in the garrison until within a few
+days of the assault.
+
+Within the walls a well had been dug on the very day the Mexican Army
+entered the town. Thus a plentiful supply of water supplemented the
+store of meat and corn for the defenders.
+
+A message sent out by Colonel Travis on the night of March 3 told of
+the events of the first days of the siege:
+
+      "With a hundred and forty-five men I have held this place ten
+      days against a force variously estimated from 1,500 to 6,000,
+      and I shall continue to hold it till I get relief from my
+      countrymen, or I will perish in the attempt. We have had a
+      shower of bombs and cannon-balls continually falling among us
+      the whole time, yet none of us have fallen."
+
+Santa Anna led a final assault on March 6. Scaling ladders, axes, and
+fascines were to be in the hands of designated men. Five columns were
+to approach the wall just at daybreak.
+
+At the first onset Colonel Travis was killed and breaches were made in
+the walls. The outer walls and batteries were abandoned, and the
+defenders retired to the different rooms within.
+
+      "From the doors, windows, and loopholes of the several rooms
+      around the area the crack of the rifle and the hiss of the
+      bullet came fierce and fast; as fast the enemy fell and
+      recoiled in his first efforts to charge. The gun beside which
+      Travis fell was now turned against the buildings, as were
+      also some others, and shot after shot was sent crashing
+      through the doors and barricades of the several rooms. Each
+      ball was followed by a storm of musketry and a charge; and
+      thus room after room was carried at the point of the bayonet,
+      when all within them had died fighting to the last. The
+      struggle was made up of a number of separate and desperate
+      combats, often hand to hand, between squads of the garrison
+      and bodies of the enemy. The bloodiest spot about the fort
+      was the long barrack and the ground in front of it, where the
+      enemy fell in heaps."
+
+David Crockett was among those who were killed in one of the rooms. He
+had joined the defenders a few days before the beginning of the siege.
+
+The chapel was the last point taken. "Once the enemy in possession of
+the large area, the guns could be turned to fire into the door of the
+church, only from fifty to a hundred yards off. The inmates of the
+last stronghold fought to the last, and continued to fire down from
+the upper works after the enemy occupied the floor. Towards the close
+of the struggle Lieutenant Dickenson, with his child in his arms, or,
+as some accounts say, tied to his back, leaped from the east embrasure
+of the chapel, and both were shot in the act. Of those he left behind
+him the bayonet soon gleaned what the bullet had left; and in the
+upper part of that edifice the last defender must have fallen."
+
+This final assault lasted only thirty minutes. In that time the
+defenders of Texas won immortal fame. Four days before, the Republic
+of Texas had been proclaimed. Those who fell in the Alamo were hailed
+the heroes of the struggle. "Remember the Alamo!" was the battle cry
+of the war for independence that was waged until the Mexican Army was
+routed at San Jacinto, April 21, 1836.
+
+On the capitol grounds at Austin, Texas, stands a monument to the
+heroes of the Alamo, with the inscription: "Thermopylæ had her
+messenger of defeat; the Alamo had none."
+
+
+  [Illustration: THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENN.
+   _Photo by Wiles, Nashville_
+   See page 351]
+
+LXXX
+
+THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
+
+ANDREW JACKSON'S RETREAT IN THE INTERVALS OF HIS PUBLIC SERVICE
+
+Andrew Jackson was a pioneer. From North Carolina he crossed the
+mountains to what was then the Western District. He was a lawyer, but
+he wanted to be a farmer also. His first land purchase was made in
+1791. This land was lost in the effort to pay the debts of another.
+
+The second effort at farming was more successful. This was begun in
+1804, when he bought a tract of some twenty-eight thousand acres, six
+thousand acres of which he retained permanently as the Hermitage
+plantation. From the beginning he showed that he had a genius for
+farming. Crops were large, and his wealth grew rapidly, until he
+became the wealthiest man in all that country. After a few years he
+became famous as a breeder of race horses. He owned a track of his own
+not far from the mansion.
+
+For fifteen years Mr. and Mrs. Jackson lived in a log cabin. But they
+maintained a large establishment. They had their slaves, and they
+drove in a carriage drawn by four horses. And they entertained
+royally. Jackson's biographer, James Parton, tells of a Nashville lady
+who said that she had often been at the Hermitage "when there were in
+each of the four available rooms not a guest merely, but a family,
+while the young men and solitary travellers who chanced to drop in
+disposed themselves on the piazza, or any other shelter about the
+house."
+
+The log house was still the plantation-house when General Jackson's
+neighbors gathered to welcome him home as the victor of New Orleans.
+In the response he gave to their greeting he made a prophecy:
+
+      "Years will continue to develop our inherent qualities,
+      until, from being the youngest and the weakest, we shall
+      become the most powerful nation in the universe."
+
+General Jackson was popular with all in the neighborhood of the
+plantation. To his slaves he was a hero. To his wife he was devoted.
+Parton says that he always treated her as if she was his pride and
+glory. And words can faintly describe her devotion to him. She also
+was popular among the servants; her treatment of them was courteous in
+the extreme. A visitor to the Hermitage told of being present at the
+hour of evening devotions. Just before these began the wife of the
+overseer came into the room. Mrs. Jackson rose and made room for her
+on the sofa. One of the guests expressed her surprise to a lady
+sitting next her. "That is the way here," the lady whispered, "and if
+she had not done it, the General would."
+
+Peter Cartwright, the famous pioneer preacher, told in his
+Autobiography an incident that revealed the General's nature.
+Cartwright was preaching, when the pastor of a church, who was with
+him in the pulpit, leaned forward and whispered, "General Jackson has
+just come in." The outspoken preacher replied, so that every one could
+hear: "What is that if General Jackson has come in? In the eyes of God
+he is no bigger than any other man!" After the service Jackson told
+Mr. Cartwright of his hearty approval of the sentiment.
+
+That there might be more room for entertaining passing strangers like
+Mr. Cartwright, as well as hosts of friends, Jackson began to build
+The Hermitage in 1819, of brick made on the plantation. When this
+house was burned in 1836, a new house was built on the old foundation,
+and with the same general plan. The building has the rather unusual
+length of 104 feet. Six pillars support the roof in front and in rear.
+
+Between the building of the first house and its successor came most of
+Jackson's political career. During this period also was the visit of
+General Lafayette. On this occasion the Frenchman, recognizing the
+pair of pistols which he had given to Washington in 1778, said that he
+had a real satisfaction in finding them in the hands of one so worthy
+of possessing them. "Yes, I believe myself to be worthy of them,"
+Jackson began his reply, in words that seemed far less modest than the
+conclusion proved them; for he added: "if not for what I have done, at
+least for what I wished to do, for my country."
+
+The Hermitage never seemed the same place to Jackson after the death
+of his wife, on December 22, 1828, only a few days after his first
+election to the presidency.
+
+Two years after his final return from Washington, after attending
+service at the little Presbyterian church on the estate, he begged the
+pastor, Dr. Edgar, to return home with him. The pastor was unable to
+accept, but promised to be on hand early in the morning. All night the
+General read and prayed. Next morning, when Dr. Edgar came, he asked
+to be admitted to the Church.
+
+Parton says that from this time to the end of his life "General
+Jackson spent most of his leisure hours in reading the Bible,
+Biblical commentaries, and the hymn-book, which last he always
+pronounced in the old-fashioned way, _hime_-book. The work known as
+'Scott's Bible' was his chief delight; he read it through twice before
+he died. Nightly he read prayers in the presence of his family and
+household servants."
+
+Soon after he united with the Church, the congregation wished to
+choose him to the office of elder. "No," he said, "I am too young in
+the Church for such an office. My countrymen have given me high
+honors, but I should esteem the office of ruling elder in the Church
+of Christ a far higher honor than any I have ever received."
+
+For six years he continued to be an unofficial member of the church.
+Then, on June 8, 1845, he said to those who had gathered about his
+death-bed: "I am my God's. I belong to Him. I go but a short time
+before you, and I want to meet you all, white and black, in heaven."
+
+Less than two months before his death, when the President and
+Directors of the National Institute proposed that an imported
+sarcophagus in their possession be set apart for his last
+resting-place, he declined, because he wished to lie by the side of
+his wife, in the garden of The Hermitage.
+
+Until 1888 Andrew Jackson, Jr., and after his death, his widow
+occupied the house, during the last thirty-two years of this period as
+caretakers for the State, which had bought the property for $48,000.
+Since 1889 the mansion and twenty-five acres of ground have been cared
+for by the Ladies' Hermitage Association.
+
+
+  [Illustration: ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KY.
+   _Photo by E. C. Hall_
+   See page 355]
+
+LXXXI
+
+ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY
+
+THE HOME OF HENRY CLAY FOR FORTY-SIX YEARS
+
+Henry Clay's mother, having married Captain Henry Watkins, moved from
+Hanover, Virginia, to Woodford County, Kentucky, in 1792. As soon as
+the future statesman was admitted to practice in the Virginia Court of
+Appeals, he decided to follow her. Accordingly, in November, 1797, he
+became a resident of Lexington. Three years later the _Kentucke
+Gazette_, the first paper published west of the mountains, told of "an
+eloquent oration" that was "delivered by Henry Clay, Esquire."
+
+The year before the young lawyer received this flattering notice he
+married Lavinia Hart, of Lexington. Seven years were spent in rented
+quarters, but in 1806 he purchased an estate about a mile and a half
+from town.
+
+Clay took the keenest pleasure in the estate. Once he wrote to a
+friend:
+
+      "I am in one respect better off than Moses. He died in sight
+      of and without reaching the Promised Land. I occupy as good a
+      farm as any he would have found had he reached it, and
+      'Ashland' has been acquired not by hereditary descent but by
+      my own labor."
+
+However, it was only at intervals that the proud owner was able to
+enjoy Ashland. After 1803 the longest period of residence was six
+years, and this was toward the close of his life.
+
+The management of the property was largely in the hands of Mrs. Clay,
+and the prosperity of the plantation was proof of her capability. From
+Washington he wrote frequently of things he would like to see done. He
+was especially interested in blooded stock which he secured in the
+East and abroad. Once he wrote proudly of the fact that there were on
+the estate specimens of "the Maltese ass, the Arabian horse, the
+Merino and Saxe Merino sheep, the English Hereford and Durham cattle,
+the goat, the mule and the hog." His race horses were famous, and he
+delighted to handle them himself. He also liked to feed the pigs, even
+when he was an old man.
+
+There were many slaves at Ashland, and they were all attached to their
+master. His will provided for their emancipation, under wise
+conditions. Once, when a friend bequeathed him twenty-five slaves, he
+sent them to Liberia, by way of New Orleans.
+
+Harriet Martineau, who visited Ashland in 1835, told of her pleasant
+impression of the place and its owner:
+
+      "I stayed some weeks in the house of a wealthy landowner in
+      Kentucky. Our days were passed in great luxury, and the
+      hottest of them very idly. The house was in the midst of
+      grounds gay with verdure and flowers, in the opening month of
+      June, and our favorite seats were the steps of the hall, and
+      chairs under the trees. From there we could watch the play of
+      the children on the grass plot, and some of the drolleries of
+      the little negroes.... There were thirty-three horses in the
+      stables, and we roved about the neighboring country
+      accordingly...."
+
+As the years passed visitors flocked to Ashland in ever-increasing
+numbers. Many of them were politicians, but more were plain people
+who were devoted to Clay and could not understand why the country
+refused to elect him President. In 1844, during his longest period of
+continuous residence at Ashland, he received word of the disappointing
+result of the election. After a few days, when he was walking on the
+turnpike near the house, he was startled by a woman who, on passing
+him, burst into tears. When he asked her why she wept, she said:
+
+      "I have lost my father, my husband, and my children, and
+      passed through other painful trials; but all of them together
+      have not given me so much sorrow as the late disappointment
+      of your friends."
+
+A story is also told of a bride and groom who visited Ashland on the
+day the news of defeat was received. The journey was continued down
+the Mississippi River. On the boat the groom was taken seriously ill.
+The physician who was called to attend him was puzzled to define the
+ailment until the bride said that the cause was the defeat of Henry
+Clay. The old doctor threw his arms about the patient's neck and
+cried, "There is no cure for a complaint like that."
+
+The sting of defeat was forgotten one day in 1845. Mr. Clay was in his
+bank in Lexington, prepared to pay a part of the indebtedness that had
+all but swamped him, so that he felt he might have to sacrifice
+Ashland. The bank told him that about $50,000 had been deposited in
+the bank by his friends from all parts of the country, enough to pay
+all his debts. He never knew the names of the generous friends who had
+made possible the retention of the property.
+
+He thought he was to spend the remainder of his days at home, and
+that he would die there in peace. One day he said, in an address in
+Lexington, "I felt like an old stag which has been long coursed by the
+hunters and the hounds, through brakes and briars, and over distant
+plains, and has at last returned to his ancient lair to lay himself
+down and die."
+
+Again in 1848 he tasted defeat, though on this occasion it was in the
+nominating convention, not in the election. In the trying days that
+followed he was sustained by his Christian faith. He had been baptized
+in the parlor at Ashland on June 22, 1847. The reality of his
+religious convictions was seen one day by what he said to a company of
+friends who had been talking in a despairing manner of the future of
+the country. Pointing to the Bible on the table, he said, "Gentlemen,
+I do not know anything but that Book which can reconcile us to such
+events."
+
+In 1849 Clay was sent to the United States Senate because the
+legislature of Kentucky felt that he was needed to help in the
+solution of questions raised by the Mexican War. He spent three years
+in Washington, then died in the midst of his work. After a journey
+that showed what a place he had won in the hearts of the people, his
+body was taken to Lexington. The catafalque lay in state in Ashland
+over one night. Next day the body was buried near Lexington.
+
+His son, James B. Clay, who purchased the estate at auction, tore down
+the house because of its weakened foundations, but rebuilt it of the
+same materials, on the old site, and on almost the identical plans.
+Both outside and inside the mansion has practically the appearance of
+the original.
+
+Before the Civil War Ashland was purchased by the State College, but
+in 1882 it became the property of Major Henry Clay McDowell, whose
+widow lived there for many years. She was the daughter of Henry Clay,
+Jr., whose death at the Battle of Buena Vista was a sore blow to one
+who was always a fond father.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, KY
+   _Photo by Miss M. E. Sacre, Stanford, Ky._
+   See page 359]
+
+LXXXII
+
+SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, KENTUCKY
+
+THE HOME OF THE MAN WHO KILLED TECUMSEH
+
+"Then, Billy, if I was you, I would go and see!"
+
+Thus replied Esther Whitley of Augusta, Virginia, to her husband
+William Whitley, when, early in 1775, he had told her that he had a
+fine report of Kentucky, and that he thought they could get their
+living in the frontier settlements with less hard work than was
+required in Virginia.
+
+Whitley took his wife at her word. Two days later, with axe and plow
+and gun and kettle, he was on his way over the mountains. Daniel Boone
+had not yet marked out the Wilderness Road that was to become the
+great highway of emigration from Virginia to Kentucky. At first his
+only companion was his brother-in-law, George Clark, but on the way
+seven others joined the party.
+
+During the next six years he was one of the trusted pioneers at
+Boonesborough and Harrod's Fort, two stations on the Wilderness Road.
+When he had a house ready for his wife, he returned to Virginia, and
+brought her to Kentucky. It is said that she was the third white woman
+to cross the Cumberland Mountains, Mrs. Daniel Boone and her daughter
+being the first and second. The claim has been made that their
+daughter, Louisa, who was born in Boonesborough, was the first white
+child born in the present limits of Kentucky.
+
+Louisa was perhaps four years old when Whitley removed to the vicinity
+of Crab Orchard, the famous assembling place for parties about to take
+the dangerous journey back to Virginia. Two miles from the settlement
+he built Whitley's Fort. In 1788 he felt able to build for his growing
+family the first brick house in Kentucky. The brick were brought from
+Virginia, and the man who laid the brick was given a farm of five
+hundred acres for his services. The windows were placed high above the
+ground to prevent the Indians from shooting in at the occupants. The
+window-glass was carried across the mountains in pack-saddles. The
+stairway had twenty-one steps, and on these steps were carved the
+heads of thirteen eagles to represent the original thirteen Colonies.
+The doors were made of wood, elaborately carved, and were in two
+layers, a heavy sheet of iron being placed between these. The old-time
+leather hinges are still in use.
+
+The owner laid out on his property the first race track in Kentucky,
+and he called his house Sportsman's Hall. In its walls scores of
+settlers found refuge in time of danger. Famous men sat with Mr. and
+Mrs. Whitley at their hospitable table, among these being Daniel
+Boone, George Rogers Clark, and General Harrison.
+
+Until his death at the battle of the Thames in 1813 Whitley was one of
+the chief defenders of the settlers against the Indians. On his
+powder horn he cut the lines:
+
+     William Whitley, I am your horne,
+     The truth I love, a lie I scorne,
+     Fill me with the best of powder,
+     I'll make your rifle crack the louder.
+
+     See how the dread, terrifick ball
+     Makes Indians blench at Toreys fall,
+     You with powder I'll supply
+     For to defend your liberty.
+
+One day in 1785 a messenger came to Whitley's Fort with the tidings
+that Indians had captured a mother and her babe, after killing three
+older children. Mr. Whitley was not at home, but Mrs. Whitley sent for
+him. In the meantime she collected a company of twenty rescuers. On
+his return Whitley placed himself at their head, pursued the Indians,
+and rescued the prisoners.
+
+The title Colonel was given to Whitley in 1794, when he commanded the
+Nickerjack expedition against the Tennessee Indians, who had been
+conducting foraging expeditions into Kentucky. The march was conducted
+with such secrecy and despatch that the enemy were taken by surprise,
+and were completely routed.
+
+The last of his campaigns took place in Canada against the British,
+French, and Indians in 1813. Many claim that before he received his
+mortal wound in the battle of the Thames, he fired the shot that
+killed Tecumseh, the chief who had given so much trouble to the
+settlers of Kentucky and Indiana. Others say that the shot was fired
+by a Colonel Johnson.
+
+The body of the Indian fighter rests in an unknown grave hundreds of
+miles from the territory he helped to wrest from the Indians, but the
+brick house he built near Crab Orchard is still one of the historic
+buildings of Kentucky.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WHITE HAVEN, ST. LOUIS
+   _Photo furnished by Albert Wenzlick_
+   See page 362]
+
+LXXXIII
+
+WHITE HAVEN, NEAR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
+
+WHERE ULYSSES S. GRANT COURTED JULIA DENT
+
+Immediately after Ulysses Simpson Grant graduated from West Point, he
+was sent to Jefferson Barracks, at St. Louis. His military duties were
+not so arduous that he was unable to accept the invitation of Fred
+Dent, a former roommate at West Point, to go with him to the Dent
+homestead on the Gravois Road, four miles from the Barracks.
+
+The young second lieutenant did not have to be urged to repeat his
+visit. In fact he went so often that the road between the Barracks and
+the Dent farm became as familiar to him as his old haunts on the banks
+of the Hudson. He did not meet Julia Dent at first, for she was absent
+at school, but he found enough attraction in a sister to make him a
+frequent visitor.
+
+Then came the eventful day when he met seventeen-year-old Julia. The
+courtship was by no means a long-drawn-out affair; the young people
+were engaged before Grant was ordered to the Mexican border, though
+the fact was not announced until his return to St. Louis in May, 1845.
+The marriage took place in August, 1848, after the close of the
+Mexican War.
+
+For some years Mrs. Grant was a soldier's wife. Grant took her with
+him to Detroit, but he left her at her old home in St. Louis when he
+was transferred to the Pacific Coast. In 1853 he accepted a commission
+as captain, which he soon resigned, determining to return to the East.
+Several unfortunate speculations had left him without funds, and he
+was indebted to a friend in San Francisco for transportation.
+
+"I rejoined my family to find in it a son whom I had never seen, born
+while I was on the Isthmus of Panama," Grant said in his "Personal
+Memoirs." "I was now to commence, at the age of thirty-two, a new
+struggle for our support. My wife had a farm near St. Louis, to which
+we went, but I had no means to stock it. A house had to be built also.
+I worked very hard, never losing a day because of bad weather, and
+accomplished the object in a moderate way."
+
+After working as a farm laborer for a time, he built a cabin on sixty
+acres given to Mrs. Grant by her father. "Hardscrabble," as he called
+the four-room log house, was the home of the Grant family for several
+years. This cabin, which was on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase
+Exposition at St. Louis, and White Haven, must both be counted homes
+of the family at this period. Fred, Nellie, and Jesse Grant were all
+born in White Haven.
+
+Ready money was scarce, but the father of a growing family felt the
+necessity of providing for their wants. "If nothing else could be done
+I would load a cord of wood on a wagon and take it to the city for
+sale," he wrote in his Memoirs. "I managed to keep along very well
+until 1858, when I was attacked by fever and ague. I had suffered very
+severely and for a long time from the disease while a boy in Ohio. It
+lasted now over a year, and, while it did not keep me in the house,
+it did interfere greatly with the amount of work I was able to
+perform. In the fall of 1858 I sold out my stock, crops and farming
+utensils at auction, and gave up farming."
+
+The family remained at White Haven for a time, and Grant tried to make
+a living in the real estate business. His partner was a cousin of Mrs.
+Grant. The income of the business was not sufficient for two families,
+so he soon gave up the attempt. "He doesn't seem to be just calculated
+for business, but an honester, more generous man never lived," was the
+remark of one who knew him at this time.
+
+In the meantime he had taken his family to St. Louis. He made one
+further attempt to support them there. Learning that there was a
+vacancy in the office of county engineer, he applied for the position,
+but the appointment was to be made by the members of the county court,
+and he did not have sufficient influence to secure it. So the move to
+Galena, Illinois, in May, 1860, became necessary. There, in the
+leather business, he earned but eight hundred dollars a year. And he
+had a family of six to feed.
+
+A year later he responded to the call of President Lincoln, and began
+the army service that made him famous.
+
+White Haven was built in 1808 by Captain John Long, who had won his
+title during the Revolution. Later the house and three hundred acres
+of the original farm were sold to Frederick Dent, who, at one period,
+had ninety slaves in the slave quarters still to be seen at the rear
+of the house.
+
+Through Mrs. Grant the entire property came into the possession of
+General Grant. At the time of the failure of Grant & Ward, the farm
+was pledged to William H. Vanderbilt, who sold it to Captain Fuller H.
+Conn of St. Louis. Captain Conn disposed of it in a number of parcels.
+One of these, containing fifteen acres and the old homestead, was
+purchased by Albert Wenzlick, who makes his summer home in the house
+where Ulysses S. Grant met Julia Dent.
+
+
+
+
+EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO NEW ENGLAND
+
+     _In verdurous tumult far away
+       The prairie billows gleam,
+     Upon their crests in blessing rests
+       The noontide's gracious beam.
+     Low quivering vapors steaming dim
+       The level splendors break
+     Where languid lilies deck the rim
+       Of some land-circled lake._
+
+     _Far in the east like low-hung clouds
+       The waving woodlands lie;
+     Far in the west the glowing plain
+       Melts warmly in the sky.
+     No accent wounds the reverent air,
+       No footprint dints the sod,--
+     Lone in the light the prairie lies,
+       Wrapt in a dream of God._
+
+       JOHN HAY.
+
+
+
+
+EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO NEW ENGLAND
+
+
+  [Illustration: ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD, ILL.
+   _Photo by E. C. Hall_
+   See page 369]
+
+LXXXIV
+
+THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS
+
+FROM WHICH PRESIDENT-ELECT LINCOLN WENT TO WASHINGTON IN 1861
+
+When Abraham Lincoln entered Springfield, in 1837, he did not own a
+house; in fact he did not own much of anything. Joshua Speed is quoted
+by Ida Tarbell thus:
+
+      "He had ridden into town on a borrowed horse, with no earthly
+      property save a pair of saddle-bags containing a few
+      clothes.... Lincoln came into the store with his saddle-bags
+      on his arm. He said he wanted to buy the furniture for a
+      single bed. The mattress, blankets, sheets, coverlid, and
+      pillow ... would cost seventeen dollars. He said that perhaps
+      was cheap enough; but small as the price was, he was unable
+      to pay it. But if I would credit him till Christmas, and his
+      experiment as a lawyer was a success, he would pay then,
+      saying in the saddest tone, 'If I fail in this I do not know
+      that I can ever pay you.'"
+
+The storekeeper thereupon proposed that the young lawyer should share
+his own room above the store. Lincoln promptly accepted, went
+upstairs, and in a moment was down again. With dry humor he said:
+"Well, Speed, I am moved."
+
+Lincoln longed for better quarters, however, because he wanted to be
+married. He watched with interest the new buildings that were going
+up, probably reflecting sadly that none of them were for him. In his
+discouragement he wrote to Miss Mary Owen of New Salem, to whom he had
+said something about coming to live with him in Springfield:
+
+      "You would have to be poor, without the means of hiding your
+      poverty. Do you believe you could bear that patiently?
+      Whatever woman may cast her lot with mine, should any ever do
+      so, it is my intention to do all in my power to make her
+      happy and contented. And there is nothing I can imagine that
+      would make me more unhappy than to fail in the effort. I know
+      I should be much happier with you than the way I am, provided
+      I saw no sign of discontent in you."
+
+Miss Owen declined to go to Springfield, because she felt that Lincoln
+was "deficient in those little links which make up the chain of a
+woman's happiness."
+
+Five years later, on November 4, 1842, Lincoln married Miss Mary Todd,
+a member of a prominent Kentucky family, who had come to Springfield
+in 1839 to live with her sister, Mrs. Ninian W. Edwards. The house in
+which she spent the three years before her marriage was one of the
+handsomest in the town, and was a centre of social gayety. Mr. and
+Mrs. Edwards opposed the marriage to the poor and plebeian lawyer;
+they urged the folly of exchanging a cultured home for the
+surroundings to which Lincoln would take her. But she knew her own
+mind, and she went with Lincoln to the home he provided for her.
+
+The character of the accommodations to which he took his bride is
+revealed by a letter written in May, 1843: "We are not keeping house,
+but boarding at the Globe Tavern.... Boarding only costs four dollars
+a week."
+
+But the day came when the young statesman was able to open for Mrs.
+Lincoln the door of their own modest one-story house. Later a second
+story was added under the direction of his wife, most of the work
+being done while he was away from home, riding the circuit.
+
+J. G. Holland's pleasing picture of life in the home during the years
+from 1850 to 1860 should be remembered:
+
+      "It was to him a time of rest, of reading, of social
+      happiness, and of professional prosperity. He was already a
+      father, and took an almost unbounded delight in his children.
+      The most that he could say to any rebel in his household was,
+      'You break my heart, when you act like this.' A young man
+      bred in Springfield speaks of a vision that has clung to his
+      memory very vividly.... His way to school led by the lawyer's
+      door. On almost any fair summer morning he could find Mr.
+      Lincoln on the sidewalk in front of his house, drawing a
+      child backward and forward, in a child's gig. Without hat or
+      coat, and wearing a pair of rough shoes, his hands behind him
+      holding on to the tongue of the gig, and his tall form bent
+      forward to accommodate himself to the service, he paced up
+      and down the walk forgetful of everything around him. The
+      young man says he remembers wondering how so rough and plain
+      a man should live in so respectable a house."
+
+Once Lincoln was sitting on the porch when three-year-old Willie
+escaped from the bathtub, ran out cf the house and the gate, up the
+street, and into a field. There his father caught him, and carried
+him home on his shoulder.
+
+The children liked to ride on his shoulder, and they clambered for the
+position. If they could not get there, they contented themselves with
+hanging to his coat tails. One day a neighbor heard the boys crying,
+and asked what was the matter. "Just what's the matter with the whole
+world," was Lincoln's reply. "I've got three walnuts, and each wants
+two."
+
+During the last day of the Republican Convention of 1860, which was in
+session in Chicago, Lincoln was in the office of the Springfield
+_Journal_, receiving word of the progress of events. A messenger came
+in and said to him, "The Convention has made a nomination, and Mr.
+Seward is--the second man on the list!" After reading the telegram,
+and receiving the congratulations of all in the office, Lincoln spoke
+of the little woman on Eighth Street who had some interest in the
+matter, and said he would go home and tell her the news.
+
+When the news became generally known, the citizens followed him to the
+house on Eighth Street. In the evening, after a meeting in the State
+House, the Republicans present marched to the Lincoln home. The
+nominee made a speech, and invited as many as could get in to enter
+the house. "After the fourth of March we will give you a larger
+house," came the laughing response.
+
+Next day Lincoln was in a quandary. Some of his friends had sent him a
+present of wines and other liquors, that he might be able to give what
+they thought would be appropriate refreshment to the Committee sent
+from Chicago to notify the nominee. Before the formal notification,
+Lincoln asked the members what he should do with the wine. J. G.
+Holland says that "the chairman at once advised him to return the
+gift, and to offer no stimulants to his guests."
+
+A few years later, when he had closed the house which he was never to
+enter again, he said to his friends, who had gathered at the train to
+say good-bye:
+
+      "My friends: no one, not in my situation, can appreciate my
+      feeling of sadness at this parting. To this place, and the
+      kindness of these people, I owe everything. Here I have lived
+      a quarter of a century, and have passed from a young to an
+      old man. Here my children have been born, and one is buried.
+      I now leave, not knowing when or whether ever I may return,
+      with a task before me greater than that which rested upon
+      Washington. Without the assistance of that Divine Being who
+      ever attended him, I cannot succeed. With that assistance I
+      cannot fail. Trusting in Him, who can go with me, and remain
+      with you, and be everywhere for good, let us confidently hope
+      that all will yet be well. To His care commending you, as I
+      hope in your prayers you will commend me, I bid you an
+      affectionate farewell."
+
+When the body of the martyred President was brought back to
+Springfield on May 3, 1865, it was not taken to the old home on Eighth
+Street, but to the State Capitol, and from there to Oak Ridge
+Cemetery.
+
+The house is now the property of the State of Illinois, the gift of
+Robert T. Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln's son.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON'S HOUSE, VINCENNES, IND.
+   _Photo furnished by Frank H. Curtis, Vincennes_
+   See page 376]
+
+LXXXV
+
+THE GOVERNOR'S PALACE AT VINCENNES, INDIANA
+
+WHERE "OLD TIPPECANOE" WELCOMED HIS GUESTS
+
+William Henry Harrison, son of Benjamin Harrison, one of the signers
+of the Declaration of Independence, was a ward of Robert Morris. The
+great financier opposed the young man's purpose to enlist in the Ohio
+campaign against the Indians that followed the war of the Revolution,
+but when young Harrison applied directly to Washington he was
+appointed ensign and sent to the front. This was in 1791, and the new
+ensign was but nineteen years old.
+
+Gallant conduct during a campaign of four years under General Anthony
+Wayne brought to him promotion to a captaincy, the favor of his
+general, and the command of Fort Washington, at what is now
+Cincinnati, Ohio.
+
+This post was resigned in 1798, when there seemed no further prospect of
+active service. Thereupon Washington appointed the twenty-four-year-old
+captain Secretary of the Northwestern Territory and _ex officio_
+Lieutenant Governor. When, in 1800, the Northwestern Territory was
+divided, he was nominated by Thomas Jefferson Governor of Indiana
+Territory, including what is now Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,
+Wisconsin, and Iowa.
+
+Vincennes, one of the three white settlements in all this vast
+territory, became the seat of government. As Fort Sackville Vincennes
+had been made famous during the Revolution by the brilliant exploit
+of George Rogers Clarke, who took it from the British after an
+approach across Illinois and through the flooded valley of the Wabash,
+for which he will ever be remembered by a grateful country.
+
+For thirteen years he was the autocrat in his remote outpost. To him
+were committed, in company with the Judge, all legislative powers; he
+was commander-in-chief of the militia, and he had the power of
+treaty-making with the Indians. His signature became a valid title to
+lands in the Indian country. His care of the interests committed to
+him was so satisfactory that the legislature of Indiana asked for his
+reappointment. He was especially successful in dealing with the
+Indians. The victory at Tippecanoe became a rallying cry when, in
+1839, he was nominated for the Presidency.
+
+One of the most notable events of his career as Governor took place
+before his house at Vincennes. The Indian warrior Tecumseh, claiming
+that lands ceded by other tribes belonged to his own tribe, threatened
+vengeance on any who should attempt to settle on these lands. General
+Harrison sent for him, promising to give him a careful hearing and
+full justice. Accordingly, in August, 1810, Tecumseh came to
+Vincennes, accompanied by several hundred warriors. The meeting of the
+Governor and the Indians took place in front of the official
+residence. At one point in the conference, Tecumseh, being angry, gave
+a signal to his warriors, who seized their knives, tomahawks, and war
+clubs and sprang to their feet.
+
+The Governor rose calmly from his armchair, drew his sword, and faced
+the savage. His bearing overawed the Indians, and when he told
+Tecumseh that he could have no further conference with such a bad
+man, the chief and his supporters returned to their camp.
+
+The house that looked down on this scene was probably the first house
+of burned brick built west of the Alleghenies. It was erected in 1804,
+at a cost of about twenty thousand dollars.
+
+The walls of the basement are twenty-four inches thick; the upper
+walls are eighteen inches thick. The outer walls are of hard red
+brick. The doors, sash, mantels, and stairs are of black walnut, and
+are said to have been made in Pittsburgh.
+
+The basement contains the dining-room, the kitchen, in which hangs the
+old-fashioned crane, a storeroom in which the supplies of powder and
+arms were kept, and four servants' bedrooms. At one side of the large
+cellar is the entrance to a tunnel which led to the banks of the
+Wabash, some six hundred feet distant. This was built, so tradition
+says, that the Governor and his family, if too closely pressed by
+Indians, might escape to the river and continue their flight in
+canoes. This would be useful also for the carrying in of water and
+food during a siege.
+
+On the first floor a commodious hallway communicates on the left with
+the Council Chamber, where notable visitors were received. This was
+also the chamber of early territorial lawmakers. Here, in 1805, by
+Rev. Thomas Clelland, was preached the first Presbyterian sermon in
+what is now the State of Indiana.
+
+In the shutter of a room facing the rear is the mark of a bullet
+which, it is said, was fired by an Indian who was attempting the life
+of the Governor, while that official was walking the floor with his
+little son in his arms.
+
+To-day the house is cut off from the city by railroad tracks and is
+surrounded by factories. Until 1916 it was owned by the Vincennes
+Water Company, which proposed to raze it to the ground, that they
+might have room for extension. Learning of this purpose, six members
+of the Francis Vigo Chapter of the Daughters of the American
+Revolution begged the City Council to buy the house and preserve it.
+When the Council announced that the way was not open to do this, a
+number of patriotic women, led by Mrs. Frank W. Curtis, raised the sum
+necessary for the purchase of the property.
+
+Under the direction of the Francis Vigo Chapter, the house has been
+restored, and opened for visitors. It is the intention to maintain it
+for the inspiration of those who visit Vincennes to look on the scene
+of the wise labors of the first Governor of the Indian Territory.
+
+
+  [Illustration: RUFUS PUTNAM'S HOUSE, MARIETTA, O.
+   _Photo furnished by Miss Willia D. Cotton, Marietta_
+   See page 377]
+
+LXXXVI
+
+THE HOUSE OF GENERAL RUFUS PUTNAM, MARIETTA, OHIO
+
+THE MAN WHO LED THE FIRST PERMANENT SETTLERS TO OHIO
+
+In 1775 General Washington decided that he must fortify Dorchester
+Heights, Boston, if he was to force the British to leave the country.
+But how was he to do this? The ground was frozen to a depth of
+eighteen inches, and the enemy's cannon commanded the coveted
+position. Lieutenant Colonel Putnam told the General that the
+seemingly impossible task could be performed. Washington was dubious,
+but he had learned that Colonel Putnam was to be counted on. One
+night, after dark, the work was begun, and before daylight it was so
+far completed that the surprised enemy were compelled to retire.
+
+In recognition of services like this, Colonel Putnam was made a
+brigadier general. A reward even greater was his; he won the lasting
+friendship of Washington.
+
+Eight years after the fortification of Dorchester Heights, two hundred
+and eighty-three officers asked Congress for a grant of land in the
+western country. General Putnam forwarded the petition to Washington,
+and urged that it be granted, in order that "the country between Lake
+Erie and the Ohio might be filled with inhabitants, and the faithful
+subjects of the United States so established on the waters of the Ohio
+and on the lakes as to banish forever the idea of our western
+territory falling under the dominion of any European power."
+
+Action by Congress was delayed. On June 2, 1784, Washington wrote to
+Putnam:
+
+      "I wish it was in my power to give you a more favorable
+      account of the officers' petition for lands on the Ohio and
+      its water, than I am about to do.... For surely if justice
+      and gratitude to the army, and general policy of the Union
+      were to govern in the case, there would not be the smallest
+      interruption in granting the request."
+
+Putnam did not lose heart. His next step, taken in January, 1786, was
+to call a meeting of officers and soldiers and others to form an Ohio
+Company. The meeting was held at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern, in
+Boston, March 1, 1786, and the Ohio Company of Associates was duly
+formed. It was agreed to raise a fund to purchase from Congress, for
+purposes of settlement, the western lands which Congress had been
+asked to give them.
+
+On July 27, 1787, a tract of 1,500,000 acres on the Ohio River,
+between the Scioto and the Muskingum rivers, was sold to the Company
+at sixty-six and two-thirds cents per acre. Half the amount was paid
+down. When, later, it became impossible to pay the remainder, Congress
+gave a measure of relief.
+
+The first emigrants to go to the new lands set out from Danvers,
+Massachusetts, December 1, 1787, under the guidance of General Rufus
+Putnam, while a second party started from Hartford, Connecticut,
+January 1, 1788. The first party of twenty-two men followed the Indian
+trail over the Allegheny Mountains and reached the Youghiogheny River,
+on January 23, 1788, while the second party of twenty-eight men,
+making better time, joined them on February 14. Then a barge, called
+the _Mayflower_, was built, forty-six feet long and twelve feet wide.
+A cabin was provided for the women of the party, and an awning was
+stretched. The men propelled the boat with ten oars.
+
+On April 1 the voyage to the Ohio was begun, and on April 7 the party
+reached the mouth of the Muskingum. The barge was moored to the bank,
+opposite Fort Harmar. Thus came the Massachusetts pioneers to the town
+of which Washington wrote later: "No colony in America was ever
+settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced
+at Muskingum. Information, property, and strength will be its
+characteristics. I know many of the settlers personally, and there
+never were men better calculated to promote the welfare of such a
+community."
+
+Here the pioneers laid out the town of Marietta among the famous
+Indian mounds, naming it in honor of Marie Antoinette of France. The
+greatest mound of all was made the central feature of Marie Antoinette
+Square. This mound is thirty feet high, while the circular base is 375
+feet in circumference. It is surrounded by a moat fifteen feet wide
+and five feet deep. Beyond the moat is a parapet twenty feet thick and
+385 feet in circumference. This square was leased to General Putnam
+for twelve years, on condition that he "surround the whole square with
+mulberry trees with an elm at each corner." The base of the mound was
+to be encircled with weeping willows, and evergreens were to be placed
+on the mound. The parapet was to be surrounded with trees, the square
+was to be seeded down to grass, and the whole was to be enclosed with
+a post and rail fence. This effort to create a park at the very
+beginning was an unusual feature of this pioneer experience.
+
+An enclosure of logs, with a log fort at each corner, was built for
+protection against the Indians. Between the corner forts were the
+cabins occupied by the various families. The forts and the enclosure
+were named the Campus Martius. One of the early houses built within
+this stockade became the home of General Putnam.
+
+Marie Antoinette Square soon became known as Mound Square. General
+Putnam turned over his lease to the town, which set the property aside
+as a cemetery. Many of the settlers had died during two epidemics of
+smallpox, and there was need of a cemetery nearer the town than the
+ground set aside at the beginning.
+
+It is claimed that more officers of the Revolution have been buried in
+the Mound Cemetery than in any other cemetery in the country. There
+were twelve colonels, twelve majors, and twenty-two captains among
+the Marietta pioneers. When General Lafayette was in Marietta in
+1825, the list was read to him, and he said: "I knew them all. I saw
+them at Brandywine, Yorktown, and Rhode Island. They were the bravest
+of the brave."
+
+Over Putnam's grave is the following inscription:
+
+          Gen. Rufus Putnam
+       A Revolutionary Officer
+        And the leader of the
+        Colony which made the
+       First settlement in the
+     Territory of the Northwest.
+          Born April 9, 1738
+          Died May 4, 1824.
+
+The house occupied by "the Father of Ohio," as he has been called, is
+preserved as a historical monument. In 1917 the Daughters of the
+American Revolution and Marietta succeeded in persuading the Ohio
+Legislature to pass a bill making provision for its repair and care.
+
+
+LXXXVII
+
+MONUMENT PLACE, ELM GROVE, WEST VIRGINIA
+
+THE PLANTATION HOME OF TWO MAKERS OF HISTORY
+
+At Shepherdstown, the oldest town in what is now West Virginia, Moses
+Shepherd was born on November 11, 1763. His grandfather had founded
+the town.
+
+When Moses was about seven years old his father, Colonel Shepherd,
+removed his large family to his plantation between Big Wheeling and
+Little Creek, which is now included within the limits of Elm Grove. On
+the banks of the creek he built Fort Shepherd, that the settlers for
+miles around might have a place of refuge from the Indians. Of this
+fort Colonel Shepherd was in command till it was destroyed by the
+Indians in 1777. The family was hastily removed to Fort Henry, nearer
+the present site of Wheeling. There they were hard pressed by the
+Indians. Moses, along with other children, assisted in the defence by
+moulding bullets and carrying ammunition.
+
+Word went out to the neighboring strongholds of the endangered
+settlers at Fort Henry. Captain John Boggs, then at Catfish Camp (now
+Washington, Pennsylvania), hurried to the assistance of Colonel
+Shepherd with forty armed men. With him was his daughter, Lydia, who
+took her place with Moses and the other young people as an assistant
+to the defenders.
+
+She was there when Molly Scott made her sally from the fort in search
+of shot, and she saw the heroine bring it in in her apron. She
+witnessed also the attempt of Major Samuel McColloch to enter the fort
+at the head of a squad of men which he had brought from Fort Van
+Meter, a few miles away. With joy she saw the men enter the gate of
+the fort, and her heart was in her mouth when she saw that McColloch,
+who was her cousin, was unable to follow because the Indians had
+managed to get between him and the gate. At last the gate was closed,
+lest the Indians gain entrance, and the gallant Major was left to his
+fate.
+
+The Indians thought they could capture him easily. They hemmed him on
+Wheeling Hill, on three sides. On the fourth side was a rocky
+precipice almost sheer, covered with growth of trees and bushes. But
+the savages were not to have such an easy victory after all, for Major
+McColloch urged his horse over the brow of the steep hill, and, to the
+astonishment of all, slipped, slid, and fell to the bottom, where the
+way across the creek and to safety was comparatively easy.
+
+The Indians were finally driven away, but not until Moses Shepherd had
+made the acquaintance of Lydia Boggs, his companion in service at the
+fort. They were married later. In 1798, after the death of Colonel
+David Shepherd, Colonel Moses Shepherd took her to the palatial new
+home built on the site of the second Fort Shepherd, near the banks of
+Wheeling Creek. This house, which was called at first the Shepherd
+Mansion or the Stone House, later became known as the Monument Place.
+
+The story of the third name, which still persists, is interesting.
+When, during Jefferson's administration, certain farsighted statesmen
+advocated the building of a National Highway which should connect
+Washington with Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, Colonel Shepherd became
+one of the earnest and influential advocates of the road. He was a
+friend of Henry Clay, to whose indefatigable advocacy of the road was
+due much of the success of the venture. Clay was frequently a guest of
+the Shepherds, and in the stately stone house he talked with them
+about the difficulties, progress, and final triumph.
+
+When the road was an accomplished fact Colonel and Mrs. Shepherd
+caused to be built on the lawn a stone monument dedicated to their
+friend, in appreciation of his service. The monument, whose
+inscriptions have become illegible, is in plain sight from the
+Cumberland Road, or, as it came to be called, the National Road, just
+before it makes a sharp turn to cross the sturdy stone bridge over
+Little Wheeling Creek. Possibly this was one of the bridges Colonel
+Shepherd constructed. At any rate he was a contractor for a section of
+the road, and several bridges were erected by him.
+
+Along the Cumberland Road, which was the great highway between the
+East and the West, travelled home-seekers outward bound and business
+men and politicians to whom Washington beckoned irresistibly. Among
+the regular travellers at this and later periods were Andrew Jackson,
+William Henry Harrison, General Houston, James K. Polk, and others who
+made it a point never to pass the Shepherd Mansion without stopping.
+One of the early politicians who frequented the house, attracted there
+by Mrs. Shepherd, said: "She had a powerful intellect in her younger
+days. Many of our caucuses were held in her drawing-room. She could
+keep a secret better than most women, but her love of sarcasm and
+intrigue kept her from being very effective."
+
+Mrs. Shepherd, in fun, had criticisms to offer of some of her
+visitors. Once she spoke of Burton, Clay, and Webster as "those young
+men, promising, but crude, crude."
+
+She was accustomed to go every winter with her husband to Washington,
+where she would spend a few months during the season. They always
+travelled in a coach and four and they lived in great style at the
+Capital. There she was sought for her beauty, for her eccentricities,
+and her familiarity with private political life.
+
+Colonel Shepherd died in 1832. In 1833 Mrs. Shepherd married General
+Daniel Cruger, a New York Congressman, who spent the last years of
+his life in West Virginia.
+
+After the General's death in 1843 Mrs. Cruger lived at Monument Place,
+receiving visitors as of old, and increasing in the eccentricities
+that kept any one from being her warm admirer. Always she proved
+herself an unusual woman. "If fate had placed her in the compressed
+centre of a court, instead of in the inconsequent hurly-burly of a
+republic, she would have made for herself a great place in history,"
+Mrs. Rebecca Harding Davis once wrote of her.
+
+She was still managing a large plantation during the Civil War, when a
+visitor dropped in to see her who has left the following picture of
+what she saw:
+
+      "We saw a well-built house of dressed stone, very large and
+      solid, with the usual detached kitchen and long row of 'negro
+      quarters.' ...
+
+      "Mrs. Cruger's age was told by the skin of face and hands,
+      which were like crumpled parchment, but the lips were firm
+      and the eyes, deep set in wrinkled lids, were still dark and
+      keen. She was then one hundred years old.
+
+      "We went up to see the ball-room, which was across the whole
+      front of the house, with many windows and a handsome carved
+      marble mantel at each end, and deep closets on both sides of
+      these fire-places.
+
+      "Like Queen Elizabeth, Mrs. Cruger would seem to have kept
+      all her fine clothes. The whole walls were hung thick with
+      dresses of silk and satin and velvet pelisses trimmed with
+      fur; braided riding-habits; mantles of damasked black silk;
+      band-boxes piled from floor to ceiling full of wonderful
+      bonnets, some of tremendous size, fine large leghorn straw,
+      costing from fifty to one hundred dollars; also veils that
+      would reach to the knee of fine old English lace; gold and
+      silver ruching; and fine embroidered cashmere turbans, a
+      perfect museum of fashion from 1800 to 1840."
+
+To another visitor Mrs. Cruger explained that it had long been her
+custom to put aside each year two gowns made in the fashion of that
+year.
+
+In her old age she liked to be alone. Frequently she would send every
+one from the house that she might bathe at night. Once her physician
+urged her to keep her maid near her. "Why?" she asked; "because I am
+afraid? afraid of what? of death? Death will not come to me for twenty
+years yet." She was then ninety years old, and she lived to be nearly
+one hundred and two. She is buried, by the side of her two husbands,
+in Old Stone Church Cemetery on the hill above Elm Grove. A rough
+monument carries inscriptions to the memory of the three pioneers
+whose lives, as has been pointed out by a local historian, "covered
+the Indian War, the Colonial Period, the War of the American
+Revolution, the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the Civil War."
+
+
+LXXXVIII
+
+THE CASTLE AT FORT NIAGARA, NEW YORK
+
+THE OLDEST BUILDING IN THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, WEST OF THE MOHAWK
+
+"The story of Fort Niagara is peculiarly the story of the fur trade
+and the strife for commercial monopoly," Frank H. Severance of the
+Buffalo Historical Society said in an address delivered at the fort in
+1896; "and it is, too, in considerable measure, the story of our
+neighbor, the magnificent colony of Canada.... It is a story replete
+with incidents of battle and siege, of Indian cruelty, of patriot
+captivity, of white men's duplicity, of famine, disease, and
+death,--of all the varied forms of misery and wretchedness of a
+frontier post, which we in days of ease are wont to call picturesque
+and romantic. It is a story without a dull page, and it is two and a
+half centuries long.... I cannot better tell the story ... then to
+symbolize Fort Niagara as a beaver skin, held by an Indian, a
+Frenchman, an Englishman, and a Dutchman, each of the last three
+trying to pull it away from the others (the poor Dutchman early bowled
+over in the scuffle), and each European equally eager to placate the
+Indian with fine words, with prayers, or with brandy, or to stick a
+knife into his white brother's back."
+
+The story begins in 1669, with the first efforts of the French to
+secure possession of the Niagara country. It includes also the romance
+of the building of the _Griffon_, the first vessel on the Great Lakes,
+and the episode of the early fortification of the late seventeenth
+century. But it was not until 1726, the year of the building of the
+stone castle near the mouth of the Niagara River, that the fort had
+its real beginning. The French felt compelled to build the fort
+because the activity of the English was interfering with their own fur
+trade with the Indians, and their plan to build Fort Oswego would
+increase the difficulty. No time was to be lost; Governor Joncaire
+felt that he could not wait for the approval of the authorities at
+home. To these latter he sent word that he must build a fortress, and
+he asked for an appropriation; to the Indians he declared that he
+wished to have a mere trading station. His real purpose was indicated
+when he wrote to France that the building "will not have the
+appearance of a fort, so that no offence will be given to the
+Iroquois, who have been unwilling to allow any there, but it will
+answer the purpose of a fort just as well."
+
+The first step was the construction of two barques for use on Lake
+Ontario, to carry stone and timber for the building, and later, to
+cruise on the lake and intercept traders bound for Oswego.
+
+After the construction of the barques had been begun, the consent of
+the five Iroquois nations was secured. Longueuil promised them that it
+would be to them "a House of Peace" down to the third generation and
+farther. To Gaspard Chaussegros de Léry, engineer, was committed the
+building of the structure. He determined to make it fireproof.
+"Instead of wooden partitions I have built heavy walls, and paved all
+the floors with flat stone," he wrote in a report sent to France. The
+loft was paved with flat stones "on a floor full of good oak joists,
+upon which cannon may be placed above the structure."
+
+The trade with the Indians at the completed stone house on the Niagara
+increased. So did the activities of the English. Governor Burnet of
+New York craftily persuaded the Onondaga Indians that their interests
+had been endangered by the building of the French fort, since it
+penned them up from their chief hunting-place, and was therefore
+contrary to the Treaty of Utrecht; they agreed with him that the
+Iroquois had no right to the territory, which was really the property
+of the Senecas, and they asked the Governor to appeal to King George
+to protect them in their right.
+
+Therefore the suggestion was made that they "submit and give up all
+their hunting country to the King," and sign a deed for it.
+Accordingly Seneca, Cayuga, and Onondaga sachems deeded to the English
+a sixty-mile strip along the south shore of Lake Ontario, which
+included the Niagara frontier, the Niagara River being the western
+boundary.
+
+"From this time on the 'stone house' was on British soil; but it was
+yet to take the new owner a generation to dispossess the obnoxious
+tenant," Frank H. Severance writes in "An Old Frontier of France."
+
+The story of the next thirty years is a story of plots and
+counter-plots, of expeditions threatened and actual, of disappointing
+campaigns, of imprisonment and cruelty and death. More than once
+Indians promised the English that the house at Niagara should be
+razed. Spies reported that the defences at the castle were in bad
+shape; "'tis certain that, should the English once attack it, 'tis
+theirs," one report ran. "I am informed that the fort is so
+dilapidated that 'tis impossible to put a pin in it without causing it
+to crumble; stanchions have been obliged to be set up against it to
+support it." Another report disclosed that if the cannon were fired
+the walls would crumble.
+
+But the French were not ready to give up. They felt that Fort Niagara
+was the key to the Ohio Valley, which they wished to control. They
+strengthened the defences of the fort. The defeat of Braddock at Fort
+Du Quesne and the strange decision of General Shirley to stop at
+Oswego instead of continuing with his force to Niagara, gave the
+French a new lease of life.
+
+In 1759 came the end of French rule. General Prideaux's expedition
+from New York began the siege of the fort early in July, and after
+several weeks it capitulated. Until 1796 the English flag floated
+above the "castle." The commander of this post, like the commanders of
+six other forts, refused on various pretexts to surrender to America,
+in spite of the terms of the treaty of 1783. Attempts were made to
+secure possession, but none of them were successful, and it was not
+until 1794 that Great Britain agreed to evacuate Niagara and the other
+forts still held, "on or before the 1st of June, 1796."
+
+Seventeen years later, in 1813, the British flag again replaced the
+Stars and Stripes over the historic building, but the fort was
+restored to the United States in 1815. Since that time it has been a
+part of the army post that has been more important because of its
+history than for any other reason.
+
+The Daughters of the War of 1812 have placed a suitable tablet on the
+Old Castle, and are interested in the proposition that has been made
+to turn the venerable edifice into an international museum, which
+shall commemorate the one hundred years of peace between Great Britain
+and America.
+
+In 1917 the eyes of the nation were once more turned on the fort by
+Lake Ontario, for it was made a training ground for officers who were
+to be sent to the battle front in France and Belgium. The castle,
+nearly two hundred years old, and strong as ever, again witnessed the
+gathering of patriots, and the spot that had echoed to the tread of
+French who had yielded to the English, of English who had driven out
+the French, and of Americans who had driven out the English, became
+the parade ground of Americans who were making ready to stand side by
+side with French and English for the freedom of the world.
+
+
+  [Illustration: THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, N. Y.
+   _Photo furnished by Hon. Martin H. Glynn, Albany_
+   See page 391]
+
+LXXXIX
+
+THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, NEW YORK
+
+THE RALLYING PLACE OF THE CONSTITUTIONALISTS
+
+When Catherine Van Rensselaer married Philip Schuyler, on September
+17, 1755, he was a soldier who had been engaged in the campaign
+against the French at Crown Point. She was glad when he resigned, in
+1756, but he returned to army life in 1758 and at intervals for more
+than twenty years he continued his military service. Two days after
+the Battle of Bunker Hill Congress made him a major-general. During
+his three years in the army of the Colonies, he was the subject of
+continual abuse on the part of those who felt that he had conducted
+carelessly his expedition to Canada and the campaign against Burgoyne.
+He was able to stand up against the public clamor because Washington
+had confidence in him and because he was twice given a clean bill of
+health by a court of inquiry.
+
+During this season of misunderstanding he was sustained by his wife,
+who was a remarkable assistant both in his home and in public affairs.
+During the years when he was frequently incapacitated by gout she
+carried on much of his work for him, and so enabled him to maintain
+his place in the councils of the nation.
+
+It was in 1760 that Mrs. Schuyler first showed her great executive
+ability. While her husband was absent in England, where he had been
+sent by General Bradstreet, she superintended the erection of a new
+house, a spacious mansion of yellow brick that is to-day as staunch
+as when it was built.
+
+From the beginning the Schuyler mansion, the home of the first citizen
+of Albany, was noted because of the boundless hospitality of its
+mistress. All were welcomed who sought its doors. One notable company
+was made up of nine Catawba warriors from South Carolina, who were on
+their way to ratify a covenant with the Six Nations at the close of
+the Cherokee War. They were met at the wharf by Major Schuyler and
+taken directly to the house.
+
+Among the visitors to Albany in 1776 were three Commissioners
+appointed by Congress to visit the Army of the North, one of whom,
+Benjamin Franklin, was so wearied by the journey from Philadelphia
+that he was sincerely grateful for Mrs. Schuyler's care. One of the
+Commissioners said later of General Schuyler, "He lives in pretty
+style, and has two daughters, Betsey and Peggy, lively, agreeable
+gals." He was delighted to learn that the motto of Philip Schuyler and
+his household was, "As for me and my house, we will serve our
+country."
+
+Another of the fortunate men who were privileged to be in the house
+for a season was Tench Tilghman, an aide-de-camp of General
+Washington. He wrote in his journal of "Miss Ann Schuyler, a very
+Pretty Young Lady. A brunette with dark eyes, and a countenance
+animated and sparkling, as I am told she is." Later he met "Miss
+Betsey, the General's 2nd Daughter." "I was prepossessed in favor of
+the Young Lady the moment I saw her," he said. "A Brunette with the
+most good natured dark lovely eyes I ever saw, which threw a beam of
+good temper and Benevolence over her entire countenance. Mr.
+Livingstone informed me that I was not mistaken in my Conjecture for
+she was the finest tempered Girl in the World."
+
+Tench Tilghman was to renew the acquaintance in 1779, when Betsey and
+her parents spent a few months in Morristown, New Jersey. Alexander
+Hamilton also was there, and he secured Betsey's promise to be his
+bride.
+
+The marriage took place at the Albany homestead on December 14, 1780.
+A few months later the young husband, having resigned from the army,
+was studying law in Albany and was a welcome addition to the Schuyler
+household.
+
+Two years after the wedding came one of the incidents that has made
+the mansion famous. Because of the General's influence with the Indian
+allies of the British, a number of attempts were made to capture him;
+the British wished to put him where he could not interfere with their
+plans. One summer day, when Mrs. Carter, Mrs. Hamilton's sister
+Margaret, was in the house with her baby Philip, a party of Tories,
+Canadians, and Indians surrounded the house and forced an entrance.
+Mary Gay Humphreys, in "Catherine Schuyler," tells what followed:
+
+      "The house was guarded by six men. Their guns were in the
+      hall, the guards being outside and the relief asleep. Lest
+      the small Philip be tempted to play with the guns his mother
+      had them removed. The alarm was given by a servant. The
+      guards rushed for their guns, but they were gone. The family
+      fled upstairs, but Margaret, remembering the baby in the
+      cradle below, ran back, seized the baby, and when she was
+      halfway up the flight, an Indian flung his tomahawk at her
+      head, which, missing her, buried itself in the wood, and
+      left its historic mark to the present time."
+
+After the attack on the mansion Washington wrote to General Schuyler,
+begging him to strengthen his guard. The following year the
+Commander-in-chief was a guest at the mansion, while in 1784 he spent
+the night there, after an evening consultation with Schuyler, while
+Mrs. Washington visited with her friend Mrs. Schuyler.
+
+Lafayette, Count de Rochambeau, Baron Steuben, Charles Carroll of
+Carrollton, John Jay, and Aaron Burr had a taste of the delights of
+life at the mansion. The latter was destined to defeat General
+Schuyler for reëlection to the Senate, as he was to be in turn
+defeated by the General. The British General Burgoyne and his staff
+also were entertained in the mansion, after General Schuyler's victory
+at Saratoga, and this in spite of the fact that much of the General's
+property had been destroyed by Burgoyne's order.
+
+For many years the house was famous as the meeting place of the
+friends of the young nation. Frequent conferences were held in the
+library on the proposed constitution. It is said that many sections of
+the document were written there by Hamilton, and the steps of the
+campaign for the ratification of the document were outlined within the
+historic walls. When, at last, the victory was complete, General
+Schuyler and Alexander Hamilton walked at the head of the gay
+procession that hailed the news with joy. The whole town was
+illuminated, but the most brilliantly lighted building was the old
+mansion.
+
+During the years that followed General Schuyler's health failed
+gradually, and he became more than ever dependent on his wife. When
+she died, in 1803, he did not know what to do without her. To
+Hamilton he wrote:
+
+      "My trial has been severe. I shall attempt to sustain it with
+      fortitude. I hope I have succeeded in a degree, but after
+      giving and receiving for nearly a half a century, a series of
+      mutual evidences of affection and friendship which increased
+      as we advanced in life, the shock was great and sensibly
+      felt, to be thus suddenly deprived of a beloved wife, the
+      Mother of my children, and the soothing companion of my
+      declining years. But I kiss the rod with humility. The Being
+      that inflicted the stroke will enable me to sustain the
+      smart, and progressively restore peace to my wounded heart,
+      and will make you and Eliza and my other children the
+      instruments of my Consolation...."
+
+General Schuyler died in November, 1804, four months after the duel
+with Burr in which Hamilton was slain.
+
+The mansion in which he spent so many happy years was long an orphan
+asylum, but in 1911 it was purchased by the State. On October 17,
+1917, it was dedicated as a State Monument.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, N. H.
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+   See page 395]
+
+XC
+
+THE WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE
+
+THE SCENE OF THE ROMANCE OF LADY WENTWORTH
+
+When, in 1750, Governor Benning Wentworth began to rebuild for his
+mansion at Little Harbor, two miles from the business centre of
+Portsmouth a farm-house which dated from the latter part of the
+sixteenth century, he thought more of comfort than of architecture.
+Evidently those who later added to the house thought as little of
+architecture as the original builder; the product became such a
+strange conglomeration of wings and "L's" that it is difficult to see
+which is the original portion. Once the house contained fifty-two
+rooms, but a portion has been torn away, and the structure as it
+stands is not quite so spacious, though still large enough for a
+hotel. Even the cellar is tremendous, for Governor Wentworth provided
+there a place for his horses, to be used in time of danger. Thirty
+animals could be accommodated there.
+
+Many of the rooms are small, but some are of impressive size, notably
+the Council Chamber, where meetings that helped to make history were
+held, and the billiard room, where the owner and his associates were
+accustomed to go when the strain of business became too great.
+
+Longfellow thus describes the house:
+
+  "It was a pleasant mansion, an abode
+     Near and yet hidden from the great high-road,
+     Sequestered among trees, a noble pile,
+     Baronial and colonial in its style;
+     Gables and dormer-windows everywhere,
+     And stacks of chimneys rising high in air--
+     Pandæan pipes, on which all winds that blew
+     Made mournful music the whole winter through.
+     Within, unwonted splendors met the eye,
+     Panels, and floors of oak, and tapestry;
+     Carved chimney-pieces, where on brazen dogs
+     Revelled and roared the Christmas fire of logs;
+     Doors opening into darkness unawares,
+     Mysterious passages, and flights of stairs,
+     And on the walls, in heavy gilded frames,
+     The ancestral Wentworths with Old-Scripture names."
+
+While Governor Wentworth was an important figure during the days
+preceding the Revolution, the mansion is celebrated not so much
+because of his political service as because of the romance of his
+second marriage.
+
+Martha Hilton, the heroine of the romance, was "a careless, laughing,
+bare-footed girl." One day a neighbor saw her, in a short dress,
+carrying a pail of water in the street. "You, Pat! You, Pat! Why do
+you go looking so? You should be ashamed to be seen in the street!"
+was the shocked comment. But the answer was not what the neighbor
+expected. "No matter how I look, I shall ride in my chariot yet,
+Marm."
+
+The story of what followed is told by Charles W. Brewster, a historian
+of old Portsmouth:
+
+      "Martha Hilton afterwards left home, and went to live in the
+      Governor's mansion at Little Harbor, doing the work of the
+      kitchen, and keeping the house in order, much to the
+      Governor's satisfaction.... The Governor has invited a dinner
+      party, and with many other guests, in his cocked hat comes
+      the beloved Rev. Arthur Brown, of the Episcopal church. The
+      dinner is served up in a style becoming the Governor's
+      table.... There is a whisper from the Governor to a
+      messenger, and at his summons Martha Hilton comes in from
+      that door on the west of the parlor, and, with blushing
+      countenance, stands in front of the fireplace. She seems
+      heedless of the fire--she does not appear to have brought
+      anything in, nor does she seem to be looking for anything to
+      carry out--there she stands! a damsel of twenty summers--for
+      what, no visitor can tell.
+
+      "The Governor, bleached by the frosts of sixty winters,
+      rises. 'Mr. Brown, I wish you to marry me.' 'To whom?' asks
+      his pastor, in wondering surprise. 'To this lady,' was the
+      reply. The rector stood confounded. The Governor became
+      imperative. 'As the Governor of New Hampshire I command you
+      to marry me!' The ceremony was then duly performed, and from
+      that time Martha Hilton became Lady Wentworth."
+
+Longfellow's record of the incident is given in the poem, "Lady
+Wentworth":
+
+  "The years came and ... the years went, seven in all,
+     And all these years had Martha Hilton served
+     In the Great House, not wholly unobserved:
+     By day, by night, the silver crescent grew,
+     Though hidden by clouds, the light still shining through;
+     A maid of all work, whether coarse or fine,
+     A servant who made service seem divine!
+     Through her each room was fair to look upon;
+     The mirrors glistened, and the brasses shone,
+     The very knocker at the outer door,
+     If she but passed, was brighter than before."
+
+Then came the strange marriage scene:
+
+     "Can this be Martha Hilton? It must be!
+     Yes, Martha Hilton, and no other she!
+     Dowered with the beauty of her twenty years,
+     How ladylike, how queenlike she appears;
+     The pale, thin crescent of the days gone by
+     Is Dian now in all her majesty!
+     Yet scarce a guest perceived that she was there
+     Until the Governor, rising from his chair,
+     Played slightly with his ruffles, then looked down
+     And said unto the Reverend Arthur Brown:
+     'This is my birthday: it shall likewise be
+     My wedding-day, and you shall marry me!'"
+
+Governor Wentworth died in 1770, three years after the coming to
+America of Michael Wentworth, a retired colonel in the British Army.
+Mrs. Wentworth married him, and he became the second lord of the
+mansion. During his residence there Washington was welcomed to the
+house, one day in 1789.
+
+Martha Wentworth, the only daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Michael Wentworth,
+married Sir John Wentworth, an Englishman, and they lived in the old
+house until 1816, when the property passed to a family of another
+name.
+
+  [Illustration: WARNER HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, N. H.
+   _Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company_
+   See page 395]
+
+There are a number of houses in Portsmouth which tell of the ancient
+glories of different branches of the Wentworth family. Perhaps the
+most famous is the Warner house, which was begun in 1718 by Captain
+Archibald Macpheadris, and was finished in 1723, at a cost of £6,000.
+Mrs. Macpheadris was Sarah Wentworth, one of the sixteen children of
+Lieutenant Governor John Wentworth, and sister of Governor Benning
+Wentworth. Their daughter, Mary, married Hon. Jonathan Warner, who was
+the next occupant of the house. The property is known by his name,
+rather than that of the builder--perhaps because it is so much easier
+to pronounce! The house is now occupied by Miss Eva Sherburne, a
+descendant of the original owner.
+
+The Warner house has a lightning rod, which was put up in 1762, under
+the personal supervision of Benjamin Franklin. It is said that this
+was the first lightning rod erected in New Hampshire.
+
+
+  [Illustration: _Photo Copyright by Detroit Photographic Company_
+   WADSWORTH-LONGFELLOW HOUSE, PORTLAND, ME.
+   See page 400]
+
+XCI
+
+THE WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW HOUSE, PORTLAND, MAINE
+
+WHERE HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW SPENT HIS BOYHOOD
+
+     _The old house by the linden
+       Stood silent in the shade,
+     And on the gravelled pathway
+       The light and shadow played._
+
+     _I saw the nursery windows
+       Wide open to the air;
+     But the faces of the children,
+       They were no longer there._
+
+     _The large Newfoundland house-dog
+       Was standing by the door;
+     He looked for his little playmates
+       Who would return no more._
+
+     _They walked not under the linden,
+       They played not in the hall;
+     But shadow and silence, and sadness
+       Were hanging over all._
+
+     _The birds sang in the branches,
+       With sweet familiar tone;
+     But the voices of the children
+       Will be heard in dreams alone!_
+
+     _And the boy that walked beside me,
+       He could not understand
+     Why close in mine, ah! closer,
+       I pressed his little hand!_
+
+When Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote these lines perhaps he was
+thinking of the home of his boyhood in Portland, which his
+grandfather, General Peleg Wadsworth, built in 1785.
+
+The house was the wonder of the town, for it was the first brick
+building erected there. The brick had been brought from Virginia.
+Originally there were but two stories; the third story was added when
+the future poet was eight years old.
+
+Longfellow was born in the house at the corner of Fourth and Hancock
+streets, but he was only eight months old when he was carried within
+the inviting front doors of the Wadsworth house, and the mansion was
+home to him for at least thirty-five years.
+
+He was only five years old when he declared that he wanted to be a
+soldier and fight for his country. The War of 1812 was then in
+progress. His aunt wrote one day, "Our little Henry is ready to march;
+he had his gun prepared and his head powdered a week ago."
+
+But, agreeing with his parents that school was a better place for him
+than the army, he began his studies when he was five years old. A year
+later his teacher gave him a certificate which read:
+
+      "Master Henry Longfellow is one of the best boys we have in
+      school. He spells and reads very well. He also can add and
+      multiply numbers. His conduct last quarter was very correct
+      and amiable."
+
+Life in the Longfellow home was delightful. Samuel Longfellow, the
+poet's brother, has given a pleasing picture:
+
+      "In the evenings the children gathered with their books and
+      slates round the table in the family sitting room. The
+      silence would be broken for a minute by the long, mysterious
+      blast of a horn announcing the arrival in town of the evening
+      mail, then the rattle of its passing wheels, then silence
+      again, save the singing of the wood fire. Studies over, there
+      would be games till bedtime. If these became too noisy, or
+      the father had brought home his law papers from the office,
+      enjoining strictest quiet, then there was flight to another
+      room--perhaps, in winter, to the kitchen, where hung the
+      crane over the coals in the broad old fireplace, upon whose
+      iron back a fish forever baked in effigy.
+
+      "When bedtime came, it was hard to leave the warm fire to go
+      up into the unwarmed bedrooms; still harder next morning to
+      get up out of the comfortable feather beds and break the ice
+      in the pitchers for washing. But hardship made hardihood. In
+      summer it was pleasant enough to look out from the upper
+      windows; those of the boys' room looked out over the Cove and
+      the farms and woodlands toward Mount Washington, full in view
+      on the western horizon; while the eastern chambers commanded
+      a then unobstructed view of the bay, White Head, Port
+      Prebble, and the lighthouse on Cape Elizabeth."
+
+One day in 1820, when the family was gathered about the fire, Henry
+was on tiptoe with eager excitement. He had written a poem and had
+sent it to The Portland _Gazette_. Would it be in the paper which his
+father had in his hand as he seated himself before the fire?
+Robertson, in his life of the poet, has described those anxious
+moments:
+
+      "How carefully his father unfolded the damp sheet, and how
+      carefully he dried it at the fire ere beginning to read it!
+      And how much foreign news there seemed to be in it! At last
+      Henry and a sympathetic sister who shared his secret,
+      obtained a peep over their parent's shoulder--and the poem
+      was there!"
+
+There are sixteen rooms in the old house. In Henry's day these rooms
+were heated by eight fireplaces, which consumed thirty cords of wood
+during the long winter. On the first floor are the great living-room,
+the kitchen with its old fireplace, and the den, once the dining-room.
+On the desk still shown in this room Longfellow wrote, in 1841, "The
+Rainy Day," whose opening lines are:
+
+     "The day is cold, and dark, and dreary,
+     It rains, and the wind is never weary;
+     The vine still clings to the mouldering wall,
+     But at every gust the dead leaves fall,
+         And the day is dark and dreary."
+
+Into the ground floor rooms have been gathered many relics of the days
+when the poet was a boy. The four rooms of the second floor are also
+full of mementoes. But the most interesting part of the house is the
+third story, where there are seven rooms. To this floor the four
+children made their way on summer nights when the long hours of
+daylight invited them to stay up longer, and on winter evenings, when
+the fire downstairs seemed far more inviting than the cold floors and
+the colder sheets.
+
+One of these rooms is pointed out as the poet's chamber. Here he wrote
+many of his earlier poems. Among these was "The Lighthouse." In this
+he described sights in which he delighted, sights the lighthouse daily
+witnessed:
+
+     "And the great ships sail outward and return
+       Bending and bowing o'er the billowing swell,
+     And ever joyful as they see it burn,
+       They wave their silent welcome and farewell.
+
+     "'Sail on,' it says, 'sail on, ye stately ships!
+       And with your floating bridge the ocean span;
+     Be mine to guard the light from all eclipse,
+       Be yours to bring man nearer unto man.'"
+
+During the years after 1843, when Longfellow bought the Craigie House
+at Cambridge, his thoughts turned back with longing to the old home
+and the old town, and he wrote:
+
+     "Often I think of the beautiful town
+       That is seated by the sea;
+     Often in thought go up and down
+       The pleasant streets of the dear old town,
+     And my youth comes back to me."
+
+For nineteen years after the poet's death his sister Ann, Mrs. Pierce,
+lived in the old home. When she died, in 1901, she deeded it to the
+Maine Historical Society, that the place might be made a permanent
+memorial of the life of The Children's Poet.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+      Adams, Life of. By John Quincy Adams and Charles Francis
+      Adams. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Biographies of the Signers of the Declaration of
+      Independence. By John Sanderson and Robert Waln, Jr. R. W.
+      Pomeroy, Philadelphia, 1827.
+
+      Breck, Samuel, Recollections of. Edited by Horace E. Scudder.
+      Porter & Coates, Philadelphia.
+
+      Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, Life of. By Kate Mason
+      Rowland. George P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
+
+      Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution. By J. T. Headley.
+      Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1864.
+
+      Chief Justices, Life and Times of the. By Flanders. J. B.
+      Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Clay, Henry. By Thomas Hart Clay. George W. Jacobs & Company,
+      Philadelphia.
+
+      Colonial Homes of Philadelphia and Its Neighborhood. By
+      Eberlein and Lippincott. J. B. Lippincott Company,
+      Philadelphia.
+
+      Colonial Mansions of Maryland and Delaware. By J. M. Hammond.
+      J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Country Homes of Famous Americans. By O. B. Capen. Doubleday,
+      Page & Company, New York.
+
+      Early American Churches. By Aymar Embury, II. Doubleday, Page
+      & Company, New York.
+
+      Early Ecclesiastical Affairs in New Castle, Delaware. By
+      Thomas Holcomb. Wilmington, 1890.
+
+      First American, The; His Homes and His Households. By Leila
+      Herbert. Harper & Brothers, New York.
+
+      Hamilton, Alexander, Intimate Life of. By Allan McLane
+      Hamilton. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
+
+      Hawthorne, Study of. By George Parsons Lathrop. Houghton,
+      Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+      Hearths and Homes of Old Lynn. By Nathan Mortimer Hawkes.
+
+      Henry, Patrick, Life of. By William Wirt. New York, 1834.
+
+      Historic Buildings of America. By Esther Singleton. Dodd,
+      Mead & Company, New York.
+
+      Historic Churches of America. By Nellie Urner Wallington.
+      Duffield & Company, New York.
+
+      Historic Churches of America. H. L. Everett, Philadelphia.
+
+      Historic Homes of New England. By Mary H. Northend. Little,
+      Brown & Company, Boston.
+
+      Historic Houses of New Jersey. By W. Jay Mills. Duffield &
+      Company, New York.
+
+      Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia. By T. A.
+      Westcott. Walter H. Barr, Philadelphia.
+
+      Historic Virginia Homes and Churches. By Robert A. Lancaster,
+      Jr. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      History of Kentucky. By Collins. Covington, 1878.
+
+      History of the National Capital. By W. B. Bryan. Macmillan &
+      Company, New York.
+
+      Homes of American Statesmen. George P. Putnam's Sons, New
+      York.
+
+      Jefferson, Thomas, Domestic Life of. By Sarah N. Randolph.
+      Harper & Brothers, New York.
+
+      Jefferson at Monticello. By Hamilton W. Pierson, D. D.
+      Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
+
+      Lincoln, Abraham, by Ida M. Tarbell. Doubleday, Page &
+      Company, New York.
+
+      Lincoln, Abraham, Life of. By J. G. Holland. Springfield,
+      Mass., 1866.
+
+      Lowell, James Russell, and His Friends. By Edward Everett
+      Hale. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+      Madison, Dolly. By Maud Welch Goodwin. Charles Scribner's
+      Sons, New York.
+
+      Madison, Dolly, Memoirs and Letters of. Edited by her
+      Grandniece. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+      Mason, George, Life of. By Kate Mason Rowland. George P.
+      Putnam's Sons, New York.
+
+      New Orleans, the Place and the People. By Grace King. J. B.
+      Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Octagon, The. By Glenn Brown, American Institute of
+      Architects, Washington.
+
+      Old Boston Days and Ways. By Mary Caroline Crawford. Little,
+      Brown & Company, Boston.
+
+      Old Churches and Families of Virginia. By Bishop Meade. J. B.
+      Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Old Frontier of France, An. By Frank H. Severance. Dodd, Mead
+      & Company, New York.
+
+      Old Roads from the Heart of New York. By Sarah Comstock.
+      George P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
+
+      Old Roads out of Philadelphia. By John T. Faris. J. B.
+      Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Old Trails on the Niagara Frontier. By Frank H. Severance.
+      Buffalo, New York.
+
+      Penn, William, The True. By Sidney George Fisher. J. B.
+      Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Presidents, Lives of the. By W. O. Stoddard. F. A. Stokes
+      Company, New York.
+
+      Princeton. By Varnum Lansing Collins. Oxford University
+      Press, New York.
+
+      Rambles about Portsmouth. By Charles W. Brewster. Portsmouth,
+      1873.
+
+      Read, George, of Delaware, Life and Correspondence of. By
+      William Thompson Read. J. B. Lippincott Company,
+      Philadelphia.
+
+      Revere, Colonel Paul, Life of. By Elbridge H. Goss. J. G.
+      Cupples, Boston.
+
+      Romantic Days in Old Boston. By Mary Caroline Crawford.
+      Little, Brown & Company, Boston.
+
+      Schuyler, Catherine. By Mary Gay Humphreys. Charles
+      Scribner's Sons, New York.
+
+      Story of the Bronx. By Stephen Jenkins. George P. Putnam's
+      Sons, New York.
+
+      Tayloe, Benjamin Ogle, a Biography. By Priestley Prentis.
+      Washington, 1872.
+
+      Thames, Battle of, The. By Colonel Bennett H. Young. Filson
+      Club Publications, Louisville, Kentucky.
+
+      Tylers, Letters and Times of the. By Lyman G. Tyler. Whittet
+      & Shepperson, Richmond.
+
+      Washington after the Revolution. By William Spohn Baker. J.
+      B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Washington, the Capitol City. By Rufus Rockwell Wilson. J. B.
+      Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Washington, Mary, Story of. By Marian Harland. Houghton,
+      Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+      West Virginia Historical Magazine, January, 1903.
+
+      Whittier, John Greenleaf. By Thomas Wentworth Higginson.
+      Macmillan & Company, New York.
+
+      Where American Independence Began. By Daniel Munro Wilson.
+      Houghton, Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+      Williamsburg, the Old Colonial Capital. By Lyman Gordon
+      Tyler. Whittet & Shepperson, Richmond.
+
+      Worthy Women of the Last Century. By Mrs. O. J. Wister and
+      Miss Agnes Irwin. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+     Abraham Lincoln House, Springfield, Illinois, 369
+
+     Acrostic, 23
+
+     Adams House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 44
+
+     Adams, Abigail, 20, 48, 230
+
+     Adams, John, 20, 24, 25, 44, 45, 47, 52, 150, 160, 226, 230, 305,
+       329
+
+     Adams, John Quincy, 45, 47, 48, 232
+
+     Adams, Samuel, 20, 26, 27
+
+     Alamo, the, San Antonio, Texas, 347
+
+     Alamo, battle of the, 348
+
+     Alcott, Bronson, 64
+
+     American Revolution, Daughters of the, 125, 377, 381
+
+     _American Standard_, Richmond, Virginia, 295
+
+     Amesbury, Massachusetts, 56
+
+     Amstel House, New Castle, Delaware, 205
+
+     Andros, Governor, 19, 34, 35
+
+     Annapolis, Maryland, 226
+
+     Arlington, Virginia, 246
+
+     Asbury, Bishop Francis, 244
+
+     Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky, 355
+
+     Aubrey, William, 148
+
+     Audubon, John James, 187
+
+
+     Bakewell, Mary, 190
+
+     Bell, Mary, mother of George Washington, 251
+
+     Bells of St. Philip's, romance of the, 334
+
+     Bennet-Boardman House, Saugus, Massachusetts, 69
+
+     Bennet, Samuel, 70
+
+     Berrian, John, 137
+
+     Biglow Papers, 38
+
+     Bill of Rights, Virginia's, 284
+
+     "Birds of America," Audubon's preparation for, 190
+
+     Blair, Rev. James, 289, 291
+
+     Boardman, Abijah, 71
+
+     Boone, Daniel, 360
+
+     Boonesborough, Kentucky, 360
+
+     Boston, Brattle Street meeting, 29
+       fire of 1761, 30
+       _Gazette_, 30
+       Massacre, 19, 31
+       _News Letter_, 28
+       North Church, 27
+       North Square, 28
+       Old South Church, 31
+       Port Bill, 25, 73, 271
+       Tea Party, 24, 31, 34, 37, 68, 73
+
+     Boudinot, Elias, 43, 120
+
+     Braddock, General, 115, 253
+
+     Braintree, Massachusetts, 46
+
+     Brandon, Virginia, 281
+
+     Breck, Samuel, 183
+
+     Brewton, Miles, 336
+
+     Brick Capitol, the, 228
+
+     British at Monticello, 324
+
+     Broadhearth, Saugus, Massachusetts, 69
+
+     Broadstreet, Simon, 69
+
+     Brown, Richard, 82
+
+     Brown University, 83
+
+     Bruton Parish, Virginia, 288
+
+     Budden, Captain, 165
+
+     Bunker Hill, 26, 68
+
+     Burgoyne, General, 34, 179, 391
+
+     Burlington, New Jersey, 226
+
+     Burr, Aaron, 90, 131, 394
+
+     Byrd, Evelyn, 279
+
+
+     Cabildo, New Orleans, Louisiana, 343
+
+     Cabot, Arthur, 37
+
+     Caldwell, New Jersey, church at, 119
+
+     Caldwell, Rev. James, 119
+
+     Cambridge, Massachusetts, 36, 73
+
+     Campfield House, Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+
+     Canonicus, 81
+
+     Capitol at Washington, 225
+
+     Carleton, Sir Guy, 108, 110
+
+     Carpenters' Company of the City and County of Philadelphia, 149
+
+     Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia,  149
+
+     Carroll, Charles, 216
+
+     Carter, Elizabeth Hill, 279
+
+     Carter, Landon, 278
+
+     Carter's Grove, Virginia, 280
+
+     Cartwright, Peter, 352
+
+     Castle at Fort Niagara, New York, 386
+
+     Chaplains: James Caldwell, 139
+               George Duffield, 160
+
+     Charles River, 27
+
+     Charleston, Massachusetts, 27
+
+     Chastellux, Marquis de, 107, 279, 324
+
+     Chew, Benjamin, Jr., 159
+
+     Chew, Joseph, 93
+
+     Chew, Samuel, 156
+
+     Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia, 249
+
+     Christ Church, Philadelphia, 153, 199
+
+     Christmas, the first, at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 197
+
+     Church furnishings, primitive, 95, 121
+
+     Churches: Old North, Boston, 27, 32;
+       Old South, Boston, 20, 24, 32;
+       King's Chapel, Boston, 32;
+       West, Boston, 37
+       Old South, Newburyport, Massachusetts, 75
+       First Baptist, Providence, Rhode Island, 80
+       St. Paul's Chapel, New York, 95
+       St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London, 95
+       Trinity Church, New York, 96
+       Caldwell, New Jersey, 119
+       Old Tennent, Freehold, New Jersey, 122
+       Springfield Meeting House, New Jersey, 138
+       St. Peter's, Philadelphia, 153
+       Christ Church Philadelphia, 153
+       Old Pine Street, Philadelphia, 159
+       Norriton Presbyterian, 172
+       Moravian at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 196
+       Emmanuel, New Castle, Delaware, 204
+       Presbyterian, New Castle, Delaware, 205
+       Rehoboth, Delaware, 211
+       Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia, 277, 294
+       Pohick, Virginia, 249, 311
+       St. John's, Richmond, 264
+       Bruton Parish, Virginia, 288
+       Monumental, Richmond, Virginia, 277, 294
+       Pohick Church, Virginia, 311
+       St. Luke's, Smithfield, Virginia, 318
+       St. Peter's, New Kent County, Virginia, 318
+       St. Michael's, Charleston, S. C., 333
+       Huguenot, Charleston, South Carolina, 333
+       St. Philip's, Charleston, South Carolina, 333, 340
+       Independent, Savannah, Georgia, 340
+       Old Stone Church, Elm Grove, West Virginia, 386
+
+     Clark, George Rogers, 360
+
+     Clay, Henry, 308, 355, 383
+
+     _Clermont_, the, 234
+
+     Cleveland, Stephen Grover, 122
+
+     Clinton, General George, 107
+
+     Clinton, Sir Henry, 337
+
+     Cliveden, Germantown, Philadelphia, 156
+
+     Clock on Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 166
+
+     Coddington, William, 49
+
+     College of New Jersey, 130, 297
+
+     College Customs at Nassau Hall, 130
+
+     Collins, Varnum Lansing, 130
+
+     Colonial Dames of Massachusetts, 53
+
+     Concord, Massachusetts, 26, 27
+
+     Congress at Princeton, New Jersey, 133
+
+     Constitutional Convention of 1787, 168
+
+     Continental Congress, 83, 93, 150
+
+     Conway Cabal, 182
+
+     Cordale, Thomas, 213
+
+     Cornwallis, Lord, 134, 293
+
+     Council of Safety, Philadelphia, 172, 193
+
+     Courtship of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, 128
+
+     Crab Orchard, Kentucky, 360
+
+     Craigie, Andrew, 41
+
+     Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 40, 403
+
+     Crockett, David, 350
+
+     Crown Point, 23
+
+     Cumberland Road, 384
+
+     Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 245
+
+     Curtis, George William, 64
+
+     Custis, George Washington Parke, 246, 255
+
+     Custis, Nelly, 219
+
+
+     _Daily Advertiser_, New York, 87
+
+     _Daily American Advertiser_, Philadelphia, 196
+
+     _Dartmouth_, ship, 24
+
+     Daughters of the American Revolution, 90, 377, 381
+
+     Daughters of the War of 1812, 390
+
+     Decatur, Stephen, 154
+
+     Declaration of Independence, 37, 48, 132, 167, 216, 325
+
+     Dent, Fred, 362
+
+     Desecration of Carpenters' Hall, 152
+
+     Desecration of the Capitol, 229
+
+     Dexter, Thomas, 69
+
+     Diaries:
+       of John Tudor, 19
+       of Albigence Waldo, 182
+       of George Washington, 21, 89, 218, 313
+       of John Adams, 45
+       of Robert Breck, 184
+       of Tench Tilghman, 392
+
+     Dix, Dr. Morgan, 96
+
+     Dorchester Heights, Massachusetts, 68
+
+     Doughoregan Manor, Maryland, 216
+
+     Dowry of pine-tree shillings, 50
+
+     Duché, Rev. Jacob, 150, 154
+
+     Duffield, Rev. George, 160
+
+     Dunlap, William, 137
+
+     Du Ponceau, Peter S., 176
+
+     Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts, 56
+
+     Duston, Hannah, 56
+
+     Duston, Thomas, 56
+
+
+     East India Company, 31
+
+     Eden, Governor Robert, 221
+
+     Edwards, Jonathan, 75
+
+     Elizabeth Town, New Jersey, 120, 139
+
+     Elmwood, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 36
+
+     Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 33
+
+     Emlen House, Pennsylvania, 178
+
+     Emmanuel Church, Newcastle, Delaware, 204
+
+     Everett, Edward, 41
+
+     Expenses in raising the Tower of the State House, Philadelphia,
+       164
+
+
+     Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, 148
+
+     Faneuil, Andrew, 28
+
+     Faneuil, Peter, 28, 35
+
+     Faneuil Hall, Boston, 20, 28, 30, 31, 34
+
+     Fatlands, near Philadelphia, 187
+
+     Federal District, location of the, 226
+
+     Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts, 54
+
+     First Baptist Church, Providence, Rhode Island, 80
+
+     Fitch, John, 234
+
+     Flag, American, 89
+
+     Flag, first American in British waters, 78
+
+     Flint, Ruth, 54
+
+     Flynt, Tutor, 51
+
+     Ford Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+
+     Forks of the Delaware, 196
+
+     Fort Washington, New York City, 89
+
+     Fort William and Mary, 26
+
+     Fox, George, 212
+
+     Franklin, Benjamin, 34, 52, 97, 115, 172, 235, 392, 399
+
+     Fraunces, Samuel, 98
+
+     Fraunces' Tavern, New York, 97
+
+     Freeman, Rev. James, 36
+
+     "From Greenland's Icy Mountains," 342
+
+
+     Gage, General, 37, 43
+
+     Gano, Rev. Stephen, 83
+
+     Garrison, William Lloyd, 22, 55
+
+     _Gazette_, Boston, 30
+
+     _Gazette_, Essex, 25
+
+     _Gazette_, New York, 95, 99
+
+     _Gazette of the United States_, 256
+
+     _Gazette_, Portland, Maine, 402
+
+     _Gazette_, Williamsburg, Virginia, 262
+
+     Germantown, battle of, 157, 180
+
+     Germantown, Pennsylvania, 226
+
+     Gerry, Elbridge, 37, 73
+
+     Girard College, Philadelphia, 229
+
+     Glover, Colonel, 42
+
+     Grant, Ulysses S., 362
+
+     Green, General, 42
+
+     Greenway, Virginia, 257
+
+     _Griffon_, building of the, 387
+
+     Gunston Hall, Virginia, 281
+
+
+     Hale, Edward Everett, 37
+
+     Hallet, Stephen L., 226
+
+     Hamilton, Alexander, 100, 127, 393
+
+     Hamilton, Allan MacLane, 101
+
+     Hancock, John, 20, 24, 26, 27, 34, 45, 52, 53
+
+     Hanover Court House, Virginia, 262
+
+     "Hardscrabble," St. Louis, Missouri, 363
+
+     Harlem Heights, battle of, 88
+
+     Harmar, Fort, 379
+
+     Harrison, Benjamin, 263, 281
+
+     Harrison Mansion, the, Vincennes, Indiana, 374
+
+     Harrison, William Henry, 360, 374
+
+     Harte, Bret, 140
+
+     Harvard College, 38
+
+     Hasbrouck, Jonathan, 107
+
+     Haverhill Historical Society, 60
+
+     Haverhill, Massachusetts, 56
+
+     Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 40, 61
+
+     Hay, Henry Hanby, 205
+
+     Headquarters: Washington's at Roger Morris House, New York, 88
+       Washington's at Richmond Hill, New York, 99
+       Washington's at Van Cortlandt House, New York, 105
+       Washington's at Newburgh, New York, 107.
+       Washington's at Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+       Washington's at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, 134
+       Washington's at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, 137
+       Washington's at Valley Forge, 174
+       Washington's at Pennypacker's Mills, Dawesfield, and Emlen
+         House, 178
+
+     Heijt, Hans Joest, 178
+
+     Henricopolis, Virginia, 266
+
+     Henry, Patrick, 264, 266, 268, 271, 283, 285, 290, 305, 309, 314
+
+     Henry, William, 179
+
+     _Herald_, the San Antonio, Texas, 348
+
+     Hermitage, The, Nashville, Tennessee, 351
+
+     Hoban, James, architect of White House, 227, 230
+
+     Hodgson, Adam, 219.
+
+     Hollyman, Ezekiel, 81
+
+     Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 52, 53
+
+     Honor System, the, in William and Mary College, 294
+
+     Hospitality: at Montpelier, Virginia, 299
+       at Oak Hill, Virginia, 303
+       at Red Hill, Virginia, 306
+       at Mount Airy, Virginia, 315
+       at Monticello, 325
+       at The Hermitage, 353
+       at Ashland, Kentucky, 357
+       at the Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, 394
+
+     Hough, Atherton, 50
+
+     House of Seven Gables, 41
+
+     Houses: Paul Revere's, Boston, Massachusetts, 23
+       Elmwood, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 36
+       Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 40, 403
+       Adams House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 44
+       Quincy Mansion, Quincy, Massachusetts, 49
+       Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts, 54
+       Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts, 56
+       The Old Manse, Concord, Massachusetts, 61
+       The Wayside, Concord, Massachusetts, 61
+       Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts, 66
+       Bennet-Boardman, Saugus, Massachusetts, 69
+       Broadhearth, Saugus, Massachusetts, 69
+       Jeremiah Lee House, Marblehead, Massachusetts, 72
+       Morris-Jumel House, New York City, 87
+       Philipse Manor, Yonkers, New York, 91, 105
+       The Grange, New York City, 100
+       Van Cortlandt, New York City, 105
+       Hasbrouck, Newburgh, New York, 106
+       Franklin Palace, Perth Amboy, New Jersey, 115
+       Ford Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+       Campfield, Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+       Morven, the Mercer House and Washington's Headquarters at Rocky
+         Hill, New Jersey, 134
+       Letitia Penn, Philadelphia, 145
+       Pennsbury Manor, Pennsylvania, 147
+       Cliveden, Germantown, Pennsylvania, 156
+       David Rittenhouse, Philadelphia, 170
+       Isaac Potts, at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 175
+       Pennypacker's Mills, Pennsylvania, 178
+       Dawesfield, Pennsylvania, 178
+       Sweetbrier, Philadelphia, 183
+       Mill Grove, Pennsylvania, 187
+       Fatlands, Pennsylvania, 187
+       Waynesborough, Paoli, Pennsylvania, 192
+       Amstel, New Castle, Delaware, 205
+       George Read's, New Castle, Delaware, 207
+       Ridgely, Dover, Delaware, 208
+       Doughoregan Manor, Maryland, 216
+       Upton Scott, Annapolis, Maryland, 220
+       White House, Washington, 230, 236
+       Octagon, Washington, 231, 234, 236, 317
+       Mt. Airy, Virginia, 234, 314
+       Mt. Vernon, Virginia, 241
+       Arlington, Virginia, 246
+       Mary Washington's, Fredericksburg, Virginia, 251
+       Pine Grove, Virginia, 253
+       Kenmore, Virginia, 253
+       Greenway, Virginia, 257
+       Sherwood Forest, Virginia, 257
+       Nelson, Yorktown, Virginia, 270
+       Moore House, Yorktown, Virginia, 270
+       John Marshall's, Richmond, Virginia, 274
+       Sabine Hall, Virginia, 278
+       Westover, Virginia, 278
+       Shirley, Virginia, 280
+       Carter's Grove, Virginia, 280
+       Brandon, Virginia, 281
+       Gunston Hall, Virginia, 281
+       Montpelier, Virginia, 296
+       Shadwell, Virginia, 297, 322
+       Oak Hill, Virginia, 301
+       Red Hill, Virginia, 305
+       Monticello, Virginia, 322
+       Rebecca Motte's, Charleston, South Carolina, 336
+       Pringle House, Charleston, 336
+       Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee, 351
+       Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky, 355
+       Whitley's Station, Kentucky, 359
+       White Haven, St. Louis, Missouri, 362
+       "Hardscrabble," St. Louis, Missouri, 363
+       Abraham Lincoln's, Springfield, Illinois, 369
+       Harrison Mansion, Vincennes, Indiana, 374
+       Rufus Putnam's House, Marietta, Ohio, 377
+       Monument Place, Elm Grove, West Virginia, 381
+       Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, 391
+       Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 395
+       Warner House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 399
+       Longfellow House, Portland, Maine, 400
+
+     Houston, Sam, 347
+
+     Hovey, Dr. H. C., 77
+
+     Howe, Lord, 95, 192
+
+     Huguenot Church, Charleston, South Carolina, 335
+
+     Hull, Hannah, 50
+
+     Hutchinson, Ann, 50
+
+
+     Independence Bell, 169, 199
+
+     Independence, The Declaration of, 20
+
+     Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 151, 162
+
+     Independent Church, Savannah, Georgia, 340
+
+     Indians, attacked by the, 58, 361, 382
+
+     Institute of American Architects, 238
+
+
+     Jackson, Andrew, 233, 347, 351
+
+     James River Canal Company, 285
+
+     Jamestown, Virginia, 288
+
+     Jay, John, 98
+
+     Jefferson, Thomas, 170, 173, 260, 272, 294, 297, 299, 301, 322,
+       326
+
+     Jeremiah Lee House, Marblehead, Massachusetts, 72
+
+     John Marshall's House, Richmond, Virginia, 274
+
+     Johns, Kensey, 206
+
+     Johnson, Nicholas, 78
+
+     _Journal and General Advertiser_, New York, 95
+
+     _Journal_, Springfield, Illinois, 372
+
+     Jumel-Burr, Madam, 90
+
+     Jumel, Stephen, 90
+
+
+     Kasimir, Fort, Delaware, 203
+
+     Kenmore, Virginia, 253
+
+     Kent, Chancellor, 103
+
+     _Kentucke Gazette_, 355
+
+     Key, Francis Scott, 222
+
+     Kidd, Captain, 92
+
+     King, Washington asked to become, 108
+
+     King's Chapel, Boston, 32
+
+     Kingston, New York, 226
+
+     Knyphausen, General, 138, 194
+
+
+     Lafayette, Marquis de, 107, 193, 199, 256, 296, 299, 304, 346,
+       353, 381
+
+     Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, 227
+
+     Leader, Richard, 69
+
+     Lee, Jeremiah, 72
+
+     Lee, Richard Henry, 124, 244
+
+     Lee, Robert E., 246, 280, 287
+
+     "Lehigh, House on the," 197
+
+     Letitia Penn House, Philadelphia, 145
+
+     Lexington, battle of, 78, 166
+
+     Lexington, Massachusetts, 26, 27, 73
+
+     _Liberator, The_, 22
+
+     Liberty Bell, 169, 199
+
+     Lidgett, Mrs. Elizabeth, 67
+
+     _Lightning_, ship, 333
+
+     Lincoln, Abraham, 230, 233, 369, 371, 372
+
+     _Little Pilgrim, The_ newspaper, 54
+
+     Livingston, Robert R., 98
+
+     Logan, James, 148
+
+     Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 40, 396, 400
+
+     Longfellow, Mrs. Henry Wadsworth, 41
+
+     Lossing, Benson J., 152
+
+     Lottery for church building purposes, 159
+
+     Louisiana, 191
+
+     Louisiana Purchase, 294
+
+     Louisiana transferred to the United States, 344
+
+     Lowell, General Charles Russell, 38
+
+     Lowell, James Jackson, 38
+
+     Lowell, James Russell, 36, 37
+
+     Lowell, Maria, 38
+
+     Lowell, Rev. Charles, 37
+
+     Lowly office after the Presidency, 261
+
+     Loyalists' houses confiscated, 89
+
+     Lunt, Ezra, 78
+
+
+     Maddox, Rev. Robert, 212
+
+     Madison, James, 37, 223, 236, 296
+
+     Makemie, Frances, 212
+
+     Mantonomi, 81
+
+     Marblehead, Massachusetts, 72
+
+     Marietta, Ohio, 377
+
+     Marion, General, 337
+
+     Marriages: Mary Philipse and Roger Morris, 93
+       Rev. William Tennent and Mrs. Noble, 123
+       Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, 129
+       William Penn and Guli Springett, 145
+       William Penn and Hannah Callowhill, 147
+       William Aubrey and Letitia Penn, 148
+       John James Audubon and Mary Bakewell, 190
+       Kensey Johns and Anne Van Dyke, 206
+       Charles J. Du Pont and Dorcas M. Van Dyke, 208
+       Upton Scott and Elizabeth Ross, 221
+       Robert E. Lee and Miss Custis, 247
+       Augustine Washington and Mary Ball, 252
+       John Rolfe and Pocahontas, 266
+       John Tyler and Letitia Christian, 260
+       Thomas Nelson and Lucy Grymes, 270
+       James Madison and Dorothy Todd, 298
+       James Madison and Eliza Kortwright, 301
+       George Washington and Martha Custis, 321
+       Thomas Jefferson and Martha Skelton, 322
+       Jacob Motte and Rebecca Brewton, 336
+       Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Axson, 343
+       Henry Clay and Lavinia Hart, 355
+       Ulysses S. Grant and Julia Dent, 362
+       Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd, 370
+       Moses Shepherd and Lydia Boggs, 383
+       Philip Schuyler and Catherine Van Rensselaer, 393
+       Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, 393
+       Governor Wentworth and Martha Hilton, 397
+       Michael Wentworth and Mrs. Martha Wentworth, 399
+
+     Marshall, Chief Justice, 169, 274, 294
+
+     Martineau, Harriet, 299, 356
+
+     _Mary_, ship, 245
+
+     Mary Washington House, Fredericksburg, Virginia, 251
+
+     Mason and Dixon line, 171
+
+     Mason, George, 281, 312
+
+     Mason, Lowell, 342
+
+     Massachusetts Bay Colony, 28
+
+     Massacre, Boston, 19, 31
+
+     Massasoit, 80
+
+     Mather, Cotton, 58
+
+     Mather, Increase, 32
+
+     _Mayflower_, Putnam's barge on the Ohio, 379
+
+     McColloch's leap, 382
+
+     McKinley, William, 346
+
+     Meade, Bishop, 276, 319
+
+     Medford, Massachusetts, 27, 66
+
+     Mercer, General, 135
+
+     Mercer House, Princeton, New Jersey, 134
+
+     _Mercury_, New York, 87
+
+     Mill Grove, near Philadelphia, 187
+
+     Monmouth, battle of, 123
+
+     Monroe, James, 232, 294, 301, 342
+
+     Montgomery, General, 97
+
+     Monticello, Virginia, 322
+
+     Montpelier, Virginia, 296
+
+     Monument Place, Elm Grove, West Virginia, 381
+
+     Monumental Church, Richmond, Virginia, 277, 294
+
+     Moore House, Yorktown, Virginia, 270, 274
+
+     Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 196
+
+     Morris, Gouverneur, 98, 103
+
+     Morris-Jumel House, New York City, 87, 94
+
+     Morris, Robert, 184
+
+     Morris, Roger, 87, 93
+
+     Morven, Princeton, New Jersey, 134
+
+     "Mosses from an Old Manse," 63
+
+     Mount Airy, Virginia, 234, 314
+
+     Mount Vernon, Virginia, 109, 241
+
+     Munitions, Revolutionary, 173
+
+
+     Nantes, Edict of, 28
+
+     Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jersey, 130
+
+     _National Intelligencer_, Washington, 236
+
+     National Pike, 384
+
+     Nelson House, Yorktown, Virginia, 270
+
+     Nelson, Thomas, 270
+
+     Newark, New Jersey, 130
+
+     Newburyport, Massachusetts, 55, 75
+
+     New Castle, Delaware, 145, 203
+
+     New England Antiquities, Society for the Preservation of, 71
+
+     New Orleans, battle of, 346
+
+     Newspapers: _Liberator_, 22
+       Essex _Gazette_, 25
+       Boston _News Letter_, 28
+       Boston _Gazette_, 30
+       _Little Pilgrim, The_, 54
+       New York _Mercury_, 87
+       New York _Daily Advertiser_, 87
+       New York _Gazette_, 95, 99
+       New York _Journal and General Advertiser_, 95
+       Philadelphia _Pennsylvania Packet_, 97
+       _Pennsylvania Evening Post_, 155, 173
+       _Pennsylvania Gazette_, 164
+       _Daily American Advertiser_, Philadelphia, 196
+       _National Intelligencer_, Washington, 227, 236
+       _Gazette of the United States_, 256
+       Williamsburg _Gazette_, 262
+       _American Standard_, Richmond, Virginia, 295
+       San Antonio _Herald_, 348
+       _Kentucke Gazette_, 355
+       Springfield _Journal_, 372
+       Portland _Gazette_, 402
+
+     Nicola, Lewis, tries to tempt Washington, 108
+
+     Norriton, Pennsylvania, 170
+
+     Norriton Presbyterian Church, 172
+
+     North Church, Boston, 27
+
+     Northwestern Territory, 274
+
+     Nova Scotia, Franklin's land speculation in, 117
+
+     Noyes, Alfred, 136
+
+
+     Oak Hill, Virginia, 301
+
+     Octagon House, Washington, 231, 234, 236, 317
+
+     Oglethorpe, General James E., 341
+
+     Ohio Company, the, 378
+
+     Ohio River, floating down the, 190
+
+     Old Manse, the, Concord, Massachusetts, 61
+
+     Old Pine Street Church, Philadelphia, 159
+
+     Old North Church, Boston, 32
+
+     Old South Church, 20, 24, 31, 32
+
+     Old South Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts, 75
+
+     Old State House, Boston, 19
+
+     Old Tennent Church, Freehold, New Jersey, 122
+
+     Oliver, Thomas, 36
+
+     Ordway, Alfred A., 56
+
+     O'Reilly, Count Alejandro, 343
+
+     Orin, Azor, 73
+
+     "Oven, The," temporary Capitol, 227
+
+
+     Paoli Massacre, 181, 194
+
+     Parsons, Dr. Jonathan, 78
+
+     Patriot who destroyed their own houses: Thomas Nelson, 271;
+       Rebecca Motte, 339
+
+     Pauling, John, 178
+
+     Paul Revere's House, Boston, Massachusetts, 23
+
+     Peabody, Sophia, 62
+
+     Peace, signing of, in 1783, 110
+
+     Peale, Charles Wilson, 133, 154
+
+     Penn, Letitia, 146
+
+     Penn, Thomas and Richard, 153
+
+     Penn, William, 145, 162, 204
+
+     Pennsbury Manor, Pennsylvania, 147
+
+     _Pennsylvania Evening Post_, 155, 173
+
+     _Pennsylvania Gazette_, 164
+
+     _Pennsylvania Packet_, Philadelphia, 97
+
+     Pennypacker, Samuel W., 171
+
+     Penobscot expedition, 28
+
+     Persecution, religious, in New York, 213
+
+     Phi Beta Kappa Society, 294
+
+     Philadelphia, evacuation of, 177
+
+     Philadelphia, Paul Revere rides to, 25
+
+     Philipsburgh, Manor of, 92
+
+     Philipse, Colonel Frederick, 92
+
+     Philipse, Frederick, 91
+
+     Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, New York, 91
+
+     Philipse, Mary, 93
+
+     Pine Grove, Virginia, 253
+
+     Pine-tree shillings, dowry of, 50
+
+     Plum pudding, the best dinner, 260
+
+     Plymouth, New Hampshire, 66
+
+     Pohick Church, Virginia, 249, 311
+
+     Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 26, 395
+
+     Potomac Canal, 218, 285
+
+     Prayer at opening of First Continental Congress, 151
+
+     Prayer for the King, omitted, 154
+
+     President's pew: in St. Paul's Chapel, New York, 96
+       in St. Peter's, Philadelphia, 154
+       in Pohick Church, Virginia, 312
+
+     Princeton, battle of, 133, 135
+
+     Princeton University, 130
+
+     Pringle House, Charleston, South Carolina, 336
+
+     Providence, Rhode Island, 82
+
+     Putnam, William Lowell, 38
+
+     "Put Watts into them, boys," 140
+
+
+     Quincy, Dorothy, 52
+
+     Quincy, Edmund, 49, 51
+
+     Quincy, Edmund, III, 51
+
+     Quincy, Josiah, 53
+
+     Quincy, Judith, 50
+
+     Quincy Mansion, Quincy, Massachusetts, 49
+
+     Quincy, Massachusetts, 44
+
+     Quincy, Massachusetts Historical Society, 47
+
+
+     Randolph, Edmund, 269, 294
+
+     Randolph, John, 228
+
+     Read, George, 205
+
+     Red Bank, New Jersey, victory at, 181
+
+     Redemptioners, purchase of, 186
+
+     Red Hill, Virginia, 305
+
+     Revere, Paul, 23, 33, 53, 77
+
+     Rhode Island, 83
+
+     Ridgely, Dr. Charles Greenburg, 209
+
+     Rittenhouse, David, 198
+
+     Rittenhouse House, Philadelphia, 170
+
+     Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Duc de la, 325
+
+     Rodney, Cæsar, 208, 209
+
+     Roosevelt, Theodore, 233, 290
+
+     Ross, George, 204
+
+     Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts, 66
+
+     Royall, Isaac, 67
+
+     Royall, William, 67
+
+     Rufus Putnam's House, Marietta, Ohio, 377
+
+     Rush, Dr. Benjamin, 163, 171
+
+
+     St. John's Church, Richmond, Virginia, 264, 266
+
+     St. Luke's Church, Smithfield, Virginia, 318
+
+     St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London, 82
+
+     St. Michael's Church, Charleston, South Carolina, 333
+
+     St. Peter's Church, New Kent County, Virginia, 318
+
+     St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, 153
+
+     St. Philip's Church, Charleston, South Carolina, 335, 340
+
+     Salem, Massachusetts, 80
+
+     Savannah, Georgia, Siege of, 341
+
+     Schools, free, beginnings of, in Pennsylvania, 186
+
+     Schuyler, Catherine, 393
+
+     Schuyler, Elizabeth, 100, 127
+
+     Schuyler, General Philip, 100, 126
+
+     Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, 391
+
+     Scott House, Annapolis, Maryland, 220
+
+     Scott, Molly, 382
+
+     Scott, Upton, 220
+
+     Servants, problem of, in early days, 185
+
+     Severance, Frank H., 386
+
+     Sewell, Judge Samuel, 50, 74
+
+     Shadwell, Virginia, 297, 322
+
+     Sharpe, Horatio, 221
+
+     Shepherd, Moses, 381
+
+     Sherwood Forest, Virginia, 257, 261
+
+     Shippen, Dr. William, Jr., 162
+
+     Ships: _Dartmouth_, 24
+       _Somerset_, 27
+       _Welcome_, 145
+       _John and Sarah_, 146
+       _Surprise_, 223
+       _Mary_, 245
+       _Constitution_ and _Guerriere_, _Cyano_ and _Levant_, 317
+       _Lightning_, 333
+
+     Shirley, Virginia, 280
+
+     Signers of the Declaration of Independence: John Witherspoon, 132
+       Benjamin Rush, 162
+       George Ross, 204
+       George Read, 205
+       Charles Carroll of Carrollton, 216
+       Thomas Nelson, 270
+       George Wythe, 290
+       Richard Lightfoot Lee, 314
+
+     Skippack, Pennsylvania, 180
+
+     Smith, Abigail, 46
+
+     Smith, Rev. William, 46
+
+     "Snow-Bound," 55
+
+     Society for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, 277
+
+     _Somerset_, ship, 27
+
+     Sons of the Revolution, 99
+
+     Springett, Guli, 145
+
+     Springfield, battle of, 141
+
+     Springfield Meeting House, New Jersey, 138
+
+     Stamp Act, 30, 46, 218
+
+     Star-Spangled Banner, story of the, 222
+
+     Stark, General John, 68
+
+     Stark, Molly, 68
+
+     State House Clock, Philadelphia, 172
+
+     State House Yard, Philadelphia, 163
+
+     Steuben, Baron, 176
+
+     Stevens, Colonel William, 211
+
+     Stockton, Mrs. Richard, 134
+
+     Stone Church, Elm Grove, West Virginia, 386
+
+     Stony Point, New York, 195
+
+     Stuart, Gilbert, 218
+
+     Stuyvesant, Petrus, 204
+
+     Sullivan, General, 43
+
+     Susquehanna, Falls of the, 226
+
+     Sweetbrier, Philadelphia, 183
+
+     Swett, Martha, 74
+
+     Symmes, Rev. Frank R., 123
+
+
+     Taney, Chief Justice R. R., 222
+
+     Tayloe, John, 232, 234, 314
+
+     Tea meetings, 31
+
+     Tecumseh, Indian chief, 375
+
+     Tennent, Rev. John, 123
+       Rev. William, 123
+
+     Texas, Republic of, 350
+
+     Thames, battle of the, 360
+
+     Theatre fire in Richmond, Virginia, 294
+
+     Thomson, George, 208
+
+     Thornton, Dr. William, 226, 234
+
+     Ticonderoga, 193
+
+     Tilghman, Tench, 127, 392
+
+     Tillinghast, Pardon, 81
+
+     Treaty of 1783, 133
+
+     Trenton, battle of, 135
+
+     Tudor, John, 19
+
+     Tyler, Henry, 290
+
+     Tyler, Judge John, 257, 258, 294
+
+
+     United States archives, removed to new Capitol at Washington, 227
+
+     University of Virginia, the, 326
+
+
+     Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 174, 182, 189, 195, 218
+
+     Vanarsdal, Rev. Jacob, 141
+
+     Van Buren, Martin, 232
+
+     Van Cortlandt, Jacobus, 105
+
+     Van Cortlandt Park, 104
+
+     Van der Donck, Jonkheer Adriaen, 91, 105
+
+     Van Dyke, Henry, 215
+
+     Van Dyke, Nicholas, 205
+
+     Vane, Sir Harry, 50
+
+     Vassall, John, 41
+
+     Vassall, Leonard, 48
+
+     Venus, transit of, 171
+
+     Vincennes, Indiana, 374
+
+
+     Waldo, Albigence, 182
+
+     Walker, Rachel, 23
+
+     Wallace Nutting Corporation, 70
+
+     Walter, Thomas U., 229
+
+     Ward, Samuel, 42
+
+     Warner House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 399
+
+     Warren, General, 26
+
+     Washington and Lee University, 248
+
+     Washington, burning of, in 1814, 184, 228, 231, 235, 317
+
+     Washington College, Lexington, Virginia, 285
+
+     Washington, George, 21, 31, 40, 72, 88, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 105,
+       108, 110, 124, 133, 137, 139, 157, 173, 174, 178, 189, 192, 194,
+       206, 218, 226, 234, 241, 246, 252, 256, 272, 281, 283, 285, 290,
+       294, 305, 308, 311, 315, 316, 321, 374, 377, 378
+
+     Washington, Laurence, 241, 253
+
+     Washington, Mrs. George, 42, 127, 177, 245
+
+     Wayne, Captain Isaac, 192
+
+     Wayne, General Anthony, 107, 157, 192
+
+     Waynesborough, near Philadelphia, 192
+
+     Wayside, The, Concord, Massachusetts, 61
+
+     Weare, Meschech, 108
+
+     Webster, Daniel, 384
+
+     Weems, Parson, 313
+
+     Wentworth, Governor Benning, 395
+
+     Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 395
+
+     West Church, Boston, 37
+
+     Westover, Virginia, 278
+
+     West Point Military Academy, 100, 106, 362
+
+     Wheelwright, Rev. John, 50
+
+     Whitefield, Rev. George, 75
+
+     White Haven, St. Louis, Missouri, 362
+
+     White House, Washington, 230, 236
+
+     Whitemarsh, Pennsylvania, 181
+
+     Whitley's Station, Kentucky, 359
+
+     Whittier, John G., 54, 79
+
+     Whittier, Thomas, 54
+
+     Wilkinson, General, 158
+
+     William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia, 259, 289, 291
+
+     Williamsburg Court House, Virginia, 262
+
+     Williamsburg, Virginia, 289
+
+     Williams, Roger, 80
+
+     Wilson, Daniel Munro, 44, 47
+
+     Winthrop, Governor, 34, 66
+
+     Wirt, William, describes Patrick Henry's first public speech, 264
+
+     Witherspoon, John, 132
+
+     Wolfe, Colonel James, 220
+
+     Women's Centennial Executive Committee, 339
+
+     Wren, James, 249
+
+     Wren, Sir Christopher, 82, 292
+
+     Wythe, George, 290
+
+
+     Yonkers, New York, 88, 91
+
+     York, Pennsylvania, 174
+
+     Yorktown, Siege of, 271, 279
+
+
+     Zinzendorf, Count, 197
+
+
+
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+  Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have
+  been preserved.  Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+
+  Page 107:  "1872" possibly should be 1782.
+  Page 309:  "Hampdon Sidney" possibly should be "Hampden Sydney."
+
+  Various references to Newcastle or New Castle, Delaware have been
+  left as printed.
+
+  All illustrations except the frontispiece have been moved to their
+  references in the text.
+
+  Unmatched quotation marks were left as printed.
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA***
+
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+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Historic Shrines of America, by John T. (John
+Thomson) Faris</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Historic Shrines of America</p>
+<p>       Being the Story of One Hundred and Twenty Historic Buildings and the Pioneers Who Made Them Notable</p>
+<p>Author: John T. (John Thomson) Faris</p>
+<p>Release Date: March 6, 2012  [eBook #39068]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>E-text prepared by Melissa McDaniel<br />
+    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
+    from page images generously made available by<br />
+    Internet Archive<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.archive.org">http://www.archive.org</a>)</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/historicshrines00faririch">
+      http://www.archive.org/details/historicshrines00faririch</a>
+	</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a name="img_01" id="img_01"></a>
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="364" height="600" alt="Cover" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center b13 p6">Historic Shrines of America</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center">BY JOHN T. FARIS</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter w450"><a name="img_02" id="img_02"></a>
+<img src="images/i_002.jpg" width="409" height="600" alt="Independence Hall" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+INDEPENDENCE HALL, REAR VIEW, PHILADELPHIA</p>
+</div>
+
+<h1 class="p6">HISTORIC SHRINES OF<br />
+AMERICA</h1>
+
+<p class="center">BEING THE STORY OF ONE HUNDRED<br />
+AND TWENTY HISTORIC BUILDINGS<br />
+AND THE PIONEERS WHO MADE<br />
+THEM NOTABLE</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY<br />
+<span class="b13">JOHN T. FARIS</span><br />
+<br />
+Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and Fellow of the<br />
+American Geographical Society<br />
+Author of "Real Stories from Our History," "Old Roads<br />
+Out of Philadelphia," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2">ILLUSTRATED</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p4">
+<img src="images/logo.jpg" width="73" height="72" alt="Printer's Logo" />
+</div>
+<p class="center b13">NEW YORK<br />
+GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY</p>
+
+<p class="center p6"><i>Copyright, 1918,</i><br />
+<i>By George H. Doran Company</i></p>
+
+<p class="center p4"><i>Printed in the United States of America</i></p>
+
+<h2>FOREWORD</h2>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_V" id="Page_V">v</a></span>Circular tours have long been popular in England.
+There was a time&mdash;as there will be a time
+again&mdash;when American visitors felt that to make the
+rounds of the cathedral towns or the historic castles or
+the homes and haunts of great men and women, was a
+necessary part of seeing the tight little island.</p>
+
+<p>"What a pity it is that we in America have no such
+wealth of historic places," one returning tourist was
+heard to remark. "Oh, of course, there are a few spots
+like Independence Hall and Concord and Lexington," he
+went on, "but there are not enough of them to make it
+worth while to plan a tour such as those in which we
+have taken delight in England."</p>
+
+<p>It was easy to point out to the traveler his mistake;
+most Americans know that the country is rich
+in places of historic interest. Just how rich it is they
+may not realize until they make a serious study of the
+landmarks of their own land, as does the European
+tourist of the centers noted in his guidebook.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, there are in America so many houses,
+churches, and other buildings having a vital connection
+with our history that volumes would be required to tell
+of them all. Even a brief record of the buildings
+whose owners or occupants played a conspicuous part
+in the early history of the country would fill a large
+book.</p>
+
+<p>It is fascinating to learn of these houses and public
+buildings and to delve into the biographies which tell
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_VI" id="Page_VI">vi</a></span>
+what happened to the people who lived in them. Fiction
+seems tame after connecting, for instance, the
+story of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler
+with the Ford Mansion and the Campfield House at
+Morristown, New Jersey, then with the Schuyler Mansion
+in Albany, New York, and The Grange in New
+York City. The heart of the patriot burns with new
+love for his country as he reads of Faneuil Hall and
+the Old South Church and Carpenters' Hall. The story
+of the Revolution is clothed with living interest when
+Washington and his generals are followed to Valley
+Forge and Newburgh and Cambridge and Morristown
+and Princeton. Fresh appreciation of the sacrifice of
+the pioneers comes from going with them into the garrison
+houses of New England, along the Wilderness
+Road in Kentucky, to the settlements on the Ohio, or
+to the banks of the Wabash where more than one Indian
+treaty was made.</p>
+
+<p>Next comes the keen pleasure of visiting the houses
+and churches which, through the piecing together of
+these facts, have become like familiar friends. The vacation
+journey that includes a careful study of a few of
+these buildings becomes a fascinating course in
+patriotism.</p>
+
+<p>It is the purpose of the author of "Historic Shrines
+of America" to tell just enough about each of one hundred
+and twenty of these buildings of historic interest to
+create a hunger for more; to present pictures sufficiently
+attractive to make those who turn the pages of the
+book determine to visit the places described; to arrange
+the brief chapters in such sequence that it will be possible
+for the reader to plan for successive vacations a
+series of journeys through the centers where historic
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_VII" id="Page_VII">vii</a></span>
+buildings may be found, and, in doing this, to pass by
+so many structures of interest that the reader and the
+tourist will have abundant opportunity to discover
+houses and churches of which he will say, "I wonder
+why this was not included."</p>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_IX" id="Page_IX">ix</a></span></p>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"><span class="s08">CHAPTER</span></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdr"><span class="s08">PAGE</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdI" colspan="3" >ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">I</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Old State House, Boston, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">II</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Paul Revere's House, Boston, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">III</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Faneuil Hall, Boston, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">IV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Three Historic Churches of Boston</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">V</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Elmwood, Cambridge, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">VI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">VII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Adams Houses, Quincy, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">VIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Quincy Mansion, Quincy, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">IX</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">X</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Old Manse and the Wayside, Concord,
+Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Broadhearth and the Bennet-Boardman House,
+Saugus, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XIV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Colonel Jeremiah Lee House, Marblehead,
+Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Old South Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XVI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The First Baptist Church, Providence, Rhode
+Island</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="3">TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND KNICKERBOCKERS
+FLOURISHED</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XVII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Morris-Jumel Mansion, New York City</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XVIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, New York</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_X" id="Page_X">x</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XIX</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">St. Paul's Chapel, New York City</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XX</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Fraunces' Tavern, New York City</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Grange, New York City</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Van Cortlandt House, New York City</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Hasbrouck House, Newburgh, New York</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="3">THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH THE PATRIOTS</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXIV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Franklin Palace, Perth Amboy, New Jersey</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Church at Caldwell, New Jersey</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXVI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Old Tennent Church, Freehold, New Jersey</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXVII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Ford Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXVIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jersey</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXIX</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Three Historic Houses at Princeton, New Jersey</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXX</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Springfield Meeting House, New Jersey</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="3">FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XXXI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Letitia Penn House, Philadelphia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXXII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXXIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXXIV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Cliveden, Germantown, Philadelphia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXXV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Old Pine Street Church, Philadelphia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXXVI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Independence Hall, Philadelphia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXXVII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The David Rittenhouse Home, near Philadelphia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXXVIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Headquarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XXXIX</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Three Headquarters of Washington</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XL</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Sweetbrier-on-the-Schuylkill, Philadelphia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XLI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Mill Grove and Fatlands, near Philadelphia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XLII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Waynesborough, near Paoli, Pennsylvania</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XLIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_196">196</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XI" id="Page_XI">xi</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="3">FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND DIXON LINE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XLIV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Historic Landmarks at New Castle, Delaware</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XLV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Ridgely House, Dover, Delaware</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XLVI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Rehoboth Church on the Pocomoke, Maryland</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XLVII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Doughoregan Manor, near Ellicott City, Maryland</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XLVIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Upton Scott House, Annapolis, Maryland</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XLIX</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Capitol at Washington</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">L</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The White House, Washington</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Octagon House, Washington</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="3">SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE CAVALIERS</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">LII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Mount Vernon, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Arlington, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LIV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Mary Washington House, Fredericksburg,
+Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LVI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Greenway and Sherwood Forest, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LVII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Two Historic Courthouses of Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LVIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">St. John's Church, Richmond</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LIX</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Nelson House and the Moore House, Yorktown,
+Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LX</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The John Marshall House, Richmond, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_274">274</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Five Old Houses of Tidewater, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Gunston Hall, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Washington College Building, Lexington,
+Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXIV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Bruton Parish Church, Williamsburg, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">William and Mary College, Williamsburg,
+Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXVI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Monumental Church, Richmond, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_294">294</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XII" id="Page_XII">xii</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXVII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXVIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Oak Hill, Loudoun County, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXIX</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Red Hill, Charlotte County, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXX</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Pohick Church, Truro Parish, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_314">314</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Two of Virginia's Oldest Church Buildings</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_322">322</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXIV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The University of Virginia at Charlottesville,
+Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_326">326</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="3">SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">LXXV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Three Old Churches in Charleston, South
+Carolina</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXVI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The House of Rebecca Motte, Charleston, South
+Carolina</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_336">336</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXVII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Independent Church, Savannah, Georgia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_340">340</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXVIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Cabildo of New Orleans</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXIX</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Alamo, San Antonio, Texas</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_347">347</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXX</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXXI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_355">355</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXXII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Sportsman's Hall, Whitley's Station, Kentucky</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_359">359</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXXIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">White Haven, near St. Louis, Missouri</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_362">362</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdchap" colspan="3">EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO NEW ENGLAND</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">LXXXIV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Abraham Lincoln House, Springfield, Illinois</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_369">369</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXXV</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Governor's Palace at Vincennes, Indiana</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_374">374</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXXVI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The House of General Rufus Putnam, Marietta,
+Ohio</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_377">377</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXXVII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Monument Place, Elm Grove, West Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_381">381</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">LXXXVIII</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Castle at Fort Niagara, New York</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_386">386</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XIII" id="Page_XIII">xiii</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">LXXXIX</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_391">391</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XC</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_395">395</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdr">XCI</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">The Wadsworth Longfellow House, Portland, Maine</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_400">400</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Bibliography</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_407">407</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Index</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_411">411</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XV" id="Page_XV">xv</a></span></p>
+
+<table summary="List of Illustrations">
+<tr>
+<td><span class="smcap">Independence Hall, Rear View, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><i><a href="#img_02">Frontispiece</a></i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td class="tdr s08">PAGE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="smcap">Old State House, Boston, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_3">25</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Paul Revere House, Boston, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_4">26</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Hancock-Clarke House, Lexington, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_5">26</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Old North Church, Boston, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_6">34</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Old South Church, Boston, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_7">35</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_8">48</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_9">48</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_10">49</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_11">49</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Broadhearth, Saugus, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_12">70</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Bennet-Boardman House, Saugus, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_13">70</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Old South Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_14">71</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Morris-Jumel House, New York City</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_15">97</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, New York</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_16">97</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Fraunces' Tavern, New York City</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_17">98</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Van Cortlandt House, New York City</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_18">98</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">The Franklin Palace, Perth Amboy, New Jersey</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_19">121</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Old Tennent Church, Freehold, New Jersey</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_20">121</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Nassau Hall and the First President's House, Princeton,
+New Jersey</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_21">122</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Morven, Princeton, New Jersey</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_22">122</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Letitia Penn House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_23">146</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_24">147</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XVI" id="Page_XVI">xvi</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Cliveden, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_25">160</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Third (Old Pine Street) Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_26">160</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">David Rittenhouse's House, Norriton, Pennsylvania</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_27">161</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Dawesfield, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_28">161</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Emlen House, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_29">179</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Fatlands, near Phoenixville, Pennsylvania</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_30">179</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Waynesborough, Paoli, Pennsylvania</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_31">180</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_32">180</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Amstel House, New Castle, Delaware</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_37">205</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Doorway of Amstel House, New Castle, Delaware</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_38">205</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Hall of Read House, New Castle, Delaware</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_40">205</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Doorway of Rodney House, New Castle, Delaware</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_35">206</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Doorway of Stewart House, New Castle, Delaware</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_36">206</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Doorway of Read House, New Castle, Delaware</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_39">206</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Doorway of Presbyterian Church, New Castle, Delaware</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_34">206</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Immanuel Church, New Castle, Delaware</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_33">217</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Ridgely House, Dover, Delaware</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_41">218</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Doughoregan Manor, near Ellicott City, Maryland</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_42">218</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Upton Scott House, Annapolis, Maryland</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_43">233</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Octagon House, Washington, D. C.</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_45">233</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">The Stairway, Octagon House, Washington, D. C.</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_44">234</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Mount Vernon, Virginia, Rear View</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_46">244</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Arlington, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_47">244</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_48">245</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Mary Washington's House, Fredericksburg, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_49">262</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Hanover Court House, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_50">262</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">St. John's Church, Richmond, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_51">263</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Nelson House, Yorktown, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_52">263</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Westover on the James, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_53">282</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XVII" id="Page_XVII">xvii</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="smcap">Gunston Hall on the Potomac, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_54">282</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Washington College Building, Lexington, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_55">283</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Bruton Parish Church, Williamsburg, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_56">283</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Monumental Church, Richmond, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_57">314</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Pohick Church, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_58">314</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_59">315</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_60">315</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Independent Presbyterian Church, Savannah, Georgia</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_62">336</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Pringle House, Charleston, South Carolina</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_61">337</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">The Cabildo, New Orleans, Louisiana</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_63">337</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">The Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_64">352</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_65">352</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Sportsman's Hall, Whitley's Station, Kentucky</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_66">353</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">White Haven, St. Louis, Missouri</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_67">353</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln's House, Springfield, Illinois</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_68">370</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">William Henry Harrison's House, Vincennes, Indiana</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_69">370</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Rufus Putnam's House, Marietta, Ohio</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_70">371</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">The Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_71">371</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_72">394</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Warner House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_73">394</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td><span class="smcap">Wadsworth Longfellow House, Portland, Maine</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_74">395</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2>ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS</h2>
+
+<div class="poem p6">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>The riches of the Commonwealth</p>
+<p>Are free, strong minds, and hearts of health;</p>
+<p>And more to her than gold or grain,</p>
+<p>The cunning hand and cultured brain.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>For well she keeps her ancient stock,</p>
+<p>The stubborn strength of Pilgrim Rock;</p>
+<p>And still maintains, with milder laws,</p>
+<p>And clearer light, the Good Old Cause!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Nor heeds the skeptic's puny hands,</p>
+<p>While near her school the church-spire stands;</p>
+<p>Nor fears the blinded bigot's rule,</p>
+<p>While near her church-spire stands the school.</p>
+</div>
+<p class="i6">&mdash;<span class="smcap">John Greenleaf Whittier.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p6">ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w450"><a name="img_3" id="img_3"></a>
+<img src="images/i_027.jpg" width="427" height="600" alt="Old State House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"><i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company, Boston</i></span><br />
+OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">I</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span></p>
+<h3>THE OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON,<br />
+MASSACHUSETTS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">FROM WHOSE BALCONY THE DECLARATION OF<br />
+INDEPENDENCE WAS PROCLAIMED</p>
+
+<p>Thirty-three years after Captain John Smith sailed
+into Boston Harbor, the first Town House was built.
+This was in 1657. The second Town House, which was
+built on the same site, was erected in 1712. In 1748 the
+third Town House, later the Old State House, followed
+the structure of 1712, the outer walls of the old building
+being used in the new.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1689, when Governor Andros' tyranny was overthrown,
+the old building has been in the thick of historic
+events. How it figured in the Boston Massacre
+was shown by John Tudor in his diary. He wrote:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"March, 1770. On Monday evening the 5th current,
+a few Minutes after 9 o'clock a most horrid murder was
+committed in King Street before the custom house Door
+by 8 or 9 Soldiers under the Command of Capt. Thos
+Preston of the Main Guard on the South side of the
+Town House. This unhappy affair began by Some Boys
+&amp; young fellows throwing Snow Balls at the sentry
+placed at the Custom house Door. On which 8 or 9
+Soldiers Came to his Assistance. Soon after a Number
+of people collected, when the Capt commanded the Soldiers
+to fire, which they did and 3 Men were Kil'd on
+the Spot &amp; several Mortaly Wounded, one of which died
+next Morning.... Leut Governor Hutchinson, who
+was Commander in Chiefe, was sent for &amp; Came to the
+Council Chamber, where some of the Magustrates attended.
+The Governor desired the Multitude about 10
+O'Clock to sepperat &amp; to go home peaceable &amp; he would
+do all in his power that Justice should be done &amp;c. The
+29 Regiment being then under Arms on the south side
+of the Townhouse, but the people insisted that the Soldiers
+should be ordered to their Barracks first before
+they would sepperat. Which being done the people
+sepperated aboute 1 O'Clock."</p>
+
+<p>Next day the people met in Faneuil Hall, and demanded
+the immediate removal of the troops. The
+demand being refused, they met again at Faneuil Hall,
+but adjourned to Old South Church, since the larger
+hall was required to accommodate the aroused citizens.
+A new committee, headed by Samuel Adams, sought
+Hutchinson in the Council Chamber of the Town House,
+and secured his permission to remove the troops without
+delay.</p>
+
+<p>The next event of note in the history of the old building
+was the public reading there of the Declaration of
+Independence on July 18, 1776, in accordance with the
+message of John Hancock, President of the Continental
+Congress, who asked that it be proclaimed "in such
+a mode that the people may be impressed by it."</p>
+
+<p>Abigail Adams told in a letter to her husband, John
+Adams, of the reading:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I went with the multitude to King street to hear
+the Declaration Proclamation for Independence read
+
+and proclaimed.... Great attention was given to
+every word.... Thus ends royal Authority in the
+state."</p>
+
+<p>A British prisoner on parole, who was an invited
+guest at the reading of the Declaration, wrote a detailed
+narrative of the events of the day, in the Town
+Hall, in which he said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Exactly as the clock struck one, Colonel Crafts,
+who occupied the chair, rose and, silence being obtained,
+read aloud the declaration, which announced to the
+world that the tie of allegiance and protection, which
+had so long held Britain and her North American colonies
+together, was forever separated. This being finished,
+the gentlemen stood up, and each, repeating the
+words as they were spoken by an officer, swore to uphold,
+at the sacrifice of life, the rights of his country.
+Meanwhile the town clerk read from the balcony the
+Declaration of Independence to the crowd; at the close
+of which, a Shout began in the hall, passed like an electric
+spark to the streets, which rang with loud huzzas,
+the slow and measured boom of Cannon, and the rattle
+of musketry."</p>
+
+<p>Thirteen years later, when Washington visited Boston,
+he passed through a triumphal arch to the State
+House. In his diary he told of what followed his entrance
+to the historic building:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Three cheers was given by a vast concourse of
+people, Who, by this time, had assembled at the Arch&mdash;then
+followed an ode composed in honor of the President;
+and well sung by a band of select singers&mdash;After
+this three cheers&mdash;followed by the different Professions
+and Mechanics in the order they were drawn up, with
+their colors, through a lane of the people which had
+thronged about the arch under which they passed."
+</p>
+
+<p>The ode sung that day was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"General Washington, the hero's come,</p>
+<p>Each heart exulting hears the sound;</p>
+<p>See, thousands their deliverer throng,</p>
+<p>And shout his welcome all around.</p>
+<p>Now in full chorus bursts the song,</p>
+<p>And shout the deeds of Washington."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Old State House was near destruction in 1835,
+as a result of the uproar that followed the attempt of
+William Lloyd Garrison to make an abolition address
+in the hall next door to the office of the <i>Liberator</i>, whose
+editor he was. A furious crowd demanded his blood,
+and he was persuaded to retire. Later the doors of
+the <i>Liberator</i> office where he had taken refuge were
+broken down, and, after a chase, the hunted man was
+seized and dragged to the rear of the Old State House,
+then used as the City Hall and Post-office. The mayor
+rescued him from the mob, which was talking of hanging
+him, and carried him into the State House. The
+threats of the outwitted people became so loud that it
+was feared the building would be destroyed and that
+Garrison would be killed. As soon as possible, therefore,
+he was spirited away to the Leverett Street jail.</p>
+
+<p>For many years, until 1882, the Old State House was
+used for business purposes, after previous service as
+Town House, City Hall, Court House, and State House.
+It is now used as a historical museum by the Bostonian
+Society.</p>
+
+<p>The historic halls within the building have the same
+walls and ceilings as when the old house was erected
+in 1748. For many years the exterior was covered with
+unsightly paint, but this has been scraped off, and the
+brick walls gleam red as in former days.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_4" id="img_4"></a>
+<img src="images/i_028a.jpg" width="550" height="391" alt="Paul Revere House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"><i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company</i></span><br />
+PAUL REVERE HOUSE, BOSTON</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">II</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>PAUL REVERE'S HOUSE, BOSTON,<br />
+MASSACHUSETTS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE THE MERCURY OF THE REVOLUTION LIVED<br />
+AND TOILED</p>
+
+<table summary="Riddle">
+<tr>
+<td>"<i>Take three fourths of a Paine that makes Traitors Confess</i></td>
+<td>(RAC)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>With three parts of a place which the Wicked don't Bless</i></td>
+<td>(HEL)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Joyne four sevenths of an Exercise which shop-keepers use</i></td>
+<td>(WALK)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Add what Bad Men do, when they good actions refuse</i></td>
+<td>(ER)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>These four added together with great care and Art</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Will point out the Fair One that is nearest my Heart.</i>"</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Thus wrote Paul Revere, the Boston goldsmith, on
+the back of a bill to Mr. Benjamin Greene for "Gold
+buttons," "Mending a Spoon," and "Two pr. of Silver
+Shoe Buckles," which was made out one day in 1773
+in the old house in North Square, built in 1676. To
+this house he planned to lead as his second wife Rachel
+Walker; his eight children needed a mother's care, and
+he wanted some one to share the joys and the burdens
+of his life.</p>
+
+<p>Before his first marriage, in 1757, he had served as
+a second lieutenant in a company of artillery, in the
+expedition against Crown Point. Soldiering was succeeded
+by work at his trade of goldsmith and silversmith,
+learned from his father. He was a skilled engraver;
+most of the silverware made in Boston at this period
+testified to his ability. Later, when the rising patriotic
+tide seemed to call for lithographs and broadsides, he
+engraved these on copper with eager brain and active
+hand.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He began his patriotic work as a member of the secret
+order The Sons of Liberty, which had organizations in
+nearly all the colonies, held frequent meetings, and
+laid plans for resisting the encroachments of Great
+Britain. Once, when some three hundred of these Sons
+dined at Dorchester, Paul Revere was present, as well
+as Samuel Adams, John Adams, and John Hancock.</p>
+
+<p>It was necessary to have a trusted messenger to carry
+tidings of moment from place to place, and Paul Revere
+was one of those chosen for the purpose. His first important
+ride was at the time of the destruction of the
+tea in Boston harbor. He had a leading part in bringing
+together the patriots who gathered on November 29,
+1773, first at Faneuil Hall, then at Old South Meeting
+House, to protest against the landing of the tea from
+the ship <i>Dartmouth</i>, and he was one of the men who,
+on December 16, in Indian disguise, threw £18,000
+worth of tea into the harbor. In preparation for the
+rallying of the men of the tea party at the "Green
+Dragon," the following ditty was composed:</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">"Rally Mohawks! bring out your axes,</p>
+<p>And tell King George we'll pay no taxes</p>
+<p class="i2">On his foreign tea.</p>
+<p>His threats are vain, and vain to think</p>
+<p>To force our girls and wives to drink</p>
+<p class="i2">His vile Bohea!</p>
+<p>Then rally boys, and hasten on</p>
+<p>To meet our chief at the Green Dragon.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">"Old Warren's there, and bold Revere,</p>
+<p>With hands to do, and words to cheer,</p>
+<p class="i2">For liberty and laws;</p>
+<p>Our country's brave and free defenders</p>
+<p>Shall ne'er be left by true North-Enders</p>
+<p class="i2">Fighting Freedoms cause!</p>
+<p>Then rally boys, and hasten on</p>
+<p>To meet our chiefs at the Green Dragon."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span>
+Of the work done by the Mohawks on that December
+night John Adams wrote on December 17, 1773, "This
+Destruction of the Tea is so bold, so daring, so firm,
+intrepid, and inflexible, and it must have so important
+Consequences, and so lasting, that I can't but consider
+it as an Epoch in History."</p>
+
+<p>The enactment of the Boston Port Bill was the cause
+of Revere's next ride. A meeting of citizens in Boston
+decided to ask the other colonies "to come into a joint
+resolution to stop all importation from, and exportation
+to, Great Britain and every part of the West Indies till
+the act be repealed," in the thought that this would
+"prove the salvation of North America and her
+liberties."</p>
+
+<p>These resolutions were given to Paul Revere by the
+selectmen of Boston, and he was urged to ride with all
+speed to New York and Philadelphia. On May 30,
+1774, the Essex <i>Gazette</i> told of the return of the messenger,
+and announced, "Nothing can exceed the indignation
+with which our brethren of Rhode Island,
+Connecticut, New York and Philadelphia have received
+this proof of Ministerial madness. They universally
+declare their resolution to stand by us to the last
+extremity."</p>
+
+<p>Four months later another ride to Philadelphia was
+taken, to carry to the Continental Congress the Suffolk
+Resolves. Six days only were taken for the journey.
+When Congress learned of the protest in New England
+against the principle "that Parliament had the right
+to legislate for the colonies in all cases whatsoever,"
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span>
+there was no question that a new nation was ready for
+birth. "I think I may assure you, that America will
+make a point of supporting Boston to the utmost,"
+Samuel Adams wrote, the day after Revere's message
+was read.</p>
+
+<p>Once more during the historic year 1774 the Boston
+silversmith turned aside from his shop long enough
+to ride to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, to give information
+of the prohibition by Great Britain of further
+importations of gunpowder, and to tell of the coming
+of a large garrison to Fort William and Mary at Portsmouth.
+The immediate result of the ride was the sending
+of a party of four hundred patriots against the fort,
+which surrendered at once. Little attention has been
+paid to this event by historians, yet it was one of the
+most potent of the events preceding the Revolution.
+One hundred barrels of gunpowder were seized at the
+fort, and this was a large part of the ammunition used
+later at Bunker Hill.</p>
+
+<p>Then came April 18, 1775, the date of "that memorable
+ride, not only the most brilliant, but the most
+important single exploit in our national annals." The
+Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety were
+in session at Concord. General Warren had remained
+in Boston to watch the movements of the British, and
+Revere had been holding himself in readiness to carry
+tidings as soon as there was anything of importance
+to be told. Now word was to be sent to John Hancock
+and Samuel Adams, who were at the residence of Rev.
+Mr. Clarke at Lexington, "that a number of soldiers
+were marching towards the bottom of the Common,
+... and that it was thought they were the objects of
+the movement." Revere had foreseen the necessity for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span>
+the ride, and, fearing that he might not be able to cross
+the Charles River, or get over Boston Neck, had arranged
+with patriots in Charleston that two "lanthorns"
+would be shown in the North Church steeple
+if the British went out by water, and one if they went
+by land.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of April 18 Revere was rowed by two
+friends across Charles River, passing almost under the
+guns of the <i>Somerset</i>. After conferring with the
+Charleston patriots, who had seen the signals, he secured
+a horse, and started toward Lexington, proceeding
+with extreme care, because he had been told that
+ten mounted British officers had been seen going up the
+road. Once he was chased by two British officers. At
+Medford he awakened the captain of the minute men.
+"After that I alarmed almost every house till I got to
+Lexington," the patriot rider later told the story.
+Messrs. Hancock and Adams were aroused. Then
+Revere went on to Concord, accompanied by two others,
+that the stores might be secured. Once more residents
+by the roadside were awakened. He himself was soon
+surrounded by four mounted British soldiers, but his
+companions were able to proceed. After a time he was
+released by his captors, and he made his way to the
+Clarke house, where Hancock and Adams still were.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_5" id="img_5"></a>
+<img src="images/i_028b.jpg" width="550" height="392" alt="Hancock-Clarke House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"><i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company</i></span><br />
+HANCOCK-CLARKE HOUSE, LEXINGTON, MASS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thus the way was prepared for Concord and Lexington.
+That the patriots were not taken by surprise, and
+the stores at Concord taken, as the British had hoped,
+was due to the courage and resourcefulness of Paul
+Revere.</p>
+
+<p>Revere's rides as messenger did not end his services
+to the colonists. In 1775 he engraved the plates and
+printed the bills of the paper money of Massachusetts,
+and later he built and operated a powder mill. He
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span>
+was made lieutenant-colonel of State artillery, and took
+part in the unfortunate Penobscot expedition out of
+which grew the charges of which he was triumphantly
+acquitted by the court-martial held at his own request.</p>
+
+<p>The old house in North Square was the home of the
+Revere family until about 1795.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">III</p>
+
+<h3>FANEUIL HALL, BOSTON</h3>
+
+<p class="center">"THE CRADLE OF AMERICAN LIBERTY"</p>
+
+<p>Andrew Faneuil was one of the Huguenots who fled
+from France as a result of the Edict of Nantes. By
+way of Holland he came to Boston. It is a matter of
+official record that on February 1, 1691, he was admitted
+by the Governor and Council of the Massachusetts
+Bay Colony.</p>
+
+<p>Within a few years the refugee was looked upon as
+a leader both in the French church and in business.
+Copies of invoices of merchandise consigned to him
+show that he was a dealer in all kinds of supplies of
+food, household furnishings, and dress goods.</p>
+
+<p>When he died, in 1738, the Boston <i>News Letter</i> said
+that "1,100 persons of all Ranks, beside the Mourners,"
+followed the body to the grave. "And 'tis supposed
+that as the Gentleman's fortune was the greatest of any
+among us, so his funeral was the most generous and
+expensive of any that has been known here."</p>
+
+<p>Peter Faneuil, the heir and successor to the fortune
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span>
+and business of his uncle, was a shrewd business man
+who knew how to make the most of his opportunities.
+But he took time to think and plan for his fellow-townsmen.
+He was disturbed because there was no adequate
+public market in Boston, and he was not discouraged
+by the fact that numerous attempts to establish such
+a convenience had been received with hostility by the
+people, especially the farmers, who felt that they would
+have a better chance to sell from house to house on any
+day than in a fixed place on a set day.</p>
+
+<p>His proposition to provide the market by gift to the
+town stirred up a spirited controversy. At a town
+meeting called to consider the proposition, held on
+July 14, 1740, the attendance was so large that the
+company adjourned to the Brattle Street Meeting
+House.</p>
+
+<p>There the people set themselves to consider the
+proposition of Peter Faneuil, who "hath been generously
+pleased to offer at his own cost and charge to
+erect and build a noble and complete structure or edifice
+to be improved for a market, for the sole use, benefit
+and advantage of the town, provided that the town of
+Boston would pass a vote for the purpose, and lay the
+same under such proper regulation as shall be thought
+necessary, and constantly support it for the said use."</p>
+
+<p>The gift had a narrow escape from the 727 voters
+who cast the ballots. The majority in favor of accepting
+the market was only seven!</p>
+
+<p>The average giver would have been discouraged by
+such a reception; but Peter Faneuil, on the contrary,
+did more than he had proposed. When the selectmen
+were told in August, 1742&mdash;seven months before Faneuil's
+death&mdash;that the building was ready, there was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span>
+not only a market house, but above it a hall for town
+meetings and other gatherings. By action of the meeting
+called to accept the building the hall over the market
+was named Faneuil Hall.</p>
+
+<p>"I hope that what I have done will be of service
+to the whole country," was the donor's response to this
+graceful act.</p>
+
+<p>At once the Hall became a Boston institution. The
+town offices were removed to the building, town meetings
+were held there, and a series of public concerts was
+given in it. The market, however, was not popular.</p>
+
+<p>The fire of January 13, 1761, destroyed the interior
+of the building. The money for rebuilding was raised
+by a lottery.</p>
+
+<p>Faneuil Hall began its career as a national institution
+on August 27, 1765, when the voters, in mass meeting,
+denounced the lawless acts of "Persons unknown"
+by which they had shown their hatred of the iniquitous
+Stamp Act. At a second meeting, held on September
+12, the voters instructed their Representatives "as to
+their conduct at this very alarming crisis."</p>
+
+<p>"The genuine Sons of Liberty" gathered in the Hall
+March 18, 1767, that they might rejoice together because
+of the repeal of the Stamp Act. The Boston
+<i>Gazette</i> reported that "a large company of the principal
+inhabitants crowded that spacious apartment, and
+with loud huzzas, and repeated acclamations at each
+of the twenty-five toasts, saluted the glorious and memorable
+heroes of America, particularly those who distinguished
+themselves in the cause of Liberty, which
+was ever growing under the iron hand of oppression."</p>
+
+<p>What has been called "perhaps the most dramatic
+scene in all history" was staged in this Cradle of Liberty
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span>
+on the day after the Boston Massacre, March 6,
+1770. The crowd was so large that it was necessary
+to adjourn to Old South before action could be taken
+requesting the governor to withdraw the troops whose
+presence had led to the massacre.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the tea meetings. The first of these was
+held in the Hall on November 5, 1773. At this meeting
+committees were appointed to wait on the several persons
+to whom tea had been consigned by the East India
+Company, "and in the name of the town to request
+them from a regard to their character, and to the peace
+and good order of the town, immediately to resign their
+trust." The response made to these committees and
+to subsequent tea meetings was unsatisfactory, and on
+December 16 a number of disguised citizens gathered
+at the waterfront and held the "Boston Tea Party."</p>
+
+<p>The occupation of Boston by the British interrupted
+the Faneuil Hall town meetings, but soon after the
+evacuation of the city the people turned their steps
+thither for public gatherings of many sorts. Fortunately
+the building had not been seriously injured.
+When Washington entered the city he spoke with feeling
+of the safety of the structure that had meant so
+much to the people.</p>
+
+<p>It was fitting that, in the stirring days that preceded
+the War of 1812, meetings to protest against the acts
+of Great Britain should be held here. Historic gatherings
+followed during this war, as also during the War
+of 1861-65.</p>
+
+<p>Three times Faneuil Hall has been rebuilt since its
+donor turned it over to his fellow-citizens. The first
+reconstruction came after the fire. In 1806 the building
+was enlarged and improved. Again in 1898 it was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span>
+completely rebuilt and made fireproof, though, wherever
+possible, original materials were used. While it is
+much larger than in the early days, the general appearance
+is so similar that the structure would be recognized
+by such an ardent lover of the early structure as
+Lafayette, who, when he was in Boston in 1824, said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"May Faneuil Hall ever stand, a monument to teach
+the world that resistance to oppression is a duty, and
+will under true republican institutions become a
+blessing."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w450"><a name="img_6" id="img_6"></a>
+<img src="images/i_039.jpg" width="447" height="600" alt="Old North Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="s05 flright"><i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company</i></span><br />
+OLD NORTH CHURCH, BOSTON</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">IV</p>
+
+<h3>THREE HISTORIC CHURCHES OF BOSTON</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE STORY OF OLD NORTH, OLD SOUTH, AND KING'S CHAPEL</p>
+
+<p>The First Church of Boston would have been large
+enough for all its members for many years longer than
+they worshipped together, if they had been of one mind
+politically. But the differences that separated people
+in England in the troublous days of Charles I were
+repeated in Boston. For this reason some of the members
+of the First Church thought they would be better
+off by themselves, and in 1650 they organized the Second
+Church. Later the church became known as North
+Church, by reason of its location. As it grew older
+the name Old North was applied to it.</p>
+
+<p>From its organization Old North became known as
+the church of spirited reformers, a real school for
+patriots. Increase Mather, one of its early pastors,
+was responsible for developing and directing the peculiar
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span>
+genius of its organization. At the time of the
+Revolution the British officers spoke of the church as
+"a nest of traitors."</p>
+
+<p>Many mass meetings to protest against the acts of
+Great Britain were held in this church. The corporation
+used it for a time as a fire house and a public
+arsenal, and when signals were given by the direction
+of Paul Revere on the night of his famous ride the lanterns
+were hung in the steeple of Old North.</p>
+
+<p>The original building of 1652 was burned in 1673.
+The second building was also burned, but by the British,
+who tore it down and used it for firewood during
+the cold winter of the occupation of the city.</p>
+
+<p>After the destruction of the building the members of
+New Brick Church, an offshoot of Old North, invited
+the congregation to worship with them. The invitation
+was accepted, and soon the congregations came together,
+under the name Old North. The building occupied ever
+since by the reunited congregation was erected in 1723.
+Ralph Waldo Emerson served as pastor and conducted
+services in this structure.</p>
+
+<p>In 1669 there were many earnest people who felt that
+the teachings of the older church were not liberal
+enough for them, and they decided to have a church
+after their own heart. They felt that all who had been
+baptized might be citizens of the town; they were unwilling
+to be associated longer with those who insisted,
+as the General Synod of Massachusetts recommended,
+that all citizens must be church members, as formerly.
+So permission to organize was asked of the other
+churches. On their refusal appeal was taken to the
+Governor. The next appeal, to the selectmen of Boston,
+was successful.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w500"><a name="img_7" id="img_7"></a>
+<img src="images/i_040.jpg" width="472" height="600" alt="Old South Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"><i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company</i></span><br />
+OLD SOUTH CHURCH, BOSTON</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The new church, which was called the South Meeting
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span>
+House, was built on the site of Governor Winthrop's
+house. In 1717 the people began to call the church
+"The Old South," to distinguish it from another church
+which was still further south.</p>
+
+<p>In 1685 Governor Andros insisted that the Old South
+building should be used for the Church of England
+service, as well as for the services of the owners of the
+building. For two years Churchmen and Congregationalists
+occupied it harmoniously at different hours
+on Sunday.</p>
+
+<p>On a Fast Day in 1696 Judge Sewall stood up before
+the congregation while they heard him read his prayer
+for the forgiveness of God and his fellow-citizens for
+any possible guilt he had incurred in the witchcraft
+trials.</p>
+
+<p>Ten years later, on the day he was born, January 17,
+1706, Benjamin Franklin was baptized in the church,
+though not in the present building.</p>
+
+<p>The building made famous by the series of town
+meetings before and during the Revolution was erected
+in 1730. When Faneuil Hall was too small to hold
+the crowds that clamored for entrance, Old South was
+pressed into use. On June 14, 1768, at one of these
+meetings, a petition was sent to the Governor asking
+that the British frigate be removed from the harbor.
+John Hancock was chairman of this committee. The
+Boston Tea Party followed a mass meeting held here.</p>
+
+<p>Burgoyne's cavalry used Old South Church as a riding
+school. Pigs were kept in one of the pews, while
+many of the furnishings were burned.</p>
+
+<p>Since March, 1776, when the church was repaired,
+it has been little changed. Services were discontinued
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span>
+in 1872. After the great fire the building was used
+as a post-office.</p>
+
+<p>Five years later there was talk of destroying the
+historic structure that the valuable lot might be used
+for business purposes, but the efforts of patriotic women
+were successful in preserving the relic. Since that time
+it has been kept open as a museum.</p>
+
+<p>While Old North and Old South were organizations
+expressing the will of the people, the third of the famous
+churches of Boston was the expression of the will of
+King James II of England. During more than sixty
+years of the city's history there had been no congregation
+of the Church of England; members of that body
+were required to attend service in the existing parishes.
+A minister and a commission sent from England to arrange
+for the new church were received with scant
+courtesy by the churches when request was made that
+opportunity be given to hold Church of England services
+in the building of one of them.</p>
+
+<p>Not satisfied with the offer of a room in the Town
+House, Governor Andros demanded that Old South
+make arrangements to accommodate the new body. On
+the refusal of the trustees to do as the Governor wished,
+the sexton of the church was one day ordered to ring
+the bell and open the doors for the Governor and his
+staff, and those who might wish to attend with them.
+Then the trustees submitted to the inevitable.</p>
+
+<p>This was in 1687. The first chapel was built for the
+new congregation in 1689, on land appropriated for
+the purpose, since no one would convey a site willingly.
+This building was enlarged in 1710. The present striking
+structure dates from 1749-53. Peter Faneuil was
+treasurer of the committee that raised the necessary
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span>
+funds. The expense was but £2,500, though granite
+from the new Quincy quarry was used. The colonnade
+surrounding the tower was not built until 1790.</p>
+
+<p>King's Chapel, as the new church building came to
+be called, was known as the abode of loyalists, just as
+Old North and Old South were famous as the haunts
+of patriotic worshippers. The presence on the walls
+of the insignia of royalty and varied heraldic devices
+seriously disturbed the minds of those who felt that
+a house of worship should have no such furnishings.</p>
+
+<p>During the Revolution the building was respected
+by the British as well as by the citizens of the town.
+When the war was over, the congregation of Old South
+was invited to use the chapel because their own church
+needed extensive repairs in consequence of the use the
+British had made of it.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1787 King's Chapel has been a Unitarian
+church. The change was made under the leadership
+of Rev. James Freeman.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">V</p>
+
+<h3>ELMWOOD, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL WAS BORN, AND<br />
+WHERE HE DIED</p>
+
+<p>When Thomas Oliver, Lieutenant Governor and
+president of George III's provincial council, built his
+house in Cambridge about 1767, he did not dream that
+within nine years he would have to abandon it because
+of his allegiance to the same George III. But so it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span>
+proved. He was a Tory, and his neighbors would not
+suffer him to remain among them. On September 2,
+1774, he wrote his resignation of the offices he held,
+adding the statement, "My house at Cambridge being
+surrounded by five thousand people, in compliance with
+their command, I sign my name." At his request, made
+to General Gage and the admiral of the English fleet,
+troops were not sent to Cambridge, according to plan.
+"But for Thomas Oliver's intercession," Edward Everett
+Hale says, "Elmwood would have been the battle-ground
+of the First Encounters."</p>
+
+<p>After his summary departure the house was used as
+a hospital by the Continental Army. When the government
+sold it at auction it became the property first
+of Arthur Cabot, then of Elbridge Gerry, a Signer of
+the Declaration of Independence, Governor of Massachusetts
+from 1810 to 1812, and Vice-President under
+Madison.</p>
+
+<p>The next occupant was Rev. Charles Lowell, pastor
+of the West Church of Boston. He bought the property
+just in time to make it ready for his son, James Russell
+Lowell, who was born February 22, 1819.</p>
+
+<p>As a boy James never wearied of rambling over the
+old house and the ten acres of ground, all that was left
+of the original ninety-five acres. Many of his poems
+contain references to the memories of these early years.
+"The First Snowfall," "Music," and "A Year's Life"
+are, in part, autobiographical. Lines on "The Power
+of Music" told of the days when he was his father's
+companion in the chaise, on the way to make a Sunday
+exchange of pulpits with a neighboring minister:</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"When, with feuds like Ghibelline and Guelf,</p>
+<p>Each parish did its music for itself,</p>
+<p>A parson's son, through tree-arched country ways,</p>
+<p>I rode exchange oft in dear old days,</p>
+<p>Ere yet the boys forgot, with reverent eye,</p>
+<p>To doff their hats as the black coat went by,</p>
+<p>Ere skirts expanding in their apogee</p>
+<p>Turned girls to bells without the second e;</p>
+<p>Still in my teens, I felt the varied woes</p>
+<p>Of volunteers, each singing as he chose,</p>
+<p>Till much experience left me no desire</p>
+<p>To learn new species of the village choir."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Life at Elmwood was interrupted by college days,
+but he returned to the Cambridge house with his wife,
+Maria Lowell. The oldest children were born here.
+Here, too, came the first great sorrow of the parents,
+the death of their first born. At that time Mrs. Lowell
+found comfort in writing "The Alpine Sheep," a
+poem that has helped many parents in a like time of
+bereavement.</p>
+
+<p>The next great sorrow came during the Civil War,
+when the death from wounds was announced first of
+General Charles Russell Lowell, then of James Jackson
+Lowell, and finally of William Lowell Putnam, all beloved
+nephews. In the Biglow Papers, Second Series,
+the poet referred to these three soldiers. Leslie Stephen
+called the lines "the most pathetic that he ever wrote"
+in which he spoke of the three likely lads,</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"Whose comin' step ther' 's ears thet won't,</p>
+<p>No, not lifelong, leave off awaitin'."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>During the closing year of the war, one of the students
+who attended his lectures on Dante at Harvard
+College wrote of a visit to his preceptor:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I found the serene possessor of Elmwood in good
+spirits, ate a Graham biscuit and drank some delicious
+milk with him and his wife, then enjoyed a very pleasant
+conversation. He read some of Shakspeare's sonnets,
+to make me think better of them, and succeeded....
+He gave me a very welcome copy of Macaulay's
+essays and poems, and the little visit was another oasis
+in school life's dearth of home sociability. Mabel, his
+only child, was not there at supper, but came home
+some time after: 'salute your progenitor!' and the
+answer was a daughter's kiss."</p>
+
+<p>After spending years abroad, part of the time as
+Minister to Spain, then as Minister to England, Lowell
+returned to Elmwood. To a friend who congratulated
+him on being at home again, he said, "Yes, it is very
+nice here; but the old house is full of ghosts." His
+cousin, as quoted by Dr. Hale, says of these closing six
+years of the poet's life:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"The house was haunted by sad memories, but at
+least he was once more among his books. The library,
+which filled the two rooms on the ground floor to the
+left of the front door, had been constantly growing, and
+during his stay in Europe he had bought rare works
+with the intention of leaving them to Harvard College.
+Here he would sit when sad or unwell and read Calderon,
+the 'Nightingale in the Study,' whom he always
+found a solace. Except for occasional attacks of the
+gout, his life had been singularly free from sickness,
+but he had been at home only a few months when he
+was taken ill, and, after the struggle of a strong man
+to keep up as long as possible, he was forced to go to
+bed. In a few days his condition became so serious
+that the physician feared he would not live; but he
+rallied, and, although too weak to go to England, as
+he had planned, he appeared to be comparatively well.
+When taken sick, he had been preparing a new edition
+of his works, the only full collection that had ever been
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span>
+made, and he had the satisfaction of publishing it soon
+after his recovery. This was the last literary work he
+was destined to do, and it rounded off fittingly his career
+as a man of letters."</p>
+
+<p>He died in August, 1891, when he was seventy-two
+years old.</p>
+
+<p>Elmwood remains in the possession of the Lowell
+heirs. The ten acres of the poet's boyhood days have
+been reduced to two or three, but the house is much the
+same as when the poet lived in it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_8" id="img_8"></a>
+<img src="images/i_055a.jpg" width="550" height="396" alt="Craigie House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace, Philadelphia</i></span><br />
+CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">VI</p>
+
+<h3>THE CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE,<br />
+MASSACHUSETTS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">MADE FAMOUS BY GEORGE WASHINGTON AND<br />
+HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"<i>Somewhat back from the village street</i></p>
+<p><i>Stands the old-fashioned country seat.</i></p>
+<p><i>Across its antique portico</i></p>
+<p><i>Tall poplar-trees their shadows throw;</i></p>
+<p><i>And from its station in the hall</i></p>
+<p><i>An ancient timepiece says to all,&mdash;</i></p>
+<p class="i2"><i>'Forever, never!</i></p>
+<p class="i2"><i>Never&mdash;forever.'"</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The clock of which Longfellow wrote stood on the
+stair-landing of the old Craigie House, Cambridge,
+Massachusetts, which he bought in 1843, after having
+occupied it a number of years. Here he wrote the
+majority of his poems. Here, one June day, Nathaniel
+Hawthorne dined with the poet. In the course of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span>
+conversation, the author of "The House of Seven
+Gables" told Longfellow the heart-moving story of the
+Acadian maiden who was separated from her lover by
+the cruel mandate of the conquerors of Acadia, and
+here the poem was written that told the story. Here
+were spent days of gladness with friends who delighted
+to enter the hospitable door. Here the poet rejoiced
+in his home with the children of whom he wrote in
+"The Children's Hour":</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"Between the dark and the daylight,</p>
+<p>When the night is beginning to lower,</p>
+<p>Comes a pause in the day's occupations,</p>
+<p>That is known as the Children's Hour."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>And here, one sad day in July, 1861, Mrs. Longfellow
+was so severely burned that she died the next
+day. This great sorrow bore rich fruit for those who
+loved the poet. "Above the grave the strong man
+sowed his thoughts, and they ripened like the corn in
+autumn," one of his biographers has said.</p>
+
+<p>The house was named for Andrew Craigie, who became
+the owner of the property in 1793. He had given
+valuable service during the Revolutionary War, acting
+as an "apothecary-general" in the Continental Army.
+He was a man of wealth, and his home was the popular
+resort for people of note from all parts of the country.
+During his later years he lost all his money, and his
+widow was compelled to rent rooms to Harvard students.
+In this way Edward Everett became a resident
+of the house.</p>
+
+<p>The builder of the mansion was John Vassall. In
+1760, when he occupied the house, it was surrounded
+by a park of one hundred and fifty acres. Soon after
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span>
+the beginning of the war he went to Boston, and later
+he removed to England, for his sympathies were with
+the Crown. Accordingly, in 1778, the property was
+declared forfeited to the State.</p>
+
+<p>But the estate really became public property three
+years before this, when a regiment, under the command
+of Colonel Glover, pitched its tents in the park. In
+July, 1775, Washington made the house his headquarters,
+remaining until April 4, 1776.</p>
+
+<p>During these months the house was a busy place.
+Officers gathered here both for business and for pleasure.
+Military conferences and court-martials were held
+in the large room in the second story which was later
+used by Longfellow as a study. Dinners and entertainments
+were frequent; these provided a needed safety
+valve during the weeks of anxious waiting near the
+British line. Mrs. Washington was a visitor here, thus
+giving to her husband the taste of home life which he
+was unwilling to take during the Revolution by making
+a visit to his estate at Mt. Vernon.</p>
+
+<p>On one of the early days of the Commander-in-Chief's
+occupancy of the house, he wrote this entry in his carefully-kept
+account book:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"July 15, 1775, Paid for cleaning the House which
+was provided for my Quarters, and which had been
+occupied by the Marblehead regiment, £2 10s. 9d."</p>
+
+<p>The day before this entry was made General Green
+wrote to Samuel Ward:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"His Excellency, General Washington, has arrived
+amongst us, universally admired. Joy was visible in
+every countenance, and it seemed as if the spirit of
+conquest breathed through the whole army. I hope I
+
+shall be taught, to copy his example, and to prefer the
+love of liberty, in this time of public danger to all the
+soft pleasures of domestic life, and support ourselves
+with manly fortitude amidst all the dangers and hardships
+that attend a state of war. And I doubt not,
+under the General's wise direction, we shall establish
+such excellent order and strictness of discipline as to
+invite victory to attend him wherever he goes."</p>
+
+<p>A council of war was held in the upstairs room on
+August 3, 1775. After this council General Sullivan
+wrote to the New Hampshire Committee of Safety:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"To our great surprise, discovered that we had not
+powder enough to furnish half a pound a man, exclusive
+of what the people have in their homes and
+cartridge boxes. The General was so struck that he
+did not utter a word for half an hour."</p>
+
+<p>Further hints of the serious straits caused by the
+lack of ammunition were contained in a letter of Elias
+Boudinot. He said that at the time there were fourteen
+miles of line to guard, so that Washington did not dare
+fire an Evening or Morning Gun. "In this situation
+one of the Committee of Safety for Massachusetts ...
+deserted and went over to General Gage, and discovered
+our poverty to him. The fact was so incredible,
+that General Gage treated it as a stratagem of war,
+and the informant as a Spy, or coming with the express
+purpose of deceiving him &amp; drawing his Army into a
+Snare, by which means we were saved from having our
+Quarters beaten up...."</p>
+
+<p>The strange inactivity of the British in the face of
+the unpreparedness of the Continental troops was remarked
+in a letter written to Congress on January 4,
+from Headquarters:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"It is not in the pages of history, perhaps, to furnish
+a case like ours. To maintain a post within musket
+shot of the enemy, for six months together, without
+[powder], and at the same time to disband one army,
+and recruit another, within that distance of twenty odd
+British regiments, is more, probably, than was ever
+attempted."</p>
+
+<p>To-day visitors are free to roam through the rooms
+that echoed to the tread of Washington and his generals,
+in which the children played in Longfellow's day,
+and where the poet wrote so many of his messages that
+have gone straight to the hearts of millions.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">VII</p>
+
+<h3>THE ADAMS HOUSES, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE TWO PRESIDENTS WERE BORN</p>
+
+<p>John Adams was born and spent his boyhood in
+a simple farmhouse near Braintree (now Quincy),
+Massachusetts. It has been described as a "plain,
+square, honest block of a house, widened by a lean-to,
+and scarcely two stories high." This house, built in
+1681, Daniel Munro Wilson says was "the veritable
+roof-tree, under which was ushered into being the
+earliest and strongest advocate of independence, the
+leader whose clear intelligence was paramount in shaping
+our free institutions, the founder of a line of statesmen,
+legislators, diplomats, historians, whose patriotism
+is a passion, and whose integrity is like the granite of
+their native hills."
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is a remarkable fact that John Adams and John
+Hancock, who stood shoulder to shoulder in the fight
+for American independence, were born within a mile
+of each other, on days only a little more than a year
+apart. The baptismal records show that October 19,
+1735, was the birthday of John Adams, while John
+Hancock was born on January 12, 1737.</p>
+
+<p>From the modest home in Braintree John Adams
+went to college. Later he taught school and studied
+law. Soon after he returned home in 1758 he wrote
+in his diary:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Rose at sunrise, unpitched a load of hay, and translated
+two more leaves of Justinian."</p>
+
+<p>After the death of his father, in 1761, the burden
+of the home fell on his shoulders, and in the same year
+he was called to serve the country. His diary tells
+of the call:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"In March, when I had no suspicion, I heard my
+name pronounced (at town meeting) in a nomination
+of surveyor of highways. I was very wroth, because
+I knew better, but said nothing. My friend, Dr. Savil,
+came to me and told me that he had nominated me to
+prevent me from being nominated as a constable.
+'For,' said the doctor, 'they make it a rule to compel
+every man to serve either as constable or surveyor, or
+to pay a fine.' Accordingly, I went to ploughing and
+ditching."</p>
+
+<p>Thus John Adams showed the spirit of service that
+later animated his son, John Quincy Adams, who, after
+he had been President, became a representative in Congress,
+and made answer to those who thought such an
+office beneath his dignity, "An ex-President would not
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span>
+be degraded by serving as a selectman in his town if
+elected thereto by the people."</p>
+
+<p>During those early years the young lawyer had other
+occupations than ditch-digging. The records of the
+family show that he was assiduously courting Abigail
+Smith, daughter of Rev. William Smith, minister in
+Weymouth, near by. Probably he first met her in the
+historic house, for she was a frequent visitor there.</p>
+
+<p>The marriage of the young people on October 25,
+1764, excited much comment. In Puritan New England
+the profession of the law was not a popular calling,
+and many of the people thought Abigail Smith
+was "throwing herself away." Parson Smith was equal
+to the occasion; as he had helped his eldest daughter
+out of a similar difficulty by preaching on the text,
+"And Mary hath chosen that good part, which shall
+not be taken away from her," so, on the Sunday after
+Abigail's marriage, he announced the text, "For John
+... came neither eating bread nor drinking wine; and
+ye say, He hath a devil."</p>
+
+<p>The year of the marriage witnessed the beginning of
+John Adams' fight for independence. For it was the
+year of the iniquitous Stamp Act. In his diary he
+wrote:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I drew up a petition to the selectmen of Braintree,
+and procured it to be signed by a number of the respectable
+inhabitants, to call a meeting of the town to
+instruct their representatives in relation to the stamps."</p>
+
+<p>The following year, when a meeting was held in
+Braintree to take action in consequence of the failure
+of Great Britain to heed the protest against the Stamp
+Act, he wrote:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I prepared a draught of instruction at home, and
+carried them with me. The cause of the meeting was
+explained at some length, and the state and danger of
+the country pointed out. A committee was appointed
+to prepare instructions, of which I was nominated as
+one. My draught was unanimously adopted without
+amendment, reported to the town, and accepted without
+a dissenting voice.... They rang through the
+state and were adopted in so many words ... by forty
+towns, as instructions to their representatives."</p>
+
+<p>Less than two years later, on July 11, 1767, in the
+town close by his own birthplace, to which John Adams
+had taken his bride, John Quincy Adams was born.
+The delights of the new home have been pictured in a
+pleasing manner by Daniel Munro Wilson:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Elevated was life in this 'little hut,' but it was
+real, genuine, beautifully domestic. The scene of it,
+visible there now to any pious pilgrim, and reverently
+preserved in many of its antique appointments by the
+Quincy Historical Society, assists the imagination to
+realize its noble simplicity. The dining-room or general
+living room, with its wide open fireplace, is where
+the young couple would most often pass their evenings,
+and in winter would very likely occupy in measureless
+content a single settle, roasting on one side and freezing
+on the other. The kitchen, full of cheerful bustle, and
+fragrant as the spice isles, how it would draw the children
+as they grew up, the little John Quincy among
+them! Here they could be near mother, and watch her
+with absorbing attention as she superintended the cooking,
+now hanging pots of savory meats on the crane,
+and now drawing from the cavernous depths of the
+brick oven the pies and baked beans and Indian puddings
+and other delicacies of those days. We can more
+easily imagine the home scene when we read these words
+written by Mrs. Adams to her husband: 'Our son is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span>
+much better than when you left home, and our daughter
+rocks him to sleep with the song of "Come papa, come
+home to brother Johnnie."' 'Johnnie' is the dignified
+President and 'old man eloquent' that is to be."</p>
+
+<p>When it became evident that there must be Revolution,
+the patriot Adams was compelled to leave his family
+and go into the thick of the fight. He did not want
+to go. "I should have thought myself the happiest
+man in the world if I could have returned to my little
+hut and forty acres, which my father left me in Braintree,
+and lived on potatoes and sea-weed the rest of
+my life. But I had taken a part, I had adopted a
+system, I had encouraged my fellow citizens, and I
+could not abandon them in conscience and in honor."</p>
+
+<p>From the old home Abigail Adams wrote him letters
+that moved him to renewed efforts for his struggling
+countrymen. In one of them she said, "You cannot
+be, I know, nor do I wish to see you, an inactive spectator;
+but if the sword be drawn, I bid adieu to all
+domestic felicity, and look forward to that country
+where there are neither wars nor rumors of war, in
+a firm belief, that through the mercy of its King we
+shall both rejoice there together."</p>
+
+<p>The wife rejoiced when her husband's ringing words
+helped to carry the Declaration of Independence; she
+urged him to make the trips to France which Congress
+asked him to undertake; she encouraged him when he
+was Vice-President and, later, President, and she made
+home more than ever an abode of peace when, in 1801,
+he returned to Braintree, to a house of Leonard Vassall,
+built in 1731, which he bought in 1785.</p>
+
+<p>In this house husband and wife celebrated their
+golden wedding, as John Quincy Adams was to celebrate
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span>
+his golden wedding many years later. Here, for
+many years, the son enjoyed being with the mother of
+whom he once wrote:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"My mother was an angel upon earth. She was a
+minister of blessings to all human beings within her
+sphere of action.... She has been to me more than
+a mother. She has been a spirit from above watching
+over me for good, and contributing by my mere consciousness
+of her existence to the comfort of my life....
+There is not a virtue that can abide in the
+female heart but it was the ornament of hers."</p>
+
+<p>And in this house the mother died, on October 28,
+1818. John Quincy Adams lived there until his death,
+on July 4, 1826.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">VIII</p>
+
+<h3>THE QUINCY MANSION, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HOME OF THREE DOROTHY QUINCYS</p>
+
+<p>Among the settlers to whom Boston granted large
+allotments of outlying lands were William Coddington
+and Edmund Quincy. In 1635 they went, in company
+with their associate settlers, to "the mount," which
+became Braintree, now Quincy.</p>
+
+<p>By the side of a pleasant brook, under the shade of
+spreading trees, Coddington built in 1636 his house of
+four rooms. Downstairs was the kitchen and the living
+room, while upstairs were two bedrooms. The upper
+story overhung the lower in the old manner, and a
+generous chimney, which afforded room for a large open
+fireplace, dominated the whole.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This house became the meeting place for a group of
+seekers after religious liberty who were looked upon
+with suspicion in Boston&mdash;Rev. John Wheelwright, Sir
+Harry Vane, Atherton Hough, Ann Hutchinson, and
+others. In consequence of their views the company
+was soon broken up. Ann Hutchinson and Wheelwright
+were banished, while Coddington would have
+been banished if he had not gone hastily to Rhode
+Island.</p>
+
+<p>Edmund Quincy, who succeeded to Coddington's
+house, probably would have been banished if he had
+not died before the decree could be pronounced. For
+a season his widow, Judith, lived in the house, which,
+from that time, became known as the Quincy Mansion.
+With her were the children, Edmund and Judith.
+Judith, who married at twenty, and became the mother
+of Hannah (Betsy) Hull, whose dowry, when she became
+the bride of Judge Samuel Sewell, was her weight
+in pine-tree shillings, the gift of her father, the master
+of the colony's mint. Florence Royce Davis has written
+of the wedding:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">"Then the great scales were brought, amid laughter and jest,</p>
+<p class="i1">And Betsy was called to step in and be weighed;</p>
+<p>But a silence fell over each wondering guest</p>
+<p>When the mint-master opened a ponderous chest</p>
+<p class="i1">And a fortune of shillings displayed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">"By handfuls the silver was poured in one side</p>
+<p>Till it weighed from the floor blushing Betsy, the bride;</p>
+<p>And the mint-master called: 'Prithee, Sewell, my son,</p>
+<p>The horses are saddled, the wedding is done;</p>
+<p>Behold the bride's portion; and know all your days</p>
+<p>Your wife is well worth every shilling she weighs.'"</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Edmund Quincy married at twenty-one, and became
+the next occupant of the mansion. During his long
+life there were welcomed to the hospitable roof many
+of those whose words and deeds prepared the way for
+the liberty that was to come to the country within a
+century.</p>
+
+<p>The second of the Quincy line was a leader in the
+town. At one time he was its representative in the
+General Court, and as colonel of the Suffolk Regiment,
+he was the first of a long list of colonels in the family.
+But the day came when it was written of him, "Unkel
+Quincy grows exceeding crazy," and in 1698 the second
+Edmund yielded the house to Edmund the third.</p>
+
+<p>This Edmund also became a colonel and a representative
+and, later, a judge of the Supreme Court.
+His pastor said of him, "This great man was of a manly
+Stature and Aspect, of a Strong Constitution and of
+Good Courage, fitted for any Business of Life, to serve
+God, his King and Country." Not only did he enlarge
+the glory of the family, but, in 1706, he enlarged the
+house, yet in such a way that the original Coddington
+house could be clearly traced after the improvements
+were finished. Judge Sewell, the cousin of the builder,
+was one of the welcome occupants of the improved
+house. On his way to Plymouth he stopped at "Braintry."
+"I turned in to Cousin Quinsey," he said, "where
+I had the pleasure to see God in his Providence shining
+again upon the Persons and Affairs of the Family after
+long distressing Sickness and Losses. Lodged in the
+chamber next the Brooke." Later on another chamber
+near the brook was provided for Mrs. Quincy's brother,
+Tutor Flynt of Harvard, when he came that way for
+rest and change.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The oldest child of this generation was Edmund,
+whose daughter, Dorothy Quincy, married John Hancock,
+while the fourth child was Dorothy Quincy, the
+great-grandmother of Oliver Wendell Holmes.</p>
+
+<p>The continuity of life at the mansion was sadly
+broken when, within a year, the grandmother, the
+mother, and the father died. The death of the latter
+occurred in England, where he had gone on business
+for the colony. When news came of the ending of
+his life, the General Court of Massachusetts declared
+that "he departed the delight of his own people, but
+of none more than the Senate, who, as a testimony of
+their love and gratitude, have ordered this epitaph to
+be inscribed on his tomb in Bunhill Fields, London."</p>
+
+<p>For a year Dorothy Quincy remained in the house;
+but on her marriage the place ceased for a time to be
+the chief residence of a Quincy. Edmund was in business
+in Boston. He resorted to the house for a season
+now and then, but his Boston home remained his permanent
+abiding place until after the birth of his daughter
+Dorothy. Then failing fortune sent him back to the
+ancestral home.</p>
+
+<p>During the next few years John Adams, Benjamin
+Franklin, and John Hancock were favored visitors at
+the mansion. John Hancock won Dorothy Quincy for
+his bride, and family tradition says that preparations
+were made for the wedding in the old home. "The
+large north parlor was adorned with a new wall paper,
+express from Paris, and appropriately figured with the
+forms of Venus and Cupid in blue, and pendant wreaths
+of flowers in red," writes the author of "Where American
+Independence Began." But the approaching Revolution
+interfered. The bridegroom hurried away to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span>
+Boston and then to Lexington. Dorothy, under the care
+of Mrs. Hancock, the mother of John Hancock, also
+went to Lexington on April 18, 1775, the very day when
+Paul Revere aroused the patriots, and Hancock was
+once more compelled to flee for his life. Four months
+later, at Fairfield, Connecticut, the lovers were married.</p>
+
+<p>The old mansion was never again the home of the
+Quincys. Josiah, brother of Edmund the fourth, built
+for himself in 1770 a beautiful home not far from the
+family headquarters. Here he lived through the war.
+Visitors to the house are shown on one of the windows
+the record he made of the departure of the British from
+Boston Harbor, scratched there when he saw the welcome
+sight, on October 17, 1775.</p>
+
+<p>For much more than a century the house was in the
+hands of other families, but, fortunately, it has come
+under the control of the Colonial Dames of Massachusetts.
+They have made it the historic monument it
+deserves to be. The visitors who are privileged to
+wander through the rooms hallowed by the presence
+of men and women who helped to pave the way for
+American independence read with hearty appreciation
+the lines which Holmes addressed to the portrait of his
+ancestress, "My Dorothy Q," as he called her:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"Grandmother's mother: her age, I guess</p>
+<p>Thirteen summers, or something less;</p>
+<p>Girlish bust, but womanly air;</p>
+<p>Smooth, square forehead, with uprolled hair;</p>
+<p>Lips that lover has never kissed,</p>
+<p>Taper fingers and slender wrist;</p>
+<p>Hanging sleeves of stiff brocade;</p>
+<p>So they painted the little maid."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_9" id="img_9"></a>
+<img src="images/i_055b.jpg" width="550" height="416" alt="Fernside Farm" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company</i></span><br />
+FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">IX<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE BIRTHPLACE AND BOYHOOD HOME OF<br />
+JOHN G. WHITTIER</p>
+
+<p>The first house built by Thomas Whittier, the three-hundred-pound
+ancestor of the poet Whittier, and first
+representative of the family in America, was a little
+log cabin. There he took his wife, Ruth Flint, and
+there ten children were born. Five of them were boys,
+and each of them was more than six feet tall.</p>
+
+<p>No wonder the log house grew too small for the
+family. So, probably in 1688, he built a house whose
+massive hewn beams were fifteen inches square, whose
+kitchen was thirty feet long, with a fireplace eight feet
+wide. The rooms clustered about a central chimney.</p>
+
+<p>In this house the poet was born December 17, 1807,
+and here he spent the formative years of his life. When
+he was twenty-seven years old he wrote for <i>The Little
+Pilgrim</i> of Philadelphia a paper on "The Fish I Didn't
+Catch." In this he described the home of his boyhood:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Our old homestead nestled under a long range of
+hills which stretched off to the west. It was surrounded
+by woods in all directions save to the southeast, where
+a break in the leafy wall revealed a vista of low, green
+meadows, picturesque with wooded islands and jutting
+capes of upland. Through these, a small brook, noisy
+enough as it foamed, rippled and laughed down its rocky
+falls by our garden-side, wound, silently and scarcely
+visible, to a still larger stream, known as the Country
+Brook. This brook in its time, after doing duty at two
+or three saw and grist mills, the clack of which we
+could hear across the intervening woodlands, found its
+way to the great river, and the river took it up and
+bore it down to the great sea."</p>
+
+<p>Whittier's poems are full of references to the life on
+the farm; many of his best verses had their inspiration
+in memories of the past. For instance, the description
+of the building of the fire in "Snow-Bound," a poem
+which describes the life at the farm when he was twelve
+years old, is a faithful picture of what took place in
+the old kitchen every night of the long New England
+winter, when</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"We piled, with care, our nightly stack</p>
+<p>Of wood against the chimney back&mdash;</p>
+<p>The oaken log, green, huge and thick,</p>
+<p>And on its top the thick back-stick;</p>
+<p>The knotty fore-stick laid apart,</p>
+<p>And filled between with curious art.</p>
+<p>The ragged brush; then, hovering near,</p>
+<p>We watched the first red blaze appear,</p>
+<p>Heard the sharp crackle, caught the gleam</p>
+<p>On whitewashed wall and sagging beam,</p>
+<p>Until the old, rude-fashioned room</p>
+<p>Burst, flower-like, into rosy bloom."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Young Whittier was a faithful worker on the farm.
+One day, when he was nineteen years old, William Lloyd
+Garrison, the young editor of a Newburyport newspaper,
+to which Whittier had contributed a poem, found
+him assisting in repairing a stone wall. The visitor
+urged the father of the young poet to send him to school.
+As a result of this visit Whittier entered the Academy
+in Haverhill, with the understanding that he was to
+earn his way.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At intervals during the succeeding ten years the poet
+returned to the old farm, but when he was thirty years
+old the place was sold, the family went to Amesbury,
+and he left soon afterward for Philadelphia, where he
+was to edit an anti-slavery paper.</p>
+
+<p>All through life Whittier dreamed of buying back
+the homestead. When he received a check for $1,000
+as the first proceeds from "Snow-Bound," he set the
+sum aside as the beginning of a redemption fund.</p>
+
+<p>But the citizens of Haverhill, led by Alfred A. Ordway,
+asked the privilege of buying the property themselves,
+and making it a memorial to the poet. Whittier
+died before the purchase was completed, but soon afterward
+Fernside Farm, as the poet called it, was taken
+over by Mr. Ordway. It is now in the hands of an
+association that has restored it and keeps it open to
+visitors whose hearts have been stirred by the work
+of the Quaker poet.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_10" id="img_10"></a>
+<img src="images/i_056a.jpg" width="550" height="403" alt="Duston Garrison House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by W. R. Merryman, Haverhill</i></span><br />
+DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL, MASS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">X</p>
+
+<h3>THE DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL,<br />
+MASSACHUSETTS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">FROM WHICH HANNAH DUSTON WAS CARRIED AWAY<br />
+BY THE INDIANS</p>
+
+<p>The attention of visitors to Haverhill, Massachusetts,
+is attracted to a great granite boulder set in a place of
+honor in the old town. When they ask about it they
+are told the story of Hannah Duston, heroine.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas and Hannah Duston were married in 1677,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span>
+and at once built a humble house of imported brick on
+the spot where the boulder now stands. Frequently
+one of the bricks is uncovered on the site; those who
+examine it marvel at the thought of the building material
+brought across the sea.</p>
+
+<p>Later Thomas Duston uncovered deposits of clay near
+his home which led him to make experiments in brick
+making. He was so successful that his product was
+in demand; villagers said that the Haverhill bricks
+were fully as good as those brought from England.</p>
+
+<p>Strong building material was needed, for hostile Indians
+were all about. In order to afford protection
+against them, Mr. Duston determined to build a new
+house, which should serve as a garrison in time of danger.
+By the village authorities he was appointed
+keeper of the garrison, as this commission shows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"To Thomas Duston, upon the settlement of garrisons.
+You being appointed master of the garrison at
+your house, you are hereby in his Maj's name, required
+to see that a good watch is kept at your garrison both
+by night and by day by those persons hereafter named
+who are to be under your command and inspection in
+building or repairing your garrison, and if any person
+refuse or neglect their duty, you are accordingly required
+to make return of the same, under your hand to
+the Committee of militia in Haverhill."</p>
+
+<p>The new house was well under way when this command
+was given. As it is still standing, it is possible
+to tell of its construction. A Haverhill writer says
+that "white oak, which is to-day well preserved, was
+used in its massive framework, and the floor and roof
+timbers are put together with great wooden pins. In
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span>
+early days the windows swung outward, and the
+glass was very thick, and set into the frames with
+lead."</p>
+
+<p>On March 15, 1697, the watching Indians decided
+that their opportunity had come to attack the village.
+They knew that if they waited for the completion of
+the new garrison, there would be little chance of success.
+So they struck at once.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>The story of what followed was told by Cotton
+Mather, in his "Magnalia Christi Americana," published
+in London in 1702:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"On March 15, 1697, the Salvages made a Descent
+upon the Skirts of Haverhil, Murdering and Captiving
+about Thirty-nine Persons, and Burning about half a
+Dozen Houses. In the Broil, one Hannah Dustan having
+lain-in about a Week, attended with her Nurse,
+Mary Neffe a Widow, a Body of terrible Indians drew
+near unto the House where she lay, with Design to
+carry on their Bloody Devastations. Her Husband
+hastened from his Employment abroad unto the relief
+of his Distressed Family; and first bidding Seven of
+his Eight Children (which were from Two to Seventeen
+Years of Age) to get away as fast as they could into
+some Garrison in the Town, he went in to inform his
+Wife of the horrible Distress come upon them. E'er
+he could get up, the fierce Indians were got so near,
+that utterly despairing to do her any Service, he ran
+out after his Children.... He overtook his children
+about Forty Rod from his Door, ... a party of Indians
+came up with him; and now though they Fired
+at him, and he Fired at them, yet he Manfully kept at
+the Reer of his Little Army of Unarmed Children, while
+they Marched off with the Pace of a Child of Five Years
+Old; until, by the Singular Providence of God, he arrived
+safe with them all unto a Place of Safety about
+a Mile or two from his House....</p>
+
+<p>"The Nurse, trying to escape with the New-born Infant,
+fell into the Hands of the Formidable Salvages;
+and those furious Tawnies coming into the House, bid
+poor Dustan to rise immediately....</p>
+
+<p>"Dustan (with her Nurse) ... travelled that Night
+about a Dozen Miles, and then kept up with their New
+Masters in a long Travel of an Hundred and Fifty
+Miles....</p>
+
+<p>"The poor Women had nothing but Fervent Prayers
+to make their Lives Comfortable or Tolerable, and by
+being daily sent out upon Business, they had Opportunities
+together and asunder to do like another Hannah,
+in pouring out their Souls before the Lord."</p>
+
+<p>The Indians were "now Travelling with these Two
+Captive Women, (and an English Youth taken from
+Worcester a Year and half before,) unto a Rendezvous
+of Salvages which they call a Town somewhere
+beyond Penacook; and they still told, these poor Women,
+that when they came to this Town they must be Stript,
+and Scourg'd, and Run the Gantlet through the whole
+Army of Indians. They said this was the Fashion
+when the Captives first came to a Town;...</p>
+
+<p>"But on April 30, while they were yet, it may be,
+about an Hundred and Fifty Miles from the Indian
+Town, a little before break of Day, when the whole Crew
+was in a Dead Sleep ... one of these Women took up
+a Resolution to imitate the Action of Jael upon Sisera;
+and being where she had not her own Life secured by
+any Law unto her, she thought she was not forbidden
+by any Law to take away the Life of the Murderers....
+She heartened the Nurse and the Youth to assist
+her in this Enterprize; and all furnishing themselves
+with Hatchets for the purpose, they struck such home
+Blows upon the Heads of their Sleeping Oppressors,
+that e'er they could any of them struggle into any
+effectual resistance, at the Feet of those poor Prisoners,
+they bow'd, they fell, they lay down; at their Feet they
+bowed, they fell; where they bowed, there they fell
+down Dead."</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One old squaw and a boy of eleven escaped to the
+forest. The scalps were not taken at first, but soon
+Hannah Duston returned to the camp and gathered
+the trophies, in order that she might claim the bounty
+offered by the colony for the scalps of hostile Indians.
+Then all the Indians' canoes were scuttled, their arms
+were taken, and the party of three embarked.</p>
+
+<p>Day after day they paddled down the Merrimac, the
+three taking turns in the unaccustomed labour. At
+night they paused to rest. Cautiously a fire was kindled,
+and food was cooked. Always they feared discovery
+by the bands of Indians. Two slept, while a
+third stood guard. But no Indians appeared.</p>
+
+<p>At last the home village was in sight. The wondering
+villagers came out to see who the visitors could be.
+Their astonishment and delight can be imagined.</p>
+
+<p>The General Assembly of Massachusetts voted Mrs.
+Duston twenty-five pounds' reward, while a similar
+amount was divided between Mrs. Neff and the boy
+Samuel Lennardson. Later the governor of Maryland
+sent Mrs. Duston a silver tankard.</p>
+
+<p>The Duston descendants, who hold a reunion every
+year, prize these souvenirs. But most of all they prize
+a letter (the original of which is in the possession of
+the Haverhill Historical Society) written by Mrs. Duston
+in 1723, in which she gave a wonderful testimony
+to God's goodness to her and hers. This is the message
+she gave to children and grandchildren:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I Desire to be thankful that I was born in a Land
+of Light &amp; Baptized when I was young and had a good
+education by my Father, tho' I took but little notice
+of it in the time of it&mdash;I am Thankful for my Captivity,
+'twas the Comfortablest time that ever I had. In my
+Affliction God made his Word Comfortable to me. I
+remember ye 43 ps. ult. [probably meaning last part]
+and those words came to my mind&mdash;ps. 118:17&mdash;I have
+had a great Desire to Come to the Ordinance of the
+Lord's Supper a Great while, but fearing I should give
+offense and fearing my own Unworthiness has kept me
+back. Reading a Book concerning X's Sufferings Did
+much awaken me. In the 55th of Isa. beg [beginning]
+We are invited to come: Hearing Mr. Moody preach
+out of ye 3rd of Mal. 3 last verses it put me upon Consideration.
+Ye 11th of Matt., ending, has been encouraging
+to me&mdash;I have been resolving to offer my Self
+from time to time ever since the Settlement of the present
+Ministry. I was awakened by the first Sacraml
+Sermon [Luke 14:17]. But Delays and fears prevailed
+upon me: But I desire to Delay no longer, being Sensible
+it is my Duty&mdash;I desire the Church to receive me
+tho' it be the Eleventh hour; and pray for me that I
+may honer God and receive the Salvation of My Soul.<br />
+
+<span class="i2">"Hannah Duston, wife of Thomas. Ætat 67."</span></p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Duston lived in the old house at Haverhill for
+many years after her remarkable escape.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">XI</p>
+
+<h3>THE OLD MANSE AND THE WAYSIDE, CONCORD,<br />
+MASSACHUSETTS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">TWO HOUSES MADE FAMOUS BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE</p>
+
+<p>Nathaniel Hawthorne was thirty-eight years old before
+he was able to begin the ideal life of Adam with
+his Eve, to which he had looked forward for many
+years.</p>
+
+<p>"I want a little piece of land that I can call my
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span>
+own, big enough to stand upon, big enough to be buried
+in," he said to a friend when he was thirty-four years
+old. Lack of money delayed the realization, but it is
+a curious fact that the marriage to Sophia Peabody
+took place just after he had made up his mind that the
+thousand dollars he had invested in the Emerson Brook
+Farm experiment was gone forever.</p>
+
+<p>The marriage took place July 9, 1842, and housekeeping
+was at once begun in the Old Manse at Concord,
+which was built in 1765 by Emerson's grandfather.
+But he was merely a renter; his dream of ownership
+was to be delayed ten years longer. The great rooms
+of the curious gambrel-roofed house were rather bare,
+and there was a scarcity of everything except love, yet
+the author and his bride found nothing but joy in the
+retired garden and the dormer-windowed house.</p>
+
+<p>Hawthorne's own charming description of the house
+and grounds is so attractive that the reader wishes to
+visit them:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"Between two tall gateposts of rough-hewn stone
+(the gate itself having fallen from its hinges at some
+unknown epoch), we beheld the grey front of the old
+parsonage terminating the vista of an avenue of black
+ash trees. It was now a twelvemonth since the funeral
+procession of the venerable clergyman, the last inhabitant,
+had turned from that gateway toward the
+village burying ground....</p>
+
+<p>"Nor, in truth, had the old manse ever been profaned
+by a lay occupant until that memorable summer afternoon
+when I entered it as my home. A priest had built
+it; a priest had succeeded to it; other priestly owners
+from time to time had dwelt in it; and children born
+in the chambers had grown up to assume the priestly
+character. It was awful to recollect how many sermons
+must have been written there. The latest inhabitant
+there&mdash;he by whose translation to paradise the dwelling
+was left vacant&mdash;had penned nearly three thousand discourses....
+How often, no doubt, had he paced along
+the avenue, attuning his meditations to sighs and gentle
+murmurs, and deep and solemn peals of the wind among
+the leafy tops of the trees!... I took shame to myself
+for having been so long a writer of idle stories, and
+ventured to hope that wisdom would descend upon me
+with the falling leaves of the autumn, and that I should
+light upon an intellectual treasure in the Old Manse
+well worth those hoards of long-hidden gold which
+people seek for in moss-grown houses."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Two years after their marriage, Mrs. Hawthorne
+wrote to her mother:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I have no time, as you may imagine. I am baby's
+tire-woman, hand-maiden, and tender, as well as nursing
+mother. My husband relieves me with her constantly,
+and gets her to sleep beautifully.... The
+other day, when my husband saw me contemplating
+an appalling vacuum in his dressing-gown, he said he
+was a man of the largest rents in the country, and it
+was strange he had not more ready money.... But,
+somehow or other, I do not care much, because we are
+so happy."</p>
+
+<p>Hawthorne did much of his work in the rear room
+where Emerson wrote. In the introduction to "Mosses
+from an Old Manse" he said of this apartment:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"When I first saw the room, the walls were blackened
+with the smoke of unnumbered years, and made still
+blacker by the grim prints of Puritan ministers, that
+hung around.... The rain pattered upon the roof and
+the sky gloomed through the dirty garret windows while
+I burrowed among the venerable books in search of any
+living thought."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span>From his writing Hawthorne turned easily to wandering
+in the garden or rowing on the river or helping
+his wife about the house. "We had a most enchanting time
+during Mary the cook's holiday sojourn in Boston,"
+Mrs. Hawthorne wrote at one time. "We remained in
+our bower undisturbed by mortal creature. Mr. Hawthorne
+took the new phases of housekeeper, and, with
+that marvellous power of adaptation to circumstances
+that he possesses, made everything go easily and well.
+He rose betimes in the mornings and kindled fires in
+the kitchen and breakfast room, and by the time I came
+down the tea-kettle boiled and potatoes were baked and
+rice cooked, and my lord sat with a book superintending."</p>
+
+<p>Poverty put an untimely end to life at the Old Manse.
+The years from 1846 to 1852 were spent in Boston and
+Salem. In 1852 Hawthorne was able to buy a dilapidated
+old house at Concord, which he called The Wayside.
+Here he remained until his appointment in 1853
+as American Consul at Liverpool, and to it he returned
+after long wandering.</p>
+
+<p>The Wayside had been the home of Bronson Alcott.
+Here Mr. and Mrs. Hawthorne made their second real
+home. They rejoiced as, a little at a time, they were
+able to improve the property, and they showed always
+that they knew the secret of finding happiness in the
+midst of privations.</p>
+
+<p>Hawthorne described his new abode for his friend,
+George William Curtis:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"As for my old house, you will understand it better
+after spending a day or two in it. Before Mr. Alcott
+took it in hand, it was a mean-looking affair, with two
+peaked gables; no suggestion about it and no venerableness,
+although from the style of its architecture it seems
+to have survived beyond its first century. He added
+a porch in front, and a central peak, and a piazza at
+each end, and painted it a rusty olive hue, and invested
+the whole with a modest picturesqueness; all which improvements,
+together with the situation at the foot of
+a wooded hill, make it a place that one notices and remembers
+for a few minutes after passing it....</p>
+
+<p>"The house stands within ten or fifteen feet of the
+old Boston road (along which the British marched and
+retreated), divided from it by a fence, and some trees
+and shrubbery of Mr. Alcott's setting out. Wherefore
+I have called it 'The Wayside,' which I think a better
+name and more morally suggestive than that which,
+as Mr. Alcott has since told me, he bestowed on it,
+'The Hillside.' In front of the house, on the opposite
+side of the road, I have eight acres of land,&mdash;the only
+valuable portion of the place in a farmer's eye, and
+which are capable of being made very fertile. On the
+hither side, my territory extends some little distance
+over the brow of the hill, and is absolutely good for
+nothing, in a productive point of view, though very
+good for many other purposes.</p>
+
+<p>"I know nothing of the history of the house, except
+Thoreau's telling me that it was inhabited a generation
+or two ago by a man who believed he should never die.
+I believe, however, he is dead; at least, I hope so; else
+he may probably appear and dispute my title to his
+residence."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In furnishing the house Mrs. Hawthorne took keen
+pleasure in putting the best of everything in her husband's
+study. She called it "the best room, the temple
+of the Muses and the Delphic shrine."</p>
+
+<p>In these surroundings, supported by a wife who worshipped
+him, Hawthorne wrote until the call came to
+go to England. It was 1860 before he returned to The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span>
+Wayside. There he hoped to end his life, but death
+overtook him at Plymouth, New Hampshire, while he
+was making a tour of New England with Franklin
+Pierce. Mrs. Hawthorne survived him seven years.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_11" id="img_11"></a>
+<img src="images/i_056b.jpg" width="550" height="400" alt="Royall House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XII</p>
+
+<h3>THE ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">FROM WHOSE ROOF MOLLY STARK SIGNALLED TO<br />
+HER HUSBAND</p>
+
+<p>One who is familiar with the old plantation houses
+of Virginia is tempted to rub his eyes when he first
+sees the Royall House at Medford, Massachusetts, for
+this relic of Colonial days has the outbuildings, the
+slave-quarters, and other characteristics of so many
+Virginia houses. True, it has not the low wings and
+the stately columns at the entrance, but the doorway
+is so chaste and dignified that this is not felt to be a
+lack. Those who enter the doorway and walk reverently
+through the rooms of what has been called the
+finest specimen of colonial architecture in the vicinity
+of Boston, are filled anew with admiration for the
+builders of another day who chose the finest white pine
+for their work, and would not dream of scamping anywhere.
+Evidently there was little need in those days
+of the services of an inspector to see that the terms of
+a contract were carried out.</p>
+
+<p>The history of the property goes back to 1631, when
+Governor John Winthrop, the first governor of the
+Massachusetts Bay Colony, who served for nineteen
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span>
+years, secured a grant to the farm on which, within
+six or seven years, the original dormer-windowed Royall
+House was built. This was smaller than the present
+house, but it was later incorporated in the present
+stately mansion; one story was added, and the outer
+wall was moved a few feet. Thus it is really a house
+within a house.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of Governor Winthrop's ownership it
+was called the Ten-Hill Farmhouse, because ten hills
+could be seen from its windows. John Winthrop, Jr.,
+sold the place to Mrs. Elizabeth Lidgett. Lieutenant
+Governor Usher married a Lidgett, and owned the estate
+until he lost it through business reverses. The name
+was not changed until 1732, when the house was bought
+by Isaac Royall, a planter from Antigua, in the Leeward
+Islands, a descendant of William Royall of Salem.
+He paid £10,350 for the estate, which then consisted
+of five hundred and four acres. It was he who
+enlarged the house. For five years the neighbors
+watched the transformation of the comfortable Ten-Hill
+Farmhouse to the great Royall House, with its
+enclosing wall, elm-bordered driveway, pleasing garden,
+summerhouse, great barn, and rambling slave-quarters.</p>
+
+<p>Two generations of Royalls entertained lavishly here.
+Among the guests were the most celebrated men of the
+time, as well as many who were not so well known, for
+all were welcome there. Many of these guests drove
+up the driveway to the paved courtyard in their own
+grand equipages. Some were brought in the four-horse
+Royall chariot. But those who came on foot were
+welcomed as heartily.</p>
+
+<p>Isaac Royall, II, was a Tory, and in 1775 he was
+compelled to abandon the property. Thereupon Colonel,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span>
+later General, John Stark made it his headquarters.
+The regiment which he had himself raised, and
+whose wages he paid for a time from his own pocket,
+was encamped near by. From the Royall house these
+men and their intrepid leader went out to the Battle
+of Bunker Hill.</p>
+
+<p>Under the direction of Molly Stark the house maintained
+its reputation for hospitality, and she did her
+best to make the place the abode of patriotism. On
+the day when the British evacuated Boston she promised
+her husband to signal to him from the roof the
+movements of the enemy. Passing on with his soldiers
+to Dorchester Heights, he anxiously awaited the news
+sent to him by his faithful Molly.</p>
+
+<p>The Royall family regained possession of the property
+in 1805. To-day it is owned by the Royall House
+Association, which keeps it open to the visitors. These
+come in large numbers to see relics of former days,
+including what is said to be the only chest that survived
+the Boston Tea Party, the sign of the Royall Oak
+Tavern in Medford, which bears the marks of the bullets
+of the soldiers who were on their way to the Battle of
+Bunker Hill, the old furniture, the first fork used in
+the Colony, and the furnishings of the quaint kitchen
+fireplace, which dates from 1732.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_12" id="img_12"></a>
+<img src="images/i_079a.jpg" width="550" height="399" alt="Broadhearth" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Wallace Nutting, Inc., Framingham Center, Mass</i></span><br />
+BROADHEARTH, SAUGUS, MASS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XIII<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>BROADHEARTH AND THE BENNET-BOARDMAN<br />
+HOUSE, SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">TWO REMARKABLE SPECIMENS OF THE OVERHANG HOUSE</p>
+
+<p>"Thomas Dexter of Lyn, yeoman," was the first
+owner of much of the land on which Lynn, Massachusetts,
+is built. Evidently he was land poor, for on
+October 22, 1639, he "mortgaged his fearme in Lyn
+... for two oxen &amp; 2 bulls upon condition of payment
+to Simon Broadstreet of Ipswich £90 the first day of
+August, the next following with a reservation upon the
+sale of the said fearme to give the said Dexter the overflow
+above the debt and damages of the said £90."</p>
+
+<p>Six years later the Registry of Deeds at Salem told
+of the sale, to Richard Leader, Gent, of England, of
+a bit of the farm on which Governor Broadstreet held
+a mortgage. Mr. Leader was the agent of "ye Company
+of undertakers of ye Iron Works," and he thought
+that Dexter had the best location for the purposes of
+the company that proposed to start what proved to be
+the first successful iron works in the Colonies. The
+quaint story of the transaction was entered thus:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Thomas Dexter of Lyn in the County of Essex
+ye[oman] for the sum of 40 £ st[erling] hath sowld
+unto Richard Leder for ye use of ye Iron works all
+that land, wch by reason of [a] damme now agreed to
+be made, shall overflow and all sufficient ground for
+a water course from the damme, to the works to be
+erected, and alsoe all [the] land betwene the an[cient]
+water course and the new extended flume or water
+course togeather with five acres and an halfe of land
+lying in the corn field most convenient for the Iron
+Works and also tooe convenient cartwayes that is to
+one on each side of the premises as by a deed indented
+bearing date the twentie seaventh of January, 1645,
+more at lardge apth."</p>
+
+<p>On the ground thus bought a sturdy house, Broadhearth,
+was built in 1646. The second story overhung
+the first story, after the manner of many English houses
+of the period. The overhang is still in evidence, though
+a veranda has hidden it except to the careful observer.</p>
+
+<p>The first product of the iron works, a kettle, was
+made in 1642. This is still in existence. During more
+than one hundred years neighboring colonists looked
+to the foundry for their supplies of house hardware,
+furnishings, and implements of iron. The site of the
+foundry was opposite the house, while traces of the
+pits from which the bog ore was dug are easily found
+in the field at the rear. Remains of scoria and slag
+are also pointed out to the visitor by employees of the
+Wallace Nutting Corporation, which has restored the
+house as nearly as possible to its original condition and
+has placed in it furniture of the period. A caretaker
+has been placed in charge who will copy for applicants
+iron work in the house, or other old examples. Thus,
+in a modest way, the Saugus Iron Works has been
+reëstablished.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_13" id="img_13"></a>
+<img src="images/i_079b.jpg" width="550" height="396" alt="Bennet-Boardman House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company</i></span><br />
+BENNET-BOARDMAN HOUSE, SAUGUS, MASS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another specimen of the overhang house is not far
+away. This is the house built some time between 1649
+and 1656 by Samuel Bennet, carpenter. It is famous
+as the house that has been in two counties, Suffolk and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span>
+Essex, and in four towns, Boston, Lynn, Chelsea, and
+Saugus.</p>
+
+<p>That it was once in Boston was due to the narrow
+strip of the territory of the city that stretched far out
+in the country, somewhat after the manner of a portion
+of a modern gerrymandered legislative district. When
+the district was set off as Chelsea and Lynn, in response
+to a petition of citizens who were inconvenienced by
+their distance from town meetings, the boundaries between
+Chelsea and Lynn were carelessly marked; one
+line ran directly through the front door and the chimney
+of the Bennet house. This mistake, which caused
+annoyance and expense to those who occupied the house,
+was not corrected for more than one hundred years.
+Finally Abijah Boardman asked that he be relieved
+of his double liability to Lynn and Chelsea, and in
+1803, by Act of the General Court, the petition was
+granted.</p>
+
+<p>Bennet, the builder of the house, figured more than
+once in the courts. In 1644 the Grand Jury indicted
+him as "a Common sleeper in time of exercise," and
+he was fined 2s. 6d. In 1671 he brought suit against
+the Iron Works Company for £400 for labor. In connection
+with this suit John Paule, whose "constant
+employment was to repair carts, coale carts, mine carts,
+and other working materials" for the "tiemes" at the
+iron works, testified that "my master Bennet did
+yearly yearme a vast sum from said Iron Works, for
+he commonly yearmed forty or fifty shillings a daye,
+for he had five or six teemes goeing generally every
+faire day."</p>
+
+<p>Bennets and Boardmans have held the house from
+the beginning. The Society for the Preservation of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span>
+New England Antiquities has interested itself in the
+protection of the property.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">XIV</p>
+
+<h3>THE COLONEL JEREMIAH LEE HOUSE,<br />
+MARBLEHEAD, MASSACHUSETTS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HOME OF ONE OF THE EARLIEST MARTYRS TO THE
+CAUSE OF THE COLONIES</p>
+
+<p>Marblehead was a comparatively insignificant port
+when Jeremiah Lee came to town. At once he made
+a place for himself among the humble fishermen and
+other seafaring men of the place. He was a member
+of the Board of Firewards in the town's first fire department,
+and he served on important committees.</p>
+
+<p>When, in 1768, he built a wonderful mansion that
+cost more than ten thousand pounds, the most wonderful
+house in Massachusetts at the time, his townsmen
+knew him well enough to understand that he was their
+good friend, even if he did have much more money than
+any of them.</p>
+
+<p>The Lee Mansion was a hospitable home. The Colonel
+and his wife Martha entertained lavishly, not only
+the people of the town but famous men from abroad.
+In 1789 Washington was entertained in the house. But
+it was one of the glories of the mansion that the humblest
+mariner in the place was not slow to go there if
+he wished to have a chat with the bluff owner or if he
+desired to go to the quaint cupola from which it is
+possible to look far out to sea. To this outlook Colonel
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span>
+Lee himself often went, for his ships were sailing to
+Marblehead from all parts of the world, and he was
+as eager as any one to turn his eyes seaward.</p>
+
+<p>The house is sixty-four feet by forty-six feet, and the
+walls are of brick, though they are covered with wooden
+clapboards two feet by one and a half feet. There
+are fifteen rooms, in addition to the great halls that
+make the house seem like a palace.</p>
+
+<p>In these rooms the Colonel conferred with other
+patriots as to the welfare of Massachusetts and all the
+colonies. From the house he went out to the town
+meetings where the men gathered to talk over the Boston
+Port Bill and the Boston Tea Party and questions
+of Taxation without Representation.</p>
+
+<p>He rejoiced to serve as a representative in the General
+Court and on the Committee of Safety and Supplies
+of the Province. He was chosen to represent the
+town in the Continental Congress, and when he was
+unable to go, Elbridge Gerry, who later became Vice-President
+of the United States, was sent in his place
+at the expense of the town.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of April 18, 1775, in company with
+Elbridge Gerry and Azor Orin, who were members with
+him of the Committee of Safety and Supplies, he was
+attending a meeting at Weatherby's Black Horse Tavern
+just outside of Cambridge. The meeting adjourned
+so late that the three men decided to spend the night
+at the tavern. The eight hundred British soldiers who
+were on their way that night to Lexington learned of
+the presence in Cambridge of the patriots. Some one
+rushed to the tavern and roused them from slumber.
+They did not even have time to put on their clothes,
+but ran at once from the house and hid themselves at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span>
+some distance from the tavern. When the disappointed
+troops had gone on, the hunted men returned to their
+room.</p>
+
+<p>Three weeks later Lee died as the result of the exposure.
+He has been called one of the earliest martyrs
+to the cause of the Colonies. Before he died he left
+directions that five thousand pounds should be given
+to the treasury of the provinces.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Lee, who was Martha Swett of Marblehead,
+lived on in the mansion with those of her eight children
+who had not gone already to homes of their own.
+Under her guidance the hospitality for which the house
+had become noted was maintained.</p>
+
+<p>Those who pass between the beautiful porch pillars
+and enter the chaste colonial doorway are amazed at
+the remarkable hallway and the stairs. The hall is
+fifteen feet wide and extends the length of the house.
+It is heavily wainscoted with mahogany. On the walls
+hangs remarkable panelled paper whose designs, depicting
+ancient architecture, are in keeping with the majestic
+proportions of the place. The stairway is so
+wide that four or five people can climb it abreast and
+the balustrade and the spindles are of exquisite workmanship.</p>
+
+<p>The rear stairway is far more ornate than the best
+stairway in most houses, and the rooms are in keeping
+with the hall and the stairways.</p>
+
+<p>The cupola is one of the most striking features of
+the house. Here six windows give a view that is worth
+going far to see.</p>
+
+<p>When Mrs. Lee died, the property descended to her
+son. Judge Samuel Sewell was a later owner. But
+the day came when it was to be sold at auction. All
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span>
+Marblehead feared that the historic place would be
+destroyed. Fortunately the Marblehead Historical Society
+was able to raise the fifty-five hundred dollars
+needed to secure it.</p>
+
+<p>Since July 9, 1909, the Society has owned the mansion.
+For six months of every year it is open to visitors
+who throng to see the choice collection of china, portraits,
+embroidery, and furniture that has been gathered
+together by the Society.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w450"><a name="img_14" id="img_14"></a>
+<img src="images/i_080.jpg" width="421" height="550" alt="Old South Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo Furnished by Rev. A. McDonald, Newburyport, Mass.</i></span><br />
+OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT, MASS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XV</p>
+
+<h3>THE OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT,<br />
+MASSACHUSETTS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE GEORGE WHITEFIELD, THE GREAT EVANGELIST,<br />
+IS BURIED</p>
+
+<p>More than one hundred years after the organization
+of the First Church of Newburyport, Rev. George
+Whitefield, then a young man of twenty-six, preached
+in the community. "The Great Awakening," which
+followed, spread all over New England, and more than
+thirty thousand were converted. Whitefield, Jonathan
+Edwards, the Tennents, and others led in the work that
+had such wonderful results.</p>
+
+<p>Five years after Whitefield's visit to Newburyport
+the Old South Church was organized, most of those
+who became members having been converted under
+Whitefield's preaching. The new church was actually
+a Presbyterian church from the beginning, though it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span>
+did not finally adopt the Presbyterian form of government
+until 1802.</p>
+
+<p>The members of the new church were called "a misguided
+band," and "new schemers." Their first pastor
+was called a dissenting minister. Their protest against
+these aspersions took the form of a petition to "The
+King's Most Excellent Majesty," which was a prayer
+for that "equal liberty of conscience in worshipping
+God" that had already been granted to others. The
+petition recited the desire of the people to be relieved
+of taxation "for the support of ministers on whose
+ministry they cannot in conscience attend," and stated
+that, because of their refusal to pay what they felt were
+unjust taxes, "honest and peaceable men have been
+hauled away to prison to their great hurt and damage."</p>
+
+<p>When the petition was presented to the king by Mr.
+Partridge, their agent, he declared that they were not
+"a wild, friekish people," and cited as an argument
+for relief from double taxation that, while they had
+some wealthy members, there were among them "more
+poor widows than all the other congregations in town
+put together." He said those who protested against
+double taxation had been "dragged about upon the
+ground," dressed up in bear skins and worried, and
+imprisoned.</p>
+
+<p>The protest did not bring relief at once; it was 1773
+before the General Court granted the plea of the members.
+For more than twenty years more the town tried
+to collect double taxes, but in 1795 the rights of the
+members of Old South were conceded.</p>
+
+<p>The first building, erected in 1743, gave way in 1756
+to the structure still in use. Alterations made since
+that time have not made any great change in its appearance,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span>
+except in the tower, which was repaired in 1848,
+because it was thought that the timber must be decaying.
+However, to the surprise of the carpenters who
+undertook the repairs, they were found as sound as ever.
+A half-hour was required to saw through one of them!</p>
+
+<p>The bell in the new tower was cast by Paul Revere.
+Surmounting the spire is a cock which was perched on
+the original tower. When this tower, after the carpenters
+had done all they could with their saws, was
+pulled over by horses and oxen, the cock broke loose
+and fell at some distance. The man who picked up
+the figure was surprised to find that it was of solid
+copper, instead of wood, as had been thought, and that
+it weighed more than fifty pounds.</p>
+
+<p>In the original pews there was a central chair, surrounded
+by seats hung on hinges. Over the pulpit was
+a sounding board. At the head of the pulpit stair a
+seat was provided for the sexton, that he might be on
+hand to trim the candles during the evening service.</p>
+
+<p>The official history of the church, written by Dr.
+H. C. Hovey, gives interesting facts concerning the
+heating of the old building:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"For seventy years those who crowded this church
+depended on footstoves altogether for warmth in winter;
+while the minister preached in his ample cloak,
+and wore gloves with a finger and thumb cut off to
+enable him the better to turn the leaves. A law was
+made allowing the sexton twenty cents for each footstove
+that he had to fill before service and remove afterward.
+A great sensation was made in 1819 by the
+introduction of wood stoves at an outlay of $100. The
+first day they were in place the people were so overcome
+that some of them fainted away and were carried
+out of the house; but they revived on learning that as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span>
+yet no fire had been kindled in the new stoves. The
+doors of the stoves opened into the ample vestibule,
+where the custom continued of ranging the many footstoves
+in a wide circle to be filled with live coals from
+the stove."</p>
+
+<p>On the Sunday after the battle of Lexington Dr.
+Jonathan Parsons made an appeal in the name of liberty.
+After this Captain Ezra Lunt stepped into the
+aisle and formed a company of sixty men, which is said
+to have been the first company of volunteers to join
+the Continental Army.</p>
+
+<p>Later Newburyport supplied a number of companies.
+But the call came for still another company. "Day
+after day the recruiting officers toiled in vain," Dr.
+Hovey writes, "Finally the regiment was invited to
+the Presbyterian church, where they were addressed
+in such spirited and stirring words that once again a
+number of this church stepped forth to take the covenant,
+and in two hours after the benediction had been
+spoken the entire company was raised."</p>
+
+<p>During the war twenty-two vessels and one thousand
+men, from the towns of Newbury and Newburyport,
+were lost at sea. The first American flag seen in British
+waters, after the cessation of hostilities, was displayed
+in the Thames by Nicholas Johnson of Newburyport,
+captain of the <i>Compte de Grasse</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Among the treasures of the church is the Bible which
+Whitefield used. The evangelist, who died Sunday,
+September 30, 1770, is buried in the crypt under the
+pulpit where he had planned to preach on the very day
+of his death, as he had preached many times during
+the years since the building of the church. To this
+dark crypt thousands of reverent visitors have groped
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span>
+their way. One, less reverent, removed an arm of the
+skeleton and carried it to England as a relic. No one
+knew what had become of it until, after the death of
+the thief, it was returned to Newburyport, together
+with a bust of Whitefield. This bust is also one of the
+treasures of Old South.</p>
+
+<p>Those who love this old church at Newburyport delight
+in the lines of John Greenleaf Whittier:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"Under the church of Federal Street,</p>
+<p>Under the tread of its Sabbath feet,</p>
+<p>Walled about by its basement stones,</p>
+<p>Lie the marvellous preacher's bones.</p>
+<p>No saintly honors to them are shown,</p>
+<p>No sign nor miracle have they known;</p>
+<p>But he who passes the ancient church</p>
+<p>Stops in the shade of its belfry-porch,</p>
+<p>And ponders the wonderful life of him</p>
+<p>Who lies at rest in that charnel dim.</p>
+<p>Long shall the traveller strain his eye</p>
+<p>From the railroad car, as it plunges by,</p>
+<p>And the vanishing town behind him search</p>
+<p>For the slender spire of the Whitefield Church;</p>
+<p>And feel for one moment the ghosts of trade</p>
+<p>And fashion and folly and pleasure laid,</p>
+<p>By the thought of that life of pure intent,</p>
+<p>That voice of warning, yet eloquent,</p>
+<p>Of one on the errands of angels sent.</p>
+<p>Like the tide from the harbor-bar sets in.</p>
+<p>And over a life of time and sense</p>
+<p>The church-spires lift their vain defence,</p>
+<p>As if to scatter the bolts of God</p>
+<p>With the points of Calvin's thunder-rod,&mdash;</p>
+<p>Still, as the gem of its civic crown,</p>
+<p>Precious beyond the world's renown,</p>
+<p>His memory hallows the ancient town!"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p6">XVI<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, PROVIDENCE,<br />
+RHODE ISLAND</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE OLDEST BAPTIST CHURCH IN AMERICA</p>
+
+<p>When Roger Williams, Welshman, left England for
+America because he could not find in the Church of
+England freedom to worship God according to his conscience,
+he came to Salem, in the Massachusetts Bay
+Colony. There he joined others who had sought America
+for the same purpose, but to his disappointment
+he found that his ideas of liberty of worship did not
+agree with theirs, and he was once more adrift. On
+October 9, 1635, the authorities of the Colony ordered
+that he "shall depart out of this jurisdiction." He was
+later given permission to remain until spring, on condition
+that he make no attempt "to draw others to his
+opinions."</p>
+
+<p>On the ground that he had broken the implied agreement,
+the Governor, on January 11, 1636, sent for him
+to go to Boston, from whence he was to be banished to
+England. Williams sent word that he was ill and could
+not come at the time. A force of men was sent to seize
+him, but when they reached his house he had departed
+already, turning his face toward the southern wilderness.
+He was "sorely tossed for fourteen weeks in
+a bitter winter season, not knowing what bread or bed
+did mean."</p>
+
+<p>On April 30, 1636, he came to the country of the
+Wampanoags, where the sachem Massasoit made him
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span>
+a grant of land. Within a short time some of his friends
+joined him, and primitive houses were built. Then
+came word from the Governor of Massachusetts Bay
+that he must go beyond the bounds of the Plymouth
+Colony. Accordingly, with six others, he embarked in
+canoes and sought for a location. When this was found
+Canonicus and Mantonomi agreed to let the company
+have lands, and soon the new settlement was made and
+named Providence, in recognition of God's care of him
+during his journey. Then others joined him and his
+companions.</p>
+
+<p>Two years after the settlement of Providence twelve
+of the citizens decided that they must have a church.
+One of the company, Ezekiel Hollyman, baptized Roger
+Williams and Williams baptized Hollyman and ten
+others. The twelve then baptized were the original
+members of the first church of Providence, Rhode
+Island, the first Baptist church in America, and the
+second in the world. Roger Williams was the first
+pastor, but he withdrew before the close of the year
+in which the church was organised. During the remaining
+forty-five years of his life he remained in
+Providence as a missionary among the Indians, whose
+friendship he had won by his scrupulously careful and
+honorable method of dealing with them.</p>
+
+<p>The church met in private houses or under the trees,
+for more than sixty years. The first meeting house
+was not erected until 1700. The builder was Pardon
+Tillinghast, the sixth pastor of the church, who, like
+his predecessors, served without salary. However, he
+urged that the church should begin to pay its way, and
+that his successor should receive a stipulated salary.
+The Tillinghast building was in use for fifteen years
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span>
+after it was deeded to the congregation, in 1711. The
+deed, which is on record at the Providence City Hall,
+calls the church a "Six-Principle church."</p>
+
+<p>The growth of the congregation called for a larger
+building. This was erected in 1726 and was used until
+1774. An old document gives an interesting side light
+on the building of the meeting house. This is an account
+of Richard Brown, dated May 30, 1726, which
+reads:</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+The account of what charge I have been at this day
+as to the providing a dinner for the people that raised
+the Baptist meeting-house at Providence (it being raised
+this day,) is as followeth:</p>
+
+<table summary="Dinner Account">
+<tr>
+<td>One fat sheep, which weighed forty-three lbs.</td>
+<td class="tdr">£0,14,04</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>For roasting the said sheep, etc.</td>
+<td class="tdr">8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>For one lb. butter</td>
+<td class="tdr">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>For two loaves of bread which weighed fifteen lbs.</td>
+<td class="tdr">2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>For half a peck of peas</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,03</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>When the building was planned the Charitable Baptist
+Society was incorporated, that it might hold title
+to "a meeting-house for the public worship of Almighty
+God, and to hold Commencement in." Nearly a third
+of the £7,000 required for the new building was
+raised by a lottery, authorized by the State. The architects
+modelled the church after the popular St. Martins-in-the-Fields
+in London, whose designer was James
+Gibbs, a pupil of Sir Christopher Wren.</p>
+
+<p>In the two-hundred-foot spire was hung the bell made
+in London, on which were inscribed the strange words:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"For freedom of conscience this town was first planted;</p>
+<p>Persuasion, not force was used by the people:</p>
+<p>This Church is the eldest, and has not recanted,</p>
+<p>Enjoying and granting bell, temple, and steeple."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The pastor at the time the new church was first occupied,
+on May 28, 1775, was president of Rhode Island
+College, an institution which had been located in Providence
+in 1773, in consequence of the generosity and
+activity of the members of the church. The institution
+later became Brown University. Every one of the
+presidents of the college has been a member of the
+First Church.</p>
+
+<p>A church whose building was dedicated "midway
+between the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill"
+should have a patriotic history. The story of Providence
+during the Revolution shows that the members
+were keenly alive to their opportunities. The first suggestion
+for the Continental Congress came from Providence.
+Rhode Island was the first State to declare for
+independence. Pastor and people were ardent supporters
+of these movements. Many soldiers were furnished
+to the army by the congregation.</p>
+
+<p>Naturally, then, people would be interested in a man
+like Stephen Gano, who became pastor in 1792. He
+had been a surgeon in the Revolutionary Army, and had
+been taken prisoner, put on board a prison-ship, and
+bound in chains, which made scars that lasted for life.
+His pastorate of thirty-six years was the longest in the
+history of the church.</p>
+
+<p>The stately building erected in 1774 is still in use.
+The gallery long set apart for the use of slaves has
+given way to a square loft, the old pews have been displaced
+by modern seats, and the lofty pulpit and sounding-board
+have disappeared. Otherwise the church is
+much as it was when the first congregation entered its
+doors in 1775.</p>
+
+<h2>TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND
+KNICKERBOCKERS FLOURISHED</h2>
+
+<div class="poem p6">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>Where nowadays the Battery lies,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>New York had just begun,</i></p>
+<p><i>A new-born babe, to rub its eyes,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>In Sixteen Sixty-One.</i></p>
+<p><i>They christened it Nieuw Amsterdam,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Those burghers grave and stately,</i></p>
+<p><i>And so, with schnapps and smoke and psalm,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Lived out their lives sedately.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>Two windmills topped their wooden wall,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>On stadthuys gazing down,</i></p>
+<p><i>On fort, and cabbage-plots, and all</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>The quaintly gabled town;</i></p>
+<p><i>These flapped their wings and shifted backs,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>As ancient scrolls determine,</i></p>
+<p><i>To scare the savage Hackensacks,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Paumanks, and other vermin</i>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>At night the loyal settlers lay</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Betwixt their feather-beds;</i></p>
+<p><i>In hose and breeches walked by day,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>And smoked, and wagged their heads.</i></p>
+<p><i>No changeful fashions came from France,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>The vrouwleins to bewilder;</i></p>
+<p><i>No broad-brimmed burgher spent for pants</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>His every other guilder.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>In petticoats of linsey red,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>And jackets neatly kept,</i></p>
+<p><i>The vrouws their knitting-needles sped</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>And deftly spun and swept.</i></p>
+<p><i>Few modern-school flirtations there</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Set wheels of scandal trundling,</i></p>
+<p><i>But youths and maidens did their share</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Of staid, old-fashioned bundling.</i></p>
+</div>
+<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">Edmund Clarence Stedman.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p6">TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND KNICKERBOCKERS
+FLOURISHED</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_15" id="img_15"></a>
+<img src="images/i_107a.jpg" width="550" height="396" alt="Morris-Jumel House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company</i></span><br />
+MORRIS-JUMEL HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XVII<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE MORRIS-JUMEL MANSION, NEW YORK CITY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE WASHINGTON ESCAPED FROM THE BRITISH BY A<br />
+FIFTEEN MINUTE MARGIN</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"A Pleasant situated Farm, on the Road leading to
+King's Bridge, in the Township of Harlem, on York-Island,
+containing about 100 acres, near 30 acres of
+which is Wood-land, a fine piece of Meadow Ground,
+and more easily be made: and commands the finest
+Prospect in the whole Country: the Land runs from
+River to River: there is Fishing, Oystering, and Claming
+at either end...."</p>
+
+<p>When, in 1765, Roger Morris, whose city house was
+at the corner of Whitehall and Stone streets, saw this
+advertisement in the New York <i>Mercury</i>, he hungered
+for the country. So he bought the offered land, and
+by the summer of 1766 he had completed the sturdy
+Georgian house that, after a century and a half, looks
+down on the city that has grown to it and beyond it.</p>
+
+<p>In an advertisement published in 1792, in the New
+York <i>Daily Advertiser</i>, a pleasing description of the
+mansion of Roger Morris was given:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"On the premises is a large dwelling-house, built in
+modern style and taste and elegance. It has ... a
+large hall through the centre; a spacious dining room
+on the right.... On the left is a handsome parlor
+and a large back room.... On the second floor are
+seven bedchambers ... On the upper floor are five
+lodging rooms ... and at the top of the house is affixed
+an electric conducter. Underneath the building
+are a large, commodious kitchen and laundry and wine
+cellar, storeroom, kitchen pantry, sleeping apartments
+for servants, and a most complete dairy room...."</p>
+
+<p>For nine years Roger Morris and his family lived in
+the mansion on the Heights. As a member of the
+Legislative Council much of his time was given to the
+interests of his fellow-citizens. But as time passed he
+found himself out of sympathy with his neighbors.
+They demanded war with Great Britain, and he felt
+that he could not join the revolt. Accordingly, in 1775,
+he sailed for England, leaving his large property in
+the care of Mrs. Morris.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Morris kept the house open for a time, but
+finally, taking her children with her, she went to her
+sister-in-law at the Philipse Manor House at Yonkers.</p>
+
+<p>On September 14, 1776, General Washington decided
+to abandon the city to the British. He planned to go
+to Harlem, to the fortification prepared in anticipation
+of just such an emergency. On September 15 he took
+possession of the Roger Morris house as headquarters.
+Two days later his Orderly Book shows the following
+message, referring to the battle of Harlem Heights:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"The General most heartily thanks the troops commanded
+yesterday by Major Leitch, who first advanced
+upon the enemy, and the others who so resolutely supported
+them. The behavior of yesterday was such a
+contrast to that of some troops the day before [at
+Kip's Bay] as must show what may be done when
+Officers and Soldiers exert themselves."</p>
+
+<p>During the weeks when the mansion remained Washington's
+headquarters the curious early flag of the colonists
+waved above it. In the space now given to the
+stars was the British Union Jack, while the thirteen
+red and white stripes that were to become so familiar
+completed the design. This flag the English called
+"the Rebellious Stripes."</p>
+
+<p>On November 16, 1776, Washington was at Fort Lee,
+on the New Jersey shore, opposite the present 160th
+Street. Desiring to view from the Heights the British
+operations in their attack on Fort Washington, he
+crossed over to the Morris house. Fifteen minutes
+after he left the Heights to return to New Jersey, fourteen
+thousand British and Hessian troops took possession
+of the Heights, the Morris Mansion, and Fort
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The period of British occupation continued, at intervals,
+until near the close of the war. Since the
+owner was a Loyalist, the British Government paid
+rent for it.</p>
+
+<p>After the Revolution the property was confiscated,
+as appears from an entry in Washington's diary, dated
+July 10, 1790:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Having formed a Party consisting of the Vice-President,
+his lady, Son &amp; Miss Smith; the Secretaries
+of State, Treasury, &amp; War, and the ladies of the two
+latter; with all the Gentlemen of my family, Mrs. Lear
+&amp; the two Children, we visited the old position of Fort
+Washington, and afterwards dined on a dinner provided
+by a Mr. Mariner at the House lately Colo. Roger
+Morris, but confiscated and in the occupation of a
+common Farmer."</p>
+
+<p>For nearly thirty years after the Revolution the
+stately old house was occupied as a farmhouse or as
+a tavern. In 1810 it became the home of Stephen Jumel,
+a wealthy New York merchant, whose widow, Madam
+Jumel, later gave such wonderful entertainments in the
+house that the whole city talked about her. After many
+years of life alone in the mansion, in July, 1833, she
+married Aaron Burr. He was then seventy-two years
+old, while she was fifty-nine.</p>
+
+<p>Madam Jumel-Burr lived until July 16, 1865. During
+her last years she was demented and did many
+strange things. For a time she maintained an armed
+garrison in the house, and she rode daily about the
+grounds at the head of fifteen or twenty men.</p>
+
+<p>The mansion passed through a number of hands
+until, in 1903, title to it was taken by the City of New
+York, on payment of $235,000.</p>
+
+<p>For three years the vacant house was at the mercy
+of souvenir hunters, but when, in 1906, it was turned
+over to the Daughters of the American Revolution, to
+be used as a Revolutionary Museum, twelve thousand
+dollars were appropriated for repairs and restoration.
+This amount was woefully inadequate, but it is hoped
+that further appropriation will make complete restoration
+possible.</p>
+
+<p>The spacious grounds that once belonged to the mansion
+have been sold for building lots, but the house
+looks down proudly as ever from its lofty site almost
+opposite the intersection of Tenth Avenue and One
+Hundred and Sixty-first Street with St. Nicholas
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span>
+Avenue. The corner of its original dooryard is now
+Roger Morris Park.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_16" id="img_16"></a>
+<img src="images/i_107b.jpg" width="550" height="401" alt="Philipse Manor House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by A. V. Card, Yonkers</i></span><br />
+PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS, N. Y.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XVIII</p>
+
+<h3>THE PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS,<br />
+NEW YORK</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HOME OF MARY PHILIPSE, IN WHOM GEORGE<br />
+WASHINGTON WAS INTERESTED</p>
+
+<p>At first glance one would not think that the name
+Yonkers was derived very directly from the name of
+the first settlers of the region, de Jonkheer Adriaen
+Van der Donck. When, in 1646, he secured a large
+tract of land bounded by the Hudson, the Bronx, and
+Spuyten Duyvil Creek, this was called "Colen Donck"
+(Donck's Colony) or "De Jonkheer's" (the Young
+Lord's). As the Dutch "j" is pronounced "y," the
+transition from Jonkheers to Yonkers was easy.</p>
+
+<p>On September 29, 1672, after the death of the original
+owner, 7,708 acres of the princely estate were sold to
+three men, of whom Frederick Philipse (originally
+Ffreric Vlypse) was one. A few years later Philipse
+bought out the heirs of the other two purchasers, and
+added to his holdings by further purchases from his
+countrymen and from the Indians. On June 12, 1693,
+he was permitted to call himself lord of the Manor of
+Philipsburgh. From that day the carpenter from Friesland,
+who had grown so rich that he was called "the
+Dutch millionaire," lived in state in the house he had
+begun in 1682.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This lord of the manor became still more important
+in consequence of the acceptance of his offer to build
+a bridge over Spuyt-den-duyvil, or "Spiting Devil"
+Creek, when the city declined to do so for lack of funds.
+The deed given to him stated that he had "power and
+authority to erect a bridge over the water or river commonly
+called Spiten devil ferry or Paparimeno, and to
+receive toll from all passengers and drovers of cattle
+that shall pass thereon, according to rates hereinafter
+mentioned." This bridge, which was called Kingsbridge,
+was a great source of revenue until 1713, when
+it was removed to the present site. Then tolls were
+charged until 1759, or, nominally, until 1779.</p>
+
+<p>Part of the Manor House was used as a trading post.
+Everything Philipse handled seemed to turn into gold.
+All his ventures prospered. It was whispered that
+some of these ventures were more than a little shady,
+that he had dealings with pirates and shared in their
+ill-gotten gains, and that he even went into partnership
+with Captain Kidd when that once honest man became
+the prince of the very pirates whom the Government
+had commissioned him to apprehend. And Philipse,
+as a member of the Governor's Council, had recommended
+this Kidd as the best man for the job! It is
+not strange that the lord of the manor felt constrained
+to resign his seat in the council because of the popular
+belief in the statement made by the Governor, that
+"Kidd's missing treasures could be readily found if
+the coffers of Frederick Philipse were searched."</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Frederick Philipse, the great-grandson of
+Captain Kidd's partner, enlarged the Manor House to
+its present proportions and appearance. He also was
+prominent in the affairs of the Colony. He was a member
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span>
+of the Provincial Assembly, and was chairman of
+a meeting called on August 20, 1774, to select delegates
+to the county convention which was to select a representative
+to the First Continental Congress. Thus,
+ostensibly, he was taking his place with those who were
+crying out for the redress of grievances suffered at the
+hands of Great Britain. Yet it was not long until it
+was evident that he was openly arrayed with those who
+declined to turn from their allegiance to the king.</p>
+
+<p>The most famous event that took place in the Philipse
+Manor was the marriage, on January 28, 1758, of the
+celebrated beauty, Mary Philipse, to Colonel Roger
+Morris. A letter from Joseph Chew to George Washington,
+dated July 13, 1757, shows that&mdash;in the opinion
+of the writer, at least&mdash;the young Virginian soldier was
+especially interested in Mary Philipse. In this letter,
+which he wrote after his return from a visit to Mrs.
+Beverly Robinson in New York, the sister of Mary
+Philipse, he said:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I often had the Pleasure of Breakfasting with the
+Charming Polly, Roger Morris was there (Don't be
+startled) but not always, you know him he is a Lady's
+man, always something to say, the Town talk't of it
+as a sure &amp; settled Affair. I can't say I think so and
+that I much doubt it, but assure you had Little Acquaintance
+with Mr. Morris and only slightly hinted
+it to Miss Polly, but how can you be Excused to Continue
+so long in Phila. I think I should have made a
+kind of Flying March of it if it had been only to have
+seen whether the Works were sufficient to withstand
+a Vigorous Attack, you a soldier and a Lover, mind
+I have been arguing for my own Interest now for had
+you taken this method then I should have had the
+Pleasure of seeing you&mdash;my Paper is almost full and
+I am Convinced you will be heartily tyred in Reading
+it&mdash;however will just add that I intend to set out to-morrow
+for New York where I will not be wanting to
+let Miss Polly know the Sincere Regard a Friend of
+mine has for her&mdash;and I am sure if she had my Eyes
+to see thro would Prefer him to all others."</p>
+
+<p>While it is true that George Washington went to
+New York to see the charming Polly, there is no evidence
+that he was especially interested in her.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Morris later built for his bride the Morris-Jumel
+Mansion, which is still standing near 160th
+Street. Mrs. Morris frequently visited at the home of
+her girlhood. The last visit was paid there during
+Christmas week of 1776. Her father, who had been
+taken to Middletown, Connecticut, because of his activities
+on the side of the king, was allowed to go to his
+home on parole.</p>
+
+<p>In 1779 the Manor House and lands were declared
+forfeited because the owner refused to take the oath
+of allegiance to the Colonies, and Frederick Philipse,
+III, went to England.</p>
+
+<p>The property was sold in 1785. Until 1868 it was
+in the hands of various purchasers. To-day the Manor
+House is preserved as a relic of the days when Washington
+visited the house, when loyalists were driven from
+the doors, and when it was the centre of some of the
+important movements against the British troops.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">XIX<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL, NEW YORK CITY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE WASHINGTON ATTENDED SERVICE ON HIS FIRST<br />
+INAUGURATION DAY</p>
+
+<p>In the New York <i>Gazette</i> of May 14, 1764, appeared
+this notice concerning St. Paul's Chapel:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"We are told that the Foundation Stone of the third
+English Church which is about erecting in this City,
+is to be laid this day. The church is to be 112 by 72
+feet."</p>
+
+<p>For two years those who passed the corner of Broadway
+and Partition (Fulton) Street watched the progress
+of the building. On October 30, 1766, it was ready
+for the first service.</p>
+
+<p>On the opening day there was no steeple, no organ,
+and no stove. But those who entered the doors were
+abundantly satisfied with the work of the architect,
+who is said to have been a Scotchman named McBean,
+a pupil of Gibbs, the designer of St. Martins-in-the-Fields,
+London, to which church the interior of St.
+Paul's Chapel bears a marked resemblance. In the
+account of the opening the New York <i>Journal and
+General Advertiser</i> said that the new church was "one
+of the most elegant edifices on the Continent."</p>
+
+<p>Between April 13, 1776, when Washington arrived
+in New York, and September 15, 1776, when Lord Howe
+occupied the city, the church was closed, since the rector
+did not see his way to omit from the service the prayers
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span>
+for the king. But when the British took possession of
+New York the doors were opened once more. Until the
+city was evacuated, November 25, 1783, Lord Howe and
+many of his officers were regular attendants at St.
+Paul's.</p>
+
+<p>Six days after the beginning of the British occupation
+the church had a narrow escape from destruction.
+A fire, which Howe declared was of incendiary origin,
+burned four hundred of the four thousand homes in
+New York. St. Paul's Chapel was in the centre of
+the burnt district. Trinity Church was destroyed, and
+St. Paul's was saved by the efforts of its rector, Dr.
+Inglis. This was the first of five such narrow escapes.
+The steeple was actually aflame during the conflagration
+of 1797, but the building was saved. Three times
+during the nineteenth century, in 1820, 1848, and 1865,
+fire approached or passed by the chapel.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the first inauguration of Washington,
+at the City Hall, he walked to St. Paul's to ask
+God's blessing on the country and his administration.
+During his residence in New York, until Trinity Church
+was rebuilt, he was a regular attendant at the services.
+From 1789 to 1791 his diary records the fact many
+times, "Went to St. Paul's Chappel in the forenoon."
+At first he used the pew built for the Governor of New
+York, but later, when a President's pew was built, he
+moved to this. Canopies covered both pews, while they
+were further marked by the arms of the United States
+and of New York.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Morgan Dix, in his address at the Centennial
+anniversary of the completion of the building, told of
+an old man who had said to him that when he was a
+boy he used to sit with other school-boys in the north
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span>
+gallery, and from there he would watch the arrival of
+the General and "Lady Washington" as they came up
+Fair Street to the church, in a coach and four.</p>
+
+<p>In the same address Dr. Dix said: "The church remains,
+substantially, such as it was in the first days;
+alterations have been made in it, but they have not
+changed its general appearance. For justness of proportion
+and elegance of style, it still holds a leading
+place among our city churches, and must be regarded
+as a fine specimen of its particular school of architecture.
+When it was built, the western end commanded
+an uninterrupted view of the river and the Jersey shore,
+for the waters of the Hudson then flowed up to the line
+of Greenwich Street, all beyond is made land."</p>
+
+<p>In the portico of the old church is a monument to
+General Montgomery, a member of St. Paul's parish,
+who fell at Quebec, and is buried in the chapel. This
+monument, which was sent from France by Benjamin
+Franklin, had an adventurous career. The vessel in
+which it was shipped was captured by the British, and
+some time elapsed before it reached its destined place.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_17" id="img_17"></a>
+<img src="images/i_108a.jpg" width="550" height="425" alt="Fraunces' Tavern" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company</i></span><br />
+FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XX</p>
+
+<h3>FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE WASHINGTON TOOK LEAVE OF HIS SOLDIERS</p>
+
+<p>The subscribers of the <i>Pennsylvania Packet</i>, on the
+morning of December 2, 1783, read the following pleasing
+despatch from New York City, which was dated
+November 26, 1783:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"Yesterday in the morning the American troops
+marched from Haerlem, to the Bowery lanes. They
+remained there until about one o'clock, when the British
+troops left the fort in the Bowery, and the American
+troops marched in and took possession of the city.&mdash;After
+the troops had taken possession of the city, the
+GENERAL and GOVERNOR made their public entry
+in the following manner:&mdash;Their excellencies the general
+and governor with their suites on horseback. The
+lieutenant governor, and the members of the council
+for the temporary government of the southern district,
+four a-breast.&mdash;Major-general Knox, and the officers of
+the army, eight a-breast.&mdash;Citizens on horseback, eight
+a-breast.&mdash;The speaker of the assembly and citizens, on
+foot, eight a-breast.</p>
+
+<p>"Their excellencies the governor and commander-in-chief
+were escorted by a body of West Chester light
+horse, under the command of Captain Delavan. The
+procession proceeded down Queen [now Pearl] Street,
+and through the Broad-way to Cape's Tavern. The governor
+gave a public dinner at Fraunces' tavern; and
+which the commander-in-chief, and other general officers
+were present."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The building which Washington made famous that
+day was erected by Etienne de Lancey, probably in
+1700. Samuel Fraunces purchased the place in 1762.
+Soon it became one of the most popular taverns in New
+York. Among its patrons were some of the leaders in
+the Revolution, as well as many who were loyal to King
+George. But Fraunces himself never wavered in his
+allegiance to the Colonies.</p>
+
+<p>One of the clubs that met regularly at Fraunces' was
+the Social Club, of which John Jay, Gouverneur Morris,
+and Robert R. Livingston were members.</p>
+
+<p>During the occupation of New York by the British
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span>
+the tavern did not have an opportunity to play a part
+in the history of the country, though the daughter of
+the proprietor, who was a tavern keeper at Washington's
+Richmond Hill headquarters, made ineffective a plot to
+poison the Commander-in-Chief.</p>
+
+<p>Ten days after Washington's triumphal entry into
+the city, and the dinner at the tavern, one of the rooms
+was the scene of a historic event of which Rivington's
+<i>New York Gazette</i> told in these words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"Last Thursday noon (December 4) the principal
+officers of the army in town assembled at Fraunces'
+tavern to take a final leave of their illustrious, gracious
+and much loved comrade, General Washington. The
+passions of human nature were never more tenderly
+agitated than in this interesting and distressful scene.
+His excellency, having filled a glass of wine, thus addressed
+his brave fellow-soldiers:</p>
+
+<p>"'With an heart full of love and gratitude I now
+take leave of you: I most devoutly wish that your latter
+days may be as prosperous and happy as your former
+ones have been glorious and honorable.'</p>
+
+<p>"These words produced extreme sensibility on both
+sides; they were answered by warm expressions, and
+fervent wishes, from the gentlemen of the army, whose
+truly pathetic feelings it is not in our power to convey
+to the reader. Soon after this scene was closed, his
+excellency the Governor, the honorable the Council
+and Citizens of the first distinction waited on the general
+and in terms the most affectionate took their leave."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Two years later Fraunces sold the tavern, but it retains
+his name to this day. It is still at the corner of
+Broad and Pearl streets. Many changes have been
+made in the building, under the direction of the Sons
+of the Revolution, and it will continue to attract visitors
+as long as it stands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">XXI<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE GRANGE, NEW YORK CITY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE ALEXANDER HAMILTON SPENT HIS LAST YEARS</p>
+
+<p>After nineteen years of moving from house to house
+and from city to city, Alexander Hamilton made up his
+mind to have a home of his own. In 1780 he had taken
+Elizabeth Schuyler from a mansion in Albany that was,
+in its day, almost a palace; and in 1799 he felt that the
+time had come to give her a home of corresponding
+comfort.</p>
+
+<p>At this time he was commander-in-chief of the army
+of the United States, a service that was made notable,
+among other things, by his suggestion and preparation
+of plans for the West Point Military Academy.</p>
+
+<p>The chosen site for the house, nine miles from Bowling
+Green, was bounded by the present St. Nicholas
+and Tenth Avenues and 141st and 145th streets. The
+coach from New York to Albany afforded regular transportation
+to the spot, though, of course, Hamilton had
+his own equipage. When he planned the house he
+thought his income of $12,000 would be ample to care
+for the property. Accordingly he felt justified in offering
+£800 for sixteen acres, one-half of which was to
+be paid in cash, the balance within a year.</p>
+
+<p>The architect chosen was John McComb, the designer
+of New York's old City Hall. Hamilton and his father-in-law,
+General Schuyler, had a hand in the development
+of the plans. In a letter to Hamilton, written
+August 25, 1800, General Schuyler said:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"If the house is boarded on the outside, and the clapboards
+put on, and filled on the inside with brick, I am
+persuaded no water will pass to the brick. If the clapboards
+are well painted, and filling in with brick will
+be little if any more expensive than lath and plaister,
+the former will prevent the nuisance occasioned by rats
+and mice, to which you will be eternally exposed if lath
+and plaister is made use of instead of brick."</p>
+
+<p>The mason's specifications, quoted by Allan MacLane
+Hamilton, were as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"Proposal for finishing General Hamilton's Country
+House&mdash;Viz.</p>
+
+<p>To build two Stacks of Chimneys to contain eight fire-places,
+exclusive of those in Cellar Story.</p>
+
+<p>To fill in with brick all the outside walls of the 1st
+and 2nd stories, also all the interior walls that Separate
+the two Octagon Rooms&mdash;and the two rooms over them&mdash;from
+the Hall and other Rooms in both Stories.</p>
+
+<p>To lath and plaster the side walls of 1st and 2nd
+stories with two coats &amp; set in white.</p>
+
+<p>To plaster the interior walls which separate the Octagon
+Room in both Stories, to be finished white, or as
+General Hamilton may chose.</p>
+
+<p>To lath and plaster all the other partitions in both
+stories.</p>
+
+<p>To lath and plaster the Ceiling of the Cellar Story
+throughout.</p>
+
+<p>To plaster the Sidewalls of Kitchen, Drawing Room,
+Hall &amp; passage, &amp; to point &amp; whitewash the Stone and
+brick walls of the other part of Cellar Story. To Point
+outside walls of Cellar Story and to fill in under the
+Sills.</p>
+
+<p>To lay both Kitchen hearths with brick, placed edge
+ways.</p>
+
+<p>To put a Strong Iron back in the Kitchen fire-place,
+five feet long by 2½ 9" high.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span></p>
+
+<p>To Put another Iron back in the Drawing Room 3'&mdash;6"
+by 2'&mdash;9".</p>
+
+<p>To place two Iron Cranes in the Kitchen fire Place&mdash;&amp;
+an Iron door for the oven mouth.</p>
+
+<p>The Rooms, Hall and Passage of the first Story to
+have neat Stocco Cornices&mdash;Those of Octagon Rooms of
+Best Kind (but not inriched).</p>
+
+<p>To put up the two setts of Italian Marble in the
+Octagon Room, such as General Hamilton may choose&mdash;and
+six setts of Stone Chimney pieces for the other
+Rooms.</p>
+
+<p>The Four fireplaces in the two Octagon rooms &amp; the
+two rooms over them, to have Iron Backs and jambs, and
+four fire places to have backs only.</p>
+
+<p>To lay the foundations for eight piers for the Piazza.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. McComb to find at his own expense all the Material
+requisite for the afore described work and execute
+it in a good &amp; workmenlike manner for one thousand
+Eight Hundred and Seventy five Dollars.</p>
+
+<p>General Hamilton to have all the Materials carted
+and to have all the Carpenter work done at his expense&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>General Hamilton is to find the workmen their board
+or to allow &mdash;&mdash; shillings per day for each days work in
+thereof."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>One of the workmen on the house was paid $424.50
+for three and one-half years' work. Another laborer
+was given $152.18 for sixteen months and twenty-seven
+days, or ninepence per day. The cost of the house, complete,
+was £1,550.</p>
+
+<p>The country place was a joy, both indoors and out.
+The garden was especially attractive to Hamilton. In
+a letter written from The Grange to a friend in South
+Carolina, he said:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"A garden, you know, is a very usual refuge of a
+disappointed politician. The melons in your country
+are very fine. Will you have the goodness to send me
+some seed, both of the water and musk melons?"</p>
+
+<p>Guests were numerous. Gouverneur Morris and
+General Schuyler were often at The Grange. Chancellor
+Kent, after a visit paid in April, 1804, wrote to
+his wife:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I went with General Hamilton on Saturday, the
+21st, and stayed till Sunday evening. There was a
+furious and dreadful storm on Saturday night. It
+blew almost a hurricane. His house stands high, and
+was much exposed, and I am certain that in the second
+story, where I slept, it rocked like a cradle. He never
+appeared before so friendly and amiable. I was alone,
+and he treated me with a minute attention that I did
+not suppose he knew how to bestow. His manners were
+also very delicate and chaste. His daughter, who is
+nineteen years old, has a very uncommon simplicity and
+modesty of deportment, and he appeared in his domestic
+state the plain, modest, and affectionate father and
+husband."</p>
+
+<p>The ideal life at The Grange continued only until
+July 13, 1804. That morning Hamilton set out as if
+for the office in the city as usual, without informing
+Mrs. Hamilton of the impending duel with Aaron Burr.
+At noon the wife was at the side of her husband, who
+died next day.</p>
+
+<p>After his death there were put in her hands two
+letters. In these he told of his purpose to permit his
+antagonist to shoot him:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"The scruples of a Christian have determined me to
+expose my own life to any extent rather than subject
+myself to the guilt of taking the life of another. This
+much increases my hazards, and redoubles my pangs for
+you....</p>
+
+<p>"If it had been possible for me to have avoided the
+interview, my love for you and my precious children
+would have been alone a decisive motive. But it was
+not possible, without sacrifices which would have rendered
+me unworthy of your esteem."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mrs. Hamilton remained at The Grange as long as
+possible, directing the men in the care of the estate and
+caring for her children. But she could not afford to
+keep a carriage, and the inaccessibleness of the estate
+and the drain it made on her limited purse soon made
+it necessary for her to rent a house in the city.</p>
+
+<p>Though friends proposed the raising of a fund that
+would care for Mrs. Hamilton and the children, it does
+not seem that there was any relief until 1816, when
+Congress gave to Mrs. Hamilton back pay amounting
+to ten thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>After The Grange was sold to pay debts, its career
+was checkered. Some years ago it was moved to the
+east side of Convent Avenue, and it then became the
+schoolhouse of St. Luke's Episcopal Church.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_18" id="img_18"></a>
+<img src="images/i_108b.jpg" width="550" height="394" alt="Van Cortlandt House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XXII</p>
+
+<h3>THE VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">AT THE EDGE OF THE MANHATTAN "NEUTRAL GROUND"</p>
+
+<p>In 1699 Jacobus Van Cortlandt bought the first fifty
+acres of the ground now included in Van Cortlandt
+Park, New York City, and for one hundred and ninety
+years the property remained in the Van Cortlandt
+family. Until fifty-three years before the first of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span>
+Van Cortlandts acquired it, the Indians were the undisputed
+possessors of the plot.</p>
+
+<p>Adriæn Van der Donck, the first settler to acquire
+title, lived until his death in the <i>bouwerie</i> or farmhouse,
+which he built on the shore of a brook. When
+Jacobus Van Cortlandt built his <i>bouwerie</i> by the side
+of the same brook, he dammed the water to make a
+mill-pond, which is to-day the beautiful Van Cortlandt
+lake. There he built a grist mill which remained in use
+until 1889. Early visitors to the lake delighted to study
+the ancient structure to which, during the Revolution,
+both British and patriot soldiers resorted with their
+grain. The mill was struck by lightning and destroyed
+in 1901.</p>
+
+<p>The third house on the estate was built in 1748 by
+Frederick the son of Jacobus, who acquired by the will
+of his father the "farm, situate, lying, and being in a
+place commonly called and known by the name of Little
+or Lower Yonkers." This house, which was modelled
+after the Philipse Manor House at Yonkers, is still in a
+fine state of preservation. Since 1897, it has been used
+as a public museum, in charge of the Colonial Dames of
+the State of New York.</p>
+
+<p>The room fitted up as a museum was occupied by
+General Washington on the occasion of his visit to the
+house in 1783. This room is also pointed out as the
+scene of the death of Captain Rowe of the Hessian
+jaegers, who was severely wounded near the house.
+When he realised that he could not recover, he sent in
+haste for the young woman who had promised to marry
+him, and he died in her arms.</p>
+
+<p>Other famous visitors were Rochambeau, Admiral
+Digby, and William Henry, Duke of Clarence, who became
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span>
+King William IV of England. Admiral Digby,
+after his departure, sent to Augustus Van Cortlandt,
+the owner of the house, two wooden vultures, which he
+had captured from a Spanish privateer. These vultures
+are now in the museum.</p>
+
+<p>The old house was the centre of important military
+operations during the Revolution. Washington fortified
+eight strategic spots in the vicinity of Kingsbridge,
+and when he withdrew before the British occupied the
+fortification, a number of Hessian jaegers were quartered
+in the Van Cortlandt House. To the north of the
+house was the neutral ground for which the two armies
+continually struggled for possession. In 1781, when
+Washington was about to withdraw his army to Yorktown,
+he directed that camp-fires be lit on Vault Hill,
+the site of the Van Cortlandt family vault. By this
+stratagem he succeeded for a time in deceiving the
+enemy as to his movements.</p>
+
+<p>Since the building of the Broadway subway Van Cortlandt
+Park has been so easy of access that the number
+of visitors to the historic spot has rapidly increased.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">XXIII</p>
+
+<h3>THE HASBROUCK HOUSE, NEWBURGH,<br />
+NEW YORK</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE THE CLOSING DRAMA OF THE REVOLUTION<br />
+WAS STAGED</p>
+
+<p>During the entire period of the Revolution the country
+about Newburgh was an important centre of military
+operations. West Point was fortified in 1776, that the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span>
+British might not be able to carry out their design of
+separating New England from the middle colonies.
+Many officers had their headquarters within a few miles
+of these fortifications. Lafayette was at the Williams
+House, three miles north of Newburgh, while Generals
+Green, Gates, and Knox were at Vail's Gate, four miles
+south of the town. General George Clinton was at
+Little Britain, and General Anthony Wayne was in
+Newburgh.</p>
+
+<p>Washington's first stay in the vicinity was at Vail's
+Gate, New Windsor, in the winter of 1779-80. His
+longest sojourn, however, was in the house which Jonathan
+Hasbrouck built in 1750 and enlarged in 1770.
+The best description of this substantial one-story stone
+house at the time of Washington's residence there is
+contained in the "Memoirs" of Marquis de Chastellux,
+who was the guest of the Commander-in-chief on
+December 6, <a name="e1872" id="e1872"></a>1872:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"The largest room in it, (which was the proprietor's
+parlor for his family, and which General Washington
+has converted into his dining-room) is in truth tolerably
+spacious, but it has seven doors and only one window.
+The chimney, or rather the chimney back, is against the
+wall; so that there is in fact but one vent for the smoke,
+and the fire is in the room itself. I found the company
+assembled in a small room, which served by way of
+parlor. At nine supper was served, and when the hour
+of bed-time came, I found that the chamber, to which
+the General conducted me, was the very parlor I speak
+of, wherein he had made them place a camp bed...."</p>
+
+<p>The records of the months when Washington was an
+occupant of the old Dutch house are among the most
+interesting of the war. For instance, on May 10, 1782,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span>
+there came tidings of the arrival in New York of Sir
+Guy Carleton, the new British commander, who wrote
+that he desired to tell of the king's idea of a possible
+peace, and of the attitude of the House of Commons.
+He closed his letter by saying, "If war must prevail, I
+shall endeavor to render its miseries as light to the
+people of this continent as the circumstances of such a
+condition will possibly permit."</p>
+
+<p>Two days earlier Washington wrote a letter to
+Meschech Weare in which he seems to have anticipated
+and discredited Carleton's word of appeal:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"They are meant to amuse this country with a false
+idea of peace, to draw us off from our connection with
+France, and to lull us into a state of security and inactivity,
+which having taken place, the ministry will be
+left to prosecute the war in other parts of the world
+with greater vigor and effect."</p>
+
+<p>In less than two weeks a tempter of an entirely different
+sort approached Washington. Lewis Nicola,
+colonel of the corps of invalids, wrote to tell of the
+fact that the officers and soldiers were discontented because
+they had not received their pay. Then he intimated
+that he had no hope of the success of republican
+institutions, but thought this country needed a ruler
+like a king, though he might not be called king, owing
+to the objection to that word. Yet he added, "I believe
+strong arguments might be produced for admitting
+the title of <span class="smcap">King</span>, which I conceive would be attended
+with some material advantages."</p>
+
+<p>To this letter Washington sent prompt reply, on
+May 22, 1782:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: With a mixture of great surprise and astonishment,
+I have read with attention the sentiments you
+have submitted to my perusal. Be assured, Sir, no
+occurrence in the course of the war has given me more
+painful sensations, than your information of there being
+such ideas existing in the army, as you have expressed,
+and I must view with abhorrence and reprehend with
+severity. For the present the Communication of this
+will rest in my own bosom, unless some further agitation
+of the matter shall make a disclosure necessary.</p>
+
+<p>"I am much at a loss to conceive what part of my
+conduct could have given encouragement to an address,
+which to me seems big with the greatest mischiefs that
+can befall my country. If I am not deceived in the
+knowledge of myself, you could not have found a person
+to whom your schemes are more disagreeable. At the
+same time, in justice to my own feelings, I must add that
+no man possesses a more sincere wish to see ample justice
+done to the Army than I do, and so far as my
+power and influence, in a constitutional way, extend,
+they shall be employed to the utmost of my abilities to
+effect it, should there be any occasion. Let me conjure
+you then, if you have any regard for your country, concern
+for yourself or respect for me, to banish these
+thoughts from your mind, and never communicate, as
+from yourself or any one else, a sentiment of the like
+nature.</p>
+
+<p>"With esteem I am, sir, Your most obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="i10">"<span class="smcap">George Washington</span>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>That Washington desired to be a simple resident on
+his own estate at Mount Vernon instead of king of the
+new country, was emphasized by a letter written on
+June 15 to Archibald Cary:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I can truly say, that the first wish of my soul is to
+return speedily into the bosom of that country which
+gave me birth, and, in the sweet enjoyment of domestic
+happiness and the company of a few friends, to end my
+days in quiet, when I shall be called from this stage."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span>
+There was joy in the village on the banks of the
+Hudson when, late in 1782, a letter came from Sir Guy
+Carleton announcing that negotiations for a general
+peace had already begun in Paris, and that the king
+had decided to propose the independence of the thirteen
+Provinces "in the first instance, instead of granting
+it as a condition of a general treaty."</p>
+
+<p>In the long interval before the receipt of decisive
+word concerning peace, the sagacity of Washington
+was once more tested severely. There was still disaffection
+among the officers and the men because they
+had not been paid, and because Congress seemed to pay
+no attention to their protests. Washington learned that
+a call had been issued for a meeting of officers to be
+held in New Windsor to consider taking matters into
+their own hands and forcing Congress to act.</p>
+
+<p>Washington did not hesitate. He asked the officers
+to meet him in the very building in which they had
+planned to make their plans for revolt. Then he appealed
+to their patriotism, urging them not to put a
+stain on their noble service by hasty action. When he
+had gone, the officers acted in a way that justified the
+General's confidence. Unanimously they promised all
+that had been asked of them, and voted to thank Washington
+for his method of dealing with them.</p>
+
+<p>On March 19, 1783, four days after this action, Washington
+acknowledged to Congress receipt of word that
+the preliminary articles of peace had been signed on
+November 30, and on April 18 he ordered the cessation
+of hostilities, in accordance with the proclamation of
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p>The Hasbrouck house was sold by the family to New
+York State in 1849. For twenty-four years, by act of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span>
+Assembly, the historic quarters were cared for by the
+trustees of the village, and later by the city authorities.
+In May, 1874, trustees appointed by the legislature took
+over the property and have held it ever since, for the
+benefit of the people.</p>
+
+<h2>THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH
+THE PATRIOTS</h2>
+
+<div class="poem p6">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>See the ancient manse</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Meet its fate at last!</i></p>
+<p><i>Time, in his advance,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Age nor honor knows;</i></p>
+<p><i>Axe and broadaxe fall,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Lopping off the Past:</i></p>
+<p><i>Hit with bar and maul,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Down the old house goes!</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>Sevenscore years it stood;</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Yes, they built it well,</i></p>
+<p><i>Though they built of wood,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>When that house arose.</i></p>
+<p><i>For its cross-beams square</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Oak and walnut fell;</i></p>
+<p><i>Little worse for wear,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Down the old house goes!</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>On these oaken floors</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>High-shoed ladies trod;</i></p>
+<p><i>Through those panelled doors</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Trailed their furbelows;</i></p>
+<p><i>Long their day has ceased;</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Now, beneath the sod,</i></p>
+<p><i>With the worms they feast,&mdash;</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Down the old house goes!</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>Many a bride has stood</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>In yon spacious room;</i></p>
+<p><i>Here her hand was wooed</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Underneath the rose;</i></p>
+<p><i>O'er that sill the dead</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Reached the family tomb;</i></p>
+<p><i>All that were have fled,&mdash;</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Down the old house goes!</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>Once, in yonder hall,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Washington, they say,</i></p>
+<p><i>Led the New Year's ball,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Stateliest of beaux;</i></p>
+<p><i>O that minuet,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Maids and matrons gay!</i></p>
+<p><i>Are there such sights yet?</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Down the old house goes!</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>Doorway high the box</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>In the grass-plot spreads;</i></p>
+<p><i>It has borne its locks</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Through a thousand snows;</i></p>
+<p><i>In an evil day,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>From those garden beds</i></p>
+<p><i>Now 'tis hacked away,&mdash;</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Down the old house goes!</i></p>
+</div>
+<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">Edmund Clarence Stedman.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p6">THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH THE
+PATRIOTS</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_19" id="img_19"></a>
+<img src="images/i_134a.jpg" width="550" height="314" alt="The Franklin Palace" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo furnished by W. A. Little, D.D., Perth Amboy</i></span><br />
+THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY, N. J.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XXIV</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY,<br />
+NEW JERSEY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HOME OF THE SON OF WHOM BENJAMIN FRANKLIN<br />
+VAINLY TRIED TO MAKE A PATRIOT</p>
+
+<p>There was a time when Benjamin Franklin was proud
+of his son William, and was glad to have his name
+coupled with that of the young man.</p>
+
+<p>The first year of the father's service in the Pennsylvania
+Assembly William was appointed clerk of that
+body; this fact is mentioned with pride in the Autobiography.</p>
+
+<p>When General Braddock was sent from England to
+America to oppose the union of the Colonies for defence,
+"lest they should thereby grow too military and feel
+their own strength," Franklin was sent by the Assembly
+to Fredericktown, Maryland, to confer with the General.
+"My son accompanied me on the journey," the
+Autobiography says.</p>
+
+<p>At Braddock's request Franklin advertised at Lancaster,
+Pennsylvania, for one hundred and fifty wagons
+for the proposed expedition into the interior, and at the
+close of the advertisement was the note, "My son, William
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span>
+Franklin, is empowered to enter into like contracts
+with any person in Cumberland County."</p>
+
+<p>Later, when the father was asked to secure financial
+assistance for certain subalterns in Braddock's company,
+he wrote to the Assembly, recommending that a
+present of necessaries and refreshments be sent to those
+officers. "My son, who had some experience of camp
+life and of its wants, drew up a list for me which I
+enclos'd in my letter," the father wrote.</p>
+
+<p>When, during the French and Indian War, the Governor
+of Pennsylvania asked Franklin to take charge of
+"our Northwestern frontier which was infested by the
+enemy, and provide for the defence of the inhabitants
+by raising troops and building a line of forts," he went
+to the front with five hundred and sixty men. In the
+Autobiography he wrote, "My son, who had in the preceding
+war, been an officer in the army rais'd against
+Canada, was my aid-de-camp, and of great use to me."</p>
+
+<p>And in 1771, when beginning his Autobiography,
+Franklin addressed it "Dear Son," and spoke of the trip
+the two had taken together to England, to make "enquiries
+among the remains of my relations." Then he
+added:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Imagining it may be equally agreeable to you to
+know the circumstances of my life, many of which you
+are yet unacquainted with, and expecting the enjoyment
+of a week's uninterrupted leisure in my present country
+retirement, I sit down to write them for you."</p>
+
+<p>Six years before the beginning of the Autobiography,
+Franklin, in company with six other Philadelphians,
+entered on a land speculation in Nova Scotia. Together
+they bought two hundred thousand acres of land. There
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span>
+they intended to found a colony. Two shiploads of emigrants
+were taken to Monkton, the site of the proposed
+colony, but most of the men settled on other land,
+finding that this could be had practically for nothing.
+Franklin's will later provided that William be given
+an interest in the Nova Scotia property, and he explained
+the gift by saying that this was "the only part
+of his estate remaining under the sovereignty of the king
+of Great Britain."</p>
+
+<p>What was the explanation of the father's changed
+attitude to his son that led him to make his bequest in
+such unpleasant terms?</p>
+
+<p>After William Franklin's return from the frontier, he
+was appointed governor-in-chief of the Province of New
+Jersey. A mansion was built for him in Perth Amboy
+by the Lord Proprietor. Its construction required a
+somewhat extended time, for it was a grand place; no
+wonder it was called "The Palace." But in 1774 the
+Governor took possession.</p>
+
+<p>Of course this was not the reason for the breach with
+his father. Again Benjamin Franklin was proud of his
+son, and of the lavish entertainments he made for his
+associates.</p>
+
+<p>But the father began to shake his head when his son
+became a favorite of the Tories in Perth Amboy who
+had looked askance on his appointment, the year before.
+He was told that William would himself remain
+a loyalist when the break came with Great Britain, and
+he was compelled to believe that there was serious
+ground for the charge. He decided, however, to make a
+supreme effort to rouse the Governor to the call of
+patriotism. Accordingly, in 1775, he sought the
+Palace and pleaded with William to forsake his Tory
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span>
+associates, turn his back on the king who had turned
+his back on the Colonies, and become a steadfast
+defender of his country's rights.</p>
+
+<p>What a subject that interview would make for an
+artist! Opposed to the luxury-loving governor, in the
+house furnished for his satisfaction by the Tories with
+whom he had chosen to ally himself, was the sturdy
+figure of the sage of Pennsylvania, who was ready to
+lay down his life in the defence of his country.</p>
+
+<p>It must have been a stirring interview. But it was
+fruitless. Benjamin Franklin went back to Philadelphia
+a disappointed man. His feelings were expressed
+in the letter in which he said, "I am deserted by my
+only son."</p>
+
+<p>Within a year Governor Franklin was practically a
+prisoner in the Palace, in consequence of the discovery
+that he was plotting against the Colonies. When he
+persisted in courses that troubled Congress, he was arrested
+and taken to Burlington. Mrs. Franklin fled to
+New York, and the Palace was at the mercy of the
+British. On several occasions the house was used as
+headquarters by British generals, and soldiers made
+their encampment on the grounds.</p>
+
+<p>Though the interior of the Palace was destroyed by
+fire soon after the war, the house was restored, and it
+still looks much as it did when Franklin, the patriot,
+stood within its walls. For years it was used as a
+hotel, and later as a private residence. In 1883 it was
+made a Home for aged ministers of the Presbyterian
+Church. To-day it is again used as a hotel.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">XXV<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE CHURCH AT CALDWELL, NEW JERSEY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WITH GLIMPSES OF THE FIGHTING CHAPLAIN CALDWELL</p>
+
+<p>The trying days of the Revolution would not seem to
+be a favorable time for the beginning of a church,
+especially in the section of New Jersey which was so
+often overrun by the soldiers of both armies. Yet it
+was at this critical time that many of the people of
+Horseneck (now Caldwell), New Jersey, near Montclair,
+were looking forward to the organization of a
+church and the building of a house of worship. Timbers
+were in fact drawn and framed for church purposes,
+but the war interfered with the completion of the project.</p>
+
+<p>The donation, in 1779, of ninety acres of wild land in
+the centre of the settlement gave the prospective congregation
+new heart. On this land a parsonage was
+begun in 1782. The upper portion of this house, unplastered
+and unceiled, was used for church purposes
+until 1796.</p>
+
+<p>The final organization of the church dates from
+December 3, 1784, when forty persons signed their
+names to the following curious agreement:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"We Whose Names are Under writen Living at the
+Place called Horse Neck, Being this Day to be Formed
+or Embodied as a Church of <i>Jesus Christ</i>, Do Solemnly
+Declare that as we do desire to be founded Only on the
+Rock Christ Jesus, So we would not wish to Build on
+this foundation, Wood Hay and Stubble, but Gold and
+Silver and Precious Stones; and as it is our profested
+Sentiments that a Visible Church of Christ, Consists of
+Visible Believers with their Children, so no Adult Persons
+ought to be Admitted as members but such as
+Credibly profess True Faith in Jesus Christ, Love,
+Obedience, and Subjection to Him, Holding the Fundamental
+Doctrines of the Gospel, and who will Solemnly
+Enter into Covenant to Walk Worthy such an Holy
+Profession as we do this Day."</p>
+
+<p>The last survivor of those who signed this document
+was General William Gould, who died February 12,
+1847, in his ninetieth year. During the Revolution he
+saw much active service, especially at the battles of
+Springfield and Monmouth and the campaigns that preceded
+and followed these conflicts.</p>
+
+<p>But the connection of the church with the Revolution
+came rather through Rev. James Caldwell, who was
+pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Elizabeth
+Town. During the early years of the struggling congregation
+he was their adviser and helper, and after his
+death the name of the church was changed to Caldwell,
+in his honor.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Caldwell&mdash;who had among his parishioners in
+Elizabeth Town William Livingston, the Governor of
+the State, Elias Boudinot, Commissary General of
+Prisons and President of Congress, Abraham Clark, one
+of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, as
+well as more than forty commissioned officers of the
+Continental Army&mdash;was one of the famous chaplains of
+the war, having been chosen in 1776 chaplain of the
+regiment largely made up of his own members. Later
+he was Assistant Commissary General.</p>
+
+<p>The British called him the "Fighting Chaplain," and
+he was cordially hated because of his zeal for the cause
+of the patriots. His life was always in danger, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span>
+when he was able to spend a Sunday with his congregation
+he would preach with his cavalry pistols on the
+pulpit, while sentinels were stationed at the doors to
+give warning.</p>
+
+<p>The enmity of the British led to the burning of the
+chaplain's church, and the murder, a few months later,
+of Mrs. Caldwell. While she was sitting in a rear
+room at the house at Connecticutt Farms, where she
+had been sent for safety, surrounded by her children,
+a soldier thrust his musket through the window and
+fired at her.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Caldwell survived the war, in spite of the efforts
+of the British to capture him, only to be murdered on
+November 24, 1781, by a Continental soldier who was
+thought to have been bribed by those whose enmity the
+chaplain had earned during the conflict.</p>
+
+<p>The Elizabeth Town congregation succeeded in rebuilding
+their church five years after it was destroyed,
+but the delayed Caldwell church building was not ready
+for its occupants until 1795. The timbers for the church
+were hewed in the forest where the trees were felled and
+were drawn by oxen to the site selected. Forty men
+worked several days to raise the frame. Lime was made
+from sea shells, which were hauled from Bergen, and
+then burned in a kiln erected near the church lot.</p>
+
+<p>The interior of the building was plain. The pulpit,
+"about the size of a hogshead," was built on a single
+pillar, against the wall; above this was a sounding
+board. The windows had neither blinds nor curtains,
+and nothing was painted but the pulpit. The backs of
+the pews were exactly perpendicular. Provision was
+made regularly for the purchase of sand to freshen the
+floors. This building was burned in 1872.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The first pastor, Rev. Stephen Grover, received as
+salary one hundred and fifty dollars a year, though this
+sum was to be increased ten dollars a year until the total
+was two hundred and fifty dollars. Of course the use
+of the parsonage and land was given in addition.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Grover was pastor for forty-six years, and his
+successor was Rev. Richard F. Cleveland, to whose son,
+born in the old manse at Caldwell,&mdash;which was purchased
+in 1912 by the Grover Cleveland Birthplace
+Memorial Association,&mdash;was given the name Stephen
+Grover, in memory of the first pastor of the church.
+Forty-seven years later Stephen Grover Cleveland became
+President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>For the first ten months of its history the Caldwell
+church was Presbyterian, then it became Congregational,
+but since 1831 it has been a Presbyterian body.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_20" id="img_20"></a>
+<img src="images/i_134b.jpg" width="550" height="401" alt="Old Tennent Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Hall's Studio, Freehold</i></span><br />
+OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD, N. J.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XXVI</p>
+
+<h3>OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD,<br />
+NEW JERSEY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">ON THE BATTLE FIELD OF MONMOUTH</p>
+
+<p>One of the bas-reliefs on the monument commemorating
+the decisive Battle of Monmouth, which has been
+called the turning-point of the War for Independence,
+represents the famous Molly Pitcher as she took the
+place at the gun of her disabled husband. In the background
+of the relief is the roof and steeple of Old Tennent,
+the church near which the battle raged all day
+long.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Tennent Presbyterian Church was organized about
+1692. The first building was probably built of logs.
+The second structure, more ambitious, was planned in
+1730. Twenty years later a third structure was demanded
+by the growing congregation. This building,
+which was twenty-seven years old at the time of the
+battle of Monmouth, is still standing.</p>
+
+<p>The plan called for a building sixty feet long and
+forty feet wide. The present pastor of the church, Rev.
+Frank R. Symmes, in his story of the church, says of
+the building:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"The sides were sheathed with long cedar shingles,
+and fastened with nails patiently wrought out on an
+anvil, and the interior was finished with beaded and
+panelled Jersey pine.... The pulpit ... is placed
+on the north side of the room, against the wall, with
+narrow stairs leading up to it, closed in with a door.
+The Bible desk is nine feet above the audience
+floor, with a great sounding board overhanging the
+whole.... Below the main pulpit a second desk
+or sub-pulpit is built, where the precentor used to
+stand.... The galleries extend along three sides of
+the room."</p>
+
+<p>Among the early pastors of the church were Rev. John
+Tennent and his brother, Rev. William Tennent, members
+of a family famous in the early history of the Presbyterian
+Church in New Jersey. In consequence of
+their forty-seven years of service the church became
+known as "Old Tennent."</p>
+
+<p>The story of the marriage of Rev. William Tennent
+is a tradition in the congregation. In spite of his salary
+of about one hundred pounds, and the use of the parsonage
+farm, he became financially embarrassed. A friend
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span>
+from New York who visited him when he was thirty-three
+years old told him he ought to marry and suggested
+a widow of his acquaintance. Mr. Tennent
+agreed to the proposition that he go to New York in
+company with his friend, and see if matters could not
+be arranged. So, before noon next day, he was introduced
+to Mrs. Noble. "He was much pleased with her
+appearance," the story goes on, "and when left alone
+with her, abruptly told her that he supposed her brother
+had informed her of his errand; that neither his time
+nor his inclination would suffer him to use much ceremony,
+but that if she approved ... he would return on
+Monday, be married, and immediately take her home."
+Thus in one week she found herself mistress of his
+house. She proved a most invaluable treasure to him.</p>
+
+<p>The year after the death of Mr. Tennent, on Sunday,
+June 28, 1778, General Washington, at the head of about
+six thousand men, hurried by Old Tennent. That
+morning he had been at Englishtown where the sound
+of cannon told him his advance forces under General
+Lee were battling with the British. Washington was
+about one hundred yards beyond the church door when
+he met the first straggler who told him that Lee had
+retreated before the British. A little further on the
+Commander-in-chief met Lee. After rebuking him
+sharply he hastened forward, and rallied the retreating
+Continentals. The renewed battle continued until
+evening when the British were driven back to a defensive
+position. During the night they retired, to the
+surprise of Washington, who hoped to renew the battle
+in the morning. The victory snatched from defeat in
+this, one of the most stubbornly contested and longest
+battles of the war, gave new courage to the Colonies.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span></p>
+
+<p>During the battle wounded soldiers were carried to
+the church, where members of the congregation tended
+them, in what could not have been a very secure refuge,
+since musket balls pierced the walls. An exhausted
+American soldier, while trying to make his way to the
+building, sat for rest on the grave of Sarah Mattison.
+While he was there a cannon ball wounded him and
+broke off a piece of the headstone. Watchers carried
+him into the church where he was laid on one of the
+pews. The stains of blood are still to be seen on the
+board seat, while the marks of his hands were visible on
+the book-rest of the pew until the wood was grained.</p>
+
+<p>A tablet has been placed on the front wall of the
+church with this message:</p>
+
+<p class="cblockquot">
+1778-1901<br />
+In Grateful Remembrance<br />
+of Patriots Who, on Sabbath June 28, 1778,<br />
+Gained the Victory Which Was the Turning Point<br />
+Of the War for Independence,<br />
+And to Mark a Memorable Spot on<br />
+The Battlefield of Monmouth,<br />
+This Tablet is placed by Monmouth Chapter<br />
+Daughters of the American Revolution<br />
+September 26, 1901.</p>
+
+<p>Not far from the church is the monument commemorating
+the battle itself. Spirited bronze reliefs on this
+tell the story of some of the picturesque incidents of
+the memorable struggle.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">XXVII<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE FORD MANSION, MORRISTOWN,<br />
+NEW JERSEY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">FROM WHICH ALEXANDER HAMILTON WENT COURTING</p>
+
+<p>New Jersey, which was the scene of so many battles
+during the Revolution, was also the scene of what was
+perhaps Washington's pleasantest winter during the
+war. From December, 1799, to June, 1780, the Commander-in-chief
+lived at the Ford Mansion with his
+"family," as he was fond of calling Mrs. Washington
+and his aides.</p>
+
+<p>During these months he was busily engaged in making
+plans for the later successful conduct of the war, yet
+he took time for those social relaxations which were a
+needed relief from the anxious strain of the long conflict.</p>
+
+<p>Among those who helped to make that winter memorable
+were Surgeon General John Cochrane and Mrs.
+Cochrane, who occupied the Campfield House close by,
+and General and Mrs. Philip Schuyler, who had come
+down from Albany for a season at headquarters. Mrs.
+Schuyler and Mrs. Cochrane were sisters. Elizabeth
+Schuyler had come in advance of her parents, and for
+a time was a guest at the Campfield House.</p>
+
+<p>Visitors from France were arriving from time to time,
+bringing word of the alliance that was to mean so much
+to the Colonies, and conferring as to methods of cooperation.</p>
+
+<p>In one wing of the Ford Mansion lived Mrs. Ford
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span>
+and her son Timothy. In the rooms set apart for
+the use of Washington's family eighteen people were
+crowded. Two of these were Alexander Hamilton and
+Tench Tilghman, both members of the General's staff.</p>
+
+<p>Though Mrs. Washington delighted to put on style,
+on occasion, she could also be plain and simple. There
+had been times during the war when she was not
+ashamed to drive to headquarters in a coach and four.
+But sometimes at Morristown she was in a different
+mood&mdash;as, for instance, one day when a number of the
+ladies of the neighborhood, dressed in their best, called
+to pay their respects to her. To their surprise they
+found her sitting in a speckled apron, knitting stockings.
+If they were ill at ease at first, their state of mind can
+be imagined when their hostess began to talk to them
+of the need of care in their expenditures for their country's
+sake. After telling them of a dress she had made
+out of the carefully unravelled upholstery of a set of
+chairs, she completed their consternation by saying:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"American ladies should be patterns of industry to
+their countrywomen, because the separation from the
+mother-country will dry up the source whence many of
+our comforts have been derived. We must become independent
+by our determination to do without what
+we cannot make ourselves. While our husbands and
+brothers are examples of patriotism, we must be
+examples of thrift and economy."</p>
+
+<p>The coming of Elizabeth Schuyler to the Campfield
+House was the signal for a spirited contest for her
+favor between two of Washington's aides. Both Hamilton
+and Tilghman had met her at her father's house
+in Albany, and both called on her. But Hamilton
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span>
+soon distanced his comrade in the race for her favor.
+It was not long until everybody was watching developments.
+Both of the young people were favorites. It
+is related that even a young soldier on sentry duty late
+one night was persuaded to a breach of military rules
+by his interest in Hamilton's courtship. That night the
+lover was on his way home after spending an evening
+with his Betsey. Evidently the young man had been
+thinking of anything but the countersign, for when he
+was halted and asked to give the countersign words
+he cudgelled his brain in vain. Then he whispered to
+the sentry, "Tell me!" And the sentry did tell.
+Whereupon Hamilton drew himself up before the soldier,
+gravely gave the countersign, and passed on to
+his quarters.</p>
+
+<p>There was no time for long courtship in those days
+of quick movements in military circles. So, before long,
+Hamilton was writing to Elizabeth Schuyler such cheering
+letters as the following:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I would not have you imagine, Miss, that I write
+you so often to gratify your wishes or please your
+vanity, but merely to indulge myself, and to comply
+with that restless property of my mind which will not
+be happy unless I am doing something, in which you
+are concerned. This may seem a very idle disposition
+in a philosopher and a soldier; but I can plead illustrious
+examples in my justification. Achilles liked to
+have sacrificed Greece and his glory for a female captive;
+and Anthony lost the world for a woman. I am
+very sorry times are so changed as to oblige me to go
+to antiquity for my apology, but I confess to the disgrace
+of the present that I have not been able to find
+as many who are as far gone as myself in their laudable
+zeal of the fair sex. I suspect, however, that if others
+knew the charms of my sweetheart as well as I do, I
+should have a great number of competitors. I wish I
+could give you an idea of her. You have no conception
+of how sweet a girl she is. It is only in my heart that
+her image is truly drawn. She has a comely form, and
+a mind still more lovely; she is all goodness, the gentlest,
+the dearest, the tenderest of her sex. Oh, Betsey, how
+I love her!"</p>
+
+<p>Who could withstand such a lover? Elizabeth
+Schuyler did not, and her father commended her judgment.
+For he wrote to Hamilton:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"You cannot, my dear sir, be more happy at the connexion
+you have made with my family than I am.
+Until the child of a parent has made a judicious choice,
+his heart is in critical anxiety; but this anxiety was
+removed the moment I discovered on whom she had
+placed her affection. I am pleased with every instance
+of delicacy in those who are dear to me; and I think I
+read your soul on that occasion you mention. I shall
+therefore only entreat you to consider me as one who
+wishes in every way to promote your happiness, and I
+shall."</p>
+
+<p>The young people were married at the Schuyler homestead
+in Albany on December 14, 1780.</p>
+
+<p>To-day the Ford Mansion where Hamilton dreamed
+of a conquest in which the British had no part is owned
+by the Washington Association of New Jersey, and is
+open to visitors. The Campfield House is to be found
+on a side street; it has been moved from its original
+site.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_21" id="img_21"></a>
+<img src="images/i_133a.jpg" width="550" height="376" alt="Nassau Hall" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by R. H. Rose and Son, Princeton</i></span><br />
+NASSAU HALL AND THE FIRST PRESIDENT'S HOUSE,<br />
+PRINCETON, N. J. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XXVIII<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>NASSAU HALL, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE THE CONGRESS OF 1783 MET FOR FIVE MONTHS</p>
+
+<p>Where the College of New Jersey, as Princeton University
+was officially known until 1896, erected its first
+building at Princeton, the far-sighted trustees arranged
+what was long ago the largest stone structure in the
+Colonies. The records of early travellers on the road
+between Philadelphia and New York tell of their amazement
+at the wonderful building.</p>
+
+<p>In 1756 the college abandoned its rooms in the First
+Presbyterian Church of Newark, New Jersey, and occupied
+the ambitious quarters in Princeton, which had
+cost about £2,900.</p>
+
+<p>Originally the halls extended from end to end of
+Nassau Hall, a distance of one hundred and seventy-five
+feet. These long, brick-paved halls afforded students
+inclined to mischief wonderful opportunity to
+make life miserable for the tutors who were charged
+with their oversight. "Rolling heated cannon balls, to
+tempt zealous but unwary tutors, was a perennial joy,"
+writes Varnum Lansing Collins, in his book, "Princeton."
+Then he adds the statement that at a later epoch
+there were wild scenes, "when a jackass or a calf was
+dragged rebelliously up the narrow iron staircase, to be
+pitted in frenzied races with the model locomotive purloined
+from the college museum."</p>
+
+<p>There was no provision for lighting the long halls, so
+the rollicking students were accustomed to fix candles to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span>
+the walls with handfuls of mud. When a tutor was
+heard approaching, the candles would be blown out and
+he would be foiled in his attempt to identify the offenders.
+Sometimes barricades of cordwood were built
+hastily on the stairs or across the entrance to one of the
+halls.</p>
+
+<p>In vain the authorities tried to correct these abuses
+by the passage of strict regulations. "No jumping or
+hollowing or any boisterous Noise shall be suffered, nor
+walking in the gallery in the time of Study," was a
+regulation which could be made known far more easily
+than it could be enforced. Lest there be breaches of
+decorum inside the rooms, tutors were directed to make
+at least three trips a day to the quarters of the students,
+to see that they were "diligent at the proper Business."
+They were to announce their coming to a room "by a
+stamp, which signal no scholar shall imitate on penalty
+of five shillings." Should the occupant of the room refuse
+to open the door, the tutor had authority to break
+in. At a later date, students in Nassau Hall liked to
+have double doors to their rooms, so that the obnoxious
+tutor might be hindered in his efforts to force an entrance,
+long enough to give them opportunity to hide
+all evidence of wrongdoing.</p>
+
+<p>In 1760 a code of "orders and customs" was issued
+by the authority of President Aaron Burr. One of the
+most astounding directions in this code was that "Every
+Freshman sent on an errand shall go and do it faithfully
+and make quick return." Other rules, as indicated
+in Mr. Collins' book, concerned deportment, and demanded
+constant deference to superiors. "Students
+are to keep their hats off 'about ten rods to the President
+and about five to the tutors;' they must 'rise up
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span>
+and make obeisance' when the President enters or
+leaves the prayer hall, and when he mounts into the
+pulpit on Sundays. When walking with a superior, an
+inferior 'shall give him the highest place.' When first
+coming into the presence of a superior, or speaking to
+him, inferiors 'shall respect by pulling their Hats;' if
+overtaking or meeting a superior on the stairs, he 'shall
+stop, giving him the banister side;' when entering a
+superior's, 'or even an equal's' room, they must knock;
+if called or spoken to by a superior, they must 'give a
+direct, pertinent answer concluding with sir;' they are
+to treat strangers and townspeople 'with all proper
+complaisance and good manners;' and they are forbidden
+to address any one by a nickname."</p>
+
+<p>Evidently rules like these helped to make good
+patriots, for Princeton students were among the most
+sturdy adherents of the Colonists' cause. In September,
+1770, the entire graduating class wore American cloth,
+as a protest against Great Britain's unjust taxation
+measures.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1774, the students broke into the college
+storeroom and carried the winter's supply of tea to a
+bonfire in front of Nassau Hall. While the tea burned
+the college bell tolled and the students&mdash;in the words
+written home to a parent by one of them&mdash;made "many
+spirited resolves."</p>
+
+<p>The spirited students were jubilant on the evening of
+July 9, 1776, when the news of the Declaration of Independence
+was read in Princeton. Nassau Hall was
+illuminated and the whole town rejoiced that President
+Witherspoon, as a member of the Continental Congress,
+had been a signer of the document.</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1776, the students who had not enlisted
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span>
+in the army were sent from the town just in time to
+escape the British, who took possession of the building
+and used it as barracks and hospital. Early in the
+morning of January 3, 1777, the British held the building.
+After the battle Washington's troops took possession,
+but abandoned it almost at once. At evening
+the British were once more in control. Soon they hurried
+on to New Brunswick. The next occupants were
+the soldiers of General Putnam, who found room here
+for a hospital, a barracks, and a military prison. They
+found that during the battle of Princeton a round shot
+had struck the portrait of George II in the prayer hall.</p>
+
+<p>After the British left Princeton College classes were
+continued in the President's house, and it was 1782 before
+a serious attempt was made to reoccupy Nassau
+Hall, which was found to be "mostly bare partition
+walls and heaps of fallen plaster."</p>
+
+<p>A year later, when temporary repairs had been made,
+the Continental Congress, which had been besieged by
+a company of troops who were insistent in their demands
+for overdue pay, made its way to Princeton.
+From June to November the sessions were held in
+Nassau Hall. Commencement day came during the
+sessions and Congress sat, with Washington, on the
+platform. On that occasion Washington gave fifty
+pounds to the college. This sum was paid to Charles
+Wilson Peale for a portrait of the donor, which was
+placed in the frame from which the portrait of George
+II had been shot more than seven years before.</p>
+
+<p>Congress was still in session at Nassau Hall when, in
+October, the first authentic news came of the signing of
+the Definitive Treaty of Peace with Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>A few weeks later the college was left to its sedate
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span>
+ways. Never since then has it witnessed such stirring
+events. But the experiences of the years from 1776 to
+1784 had made Nassau Hall one of the nation's picturesque
+monuments.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_22" id="img_22"></a>
+<img src="images/i_133b.jpg" width="550" height="385" alt="Morven" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by R. H. Rose and Son, Princeton</i></span><br />
+MORVEN, PRINCETON, N. J.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XXIX</p>
+
+<h3>THREE HISTORIC HOUSES AT PRINCETON,<br />
+NEW JERSEY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">MORVEN, THE MERCER HOUSE, AND WASHINGTON'S<br />
+ROCKY HILL HEADQUARTERS</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Sollemnity &amp; Distress appeared almost on every
+countenance, several students that had come 5 &amp; 600
+miles &amp; just got letters in college were now obliged
+under every disadvantage to retire with their effects,
+or leave them behind, which several through the impossibility
+of getting a carriage at so Confused a time were
+glad to do, &amp; lose them all, as all hopes of continuing
+longer in peace at Nassau were now taken away I began
+to look out for some place where I might pursue my
+studies &amp; as Mr. G. Johnson had spoke to me to teach
+his son I accordingly went there &amp; agreed to stay with
+him till spring."</p>
+
+<p>So wrote John Clark, one of the students at the College
+of New Jersey, who, in 1776, was dismayed by the
+threatened approach of Cornwallis and his army. He
+was able to remove his effects in ample time, for he had
+only a "Trunk &amp; Desk." But there were others in the
+peaceful village who were not so fortunate. One of
+them was Mrs. Richard Stockton of Morven, a beautiful
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span>
+home still standing not far from the college campus.
+The activity of her husband in the interests of the
+Colonies had angered the British, and they were not
+slow to take advantage of the absence of the family by
+pillaging the mansion and destroying many things it
+contained. Fortunately Mrs. Stockton, before leaving
+hurriedly for Freehold, had buried the family silver,
+and this was not discovered, though Cornwallis and his
+officers occupied the house as headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>Probably, while they were here, they talked gleefully
+of what they called the collapse of the war. They felt
+so sure that the war was over that Cornwallis was
+already planning to return to England.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the surprise at Trenton, when nearly a
+thousand Hessians of a total force of twelve hundred
+were captured.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately Cornwallis, who had returned to New
+York, hastened back to Princeton, where he left three
+regiments and a company of cavalry. Then he hurried
+on to Trenton. On the way he was harassed by Washington's
+outposts, and the main force of the General
+delayed his entrance into the town until nightfall. He
+expected to renew the attack next morning, but during
+the night Washington stole away toward Princeton.
+Within two miles of Princeton the force of General
+Mercer encountered the reserve troops of Cornwallis,
+which were on their way to their commander's assistance.
+Washington, hearing the sound of the conflict
+that followed, hastened to the field in time to rally the
+forces of Mercer, who had been wounded. The day was
+saved, but General Mercer was lost; he died in the farmhouse
+on the battle field to which he was carried. To
+this day visitors are shown the stain made on the floor
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span>
+by the blood of the dying man. Those who express
+doubt as to the stain are not welcomed.</p>
+
+<p>Alfred Noyes has written of this conflict which meant
+more to the struggling Colonies than some historians
+have indicated. The reference in the first line of the
+second stanza is to the tigers that crouch at the entrance
+of Nassau Hall in Princeton:</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1"><i>"Here Freedom stood by slaughtered friend and foe,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>And, ere the wrath paled or that sunset died,</i></p>
+<p><i>Looked through the ages; then, with eyes aglow,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Laid them to wait that future, side by side.</i></p>
+<hr class="l15" />
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">"The dark bronze tigers crouch on either side</p>
+<p class="i1">Where redcoats used to pass;</p>
+<p>And round the bird-loved house where Mercer died,</p>
+<p class="i1">And violets dusk the grass,</p>
+<p>By Stony Brook that ran so red of old,</p>
+<p class="i1">But sings of friendship now,</p>
+<p>To feed the old enemy's harvest fifty-fold</p>
+<p class="i1">The green earth takes the plow.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>"Through this May night, if one great ghost should stray</p>
+<p class="i1">With deep remembering eyes,</p>
+<p>Where that old meadow of battle smiles away</p>
+<p class="i1">Its blood-stained memories,</p>
+<p>If Washington should walk, where friend and foe</p>
+<p class="i1">Sleep and forget the past,</p>
+<p>Be sure his unquenched heart would leap to know</p>
+<p class="i1">Their souls are linked at last."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>After the battle came happier days for Princeton.
+Morven was restored, and Washington was frequently
+an honored guest within the walls, as have been many
+of his successors in the White House.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span></p>
+
+<p>More than six years after the memorable battle of
+Princeton, another house in the neighborhood received
+him. When Congress convened in Nassau Hall, it
+rented for Washington the Rocky Hill House, five miles
+from the village, which was occupied by John Berrian,
+Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey.
+This house, which was suitably furnished for the General,
+was the last headquarters of the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>While at the Berrian house, Washington sat to William
+Dunlap for his portrait. In his "Arts of Design"
+the artist, who at the time of which he wrote was eighteen
+years old, said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"My visits are now frequent to headquarters. The
+only military in the neighborhood were the general's
+suite and a corporal's guard whose tents were on the
+green before the Berrian House, and the captain's
+marquee nearly in front. The soldiers were New England
+yeomen's sons, none older than twenty.... I was
+quite at home in every respect at headquarters; to breakfast
+and dine day after day with the general and Mrs.
+Washington and members of Congress."</p>
+
+<p>It was Washington's custom to ride to Princeton,
+mounted on a small roan horse. The saddle was "old
+and crooked, with a short deep blue saddle cloth flowered,
+with buff cloth at the edge, buckskin seat, the cloth
+most below the skirt of the saddle at the side, double
+skirts, crupper, surcingle, and breast straps, double
+belted steel bridle and plated stirrup."</p>
+
+<p>The real closing scene in the Revolution was Washington's
+farewell address to the army, which he wrote
+in the southwest room of the second story. On Sunday,
+November 2, from the second-story balcony, he read this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span>
+to the soldiers. Two days later orders of discharge were
+issued to most of them.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately the Berrian House has become the property
+of "The Washington Headquarters Association of
+Rocky Hill," and is open to the patriotic pilgrim.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">XXX</p>
+
+<h3>THE SPRINGFIELD MEETING HOUSE,<br />
+NEW JERSEY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHOSE PSALM BOOKS FURNISHED WADDING FOR THE<br />
+CONTINENTAL GUNS</p>
+
+<p>"One pint of spring water when demanded on the
+premises" was the strange payment stipulated by the
+donor of one hundred acres of land given in 1751 to
+the trustees of the First Presbyterian Church in Springfield,
+New Jersey, to be for the use of the minister of
+the parish. The church records do not state that the
+rent has been paid regularly, but they do state that the
+woodland enabled them for many years to furnish the
+free firewood that was a part of the support promised
+to every one of the early pastors.</p>
+
+<p>The first building occupied by the church was completed
+in 1746. Fifteen years later the second building
+was first occupied, and it continued to be the centre
+of the community's religious life until November, 1778,
+when it was needed for military stores. The church
+was gladly given up to the army, and services were
+held in the garret of the parsonage.</p>
+
+<p>The British under General Knyphausen, determined
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span>
+to drive Washington and his men from the New Jersey
+hills and to destroy his supplies, marched from Elizabeth
+Town on June 23, 1780. There were five thousand
+men, with fifteen or twenty pieces of artillery, in the
+expedition. A few miles away, near Springfield, was a
+small company of patriots, poorly equipped but ready
+to die in the defence of their country.</p>
+
+<p>Warning of the approach of the enemy was given
+to the Continentals by the firing of the eighteen-pounder
+signal gun on Prospect Hill; twelve Continentals stationed
+at the Cross Roads, after firing on the enemy, had
+hurried to the hill. After firing the gun they lighted
+the tar barrel on the signal pole.</p>
+
+<p>Instantly the members of the militia dropped their
+scythes, seized their muskets, and hurried to quarters.
+"There were no feathers in their caps, no gilt buttons
+on their home-spun coats, nor flashing bayonets on their
+old fowling pieces," the pastor of Springfield church
+said in 1880, on the one hundredth anniversary of the
+skirmish that followed, "but there was in their hearts
+the resolute purpose to defend their homes and their
+liberty at the price of their lives."</p>
+
+<p>The sturdy farmers joined forces with the regular
+soldiers. For a time the battle was fierce. The enemy
+were soon compelled to retreat, but not before they had
+burned the village, including the church. Chaplain
+James Caldwell was in the hottest of the fight. "Seeing
+the fire of one of the companies slacking for want
+of wadding, he galloped to the Presbyterian meeting
+house nearby, and rushing in, ran from pew to pew,
+filling his arms with hymn books," wrote Headley, in
+"Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution." "Hastening
+back with them into the battle, he scattered them
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span>
+about in every direction, saying as he pitched one here
+and another there, 'Now put Watts into them, boys.'
+With a laugh and a cheer they pulled out the leaves, and
+ramming home the charge did give the British Watts
+with a will."</p>
+
+<p>The story has been attractively told by Bret Harte:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">"... Stay one moment; you've heard</p>
+<p>Of Caldwell, the parson, who once preached the Word</p>
+<p>Down at Springfield? What, no? Come&mdash;that's bad; why, he had</p>
+<p>All the Jerseys aflame! And they gave him the name</p>
+<p>Of the 'rebel high priest.' He stuck in their gorge,</p>
+<p>For he loved the Lord God&mdash;and he hated King George!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">"He had cause, you might say! When the Hessians that day</p>
+<p>Marched up with Knyphausen, they stopped on their way</p>
+<p>At the 'farm,' where his wife, with a child in her arms,</p>
+<p>Sat alone in the house. How it happened none knew</p>
+<p>But God&mdash;and that one of the hireling crew</p>
+<p>Who fired the shot! Enough!&mdash;there she lay,</p>
+<p>And Caldwell, the chaplain, her husband, away!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">"Did he preach&mdash;did he pray? Think of him as you stand</p>
+<p>By the old church to-day&mdash;think of him and his band</p>
+<p>Of military ploughboys! See the smoke and the heat</p>
+<p>Of that reckless advance, of that straggling retreat!</p>
+<p>Keep the ghost of that wife, foully slain, in your view&mdash;</p>
+<p>And what could you, what should you, what would you do?</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">"Why, just what he did! They were left in the lurch</p>
+<p>For the want of more wadding. He ran to the church,</p>
+<p>Broke down the door, stripped the pews, and dashed out in the road</p>
+<p>With his arms full of hymn-books, and threw down his load</p>
+<p>At their feet! Then above all the shouting and shots</p>
+<p>Rang his voice, 'Put Watts into 'em! Boys, give 'em
+Watts.'</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span></p>
+
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">"And they did. That is all. Grasses spring, flowers blow</p>
+<p>Pretty much as they did ninety-three years ago.</p>
+<p>You may dig anywhere and you'll turn up a ball&mdash;</p>
+<p>But not always a hero like this&mdash;and that's all."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The battle of Springfield is not named among the
+important battles of the Revolution, but it had a special
+meaning to the people of all that region, for it taught
+them that the enemy, who had been harassing them for
+months, was not invulnerable. From that day they took
+fresh courage, and their courage increased when they
+realized that the British would not come again to
+trouble them.</p>
+
+<p>After the burning of the Springfield church, the
+pastor, Rev. Jacob Vanarsdal, gathered his people in
+the barn of the parsonage. Later the building was
+ceiled and galleries were built.</p>
+
+<p>For ten years the barn was the home of the congregation,
+but in 1791 the building was erected which is
+in use to-day.</p>
+
+<h2>FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF
+BROTHERLY LOVE</h2>
+
+<div class="poem p6">
+<p><i>In that delightful land which is washed by the Delaware's waters,</i></p>
+<p><i>Guarding in sylvan shades the name of Penn the apostle,</i></p>
+<p><i>Stands on the banks of its beautiful stream the city he founded.</i></p>
+<p><i>There all the air is balm, and the peach is the emblem of beauty,</i></p>
+<p><i>And the streets still re-echo the names of the trees of the forest,</i></p>
+<p><i>As if they fain would appease the Dryads whose haunts they molested.</i></p>
+<p><i>There from the troubled sea had Evangeline landed, an exile,</i></p>
+<p><i>Finding among the children of Penn a home and a country.</i></p>
+<p><i>There old Rene Leblanc had died; and when he departed,</i></p>
+<p><i>Saw at his side only one of all his hundred descendants.</i></p>
+<p><i>Something at least there was in the friendly streets of the city,</i></p>
+<p><i>Something that spake to her heart, and made her no longer a stranger;</i></p>
+<p><i>And her ear was pleased with the Thee and Thou of the Quakers,</i></p>
+<p><i>For it recalled the past, the old Acadian country,</i></p>
+<p><i>Where all men were equal, and all were brothers and sisters.</i></p>
+<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p6">FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF<br />
+BROTHERLY LOVE</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w450"><a name="img_23" id="img_23"></a>
+<img src="images/i_161.jpg" width="427" height="550" alt="Letitia Penn House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XXXI</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WILLIAM PENN'S FIRST AMERICAN HOME</p>
+
+<p>When William Penn, English Quaker, met Guli
+Springett, he fell in love with her at once. In 1672
+they were married.</p>
+
+<p>Ten years later when, as Proprietor of Pennsylvania,
+Penn was about to sail in the <i>Welcome</i> for America, he
+wrote a letter of which the following is a portion:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"My dear wife and children, my love, which neither
+sea, nor land, nor death itself, can extinguish or lessen
+toward you, most tenderly visits you with eternal embraces
+and will abide with you for ever.... My dear
+wife, remember thou wast the love of my youth and
+the joy of my life, the most beloved as well as the most
+worthy of all my earthly comfort, and the reason of
+that love were more thy inward than thy outward excellencies,
+which were yet many. God knows, and thou
+knowest it, that it was a match of Providence's making,
+and God's image in us both was the first thing and the
+most amiable and engaging ornament in our eyes. Now
+I am to leave thee, and that without knowing whether
+I shall ever see thee more in this world."</p>
+
+<p>Penn landed at New Castle, Delaware, in October,
+1682. He had already sent forward the plot of his new
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span>
+country village; his cousin, Lieutenant Governor Markham,
+had come to America in 1681, bringing with him
+instructions for the beginning of the settlement. On
+this plot there was evidence of his thought for his wife
+and his daughter Letitia; two lots were set apart for
+the family, on one of which he planned to build, while
+the other he designed for Letitia.</p>
+
+<p>When he reached America, he found that, by some
+mistake, Letitia's lot had been given to the Friends for
+a meeting house. He was vexed, but nothing could be
+done. So he decided that the lot reserved for his own
+use should be made over to her. He did not carry out
+his purpose for some time, however.</p>
+
+<p>For a time Penn remained at Upland (now Chester),
+but in 1684, he went to Philadelphia to oversee the erection
+of the houses for the settlers. His own house he
+built on a large plot facing the Delaware River and
+south of what is now Market Street. The house was
+of brick, which was probably made nearby, though
+many of the interior fittings had been brought from
+England in the <i>John and Sarah</i> in 1681. It was the
+first brick house in the new settlement, the first house
+which had a cellar, and was built in accordance with
+the request the Proprietor had made:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Let every house be placed, if the person pleases, in
+the middle of the plat, as to breadth way of it, that so
+there may be ground on each side for garden or orchard,
+or fields, that it may be a green country town, which
+will never be burnt and always wholesome."</p>
+
+<p>For a few months the Quaker kept bachelor's hall in
+his new house. Then he went to England, intending to
+return before long. Before his departure he arranged
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span>
+that the house should be used in the public service.
+Probably it was the gathering place for the Provincial
+Council for many years. Thus it was the first state
+house of Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>During the fourteen years' stay in England many misfortunes
+came to Penn. He was accused of treason, and
+his title to the American lands was taken away from
+him. Later he was acquitted, and his lands were
+returned.</p>
+
+<p>In 1692 Guli Penn died, and in 1696 Penn married
+Hannah Callowhill. In 1699, when he returned to
+America, he brought with him his wife and Letitia,
+who was then about twenty-five years old.</p>
+
+<p>Evidently the old house was not good enough for the
+ladies of the family. At any rate they occupied for a
+time the "slate-roof house," one of the most pretentious
+buildings in the Colony. When the manor, Pennsbury,
+twenty miles up the Delaware, was completed, the
+family was taken there. Great style was maintained at
+the country estate in the woods. The house had cost
+£5,000, and was "the most imposing house between the
+Hudson and Potomac rivers."</p>
+
+<p>The Philadelphia house was transferred to Letitia
+on "the 29th of the 1st month 1701." At once extravagant
+Letitia tried to dispose of it. She succeeded in
+selling a portion of the generous lot, but it was some
+years before she was able to sell the whole.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime the Proprietor felt that he must
+return to England because of the threat of Parliament
+to change the government of the American Colonies.
+Mrs. Penn and Letitia, who did not like America,
+pleaded to go with him. He thought he would be returning
+soon, and he urged them to remain. They insisted.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span>
+In a letter to James Logan he wrote: "I cannot
+prevail on my wife to stay, and still less with <i>Tish</i>.
+I know not what to do." Later he wrote: "The going
+of my wife and Tish will add greatly to the expense....
+But they will not be denied."</p>
+
+<p>In 1702 Letitia married William Aubrey, who had all
+of Penn's keenness and none of his genial qualities.
+Almost from the day of the marriage both husband and
+wife pestered Penn for money. Aubrey insisted on a
+prompt payment of his wife's marriage portion. His
+father-in-law was already beginning to feel the grip of
+financial embarrassment that later brought him to the
+verge of bankruptcy, but, on this occasion as well as
+later, he felt compelled to yield to the insistent demands
+of the grasping Aubrey.</p>
+
+<p>The only members of the Penn family who ever returned
+to America were the children of the second wife,
+to whom most of the property descended.</p>
+
+<p>The Letitia Penn House, as it came to be known, fell
+on evil days. It was an eating house in 1800, and in
+1824 it was the Rising Sun Inn. Later it was called
+the Woolpack Hotel.</p>
+
+<p>In 1882 funds were raised by public subscription, and
+the venerable house was taken down and rebuilt in
+Fairmount Park. Visitors who enter the city by the
+Pennsylvania Railroad from New York City may easily
+see it from a right-hand car window, for it is the only
+house in the corner of the park on the west side of the
+river.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">XXXII<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>CARPENTERS' HALL, PHILADELPHIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">CALLED BY BENSON J. LOSSING "THE TEMPLE OF FREEDOM"</p>
+
+<p>Philadelphia was but forty-two years old when a
+number of builders in the growing town decided to
+have a guild like the journeymen's guilds of London.
+Accordingly they formed, in 1724, "The Carpenters'
+Company of the City and County of Philadelphia,"
+whose object should be "to obtain instruction in the
+science of architecture; to assist such of the members,
+or the widows and children of members, as should be
+by accident in need of support," as well as "the adoption
+of such a system of measurements and prices that
+every one concerned in a building may have the value
+of his money, and every workman the worth of his
+labor."</p>
+
+<p>At first the meetings were held here and there, probably
+in taverns. In 1768 the Company decided to build
+a home. A lot was secured on Chestnut Street, between
+Third and Fourth streets, for which an annual ground
+rent of "176 Spanish milled pieces of eight" was to be
+paid. The sum of three hundred pounds necessary to
+begin operations was subscribed in about a week.</p>
+
+<p>The Company's annual meeting of January 21, 1771,
+was held within the walls, though the building was not
+entirely completed until 1792.</p>
+
+<p>Three years after the opening of the hall came the
+first event that linked the building with the history of
+America. A general meeting of the people of Philadelphia
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span>
+was held here to protest against the failure of
+Governor Penn to convene the Assembly of the Colony.
+A committee of three was appointed to wait on the
+Speaker and ask him for "a positive answer as to
+whether he would call the Assembly together or not."</p>
+
+<p>The Assembly was then called to meet on the "18th
+day of the 6th month." Three days before the time
+fixed, another meeting was held in Carpenters' Hall to
+consider what measures for the welfare of the Colony
+should be proposed to the Assembly. At this meeting
+the necessity of holding "a general Congress of delegates
+from all the Colonies" was voiced. Later the
+Assembly approved of the idea of such a conference, and
+a call was issued.</p>
+
+<p>On September 5, 1774, the delegates from eleven
+provinces met in the City Tavern. Learning that the
+Carpenters' Company had offered the hall for the use
+of the Continental Congress, the delegates voted to inspect
+the accommodations. John Adams, one of their
+number, said after the visit: "They took a view of the
+room and of the chamber, where there is an excellent
+library. There is also a long entry, where gentlemen
+may walk, and also a convenient chamber opposite to
+the library. The general cry was that this was a good
+room."</p>
+
+<p>When this First Continental Congress met, it was
+decided that the session of the second day should be
+opened with prayer. Rev. Jacob Duché of Christ
+Church and St. Peter's was asked to be present and
+conduct an opening service. This historic account of
+the service was written by John Adams:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Next morning he appeared with his clerk and having
+on his pontificals, and read several prayers in the
+established form, and then read the Psalter for the
+seventh day of September, which was the thirty-fifth
+Psalm. You must remember that this was the next
+morning after we had heard of the horrible cannonade
+of Boston (the account proved to be an error). It
+seemed as if heaven had ordered that Psalm to be read
+on that morning. After this, Mr. Duché, unexpectedly
+to everybody, struck out into extemporary prayer, which
+filled the bosom of every man present. I must confess,
+I never heard a better prayer, or one so well pronounced."</p>
+
+<p>In part, this prayer was as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Be thou present, O God of wisdom! And direct the
+councils of this honorable assembly, enable them to
+settle things on the best and surest foundation, that the
+scene of blood may be speedily closed, that order, harmony,
+and peace may be effectually restored, and truth
+and justice, religion and piety, prevail and flourish
+amongst Thy people."</p>
+
+<p>On October 26 the Congress was dissolved. The second
+Congress was called to meet on May 10, 1775, at
+the State House, later known as Independence Hall.</p>
+
+<p>When the British took possession of the city in 1777,
+a portion of the army was quartered in the building.
+Officers and men alike borrowed books from the Library
+Company of Philadelphia, which had quarters here, invariably
+making deposits and paying for the use of
+volumes taken in strict accordance with the rules.</p>
+
+<p>In 1778 the United States Commissary of Military
+Stores began to occupy the lower story and cellar of the
+building. From 1791 to 1821 various public organizations
+sought quarters here, including the Bank of the
+United States, the Bank of Pennsylvania, the United
+States Land Office, and the United States Custom House.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span>
+The Carpenters' Company therefore, in 1791, erected a
+second building on this lot, which they occupied until
+1857.</p>
+
+<p>When Benson J. Lossing visited the historic hall, on
+November 27, 1848, he wrote of his great disappointment
+because the banner of an auctioneer was on the front of
+the building. He said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I tried hard to perceive the apparition ... to be
+a classic frieze, with rich historic trigliphs, but it would
+not do.... What a desecration! Covering the façade
+of the very Temple of Freedom with the placards of
+grovelling Mammon! If sensibility is shocked with this
+outward pollution, it is overwhelmed with indignant
+shame on entering the hall where that august Assembly
+of men&mdash;the godfathers of our Republic&mdash;convened to
+stand as sponsors at the baptism of infant American
+liberty&mdash;to find it filled with every species of merchandise,
+and the walls which once echoed the eloquent words
+of Henry, Lee, and the Adamses, reverberating with the
+clatter of the auctioneer's voice and hammer. Is there
+not patriotism strong enough in Philadelphia to enter
+the temple, and 'cast out all them that buy and sell,
+and overthrow the tables of the money-changers?'"</p>
+
+<p>At length the Carpenters' Company decided that the
+time had come to do what the historian pleaded for. In
+1857 they returned to the building, and since then they
+have held their meetings within the walls consecrated
+by the heroes of Revolutionary days. The rooms were
+restored to their original condition, and relics and mementoes
+of early days were put in place. The Hall has
+ever since been open to visitors "who may wish to visit
+the spot where Henry, Hancock, and Adams inspired the
+delegates of the Colonies with nerve and the sinew for
+the toils of war."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w500"><a name="img_24" id="img_24"></a>
+<img src="images/i_162.jpg" width="494" height="600" alt="St. Peter's Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+ST. PETER'S PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XXXIII
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>ST. PETER'S CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHOSE BUILDING IS PRACTICALLY UNCHANGED AFTER<br />
+MORE THAN ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY YEARS</p>
+
+<p>There were but fifteen thousand people in Philadelphia
+when, on March 19, 1753, the suggestion was made
+to the vestry of Christ Church that a new church or
+Chapel of Ease of Christ Church be built for the accommodation
+of the people in the southern part of the city.
+Thomas and Richard Penn gave a site for the building
+of the new church, and on September 21, 1758, the
+corner stone was laid. In 1761 the church was opened,
+though it was not completed until March, 1763. To the
+new organization was given the name St. Peter's, and it
+was ordered by the vestry of Christ Church, "that the
+said church ... in every respect whatever shall be upon
+an equal footing with Christ Church, and be under the
+same government with it."</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, in view of the gift of the site, it was
+ordered that "the first and best pew in the said Church
+shall be set apart forever for the accommodation of the
+Honorable Proprietary's family."</p>
+
+<p>When the building was completed the building committee
+reported that the cost was £4,765, 19 s. 6½ d.
+Added to this report were statements that sound quite
+modern. "The sudden rise in the prices of materials
+and labor," and "the inability of some subscribers to
+meet their engagements," had added to the burdens of
+the committee.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span></p>
+
+<p>From the beginning prayers were read in the church
+for the king and all the royal family, but on July 4,
+1776, the vestry ordered that patriotic prayers be substituted.
+While the British were in Philadelphia the
+prayers for the king were renewed by order of Dr.
+Duché, rector of Christ Church and St. Peter's. The
+official history of St. Peter's refers to Dr. Duché, who
+ordered this, in the following sentences:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"From an advocate of the Colonies, he became an advocate
+of the King, and on the Sunday following the
+occupation of Philadelphia by the British, he restored
+the prayers for the King to the Liturgy. This compromise
+with conditions availed him nothing, and he
+was arrested for serving as chaplain to Congress after
+the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. The
+influence of his loyalist friends secured his speedy
+release.... Not long afterward he went to England,
+where he remained practically an exile for twelve years,
+returning to Philadelphia several years before his death,
+when, it is said, no truer American could have been
+found in the City. He ... was buried in St. Peter's
+Churchyard."</p>
+
+<p>During the occupation of the church by British
+troops in 1777 the pews were burned for fuel, but the
+building was never closed for lack of fuel or for any
+other reason, until the late winter of 1917-18, when
+coal could not be secured.</p>
+
+<p>The wooden fence that surrounded the property originally
+was burned by the British for fuel, and the brick
+wall that is now in place was built in 1784.</p>
+
+<p>Washington frequently occupied a pew in St. Peter's,
+and many other men who were prominent in the early
+history of the country worshipped here. The building
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span>
+is practically as it was when they lived. "It is the same
+church to which the colonists in their knee-breeches and
+rich coats came to attend the first service in 1761," a
+member of the vestry said in 1891. "The pulpit, reading
+desk, and chancel rails were built in 1764, and the
+present organ loft was put up over the chancel in 1789.
+In all other respects the plain, austere interior of this
+old church ... remains unchanged, the only relic in
+Pennsylvania, and one of the very few in the country at
+large, of the church in colonial days. Bishop De Lancey,
+in his centennial sermon, preached September 4,
+1861, said: 'We enter by the same doors&mdash;we tread the
+same aisles&mdash;we kneel where they knelt&mdash;we sit where
+they sat; the voice of prayer, instruction, and praise ascends
+from the same desk from which it reached their
+ears, in the privacy and seclusion of the same high,
+strait unostentatious pews.'"</p>
+
+<p>In the crowded churchyard are the graves of many
+colonial worthies as well as many leaders in the early
+history of America. Stephen Decatur is buried here,
+and Charles Wilson Peale, who painted a famous portrait
+of Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Pennsylvania Evening Post</i> of January 18, 1777,
+told of the burial of one of the patriots whose bodies
+were laid here:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Yesterday the remains of Captain William Shippen,
+who was killed at Princeton the third instant, gloriously
+fighting for the liberty of his country, were interred in
+St. Peter's Churchyard. His funeral was attended by
+the Council of Safety, the members of Assembly, officers
+of the army, a troop of Virginia light horse, and a great
+number of inhabitants. This brave and unfortunate
+man was in his twenty-seventh year, and has left a
+widow and three children to lament the death of an
+affectionate husband and a tender parent, his servants
+a kind master, and his neighbors a sincere and obliging
+friend."</p>
+
+<p>Captain Shippen, before joining Washington's army,
+was captain of the privateer <i>Hancock</i>, which, between
+July 1 and November 1, 1776, sent to American ports
+ten prizes captured at sea.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_25" id="img_25"></a>
+<img src="images/i_177a.jpg" width="550" height="399" alt="Cliveden" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+CLIVEDEN, PHILADELPHIA</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XXXIV</p>
+
+<h3>CLIVEDEN, GERMANTOWN, PHILADELPHIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">ON THE FIELD OF THE BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN</p>
+
+<p>In the days before the Revolution there were many
+residents of Philadelphia who had, in addition to a
+sumptuous town house, a country house, to which they
+could resort in the summer or at other times when they
+wished relief from the cares of daily life. Germantown,
+the straggling village five miles from the town of William
+Penn, was one of the popular places for such establishments.</p>
+
+<p>Samuel Chew's town house was at Front and Dock
+streets when he built Cliveden at Germantown in 1761.
+At that time he was Attorney-General of Pennsylvania,
+though in 1774 he became Chief-Justice of the Supreme
+Court of Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>Both in Philadelphia and in Germantown he maintained
+the hospitable traditions he had learned at Maidstone,
+near Annapolis, where he was born, in 1722, of a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span>
+family whose first American ancestor, John Chew, came
+to Virginia a century earlier.</p>
+
+<p>During the days of the Continental Congress Judge
+Chew seemed to sympathize with the colonists in their
+protests against the aggression of Great Britain, but
+when independence was proposed, he let it be known that
+he was unwilling to act with the patriots. Accordingly
+he was arrested by order of Congress, together with John
+Penn, and when he refused to sign a parole, he was
+banished from the State.</p>
+
+<p>During his absence the battle of Germantown was
+fought. On October 3, 1777, the British forces were
+disposed on nearly all sides of the Chew mansion.
+Washington planned to attack these scattered forces by
+four columns, which were to advance from as many directions.
+General Wayne's column successfully opened
+the attack at daybreak October 4, driving before him the
+enemy encountered at Mount Airy. Colonel Musgrave
+checked the retreat of the soldiers at Cliveden. With
+six companies he took possession of the mansion, prepared
+to defend themselves behind hastily barricaded
+doors and windows. Wayne and the leaders who were
+with him pushed on past the house, continuing the pursuit
+of that portion of the enemy which had continued
+its retreat; he did not know that he was leaving an
+enemy in his rear. When Washington came to Cliveden,
+he was surprised by the fire of the entrenched enemy.
+After a hasty conference with others, it was decided not
+to pass on, leaving a fortress behind. Cannon were
+planted so as to command the door, but they were fired
+without much effect.</p>
+
+<p>The next attempt was made by a young Frenchman
+who asked others to carry hay from the barn and set
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span>
+fire to the front door. Thinking they were doing as he
+asked, he forced open a window and climbed on the
+sill. From this position he was driven back, and he
+found that he had not been supported by those on whom
+he had counted.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime the artillery fire continued, but with
+little effect. General Wilkinson, who was present,
+afterward wrote:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"The doors and shutters of the lower windows of
+the mansion were shut and fastened, the fire of the
+enemy being delivered from the iron gratings of the
+cellars and the windows above, and it was closely beset
+on all sides with small-arms and artillery, as is manifest
+from the multiplicity of traces still visible from
+musket-ball and grape-shot on the interior walls and
+ceilings which appear to have entered through the doors
+and windows in every direction; marks of cannon-ball
+are also visible, in several places on the exterior of the
+wall and through the roof, though one ball only appears
+to have penetrated below the roof, and that by a window
+in the passage of the second story. The artillery seem
+to have made no impression on the walls of the house,
+a few slight indentures only being observable, except
+from one stroke in the rear, which started the wall."</p>
+
+<p>In a few minutes Washington, realizing that precious
+time was being lost in the attack on the thick walls of
+the house, ordered a regiment to remain behind to watch
+Cliveden, while his main force hastened on.</p>
+
+<p>It has been claimed that this brief delay was responsible
+for the defeat at Germantown. Wilkinson, on the
+contrary, insists that this delay saved Washington's
+army from annihilation, since he would otherwise have
+hurried on in the thick fog until he was in contact with
+the main body of the British army. The result, he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span>
+thinks, would have been a far greater disaster than
+actually overtook the American arms that day.</p>
+
+<p>The damage done to the house was so great that five
+carpenters were busy for months making repairs. Evidently
+Judge Chew was not satisfied with the result,
+for in 1779 he sold Cliveden for $9,000, only to buy it
+back again in 1787 for $25,000.</p>
+
+<p>The property descended to Benjamin Chew, Jr.,
+on the death of his father. During his occupancy of
+Cliveden, Lafayette was a guest there in 1825.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_26" id="img_26"></a>
+<img src="images/i_177b.jpg" width="550" height="400" alt="Old Pine Street Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+THIRD (OLD PINE STREET) PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,
+PHILADELPHIA</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XXXV</p>
+
+<h3>OLD PINE STREET CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHOSE PASTOR INSPIRED JOHN ADAMS TO PLEAD FOR<br />
+INDEPENDENCE</p>
+
+<p>There were four thousand, seven hundred and seventy-four
+houses in Philadelphia in 1767 when the Pine
+Street Presbyterian Church, the third church of this
+denomination in the city, was built. The subscription
+paper, still in existence, shows that £1,078 "in money
+or otherwise" was subscribed for the purpose. The
+sum needed to complete the building was raised by a
+lottery, which yielded £2,500. In the proceeds of the
+lottery the Market Street Church and the Second
+Church shared, £1,035 going to the Pine Street building.</p>
+
+<p>The original building was of but one story, with
+gable ends. When alterations were made in 1837 the
+top of the church was raised bodily, while a larger roof
+was built over the old roof. The visitor who climbs to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span>
+the loft is able to see the old walls and windows. The
+floor was raised one step above the street level, and
+was paved with brick.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. George Duffield, D.D., who was pastor from 1772
+to 1790, was a prominent figure during the Revolution.
+He was chaplain of the Continental Congress and of the
+Pennsylvania militia during the period of the war, and
+he delivered fiery messages that stirred patriots to action.
+John Adams, who was a member of the church,
+called him a man of genius and eloquence. On May 17,
+1776, after listening to a sermon in which Dr. Duffield
+likened the conduct of George III to the Americans to
+that of Pharaoh to the Israelites, and concluded that
+God intended the liberation of the Americans, as He
+had intended that of the Israelites, he wrote to his wife:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Is it not a saying of Moses, Who am I that I should
+go in and out before this great people? When I consider
+the great events which are passed, and those
+greater which are rapidly advancing, and that I may
+have been instrumental in touching some springs, and
+turning some small wheels, which have had and will
+have such effects, I feel an awe upon my mind, which
+is not easily described. Great Britain has at last driven
+America to the last step, complete separation from
+her; a total, absolute independence...."</p>
+
+<p>Headley, in "Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution,"
+says:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"The patriots of the first Congress flocked to his
+church, and John Adams and his compeers were often
+his hearers.... In a discourse delivered before several
+companies of the Pennsylvania militia and members
+of Congress, four months before the Declaration
+of Independence, he took bold and decided ground in
+favor of that step, and pleaded his cause with sublime
+eloquence, which afterwards made him so obnoxious to
+the British that they placed a reward of fifty pounds
+for his capture."</p>
+
+<p>Later on in the same sermon he prophesied:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Whilst sun and moon endure, America shall remain
+a city of refuge for the whole earth, until she herself
+shall play the tyrant, forget her destiny, disgrace her
+freedom, and provoke her God."</p>
+
+<p>As chaplain of the Pennsylvania militia, Dr. Duffield
+was frequently in camp, where "his visits were always
+welcome, for the soldiers loved the eloquent, earnest,
+fearless patriot."</p>
+
+<p>Headley gives this incident of the courageous chaplain's
+work:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"When the enemy occupied Staten Island, and the
+American forces were across the river on the Jersey
+shore, he repaired to camp to spend the Sabbath. Assembling
+a portion of the troops in an orchard, he
+climbed into the forks of a tree and commenced religious
+exercises. He gave out a hymn.... The British
+on the island heard the sound of the singing, and
+immediately directed some cannon to play on the
+orchard, from whence it proceeded. Soon the heavy
+shot came crashing through the branches, and went
+singing overhead, arresting for a moment the voices that
+were lifted in worship. Mr. Duffield ... proposed
+that they should adjourn behind an adjacent hillock.
+They did so, and continued their worship, while the
+iron storm hurled harmlessly overhead."</p>
+
+<p>In spite of his almost constant service in the field,
+Dr. Duffield was in Philadelphia among his people
+every little while. The church records show that he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span>
+baptized children every month during the Revolution,
+except for the period of the British occupation of Philadelphia,
+when the church was occupied as a hospital,
+and more than one hundred Hessian soldiers were
+buried in the churchyard.</p>
+
+<p>Another remarkable fact is that of the one hundred
+and ten men who had signed the call to George Duffield
+in 1771, sixty-seven served in the army during the war.
+Colonel Thomas Robinson, whose portrait is in Independence
+Hall, was a member of the church; Captain
+John Steele, who was field officer on the day of the
+surrender of Cornwallis, and Colonel William Linnard,
+whose company attempted to keep the British from
+crossing the Brandywine, were also members. Many
+other officers and private soldiers were on the rolls; the
+stones and vaults in the cemetery tell of many of them.</p>
+
+<p>One of the original trustees of Pine Street was Dr.
+William Shippen, Jr., first Professor of Medicine in
+America and Director General of all the hospitals during
+the war. Benjamin Rush, Signer of the Declaration,
+was an attendant at the services, and his mother
+was a member.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">XXXVI</p>
+
+<h3>INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE WAS BORN</p>
+
+<p>William Penn was a man of vision. When, in 1682,
+Thomas Holme surveyed for him the site of Philadelphia,
+the Quaker pioneer gave instruction that "the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span>
+Centre Square," one mile from the Delaware, be set
+apart for the public buildings of the city and colony.</p>
+
+<p>But for many years after the founding of the city,
+Centre Square was far out in the country. During
+these years temporary public buildings were provided
+for official meetings, including the Assembly, but in
+1728 steps were taken to erect a suitable public building
+within reach of the people of the young city.
+Ground was bought on Chestnut Street, between Fifth
+and Sixth streets, and the State House was begun in
+1730. The total cost of the building was $16,250. Two
+wings were added in 1739 and 1740; these cost some
+$12,000 more.</p>
+
+<p>Two years after the completion of the main building
+the Pennsylvania Assembly passed an act in which this
+statement was made:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"It is the true intent and meaning of these Presents,
+that no part of the said ground lying to the southward
+of the State House, as it is now built, be converted into
+or made use of for erecting any sort of Building thereupon,
+but that the said ground shall be enclosed and
+remain a public open Green and Walks forever."</p>
+
+<p>Eighty years after the passage of the act an attempt
+was made to divert the State House yard to other purposes.
+In a curious old document, dated February 6,
+1816, W. Rawle and Peter S. Duponceau made an argument
+against this diversion, showing conclusively that
+the State House Square had been "irrevocably devoted
+to the purpose of an open and public walk." Thanks
+to their efforts and the efforts of others who have labored
+to the same end, the grounds are to-day, and
+must forever remain, open to the use of the people.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The first public function held in the new State House
+was a banquet, given in the "long room," in the second
+story. Of this Franklin's <i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i> of September
+30, 1736, said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Thursday last William Allen, Esq., Mayor of this
+city for the past year, made a feast for his citizens at
+the State House, to which all the strangers in town of
+note were also invited. Those who are judges of such
+things say that considering the delicacy of the viands,
+the variety and excellency of the wines, the great number
+of guests, and yet the easiness and order with which
+the whole was conducted, it was the most grand, the
+most elegant entertainment that has been made in these
+parts of America."</p>
+
+<p>The builders were dilatory. It was 1736 before the
+Assembly was able to hold its first session in the chamber
+provided for it, and not until 1745 was the room
+completed. Three years more passed before the apartment
+intended for the Governor's Council was ready
+for its occupants.</p>
+
+<p>In 1741 the tower was built, and on November 4
+Edmund Wooley sent to the Province of Pennsylvania
+an interesting bill, "for expenses in raising the Tower
+of the State House":</p>
+
+<table summary="Expenses in Raising Tower">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpr">95 loaves of Bread</td>
+<td class="tdr">£0</td>
+<td class="tdr">19</td>
+<td class="tdr">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpr">61¾ lb. Bacon, at 7d</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">14</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpr">148½ lb. Beef at 3½d</td>
+<td class="tdr">2 </td>
+<td class="tdr">8</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpr">Potatoes and Greens</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+<td class="tdr">7</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpr">800 Limes at 4s</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">12</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpr">1½ Barrels of Beer at 18s</td>
+<td class="tdr">1 </td>
+<td class="tdr">7</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpr">44 lb. Mutton at 3½d</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+<td class="tdr">12</td>
+<td class="tdr">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpr">37¾ lb. Veal at 3½d</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+<td class="tdr">11</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpr">30 lb. Venison at 2d</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+<td class="tdr">5</td>
+<td class="tdr">0
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+
+<td class="tdpr">Turnips</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpr">Pepper and Mustard</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+<td class="tdr">1</td>
+<td class="tdr">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpr">2 Jugs and Candles, Pipes and Tobacco</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpr">Butter 9s. 8d. Turkey 4s. 4 pair Fowls 9s</td>
+<td class="tdr">1 </td>
+<td class="tdr">2</td>
+<td class="tdr">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpr">¼ of a hundred of Flour</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdpr">Two former Hookings at getting on two<br />
+<span class="i1">Floors, and now for raising the Tower,</span><br />
+<span class="i1">Fire Wood, etc.</span></td>
+<td class="tdr">3</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+<td class="tdr">0</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p>Provision was made in 1750 for the extension of the
+tower for the accommodation of a bell, and on October
+16, 1751, the Superintendent of the State House sent
+a letter to the colonial agent in London. In this letter
+he said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"We take the liberty to apply ourselves to thee to
+get us a good bell, of about two thousand pounds weight,
+the cost of which we presume may amount to about one
+hundred pounds sterling, or, perhaps, with the charges,
+something more.... Let the bell be cast by the best
+workmen, and examined carefully before it is shipped,
+with the following words well-shaped in large letters
+round it, viz:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'By order of the Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania,
+for the State House in the city of Philadelphia,
+1752,'</p>
+
+<p>"And underneath,</p>
+
+<p>"'Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land to all
+the inhabitants thereof&mdash;Levit. XXV. 10.'"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When the new bell was hung it was cracked by a
+stroke of the clapper. Isaac Norris wrote:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"We concluded to send it back by Captain Budden,
+but he could not take it on board, upon which two ingenious
+workmen undertook to cast it here, and I am
+just now informed they have this day opened the Mould
+and have got a good bell, which, I confess, pleases me
+very much, that we should first venture upon and succeed
+in the greatest bell cast, for aught I know, in
+English America. The mould was finished in a very
+masterly manner, and the letters, I am told, are better
+than [on] the old one. When we broke up the metal,
+our judges here generally agreed it was too high and
+brittle, and cast several little bells out of it to try the
+sound and strength, and fixed upon a mixture of an
+ounce and a half of copper to one pound of the old bell,
+and in this proportion we now have it."</p>
+
+<p>But when the bell was in place it was found to contain
+too much copper, and Pass &amp; Stow, the founders,
+"were so teazed with the witticisms of the town," that
+they begged to be allowed to recast it. In June, 1753,
+this third bell was hung, and in the following September
+the founders were paid £60 13s. 5d.</p>
+
+<p>In 1752 arrangements were made for a clock. The
+works were placed in the middle of the main building,
+immediately under the roof. These were connected by
+rods, enclosed in pipes, with the hands on the dial
+plates at either gable. Early views of the State House
+show these dials. The cost of the clock, which included
+care for six years, was £494 5s. 5½d.</p>
+
+<p>During the twenty years that followed the installation
+of the clock and the bell the State House became
+a civic centre of note; but not until the stirring events
+that led up to the Revolution did it become of special
+interest to other colonies than Pennsylvania. On April
+25, 1775, the day after news came to Philadelphia of
+the battles of Lexington and Concord, the great bell
+sounded a call to arms that was the real beginning of
+making the building a national shrine. In response
+to the call eight thousand people gathered in the Yard
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span>
+to consider measures of defence. On April 26 the
+newspapers reported that "the company unanimously
+agreed to associate for the purpose of defending with
+arms their lives, liberty, and property, against all attempts
+to deprive them of them." This determination
+of the people was soon sanctioned by the Assembly, and
+Pennsylvania prepared to raise its quota towards the
+Army of the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress
+met in the Assembly Chamber, and took action that
+made inevitable the adoption of the Declaration of Independence
+the next year. On Friday, June 7, 1776,
+in the Eastern Room on the first floor of the State
+House, Richard Henry Lee of Virginia introduced the
+following:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of
+right ought to be, free and independent States, that
+they are absolved from all allegiance to the British
+Crown and that all political connection between them
+and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be,
+totally dissolved."</p>
+
+<p>At the same time the Pennsylvania Assembly was
+considering, in the chamber upstairs, what instruction
+to give to its delegates. When the Assembly adjourned
+the Continental Congress removed to the upper room.
+There, on July 2, the Virginian's motion was carried.
+Later the Declaration itself was adopted, and on July
+4, it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Resolved, that Copies of the Declaration be sent
+to the several assemblies, conventions, and committees
+or councils of safety, and to the several commanding
+officers of the Continental troops; that it be proclaimed
+in each of the United States and at the head of the
+army."</p>
+
+<p>It was ordered that the Declaration be proclaimed
+from the State House on Monday, July 8, 1776. On
+that day the State House bell sounded its glad call;
+for the first time did it indeed "proclaim liberty
+throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof."
+And in the hearing of those who gathered in response
+to its call the Declaration was read.</p>
+
+<p>From that day the State House has been known as
+Independence Hall, while the State House Yard has
+become Independence Square.</p>
+
+<p>The sittings of Congress in Independence Hall were
+interrupted by the approach of the British. For five
+months the building was used as a British prison and
+hospital. But on July 2, 1778, Congress returned; the
+building once more belonged to the nation.</p>
+
+<p>The building became more than ever a national shrine
+when, in 1787, the Constitutional Convention met there.
+On September 17, 1787, the votes of eleven States were
+recorded in favor of the Constitution, and Benjamin
+Franklin, looking toward a sun which was blazoned
+on the President's chair, said of it to those near him,
+"In the vicissitudes of hope and fear I was not able
+to tell whether it was rising or setting; now I know
+that it is the rising sun."</p>
+
+<p>In 1790, the Congress of the United States met in
+the western portion of the buildings on the Square,
+erected in 1785 for the Pennsylvania Assembly.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> This
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span>
+building was, by that body, offered to Congress and
+accepted for the term of ten years, until the Capital
+should be removed to the shore of the Potomac.</p>
+
+<p>During these ten years, and for thirty-five years more,
+the Liberty Bell continued to sound notes of joy and
+of sorrow. On July 8, 1835, it was tolling for Chief
+Justice Marshall. When the funeral procession was
+on Chestnut Street, not far from Independence Hall,
+the bell cracked. Since that day it has been mute.</p>
+
+<p>The passing years have brought many changes to
+Independence Hall, as well as to the Liberty Bell. The
+bell cannot be renewed, but the historic building and
+the Square have been restored until they present essentially
+the appearance of the days of 1776. The chief
+difference is in the steeple. The present steeple was
+built in 1828. It is much like the old steeple, but a
+story higher.</p>
+
+<p>As the visitor passes from room to room of the venerable
+building, and examines the relics and studies
+the portraits of the great men who gathered there so
+long ago, his heart is stirred to thankfulness to those
+who dared to call a nation into being, and he cannot
+but think that it is good to live for one's country.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_27" id="img_27"></a>
+<img src="images/i_178a.jpg" width="550" height="398" alt="Rittenhouse Home" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+DAVID RITTENHOUSE'S HOUSE, NORRITON, PENNA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XXXVII<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE DAVID RITTENHOUSE HOME, NEAR<br />
+PHILADELPHIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HEADQUARTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S FRIEND<br />
+AND CO-LABORER</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1"><i>"See the sage Rittenhouse with ardent eye</i></p>
+<p><i>Lift the long tube and pierce the starry sky!</i></p>
+<p><i>He marks what laws the eccentric wanderers bind,</i></p>
+<p><i>Copies creation in his forming mind,</i></p>
+<p><i>And bids beneath his hand in semblance rise</i></p>
+<p><i>With mimic orbs the labors of the skies."</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This was Barlow's way of telling of the achievement
+of David Rittenhouse, the colonial astronomer, in fashioning
+the marvellous orrery, the mechanical representation
+of the movements of the planetary system.
+Thomas Jefferson's prose description was a little more
+readable:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"A machine far surpassing in ingenuity of contrivance,
+accuracy and utility anything of the kind
+ever before constructed.... He has not indeed made
+a world, but he has by imitation approached more its
+Maker than any man who has lived from the creation
+to this day."</p>
+
+<p>The father of the maker of the orrery was a paper
+manufacturer near Germantown, but when David was
+three years old he moved to a little farm in Norriton,
+nineteen miles from Philadelphia, where, in 1749, he
+built the stone house in which his son spent the rest
+of his life.</p>
+
+<p>It was his purpose to make a farmer of David, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span>
+he might have succeeded if he had not invested in a
+few mathematical books. The twelve-year-old boy was
+fascinated by these volumes. Samuel W. Pennypacker
+has told the result:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"The handles of his plough, and even the fences
+around the fields, he covered with mathematical calculations....
+At seventeen he made a wooden clock, and
+afterward one in metal. Having thus tested his ability
+in an art in which he had never received any instruction,
+he secured from his somewhat reluctant father
+money enough to buy in Philadelphia the necessary
+tools, and after holding a shop by the roadside, set up
+in business as a clock and mathematical instrument
+maker."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Benjamin Rush once said that "without library,
+friends, or society, and with but two or three books,
+he became, before he had reached his four-and-twentieth
+year, the rival of two of the greatest mathematicians
+of Europe."</p>
+
+<p>The skilled astronomer was soon called upon to render
+a service to several of the Colonies. By means of
+astronomical instruments he did such accurate work
+in marking out the boundary between Delaware and
+Pennsylvania that Mason and Dixon later accepted his
+results, and he settled the dispute between New Jersey
+and New York as to the point where the forty-first
+degree of latitude touches the Hudson River. Perhaps,
+however, the achievement that won for him greatest
+fame was the observation, made in 1769, of the transit
+of Venus. The importance of the observation is evident
+from the facts that it provides the best means for
+calculating the distance between the heavenly bodies,
+which had never been satisfactorily made, and that the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span>
+opportunity would not occur again for one hundred
+and five years. After months of preparation, which
+included the making of delicate instruments, Rittenhouse,
+one of a committee of three appointed by the
+American Philosophical Society, succeeded. In the
+words of Pennypacker, "The first approximately accurate
+results in the measurement of the spheres were
+given to the world, not by the schooled and salaried
+astronomers who watched from the magnificent royal
+observatories of Europe, but by unpaid amateurs and
+devotees to science in the youthful province of Pennsylvania."</p>
+
+<p>Benjamin Franklin found in him a kindred spirit,
+and the Philadelphian was frequently a visitor at the
+Norriton farmhouse. On Sunday the two friends often
+went to the old Norriton Presbyterian Church, which
+had been built on the corner of the Rittenhouse farm,
+within sight of the house. This church, which probably
+dates from 1698, is still standing in good repair.</p>
+
+<p>Some years after the successful observation of the
+transit of Venus brought fame to the American astronomer,
+he moved to Philadelphia. There, among other
+duties, he had charge of the State House clock.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of the Revolution the Council of
+Safety asked that he should "prepare moulds for the
+casting of clock weights, and send them to some iron
+furnace, and order a sufficient number to be immediately
+made for the purpose of exchanging them with
+the inhabitants of this city for their leaden clock
+weights." The leaden weights were needed for bullets.
+Later he was sent to survey the shores of the Delaware,
+to choose the best points for fortifications.</p>
+
+<p>When he became Engineer of the Council of Safety
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span>
+"he was called upon to arrange for casting cannon
+of iron and brass, to view the site for the erection
+of a Continental powder mill, to conduct experiments
+for rifling cannon and muskets, to fix upon a method of
+fastening a chain for the protection of the river, to
+superintend the manufacture of saltpeter, and to locate
+a magazine for military stores on the Wissahickon."</p>
+
+<p>This was but the beginning of service to Pennsylvania
+during the Revolution. His activities were so
+valuable to the Colonies that a Tory poet published in
+the <i>Pennsylvania Evening Post</i> of December 2, 1777,
+a verse addressed "To David Rittenhouse," of which
+the first stanza read:</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"Meddle not with state affairs,</p>
+<p>Keep acquaintance with the stars;</p>
+<p>Science, David, is thy line;</p>
+<p>Warp not Nature's great design.</p>
+<p>If thou to fame would'st rise."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The following year Thomas Jefferson wrote to him:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"You should consider that the world has but one
+Rittenhouse, and never had one before.... Are those
+powers, then, which, being intended for the erudition
+of the world, are, like light and air, the world's common
+property, to be taken from their proper pursuit
+to do the commonplace drudgery of governing a single
+State?"</p>
+
+<p>To the call of the nation Rittenhouse responded in
+April, 1792, when President Washington appointed him
+the first Director of the Mint.</p>
+
+<p>His closing years were full of honors, but his
+strength was declining rapidly; he had spent himself
+so fully for his country that his power of resistance
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span>
+was small. Just before he died, on June 26, 1796, he
+said to a friend who had been writing to him, "You
+make the way to God easier."</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">XXXVIII</p>
+
+<h3>THE HEADQUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE,<br />
+PENNSYLVANIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE WASHINGTON LIVED DURING THE<br />
+WINTER OF 1777-78</p>
+
+<p>A few rods from the beautiful Schuylkill River, at
+Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, twenty-four miles from
+Philadelphia, is the quaint stone house where Washington
+spent nearly six months of the most trying year
+of the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>While the British troops were occupying Philadelphia
+Congress was in session at York, Pennsylvania.
+Valley Forge was accordingly a strategic location, for
+from here it was comparatively simple to guard the
+roads leading out of Philadelphia, and to prevent both
+the exit of the British and the entrance of supplies
+designed for the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The eleven thousand men who marched to the site
+selected for the camp were miserably equipped for a
+winter in the open. Provisions were scarce, and clothing
+and shoes were even more scarce. But the men
+looked forward bravely to the months of exposure before
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Washington did everything possible to provide for
+their comfort. Realizing that the soldiers needed something
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span>
+more than the tents in which they were living
+at first, he gave orders that huts should be built for
+them. The commanding officers of the regiments were
+instructed to divide their soldiers into parties of twelve,
+to see that each party had the necessary tools, and to
+superintend the building of a hut for each group of
+twelve soldiers, according to carefully stated dimensions.
+A reward was offered to the party in each regiment
+which should complete its hut in the quickest
+and best manner. Since valuable time would be lost
+in preparing boards for the roofs, he promised a second
+sword to the officer or soldier who should devise a material
+for this purpose cheaper and more quickly made
+than boards.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the first huts were covered with leaves, but
+it was necessary to provide a more lasting covering.
+After a few weeks fairly acceptable quarters were provided
+for the men, in spite of the scarcity of tools.
+Colonel Pickering, on January 5, wrote to Mrs. Pickering,
+"The huts are very warm and comfortable, being
+very good log huts, pointed with clay, and the roof
+made tight with the same."</p>
+
+<p>At first, Washington sought to encourage his soldiers
+by assuring them that he would accept no better quarters
+than could be given them; he would set the example
+by passing the winter in a hut. But officers and men
+alike urged that it would be unwise to risk his health
+in this way, and he consented to seek quarters in a
+near-by house. However, he refused to make himself
+comfortable until the men were provided for.</p>
+
+<p>His headquarters were finally fixed in the two-story
+stone house of Isaac Potts. There he met his officers,
+received visitors, planned for the welfare of the army,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span>
+and parried the attacks of those who could not understand
+the difficulties of the situation. Once he wrote
+to Congress: "Three days successively we have been
+destitute of bread. Two days we have been entirely
+without meat. The men must be supplied, or they
+cannot be commanded."</p>
+
+<p>To the objections of those who thought that the army
+should not be inactive during the winter weather, he
+wrote:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I can assure these gentlemen, that it is a much
+easier and less distressing thing to draw remonstrances
+in a comfortable room by a good fireside, than to occupy
+a cold, bleak hill, and sleep under frost and snow, without
+clothes or blankets. However, although they seem
+to have little pity for the naked and distressed soldiers,
+I feel superabundantly for them, and, from my soul,
+I pity those miseries which it is neither in my power
+to relieve or prevent."</p>
+
+<p>The heavy hearts of Washington and his officers rejoiced
+when, on February 23, 1778, Baron Steuben and
+Peter S. Du Ponceau called at headquarters. Du Ponceau
+wrote later:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I cannot describe the impression that the first sight
+of that great man made upon me. I could not keep my
+eyes from that imposing countenance&mdash;grave, yet not
+severe; affable, without familiarity.... I have never
+seen a picture that represents him to me as I saw him
+at Valley Forge.... I had frequent opportunities of
+seeing him, as it was my duty to accompany the Baron
+when he dined with him, which was sometimes twice or
+thrice in the same week. We visited him also in the
+evening, when Mrs. Washington was at head-quarters.
+We were in a manner domesticated in the family."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span></p>
+
+<p>An order was sent from headquarters, dated March
+28, that Baron Steuben be respected and obeyed as
+Inspector General. The need of his services is revealed
+by his description of the condition of the army when
+he arrived in camp:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"The arms at Valley Forge were in a horrible condition,
+covered with rust, half of them without bayonets,
+many from which a single shot could not be fired. The
+pouches were quite as bad as the arms. A great many
+of the men had tin boxes instead of pouches, others had
+cow-horns; and muskets, carbines, fowling-pieces, and
+rifles were to be seen in the same company.... The
+men were literally naked.... The officers who had
+coats, had them of every color and make. I saw officers,
+at a grand parade in Valley Forge, mounting
+guard in a sort of dressing-gown, made of an old blanket
+or woolen bed-cover...."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Washington joined the circle at headquarters
+on February 10. She was not favorably impressed.
+"The General's apartment is very small," she wrote.
+"He has had a log cabin built to dine in, which has
+made our quarters much more tolerable than they were
+at first."</p>
+
+<p>The most joyful day at Valley Forge was May 7,
+1778, when a fête was held to celebrate the conclusion
+of the treaty of alliance between France and the United
+States. After religious service, the army was reviewed,
+and Washington dined in public with his officers.
+"When the General took his leave, there was a universal
+clap, with loud huzzas, which continued till he
+had proceeded a quarter of a mile."</p>
+
+<p>On June 18 the glad tidings came to headquarters
+that the British were evacuating Philadelphia. Next
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">178</a></span>
+day the camp was left behind. Washington did not
+see it again for nine years.</p>
+
+<p>In 1879 the Isaac Potts house was bought by the
+Continental Memorial Association of Valley Forge.
+And in 1893 the Pennsylvania Legislature created the
+Valley Forge Park Commission, which has since acquired
+the entire encampment, has laid it out as a park,
+and has arranged for the erection of many monuments
+and markers and a number of memorial structures.
+But the house in which Washington lived must always
+be the central feature of the grounds.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_28" id="img_28"></a>
+<img src="images/i_178b.jpg" width="550" height="348" alt="Dawesfield" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. C. Howland, Philadelphia</i></span><br />
+DAWESFIELD, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XXXIX</p>
+
+<h3>THREE HEADQUARTERS OF WASHINGTON</h3>
+
+<p class="center">PENNYPACKER'S MILLS, DAWESFIELD, AND EMLEN HOUSE,<br />
+NEAR PHILADELPHIA</p>
+
+<p>During the closing months of 1777, one of the darkest
+times of the Revolution, Washington made famous
+by his occupancy three houses, all located within a few
+miles of Philadelphia. The first of these, Pennypacker's
+Mills, is the only building used by the Commander-in-Chief
+during the war that is still in the hands of the
+family that owned it when he was there.</p>
+
+<p>Pennypacker's Mills is delightfully situated in the
+angle formed by the union of the two forks of the
+Perkiomen, the largest tributary of the Schuylkill.
+Hans Joest Heijt, who built the grist mill and house
+on the land in 1720, sold the property in 1730 to John
+Pauling. He was succeeded in 1757 by Peter Pannebecker.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span>
+His son Samuel was the owner of the house
+by the creek when, on September 26, 1777, Washington
+reached the Mills.</p>
+
+<p>The orderly book of the following days and letters
+written from the house shed light on the events of the
+stay here.</p>
+
+<p>On the day he reached the Mills, Washington wrote
+to William Henry at Lancaster:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"You are hereby authorized to impress all the Blankets,
+Shoes, Stockings, and other Articles of Clothing
+that can be spared by the Inhabitants of the County
+of Lancaster, for the Use of the Continental Army,
+paying for the same at reasonable Rates or giving
+Certificates."</p>
+
+<p>The entry in the orderly book on September 28 read:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"The Commander-in-Chief has the happiness again
+to congratulate the army on the success of the Americans
+to the Northward. On the 19th inst. an engagement
+took place between General Burgoyne's army and
+the left wing of ours, under General Gates. The battle
+began at 10 o'clock, and lasted till night&mdash;our troops
+fighting with the greatest bravery, not giving an inch
+of ground.... To celebrate this success the General
+orders that at 4 o'clock this afternoon all the troops
+be paraded and served with a gill of rum per man, and
+that at the same time there be discharges of 13 pieces
+of artillery from the park."</p>
+
+<p>On the same day there was a council of war. It was
+found that there were in camp, fit for duty, 5,472 men.
+The whole army in all the camps then contained about
+eight thousand Continental troops and three thousand
+militia.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Next day Washington wrote:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I shall move the Army four or five miles lower
+down to-day from whence we may reconnoitre and fix
+upon a proper situation, at such distance from the
+Enemy, as will entitle us to make an attack, should we
+see a proper opening, or stand upon the defensive till
+we obtain further reinforcements...."</p>
+
+<p>Later in the day the army marched to Skippack,
+within about twenty-five miles of Philadelphia. The
+next stage in the advance was Methacton Hill, and from
+there the army began to move, on October 3, at seven
+o'clock in the evening, to the attack on the British at
+Germantown.</p>
+
+<p>After the battle of Germantown Washington wrote
+to the President of Congress:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"In the midst of the most promising appearances,
+when everything gave the most flattering hopes of victory,
+the troops began suddenly to retreat, and entirely
+left the field, in spite of every effort that could be made
+to rally them."</p>
+
+<p>The Commander's marvellous ability to handle men
+was shown by the entry made in his orderly book the
+next day, when he was back at Pennypacker's Mills.
+Instead of reprimanding the soldiers for their strange
+retreat, he "returned thanks to the generals and other
+officers and men concerned in the attack on the enemy's
+left wing, for their spirit and bravery, shown in drawing
+the enemy from field to field, and although ... they
+finally retreated, they nevertheless see that the
+enemy is not proof against a vigorous attack, and may
+be put to flight when boldly pursued."
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">181</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The good results of this message were evident from
+the letter of a soldier written from the Mills on October
+6. He said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Our excellent General Washington ... intends
+soon to try another bout with them. All our men are
+in good spirits and I think grow fonder of fighting the
+more they have of it."</p>
+
+<p>To the joy of the soldiers the word was given on
+October 8 to march toward Philadelphia. In three
+short stages the army arrived, on October 21, at Whitpain,
+where Washington took up his headquarters in
+the house of James Morris, Dawesfield. From here
+messages were sent that tied his men still closer to
+him. On October 24 he issued a proclamation of full
+pardon to deserters who should return before a specified
+date, and next day he congratulated the troops on the
+victory at Red Bank.</p>
+
+<p>The chief event of the stay at Dawesfield was the
+court-martial convened October 30, to try Brigadier-General
+Wayne, at his own request, on the charge that
+his negligence was responsible for the defeat at Paoli,
+September 20. The verdict was that "he did everything
+that could be expected from an active, brave, and
+vigilant officer, under the orders he then had."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_29" id="img_29"></a>
+<img src="images/i_197a.jpg" width="550" height="398" alt="Emlen House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+EMLEN HOUSE, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Three days after the trial the army moved to Whitemarsh,
+near the junction of the Skippack and Bethlehem
+roads. There Washington lived at Emlen House,
+of which Lossing says, "At the time of the Revolution
+it was a sort of baronial hall in size and character,
+where its wealthy owner dispensed hospitality to all
+who came under its roof."</p>
+
+<p>The house was modernized in 1854, but it still retains
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span>
+many of the original features. Among these is
+the moat at the side of the house.</p>
+
+<p>Washington followed the example of the owner of
+the house by welcoming guests, in spite of the
+handicaps mentioned in the orderly book on November
+7:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Since ... the middle of September last, he [the
+General] has been without his baggage, and on that
+account is unable to receive company in the manner
+he could wish. He nevertheless desires the Generals,
+Field Officers and Brigadier-Major of the day, to dine
+with him in the future, at three o'clock in the afternoon."</p>
+
+<p>It was from Emlen House that Washington gave the
+first intimation that he knew of the infamous attempts
+to discredit and displace him which later became known
+as the "Conway Cabal." To General Conway himself
+he wrote saying that he had heard of Conway's letter
+to General Gates in which he had said, "Heaven has
+been determined to save your country, or a weak
+General and bad counsellors would have ruined
+it."</p>
+
+<p>A few glimpses of the awful condition of privation
+that were to prevail that winter at Valley Forge were
+given on November 22:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"The Commander-in-Chief offers a reward of ten dollars
+to any person, who shall, by nine o'clock on Monday
+morning, produce the best substitute for shoes, made of
+raw hide."</p>
+
+<p>The movement to Valley Forge was begun on December
+1. The army went by way of "Sweeds" Ford
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span>
+(Norristown), where, as the quaint diary of Albigence
+Waldo says:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"A Bridge of Waggons made across the Schuylkill
+last night consisted of 36 waggons, with a bridge of
+Rails between each. Sun Set&mdash;We are order'd to march
+over the River. The Army were 'till Sun Rise crossing
+the River&mdash;some at the Waggon Bridge, &amp; some at the
+Raft Bridge below. Cold and Uncomfortable."</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">XL</p>
+
+<h3>SWEETBRIER-ON-THE-SCHUYLKILL,<br />
+PHILADELPHIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HOME OF THE FATHER OF THE FREE SCHOOLS<br />
+OF PENNSYLVANIA</p>
+
+<p>When Samuel Breck was fifty-eight years and six
+months old&mdash;on January 17, 1830&mdash;he wrote:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"My residence has been ... for more than thirty
+years ... on an estate belonging to me, situated on
+the right bank of the Schuylkill, in the township of
+Blockley, county of Philadelphia, and two miles from
+the western part of the city. The mansion on this
+estate I built in 1797. It is a fine stone house, rough
+cast, fifty-three feet long, thirty-eight broad, and three
+stories high, having out-buildings of every kind suitable
+for elegance and comfort. The prospect consists of the
+river, animated by its great trade, carried on in boats
+of about thirty tons, drawn by horses; of a beautiful
+sloping lawn, terminating at that river, now nearly four
+hundred yards wide opposite the portico; of side-screen
+woods; of gardens, green-house, etc. Sweetbrier is the
+name of my villa."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Breck spent his boyhood in Boston, but his parents
+removed to Philadelphia in 1792 to escape what
+they felt was an unjust system of taxation. During
+the first years of their residence in the city of William
+Penn it had "a large society of elegant and fashionable
+and stylish people," Mr. Breck said in his diary.
+"Congress held its sessions in Philadelphia until the
+year 1800, and gave to the city the style and tone of
+a capital. All the distinguished emigrants from France
+took up their abode there."</p>
+
+<p>Among the associates of the Brecks were some of
+the leaders of the new nation. Samuel Breck was frequently
+at the Robert Morris house, and later, during
+the four years' imprisonment of Mr. Morris, he "visited
+that great man in the Prune Street debtors' apartment,
+and saw him in his ugly whitewashed vault."</p>
+
+<p>The diarist's comment was bitter: "In Rome or
+Greece a thousand statesmen would have honored his
+mighty services. In a monarchy ... he would have
+been appropriately pensioned; in America, Republican
+America, not a single voice was raised in Congress or
+elsewhere in aid of him or his family."</p>
+
+<p>There is not a more striking passage in the diaries
+than that written on August 27, 1814, during the second
+war with England:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I was in town to-day ... at half past twelve
+o'clock I went with an immense crowd to the post-office
+to hear the news from the South. The postmaster
+read it to us from a chamber window. It imported that
+the navy-yard had been burnt (valued at from six to
+eight millions of dollars) including the new frigate
+<i>Essex</i>, sloop-of-war <i>Argus</i>, some old frigates, a vast
+quantity of timber, from five to eight hundred large
+guns, and many manufactories of cordage, etc., by our
+people; that the President's House, Capitol, and other
+important buildings had been destroyed, and all this
+by a handful of men, say, six thousand!"</p>
+
+<p>The diary told also of some interesting experiences
+at the mansion on the Schuylkill. In 1807 "a newly
+invented iron grate calculated for coal" was installed
+at Sweetbrier. After less than three weeks' trial Mr.
+Breck wrote, "By my experiment in coal fuel I find
+that one fireplace will burn from three to three and a
+half bushels per week in hard weather and about two
+and a half in moderate weather. This averages three
+bushels for twenty-five weeks, the period of burning
+fire in parlors." The coal cost forty-five cents a
+bushel, and Mr. Breck decided that wood was a cheaper
+fuel.</p>
+
+<p>Even in those early days city families had their
+troubles with servants. "This is a crying evil, which
+most families feel very sensibly at present," was Mr.
+Breck's sorrowful statement. Fifteen years after this
+entry was written, a bitter complaint was made:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">186</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"In my family, consisting of nine or ten persons,
+the greatest abundance is provided; commonly seventy
+pounds of fresh butcher's meat, poultry and fish a week,
+and when I have company nearly twice as much; the
+best and kindest treatment is given to the servants;
+they are seldom visited by Mrs. Breck, and then always
+in a spirit of courtesy; their wages are the highest
+going, and uniformly paid to them when asked for;
+yet during the last twelve months we have had seven
+different cooks and five different waiters.... I pay,
+for instance, to my cook one dollar and fifty cents, and
+chambermaid one dollar and twenty-five cents per week;
+to my gardener eleven dollars per month; to the waiter
+ten dollars; to the farm servant ten dollars, etc., etc.
+Now, if they remain steady (with meat three times
+a day) for three or four years, they can lay by enough
+to purchase two or three hundred acres of new land."</p>
+
+<p>On one occasion, learning that the ship <i>John</i> had
+arrived from Amsterdam, Mr. Breck visited it in search
+of men and women. He wrote:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I saw the remains of a very fine cargo, consisting
+of healthy, good-looking men, women and children, and
+I purchased one German Swiss for Mrs. Ross and two
+French Swiss for myself.... I gave for the woman
+seventy-six dollars, which is her passage money, with
+a promise of twenty dollars at the end of three years,
+if she serves me faithfully, clothing and maintenance
+of course. The boy had paid twenty-six guilders towards
+his passage money, which I have agreed to give
+him at the end of three years; in addition to which I
+paid fifty-three dollars and sixty cents for his passage,
+and for two years he is to have six weeks' schooling
+each year."</p>
+
+<p>It was like Mr. Breck to make the provision for
+schooling. He was an ardent friend of education in
+an age when too many were indifferent. In 1834, when
+the fortunes of a proposal for free schools in Pennsylvania
+were in doubt, he consented to become a member
+of the State Senate. There he bent every effort to
+secure the passage of a generous provision for common
+schools. On the first day of the session he moved successfully
+for the appointment of a Joint Committee
+on Education of the two Houses, "for the purpose of
+digesting a general system of education." Of this committee
+he was made chairman.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span></p>
+
+<p>After seven weeks of unremitting labor the bill incorporating
+the committee's report, a bill drafted by
+Mr. Breck, was introduced. In six weeks more it became
+a law, four votes only having been cast against
+it. Wickersham, in his "History of Education in
+Pennsylvania," says that the passage of the bill was
+"the most important event connected with education
+in Pennsylvania&mdash;the first great victory for free
+schools."</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the session the author of the bill retired
+to Sweetbrier, in accordance with his intention
+to decline any further public honors. He felt that his
+work for the State and the Nation was done.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_30" id="img_30"></a>
+<img src="images/i_197b.jpg" width="550" height="393" alt="FATLANDS" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+FATLANDS, NEAR PHOENIXVILLE, PENNA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XLI</p>
+
+<h3>MILL GROVE AND FATLANDS, NEAR<br />
+PHILADELPHIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HOMES OF JOHN J. AUDUBON AND OF HIS BRIDE,<br />
+MARY BAKEWELL</p>
+
+<p>About two hundred years ago, there lived in France
+a poor fisherman named Audubon, who had nineteen
+daughters and two sons. One of the sons was sent
+away to make his fortune when he was twelve years
+of age. His entire patrimony was a shirt, a suit of
+clothes, a cane, and a blessing. For five years he was
+a sailor before the mast. Then he bought a boat. He
+prospered and bought other vessels. After many years
+he had large wealth, and was trading to the distant
+quarters of the earth.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When he was an old man he paid a visit to America.
+In two widely separated places, attracted by the country,
+he bought land. One estate was on Perkiomen
+Creek, near Philadelphia; the other was in Louisiana.
+In Louisiana he spent much of his time; and there, on
+May 4, 1780,<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> his son, John James Audubon, was
+born.</p>
+
+<p>Commodore Audubon wanted his son to be a seaman,
+and he took him to France that he might be educated
+for the navy. But the boy's tastes were in another
+direction altogether. One of the teachers provided for
+him was an artist, who gave him lessons in drawing
+that were intended as a part of his training for the
+profession the father had chosen for him. But the
+boy put it to a use of his own. On his holidays he
+used to take a lunch into the country, and would return
+loaded down with all kinds of natural history specimens.
+These he would preserve in a cabinet of his
+own devising, and drawings of many of them would
+be made and treasured.</p>
+
+<p>Commodore Audubon was not pleased with his son's
+habits, and he thought he would give him something
+to do that would distract his mind. The estate in
+Pennsylvania needed a superintendent. So he sent the
+would-be naturalist to America, with instructions to
+look after the estate.</p>
+
+<p>But the wild woods about Philadelphia offered so
+many opportunities for tramping and nature investigation
+that the estate was neglected. The house on the
+estate, Mill Grove, which is still standing, is near the
+mouth of the Perkiomen. Along this pleasing stream
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">189</a></span>
+he could ramble for hours, with his gun or his fishing
+rod or his collecting instruments. Before long the
+attic room which he occupied was a treasure house of
+birds and animals and natural-history specimens. He
+was his own taxidermist. He would do his work seated
+at a window that looks toward the Valley Forge country,
+where Washington spent the winter of 1777-78
+with his faithful soldiers. The marks of his work are
+still to be seen on the old boards beneath the window.
+These boards came from the sawmill on the estate which
+gave the house its name.</p>
+
+<p>Here in this attic room the young naturalist dreamed
+of making careful, accurate drawings of all the birds
+of America. He knew that this would be a difficult
+matter, but he was not deterred by thought of hardship
+and poverty.</p>
+
+<p>While he was dreaming of what he would do for the
+world, something was happening in London that was
+to have an effect on his life. An official named Bakewell
+refused to be silent about a matter that the king
+felt should be forgotten. Bakewell was a conscientious
+man, and he did not feel that silence would be proper.
+The king rebuked him, and he resigned his office. At
+once he made up his mind to leave England and make
+a home in America, taking with him his wife and
+daughter.</p>
+
+<p>After many investigations, he found an estate near
+Philadelphia that pleased him&mdash;Fatlands, on the
+Schuylkill, near the Perkiomen, so named because every
+year the latter stream overflows and deposits rich sediment
+on the surrounding lands. The mansion house
+at Fatlands was built in 1774, and there Washington
+as well as the British commander had been entertained
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span>
+by the Quaker owner who felt that he could not show
+partiality. Here the English immigrant made his
+home.</p>
+
+<p>Of course Audubon heard of the coming of the
+strangers to the house across the road, not half a mile
+from his own quarters. But he did not go to call on
+them. He was French and they were English; he felt
+sure they would be undesirable acquaintances, and that
+he had better keep to the woods and follow his own
+pursuits, without reference to others.</p>
+
+<p>Then came a day when he was having a delightful
+stroll through the woods. He was carrying specimens
+of many kinds. A stranger, also a hunter, encountered
+him and made a remark about his burden that touched
+a responsive chord. Soon the two were on good terms.
+"You must come and see me," the stranger said. The
+invitation was accepted with alacrity. Then came the
+question, "Where do you live?" To his surprise,
+Audubon heard that this pleasing man was his new
+neighbor at Fatlands.</p>
+
+<p>Deciding that an Englishman was not so bad, after
+all, he made it convenient to call very soon. Then
+when he saw Mary Bakewell, the daughter of the house,
+he was sure he liked the English. She showed great
+sympathy for his pursuits, and he liked to talk
+with her about them. Before long she decided to
+help him in his great life work, the American ornithology.</p>
+
+<p>The marriage was postponed because of the death
+of Mrs. Bakewell, who pined away, homesick for her
+native England. But the time came when, on April 8,
+1808, the two nature lovers became husband and wife.
+Then they began the long wanderings in the West and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span>
+the South, the fruit of which was what has been called
+one of the most wonderful ornithological treatises ever
+made, Audubon's "Birds of America."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. and Mrs. Audubon floated down the Ohio River,
+spent a season in Kentucky and Missouri, had narrow
+escapes from the Indians, and finally found their way
+to Louisiana. There for a time the wife supported
+herself by teaching at the home of a planter. Friends
+and acquaintances thought the husband was a madman
+to continue his quest of birds when his family was in
+straitened circumstances. But Mrs. Audubon believed
+in him, urged him to go to Europe and study painting
+in oils, that he might be better equipped for the
+preparation of his bird plates. She secured a good
+situation as teacher at Bayou Sara, and was soon
+enjoying an income of three thousand dollars a
+year.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, with some of his own savings, as well as
+some of his wife's funds, he went to England, where
+he was well received. Plans were made to publish the
+bird plates, with descriptive matter, at one thousand
+dollars per set. He had to have one hundred advance
+subscribers. These he secured by personal solicitation.</p>
+
+<p>At last the work was issued. Cuvier called it "the
+most magnificent work that art ever raised to ornithology."</p>
+
+<p>Many years later, Audubon, after the death of his
+wife, returned to the scenes of his early life as a naturalist.
+"Here is where I met my dear Mary," he said,
+with glistening eyes, as he looked into one of the rooms
+of the old mansion.</p>
+
+<p>Mill Grove was built in 1762. Five years after Audubon's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span>
+marriage the estate was bought by Samuel Wetherill,
+the grandfather of the present owner, W. H.
+Wetherill.</p>
+
+<p>Fatlands, which is one of the most beautiful old
+houses in the vicinity of Philadelphia, was built in
+1774. During the Revolution it was occupied by a
+Quaker named Vaux, who entertained many officers of
+both armies. It is related that one day General Howe,
+the British commander, was entertained at breakfast,
+while Washington was in the house for tea the same
+evening.</p>
+
+<p>The house was rebuilt in 1843, on the old foundations,
+according to the original plan.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_31" id="img_31"></a>
+<img src="images/i_198a.jpg" width="550" height="391" alt="Waynesborough" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. C. Howland</i></span><br />
+WAYNESBOROUGH, NEAR PAOLI, PENNA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XLII</p>
+
+<h3>WAYNESBOROUGH, NEAR PAOLI, PENNSYLVANIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HOME OF "MAD ANTHONY" WAYNE</p>
+
+<p>Captain Isaac Wayne, who commanded a company
+at the Battle of the Boyne, came from Ireland to Pennsylvania
+in 1722. Two years later he bought sixteen
+acres of land in Chester County and built Waynesborough.</p>
+
+<p>His son Isaac, who was a captain in the French and
+Indian War, enlarged the mansion in 1765. While a
+wing was added in 1812, it presents much the same
+appearance to-day as it did at the time Anthony Wayne
+left it to go to war with General Washington, even to
+the crooked hood above the entrance door. The present
+owner, William Wayne, is as unwilling as were his
+ancestors to have this hood straightened.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">193</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the front of the house is a tablet which reads:</p>
+
+<p class="cblockquot">
+    The Home of General Anthony Wayne,<br />
+      Born in this House, January 1, 1745.<br />
+Died at Erie, Pennsylvania, December 15, 1796.<br />
+  A Leader of the American Revolution in<br />
+  Pennsylvania and a soldier distinguished<br />
+                    for his<br />
+      Services at Brandywine, Germantown,<br />
+                  Valley Forge,<br />
+    Monmouth, Stony Point, and Yorktown.<br />
+      Subdued the Indians of Ohio, 1794.<br />
+          Commander-in-Chief of the<br />
+        United States Army 1792-1796.<br />
+    Marked by the Chester County Historical<br />
+                  Society.</p>
+
+<p>To this record the statement might have been added
+that General Lafayette visited the home of his old commander
+when he was in the United States in 1824.
+Reverently the General bowed his head in Wayne's
+favorite sitting-room, to the right of the entrance hall,
+where nothing had been disturbed since the death of
+the patriot. The furnishings and ornaments of the
+room are the same to-day as then.</p>
+
+<p>Anthony Wayne was a delegate to several of the
+conventions which took the preliminary steps leading
+to the Revolutionary War. In 1775 he was a member
+of the Committee of Safety, and in the same year he
+organized a regiment of "minute men" in Chester
+County.</p>
+
+<p>His first active service was as colonel with troops
+sent to Canada in January, 1776, and from November,
+1776, to April, 1777, as commander of twenty-five hundred
+men at Ticonderoga. "It was my business to prevent
+a junction of the enemy's armies and ... to keep
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">194</a></span>
+at bay their whole Canadian force," he wrote in a private
+letter.</p>
+
+<p>Here, in the midst of difficulties with soldiers who
+wanted to desert, he heard that the British were threatening
+Waynesborough. But, like a true soldier, he
+stuck to his work, and urged his wife to be brave.
+"Should you be necessitated to leave East-town, I doubt
+not but you'll meet with hospitality in the back parts
+of the Province," he wrote to her.</p>
+
+<p>His fidelity and resourcefulness were recognized in
+February, 1777, by a commission as brigadier general.
+Washington, who was then in New Jersey, wrote to
+him a little later, saying that his presence with him
+was "materially needed," to guard the country between
+West Point and Philadelphia. And when the British
+fleet sailed out of New York Harbor, Washington sent
+him to Chester, to organize the militia of Pennsylvania.
+A few weeks later he was in charge of a division at
+Brandywine. Historians say that his steadfastness on
+the left prevented the advance of Knyphausen, and
+saved the right from entire destruction.</p>
+
+<p>Less than a week later, within a mile of his own
+house, he was surprised by the enemy near Paoli, in
+consequence, it is said, of the act of an inn-keeper who
+betrayed Wayne's presence to the British. The result
+was the only defeat of his brilliant career. Eighty of
+his men were killed. The engagement has been called
+"the Paoli Massacre," because of the conduct of the
+victors. Wayne escaped. A squad of soldiers searched
+for him at Waynesborough. When they could not find
+him in the house, they thrust their bayonets into the
+great boxwood bush that is still to be seen in the rear
+of the mansion.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Because some said that the General was responsible
+for the defeat, he demanded a court-martial. The court-martial
+was held soon after, and he was acquitted with
+the highest honor, and was declared to be "an active,
+brave, and vigilant officer."</p>
+
+<p>Washington's letters and orderly book are full of
+references to Wayne. He was a trusted commander,
+and his advice was followed many times. He it was
+who first proposed that the army should "hut" during
+the winter of 1776-77, some twenty miles from Philadelphia.
+He was always eager to do his Commander's
+bidding. On one occasion, when he was in Philadelphia,
+on his way to greet his family, he was met by a
+fast rider who handed him a despatch in which Washington
+said, "I request that you join the army as soon
+as you can."</p>
+
+<p>During his long absence from Waynesborough his
+wife Polly and his children were continually in his
+thoughts. Once he wrote:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I am not a little anxious about the education of
+our girl and boy. It is full time that Peggy should be
+put to dancing school. How does she improve in her
+writing and reading? Does Isaac take learning freely?
+Has he become fond of school?"</p>
+
+<p>Just before the storming of Stony Point, he prepared
+for death, sending to a friend a letter which was not
+to be opened until the author was dead. The letter
+said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I know that your friendship will induce you to attend
+to the education of my little son and daughter.
+I fear that their mother will not survive this stroke.
+Do go to her."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the way up the mount he was grievously wounded
+and fell senseless. Soon he roused himself and cried,
+"Lead me forward.... Let me die in the fort." Several
+hours later he was able to send word to Washington,
+"The fort and garrison are ours."</p>
+
+<p>In this spirit he served through the war. And when
+the action was won he continued to fight for his country.
+On February 6, 1796, Claypool's <i>Daily American
+Advertiser</i> told of his return from his successful campaign
+against the Indians of Ohio:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Four miles from the city, he was met by the entire
+Troop of Philadelphia Light Horse, and escorted by
+them to town. On his crossing the Schuylkill, a salute
+of fifteen guns was fired from the Centre-square, by a
+party of Artillery. He was ushered into the city by
+the ringing of bells and other demonstrations of joy."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_32" id="img_32"></a>
+<img src="images/i_198b.jpg" width="550" height="339" alt="Moravian Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Rev. A. D. Therelar, Bethlehem</i></span><br />
+MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM, PENNA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XLIII</p>
+
+<h3>THE MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM,<br />
+PENNSYLVANIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">A RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY WHOSE FOUNDERS WERE<br />
+TRUE PATRIOTS</p>
+
+<p>The Unitas Fratrum or Church of the Brethren arose
+in the fifteenth century in Bohemia and Moravia. In
+1727 intolerance led its leaders to begin to plan an
+emigration to America. A colony was sent to Pennsylvania
+in 1734, while a second colony went to Georgia
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span>
+in 1735. Late in the year 1740 the remnant of the
+emigrants to Georgia joined forces with the Pennsylvania
+contingent, and settled on five thousand acres of
+land in the "Forks of the Delaware," as the locality
+just within the confluence of the Delaware River and
+the Lehigh or "West Fork of the Delaware" was called.
+The object of the settlers was to preach to the Indians,
+and they began at once to win the confidence of the
+Delawares.</p>
+
+<p>The first house was built in 1741. This was twenty
+by forty feet, one story high, with sleeping quarters
+for a number of persons in the attic under the steep
+pitched roof. The cattle were kept in a portion of
+the house partitioned off for them. The common room
+in which they lived was also the place of worship for
+more than a year. The site of this house is marked
+by a memorial stone, which was put in place in
+1892.</p>
+
+<p>The foundation for the Gemeinhaus, or Community
+House, was laid in September. For many years this
+was to serve as home and hospice, manse and church,
+administration office, academy, dispensary, and town-hall.
+As "The House on the Lehigh," it became known
+through all the countryside.</p>
+
+<p>The event of the year 1741 was the coming of Count
+Zinzendorf. The Community House was not yet finished,
+but two rooms in the second story were hurriedly
+prepared for the guest.</p>
+
+<p>No name had yet been given to the settlement, but
+on Christmas Eve, after Zinzendorf had celebrated the
+Holy Communion in the building, the only fitting name
+suggested itself. Bishop Levering of the Moravian
+Church tells the story:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"This humble sanctuary, with beasts of the stall
+sharing its roof, brought the circumstances of the
+Saviour's birth vividly before their imagination....
+Acting upon an impulse, the Count rose and led the
+way into the part of the building in which the cattle
+were kept, while he began to sing the quaintly pretty
+words of a German Epiphany hymn which combined
+Christmas thoughts and missionary thoughts.... Its
+language expressed well the feeling of the hour....
+The little town of Bethlehem was hailed, its boon to
+mankind was lauded.... With this episode a thought
+came to one and another which gave rise to a perpetual
+memorial of the occasion.... By general consent the
+name of the ancient town of David was adopted and
+the place was called Bethlehem."</p>
+
+<p>The chapel of the Gemeinhaus was used by the congregation
+for nine years. During this period many of
+the Indians were baptised there. In 1752 and again
+in 1753 councils were held here with the representatives
+of the Nanticoke and Shawnee Indians from the
+Wyoming Valley.</p>
+
+<p>The second place of worship was an extension of the
+Gemeinhaus, completed in 1751. Here congregations
+gathered for fifty-five years. Here the gospel was
+preached by some of the most eminent ministers of
+colonial days, while the records show that famous visitors
+sat in the pews. Among them were Governor
+John Penn; Generals Washington, Amherst, Gage,
+Gates, and Lafayette; John Hancock, Henry Laurence,
+Samuel and John Adams, Richard Henry Lee, and
+many other delegates to the Continental Congress.</p>
+
+<p>During the Revolution there were no more earnest
+patriots than the members of the Moravian Community
+at Bethlehem. At one time the Single Brethren's House
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span>
+was used for eight months as a hospital, and no charge
+was made, though in 1779 a bill for repairs was sent
+which amounted to $358.</p>
+
+<p>A letter from David Rittenhouse, received on September
+16, 1778, caused great excitement, for he told
+of the despatch to Bethlehem of all the military stores
+of Washington's army, carried in seven hundred wagons.
+This was done because Washington's army had
+been compelled to fall back on Philadelphia. It was
+also thought wise to send the bells of Christ Church
+and of Independence Hall to Allentown, by way of
+Bethlehem. The wagon on which Independence Bell
+was loaded broke down on descending the hill in front
+of the hospital, and had to be unloaded while repairs
+were being made.</p>
+
+<p>The most distinguished patient cared for in Bethlehem
+was the Marquis de Lafayette, who was brought
+from Brandywine, and was nursed by Sister Liesel
+Beckel.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty years after the close of the war it was decided
+that the time had come for the building of a
+permanent church. The first estimate was made in
+1802. At that time it was thought that the total cost
+would be $11,000. "It is interesting to note how very
+modern they were in underestimating the probable cost
+of a church," Bishop Levering says. The actual cost,
+including the organ, was more than five times the estimate.</p>
+
+<p>The excavation for the building was made in March,
+1803, by volunteer laborers, to whom the residents of
+the Sisters' House furnished lunch. The work was completed
+in two weeks. Then the great foundation walls
+were laid, six feet thick.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For the services of consecration, held from May 18 to
+May 26, 1806, six thousand people gathered in the village
+of five hundred inhabitants. On the first day, "at
+five o'clock in the morning the jubilant note of trombones,
+trumpets, and other wind instruments from the
+belfry of the church broke the stillness of the awaking
+village with a musical announcement of the festival
+day."</p>
+
+<p>The Moravian Community at Bethlehem has grown.
+But those who worship in the old church are animated
+by the same missionary enthusiasm that characterized
+those who founded the institution so long ago.</p>
+
+<h2>FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND
+DIXON LINE</h2>
+
+<div class="poem p6">
+<p><i>Afar, through the mellow hazes</i></p>
+<p><i>Where the dreams of June are stayed,</i></p>
+<p><i>The hills, in their vanishing mazes,</i></p>
+<p><i>Carry the flush, and fade!</i></p>
+<p><i>Southward they fall, and reach</i></p>
+<p><i>To the bay and the ocean beach,</i></p>
+<p><i>Where the soft, half-Syrian air</i></p>
+<p><i>Blows from the Chesapeake's</i></p>
+<p><i>Inlets, coves, and creeks</i></p>
+<p><i>On the fields of Delaware!</i></p>
+<p><i>And the rosy lakes of flowers,</i></p>
+<p><i>That here alone are ours,</i></p>
+<p><i>Spread into seas that pour</i></p>
+<p><i>Billow and spray of pink,</i></p>
+<p><i>Even to the blue wave's brink,</i></p>
+<p><i>All down the Eastern Shore!</i></p>
+<p>*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">Bayard Taylor.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p6">FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND DIXON LINE</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">XLIV</p>
+
+<h3>HISTORIC LANDMARKS AT NEW CASTLE,<br />
+DELAWARE</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE FIRST LANDING PLACE OF WILLIAM PENN</p>
+
+<p>How many students of United States history would
+be able to answer the question, "What town has had at
+least seven different names and has been under the flags
+of four different countries?"</p>
+
+<p>There is such a town, and but one&mdash;New Castle, Delaware.
+The Swedes laid it out in 1631, and called it New
+Stockholm. In 1651 the Dutch built a fort there, and
+called it Fort Kasimir. Sandhoec was a second Dutch
+name. When the Dutch West India Company ceded it
+to the city of Amsterdam it was named New Amstel.
+After 1675 the English took a hand in naming the village.
+Grape Wine Point, Delaware Town, and, at
+length, New Castle were the last names assigned to the
+seaport that, within a generation, boasted twenty-five
+hundred inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>The site of Fort Kasimir was long ago covered by the
+Delaware. A quaint house, still occupied, is the only
+survival from the Dutch period. But it would be difficult
+to find a town of four thousand inhabitants which
+is so rich in buildings and traditions that go back to the
+earliest English occupation.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">204</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Many of the buildings and traditions centre about the
+old Market Square, in the centre of the town, only a
+few hundred feet from the Delaware. This square dates
+from the days of Petrus Stuyvesant, in 1658. At one
+end of the square is the old stone-paved courthouse,
+which has been in use since 1672. To this building
+William Penn was welcomed, as a tablet on the outer
+wall relates:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"On the 28th Day of October, 1682, William Penn,
+the Great Proprietor, on His First Landing in America,
+Here Proclaimed His Government and Received from
+the Commissioner of the Duke of York the Key of the
+Fort, the Turf, Twig, and Water, as Symbols of His
+Possession."</p>
+
+<p>From the steps of the courthouse, as a centre, was
+surveyed the twelve-mile circle whose arc was to be
+the northern line of Delaware, according to the royal
+grant made to Penn. This arc forms the curious circular
+boundary, unlike any other boundary in the United
+States.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w450"><a name="img_33" id="img_33"></a>
+<img src="images/i_242.jpg" width="440" height="550" alt="Emmanuel Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+IMMANUEL CHURCH, NEWCASTLE, DEL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the rear of the courthouse, though still on the
+green Market Square, is old Emmanuel Protestant
+Episcopal Church, which was organized in 1689, though
+the building now occupied was begun in 1703. This
+cruciform structure is the oldest church of English
+building on the Delaware, and services have been held
+here continuously since 1706, when it was completed.
+Queen Anne gave to the church a "Pulpit and Altar
+Cloath, with a Box of Glass." A memorial tablet on
+the wall tells of the first rector, Rev. George Ross, who
+came as a missionary from England in 1703, and served
+for fifty years. His son, also George Ross, was one of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">205</a></span>
+the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. His
+daughter Gertrude married George Read, another of the
+Signers. The tomb of George Read is in the rear of the
+church.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w250"><a name="img_34" id="img_34"></a>
+<img src="images/i_225d.jpg" width="225" height="333" alt="Presbyterian Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+DOORWAY OF PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,
+NEW CASTLE, DEL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Across the street from the Market Square is the Presbyterian
+church, whose first building, erected in 1707,
+is still in use as a part of its ecclesiastical plant. The
+pastor and many of the members of this church had a
+prominent part in the War of the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>The visitor who crosses from one of these churches to
+the other is attracted by a stone pyramid, on the edge of
+the Market Square, whose story is told by a tablet:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"These stones were sleepers in the New Castle and
+Frenchtown Railroad, completed in 1831, the first railroad
+in Delaware, and one of the first in the United
+States."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w250"><a name="img_35" id="img_35"></a>
+<img src="images/i_225a.jpg" width="250" height="377" alt="Rodney House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+DOORWAY OF RODNEY HOUSE,
+NEW CASTLE, DEL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter w250"><a name="img_36" id="img_36"></a>
+<img src="images/i_225b.jpg" width="250" height="375" alt="Stewart House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+DOORWAY OF STEWART HOUSE,
+NEW CASTLE, DEL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The fire of 1824 which burned a large part of New
+Castle destroyed many of the old houses, but there remain
+enough to make the town a Mecca for those who
+delight in studying things that are old. Most of these
+houses are on the square, or are within a short distance
+of it. All are remarkable for the beautiful entrance
+doorways and wonderfully carved interior woodwork.
+Artists from all parts of the country turn to these
+houses for inspiration in their work.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_37" id="img_37"></a>
+<img src="images/i_226a.jpg" width="550" height="389" alt="Amstel House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+AMSTEL HOUSE, NEWCASTLE, DEL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Amstel House, the home of Henry Hanby Hay,
+is the oldest of these; it was probably built about 1730.
+One of its earliest owners was Nicholas Van Dyke, who
+was a major of militia during the Revolution, and later
+served six years in the Continental Congress. For three
+years he was Governor of Delaware. During his residence
+in this house it was called "The Corner." So, at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">206</a></span>
+least, it was referred to by Kensey Johns in a love-letter
+to comely Anne Van Dyke, written during the cold
+winter of 1784:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"This evening I visited 'the Corner.' Soon after I
+went in Mrs. V. says, 'Well, Mr. Johns, what say you
+to a ride below with me, and bringing Miss Nancy up?'
+After an hour passed, I recovered myself and answered
+in the negative, that my business would not permit of
+it&mdash;Your papa discovered by his countenance the lightest
+satisfaction at my refusal; this approbation of his afforded
+me great pleasure. The more I regard your
+happiness, the more desirous I am by assiduity and
+attention to business to establish a character which will
+give me consequence and importance in life. I wish to
+see you more than words express.</p>
+
+<p>"Mrs. B. says she wants you to come up very much;
+she asked me to use my influence to persuade you. All
+I can say is, that if your Grand Mama's indisposition
+will admit of it, and your inclination prompts you to
+come, it will much contribute to my happiness, even if
+I should only see you now and then for a few moments.
+My fingers are so cold I can scarce hold my pen, therefore
+adieu. Be assured that I never cease to be,</p>
+
+<p class="i6">"Yours most affectionately,</p>
+
+<p class="i10">"<span class="smcap">Kensey Johns.</span>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w250"><a name="img_38" id="img_38"></a>
+<img src="images/i_226b.jpg" width="250" height="363" alt="Doorway of Amstel House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+DOORWAY OF AMSTEL HOUSE,
+NEWCASTLE, DEL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On a pane of glass in the guest chamber of the old
+house some one long ago scratched with a diamond a
+message that sounds as if it came from the heart of the
+lover:</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">
+"Around her head ye angels constant Vigil keep,</p>
+<p>And guard fair innocence her balmy sleep."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Three months after Kensey Johns wrote the ardent
+letter to Anne Van Dyke, the day after the wedding,
+April 30, 1784, George Washington came to the Corner,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span>
+and there was a reception in his honor and that of
+the bride and groom. The Father of his Country
+received the guests standing before an old fireplace
+whose hearthstone has been lettered in memory of the
+event.</p>
+
+<p>A few years later Kensey Johns, then Chief Justice
+of Maryland, built near by a beautiful colonial mansion
+where he entertained many of the leading men of the
+nation.</p>
+
+<p>Kensey Johns' predecessor as Chief Justice was
+George Read, the Signer. His house, an old record says,
+stood so near the Delaware, which is here two and a half
+miles wide, that when the tide was high one wheel of a
+carriage passing in the street in front of it was in the
+water, and in violent storms the waves were dashed
+against the building. The house was in the midst of
+a wonderfully beautiful garden. This garden is still
+one of the sights of the town, though the house was
+destroyed in the fire of 1824.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w250"><a name="img_39" id="img_39"></a>
+<img src="images/i_225c.jpg" width="250" height="369" alt="Doorway of Read House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+DOORWAY OF READ HOUSE,
+NEW CASTLE, DEL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>George Read, the Signer's son, in 1801, built a house
+in the corner of the garden, which was saved from the
+fire by a carpet laid on the roof and kept thoroughly wet
+until the danger was past. This Georgian house is a
+marvel of beauty, both inside and out. The hand-carved
+moldings, mantels, and arches bring to the house visitors
+from far and near. Miss Hatty Smith, the present
+owner, delights to show the place to all who are interested.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w250"><a name="img_40" id="img_40"></a>
+<img src="images/i_226c.jpg" width="250" height="370" alt="Hall of Read House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+HALL OF READ HOUSE,
+NEWCASTLE, DEL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the early days New Castle was on the King's Road
+from Philadelphia to Baltimore. Washington passed
+this way when on his journeys. Lafayette visited the
+town in 1824. The house built by Nicholas Van Dyke,
+son of the owner of the Corner, received him for the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span>
+marriage of Charles I. Du Pont and Dorcas M. Van
+Dyke. It is recorded that on this occasion he gave the
+bride away.</p>
+
+<p>Cæsar Rodney, too, passed through the town frequently,
+notably when he made the famous ride in July,
+1776, that helped to save the Declaration of Independence;
+here he rested after the first stage of his historic
+journey.</p>
+
+<p>The name of George Thomson, secretary of Congress
+during the Revolution, is also enrolled in the list of the
+worthies who visited the town. In 1740 his father, when
+on his way from Ireland to America with his three
+sons, died on shipboard. The captain appropriated the
+meagre possessions of the family and set the boys ashore
+at New Castle, penniless. George was sheltered by a
+butcher who was so delighted with him that he decided
+to bring him up to the trade. George was terrified
+when he overheard the man's plan; he did not intend
+to be a butcher. So he stole out of the town between
+dark and daylight and made his way to surroundings
+where the way was opened that led him to usefulness
+and fame.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_41" id="img_41"></a>
+<img src="images/i_241a.jpg" width="550" height="392" alt="Ridgely House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by R. C. Holmes</i></span><br />
+RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DEL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XLV</p>
+
+<h3>THE RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DELAWARE</h3>
+
+<p class="center">A BOYHOOD HAUNT OF CÆSAR RODNEY, THE SIGNER</p>
+
+<p>On the Green in Dover, Delaware, is one of the most
+striking houses of the quaint old town&mdash;the Ridgely
+house. The date of its erection is not certain, but it
+is an interesting fact that on one of the bricks is the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">209</a></span>
+date 1728. Originally there were but two rooms in the
+house; subsequent enlargements have been so harmonious
+that one who sees the place from the Green must
+pause to admire. Admiration turns to delight when the
+interior of the house is examined. The old-fashioned
+garden at the rear intensifies delight.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Charles Greenburg Ridgely became owner of the
+property in 1769. The house was a gift from his father,
+Nicholas Ridgely. The second of the wives who lived
+here with Dr. Ridgely was Ann, the daughter of Squire
+William Moore of Moore Hall, near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania,
+whose determined advocacy of armed preparation
+for defence against a threatened Indian attack once
+aroused the indignation of the Pennsylvania Assembly,
+most of whose members were Friends.</p>
+
+<p>The Ridgely house was famous throughout Delaware
+as the resort of patriots. Dr. Ridgely was six times a
+member of the Provincial Assembly, and was also an
+active member of the Constitutional Convention of
+Delaware in 1776.</p>
+
+<p>During the days when patriotic feelings were beginning
+to run high, Cæsar Rodney, the ward of Dr.
+Ridgely's father, was often an inmate of the Ridgely
+house. Cæsar was born near Dover in 1728. At Dover
+he received most of his education. Some twenty years
+after the little town saw so much of him he became
+famous because of his vital service to the Colonies, as a
+member of the Continental Congress in Philadelphia.
+"He was the most active, and was by odds the leading
+man in the State in espousing the American cause,"
+Henry C. Conrad once said to the Sons of Delaware. In
+the course of his address Mr. Conrad told the thrilling
+story of Cæsar Rodney's most spectacular service.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">210</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On July 1, 1776, when the vote was taken in the
+Committee of the Whole of the Continental Congress
+as to the framing and proclaiming of the Declaration of
+Independence, ten of the thirteen Colonies voted yes.
+"Pennsylvania had seven delegates, four of whom were
+opposed to it, and three in favor of it. Delaware had
+two members present, McKean and Read. Rodney was
+absent. McKean was in favor of, and Read against
+the Declaration. McKean, appreciating that it was
+most important, for the sentiment it would create, that
+the Declaration of Independence should be proclaimed
+by the unanimous vote of the thirteen Colonies, sent for
+Rodney, who was at that time at one of his farms near
+Dover. Rodney came post-haste, and he arrived just in
+time to save the day, and cast the vote of Delaware in
+favor of the Declaration.</p>
+
+<p>McKean, writing of the event years afterward to
+Cæsar A. Rodney, a nephew of Cæsar Rodney, said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I sent an express, at my own private expense, for
+your honored uncle, the remaining member from Delaware,
+whom I met at the State House door, in his boots
+and spurs, as the members were assembling. After a
+friendly salutation, without a word in the business, we
+went into the hall of Congress together, and found we
+were among the latest. Proceedings immediately commenced,
+and after a few minutes the great question was
+put. When the vote of Delaware was called, your uncle
+arose and said: 'As I believe the voice of my constituents
+and of all sensible and honest men is in favor
+of independence, and my own judgment coincides with
+theirs, I vote for independence.'"</p>
+
+<p>Since Pennsylvania also voted in favor of the Declaration,
+it was adopted unanimously.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">211</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Cæsar Rodney was Governor of Delaware from 1778
+to 1781. On April 8, 1784, the State Council, of which
+he was presiding officer, met at his house near Dover,
+because he was too ill to go to Dover. Less than three
+months later he died.</p>
+
+<p>A monument marks his last resting-place in Christ
+Episcopal churchyard in Dover.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">XLVI</p>
+
+<h3>REHOBOTH CHURCH ON THE POCOMOKE,
+MARYLAND</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA</p>
+
+<p>The Pocomoke River rises in southern Delaware,
+forms a part of the eastern boundary of Somerset
+County, Maryland, and empties into Pocomoke Sound,
+an inlet of Chesapeake Bay. On the banks of this
+stream, not far from the mouth, Colonel William
+Stevens, a native of Buckinghamshire, England, located
+in 1665, taking out a patent on what he called the Rehoboth
+plantation, the name being chosen from Genesis
+26:22. "And he called the name of it Rehoboth. And
+he said, For now the Lord hath made room for us, and
+we shall be fruitful in this land." When Somerset
+County was organized he was made Judge of the County
+Court. He also became a member of "His Lordship's
+Councill," and was one of the Deputy Lieutenants of
+the Province.</p>
+
+<p>As the years passed many followed Colonel Stevens
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span>
+to Somerset County, in search of religious freedom.
+Scotch, Scotch-Irish, French, and Quakers were represented
+in the village that was known at first as Pocomoke
+Town, though later it was called Rehoboth. Many
+of these settlers were Presbyterians, who had lost their
+property through persecution.</p>
+
+<p>In 1672 the Grand Jury, encouraged by Judge
+Stevens, asked Rev. Robert Maddux to preach at four
+points in the county. One of these points was the plantation
+house at Rehoboth. The next year George Fox,
+the Quaker, was in the community. He also preached
+in his famous "leather breeches" at Colonel Stevens'
+plantation, to a great congregation of several thousand
+whites and Indians. A Quaker monthly meeting followed.</p>
+
+<p>The number of Presbyterians increased to such an
+extent that in 1680 Colonel Stevens asked the Presbytery
+of Laggan in Ireland for a godly minister to gather
+the band of exiles into a church. Francis Makemie was
+sent as a result. Soon Rehoboth Church was organized
+by him, as well as a number of other churches in the
+neighborhood. The exact date of the beginning of
+Rehoboth Church is uncertain, but it is probable that
+the first building was erected about 1683.</p>
+
+<p>For some years Makemie travelled from place to
+place, preaching and organizing churches as he went,
+but from 1699 to 1708, except in 1704 and 1705, when
+he visited Europe, he lived in the neighborhood and
+preached at Rehoboth whenever he was at home.</p>
+
+<p>When it became necessary to erect a new church building,
+he decided to have this on his own land, because of
+Maryland's intolerant laws. This building, which is
+still in use, dates from 1706, the year when its builder
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">213</a></span>
+assisted in organizing the first Presbytery of the Presbyterian
+Church at Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Makemie's name will ever be connected with the
+struggle for religious liberty. He had a certificate from
+the court that permitted him to preach in the Province
+of Maryland, but he had many trying experiences in
+spite of this fact. His congregation groaned under the
+necessity of paying taxes to support the rectors of three
+neighboring parishes.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest trial was not in Maryland, but in New
+York, where he spent a portion of 1706 and 1707. His
+experiences there should be familiar to all who are interested
+in the struggle for religious liberty in America.</p>
+
+<p>The story is told in a curious document written by
+Makemie himself, which was printed in New York in
+1707, under the title "A Particular Narrative of the
+Imprisonment of two Non-Conformist Ministers; and
+Prosecution &amp; Tryal of one of them, for Preaching one
+Sermon in the city of New-York. By a Learner of Law
+and Lover of Liberty."</p>
+
+<p>The warrant for the arrest of the "criminal" was
+addressed to Thomas Cordale, Esqr., High-Sheriff of
+Queens County on Long-Island, or his Deputy, and was
+signed by Lord Cornbury. It read:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">214</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Whereas I am informed, that one Mackennan, and
+one Hampton, two Presbyterian Preachers, who lately
+came to this City, have taken upon them to Preach in a
+Private House, without having obtained My Licence for
+so doing, which is directly contrary to the known Laws
+of England, and being likewise informed, that they are
+gone into Long-Island, with intent there to spread their
+Pernicious Doctrines and Principles, to the great disturbance
+of the Order by Law established by the Government
+of this province. You are therefore hereby
+Required and Commanded, to take into your Custody
+the Bodies of the said Mackennan and Hampton, and
+then to bring them with all convenient speed before me,
+at Fort-Anne, in New-York."</p>
+
+<p>When brought before Lord Cornbury, Makemie said:
+"We have Liberty from an Act of Parliament, made the
+first year of the Reign of King William and Queen Mary,
+which gave us Liberty, with which Law we have complied."</p>
+
+<p>But Lord Cornbury replied: "No one shall Preach in
+my Government without my Licence.... That Law
+does not extend to the American Plantations, but only
+to England.... I know, for I was at Making thereof....
+That Act of Parliament was made against
+Strowling Preachers, and you are such, and shall not
+Preach in my Government."</p>
+
+<p>Makemie again challenged Lord Cornbury to show
+"any Pernicious Doctrine in the Confession of Faith
+of the Presbyterian Church." Later he refused to give
+"Bail and Security to Preach no more."</p>
+
+<p>"Then you must go to Gaol," his Lordship said.</p>
+
+<p>On January 23 another warrant was given to the
+High Sheriff of New York. He was told "to safely
+keep till further orders" the prisoners committed to
+him.</p>
+
+<p>From the prison Makemie sent a petition asking to
+know the charge, and demanding a speedy trial. Later
+the prisoner was released on habeas corpus proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>At the trial, where Makemie conducted his own defence,
+he read Chapter 23 of the Westminster Confession
+of Faith, as a complete reply to the charge that he believed
+what incited the people to disregard the authority
+of the king.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The jury brought in a verdict of "not guilty," but
+Makemie was obliged to pay the costs, including the
+fees of the Court Prosecutor, which amounted to twelve
+pounds. The total cost of the trial, including the expense
+of a trip from his home in Maryland, made necessary
+by a recess in the trial, was more than eighty
+pounds.</p>
+
+<p>A few months later Makemie died. It was felt by
+those who knew him that the trying experiences at New
+York hastened his end.</p>
+
+<p>He had not lived in vain. His struggles for religious
+liberty were to bear rich fruit before many years.</p>
+
+<p>Henry van Dyke wrote a sonnet to the memory of
+Francis Makemie, which was read on May 14, 1908,
+when the monument to the memory of the pioneer was
+unveiled:</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">
+"To thee, plain hero of a rugged race,</p>
+<p class="i1">We bring a meed of praise too long delayed!</p>
+<p class="i1">Thy fearless word and faithful work have made</p>
+<p>Of God's Republic a firmer resting-place</p>
+<p>In this New World: for thou hast preached the grace</p>
+<p class="i1">And power of Christ in many a forest glade,</p>
+<p class="i1">Teaching the truth that leaves men unafraid</p>
+<p>Of frowning tyranny or death's dark face.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>"Oh, who can tell how much we owe to thee,</p>
+<p class="i1">Makemie, and to labor such as thine,</p>
+<p class="i1">For all that makes America the shrine</p>
+<p>Of faith untrammelled and of conscience free?</p>
+<p>Stand here, grey stone, and consecrate the sod</p>
+<p>Where rests this brave Scotch-Irish man of God."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_42" id="img_42"></a>
+<img src="images/i_241b.jpg" width="550" height="385" alt="Doughoregan Manor" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by James F. Hughes Company, Baltimore</i></span><br />
+DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, MD.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XLVII<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY,
+MARYLAND</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHOSE OWNER WAS THE LAST SURVIVING SIGNER OF THE
+DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE</p>
+
+<p>It is true that when Charles Carroll was about to
+sign his name to the Declaration of Independence he
+added the words, "of Carrollton," but the story that he
+added the words there that he might be distinguished
+from a second Charles Carroll is an error; he had been
+writing his name thus since 1765. It would have been
+just as true a description if he had used the name of
+another of the numerous Carroll estates, Doughoregan
+Manor, but the designation he chose was simpler. At
+any rate he could not spell it in so many ways as the
+name of the family estate where he lived and died. Letters
+written by him at different periods show such diverse
+spellings as "Doeheragen," "Doohoragen," "Dooheragon,"
+and "Dougheragen," before he settled down
+to "Doughoregan."</p>
+
+<p>Doughoregan Manor, which was named for one of
+the O'Carroll estates in Ireland, is one of the most ancient
+family seats in Maryland. In 1688 Charles Carroll,
+I, came over from England. He became a large
+landed proprietor, in part as a result of his appeal to
+the king of England for a part in the estate of the
+O'Carrolls of King's County, Ireland. The king satisfied
+the claim by offering him 60,000 acres of land in
+the Colonies. His heir was Charles Carroll, II, who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">217</a></span>
+was born in 1702. Fifteen years later Doughoregan
+Manor was built, and twenty-seven years later Charles
+Carroll, II, and his brother Daniel sold sixty acres of
+land which became the site of old Baltimore.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Carroll, II, divided his time between Doughoregan
+Manor and the Carroll Mansion in Annapolis, his
+town house. Here was born, in 1737, Charles Carroll,
+III, the Signer. Most of the education of this heir to
+the vast estate of Charles Carroll, II, was secured in
+France. He was in Paris when his father wrote to him,
+in 1764, telling him of the large property that was to
+come to him. After speaking of this in detail, he concluded:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"On my death I am willing to add my Manor of
+Doughoregan, 10,000 acres, and also 1,425 Acres called
+Chance adjacent thereto, on the bulk of which my negroes
+are settled. As you are my only child, you will,
+of course, have all the residue of my estate at my death."</p>
+
+<p>When the estate of his father finally came into his
+hands, Charles Carroll, III, was the richest man in
+Maryland. That he knew how to handle such a large
+property he showed by a letter which he wrote to his
+son, Charles Carroll, IV, on July 10, 1801:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"He who postpones till to-morrow what can and
+ought to be done to-day, will never thrive in this world.
+It was not by procrastination this estate was acquired,
+but by activity, thought, perseverance, and economy, and
+by the same means it must be preserved and prevented
+from melting away."</p>
+
+<p>But while the owner of Doughoregan Manor was careful,
+he was not penurious. He kept open house to his
+numerous friends, of whom George Washington was one.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">218</a></span>
+In one of the rooms of the Manor Washington sat to
+Gilbert Stuart for his portrait.</p>
+
+<p>Both Mr. Carroll's property and his services were at
+his country's call. From the days of the Stamp Act to
+the close of the Revolution there was no more ardent
+patriot than he. He served as a member of the Continental
+Congress, was for three months with Washington
+at Valley Forge, by appointment of Congress, was later
+United States Senator, and was a leader in business as
+well as in political affairs. With Washington he was
+a member from the beginning of the Potomac Canal
+Company, which later was merged into the Chesapeake
+and Ohio Canal Company.</p>
+
+<p>After the Revolution he spent most of his time at
+Doughoregan Manor, where he completed the remarkable
+three-hundred-foot façade by the addition of the
+chapel which has been used by the family for more than
+a century.</p>
+
+<p>One by one the sons and daughters went out from
+the house, carrying the Carroll name or the Carroll
+training into many sections of Maryland and Virginia.
+Perhaps the most interesting marriage was that of
+Charles Carroll, IV, who was mentioned by Washington
+in his diary for 1798:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+"March 27&mdash;Mr. Charles Carroll, Jr. ... came to
+dinner.</p>
+
+<p>"March 28&mdash;Mr. Carroll went away after breakfast."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>William Spohn Baker, in "Washington after the
+Revolution," after quoting these extracts from the
+diary, says:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">219</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"The visit of young Mr. Carroll having given rise at
+Annapolis to a rumor that it was made with the intention
+of paying his addresses to Nelly Custis, her brother
+wrote to the General in allusion to it, saying, 'I think
+it a most desirable match, and wish that it may take
+place with all my heart.' In reply, under date of April
+15, Washington wrote, 'Young Mr. Carroll came here
+about a fortnight ago to dinner, and left on next morning
+after breakfast. If his object was such as you say
+has been reported, it was not declared here; and therefore,
+the less is said upon the subject, particularly by
+your sister's friends, the more prudent it will be, until
+the subject develops itself more.'</p>
+
+<p>"But youthful alliances are not always made at the
+nod of Dame Rumor, nor are they always controlled by
+the wishes of relatives. Nelly Custis married, February
+22, 1799, at Mount Vernon, Laurence Lewis, a
+nephew of Washington; and Charles Carroll, Junior,
+found, in the following year, a bride at Philadelphia,
+Harriet, a daughter of Benjamin Chew" [of Cliveden].</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A delightful picture of life at the Manor was given
+by Adam Hodgson, an English visitor, who wrote from
+Baltimore on July 13, 1820:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">220</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I have lately been paying some very agreeable visits
+at the country seats of some of my acquaintances in
+the neighborhood.... The other morning I set out,
+at four o'clock, with General H, on a visit to a most
+agreeable family, who reside at a large Manor, about
+seventeen miles distant. We arrived about seven
+o'clock, and the family soon afterward assembled to
+breakfast. It consisted of several friends from France,
+Canada, and Washington, and the children and grandchildren
+of my host, a venerable patriarch, nearly eighty-five
+(83) years of age, and one of the four survivors
+of those who signed the Declaration of Independence....
+After breakfasting the following morning, the
+ladies played for us on the harp; and in the evening, I
+set out on horseback, to return hither, not without a
+feeling of regret, that I had probably taken a final leave
+of my hospitable friend, who, although still an expert
+horseman, seldom goes beyond the limits of his
+manor...."</p>
+
+<p>The other three surviving Signers died first, so that
+when Charles Carroll of Carrollton followed on November
+14, 1832, the last Signer was gone. Among his
+last words were these:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I have lived to my ninety-sixth year; I have enjoyed
+continued health, I have been blessed with great wealth,
+prosperity, and most of the good things which this world
+can bestow&mdash;public approbation, esteem, applause; but
+what I now look back on with the greatest satisfaction
+to myself is, that I have practiced the duties of my
+religion."</p>
+
+<p>He was buried under the pavement of the chapel at
+the Manor.</p>
+
+<p>The present occupants of Doughoregan are Mr. and
+Mrs. Charles Carroll, who followed Governor John Lee
+Carroll, after his death in 1911.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_43" id="img_43"></a>
+<img src="images/i_260a.jpg" width="550" height="397" alt="Upton Scott House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by M. M. Carter, Annapolis</i></span><br />
+UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MD.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XLVIII</p>
+
+<h3>THE UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS,<br />
+MARYLAND</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE, AS A BOY, THE AUTHOR OF "THE STAR-SPANGLED<br />
+BANNER" WAS A FREQUENT VISITOR</p>
+
+<p>When Colonel James Wolfe was campaigning in Scotland
+in 1748 to 1753, one of the surgeons in his command
+was Upton Scott, a young Irishman from County Antrim.
+At that time began a friendship between the two
+men that continued through life.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">221</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Another friend made at this time by the young surgeon
+was Horatio Sharpe. In 1753, when Sharpe
+planned to go to America, Dr. Scott decided to go with
+him, though it was not easy to think of resigning his
+commission, for this would mean the severance of pleasant
+relations with his colonel. When Wolfe said good-bye
+to his comrade he gave him a pair of pistols as a
+remembrance. These are still treasured by descendants
+of the surgeon.</p>
+
+<p>From 1754 to 1769 Horatio Sharpe was Proprietary
+Governor of Maryland, and Dr. Scott was his companion
+and physician. The young surgeon was popular among
+the young people whom he met at Annapolis, the
+colonial capital.</p>
+
+<p>In 1760, when he persuaded Elizabeth Ross, the
+daughter of John Ross, the Register of the Land Office
+of Maryland, to become his bride, he built for her the
+stately house in Annapolis, Maryland, which is now
+occupied by the Sisters of Notre Dame. The new house,
+with its charming doorway and wonderful hall carvings,
+was well worth the attention even of one who had spent
+her girlhood at Belvoir, a quaint mansion of great
+beauty, six miles from Annapolis.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Sharpe was a welcome visitor at the Scott
+house until the time of his death in 1789, when he appointed
+his friend, the owner, one of his executors.
+Governor Robert Eden, the last of the Proprietary Governors,
+who served from 1769 to 1774, was at times
+almost a member of the Scott household.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Eden was looked upon with favor by the
+patriots in Maryland because he was always moderate
+and advised the repeal of the tax on tea. In 1776 he
+went to England, but in 1784 he returned to Maryland
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">222</a></span>
+to look after the estate of Mrs. Eden, who was Caroline
+Calvert, sister of Lord Baltimore; by the terms of the
+treaty of 1783 he was entitled to this property. While
+in Annapolis he was the guest of Dr. Scott. There, in
+the room now used by the Sisters of Notre Dame as a
+chapel, he died.</p>
+
+<p>But probably the most famous visitor to the Scott
+mansion was Francis Scott Key, who was the grandson
+of Mrs. Scott's sister, Ann Arnold Ross Key of Belvoir.
+When he was a boy he was often in Annapolis. His
+college training was received at St. John's in the old
+town, and in later life he frequently turned his steps
+to the house of his great-aunt and listened to the stories
+of Dr. Scott that helped to train him in the patriotism
+that was responsible, a few years later, for the composition
+of the "Star-Spangled Banner."</p>
+
+<p>Many garbled stories have been told of the circumstances
+that led to the writing of this song that has
+stirred the hearts of millions. The true story, and in
+many respects the simplest, was told by Key himself to
+his brother-in-law, R. R. Taney, who was later Chief
+Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1865, when the
+"Poems of the Late Francis Scott Key, Esq.," were published,
+the volume contained the story as related by
+Judge Taney.</p>
+
+<p>In 1814, the main body of the British invaders passed
+through Upper Marlboro, Maryland. Many of the officers
+made their headquarters at the home of Dr. William
+Beanes, a physician whom the whole town loved.
+When some of the stragglers from the army began to
+plunder the house, Dr. Beanes put himself at the head
+of a small body of citizens and pursued these stragglers.
+When the British officers heard of this, Dr. Beanes was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span>
+seized and treated, not with kindness as a prisoner of
+war, but with great indignity. Key, as an intimate
+friend of the doctor, and a lawyer, was asked by the
+townsmen to intercede for the prisoner. When application
+was made to President Madison for help, he arranged
+to send Key to the British fleet, under a flag
+of truce, on a government vessel, in company with John
+S. Skinner, a government agent.</p>
+
+<p>For a week or ten days no word came from the expedition.
+The people were alarmed for the safety of Key
+and his companion.</p>
+
+<p>The bearers of the flag of truce found the fleet at the
+mouth of the Potomac. They were received courteously
+until they told their business. The British commander
+spoke harshly of Dr. Beanes, but fortunately Mr.
+Skinner had letters from the British officers who had
+received kindness at the doctor's hands. General Ross
+finally agreed that, solely as a recognition of this kindness,
+the prisoner would be released. But he told the
+Americans that they could not leave the fleet for some
+days. They were therefore taken to the frigate <i>Surprise</i>,
+where they were under guard. They understood
+that an immediate attack on Baltimore was contemplated,
+and that they were being restrained that they
+might not warn the city of the plans of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>That night Fort McHenry was attacked. The Admiral
+had boasted that the works would be carried in
+a few hours, and that the city would then fall. So,
+from the deck of the <i>Surprise</i>, Key and his companion
+watched and listened anxiously all night. Every time a
+shell was fired, they waited breathlessly for the explosion
+they feared might follow. "While the bombardment
+continued, it was sufficient proof that the fort had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">224</a></span>
+not surrendered. But it suddenly ceased some time
+before day.... They paced the deck for the remainder
+of the night in fearful suspense.... As soon as it
+dawned, and before it was light enough to see objects at
+a distance, their glances were turned to the fort, uncertain
+what they should see there, the Stars and Stripes,
+or the flag of the enemy. At length the light came, and
+they saw that 'our flag was still there.'"</p>
+
+<p>A little later they saw the approach of boats loaded
+with wounded British soldiers. Then Key took an envelope
+and wrote many of the lines of the song, and
+while he was on the boat that carried him to shore he
+completed the first rough draft. That night, at the
+hotel, he rewrote the poem. Next day he showed it to
+Judge Nicholson, who was so delighted with it that the
+author was encouraged to send it to a printer, by the
+hand of Captain Benjamin Eades. Captain Eades
+took the first handbill that came from the press and
+carried it to the old tavern next the Holliday Street
+Theatre. There the words were sung for the first time,
+to the tune "Anacreon in Heaven," the tune Key had
+indicated on his copy.</p>
+
+<p>Long before the author's death in 1843 the song had
+won its place in the affections of the people. He wrote
+many other poems, and some of them have become popular
+hymns. At the memorial service conducted for him
+in Christ Church, Cincinnati, by his friend and former
+pastor, Rev. J. T. Brooke, the congregation was asked
+to sing Key's own hymn, beginning:</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">"Lord, with glowing heart I'd praise thee,</p>
+<p class="i1">For the bliss thy love bestows;</p>
+<p>For the pardoning grace that saves me,</p>
+<p class="i1">And the peace that from it flows.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Help, O Lord, my weak endeavor;</p>
+<p class="i1">This dull soul to rapture raise;</p>
+<p>Thou must light the flame, or never</p>
+<p class="i1">Can my love be warmed to praise."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Scott, in whose Annapolis home Key had spent
+so many happy days, died in 1814, the year of the composition
+of "The Star-Spangled Banner." Mrs. Scott
+lived until 1819.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">XLIX</p>
+
+<h3>THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE BEGINNINGS OF WASHINGTON CITY, AND THE<br />
+STORY OF THE HOME OF CONGRESS</p>
+
+<p>The selection of parts of Virginia and Maryland as
+the site of the Federal District in which the National
+Capital was to be located was made only after many
+years of discussion.</p>
+
+<p>In 1779 some of the members of Congress talked of
+buying a few square miles near Princeton, New Jersey,
+as a site for the government's permanent home. Four
+years later, the trustees of Kingston, New York, sought
+to interest Congress in that location. In 1783 Annapolis,
+Maryland, offered the State House and public
+circle to "the Honorable Congress" for their use.
+Burlington, New Jersey, also entered the lists, while
+in June, 1783, Virginia offered the town of Williamsburg
+to Congress and proposed to "present the palace,
+the capitol, and all the public buildings and 300 acres
+of land adjoining the said city, together with a sum
+of money not exceeding 100,000 pounds, this state currency
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span>
+to be expended in erecting thirteen hotels for the
+use of the delegates in Congress."</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1784, Congress decided to place the capital
+near Trenton, New Jersey. Later it was decided
+to have a second capital on the Potomac, Congress to
+alternate between the two locations.</p>
+
+<p>Neither Congress nor the country was satisfied with
+this solution of the difficulty. After years of discussion,
+in September, 1789, one house of Congress fixed
+on the Falls of the Susquehanna in Pennsylvania as
+the permanent site. The Senate amended their proposal
+by suggesting Germantown, Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>This action was reconsidered and a long dispute followed.
+Finally, in 1790, the site on the Potomac was
+selected, and Congress was ready to provide for the
+building of "a palace in the woods."</p>
+
+<p>President Washington and Vice-President Adams disagreed
+as to the location of the Capitol building. John
+Adams wished to see it the centre of a quadrangle of
+other public buildings, but Washington urged that Congress
+should meet in a building at a distance from the
+President's house and all other public buildings, that
+the lawmakers might not be annoyed by the executive
+officers.</p>
+
+<p>The invitation to architects to present plans for the
+Capitol was made in March, 1792, five hundred dollars
+being promised for the best plan. None of the sixteen
+designs submitted were approved. Later two men,
+Stephen L. Hallet and Dr. William Thornton, offered
+such good plans that it was not easy to decide between
+them. The difficulty was solved by acceptance of
+Thornton's design and the engagement of Hallet as
+supervising architect at a salary of two thousand dollars
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">227</a></span>
+a year. This arrangement was not satisfactory; it became
+necessary to replace Hallet first by George Hadfield,
+then by James Hoban, the architect of the White
+House. Under his charge the north wing was completed
+in 1800.</p>
+
+<p>The proceeds from the sale of lots in the new city
+proved woefully inadequate for the expenses of the
+building. Congress authorized a loan of eight hundred
+thousand dollars, but this loan could not be disposed
+of until Maryland agreed to take two-thirds of the
+amount, on condition that the commissioners in charge
+of the work add their personal guarantee to the government's
+promise to pay.</p>
+
+<p>Congress was called to hold its first meeting in the
+Capitol north wing on November 17, 1800. A few
+months earlier the government archives had been moved
+from New York. These were packed in ten or twelve
+boxes, and were shipped on a packet boat, by sea.
+The arrival of the vessel was greeted by the three
+thousand citizens of Washington, who rang bells,
+cheered, and fired an old cannon in celebration of the
+event.</p>
+
+<p>At that time the foundation for the dome had been
+laid, and the walls of the south wing had been begun.
+Later a temporary brick building was erected for the
+House, on a portion of the site of the south wing. The
+legislators called the building "The Oven."</p>
+
+<p>The south wing was completed under the guidance
+of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, who also reconstructed
+the north wing and connected the two wings by a
+wooden bridge. That the building was far from satisfactory
+is evident from an article in the <i>National
+Intelligencer</i> of December 2, 1813, which spoke with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">228</a></span>
+disgust of the wooden passageway as well as of the
+piles of débris on every hand.</p>
+
+<p>In less than a year after the printing of the criticism,
+conditions were far worse, for the British troops came
+to Washington on August 24, 1814. They piled furniture
+in the hall of the House, and set fire to it. The
+wooden bridge that connected the wings burned like
+tinder. In a little while nothing was left but the walls.
+"The appearance of the ruins was perfectly terrifying,"
+Architect Latrobe wrote.</p>
+
+<p>Thus was fulfilled in a striking way the prophecy
+made by John Randolph when he pleaded with Congress
+not to make war on Great Britain, "All the causes
+urged for this war will be forgotten in your treaty of
+peace, and possibly this Capitol may be reduced to
+ashes."</p>
+
+<p>The next session of Congress was held in the Union
+Pacific Hotel, but by December, 1815, there was ready
+a three-story building, erected by popular subscription,
+which Congress used for three years, paying for it an
+annual rental of $1,650. This was called "The Brick
+Capitol."</p>
+
+<p>Of course efforts were made to remove the Capital
+to another location, but Congress made appropriation
+for the reconstruction of the Capitol on the old site.
+Work was begun almost at once, and was continued
+until 1830, when the wings had been rebuilt as well as
+the rotunda and centre structure. In general appearance
+the building was the same as before the fire, but
+marble instead of sandstone was used for colonnades
+and staircases and floors. The beautiful capitals of the
+marble pillars were carved in Italy or prepared by
+workmen brought from Italy.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">229</a></span></p>
+
+<p>During the latter part of this period the rotunda
+was used for all sorts of exhibitions. Once a panorama
+of Paris was shown there, an admission fee of fifty
+cents being charged. Exhibits of manufactured goods
+were made in this "no man's land," over which nobody
+seemed to have jurisdiction. In 1827 a congressman
+spoke in the House of the fact that "triangles of steel
+to take the place of bells, stoves, stew pans, pianos,
+mouse traps, and watch ribbons were marked with
+prices and sundry good bargains were driven." The
+general public felt that they had a right even to the hall
+of the House; frequently popular meetings were held
+there.</p>
+
+<p>The present dome surmounting the rotunda is not the
+dome first planned. For Latrobe's dome, which he did
+not build, a higher dome was substituted by Bulfinch.
+The present dome is the work of Thomas U. Walter,
+the designer of Girard College, Philadelphia, whose
+plans for the completion of the Capitol were approved
+in 1851. The burning of the western front of the centre
+building in December, 1851, proved a blessing in disguise,
+for Walter was able to rebuild the section in
+perfect harmony with the other portions. The House
+first occupied its present quarters on December 16,
+1857, but the Senate was not able to take possession
+of its new hall until January 4, 1859.</p>
+
+<p>The great structure was finished in 1865, work having
+been carried on throughout the Civil War. Though
+they knew that there would be delay in receiving payment
+for their work, the contractors insisted on continuing
+and completing what is one of the most harmonious
+public buildings in the world.</p>
+
+<p>The patriotic contractors had their reward, for the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">230</a></span>
+building was ready to receive the body of President
+Lincoln when, on April 19, 1865, after the services in
+the White House, the casket was placed on a catafalque
+under the dome of the rotunda, that the people of the
+country whose destinies he had guided through four
+years of civil war might gather there to do him honor.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">L</p>
+
+<h3>THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HOME OF EVERY PRESIDENT SINCE WASHINGTON</p>
+
+<p>When, in 1792, James Hoban suggested to the commission
+appointed to supervise the erection of public
+buildings at Washington that the Executive Mansion
+be modelled after the palace of the Duke of Leinster
+in Dublin, his proposition was accepted, and he was
+given a premium of five hundred dollars for the plan.
+More, he was engaged, at the same amount per year,
+to take charge of the builders.</p>
+
+<p>No time was lost in laying the corner stone. The
+ceremony was performed on October 13, 1792, and
+operations were pushed with such speed that the building
+was completed ten years later!</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1800, six months after the transfer of
+the government offices from Philadelphia to Washington,
+Mrs. Adams joined President Adams at the White
+House. She had a hard time getting there. A few
+days after her arrival she wrote to her daughter:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">231</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I arrived here on Sunday last, and without meeting
+any accident worth noticing, except losing ourselves
+when we left Baltimore, and going eight or nine miles
+on the Frederick road, by which means we were obliged
+to go the other eight miles through woods, where we
+wandered for two hours, without finding a guide, or
+the path. Fortunately, a straggling black came up with
+us, and we engaged him as a guide to extricate us out
+of our difficulty; but woods are all you see, from Baltimore
+until you reach the city, which is only so in name.
+Here and there is a small cot, without a glass window,
+interspersed amongst the forests, through which you
+travel miles without seeing any human being. In the
+city there are buildings enough, if they were compact
+and furnished, to accommodate Congress and those attached
+to it; but as they are, and scattered as they are,
+I see no great comfort for them."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Adams found no great comfort in the White
+House, either. "To assist us in this great castle," she
+wrote, "and render less attendance necessary, bells are
+wholly wanting, not one single one being hung through
+the whole house, and promises are all you can obtain....
+If they will put me up some bells, and let me have
+wood enough to keep fires, I design to be pleased....
+But, surrounded with forests, can you believe that wood
+is not to be had, because people cannot be found to cut
+and cart it.... The house is made habitable, but there
+is not a single apartment finished.... We have not
+the least fence, yard, or other convenience, without, and
+the great, unfinished audience-room I make a drying
+room of, to hang up the clothes in. The principal stairs
+are not up, and will not be this winter."</p>
+
+<p>The building itself was in good condition, though the
+surroundings were far from prepossessing, when it was
+burned by the British in 1814. President and Mrs.
+Madison moved to the Octagon House, and spent more
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">232</a></span>
+than a year in this comfortable winter home of Colonel
+John Tayloe.</p>
+
+<p>The cost of rebuilding and refurnishing the Executive
+Mansion was about three hundred thousand dollars.
+The work was begun in 1814, and in September, 1817,
+the building was so far completed that President Monroe
+was able to take up his quarters there in some degree
+of comfort, though the floor in the East Room had not
+yet been laid and some of the walls were still without
+plastering. On January 1, 1818, the first New Year's
+reception was held there. "It was gratifying to be
+able to salute the President of the United States with
+the compliments of the season in his appropriate residence,"
+the <i>National Intelligencer</i> said. It may be
+added that the editor called the building "the President's
+House." The title, "the White House," was
+not yet in common use.</p>
+
+<p>For many years the successive occupants of the building
+were subject to all sorts of criticism. Mrs. Monroe
+refused both to make first calls and to return calls.
+President Monroe bought foreign-made furnishings!
+John Quincy Adams actually introduced a billiard table,
+and the use of public money to buy "a gaming table"
+was bitterly attacked! (Of course the purchase was
+made with personal funds.) Mrs. Adams was cold and
+haughty! When President Van Buren left Washington
+he took with him the gold spoons and the gilt dessert
+service that had attracted attention! But these were
+private property.</p>
+
+<p>However, most criticisms like these have been inspired
+by pride in the President and his household, and
+a pardonable feeling of possession in them and the
+White House.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">233</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Until within recent years the President's offices were
+in the east end of the White House. A pleasing description
+of these offices has come down from Isaac N.
+Arnold, who thus spoke of the quarters of President
+Lincoln:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"The furniture of the room consisted of a large oak
+table, covered with cloth extending north and south,
+and it was round this table that the Cabinet sat when
+it held its meetings. Near the end of the table and between
+the windows was another table, on the west side
+of which the President sat, in a large arm-chair, and
+at this table he wrote. A tall desk, with pigeon holes
+for paper, stood against the south wall. The only books
+usually found in this room were the Bible, the United
+States Statutes, and a copy of Shakespeare. There
+were a few chairs and two plain hair-covered sofas.
+There were two or three map frames, from which hung
+military maps, on which the positions and movements
+of the armies were traced. There was an old and discolored
+engraving of General Jackson over the mantel
+and a later photograph of John Bright. Doors open
+into this room from the room of the secretary and from
+the outside hall, running east and west across the house.
+A bell-cord within reach of his hand extended to the
+secretary's office. A messenger sat at the door opening
+from the hall, and took in the cards and names of
+visitors."</p>
+
+<p>During the time of President Roosevelt, outside Executive
+offices were built, and rooms that had long been
+needed for the personal uses of the President's household
+were released. The change has increased patriotic
+pride in the White House, one of the simplest mansions
+provided for the rulers of the nations.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w450"><a name="img_44" id="img_44"></a>
+<img src="images/i_259.jpg" width="402" height="550" alt="Stairway, Octagon House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>From the Monograph on the Octagon House,
+Issued by the American Institute of Architects</i></span><br />
+THE STAIRWAY, OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LI<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">234</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON</h3>
+
+<p class="center">IN WHICH DOLLY MADISON LAVISHED HOSPITALITY IN 1814</p>
+
+<p>John Tayloe, the wealthiest man in the Virginia of
+the late eighteenth century, had his summer home at
+Mt. Airy. His plantation, the largest in the State, was
+worked by more than five hundred slaves.</p>
+
+<p>When he wanted a winter home, he thought of building
+at Philadelphia. But George Washington, eager to
+secure him as a resident of the young Federal City on
+the Potomac, asked him to consider the erection of a
+house there. So Mr. Tayloe made an investigation of
+Washington as a site for a residence, bought a lot for
+one thousand dollars, and in 1798 commissioned Dr.
+William Thornton to make the plans for a palatial
+house. During the construction of the building Washington
+several times rode by and from the saddle inspected
+the progress of the work.</p>
+
+<p>Thornton was at the time a well-known man, though
+he had been born in the West Indies and was for many
+years a resident there. After receiving his education
+in Europe, he lived for several years in the United
+States. During this period he was a partner of John
+Fitch in the building and trial of the steamboat that
+for a time ran successfully on the Delaware River, more
+than twenty years before Fulton built the <i>Clermont</i>.
+He was himself something of an inventor; he secured
+a number of patents for a device to move a vessel by
+applying steam to a wheel at the side of the hull.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">235</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He had returned to the West Indies when he read
+that a prize was to be given for the best plan submitted
+for the Capitol to be built at Washington. At once
+he wrote for particulars, and in due time he presented
+his plans. He was then living in the United States.
+The plans were considered the best that had been offered.
+Jefferson said that they "captivated the eyes
+and judgment of all," while Washington spoke of their
+"grandeur, simplicity, and convenience." While these
+plans were later modified by others, certain features of
+the Capitol as it appears to-day are to be traced directly
+to Dr. Thornton's plans.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of the award he was but thirty-one years
+old, and had already won a place as a physician, an
+inventor, and a man of science. He was a friend of
+Benjamin Franklin, and had received the prize offered
+for the design for the new building of the Library
+Company of Philadelphia, in which Franklin was especially
+interested. Later he was awarded a gold medal
+by the American Philosophical Society for a paper in
+which he outlined the method of the oral teaching of
+deaf and dumb children which is still in use in many
+institutions.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_45" id="img_45"></a>
+<img src="images/i_260b.jpg" width="550" height="392" alt="Octagon House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company
+from the Monograph on the Octagon House
+by the American Institute of Architects</i></span><br />
+OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The building planned by Dr. Thornton for Mr. Tayloe,
+at the northeast corner of New York Avenue and
+Eighteenth Street, was completed in 1801. At the time
+it was the best house in Washington. At once, as the
+Octagon House, it became famous for the lavish hospitality
+of its owner.</p>
+
+<p>The next stirring period in the history of the Octagon
+House was the later years of the second war with Great
+Britain. On the night of August 24, 1814, when the
+British Army entered the city, the French minister,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">236</a></span>
+M. Serurier, looked from his window and saw soldiers
+bearing torches going toward the White House.
+Quickly he sent a messenger to General Ross and asked
+that his residence be spared. The messenger found
+General Ross in the Blue Room, where he was collecting
+furniture for a bonfire. Assured that "the king's
+house" would be respected, he returned to the minister.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Thornton, who was at the time superintendent
+of the patent office, succeeded in persuading Colonel
+Jones to spare that building, on the ground that it was
+a museum of the Arts, and that its destruction would
+be a loss to all the world.</p>
+
+<p>Among the public buildings destroyed was the White
+House. Mr. Tayloe at once offered the Octagon House
+to President Madison. On September 9, 1814, the
+<i>National Intelligencer</i> announced, "The President will
+occupy Colonel Tayloe's large house, which was lately
+occupied by the French minister." For more than a
+year the house was known as the Executive Annex.</p>
+
+<p>Rufus Rockwell Wilson, in "Washington, the Capital
+City," tells how the mansion looked at this time:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">237</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Its circular entrance hall, marble tiled, was heated
+by two picturesque stoves placed in small recesses in
+the wall. Another hall beyond opened into a spacious
+and lovely garden surrounded by a high brick wall after
+the English fashion. To the right was a handsome
+drawing room with a fine mantel, before which Mrs.
+Madison was accustomed to stand to receive her guests.
+To the left was a dining-room of equal size and beauty.
+A circular room over the hall, with windows to the
+floor and a handsome fireplace, was President Madison's
+office. Here he received his Cabinet officers and other
+men of note, listening to their opinions and reports on
+the progress of the war; and here, also, on a quaintly
+carved table, he signed, February 18, 1815, the proclamation
+of the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the contest
+with England."</p>
+
+<p>The story of this table's history is interesting. From
+the Octagon House it went to John Ogle Ferneaux, of
+King George County, Virginia. He kept it until October
+30, 1897, when it was sold to Mrs. A. H. Voorhies,
+of 2011 California Street, San Francisco. When the
+fire that succeeded the earthquake of 1906 approached
+the house, the table was taken away hurriedly. Mrs.
+Voorhies says, "We wrapped sheets around the circular
+part of the table, and in part of the journey, it
+went turning round as a wheel to a place of safety."
+The San Francisco chapter of the Institute of Architects
+purchased it for $1,000, and sent it to Washington,
+December 1, 1911.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that on the day the message came to the
+Octagon House that peace had been declared, Miss Sally
+Coles, who was Mrs. Madison's cousin, called from the
+head of the stairs, "Peace! Peace!" One who was a
+guest at the time gave a lively account of the scene in
+the house:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Late in the afternoon came thundering down Pennsylvania
+Avenue a coach and four foaming steeds, in
+which was the bearer of the good news. Cheers followed
+the carriage as it sped on its way to the residence
+of the President. Soon after nightfall, members of
+Congress and others deeply interested in the event presented
+themselves at the President's House, the doors
+of which stood open. When the writer of this entered
+the drawing room at about eight o'clock, it was crowded
+to its full capacity. Mrs. Madison&mdash;(the President being
+with the Cabinet)&mdash;doing the honors of the occasion;
+and what a happy scene it was!"</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">238</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Tayloe occupied the Octagon at intervals until
+his death in 1828. Mrs. Tayloe lived until 1855. By
+this time the neighborhood had changed, and the property
+deteriorated. In 1865 it was occupied as a girls'
+school. From 1866 to 1879 it was the hydrographic
+office of the Navy Department. Later it became a
+dwelling and studio. From 1885 to 1889 it was in the
+hands of a caretaker, and deteriorated rapidly. At the
+last eight or ten families of colored people lived within
+the storied walls.</p>
+
+<p>The Institute of American Architects leased the property
+in 1899 and later purchased the house for $30,000.
+It is now one of the sights of Washington. A tablet
+fixed to the wall relates the main facts of its history.
+</p>
+
+<h2>SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE
+CAVALIERS</h2>
+<div class="poem">
+<p><i>I love the stately southern mansions with their tall white columns,</i></p>
+<p><i>They look through avenues of trees, over fields where the cotton is growing;</i></p>
+<p><i>I can see the flutter of white frocks along their shady porches,</i></p>
+<p><i>Music and laughter float from the windows, the yards are full of hounds and horses.</i></p>
+<p><i>Long since the riders have ridden away, yet the houses have not forgotten,</i></p>
+<p><i>They are proud of their name and place, and their doors are always open,</i></p>
+<p><i>For the thing they remember best is the pride of their ancient hospitality.</i></p>
+<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">Henry van Dyke</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p6">SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE CAVALIERS</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_46" id="img_46"></a>
+<img src="images/i_271a.jpg" width="550" height="365" alt="MOUNT VERNON" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by E. C. Hall</i></span><br />
+MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA, REAR VIEW</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LII</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">241</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON</p>
+
+<p>George Washington was twenty years old when he
+became the owner of the Mount Vernon estate on the
+Potomac, in accordance with the provisions of the will
+of Laurence Washington, his half-brother. At that
+time the house contained but eight rooms and an attic,
+four rooms on each floor. There were twenty-five hundred
+acres in the farm.</p>
+
+<p>As a boy Washington had tramped over every acre
+of the estate. When he was sixteen he made a plot
+of the region around Mt. Vernon. The original of the
+survey made at that time may be seen in the Library
+of Congress at Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The young owner looked forward to years of quiet
+on his estate, but he was frequently called away from
+home for service in the militia of Virginia. In spite
+of these absences, however, he managed to make the
+acres surrounding the mansion give a good account of
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>When he responded to the call of the Colonies and
+became Commander-in-Chief of the army, he turned his
+back on Mt. Vernon with great reluctance, and for six
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">242</a></span>
+years hardly saw the place he loved. But when the
+independence of the Colonies had been won he returned
+home, in the hope that he might be permitted to remain
+there in obscurity, farming his land and entertaining
+his friends in the house on the Potomac.</p>
+
+<p>That he might have more room for his friends, he
+enlarged the house. On July 5, 1784, he wrote to his
+friend, William Rumney of Alexandria, asking him to
+inquire into the terms on which "a House Joiner and
+Bricklayer" might be engaged for two or three years.
+To the house, which dated from 1744, he made additions
+until it was three times as large as when he inherited
+the property. The alterations were completed in 1785.
+The completed house was ninety-six feet long, and thirty
+feet deep, with a piazza fifteen feet wide. The building
+material was wood, cut in imitation of stone.</p>
+
+<p>While these alterations were in progress a visitor
+to Mt. Vernon was Charles Vardo, an Englishman.
+When he returned home he wrote an account of his visit,
+in which said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"I crossed the river from Maryland into Virginia,
+near to the renowned General Washington's, where I
+had the honor to spend some time, and was kindly
+entertained with that worthy family. As to the General,
+if we may judge by the countenance, he is what
+the world says of him, a shrewd, good-natured, plain,
+humane man, about fifty-five years of age, and seems
+to wear well, being healthful and active, straight, well
+made, and about six feet high. He keeps a good table,
+which is always open to those of a genteel appearance....</p>
+
+<p>"The General's house is rather warm, snug, convenient
+and useful, than ornamental. The size is what
+ought to suit a man of about two or three thousand
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">243</a></span>
+a year in England. The out-offices are good and seem
+to be not long built; and he was making more offices at
+each wing to the front of the house, which added more
+to ornament than to real use. The situation is high,
+and commands a beautiful prospect of the river which
+parts Virginia and Maryland, but in other respects the
+situation seems to be out of the world, being chiefly
+surrounded by woods, and far from any great road or
+thoroughfare.... The General's lady is a hearty,
+comely, discreet, affable woman, some few years older
+than himself.... The General's house is open to poor
+travellers as well as rich, he gives diet and lodging to
+all that come that way, which indeed cannot be many,
+without they go out of their way on purpose...."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A visitor of January 19, 1785, was Elkanah Watson.
+In his diary Washington wrote simply that Mr. Watson
+came in and stayed all night; and that he went away
+after breakfast next morning. But Mr. Watson had
+a fuller account to give:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I found him at table with Mrs. Washington and his
+private family, and was received in the native dignity
+and with that urbanity so peculiarly combined in the
+character of a soldier and eminent private gentleman.
+He soon put me at ease.... The first evening I spent
+under the wing of his hospitality, we sat a full hour
+at table by ourselves, without the least interruption,
+after the family had retired. I was extremely oppressed
+by a severe cold and excessive coughing, contracted by
+the exposure of a harsh winter journey. He pressed
+me to use some remedies, but I declined doing so. As
+usual after retiring, my coughing increased. When
+some time had elapsed, the door of my room was gently
+opened, and on drawing my bed-curtains, to my utter
+astonishment, I beheld Washington himself, standing
+at my bedside, with a bowl of hot tea in his hand."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">244</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The following May Rev. Thomas Coke and Bishop
+Francis Asbury were welcomed to Mt. Vernon. "The
+General's seat is very elegant," Mr. Coke wrote. "He
+is quite the plain, country-Gentleman." After dinner
+the visitors presented to their host a petition for the
+emancipation of the Negroes, "entreating his signature,
+if the eminence of his station did not render it
+inexpedient for him to sign any petition." Washington
+told his guests that he was "of their sentiments,
+and had signified his thoughts on the subject to most
+of the great men of the State; that he did not see it
+proper to sign the petition, but if the Assembly took
+it into consideration, would signify his sentiments to
+the Assembly by a letter."</p>
+
+<p>An attractive picture of the General was given by
+Richard Henry Lee after a visit to Mt. Vernon in
+November, 1785:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"When I was first introduced to him he was neatly
+dressed in a plain blue coat, white Casimer waistcoat,
+and black breeches and Boots, as he came from his
+farm. After having sat with us some time he retired....
+Later he came in again, with his hair neatly powdered,
+a clean shirt on, a new plain drab Coat, white
+waistcoat and white silk stockings."</p>
+
+<p>John Hunter, who was with Colonel Lee, added his
+impression:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">245</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"The style of his house is very elegant, something
+like the Prince de Condé's at Chantilly, near Paris, only
+not quite so large; but it's a pity he did not build a new
+one at once, as it has cost him nearly as much as repairing
+his old one.... It's astonishing what a number
+of small houses the General has upon his Estate for
+his different Workmen and Negroes to live in. He has
+everything within himself&mdash;Carpenters, Bricklayers,
+Brewers, Blacksmiths, Bakers, etc., etc., and even has
+a well assorted store for the use of his family and
+servants."</p>
+
+<p>While the repairs were still in progress, the ship
+<i>Mary</i> arrived at Alexandria, having a consignment for
+Washington from Samuel Vaughan, a great admirer
+in London. This was a chimney-piece, wrought in Italy
+from pure white and sienite marble, for the use of Mr.
+Vaughan. When the mantel reached England the
+owner learned of the improvements then in progress at
+Mt. Vernon. Without unpacking the mantel he sent it
+on to America. When Washington received word of the
+arrival of the gift, he wrote, "By the number of cases,
+however, I greatly fear it is too elegant and costly for
+my room and republican style of living." Nevertheless
+the mantel was installed in the mansion and became a
+great delight to the household.</p>
+
+<p>Washington's days at Mt. Vernon were interrupted
+by the renewed call of his country. For much of the
+time for eight years he was compelled to be absent, and
+when, at length, the opportunity came to resume the
+free life on his estate, he had less than three years left.
+But these years were crowded full of hospitality in the
+mansion and of joyous work on the estate, and when,
+on December 14, 1799, he died as a result of a cold
+caught while riding on the estate, he left it to his
+"dearly beloved wife, Martha Washington."</p>
+
+<p>For many years Mt. Vernon continued its hospitable
+career. Then came years of neglect, when the mansion
+was falling into ruins. But in 1853-56 Miss Ann
+Pamela Cunningham of South Carolina appealed to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">246</a></span>
+women of the nation, and succeeded in organizing an
+association that took over the estate, restored it to its
+original condition, furnished it with Washington relics
+gathered from far and near, and opened it for the visits
+of the reverent visitors to the city of Washington, who
+continue their journey sixteen miles down the Potomac
+that they may look on the scene that brought joy to
+the heart of the Father of his Country.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_47" id="img_47"></a>
+<img src="images/i_271b.jpg" width="550" height="389" alt="Arlington" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br />
+ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LIII</p>
+
+<h3>ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">FROM WHICH ROBERT E. LEE WENT TO BATTLE FOR<br />
+THE SOUTH</p>
+
+<p>After the death of George Washington the Mt. Vernon
+family was gradually broken up, one after another going
+elsewhere for a home. George Washington Parke Custis,
+Washington's adopted son, and grandson of Martha
+Washington, decided to build a home on a hill overlooking
+the Potomac, opposite Washington City. There
+were eleven hundred acres in the estate of which Arlington,
+the mansion he built in 1802, was the central
+feature.</p>
+
+<p>It has been said that the stately house is an adaptation
+of the Doric temple at Paestum, near Naples. The
+roof of the great portico rests on eight massive columns.
+The rooms within are of a size in keeping with the
+magnificent portal.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the plan was too ambitious for the Custis
+fortune. At any rate the rooms on the south side of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">247</a></span>
+the hall were not completed. But it was a famous
+house, nevertheless. Guests were many. They delighted
+to look from the portico across the Potomac to
+Washington, where they could see the government buildings
+slowly taking shape.</p>
+
+<p>One of the favored guests was Robert E. Lee. His
+frequent visits led to his marriage, in 1831, to Mr.
+Custis' daughter. At this time Lee was a lieutenant
+in the United States Army. Mrs. Lee remained at
+Arlington, waiting for the husband whose military
+duties enabled him to spend only brief seasons with
+her and the growing family there.</p>
+
+<p>During the years before the war visitors to the Capital
+City thronged to Arlington. Some of them were
+interested in the many Washington relics in the house.
+Chief among these was the bed on which Washington
+died. Others came to the picnic grounds at Arlington
+Spring, which Mr. Custis had opened for the pleasure
+of the people, building for the use of all comers a great
+dining-hall, a dancing pavilion, and a kitchen.</p>
+
+<p>One of these visitors told his impressions of Arlington:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"In front of the mansion, sloping toward the Potomac,
+is a fine park of two hundred acres, dotted with
+groves of oak and chestnut and clumps of evergreens;
+and behind it is a dark old forest, with patriarchal
+trees bearing many centennial honors, and covering six
+hundred acres of hill and dale. Through a portion of
+this is a sinuous avenue leading up to the mansion."</p>
+
+<p>At the time of the secession of Virginia, Robert E.
+Lee was a colonel. Duty seemed clear to him. It was
+not easy for him to take up arms against the United
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">248</a></span>
+States Government, but he considered himself first of
+all a citizen of his native State. To respond to the call
+of the Confederacy meant ruin. His beautiful home, he
+feared, would be destroyed. But he did not hesitate.
+A desire to retain possession of his slaves had nothing
+to do with his decision. His own slaves had already
+been freed, and provision had been made in the will
+of Mrs. Lee's father that all his slaves should be freed
+in 1862.</p>
+
+<p>When, in 1865, General Lee was urged to prolong the
+conflict by guerilla warfare, he said: "No, that would
+not do. It must be remembered that we are Christian
+people. We have fought the fight as long and as well
+as we know how. We have been defeated. For us as a
+Christian people there is but one course to pursue. We
+must accept the situation. These men must go home and
+plant a crop, and we must proceed to build up our
+country on a new basis."</p>
+
+<p>But he could not return to Arlington. The government
+had taken possession of the estate for a National
+Cemetery. For a time he lived in obscurity on a little
+farm. Then he became President of Washington College,
+later Washington and Lee University. With his
+family he lived on the campus at Lexington, Virginia,
+and there he died, October 12, 1870.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime the National Cemetery at Arlington
+was becoming a pilgrimage point for patriotic Americans.
+The slopes of the beautiful lawn were covered
+with graves. The stately white mansion, with its eight
+great pillars and its walls of stucco seemed a fitting
+background for the ranks of little white tombstones.</p>
+
+<p>For years the title to the property was in dispute.
+In 1864 the United States bought it for $26,800, when it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">249</a></span>
+was sold at auction for delinquent taxes. In 1882 the
+Supreme Court decided that G. W. C. Lee, son of General
+Lee, was entitled to the property, and the following
+year the government paid him $150,000 for eleven hundred
+acres, including the mansion.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_48" id="img_48"></a>
+<img src="images/i_272.jpg" width="550" height="547" alt="Christ Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br />
+CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LIV</p>
+
+<h3>CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE WASHINGTON HAD A PEW "AT THE UPPER PART<br />
+OF THE CHURCH"</p>
+
+<p>George Washington was chosen one of the vestrymen
+of Fairfax parish in 1764, when this was formed by the
+division of Truro parish, although he was already a
+vestryman in Pohick Church at Truro.</p>
+
+<p>The records of the new parish show that in 1766 it
+was decided to build Christ Church at Alexandria, and
+a second church at the Falls of the Potomac instead of
+the old church there. The members of the parish were
+asked to pay thirty-one thousand pounds of tobacco for
+the purpose of construction.</p>
+
+<p>James Wren, the architect of Christ Church, is said
+to have been a descendant of Sir Christopher Wren.
+While the building was well designed, no one ever
+thought of it as a masterpiece. But it has answered the
+purposes of the worshipper for more than a century and
+a half, and it promises to last at least a hundred and
+fifty years more.</p>
+
+<p>The original contract called for the expenditure of
+£600. Colonel John Carlisle, who was bondsman for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">250</a></span>
+the contractor, James Parsons, in 1772, agreed to complete
+the building on payment of £220 additional, since
+Parsons failed to fulfil his agreement.</p>
+
+<p>The church was built of brick, and was sixty by fifty
+feet long. The work was carefully done, but the structure
+was ready for the vestry to take possession early
+in 1773.</p>
+
+<p>At the first sale of pews, of which there were fifty
+in all, Washington paid £36 10 s. for pew number five.
+He had already made a generous gift toward the building
+fund, but asked the privilege of giving the brass
+chandelier which still hangs from the ceiling.</p>
+
+<p>When the Church and State were separated in Virginia,
+after the Revolution, Washington subscribed five
+pounds a year to the rector's salary. By act of the legislature
+the glebe lands of churches in the State were
+confiscated, but, through the influence of Washington
+and Charles Lee, Christ Church "and one other" (probably
+Falls Church) were allowed to retain their lands.</p>
+
+<p>Many changes have been made in the building. The
+gallery was added in 1787, that twenty-five pews might
+be provided for the growing congregation. The west
+aisle was built in 1811, and the next year the chimneys
+were built, for stoves were placed in the church at
+that time. The bell was hung in 1816. The pews were
+later divided, including that which Washington occupied,
+but this pew has since been restored to its original
+condition. Since 1891 the high pulpit and sounding
+board have been replaced as they were at first.</p>
+
+<p>Washington's diary tells of his attendance at service
+on Sunday, June 2, 1799. Perhaps it was of this Sunday
+a visitor to Alexandria wrote in a letter to a friend,
+which was quoted in "The Religious Opinions and Character
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">251</a></span>
+of George Washington," published in 1836. The
+writer said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"In the summer of 1799 I was in Alexandria on a
+visit to the family of Mr. H.... Whilst there, I expressed
+a wish to see General Washington, as I had
+never enjoyed that pleasure. My friend ... observed:
+'You will certainly see him on Sunday, as he is never
+absent from church when he can get there; and as he
+often dines with us, we will ask him on that day, when
+you will have a better opportunity of seeing him.' Accordingly,
+we all repaired to church on Sunday....
+General Washington ... walked to his pew, at the
+upper part of the church, and demeaned himself throughout
+the service of the day with that gravity and propriety
+becoming the place and his own high character.
+After the services were concluded, we waited for him
+at the door, for his pew being near the pulpit he was
+among the last that came out&mdash;when Mrs. H. invited
+him to dine with us. He declined, however, the invitation,
+observing, as he looked at the sky, that he thought
+there were appearances of a thunderstorm in the afternoon,
+and he believed he would return home to dinner."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_49" id="img_49"></a>
+<img src="images/i_291a.jpg" width="550" height="389" alt="Mary Washington House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br />
+MARY WASHINGTON'S HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG, VA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LV</p>
+
+<h3>THE MARY WASHINGTON HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG,<br />
+VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE WASHINGTON'S MOTHER SPENT HER LAST YEARS</p>
+
+<p>The first property mentioned in connection with the
+name of Mary Ball, who became the mother of George
+Washington, was on the tract of four hundred acres "in
+ye freshes of Rappa-h-n River," bequeathed to her in her
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">252</a></span>
+father's will before she was six years old. Her father,
+Colonel Joseph Ball of Epping Forest, Lancaster
+County, thought he was about to die, but he lived some
+years longer.</p>
+
+<p>Ten years later an unknown writer spoke of Mary
+Ball in pleasing terms:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="i10">"WmsBurg, y<sup>e</sup> 7th of Oct<sup>r</sup>, 1722.</p>
+
+<p>"Dear Sukey, Madam Ball of Lancaster and her
+sweet Molly have gone Hom. Mama thinks Molly the
+Comliest Maiden She Knows. She is about 16 yrs old,
+is taller than Me, is verry Sensable, Modest and Loving.
+Her Hair is like unto Flax, Her Eyes are the color of
+Yours, and her Chekes are like May blossoms. I wish
+You could see Her."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This "Belle of the Northern Neck," as she came to be
+called, continued her conquests of young and old until,
+at twenty-two, an orphan, she left Epping Forest to live
+with her brother, Joseph Ball, at "Stratford-by-bow,
+Nigh London." There, on March 6, 1730, she became
+the second wife of Augustine Washington, the second
+son of Laurence Washington, who was visiting England
+at the time.</p>
+
+<p>Less than two years later, at Wakefield, on the Potomac,
+in Westmoreland County, Virginia, George Washington
+was born. He was not three years old when the
+mansion was burned.</p>
+
+<p>The new home was at Pine Grove, in Stafford County,
+on the Rappahannock River, opposite Fredericksburg.
+For eight years the family circle was unbroken, but
+on April 12, 1743, Augustine Washington died. Laurence
+Washington, Mary Washington's stepson, then became
+the owner of Mt. Vernon, while to George Washington
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">253</a></span>
+was bequeathed Pine Grove, though the estate
+was to be managed by Mrs. Washington until the son
+became twenty-one.</p>
+
+<p>With wonderful skill Mrs. Washington directed the
+plantation and with firm purpose she devoted herself to
+the care of her five fatherless children.</p>
+
+<p>A picture of this capable woman at this period was
+recorded by Laurence Washington, a nephew of George
+Washington's father. He wrote:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I was often there [at Pine Grove] with George, his
+playmate, schoolmate, and young man's companion. Of
+the mother, I was more afraid than of my own parents;
+she awed me in the midst of her kindness; and even
+now, when time has whitened my locks and I am the
+grandfather of a second generation, I could not behold
+that majestic woman without feelings it is impossible
+to describe."</p>
+
+<p>The death, in 1752, of Laurence Washington of Mt.
+Vernon made George Washington the owner of that
+property. Thereafter the twenty-five hundred acre
+estate became known as the home of the eldest son, while
+Mrs. Washington remained at Pine Grove with her
+younger children.</p>
+
+<p>Only a few months later he stopped to see his mother,
+as he was on his way to the West to carry out a commission
+laid upon him by Governor Dinwiddie. As
+Mrs. Washington bade her son good-bye, she urged him
+to "remember that God only is our sure trust." Then
+she added, "To Him I commend you."</p>
+
+<p>Her words were remembered. In 1755, when General
+Braddock asked Colonel Washington to accompany him
+to Fort Pitt, Mrs. Washington hurried to Mt. Vernon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">254</a></span>
+and urged him not to go. He considered her objections,
+but said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"The God to whom you commended me, madam, when
+I set out on a more perilous errand, defended me from
+all harm, and I trust He will do so now; do you?"</p>
+
+<p>One by one the children left Pine Grove. In 1750
+Betty Washington was married to Colonel Fielding
+Lewis, who built for her the stately house Kenmore, not
+far from her mother's home, but across the river, on
+the edge of Fredericksburg. This house is still among
+the show places of the old town.</p>
+
+<p>In the early days of the Revolution Colonel and Mrs.
+Lewis tried to persuade Mrs. Washington that she was
+getting too old to live alone at Pine Grove, and urged
+her to make her home at Kenmore. At the same time
+Colonel Lewis offered to take over the management of
+the plantation. To both entreaties she turned a deaf
+ear; she said she felt entirely competent to take care of
+herself, and she would manage her own farm.</p>
+
+<p>However, she consented to make her home in a house
+purchased for her in Fredericksburg, because "George
+thought it best." The dutiful son had time to help in
+the flitting to the new home before he hurried to the
+North. He was not to see her again for seven long
+years.</p>
+
+<p>A member of the family described later the days of
+waiting when Mary Washington directed her household
+in the preparation of clothes, provisions, and other comforts
+for the General and his associates: "During the
+trying years when her son was leading the Continental
+forces, the mother was watching and praying, following
+him with anxious eyes," the story is told. "But to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">255</a></span>
+messenger who brought tidings, whether of victory or
+defeat, she turned a calm face, whatever tremor of feeling
+it might mask, and to her daughter she said, chiding
+her for undue excitement, 'The sister of the commanding
+general should be an example of fortitude and
+faith.'"</p>
+
+<p>It was November 11, 1781, when the victorious commander
+next saw Fredericksburg, on his way to Philadelphia
+from Yorktown. George Washington Parke
+Custis has described the meeting with his mother:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"She was alone, her aged hands employed in the
+works of domestic industry, when the good news was announced,
+and it was told that the victor was awaiting
+at the threshold. She bade him welcome by a warm
+embrace, and by the well-remembered and endearing
+name of George.... She inquired as to his health, for
+she marked the lines which mighty cares and toils had
+made in his manly countenance, and she spoke much of
+old times and old friends, but of his glory not one
+word."</p>
+
+<p>When the Peace Ball was given in Fredericksburg
+she was an honored guest. Her son walked with her
+into the gaily decorated ballroom. She remained for a
+time, but after a while, from the seat where she had
+watched the dance, she called him to her side. When
+she was near she said, "Come, George, it is time for old
+folks to be at home."</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette visited Fredericksburg in 1784, that he
+might pay his respects to Mrs. Washington. He found
+her in her garden, dressed in a short linsey skirt, working
+among her flowers. After his visit he declared, "I
+have seen the only Roman matron living at this day."</p>
+
+<p>She still went frequently to her plantation across the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">256</a></span>
+river, but as she became more feeble her son gave her
+a phaeton in which she could cross the ferry in comfort.
+Her great-granddaughter has written of her appearance
+when she rolled in the phaeton down the village street:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"In summer she wore a dark straw hat with broad
+brim and low crown, tied under her chin with black
+ribbon strings; but in winter a warm hood was substituted,
+and she was wrapped in the purple cloth cloak
+lined with silk shang (a present from her son George)
+that is described in the bequests of her will. In her
+hand she carried her gold-headed cane, which feeble
+health now rendered necessary as a support."</p>
+
+<p>One of the last visits paid by George Washington to
+his mother was on March 7, 1789. A Fredericksburg
+paper of March 12 said, "The object of his Excellency's
+visit was probably to take leave of his aged mother,
+sister, and friends, previous to his departure for the new
+Congress, over the councils of which, the united voice of
+America has called him to preside." On March 11
+Washington's account book shows that the expenses of
+the trip were £1.8.0. He also noted that he advanced to
+his mother at the time "6 Guineas."</p>
+
+<p>At New York, on September 1, 1789, President Washington
+was dining with friends when a messenger
+brought word of the death of Mrs. Washington. The
+notice of her death, as given in the <i>Gazette of the United
+States</i>, on September 9, read:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">257</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Fredericksburg, Virginia, August 27, 1789&mdash;On
+Tuesday, the 25th inst. died at her home in this town,
+Mrs. Mary Washington, aged 83 years, the venerable
+mother of the illustrious President of the United States,
+after a long and painful indisposition, which she bore
+with uncommon patience. Though a pious tear of duty,
+affection, and esteem is due to the memory of so revered
+a character, yet our grief must be greatly alleviated from
+the consideration that she is relieved from the pitiable
+infirmities attendant on an extreme old age.&mdash;It is usual
+when virtuous and conspicuous persons quit this terrestrial
+abode, to publish an elaborate panegyric on their
+characters&mdash;suffice it to say, she conducted herself
+through this transitory life with virtue, prudence, and
+Christianity, worthy the mother of the grandest Hero
+that ever adorned the annals of history."</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"O may kind heaven, propitious to our fate,</p>
+<p>Extend THAT HERO'S to her lengthen'd date;</p>
+<p>Through the long period, healthy, active, sage;</p>
+<p>Nor know the sad infirmities of age."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The house in Fredericksburg which was occupied after
+1775 by Mrs. Washington, is now the property of
+the Association for the Preservation of Virginian
+Antiquities.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">LVI</p>
+
+<h3>GREENWAY AND SHERWOOD FOREST,<br />
+VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">TWO OF THE HOMES OF JOHN TYLER</p>
+
+<p>A little girl was responsible for the fact that John
+Tyler, who became the tenth president of the United
+States, was born, not at Marlie, but at Greenway.
+Marlie was the name chosen by Judge John Tyler for
+his James River estate, but his young daughter, Anne
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">258</a></span>
+Contesse, as soon as she began to talk, insisted on calling
+it "Greenway," "because the grass grows so green
+there."</p>
+
+<p>The fact that Anne's name displaced that chosen by
+her father is an indication of his great love for children.
+Greenway was "a bird's nest full of young," but
+at various times he added to his own flock one or another
+of twenty-one children, of whom he was made guardian,
+all of whom he guided through childhood to earnest manhood
+and womanhood.</p>
+
+<p>These children must have enjoyed roaming about the
+estate, for, according to Judge Tyler's description, it
+was a delightful place. He said of it:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Greenway contains five hundred acres, well improved.
+On it is a genteel, well-furnished dwelling-house,
+containing six rooms, all wainscoted, chair-board
+high, with fine dry cellars the full length of the house,
+which is 56 feet; also every other building which a
+reasonable person could wish or desire, to wit: a handsome
+study, storehouse, kitchen, laundry, dairy, meat-house,
+spring-house, and an ice-house within the curtelage;
+a barn 40 by 34 feet, two granaries, two carriage
+houses, 20 stalls for horses, a quarter for house servants;
+a handsome pigeon-house, well stocked; and several
+other houses for slaves; a well of water (so excellent
+that I can drink with delight after returning from a
+mountain circuit), a large, fertile garden, abounding
+with a great variety of shrubs, herbs, and beautiful
+flowers, well enclosed. The buildings new and well covered
+with shingles."</p>
+
+<p>On this attractive estate John Tyler was born on
+March 29, 1790. He was a slender, delicate-looking lad,
+but he was not afraid to stand up for himself when he
+felt he was being abused. His first schoolmaster, a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">259</a></span>
+Mr. McMurdo, who taught across the road from Greenway,
+thought that it was impossible to teach well unless
+the rod was in daily use. "It was a wonder that he did
+not whip all the sense out of his scholars," John said
+once, years later. But one day the boys rebelled.
+"John and some of the larger boys tripped him up,
+and began to tie his hands and feet," the Tyler family
+biographer tells the story. "McMurdo scuffled bravely,
+but upon little William Tyler, the smallest boy in school,
+throwing himself upon him, he exclaimed, in imitation
+of the great Roman, '<i>Et tu, Brute!</i>' and ceased to resist.
+The boys firmly secured him, locked him up in the
+schoolhouse, and left with cheers of triumph and
+derision."</p>
+
+<p>Hours later the schoolmaster was released by a passing
+traveller, who heard his cries. At once the enraged
+man hastened to Judge Tyler and told his story. "But
+the Judge, born and bred in the Revolutionary school,
+hated tyranny in any shape, and as he drew himself up
+to his full stature, he ... replied, in the language of
+Virginia's motto, <i>'Sic Semper Tyrannis</i>.'"</p>
+
+<p>At the age of twelve John entered the grammar school
+of William and Mary College at Williamsburg. There
+he had a good time, and he made a creditable showing in
+his classes. Yet that he did not advance in at least one
+study is evident from a letter written by his father in
+1807. He said:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"I can't help telling you how much I am mortified to
+find no improvement in your handwriting; neither do
+you construct your lines straight, which makes your
+letters look too abominable. It is an easy thing to
+correct this fault, and unless you do so, how can you
+be fit for law business?"</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">260</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Some years later, when Judge Tyler was Governor
+of Virginia, he announced impressively to John that
+Thomas Jefferson would be among the dinner guests on
+a certain day. "Be sure you have a good dinner," the
+Governor added; for John was at the time in charge of
+the establishment. The future President asked himself,
+"What is the best thing for dinner?" "Plum pudding!"
+was the answer.</p>
+
+<p>The appointed time came. The company was seated
+at table. The first course was served. Then came a
+long wait.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Suddenly a door flew open, and a negro servant
+appeared, bearing, with both hands raised high above
+his head, a smoking dish of plum pudding. Making a
+grand flourish, the servant deposited it before Governor
+Tyler. Scarcely had he withdrawn before another door
+flew open, and an attendant, dressed exactly like the
+first, was seen bringing another plum pudding, equally
+hot, which at a grave nod from John, he placed before
+Mr. Jefferson. The Governor, who expected a little
+more variety, turned to his son, who sat surveying the
+puddings with tender interest, and exclaimed, in accents
+of astonishment, 'Two plum puddings, John, two plum
+puddings! Why, this is rather extraordinary!' 'Yes,
+sir,' said the enterprising major domo, 'it is extraordinary;
+but' (and here he rose and bowed deferentially
+to Mr. Jefferson) 'it is an extraordinary occasion.'"</p>
+
+<p>In 1813, John Tyler married Letitia Christian.
+They did not make their home at Greenway, however.
+On the death of Judge Tyler the old house was sold, but
+it became the property of John Tyler in 1821. There
+he retired for the season of rest which he sorely needed
+after his strenuous years as a member of the House of
+Delegates, and Representative in Congress. During the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">261</a></span>
+intervals of his service as Governor and United States
+Senator he resided at the old home, but in 1829 he sold
+the property, and removed to Gloucester County, to an
+estate which he took for debt. Eighteen years later, at
+the close of his presidential term, he returned, with his
+bride, the second Mrs. Tyler, to the county where he
+was born, having bought an estate of twelve hundred
+acres, three miles from Greenway, on the north side of
+the James, opposite Brandon. He tore down the old
+house on the estate, and built a house on the same plan,
+which, with its connected out-buildings, was more than
+two hundred feet long. He called his place "Sherwood
+Forest," with grim humor; for was he not an outlaw,
+in the opinion of the Whigs, just as really as was Robin
+Hood?</p>
+
+<p>Not long after the beginning of life at Sherwood
+Forest he was appointed overseer of the road on which
+his estate was located. Some claimed that this appointment
+was secured by the Whigs to humiliate him. But
+he refused to be humiliated. Instead he determined to
+be a good overseer and make the road the best in the
+State. All the men in the township were called, and
+they were kept at work day after day, as, according to
+law, he had a right to keep them. But it was harvest
+time, and the wheat was dead ripe. "The smiles that
+lately illuminated the countenances of the Whigs turned
+to dismay. The august justice who had made the appointment
+repaired to Mr. Tyler's house, and represented
+to him the state of things. Mr. Tyler replied that
+the law made it his duty to put the road in good order,
+and to keep it so. The Whigs expostulated. Mr. Tyler
+was firm. Then the justice begged him to resign, and
+let the hands go home. The ex-President said, 'Offices
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">262</a></span>
+are hard to obtain in these times, and having no assurance
+that I can ever get another, I cannot think, under
+the circumstances, of resigning.'"</p>
+
+<p>One of the statesman's valued companions during
+these early years at Sherwood Forest was "General,"
+the old horse which he had owned for many years. At
+length the horse died, and was buried in the grave at
+Sherwood Forest. On a wooden slab at the head of the
+grave the owner wrote:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"Here lieth the bones of my old horse, General, who
+served his master faithfully for twenty-seven years, and
+never blundered but once&mdash;would that his master could
+say the same!"</p>
+
+<p>The last years of John Tyler's life witnessed the return
+of his popularity. Enemies became friends, and all
+rejoiced to do him honor. He was called to a number
+of honorable posts, and he was about to take his seat
+as a member of the House of Representatives of the Confederate
+Congress when he died, in Richmond, on January
+18, 1862.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_50" id="img_50"></a>
+<img src="images/i_291b.jpg" width="550" height="390" alt="Hanover Court House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br />
+HANOVER COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LVII</p>
+
+<h3>TWO HISTORIC COURTHOUSES OF VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">OLD DOMINION COUNTY BUILDINGS AT HANOVER AND<br />
+WILLIAMSBURG</p>
+
+<p>A momentous announcement appeared in the Williamsburg,
+Virginia, <i>Gazette</i> on March 16, 1769:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">263</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+"The Common Hall having this day determined to
+build a commodious brick court-house in this city and
+having appointed us to agree with and undertake to
+build the same, we do hereby give notice that we shall
+meet at Mr. Hay's (the Raleigh Tavern) on Tuesday,
+the 4th of April, to let the building thereof; we are also
+appointed to dispose of the present court-house, and the
+ground on which the same stands. James Cock, John
+Carter, James Carter, John Tazewell."</p>
+
+<p>The building displaced by the new structure was
+erected in 1716 by William Levington, and was given
+to the city in 1745 by "the Gentlemen subscribers for
+the Play House."</p>
+
+<p>The stone steps on the new building, which are still
+in use, were brought from England in 1772. A copy
+of the letter in which William Wilson acknowledged
+their receipt is in a letter book preserved in the library
+of the Episcopal Seminary, near Alexandria.</p>
+
+<p>During the Revolution, the patriots were called together,
+from time to time, by the bell in the picturesque
+tower. It was fitting, then, that when American independence
+was celebrated at Williamsburg, on May 1,
+1783, the Courthouse was made the rallying place for
+the people. On receipt of official notice from Governor
+Benjamin Harrison that the treaty of peace had been
+signed, the mayor of Williamsburg prepared an "Order
+of the Procession on the Great Day," which closed with
+the following direction:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"The Citizens to be Conveyed on Thursday, at 1
+o'clock at the Court-House by a Bellman.</p>
+
+<p>"After the convention of citizens they are to make
+proclamation at the C: House, after which the Bells
+at the Church, College, &amp; Capitol are to ring in peal.</p>
+
+<p>"From the C<sup>t</sup> House the Citizens are to proceed to
+the College, and make proclamation at that place, from
+whence they are to proceed to the Capitol and make
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">264</a></span>
+proclamation there and from thence Proceed to the
+Raleigh (Tavern) &amp; pass the rest of the day."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A frequent visitor to the Williamsburg Courthouse
+was the brilliant lawyer Patrick Henry, whose reputation
+as an orator was made long before he delivered his
+"Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech at St.
+John's Church, Richmond.</p>
+
+<p>Some years before the Williamsburg Courthouse was
+erected, this orator made his first public speech, at Hanover
+Courthouse, a building that dates from 1735, in
+the celebrated suit of the clergy demanding the payment
+of their stipends in tobacco, according to law. In consequence
+of a short crop the price had increased, and
+they insisted that it was their right to have the advantage
+of the increase. Their case had been tried once
+and won. The attorney of the people thereupon withdrew,
+and Henry was engaged to appear for them in
+court.</p>
+
+<p>When the case was called, Rev. Patrick Henry was
+present, to the regret of his nephew. The lawyer sought
+his uncle and said that he feared he would be too much
+overawed by his presence to do his duty to his clients,
+and added that he would be compelled to say some
+"very hard things of the clergy." The minister thereupon
+entered his carriage, and drove away.</p>
+
+<p>William Wirt describes the scene at the opening of
+the case:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">265</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"On the bench sat more than twenty clergymen, the
+most learned men in the Colony, and the most capable,
+as well as the severest critics before whom it was possible
+for him to have made his début. The Court House
+was crowded with an overwhelming multitude, and surrounded
+with an immense and anxious throng, who, not
+finding room to enter, were endeavoring to listen without,
+in the deepest attention. But there was something
+still more awfully disconcerting than all this; for in the
+chair of the presiding magistrate, sat no other person
+than his own father....</p>
+
+<p>"And now came on the first trial of Patrick Henry's
+strength. No one had ever heard him speak, and curiosity
+was on tiptoe. He rose very awkwardly, and faltered
+much in his exordium. The people hung their
+heads at so unpromising a commencement; the clergy
+were observed to exchange sly looks with each other, and
+the father is described as having almost sunk with confusion,
+from his seat. But these feelings were of short
+duration, and soon gave place to others, of a very different
+character.... The spirit of his genius awakened
+all his features.... His action became graceful, bold,
+and commanding; and in the tones of his voice, but more
+especially in his emphasis, there was a peculiar charm,
+a magic, of which any one who ever heard him will
+speak as soon as he is named, but of which no one can
+give any adequate description....</p>
+
+<p>"The people, whose countenances had fallen as he
+arose, had heard but very few sentences before they
+began to look up; then to look at each other with surprise,
+as if doubting the evidence of their own senses....
+In less than twenty minutes, they might be seen in
+every part of the house, on every bench, in every window,
+stooping forward from their stands, in deathlike silence....
+The mockery of the clergy was soon turned
+into alarm; their triumph into confusion and despair;
+and at one burst of his rapid and overwhelming invective,
+they fled from the bench in precipitation and terror.
+As for the father, such was his surprise, such his amazement,
+such his rapture, that, forgetting where he was,
+and the character which he was filling, tears of ecstasy
+streamed down his cheeks without the power or inclination
+to restrain them."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The case was won. As soon as the verdict was announced
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">266</a></span>
+the people seized the orator at the bar and bore
+him out of the courthouse. Then, raising him on their
+shoulders, they carried him about the yard.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_51" id="img_51"></a>
+<img src="images/i_292a.jpg" width="550" height="395" alt="St. John's Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br />
+ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND, VA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LVIII</p>
+
+<h3>ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE PATRICK HENRY SAID, "GIVE ME LIBERTY, OR<br />
+GIVE ME DEATH"</p>
+
+<p>In 1611 Sir Thomas Dale founded his town of Henricopolis,
+the second established settlement in Virginia.
+It was named in honor of Prince Henry, the eldest son
+of James I. A church was soon after built. The
+bounds of Henrico parish, to which it belonged, were
+quite large until 1634, when the parish was made to
+include the present Chesterfield, Powhatan, and Goochland
+counties.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the marriage of Pocahontas she moved to
+the plantation of her husband, John Rolfe, near Henricopolis,
+and they were both members of Henrico parish
+until they left Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>The written records of Henrico parish begin with
+1730. At that time the principal church of the parish
+was on Curle's plantation, on the north side of the
+James, some miles below the present city of Richmond.
+Curle's church disappeared during the Civil War. The
+bowl of the baptismal font in St. John's Church, Richmond,
+is a relic of the old church. This was removed
+from the cellar of a house where it had been in use for
+beating hominy.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">267</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Steps were taken in 1737 to build the present St.
+John's Church, because of the increase of population in
+Richmond. The first action was recorded as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"At a Vestry held at Curls Church for Henrico parish
+ye 8th day of October Anno Dom. 1737 for laying ye
+parish Levey&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The Vestry do agree to build a Church on the most
+convenient place at or near Thomas Williamsons in this
+parish to be Sixty feet in Length and Twenty-five in
+Breadth and fourteen feet pitch to be finished in a plain
+Manner After the Moddle of Curls Church. And it is
+ordered that the Clerk do Set up Advertisements of the
+particular parts of the Said Building and of the time
+and place of undertaking the Same.... It is ordered
+that the Collector do receive of every Tithable person
+in this parish five pounds of Tobacco after the Usual
+deduction to be apply'd towards building the New
+Church at Williamsons."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At a later meeting the location and the dimensions of
+the church were changed. Richmond was decided on,
+and it was stated that "Richard Randolph Gent undertakes
+the Said Building and engages to finish the Same
+by the Tenth day of June, which Shall be in the year of
+our Lord 1741; for which the Vestry agrees to pay him
+the Sum of £317 10s. Current Money to be paid by the
+amount of the Sale of Twenty thousand pounds of Tob'o
+Annually to be Levyd on the parish and Sold here for
+Money till the whole payment be compleat."</p>
+
+<p>There is no record of the completion of the building,
+but probably it was finished at the appointed time.
+Since that date various additions have been made, yet
+it is possible to trace the lines of the original structure.
+The original pews are still in use, though they have been
+lowered. The hinges of the pew doors are handwrought.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">268</a></span>
+The wainscoting and the window sashes are those first
+put in. The original weather-boarding is still in place.
+It is fastened by nails whose heads are half an inch
+broad.</p>
+
+<p>For the new church there were imported from England:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"One Parsons Surples, a Pulpit Cushen and Cloth,
+two cloths for Reading Desks, a Communion Table
+Cloth, and a Dozen of Cushens&mdash;to be of good Purple
+Cloth, and the Surples good Hollond, also Large Bible
+and four large Prayer Books."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>An entry in the vestry book on December 17, 1773,
+shows that the rector, Mr. Selden, received as salary
+17,150 pounds of tobacco, worth £125. The clerk of the
+parish received 1,789 pounds of tobacco, or £13 10s., the
+sexton had 536 pounds, or £3.10s.7d.</p>
+
+<p>Selden was chaplain of the Virginia Convention which
+met in the church March 20, 1775. At the closing session
+of this convention Patrick Henry "flashed the electric
+spark, which exploded the country in revolution,"
+as Burton says in his history of Henrico Parish. This
+was the speech that closed:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Gentlemen may cry peace, peace, but there is no
+peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that
+sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash
+of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the
+field! Why stand here idle? What is it that gentlemen
+wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or
+peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains
+and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God. I know not
+what course others may take, but as for me, Give me
+liberty, or give me death."</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">269</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Burton says that the orator "stood, according to
+tradition, near the present corner of the east transept
+and the nave, or more exactly, in pew 47, in the east
+aisle of the nave.... He faced the eastern wall of the
+transept, where were the two windows. In the more
+northern of these stood Colonel Edward Carrington.
+He broke the silence that followed the orator's burning
+words with the exclamation, 'Right here I wish to be
+buried!'"</p>
+
+<p>When the British took possession of Richmond in
+1781, St. John's Church became a barracks for Arnold's
+men. And some of them stood on the spot where
+Patrick Henry spoke the words that had such large part
+in stirring up the people to drive all British soldiers
+from the Colonies.</p>
+
+<p>After the close of the war the diocese of Virginia was
+reorganized in the building, and plans were laid to overcome
+the difficulties that would soon come through the
+loss of the property of the Protestant Episcopal Church,
+which led Edmund Randolph, later Governor of Virginia
+and Secretary of State in Washington's Cabinet, to
+speak the famous words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Of what is the Church now possessed? Nothing but
+the glebes and your affections."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>That the affections of the people are a better dependence
+than rich endowments in money has been shown
+by the later history of the church, the parish, and the
+diocese.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_52" id="img_52"></a>
+<img src="images/i_292b.jpg" width="550" height="401" alt="Nelson House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br />
+NELSON HOUSE, YORKTOWN, VA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LIX<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">270</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE NELSON HOUSE AND THE MOORE HOUSE,<br />
+YORKTOWN, VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">MADE MEMORABLE BY THE BATTLE OF YORKTOWN AND THE<br />
+SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS</p>
+
+<p>One day in 1740 a baby a little more than one year
+old, whose name was Thomas Nelson, stood by the side
+of his father, William Nelson, as the father was about
+to lay the foundation of his new home in York, Virginia.
+The babe had been stationed there that the brick for the
+corner might be placed in the little hands; then it could
+be said in later years that the babe had helped in the
+exercises of the day. The little fellow became a Signer
+of the Declaration of Independence, a General in the
+Revolutionary War, and Governor of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>William Nelson was a merchant, who had invested his
+savings in land and had become quite wealthy. When
+his son was fourteen years old he was able to send him
+to Cambridge, England, to be educated. Nine years
+later the young man married Lucy Grymes of Brandon,
+and took up his residence in the house whose foundation
+he had helped to lay.</p>
+
+<p>For many years the home of the young people was
+noted for the hospitality shown there. Whenever the
+owner could leave his guests, he rode to his plantation
+near town. He kept a pack of hounds, which were frequently
+employed in fox hunting.</p>
+
+<p>When discontent against England became pronounced,
+he was a leader of the patriots. He was a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">271</a></span>
+member of the House of Burgesses of 1774 which was
+dissolved by Lord Dunmore because of the passage of a
+resolution against the Boston Port Bill, and he was one
+of the eighty-nine men who met next day at a tavern and
+took action that led to the first Continental Congress.</p>
+
+<p>On July 17, when the Convention of Virginia delegates
+gathered in Richmond decided to raise three regiments
+for home defence, Patrick Henry was named as
+commander of the first while Nelson was put in charge
+of the second.</p>
+
+<p>He was among the patriots who sat in the Continental
+Congress of 1775, 1776, and 1777, and his name was
+signed to the Declaration of Independence. On August
+16, 1777, he retired from public service because of failing
+health, but when, a little later, the Governor of Virginia,
+fearing the approach of the British fleet, asked him to
+serve as brigadier general and commander-in-chief of the
+forces of the State, he agreed, on condition that he be
+excused from accepting payment for his services.</p>
+
+<p>During the siege of Yorktown he was at the head of
+the militia. The sketch of his life as given by Sanderson
+in the "Biography of the Signers," says: "During
+the siege, observing his own house uninjured by the artillery
+of the American batteries he inquired the cause. A
+respect for his property, was assigned. Nelson ...
+requested that the artillerists would not spare his house
+more than any other, especially as he knew it to be occupied
+by the principal officers of the British Army. Two
+pieces were accordingly pointed against it. The first
+shot went through the house and killed two ... officers....
+Other balls soon dislodged the hostile
+tenants." It is said that Nelson gave ten guineas
+reward to the man who fired the first shot.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">272</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Again Thomas Nelson responded to the call of his
+State when in June, 1781, he became Governor, succeeding
+Thomas Jefferson. Four months after the beginning
+of his term as chief executive of the State, George
+Washington, in general orders, said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"The General would be guilty of the highest ingratitude,
+a crime of which he hopes he shall never be
+accused, if he forgot to return his sincere acknowledgments
+to his excellency governor Nelson, for the succours
+which he received from him and the militia under
+his command, to whose activity, emulation, and bravery,
+the highest praises are due. The magnitude of the
+acquisition will be ample compensation for the difficulties
+and dangers which they met with so much firmness
+and patriotism."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Nelson's term as Governor was shortened by ill health.
+In November, 1781, he was compelled to resign.</p>
+
+<p>But he was not permitted to rest. Attacks were made
+on him for certain courses taken during his term as
+Governor. When he asked and was given permission to
+defend himself before the State delegates, he was triumphantly
+acquitted of all blame. On December 31,
+1781, this action was recorded:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">273</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"An act to indemnify <span class="smcap">Thomas Nelson, Junior</span>,
+Esquire, late governor of this commonwealth, and to
+legalize certain acts of his administration. Whereas,
+upon examination, it appears that previous to and during
+the siege of York, Thomas Nelson, Esquire, late governor
+of this commonwealth, was compelled by the peculiar
+circumstances of the state and army, to perform
+many acts of government without the advice of the council
+of state, for the purpose of procuring subsistence for
+the allied army under the command of his excellency
+general Washington; be it enacted that all such acts of
+government, evidently productive of general good, and
+warranted by necessity, be judged and held of the same
+validity, and the like proceedings be had on them as if
+they had been executed by and with the advice of the
+council, and with all the formality prescribed by law.
+And be it enacted that the said Thomas Nelson, jr.,
+Esquire, be and he hereby is in the fullest manner indemnified
+and exonerated from all penalties and dangers
+which might have accrued to him from the same."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Nelson lived more than seven years after this act
+approving his emergency actions. But three years were
+spent in comparative poverty. Most of his property was
+sold to satisfy the debts incurred by paying two regiments
+out of his own pocket, and by going security, with
+the State, for two million dollars needed to carry on the
+war. Sanderson says of these acts of generosity:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"He had spent a princely fortune in his country's
+service; his horses had been taken from the plough, and
+sent to drag the munitions of war; his granaries had
+been thrown open to a starving soldiery, and his ample
+purse had been drained to its last dollar, when the credit
+of Virginia could not bring a sixpence into her treasury.
+Yet it was the widow of this man who, beyond eighty
+years of age, blind, infirm, and poor, had yet to learn
+whether republics can be grateful."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the simple gravestone in Yorktown, erected to the
+memory of the patriot, is this eloquent inscription:</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Thomas Nelson,<br />
+Governor of Virginia.<br />
+He Gave All for Liberty.</p>
+
+
+<p>Not far from the grave is another historic house that
+should be named with the Nelson house. This is the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">274</a></span>
+Moore house, on Temple farm, then less than a mile from
+Yorktown. In this house, which was built in 1713, the
+terms of the surrender of Cornwallis were drawn up.
+It was once the summer home of the colonial governor,
+Alexander Spottswood.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">LX</p>
+
+<h3>THE JOHN MARSHALL HOUSE, RICHMOND,<br />
+VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE THE CHIEF JUSTICE CARED FOR HIS WIFE AND<br />
+ENTERTAINED HIS FRIENDS</p>
+
+<p>An old book, "Richmond in By Gone Days," says that
+John Marshall was noted in Richmond for his unpretending
+manner. "His dress was plain even to negligence.
+He marketed for himself and might be seen at
+an early hour returning home with a pair of fowls, or
+a basket of eggs in his hand, not with ostentatious humility,
+but for mere convenience."</p>
+
+<p>It is related by Flanders that Marshall "was one
+morning strolling through the streets of Richmond, attired
+in a plain linen roundabout and shorts, with his
+hat under his arm, from which he was eating cherries,
+when he stopped in the porch of the Eagle Hotel, indulged
+in some little pleasantry with the landlord, and
+then passed on." Just then a man from the country,
+who wished a lawyer to appear for him in court, was
+referred by the landlord to Marshall, as the best advocate
+he could have, but the countryman declined to have
+anything to do with the careless young man. In court
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">275</a></span>
+he asked the clerk for a lawyer, and was once more
+recommended to take John Marshall. Again he refused.
+Just then a dignified old man in powdered wig
+and black coat entered. He was at once engaged, on
+his appearance. After a time the inferiority of the
+black-coated lawyer was so apparent that the countryman
+sought Marshall, told him of the mistake he had
+made, said that he had left but five dollars of the one
+hundred dollars he had set aside for lawyers' fees, and
+asked Marshall if he would assist on the case. The
+lawyer laughingly agreed.</p>
+
+<p>In 1781, when Marshall was twenty-five years old, he
+walked from Virginia to Philadelphia, to be inoculated
+for smallpox. "He walked at the rate of thirty-five
+miles a day. On his arrival, such was his shabby appearance,
+that he was refused admission into one of
+the hotels; his long beard, and worn-out garments, probably
+suggesting the idea that his purse was not adequate
+to his entertainment. And this in the city which had
+seen much of the young man's heroic services during the
+Revolution!"</p>
+
+<p>Before the close of the war, while visiting his father,
+Colonel Marshall, who was the commanding officer at
+Yorktown, Virginia, he met Mary Willis Ambler, a
+daughter of Jacqueline Ambler, the treasurer of Virginia.
+"She was just fourteen years of age at the time,
+and it is stated to have been a case of love at first sight."
+Even when Marshall called to see her he was not prepossessing
+in appearance, yet he was well received, "notwithstanding
+his slouched hat, and negligent and awkward
+dress," for his amiable manners, fine talents, and
+especially his love for poetry, which he read to them
+with deep pathos, led them to forget his dress.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">276</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The young people were married on January 3, 1783.
+After paying the fee of the minister, the groom's sole
+remaining fortune was a guinea!</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Marshall was for many years a nervous invalid.
+Bishop Meade says, "The least noise was sometimes
+agony to her whole frame, and his perpetual endeavor
+was to keep the house and yard and out-houses from the
+slightest cause of distressing her; walking himself at
+times about the house and yard without shoes." The
+attitude of the people of Richmond to the husband and
+wife is shown by the fact that "on one occasion, when
+she was in her most distressing state, the town authorities
+manifested their great respect for him and sympathy
+for her, by having either the town clock or town bell
+muffled."</p>
+
+<p>On his marriage John Marshall took his wife to one
+of the best houses then available in the village of Richmond,
+a two-room frame building. In 1789 he bought
+two acres of ground on Shockoe Hill, and here, in 1793,
+he built a nine-room brick house. One of the rooms was
+a large apartment, in which he gave his famous "lawyer
+dinners."</p>
+
+<p>When Marshall was not in Washington, he lived in
+this comfortable house, which was near the home of his
+father-in-law. He had also a farm a few miles from
+Richmond. Bishop Meade says that one morning, between
+daybreak and sunrise, he met Marshall on horseback.
+He had a bag of clover seed lying before him,
+which he was carrying to his farm.</p>
+
+<p>An English traveller who spent a week in Richmond
+in 1835 gave his impression of the Richmond home:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">277</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"The house is small, and more humble in appearance
+than those of the average of successful lawyers and merchants.
+I called there three times upon him; there is
+no bell to the door. Once I turned the handle of it and
+walked in unannounced; on the other two occasions he
+had seen me coming, and had lifted the latch and received
+me at the door, although he was at the time suffering
+from severe contusions received in the stage while
+travelling on the road from Fredericksburg to Richmond."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Chief Justice Marshall frequently attended the Monumental
+Church. The narrow pews troubled him, for he
+was quite tall. "Not finding room enough for his whole
+body within the pew, he used to take his seat nearest the
+door of his pew, and, throwing it open, let his legs
+stretch a little into the aisle."</p>
+
+<p>The death of his wife was a great grief to him.
+"Never can I cease to feel the loss and to deplore it,"
+he wrote on December 25, 1832, the anniversary of her
+death. "Grief for her is too sacred ever to be profaned
+on this day, which shall be, during my existence, marked
+by a recollection of her virtues."</p>
+
+<p>He survived Mrs. Marshall less than five years. In
+June, 1835, he went to Dr. Physic in Philadelphia, seeking
+relief for a disability that had been aggravated by
+the road accident of which the English visitor wrote, as
+already quoted. There he died, July 6, 1835. On July
+4 he wrote the inscription which he wished placed above
+his grave:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"John Marshall, son of Thomas and Mary Marshall,
+was born on the 24th of September, 1755, intermarried
+with Mary Willis Ambler the 3rd of January, 1783, departed
+this life the &mdash;&mdash; day of &mdash;&mdash; 18 &mdash;&mdash;."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Marshall house is now in possession of the Society
+for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, having
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">278</a></span>
+been purchased a few years ago from the Misses Harvie,
+the granddaughters of Chief Justice Marshall. They
+had lived in the house until they sold it to the city of
+Richmond.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_53" id="img_53"></a>
+<img src="images/i_313a.jpg" width="550" height="404" alt="WESTOVER" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br />
+WESTOVER ON THE JAMES, VIRGINIA</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXI</p>
+
+<h3>FIVE OLD HOUSES OF TIDEWATER, VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">SABINE HALL, WESTOVER, SHIRLEY, BRANDON, AND<br />
+CARTER'S GROVE</p>
+
+<p>The five houses mentioned briefly in this chapter are
+noteworthy, not only because of their beauty, but because
+the stories of those who lived in them show how
+the leading families of old Virginia intermarried until
+the various relationships became a puzzle that delights
+the genealogist.</p>
+
+<p>On the Rappahannock, in Richmond County, Virginia,
+Landon Carter, son of Robert ("King") Carter,
+the ancestor of the Carter family of Virginia, built
+Sabine Hall in 1730. He was a great lover of the works
+of Horace, and it was quite natural that he should adopt
+for his mansion the name of the Roman poet's Sabine
+Farm.</p>
+
+<p>Until his death in 1778 he was a recognized leader in
+both Church and State. Robert A. Lancaster quotes an
+unnamed writer who says that he was "a high-minded
+public servant and a finished scholar, indulging a taste
+for science and a love for letters," and was considered
+"one of the most notable of the pre-Revolutionary statesmen
+of the Colony," and was "looked up to by the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">279</a></span>
+younger generation as a Nestor among his compatriots."
+He was a friend of Washington, and received many letters
+from him, some of which have been preserved.</p>
+
+<p>Landon Carter's second wife was Maria Byrd, of
+Westover. Her portrait, as well as those of the other
+two wives, the husband and "King" Carter, are hanging
+to-day on the walls of Sabine Hall. The estate of four
+thousand acres descended to his son by his third marriage
+with Elizabeth Beale, Robert Wormeley Carter,
+who was a member of the Virginia Assembly. The
+property is still in the possession of the descendants of
+the original owner.</p>
+
+<p>Westover, where Landon Carter courted Maria Byrd,
+is on the James in Charles City County, not far south of
+Sabine Hall. The mansion was built in the same year
+as Sabine Hall, 1730, by William Byrd, II, whose father
+came from England about 1674.</p>
+
+<p>William Byrd, of Westover, was famous as a literary
+man and as a statesman. At one time he was President
+of His Majesty's Council. But perhaps his greatest
+fame came to him because he was the father of Evelyn
+Byrd, who was a reigning belle. When, at the age of
+eighteen, she was presented at Court, it was reported
+that the king of England complimented her by saying
+he was glad Virginia could produce such "beautiful
+Byrds."</p>
+
+<p>Evelyn's brother, William Byrd, III, was the heir of
+the estate. He married Elizabeth Hill Carter, of Shirley,
+a neighboring estate. He was a member of the
+Virginia Council and attained distinction by his service
+as a colonel in the French and Indian War.</p>
+
+<p>During the siege of Yorktown some of the French officers
+made frequent visits to Westover. One of them,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">280</a></span>
+Marquis de Chastellux, said that this was the most beautiful
+place in America.</p>
+
+<p>Two armies have halted at Westover. In April, 1781,
+Cornwallis passed that way, and, during the Civil War
+McClellan's army camped on the grounds. A war-time
+picture shows something of the havoc wrought by the
+soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>When Elizabeth Hill Carter, of Shirley, came to Westover,
+she gave up one beautiful home for another. Her
+father's Charles City County mansion was probably
+built late in the seventeenth century, though the exact
+date is not known. One of the estate's claims to distinction
+is that it has never been offered for sale. Colonel
+Edward Hill, the builder, Colonel Edward Hill, II, his
+son, and Colonel Edward Hill, III, his grandson, were
+leaders in the life of the county. At the death of
+Colonel Hill, III, his sister, Elizabeth Hill, became heir
+to the estate. She married John Carter, of Corotoman,
+son of Robert ("King") Carter, who was Secretary of
+the Colony. It was his daughter who married William
+Byrd, III, of Westover. Her brother, Charles Carter,
+who was a patriot of prominence, was the father-in-law
+of Light Horse Harry Lee, and the grandfather of General
+Robert E. Lee.</p>
+
+<p>Carter's Grove, another seat of the Carter family, is
+also on the James, in Charles City County, not far from
+Shirley. The builder was Carter Burwell, and the house
+dates from 1751. The work was done by slaves, under
+the direction of a foreman who received £140 for his
+work. In the construction of the house 25,000 feet of
+lumber, 40,000 shingles, 15,000 laths, and 460,000 bricks
+were used. The total cost was only £500.</p>
+
+<p>Carter Burwell was the son of Elizabeth, daughter of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">281</a></span>
+Robert ("King") Carter, who married Colonel Nathaniel
+Burwell.</p>
+
+<p>Across the James, in Prince George County, is Brandon,
+whose builder was Nathaniel Harrison. The
+house dates from early in the eighteenth century. His
+son, also Nathaniel Harrison, married, as his second
+wife, Lucy the daughter of Robert ("King") Carter of
+Corotoman. Benjamin Harrison, the son by the first
+wife, Mary Digges, married Evelyn Taylor Byrd, of
+Westover. When she went to Brandon she took with
+her the Byrd portraits, which are to-day one of the attractions
+of the mansion.</p>
+
+<p>Brandon has always been in the possession of descendants
+of the original owner.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_54" id="img_54"></a>
+<img src="images/i_313b.jpg" width="550" height="399" alt="Gunston Hall" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br />
+GUNSTON HALL ON THE POTOMAC, VIRGINIA</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXII</p>
+
+<h3>GUNSTON HALL, VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HOME OF GEORGE MASON, "THE PEN OF THE<br />
+REVOLUTION IN VIRGINIA"</p>
+
+<p>Four miles from Mt. Vernon, on the Potomac, is
+the well-preserved mansion, Gunston Hall, built in 1758
+by George Mason, the great-grandson of George Mason,
+who fled to America after the Battle of Worcester, where
+he was in arms against the king of England. The first
+mention of the name of this George Mason occurs in the
+Virginia patent of land which he secured in March, 1655.</p>
+
+<p>George Washington and George Mason were not only
+near neighbors, but they were warm friends. Frequently
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">282</a></span>
+Washington drove to Gunston Hall for a talk
+with Mason; or sometimes he floated down the stream
+in his four-oared gig, manned by his own slaves. Sometimes
+the men roamed together through the woods or
+the fields; on one of these walks they sought to define
+the boundaries between their estates.</p>
+
+<p>Gifts of various kinds passed back and forth between
+the two manors; one day in 1785, when Mason
+was driven from Mt. Vernon in Washington's carriage,
+he sent back by the driver some young shoots of the Persian
+jessamine and Guelder rose.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later a hogshead of cider was broached at
+Gunston Hall, and a liberal sample was sent to Washington.
+A note dated "9th November, 1785," addressed
+to Washington, begins, "The bearer waits on you with
+a side of venison (the first we have killed this season),
+which I beg your acceptance of."</p>
+
+<p>At one time both Washington and Mason were members
+of the vestry of Truro parish. Washington's list
+of the vestrymen shows that his friend was elected by
+two hundred and eighty-two votes, while he himself received
+but fifty-one votes.</p>
+
+<p>Mason was as often at Mt. Vernon as Washington was
+at Gunston Hall. After a visit made on Christmas Day,
+1783, one of the other guests, Miss Lewis, of Fredericksburg,
+wrote:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">283</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Among the most notable of the callers was Mr.
+George Mason, of Gunston Hall, who was on his way
+home from Alexandria, and who brought a charming
+granddaughter with him.... He is said to be one
+of the greatest statesmen and wisest men in Virginia.
+We had heard much of him and were delighted to look
+in his face, hear him speak, and take his hand, which he
+offered in a courtly manner. He is slight in figure, but
+not tall, and has a grand head and clear gray eyes."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To the home of George Mason other men of note
+delighted to come. In the guest room Jefferson and
+Richard Henry Lee, as well as Washington, slept more
+than once. Patrick Henry, too, was a welcome visitor
+at Gunston Hall. George Mason had as high an opinion
+of the orator as Patrick Henry had of the statesman.
+"He is by far the most powerful speaker I ever
+heard," Mason once said of Henry; "every word he
+says not only engages but commands the attention; and
+your passions are no longer your own when he addresses
+them. But his eloquence is the smallest part of his
+merit. He is in my opinion the first man upon this continent,
+as well in abilities as public virtues, and had he
+lived in Rome about the time of the first Punic War,
+when the Roman people had arrived at their meridian
+glory and their virtue not tarnished, Mr. Henry's talents
+must have put him at the head of that glorious commonwealth."</p>
+
+<p>The orator returned the compliment by calling Mason
+one of the two greatest statesmen he ever knew.</p>
+
+<p>George Mason's statesmanlike vision was seen in
+1766, when he warned the British public of the results
+that would follow coercion. "Three millions of people
+driven to desperation are not an object of contempt," he
+wrote. Again he proved a good prophet when he wrote
+to George Washington, on April 2, 1776, after the General
+took possession of Boston:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">284</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"I congratulate you most heartily upon this glorious
+and important event&mdash;an event which will render George
+Washington's name immortal in the annals of America,
+endear his memory to the latest posterity, and entitle
+him to those thanks which heaven appointed as the reward
+of public virtue."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mason was of a retiring disposition, and he would
+have preferred to remain at home. But he was forced
+into the councils of the Virginia Convention, and during
+his service there he prepared the marvellous Bill of
+Rights which was later made a part of the Constitution
+of that State and was the model for similar documents
+in many other States. He was also the author of the
+Constitution of Virginia, and the designer of the State
+seal. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention
+in Philadelphia, where he proved himself "the
+champion of the State and the author of the doctrine
+of State Rights." Because the Constitution as finally
+drafted by the convention contained so many provisions
+that he felt were dangerous, he refused to sign the document,
+"declaring that he would sooner chop off his
+right hand than put it to the Constitution" whose provisions
+he could not approve.</p>
+
+<p>After the Constitutional Convention for more than
+four years the statesman lived quietly at Gunston Hall.
+When he died in October, 1792, he asked to be buried by
+the side of his first wife, whose death in 1773 had been
+a grievous blow to him. Over her tomb he had inscribed:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"Once She was all that cheers and sweetens Life;</p>
+<p>The tender Mother, Daughter, Friend and Wife:</p>
+<p>Once She was all that makes Mankind adore;</p>
+<p>Now view the Marble, and be vain no more."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>No monument was ever raised over his own grave. A
+grandson planned to set a stone inscribed to "The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">285</a></span>
+Author of the Bill of Rights and the Constitution of
+Virginia," but he was unable to do as he wished.</p>
+
+<p>Gunston Hall still stands, though it has passed
+through many hands since the death of him whom
+George Esten Cooke called "one of the most remarkable
+men, not only of his Country, and of his epoch, but of
+all Countries and all time."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_55" id="img_55"></a>
+<img src="images/i_314a.jpg" width="550" height="396" alt="Washington College" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING, LEXINGTON, VA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXIII</p>
+
+<h3>THE WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING,<br />
+LEXINGTON, VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">HOW GEORGE WASHINGTON SOLVED A DELICATE PROBLEM</p>
+
+<p>Even before the treaty of peace with Great Britain
+was signed, George Washington was making plans for
+the development of the West. He was especially impressed
+with the possibilities of the Potomac and James
+rivers, if improved by canals, as a means of communication
+with the Ohio. Companies were organized to the
+work. In both enterprises he was a stockholder. On
+August 13, 1785, he wrote to Edmund Randolph:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"The great object for the accomplishment of which
+I wish to see the inland navigation of the River Potomack
+and James improved and extended is to connect
+the western territory with the Atlantic states.... I
+have already subscribed five shares to the Potomack
+navigation; and enclosed I give you a power to put my
+name down for five shares to that of James River."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1785 Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, wrote
+to Washington that the General Assembly of the State
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">286</a></span>
+had voted to give him one hundred shares in the James
+River Company, "it being their wish, in particular, that
+those great works of improvement, which, both as
+springing from the liberty which he has been so instrumental
+in establishing, and as encouraged by his patronage,
+will be durable monuments of his glory, may be
+made monuments also of the gratitude of his country."</p>
+
+<p>Washington replied that he could not accept money
+for his services to his country. Then he added: "But
+if it should please the General Assembly to permit me to
+turn the destination of the fund vested in me, from my
+private emolument, to objects of a public nature, it will
+be my study in selecting these to prove the sincerity of
+my gratitude for the honor conferred on me, by preferring
+such as may appear most subservient to the enlightened
+and patriotic views of the legislature."</p>
+
+<p>Of course the legislature granted the desired permission,
+indicating that the gifts might be made either during
+Washington's life, or by bequest.</p>
+
+<p>Some years passed before Washington fixed on a
+proper recipient for the canal shares. In 1798, however,
+he gave them to the trustees of Liberty Academy,
+at Lexington, Virginia, which had been incorporated in
+1782. In recognition of the gift the trustees asked the
+legislature to change the name of the school to Washington
+Academy. In 1813 the name was once more
+changed to Washington College.</p>
+
+<p>This, the first large gift received by the institution, is
+still yielding an income of three thousand dollars. During
+many times of crisis the income provided in this way
+has been of signal use to the institution, notably in
+1824, when the Washington College building was begun.
+This structure is two hundred and fifty feet long, is built
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">287</a></span>
+of brick, and each of its three porticoes is supported by
+white colonial columns.</p>
+
+<p>For more than seventy-five years after Washington
+turned over the canal shares, the institution's sole endowment
+amounted to only about one hundred and
+twenty thousand dollars. The seventy thousand dollars
+added to the canal shares came from sources that were
+influenced by Washington's confidence in the institution.</p>
+
+<p>The beginning of the larger life of the college was
+the election of General Robert E. Lee as president. The
+keynote of his five years of service was sounded in the
+letter which he wrote to the trustees on receiving notification
+of his election. He feared that, in view of his
+military history, he might cause harm to the college.
+He was never greater than when he said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"I think it is the duty of every citizen, in the present
+condition of the country, to do all in his power to aid
+in the restoration of peace and harmony, and in no
+way to oppose the policy of the State or General Government
+directed to that object. It is particularly incumbent
+upon those charged with the instruction of the
+young to set them an example of submission to authority,
+and I would not consent to be the cause of
+animadversion on the College."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Following the death of General Lee, which came after
+five years of remarkable development under his leadership,
+the name of Washington College was changed to
+Washington and Lee University, that it might continue
+forever a memorial to its two greatest benefactors.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_56" id="img_56"></a>
+<img src="images/i_314b.jpg" width="550" height="393" alt="Bruton Parish Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br />
+BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, VA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXIV<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">288</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG,<br />
+VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">"THE COURT CHURCH OF COLONIAL VIRGINIA"</p>
+
+<p>Jamestown was the capital of Virginia until 1699.
+Then Williamsburg became the seat of government. Six
+years earlier the latter town had taken on some importance
+because of the founding there of William and
+Mary College, and for more than sixty years efforts had
+been made to persuade the people to make their homes
+in the place. The records of the Colony show that in
+1632 rewards were offered to those who would locate
+in what seemed a promising situation for a town.</p>
+
+<p>The date of the building of the first church in Williamsburg
+is not known. The first entry in the vestry
+book of Bruton parish was made in April, 1674, but the
+parish dates from 1658. In that year Harrop and
+Middle Plantation parishes were united, though the new
+parish was not called Bruton for some time. The name
+was given because Sir James Ludwell, who afterward
+left a legacy of twenty pounds to the parish, was born
+in Bruton, England.</p>
+
+<p>A building (that it was not the first is shown by the
+mention in the records of the Old Church) was completed
+in 1683, and the first service was held on January
+6, 1684. The cost was "£150 sterling and sixty thousand
+pounds of good sound, marketable sweet, scented
+Tobacco." The minister, "Mr. Rowland Jones," was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">289</a></span>
+"paid annually y<sup>e</sup> sum of sixteen thousand, six hundred
+and sixty pounds of Tobacco and Caske."</p>
+
+<p>The removal of the capital to Williamsburg brought
+so many new people to town that the church became too
+small for the congregation. In 1701 the parish records
+show that there was talk of a new building.</p>
+
+<p>On October 1, 1706, the vestry decided to levy a tax
+of twenty thousand pounds of Tobacco as a beginning
+of the building fund. Four years later the members of
+the vestry made known their hope that the House of
+Burgesses would assist in the expense, which, they
+thought, would be about five hundred pounds. To the
+Burgesses a message was sent indicating that the vestry
+"do not doubt in the least but the House of Burgesses
+would show their Pious and Generous Spirits by their
+Liberall Donation towards soe Necessary and good a
+worke and that they would assure them to the best of
+their Judgment they would appropriate the same according
+to the true Intent thereof."</p>
+
+<p>The Burgesses offered "to take Care of the wings and
+intervening parts," if the vestry would build the ends
+of the church. They also agreed to build the pews for
+the Governor, the Council, and themselves. With their
+help, the building was completed and occupied in 1715.
+The tower was added in 1769.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. James Blair, who was minister of Bruton parish
+at the time of the erection of the new building, had been
+instrumental in organizing William and Mary College.
+The early history of that institution is bound up with
+that of the church. Some of the most notable conflicts
+between Church and State in the old Colony took place
+during the years of Mr. Blair's activity. He died in
+1743, after serving the church as minister for thirty-three
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">290</a></span>
+years, William and Mary College as President for
+fifty years, and the Colony as Commissioner for fifty-three
+years.</p>
+
+<p>Among the famous names on the vestry rolls are those
+of Henry Tyler, great-great-grandfather of President
+Tyler, who was first mentioned on "The Seaventh day
+of April, 1694," and George Wythe, one of the Signers
+of the Declaration of Independence. Patrick Henry, and
+George Washington later worshipped with the congregation.</p>
+
+<p>When Virginia was about to go to war with Great
+Britain, the House of Burgesses, on May 24, 1774,
+ordered that "the members of the House do attend in
+their places, at the hour of ten in the morning, on the
+first day of June next, in order to proceed with the
+Speaker and the mace, to the church," for fasting, humiliation,
+and prayer. During the Revolution the members
+of the church were noted for their loyalty to the
+Colonies.</p>
+
+<p>To-day the building is about as it was during the
+troubled days of the war. No change has been made in
+the exterior, but in 1839 the interior was changed in
+many important particulars. In 1905, however, it was
+restored as before. The pulpit was put in the old place.
+The canopy and curtain which had long stood above the
+pew of Governor Spotswood, were found and again put
+in position. King Edward VII gave the new pulpit
+Bible, and President Roosevelt provided the lectern.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">LXV<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">291</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, WILLIAMSBURG,
+VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE ALMA MATER OF THOMAS JEFFERSON, JAMES<br />
+MONROE, AND JOHN TYLER</p>
+
+<p>Three years before John Harvard left a legacy for
+the founding of the college that bears his name, the
+first bequest for public education made by a resident
+of Virginia was recorded, though this was used for a
+secondary school, rather than for a college.</p>
+
+<p>The project of a college, proposed in 1617 and 1618
+by the London Company, and in 1619 at the first session
+of the General Assembly, languished until 1685, when
+Rev. James Blair came to the Colony as a missionary
+and settled in Henrico County, where it had been proposed
+to found the college sixty-eight years earlier. For
+five years he brooded over the need of a college and in
+1690 he made to a convention at Jamestown "Severall
+Propositions for a free school and college, to be humbly
+presented to the consideration of the next general assembly."
+Later, by authority of the Assembly, Dr.
+Blair appealed to the Merchants of London, "especially
+such as traffick with Virginia," and three thousand
+pounds were pledged.</p>
+
+<p>On the occasion of Dr. Blair's visit to England in
+1691, he had an audience with King William, at which
+he presented the petition for "a charter to erect a free
+school and college." The king replied, "Sir, I am glad
+that the Colony is upon so good a design, and will promote
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">292</a></span>
+it to the best of my power." Queen Mary also
+showed her interest in the college.</p>
+
+<p>To the endowment in lands and taxes provided by
+royal order, Dr. Blair secured an appreciable addition
+in an ingenious manner. Learning that, some time before
+his arrival, the authorities had promised forgiveness
+to pirates who, before a set day, should confess their
+crimes and give up a portion of their booty, and that
+three famous pirates had come in after the appointed
+day, so that they were arrested, he visited them in jail
+and offered to use his influence in their behalf, if they
+would consent to give to the college a portion of their
+booty. They gladly agreed; Dr. Blair's efforts were successful,
+and they were given their liberty together with
+their treasure, minus the promised gift to the Virginia
+College. Another much larger gift was secured from
+the executor of an estate which held money devised indefinitely
+for "pious and charitable uses." The income
+from this portion of the endowment was to be used "to
+keep as many Indian children in meat, drink, washing,
+clothes, medicine, books and education, from the first
+beginning of letters till they should be ready to receive
+orders and be sent abroad to convert the Indians."</p>
+
+<p>In connection with the charter for "the College of
+William and Mary," which was dated February 8, 1693,
+authority was given to use the seal described as follows:
+"On a green field a college building of silver, with a
+golden sun, showing half its orb, rising above it." This
+is said to be the sole instance of a college, either English
+or American, which has a seal of such high origin.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Christopher Wren, the designer of St. Paul's
+Cathedral, made the plan for the original building,
+which was to be two stories and a half high, one hundred
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">293</a></span>
+and thirty-six feet long, and forty feet wide, and
+with two wings sixty feet long and twenty-five feet wide.
+In 1697 it was reported to the governor of the province
+that the front and north side of the proposed rectangle
+had been completed at Williamsburg, and that funds
+were exhausted. The walls were more than three feet
+thick at the base, and contained 840,000 bricks, the product
+of a brickyard nearby.</p>
+
+<p>For some years subscriptions were paid slowly, and
+interest in the college languished, but conditions improved
+when King William sent to Governor Nicholson
+a proclamation urging him "Y<sup>t</sup> you call upon y<sup>e</sup> persons
+y<sup>t</sup> have promised to contribute towards y<sup>e</sup> maintenance
+of y<sup>e</sup> s<sup>d</sup> college, to pay in full the severall
+Contributions."</p>
+
+<p>The first of the disasters that have visited the main
+building came in 1705, when the interior was burned.
+The college was rebuilt on the old walls, as was the case
+after the fire of 1859. Thus, after much more than two
+hundred years, the venerable building looks almost as it
+did when the first students entered its doors. A number
+of other structures have been erected since, including
+the Brafferton building in 1723, the house now occupied
+by the president, which dates from 1732, and the chapel,
+begun in 1729. Interest must always centre about the
+central structure, however.</p>
+
+<p>During the Revolution the president was James Madison,
+second cousin of the future President of the United
+States. The president's house was occupied by Cornwallis
+in 1781. After his surrender French officers
+lived there. During their occupancy the house was
+badly damaged by fire, but it was repaired at the expense
+of the French Army.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">294</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Three events of the years of the war are of special
+moment in the history of higher education in America.
+On December 5, 1776, the Phi Beta Kappa Society, the
+first intercollegiate fraternity in the United States, was
+organized. On December 4, 1779, the college was made
+a university, the first in the country, and the same year
+marked the beginning of the Honor System of college
+government which worked such a revolution in other colleges
+more than a century later. When Thomas Jefferson,
+who was a student at William and Mary in 1760-62,
+founded the University of Virginia, the Honor System
+was successfully inaugurated in the new institution.</p>
+
+<p>Other famous men who have been connected with
+William and Mary included George Washington, who
+was chancellor in 1794; Chief Justice John Marshall,
+student in 1779; Secretary of State Edmund Randolph,
+student in 1766; James Monroe, student in 1775. John
+Tyler was also educated there. It is a remarkable fact
+that the presidents who are responsible for adding to
+the original territory of the country Louisiana, Florida,
+Texas, and most of the western territory, were products
+of William and Mary.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_57" id="img_57"></a>
+<img src="images/i_347a.jpg" width="550" height="338" alt="Monumental Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br />
+MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, VA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXVI</p>
+
+<h3>THE MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND,
+VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">ON THE SITE OF A THEATRE WHOSE BURNING MOVED
+THE ENTIRE COUNTRY</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">295</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Last night the playhouse in this city was crowded
+with an unusual audience. There could not have been
+less than 600 persons in the house. Just before the conclusion
+of the play, the scenery caught fire, and in a few
+minutes the whole building was wrapt in flames. It is
+already ascertained that 61 persons were devoured by
+that most terrific element. The Editor of this paper
+was in the house when the ever-to-be-remembered, deplorable
+accident occurred. He is informed that the
+scenery took fire in the back part of the house, by raising
+of a chandelier; that the boy, who was ordered by some
+of the players to raise it, stated, that if he did so, the
+scenery would take fire, when he was commanded in a
+peremptory manner, to hoist it. The boy obeyed, and
+the fire was instantly communicated to the scenery."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This story the editor of the Richmond (Virginia)
+<i>American Standard</i> told in the columns of his paper on
+Friday, December 27, 1811. He added the fact that
+among those who perished were the Governor of the
+State, as well as many of the leaders in the business
+and social life of the city.</p>
+
+<p>By order of the city council the remains of the victims
+were buried on the site of the burned building, which
+was bought for the purpose. At the same time it was
+ordered that "no person or persons should be permitted
+for and during the time of four months ... to exhibit
+any public show or spectacle ... within the city."</p>
+
+<p>By ordinance it was also decreed that a monument
+should be erected on the site. Later it was suggested
+that there should be built there, by public subscription,
+"an edifice to be set apart and consecrated for the worship
+of God," and that this should be the monument.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, on August 1, 1812, the corner stone of
+the Monumental Church was laid, the lot having been
+purchased by the city for $5,000. The building was
+consecrated as a Protestant Episcopal church in May,
+1814. In April, 1815, the subscribers to the fund for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">296</a></span>
+the building, who had organized under the title, "The
+Association for building a Church on Shockoe Hill,"
+were notified that one-half of their subscription money
+would be returned to them on application at the Bank
+of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>In the middle of the front or main porch of the
+church a white marble monument was erected to the
+memory of the victims of the fire.</p>
+
+<p>To the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal
+church, which assembled in Philadelphia on May
+18, 1814, report was made that "a magnificent church
+has sprung up in Richmond from the ashes of the Theatre;
+it has the patronage and support of men of the
+greatest talents and highest rank in Virginia."</p>
+
+<p>Among the communicants of the Monumental Church
+have been numbered many of the most prominent men
+in the Virginia capital, and men famous in the early
+history of the country were attendants from time to
+time. In February, 1824, General Lafayette worshipped
+in the building.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">LXVII</p>
+
+<h3>MONTPELIER, ORANGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE LIFELONG HOME OF JAMES MADISON</p>
+
+<p>James Madison was born at the residence of his
+mother's parents, at Port Conway, Prince George
+County, Virginia, but before long he was taken to his
+father's house, Montpelier, which was the first brick
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">297</a></span>
+house built in Orange County. And Montpelier continued
+to be his home to the day of his death. Much
+of his life was spent in Washington, but his heart was
+always turning to the old Virginia plantation where
+he had spent his boyhood, and he took advantage of
+every possible opportunity to go there for a longer or
+shorter visit.</p>
+
+<p>The distance to Shadwell, where Thomas Jefferson
+lived as a boy, was only thirty miles, but these two who
+were to have such a large place in the early history of
+America, did not meet until Madison was seventeen
+years old. Then lost time was made up. For many
+years the road between Montpelier and the home of
+Jefferson became quite familiar to the friends.</p>
+
+<p>In the years before he went to college Madison roamed
+at will over the twenty-five hundred acres of the Montpelier
+estate. He walked and rode, he hunted and
+fished, he learned to take delight in the quiet scenery of
+that beautiful Blue Ridge country. His tutor, who lived
+on the estate, was his companion on his expeditions.</p>
+
+<p>It was probably due to this outdoor life that his
+health was so much better in Virginia than it was at
+the College of New Jersey (Princeton College). Soon
+after he graduated in 1771 he returned to Montpelier,
+somewhat broken by reason of overwork and lack of
+exercise. To a college friend in Philadelphia he wrote
+rather pessimistically:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">298</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"I am too tired and infirm now to look for extraordinary
+things in this world, for I think my sensations for
+many months have intimated to me not to expect a long
+or a healthy life, though it may be better for me after
+some time; but I hardly dare expect it, and therefore
+have little spirit or elasticity to set about anything that
+is difficult in acquiring and useless in possessing after
+one has exchanged time for eternity."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>He was right in thinking that he was not to have a
+healthy life, but he was wrong in thinking it was to
+be neither long nor eventful. For more than sixty
+years after he wrote the letter from which quotation
+has been made, he was energetic and devoted in the
+service of his country. In May, 1776, he entered the
+Virginia Convention, thus beginning the career that led
+him to eight years in the White House. And after he
+retired from the Presidency much of his time and
+thought was given to the affairs of the nation. During
+all these years the thought of his Virginia home gave
+him new strength in the midst of his tasks.</p>
+
+<p>That home meant more to him than ever when, in
+September, 1794, he entered the doors of Montpelier
+with his bride, Dorothy Todd, the young Philadelphia
+widow whom he had married at Harewood, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>The estate was still the property of Mr. Madison's
+father, and both his father and mother continued to
+live there. Before long the house was enlarged. The
+rooms so long occupied by the old people were made
+a part of the new mansion.</p>
+
+<p>The two families lived together in perfect harmony.
+The father lived to see his son President of the United
+States, and the mother was ninety-eight when she died.
+William O. Stoddard, in his "Life of James Madison,"
+says that "she kept up the old-fashioned ways of housekeeping;
+waited upon by her servants who grew old and
+faded away with her. She divided her time between
+her Bible and her knitting, all undisturbed by the modern
+hours, the changed customs, or the elegant hospitality
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">299</a></span>
+of the mansion house itself. She was a central
+point in the life of her distinguished son, and the object
+of his most devoted care to the end of her days."</p>
+
+<p>For Mr. and Mrs. Madison, real life at Montpelier
+began in 1817, after the close of the stirring period in
+the White House. They did not have much opportunity
+to be alone, for guests delighted to come to them, and
+they liked to have others with them, yet they managed
+to secure a wonderful amount of joy out of the years
+spent "within a squirrel's jump of heaven," to use
+Dolly Madison's expressive phrase.</p>
+
+<p>Among the guests were intimate friends like Jefferson,
+who was almost a member of the family. Lafayette,
+too, found his way to the estate, while Harriet Martineau
+told in her "Recollections" of her pleasant sojourn
+there. Frequently strangers who were on the
+way to the Virginia Hot Springs took the five-mile detour
+merely to reach Montpelier, and they were always
+made welcome.</p>
+
+<p>The dining-room was large, but there were sometimes
+so many guests that the table had to be set out of doors.
+Mr. Madison wrote in 1820 of one such occasion:
+"Yesterday we had ninety persons to dine with us at
+our table, fixed on the lawn, under a large arbor....
+Half a dozen only staid all night."</p>
+
+<p>After a visit to her parents that was broken into
+by the presence of guests, a daughter of the house complained
+to her husband that she had not been able to
+pass one sociable moment with her father. His reply
+was sympathetic: "Nobody can ever have felt so severely
+as myself the prostration of family society from
+the circumstances you mention.... But there is no
+remedy. The present manners and ways of our country
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">300</a></span>
+are laws we cannot repeal. They are altering by degrees,
+and you will live to see the hospitality of the
+country reduced to the visiting hours of the day, and
+the family left to tranquillity in the evening."</p>
+
+<p>When the steward saw that Madison would not curb
+these guests, he began to cut down on the fodder for
+the horses, but when the hospitable host learned of this
+he gave orders that there should be no further attempts
+of this sort. He realized that he was living beyond
+his income, but he saw no help for it. He longed for
+more time in his library or for riding or walking about
+the estate.</p>
+
+<p>The time came when walks had to be taken on the
+veranda; health was failing rapidly. He was not able
+to oversee the farm as he had long been accustomed to
+do, but depended on others. In 1835 Mrs. Madison
+wrote to her daughter: "My days are devoted to nursing
+and comforting my sick patient, who walks only
+from the bed in which he breakfasts to another." Still
+later she wrote: "I never leave my husband more than
+a few minutes at a time, and have not left the enclosure
+around our house for the last eight months."</p>
+
+<p>When the owner of Montpelier died, on June 28, 1836,
+he was buried in the cemetery on the estate. Mrs.
+Madison spent a few lonely years in the old home, but
+the property was finally sold to satisfy the debts of
+her wayward son, Payne Todd. She was sometimes in
+actual want before she died, but Congress provided for
+her relief by buying for twenty-five thousand dollars
+the Madison letters and other papers.</p>
+
+<p>She lived until July 12, 1849, and her body was
+finally laid by the side of that of her husband.</p>
+
+<p>William Dupont, the present owner of Montpelier,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">301</a></span>
+has enlarged the house by the addition of a second
+story to the wings. So the house that was built in
+1760 by James Madison, Sr., and was enlarged by
+James Madison, Jr., has entered on a new era of
+hospitality.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">LXVIII</p>
+
+<h3>OAK HILL, LOUDOUN COUNTY, VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HOME OF JAMES MONROE'S OLD AGE</p>
+
+<p>James Monroe, at twenty-eight, wrote from New York
+to Thomas Jefferson, with whom he had studied law:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"I shall leave this about the 1st of October for Virginia&mdash;Fredericksburg.
+Believe me, I have not relinquished
+the prospect of being your neighbor. The
+house for which I have requested a plan may possibly
+be erected near Monticello; to fix there, and to have
+yourself in particular, with what friends we may collect
+around, for society is my chief object; or rather,
+the only one which promises to me, with the connection
+I have formed, real and substantial pleasure; if, indeed,
+by the name of pleasure it may be called."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The "connection" of which the future President
+wrote was his marriage to Miss Eliza Kortwright of
+New York. Of this he had spoken in an earlier letter
+to Jefferson:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">302</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"You will be surprised to hear that I have formed
+the most interesting connection in human life with a
+young lady in this town, as you know my plan was to
+visit you before I settled myself, but having formed an
+attachment to this young lady ... I have found that
+I must relinquish all other objects not connected with
+her."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Monroe was not permitted to practice law long. As
+United States Senator, diplomat, Governor, Cabinet
+officer, and President, his time was so fully occupied
+that no one but a man of his fine physique and endurance
+could have stood the strain. Once, during the
+War of 1812, according to his friend, Judge E. R.
+Watson, when the burden of three of the departments
+of the government rested on him&mdash;State, Treasury, and
+War&mdash;he did not undress himself for ten days and
+nights, and was in the saddle the greater part of the
+time.</p>
+
+<p>After some years he bought an estate in Loudoun
+County, Virginia, to which he retired for a brief rest
+whenever this was possible. For a time the old dormer-windowed
+house on the property satisfied him, but
+during his presidential term he built Oak Hill, the
+house for which Jefferson had prepared the plans. It
+is said that the nails used in its construction were
+manufactured on the Jefferson estate.</p>
+
+<p>The house&mdash;which was named Oak Hill because of
+the oaks on the lawn, planted by the owner himself,
+one for each State of the Union&mdash;has been described by
+Major R. W. N. Noland as follows:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">303</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"The building was superintended by Mr. William
+Benton, an Englishman, who occupied the mixed relation
+to Mr. Monroe of steward, counsellor and friend.
+The house is built of brick in a most substantial manner,
+and handsomely finished; it is, perhaps, about
+90 x 50 feet, three stories (including basement), and
+has a wide portico, fronting south, with massive Doric
+columns thirty feet high, and is surrounded by a grove
+of magnificent oaks covering several acres. While the
+location is not as commanding as many others in that
+section, being in lower Loudoun where the rolling character
+of the Piedmont region begins to lose itself in
+the flat lands of tide water, the house in two directions
+commands an attractive and somewhat extensive view,
+but on the other side it is hemmed in by mountains,
+for the local names of which, 'Bull Run' and 'Nigger
+Mountain,' it is to be hoped the late President is in no
+wise responsible.... The little stream that washes
+the confines of the Oak Hill estate once bore the Indian
+name Gohongarestaw (the River of Swans), and is now
+called Goose Creek."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>After the expiration of his second term as President
+Monroe made Oak Hill his permanent home, though
+sometimes he was with his daughter, Mrs. Gouverneur,
+in New York.</p>
+
+<p>One who was a member of the household during a
+part of the six years of the life in Virginia said that
+he "looked perhaps older than he was, his face being
+strongly marked with the lines of anxiety and care."</p>
+
+<p>There were many guests at Oak Hill, among these
+being Madison and Jefferson. Monroe, in turn, was
+frequently at Monticello and Montpelier. His office
+as Regent of the University of Virginia also brought
+him into frequent touch with his two predecessors in
+the presidency, for they were fellow-members on the
+Board.</p>
+
+<p>Whenever weather and guests permitted he was accustomed
+to ride about the estate and through the
+countryside both morning and evening. One day,
+when he was seventy-two, his horse fell on him, and
+his right wrist was sprained so badly that for a time
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">304</a></span>
+he could not write to his friends, as he had delighted
+to do. Thus he was able to sympathize with Madison
+when a letter came from Montpelier a few months later:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"In explanation of my microscopic writing, I must
+remark that the older I grow the more my stiffening
+fingers make smaller letters, as my feet take shorter
+steps, the progress in both cases being, at the same
+time, more fatiguing as well as more slow."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Monroe's last years of life were saddened by financial
+difficulties, though even these brought gleams of joy,
+because of the fidelity of his friends. Lafayette, who
+visited Oak Hill in 1825, wrote later to his friend a
+most delicately worded offer of assistance, indicating
+that he felt it was his right to offer this, since Monroe,
+when minister to France, had exerted himself to bring
+about the release of Lafayette, then a prisoner at
+Olmütz, and had ministered to the wants of Madame
+Lafayette.</p>
+
+<p>A measure of relief came when Congress voted to
+repay, in part, the extraordinary expense incurred by
+the statesman during his diplomatic career, but not
+before he had advertised Oak Hill for sale and had
+planned to go to New York to live near his daughter.
+The estate was later withdrawn from the market, but
+the plan to go to New York was carried out: he did
+not see how he could remain after the death of Mrs.
+Monroe, which took place in 1830.</p>
+
+<p>He did not stay long in New York. On July 4, 1831,
+he died. Twenty-seven years later, on the one hundredth
+anniversary of his birth, his body was taken
+to Richmond for burial. There, in his native State,
+rest the remains of him of whom Thomas Jefferson
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">305</a></span>
+said, "He is a man whose soul might be turned inside
+out without discovering a blemish to the world."</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">LXIX</p>
+
+<h3>RED HILL, CHARLOTTE COUNTY, VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE PATRICK HENRY SPENT HIS LAST YEARS</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Henry was only fifty-eight years old when
+he retired for rest and the enjoyment of family life
+to his 2,920-acre estate, Red Hill, in the Staunton Valley,
+thirty-eight miles southeast of Lynchburg. Just
+before he made this move he wrote to his daughter
+Betsy, "I must give out the law, and plague myself
+no more with business, sitting down with what I have.
+For it will be sufficient employment to see after my
+little flock."</p>
+
+<p>He had served his country well for thirty years, as
+member of the House of Burgesses, as Speaker of the
+first Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774, in
+the Virginia Convention of 1775 where he made his
+most famous speech, and as Governor of Virginia from
+1776 to 1779 and again from 1784 to 1786. He had
+well earned the rest he hoped to find. Washington
+asked him to become Secretary of State and, later,
+Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. John Adams
+nominated him as minister to France. But he resisted
+all these efforts to draw him from his retirement.</p>
+
+<p>The house at Red Hill was a simple story and a half
+structure, to which the owner soon added a shed kitchen,
+solely because he "wished to hear the patter of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">306</a></span>
+rain on the roof." This original portion of the house
+has been retained intact by later occupants, who have
+made additions with rare appreciation of what is fitting.
+The central portion was built by the son of the
+orator, John Henry. The box hedges in which the sage
+of Red Hill took such delight have been retained and
+extended.</p>
+
+<p>George Morgan, in "The True Patrick Henry," says
+that this life in retirement "might be designated as
+a patriarchal life, if it were not for the fact that the
+cradle was still rocking at Red Hill." Henry's letters
+were full of references to his children. Once he wrote
+to his daughter Betsy, "I have the satisfaction to inform
+you that we are well, except Johnny, Christian,
+and Patrick, and they are recovering fast now." And
+again, "I have great cause of thankfulness for the
+health I enjoy, and for that of your mamma and
+all the children.... We have another son, named
+Winston."</p>
+
+<p>William Wirt, in his "Life of Patrick Henry," written
+in 1817, said, "His visitors have not infrequently
+caught him lying on the floor, with a group of these
+little ones, climbing over him in every direction, or
+dancing around him with obstreperous mirth to the
+tune of his violin, while the only contest seemed to be
+who should make the most noise."</p>
+
+<p>That there were many visitors who had the opportunity
+to see such contests as these is evident from a
+paragraph in "Homes of American Statesmen":<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">307</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"His home was usually filled with friends, its dependences
+with their retinue and horses. But crowds,
+besides, came and went; all were received with cordiality....
+Those who lived near always came to breakfast,
+when all were welcomed and made full. The
+larder never seemed to get lean. Breakfast over, creature
+comforts, such as might console the belated for the
+loss, were promptly set forth on side-tables in the wide
+entrance-hall.... Meanwhile, the master saw and
+welcomed all with the kindliest attention, asked of their
+household, listened to their affairs, gave them his view,
+contented all. These audiences seldom ceased before
+noon, or the early dinner. To this a remaining party
+of twenty or thirty often sat down.... The dinner
+ended, he betook himself to his studies until supper,
+after which he again gave himself up to enjoyment."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Not only was he a total abstainer, but as he grew
+older he came to detest the odor of tobacco; so there
+were certain refreshments that were never offered to
+the guests at Red Hill.</p>
+
+<p>During the closing years of his life he spent hours
+over the Bible. Every morning he would take his seat
+in the dining-room, with the big family Bible open before
+him. Once he said to a visitor, "This book is
+worth all the books that ever were printed, and it has
+been my misfortune that I never found time to read it
+with the proper attention and feeling till lately. I
+trust in the mercy of heaven that it is not too late."</p>
+
+<p>To Betsy, a daughter by his first marriage, he wrote
+in 1796:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">308</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Some good people think I am no Christian. This
+thought gives me much more pain than the appellation
+of tory; because I think religion of infinitely higher
+importance than politics, and I find much cause to reproach
+myself that I have lived so long and have given
+no decided and public proof of my being a Christian.
+But, indeed, my dear child, there is a character which
+I prize far above all this world has or can boast. And
+amongst all the handsome things I hear said of you,
+what gives me the greatest pleasure is, to be told of
+your piety and steady virtue."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As, one by one, the older children grew up and went
+out from Red Hill to homes of their own, they were
+urged to read the Bible. Dorothea was the first to be
+married. Then came Martha Catherine, who, at seventeen,
+fell in love with the hero who rescued her when
+she fell from a boat into the water. Sarah married
+Robert, the brother of the poet Thomas Campbell. It
+is said that at one time the poet was engaged to come
+to Red Hill as tutor for the younger children of the
+family, but was unable to keep his promise.</p>
+
+<p>Because of the constant pleas that were made that
+he give up his quiet life and reënter politics, Henry
+Clay wrote, in 1796:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"I shall never more appear in a public character,
+unless some unlooked-for circumstance shall demand
+from me a transient effort.... I see with concern our
+old Commander-in-chief most abusively treated&mdash;nor are
+his long and great services remembered, as any apology
+for his mistakes in an office to which he was totally
+unaccustomed. If he, whose character as our leader
+during the whole war was above all praise, is so roughly
+treated in his old age, what may be expected by men
+of the common standard of character?"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>He kept his resolution. A few months after writing
+this message, when notified that he had been elected
+Governor of Virginia, for a third term, he wrote, "My
+declining years warn me of my inability."</p>
+
+<p>But in January, 1799, came an appeal from Washington
+himself that he would present himself as a candidate
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">309</a></span>
+"if not for Congress, which you may think would
+take you too long from home, as a candidate for Representative
+in the General Assembly of the Commonwealth."
+The reasons were given: "Your insight of
+character and influence in the House of Representatives
+would be a bulwark against such dangerous sentiments
+as are delivered there at present. It would be
+a rallying point for the timid, and an attraction of the
+wavering. In a word, I conceive it to be of immense
+importance at this crisis that you should be there, and
+I would fain hope that all minor considerations will
+be made to yield to the measure."</p>
+
+<p>Though Henry knew that he had little strength left,
+he responded to the appeal. On County Court day,
+the first Monday in March, he presented himself before
+the people at Charlotte as a candidate for Representative.
+How they flocked about him!</p>
+
+<p>A <a name="Hampdon-Sidney" id="Hampdon-Sidney"></a>Hampdon-Sidney student, Henry Miller, who heard
+him that day, said afterward:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"He was very infirm, and seated in a chair conversing
+with some friends who were pouring in from
+all the surrounding country to hear him. At length
+he rose with difficulty, and stood, somewhat bowed with
+age and weakness. His face was almost colorless.
+His countenance was careworn, and when he commenced
+his exordium, his voice was slightly cracked and
+tremulous. But in a few minutes a wonderful transformation
+of the whole man occurred, as he warmed
+with his theme. He stood erect; his eyes beamed with
+a light that was almost supernatural, his features
+glowed with the hues and fires of youth; and his voice
+rang clear and melodious, with the intonations of some
+great musical instrument whose notes filled the area,
+and fell distinctly and delightfully upon the ears of
+the most distant of the thousands gathered before him."</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">310</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Near the close of this effective address he said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"You can never exchange the present government,
+but for a monarchy. If the administration have done
+wrong, let us all go wrong together, rather than split
+into factions, which must destroy that union upon which
+our existence hangs. Let us preserve our strength for
+the French, the English, the German, or whoever else
+shall dare to invade our territory, and not exhaust it
+in civil commotion and intestine wars."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>After the conclusion of the oration, Henry went back
+to Red Hill, and never left it again. In April he was
+triumphantly elected, but he was unable to take his
+seat.</p>
+
+<p>On June 6, 1799, he was near death. When the
+physician offered him a vial of mercury, at the same
+time telling him that the remedy might prolong his
+life a little while, or it might be fatal, he drew over
+his eyes a silken cap which he usually wore, and, holding
+the vial in his hands, made "a simple childlike
+prayer for his family, for his country, and for his own
+soul. Afterwards in perfect calm he swallowed the
+medicine."</p>
+
+<p>His last word was to his physician, commending the
+Christian religion, which was so real a benefit to a man
+about to die.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick Henry and his wife lie side by side in the
+rear garden of Red Hill. "His fame his best epitaph"
+is the simple inscription on the stone above the patriot.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_58" id="img_58"></a>
+<img src="images/i_347b.jpg" width="550" height="396" alt="Pohick Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo furnished by Aymar Embury, II</i></span><br />
+POHICK CHURCH, VIRGINIA</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXX<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">311</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>POHICK CHURCH, TRURO PARISH, VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HOME CHURCH OF GEORGE WASHINGTON</p>
+
+<p>Both Truro parish and George Washington were
+born in 1732, and Washington's connection with Truro
+Church began in 1735, when his father, Augustine
+Washington, became a vestryman, and it continued
+throughout his life, though during his later years, when
+services were seldom held there, he went to Christ
+Church at Alexandria.</p>
+
+<p>When Washington was a boy he had to make a round
+trip of eighteen miles, frequently over extremely rough
+roads, when he wished to attend services. Yet he was
+a faithful attendant, at all seasons.</p>
+
+<p>A number of the early rectors of Truro were welcome
+guests at Mt. Vernon. One of these, Charles Green,
+was a physician as well as a minister, as appears from
+the record that he was called to prescribe for Washington
+in 1757, when the young campaigner was so seriously
+ill, in consequence of hardships suffered on his
+western trip, that he said he had "too much reason to
+apprehend an approaching decay."</p>
+
+<p>Five years after this illness Washington was elected
+a member of the vestry of the parish, and he was re-elected
+many times. His record for attendance was
+unusual, in spite of his many outside engagements.
+During the years from 1763 to 1774 thirty-one vestry
+meetings were held. He was absent from eight of
+these, once on account of sickness, twice because he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">312</a></span>
+was attending the House of Burgesses, and at least
+three times because he was out of the county. For
+a few months, in 1765, he did not serve, because, on
+the division of Truro parish, Mt. Vernon was thrown
+over the line into the new Fairfax parish. At once the
+new parish made him a member of its vestry, but when,
+in response to a petition which Washington helped to
+present, the House of Burgesses changed the parish line
+so that Mt. Vernon was once more in Truro parish,
+he resumed his service in the old church. There he
+maintained his connection with an official body noted
+for the fact that, at one time or another, it had eleven
+members in the House of Burgesses, two members in
+His Majesty's Council for Virginia, as well as the author
+of the Virginia Bill of Rights and the Constitution of
+the State of Virginia, George Mason.</p>
+
+<p>When it was decided that a new church building was
+needed, Washington was instrumental in settling the
+inevitable discussion as to site that followed. He made
+a map of the parish, showing where each communicant
+lived, and recommended that the building be placed
+at the centre of the parish, as shown by the map. His
+suggestion was adopted, and a site two miles nearer
+Mt. Vernon was chosen.</p>
+
+<p>For the new church Washington himself drew the
+plan. He was also active in letting the plan and overseeing
+the building operation. At an auction of pews,
+held in 1772, when the church was ready for use, he
+bought Number 28, next the communion table, for £10,
+while he paid £13 10s. for pew 30. Evidently he was
+thoughtful for the guests who frequently rode with him
+to service, either in the coach, or in the chaise that followed,
+or on horseback. When the Mt. Vernon contingent
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">313</a></span>
+came to church there was usually quite a procession.</p>
+
+<p>Under date October 2, 1785, the diary of Washington
+tells of one of these processions, as well as of an interesting
+event that followed:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Went with Fanny Bassett, Burwell, Bassett, Doct<sup>r</sup>
+Stuart, G. A. Washington, Mr. Shaw and Nellie Custis
+to Pohick Church to hear a M<sup>r</sup>. Thompson preach, who
+returned with me to Dinner.... After we were in
+Bed (about Eleven o'clock in the Evening) M<sup>r</sup> Houdon,
+sent from Paris by Doct<sup>r</sup> Franklin and M<sup>r</sup> Jefferson
+to take my Bust, in behalf of the State of Virginia ... arrived."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>For many years Pohick Church was practically deserted,
+but there is evidence that services were held here
+in 1802. Davies, an Englishman, in his "Four Years
+in America," wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"About four miles from Occoquon is Pohick. Thither
+I rode on Sunday and joined the Congregation of Parson
+Weims, who was cheerful in his mien that he might
+win me to religion. A Virginia churchyard on Sunday
+is more like a race-course than a cemetery; the women
+come in carriages and the men on horses which they
+tie to the trees. The church bell was suspended from
+a tree. I was confounded to hear 'steed threaten steed
+with dreadful neigh,' nor was I less astounded at the
+rattling of carriage-wheels, the cracking of whips, and
+the vociferation of the gentlemen to the negroes who
+attended them; but the discourse of Parson Weims
+calmed every perturbation, for he preached the great
+doctrines of Salvation as one who has experienced their
+power; about half the congregation were negroes."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This Parson Weems was no other than the author of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">314</a></span>
+Weems' "Life of Washington," a readable but inaccurate
+biography that had a great vogue seventy-five
+years ago.</p>
+
+<p>For many years Truro Church was desolate, and relic
+hunters made spoil of the furnishings. But since 1876
+it has been open for services once more.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_59" id="img_59"></a>
+<img src="images/i_348a.jpg" width="550" height="393" alt="MOUNT AIRY" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br />
+MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXXI</p>
+
+<h3>MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE PLANTATION HOME OF COLONEL JOHN TAYLOE</p>
+
+<p>The purchase for £500 of three thousand acres of
+productive land in Charles County, on the Potomac,
+gave a big boost to the fortunes of the Tayloe family
+of Virginia. This shrewd purchase was made by Colonel
+John Tayloe, the son of William Tayloe (or Taylor)
+who came from England in the seventeenth century.
+William Tayloe was a member of the House of Burgesses
+in 1710. His son John became a member of
+the Colonial Council in 1732, while his son John, who
+was born in 1721, also had the honor of serving in
+the Council under Lord Dunmore, as well as in the
+first Republican Council, during the administration of
+Patrick Henry. He married the sister of Governor
+George Plater of Maryland. Of his eight daughters
+one married Richard Lightfoot Lee, a Signer of the
+Declaration of Independence, while another married
+Colonel William Augustine Washington, a nephew of
+George Washington, by whom he was educated.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel John Tayloe, the father of three daughters,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">315</a></span>
+was the builder of Mount Airy, which was for many
+years the most superb mansion in Virginia, and was
+so different from all other mansions that it attracted
+many visitors, even in the days when transit was difficult.
+Its twenty-five spacious rooms afforded generous
+accommodation for the guests who were eager to accept
+the invitations of Colonel and Mrs. Tayloe. Among the
+entertainments provided for these guests by the thoughtful
+hosts were concerts by a band made up entirely of
+slaves who had been instructed by their master. On
+occasion this band was taken to the town house at
+Williamsburg, the capital of the State.</p>
+
+<p>The letters of Washington show that the builder of
+Mount Airy was an ardent patriot, and his friend and
+associate. These two men were joint executors of the
+estate of one of the Lees. From his headquarters in
+the Craigie House at Cambridge the General wrote to
+Mount Airy a letter about the estate, asking Tayloe to
+become sole executor.</p>
+
+<p>The varied interests of Colonel Tayloe were indicated
+by his remarkable will, which asked, among other
+things, that one part of his estate in Prince William
+County, Virginia, and Baltimore County, Maryland, be
+kept intact and worked for the making of pig iron.
+Not only did he own a number of other plantations, but
+he was a large shipowner, and reaped unusual profits
+from trade.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the best known owner of Mount Airy was
+John Tayloe, III, who was born in 1771, and was the
+only son in a family of twelve. He was educated at
+Eton and Cambridge, England. Before going abroad
+he had learned patriotism from his father, and on his
+return he was ready to administer his estate for the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">316</a></span>
+benefit of the country as well as his own family. When
+his inheritance was turned over to him the income was
+sixty thousand dollars. Within a few years he increased
+this to seventy-five thousand dollars. His
+father's iron- and ship-building interests were conserved
+and enlarged. His master ship-builder at Occoquon
+was his slave Reuben.</p>
+
+<p>During his residence at Mount Airy the splendor
+of the mansion was increased. Among his guests were
+men who had stood shoulder to shoulder with Washington
+during the Revolution, and those who later became
+prominent as associates of Hamilton, Jay, Marshall,
+and Pinckney. He married the daughter of
+Governor Ogle of Maryland, and had fifteen children.</p>
+
+<p>The memorial by one of his sons, Benjamin Ogle
+Tayloe, says that "his manners were refined and elegant.
+He was distinguished for his nice sense of
+honor, and a scrupulous regard to his word at all times.
+His wife was esteemed for sincerity and kindness of
+heart, graceful and dignified manners, and true and
+unaffected piety."</p>
+
+<p>He took time for the services of his country. As
+Captain of Dragoons he went to Western Pennsylvania,
+to help put down the whiskey insurrection. When
+President Adams made him a Major of Dragoons, General
+Washington wrote to him a warm letter of congratulation,
+but Tayloe hesitated to accept the commission.
+He had just been elected as a Federalist to
+the Virginia Senate, and he feared, as he wrote to
+Washington, that if he resigned his seat the place would
+be filled by an opponent of the administration. On
+February 12, 1799, Washington replied that he was
+inclined to believe his civil service would be more important
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">317</a></span>
+than military service, but he asked that decision
+be delayed until they could have a personal
+interview. Later, on the breaking out of the War of
+1812, he was made commander of the cavalry of the
+District of Columbia, and saw active service.</p>
+
+<p>Washington's friendship led him to make his winter
+home in the District of Columbia. In 1801 he occupied
+the Octagon House, then the finest private residence
+in the city. When the British burned the White House
+he was at Mount Airy. At once he sent a mounted
+messenger to President Madison, offering the use of
+the Octagon as the temporary Executive Mansion.</p>
+
+<p>His establishment at Mount Airy was maintained
+in remarkable splendor. His household and equipages
+were the talk of the neighborhood. A lover of fine
+horseflesh, he was the owner of some of the swiftest
+animals of his day.</p>
+
+<p>The eldest son, John Tayloe, inherited his father's
+ardor for public service. He was engaged brilliantly
+in the battles of the <i>Constitution</i> with the <i>Guerriere</i>,
+and with the <i>Cyano</i> and the <i>Levant</i>. After the action
+his native State gave him a sword, and he was promoted
+to a lieutenancy. Though he was captured by
+the British, he lived to return to Mount Airy, where
+he died in 1824. His father died four years later, while
+his mother lived until 1855.</p>
+
+<p>Mount Airy has always been in the hands of a Tayloe.
+It is now in possession of the family of the late Henry
+Tayloe.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">LXXII
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">318</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>TWO OF VIRGINIA'S OLDEST CHURCH BUILDINGS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">ST. LUKE'S, IN SMITHFIELD, AND ST. PETER'S, IN<br />
+NEW KENT COUNTY</p>
+
+<p>Captain Smith in 1607 wrote of his discovery of the
+Indian kingdom of Warrosquoyacke. Soon settlers
+were attracted to its fertile lands. Twenty-seven years
+later the more than five hundred residents were organized
+into Isle of Wight County.</p>
+
+<p>In 1632, the ancient brick church near Smithfield
+was built. The tradition fixing this date was established
+in 1887, when the date 1632 was read in some
+bricks that fell from the walls.</p>
+
+<p>The builder of the staunch church was Joseph Bridger,
+who was Counsellor of State to Charles II. He is
+buried not far from the church, and on his tomb is
+the inscription: "He dyed April 15 Anno Domini 1688
+Aged 58 years. Mournfully leaving his wife, three
+sons and four daughters."</p>
+
+<p>The oldest vestry book dates from 1727, for the first
+book was destroyed at the time of General Arnold's
+expedition made to Isle of Wight County, in the effort
+to capture General Parker, of the Continental Army.
+Fortunately, however, a few other records were saved.
+An entry in 1727 spoke of "The Old Brick Church";
+evidently the name St. Luke's was of later origin.</p>
+
+<p>The architectural beauty of the old building is described
+in a pleasing manner by Aymar Embury, II,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">319</a></span>
+the well-known New York architect, in his "Early
+American Churches":</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"The building is an extremely picturesque brick
+church, reminiscent not of the Renaissance work then
+becoming dominant in England, but of the older Gothic;
+it is not at all unlike many of the small English parish
+churches of the sixteenth century, when the Gothic style
+was really extinct, although its superficial characteristics,
+the buttresses and the pointed arch, still obtained.
+The stepped gable at the chancel end of the
+church is an unusual feature in English architecture....
+The tower is the only part of the building which
+shows the Renaissance influence."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When the building was some two hundred years old
+it began to fall into disrepair; the people preferred to
+attend the church in Smithfield. Bishop Meade wrote
+his "Old Churches and Families of Virginia" at the
+time when the old church was most dilapidated. He
+said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Its thick walls and high tower, like that of some
+English castle, are still firm, and promise to be for a
+long time to come. The windows, doors, and all the
+interior, are gone. It is said that the eastern window&mdash;twenty-five
+feet high&mdash;was of stained glass. This venerable
+building stands not far from the main road leading
+from Smithfield to Suffolk, in an open tract of
+woodland. The trees for some distance round it are
+large and tall and the foliage dense, so that but little
+of the light of the sun is thrown upon it. The pillars
+which strengthen the walls, and which are wide at the
+base, tapering toward the eaves of the house by stair-steps,
+have somewhat mouldered, so as to allow various
+shrubs and small trees to root themselves therein."</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">320</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For nearly fifty years the church was closed. But
+in 1884 Rev. David Barr, who was in charge of a church
+nearby, began to raise funds for the reconstruction
+of the building. He persisted in spite of many discouragements.
+When matters looked darkest a man
+who signed himself "A Virginian" made the following
+appeal:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"There is still some plastering to be done in the
+tower, and the pews are to be made or bought. The
+church cannot be completed until the money is raised.
+Can no generous giver be found who will contribute the
+money necessary to bring the east window from London?...
+For sixty odd years the church has stood
+there silent, without a service, facing and defying
+storms and decay, appealing in its desolation to every
+sentiment of the State, of the Church and of the Nation
+against abandonment and desertion, and now in its
+half completed condition, feeling the touch of revival
+and restoration, it pleads more imploringly still for
+just enough money to complete the repairs and to enable
+it once more to enter upon its life of activity, and to
+utter again with renewed joyousness the ancient but
+long suppressed voice of prayer and of thanksgiving.
+Shall it appeal in vain?"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The appeal was not in vain. The church was completed.
+Twelve beautiful memorial windows were put
+in place. These bore the names of George Washington,
+Joseph Bridger, the architect of the church, Robert E.
+Lee, Rev. William Hubbard, the first rector, Sir Walter
+Raleigh, John Rolfe, Captain John Smith, Bishops
+Madison, Moore, Meade, and Johns, and Dr. Blair,
+whose connection with Bruton Church and William
+and Mary College is told in another chapter of this
+volume.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">321</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A building that is similar and yet in many respects
+quite different is in New Kent County, about as far
+above Williamsburg as Smithfield is below that university
+town. This is St. Peter's Church. It is thought
+that the parish dates from 1654, though the present
+building was not begun until 1701. The minute which
+tells of the first plan for the structure is dated August
+13, 1700:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Whereas, the Lower Church of this Parish is very
+much out of Repair and Standeth very inconvenient
+for most of the inhabitants of the said parish; Therefore
+ordered that as soon as conveniently may be a new
+Church of Brick Sixty feet long and twenty fower feet
+wide in the clear and fourteen feet pitch with a Gallery
+Sixteen feet long be built and Erected upon the Main
+Roade, by the School House near Thomas Jackson's;
+and the Clerk is ordered to give a copy of this order
+to Capt. Nich. Merewether who is Requested to show
+the same to Will Hughes and desire him to draw a
+Draft of said Church and to bee at the next vestry."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The cost of the new church was one hundred and
+forty-six thousand pounds of tobacco. This included
+the main building only, for the belfry was not built
+until 1722.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. David Mossom, who was rector of the church
+from 1727 to 1767, was the minister who married General
+Washington, at the White House, as the home of
+his bride was called, a few miles from St. Peter's
+Church. The story is told of this eccentric minister
+that on one occasion, having quarrelled with his clerk,
+he rebuked him from the pulpit. The latter avenged
+himself by giving out to the congregation the psalm in
+which were these lines:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">322</a></span></p>
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">
+"With restless and ungovern'd rage</p>
+<p>Why do the heathen storm?</p>
+<p>Why in such rash attempts engage</p>
+<p>As they can ne'er perform?"</p>
+</div>
+<p>The epitaph on the tomb of Mr. Mossom in St. Peter's
+churchyard states that he was the first native American
+admitted to the office of Presbyter in the Church of
+England.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">LXXIII</p>
+
+<h3>MONTICELLO, NEAR CHARLOTTESVILLE,<br />
+VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HOME OF THOMAS JEFFERSON</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, my young master, they were all burnt, but ah!
+we saved your fiddle!"</p>
+
+<p>So the negro servant replied to Thomas Jefferson
+who, on returning from a trip, learning that his home
+at Shadwell had been burned, asked after his books.
+To the negro's mind the fiddle was the most important
+thing in the house.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately the new mansion, Monticello, near Charlotte,
+which he had designed, was so nearly completed
+that he was able to take up his residence there. Two
+years later he led into the new house his bride, Martha
+Skelton, a widow of twenty-three.</p>
+
+<p>Before the marriage Jefferson, in accordance with
+the Virginia law, in company with Francis Eppes, entered
+into a license bond, of which the following is a
+copy:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">323</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Know all men by these presents that we Thomas
+Jefferson and Francis Eppes are held and firmly bound
+to the sovereign lord the king his heirs and successors
+in the sum of fifty pounds current money of Virginia,
+to the paiment of which well and truly to be made we
+bind ourselves jointly and severally, our joint and several
+heirs, executors and administrators, in witness
+whereof we have hereto set our hands and seals this
+twenty-third day of December in the year of our Lord
+one thousand seven hundred and seventy one. The condition
+of the above obligation is such that if there be
+no lawful cause to obstruct a marriage intended to be
+had and solemnized between the above bound Thomas
+Jefferson and Martha Skelton of the County of Charles
+County, widow, for which a license is desired, then this
+obligation is to be null and void, otherwise the same
+is in full force."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Edward Bacon, who was overseer at Monticello for
+twenty years, described the estate in vivid words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Monticello is quite a high mountain, in the shape
+of a sugar-loaf. A winding road led up to the mansion.
+On the very top of the mountain the forest trees were
+cut down, and ten acres were cleared and levelled....
+I know every room in that house. Under the house and
+the terrace that surrounded it, were the cisterns, ice-house,
+cellar, kitchen, and rooms for all sorts of purposes.
+His servants' rooms were on one side....
+There were no negro and other out-houses around the
+mansion, as you generally see on plantations. The
+grounds around the house were beautifully ornamented
+with flowers and shrubbery.... Back of the house was
+a beautiful lawn of two or three acres, where his grandchildren
+used to play.</p>
+
+<p>"His garden was on the side of the mountain. I had
+it built while he was President. It took a great deal
+of labor. We had to blow out the rocks for the walls
+for the different terraces, and then make the soil....
+I used to send a servant to Washington with a great
+many fine things for his table, and he would send back
+the cart loaded with shrubbery."</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">324</a></span></p>
+<p>Jefferson spent most of his time on his estate until
+his death in 1826, except when he was called away for
+the service of his country.</p>
+
+<p>Nine years after the beginning of the happy married
+life in Monticello there was a panic among the servants
+because of the approach of the British. Because Jefferson
+was Governor of Virginia, it was thought that
+of course the mansion would be pillaged. Mrs. Jefferson
+was put in the carriage and sent to a place of
+safety, while Mr. Jefferson remained at home, collecting
+his most valuable papers. Later he followed his
+family. But when the soldiers reached the estate, the
+first inquiry of the leader of the party was for the
+master of the house. When he learned that Jefferson
+had escaped, he asked for the owner's private rooms,
+and, on being shown the door which led to them, he
+turned the key in the lock and ordered that nothing in
+the house should be touched. This, it was explained,
+was in strict accordance with the orders that had been
+given by General Tarleton; their sole duty was to seize
+the Governor.</p>
+
+<p>A year later, when the Marquis de Chastellux, a
+nobleman from France, visited Monticello, he was
+charmed with the house of which Mr. Jefferson was
+the architect, and often one of the workmen. He said
+it was "rather elegant, and in the Italian taste, though
+not without fault; it consists of one large square pavilion,
+the entrance of which is by two porticoes, ornamented
+with pillars. The ground floor consists of a
+very large lofty saloon, which is to be decorated entirely
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">325</a></span>
+in the antique style; above it is a library of the same
+size; two small wings, with only a ground floor and
+attic story, are joined to this pavilion, and communicate
+with the kitchen, offices, etc., which will form a
+kind of basement story, over which runs a terrace."</p>
+
+<p>Another attractive picture was given by the Duc de
+la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, after his visit to Monticello
+in 1796. He noted the fact that Jefferson owned
+five thousand acres, of which but eleven hundred were
+cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>"I found him in the midst of the harvest," he wrote,
+"from which the scorching heat of the sun does not
+prevent his attendance.... Every article is made on
+his farm: his negroes are cabinet makers, carpenters,
+masons, bricklayers, smiths, etc. The children he employs
+in a nail factory, which yields already a considerable
+profit.... His superior mind directs the
+management of his domestic concerns with the same
+abilities, activity and regularity which he evinced in
+the conduct of public affairs."</p>
+
+<p>Long absence from home and lavish hospitality
+wrecked the Jefferson fortune, and when the owner of
+Monticello finally returned home after his eight years
+as President, he was compelled to curtail his expenses.
+But still he made guests welcome. It is said that at
+times there were as many as fifty guests in the house
+at one time. One of those who sought the Sage of
+Monticello in 1817 was Lieutenant Francis Hall, who
+wrote of his veneration as he looked on "the man who
+drew up the Declaration of American Independence,
+who shared in the Councils by which her freedom was
+established, when the unbought voices of his fellow-citizens
+called to the exercise of a dignity from which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">326</a></span>
+his own moderation impelled him, when such an example
+was most salutary, to withdraw; and who, while
+he dedicates the evening of his glorious days to the
+pursuits of science and literature, shuns none of the
+humble duties of private life; but, having filled a seat
+higher than that of kings, succeeds with graceful dignity
+to that of the good neighbor, and becomes the
+friendly adviser, lawyer, physician, and even gardener
+of his vicinity."</p>
+
+<p>July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration
+of Independence, was the day of Jefferson's death.
+The sale of his estate was sufficient to pay all his debts.
+To his daughter who was thus made homeless, the legislatures
+of South Carolina and Virginia each voted as
+a gift $10,000.</p>
+
+<p>On the stone placed over the grave of the Sage of
+Monticello was carved the inscription which he himself
+had asked for: "Here was buried Thomas Jefferson,
+author of the Declaration of American Independence,
+of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom,
+and Father of the University of Virginia."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_60" id="img_60"></a>
+<img src="images/i_348b.jpg" width="550" height="394" alt="University of Virginia" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br />
+UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXXIV</p>
+
+<h3>THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA AT<br />
+CHARLOTTESVILLE</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE CHILD OF THOMAS JEFFERSON'S OLD AGE</p>
+
+<p>When Thomas Jefferson retired from the Presidency
+he was surrounded at Monticello by his daughter, her
+husband, and eleven grandchildren. Daily association
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">327</a></span>
+with the young people made him more anxious than
+ever to carry out a plan that was the growth of years.
+He wanted to see other children as happy as were those
+in his own home, and he felt that the one thing he could
+do to increase their happiness would be to see that the
+State made provision for their education.</p>
+
+<p>During the remainder of his life he never lost sight
+of his project. While he did not live to see his system
+of common schools established in Virginia, it was his
+joy to see the University of Virginia grow under his
+hands from an academy to a college and then to a university.
+From 1817 he labored for State appropriations
+for the school. A friend in the State Senate assisted
+him nobly. The reader of the published volume
+of the correspondence between the two men, a volume
+of 528 pages, will see how untiring was the labor that
+had its reward when the appropriation of funds made
+sure the founding of the university. Three hundred
+thousand dollars were provided for construction, as
+well as $15,000 a year for maintenance.</p>
+
+<p>Jefferson himself drew the plans for the buildings
+and superintended the construction. Sarah N. Randolph,
+in "The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson,"
+says that "the architectural plan and form of government
+and instruction for this institution afforded congenial
+occupation for his declining years.... While
+the buildings were being erected, his visits to them were
+daily; and from the northeast corner of the terrace at
+Monticello he frequently watched the workmen engaged
+on them, through a telescope which is still [1871] preserved
+in the library of the University."</p>
+
+<p>Edmund Bacon, the overseer at Monticello, gave to
+Hamilton W. Pierson, the author of "Jefferson at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">328</a></span>
+Monticello," a humorous account of the early days of
+the project:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"The act of the Legislature made it the duty of the
+Commissioners to establish the University within one
+mile of the Court House at Charlottesville. They advertised
+for proposals for a site. Three men offered
+sites. The Commissioners had a meeting at Monticello,
+and then went and looked at all these sites. After they
+had made their examination, Mr. Jefferson sent me to
+each of them, to request them to send by me their price,
+which was to be sealed up. Lewis and Craven each
+asked $17 per acre, and Perry, $12. That was a mighty
+big price in those days.... They took Perry's forty
+acres, at $12 per acre. It was a poor old turned-out
+field, though it was finely situated. Mr. Jefferson wrote
+the deed himself. Afterwards Mr. Jefferson bought a
+large tract near it. It had a great deal of timber and
+rock on it, which was used in building the University.</p>
+
+<p>"My next instruction was to get ten able-bodied
+hands to commence the work.... Mr. Jefferson
+started from Monticello to lay off the foundation, and
+see the work commenced. An Irishman named Dinsmore,
+and I, went along with him. As we passed
+through Charlottesville, I ... got a ball of twine, and
+Dinsmore found some shingles and made some pegs....
+Mr. Jefferson looked over the ground some time,
+and then stuck down a peg.... He carried one end
+of the line, and I the other, in laying off the foundation
+of the University. He had a little ruler in his pocket
+that he always carried with him, and with this he
+measured off the ground, and laid off the entire foundation,
+and then set the men at work."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This foot-rule was shown to Dr. Pierson by Mr.
+Bacon, who explained how he secured it:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">329</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Mr. Jefferson and I were once going along the bank
+of the canal, and in crawling through some bushes and
+vines, it [the ruler] fell out of his pocket and slid down
+the bank into the river. Some time after that, when
+the water had fallen, I went and found it, and carried
+it to Mr. Jefferson. He told me I ... could keep it....
+When I die, that rule can be found locked up in
+that drawer.</p>
+
+<p>"After the foundations were nearly completed, they
+had a great time laying the corner-stone. The old field
+was covered with carriages and people. There was an
+immense crowd there. Mr. Monroe laid the corner-stone.
+He was President at that time.... He held
+the instruments, and pronounced it square. I can see
+Mr. Jefferson's white head just as he stood there and
+looked on.</p>
+
+<p>"After this he rode there from Monticello every day
+while the University was building, unless the weather
+was very stormy.... He looked after all the materials,
+and would not allow any poor materials to go
+into the building if he could help it."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A letter from Jefferson to John Adams, written on
+October 12, 1823, spoke of the "hoary winter of age."
+"Against this <i>tedium vitae</i>," he said, "I am fortunately
+mounted on a hobby, which, indeed, I should have better
+managed some thirty or forty years ago; but whose
+easy amble is still sufficient to give exercise and amusement
+to an octogenary rider. This is the establishment
+of a University, on a scale more comprehensive, and
+in a country more healthy and central than our old
+William and Mary, which these obstacles have long
+kept in a state of languor and inefficiency."</p>
+
+<p>In designing the buildings Jefferson acknowledged
+his indebtedness to Palladio, who guided him in his
+adaptation of Roman forms. The visitor who is familiar
+with Rome is reminded of the baths of Diocletian,
+the baths of Caracalla, and the temple of Fortuna
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">330</a></span>
+Virilis, while a reduction of the Pantheon, with a rotunda,
+is the central feature of the group.</p>
+
+<p>The University was opened in March, 1825. Forty
+students were in attendance, though at the beginning
+of the second year the number was increased to one
+hundred and seventy-seven.</p>
+
+<p>The central feature of the collection of buildings, the
+wonderful Rotunda, was badly injured in the fire of
+1895 which destroyed the Annex. The Rotunda was
+soon rebuilt according to Jefferson's original plan, and
+the group of buildings is more beautiful than ever.</p>
+
+<h2>SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH</h2>
+<div class="poem p6">
+<p><i>The long, grey moss that softly swings</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>In solemn grandeur from the trees,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Like mournful funeral draperies,&mdash;</i></p>
+<p><i>A brown-winged bird that never sings.</i></p>
+<p>*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">Albert Bigelow Paine</span>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="poem p2">
+<p><i>O Magnet-South! O glistening perfumed South! my South!</i></p>
+<p><i>O quick mettle, rich blood, impulse and love! good and evil! O all
+dear to me!</i></p>
+<p><i>O dear to me my birth-things&mdash;all moving things and the trees where
+I was born&mdash;the grains, plants, rivers,</i></p>
+<p><i>Dear to me my own slow sluggish rivers where they flow, distant, over
+flats of silvery sands or through swamps.</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+<p><i>O the cotton plant! the growing fields of rice, sugar, hemp!</i></p>
+<p><i>The cactus guarded with thorns, the laurel-tree with large white flowers,</i></p>
+<p><i>The range afar, the richness and barrenness, the old woods charged with
+mistletoe and trailing moss,</i></p>
+<p><i>The piney odor and the gloom, the awful natural stillness (here in
+these dense swamps the freebooter carries his gun, and the fugitive
+has his conceal'd hut;)</i></p>
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+<p><i>The mocking bird, the American mimic, singing all the forenoon, singing
+through the moonlit night,</i></p>
+<p><i>The humming bird, the wild turkey, the raccoon, the opossum;</i></p>
+<p><i>A Kentucky corn-field, the tall, graceful, long-leav'd corn, slender,
+flapping, bright green, with tassels, with beautiful ears each well-sheath'd
+in its husk;</i></p>
+<p><i>O my heart! O tender and fierce pangs, I can stand them not, I will
+depart;</i></p>
+<p><i>O to be a Virginian where I grew up! O to be a Carolinian!</i></p>
+<p><i>O longings irrepressible! O I will go back to old Tennessee and never
+wander more.</i></p>
+
+<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">Walt Whitman.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p6">SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">333</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXXV</p>
+
+<h3>THREE OLD CHURCHES IN CHARLESTON,<br />
+SOUTH CAROLINA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">ST. MICHAEL'S, ST. PHILIP'S, AND THE HUGUENOT CHURCH,<br />
+RELICS OF COLONIAL DAYS</p>
+
+<p>The oldest church building in Charleston, South Carolina,
+St. Michael's Protestant Episcopal Church, is a
+relic of three wars. At the beginning of the Revolution
+the rector and the vestry disagreed; the rector was
+a loyalist and most of the members were patriots.
+Accordingly the rector resigned. Later the beautiful
+tower, which is unlike any other church tower in America,
+was painted black, lest it become a guiding beacon to
+the British fleet. Unfortunately the black tower against
+the blue sky proved a better guide than a white tower
+would have been.</p>
+
+<p>The clear-toned bells, which were cast in London in
+1757, were taken from the tower when the British evacuated
+the city in 1782, and were sold in London as
+spoils of war. Fortunately a Mr. Ryhiner, once a merchant
+in Charleston, learned of this, bought them, and
+sent them to Charleston as a business venture.</p>
+
+<p>When the bells were landed on the wharf from the
+brig <i>Lightning</i>, on November 20, 1783&mdash;according to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">334</a></span>
+Johnson's "Traditions of Charleston"&mdash;"the overjoyed
+citizens took possession, and hurried them up to the
+church and into the steeple, without thinking that they
+might be violating a private right." In June, 1785,
+Mr. Ryhiner asked for payment for the bells. Later
+a subscription was ordered to pay the merchant.</p>
+
+<p>During the British occupation of the city horses were
+stabled in the church, and the lead roof was removed,
+for use in bullet making.</p>
+
+<p>In 1811 and 1812 the church figured in the second
+war with Great Britain. The vestry, whose patriotism
+was as great as ever, opened the building more than
+once for meetings of the citizens who wished to consider
+what they could do to help their country in the
+impending conflict.</p>
+
+<p>During the Civil War the bells were taken to Columbia,
+to be cast into cannon. Fortunately they were not
+used for this purpose, but during Sherman's march to
+the sea they were burned and broken into small pieces.
+A friend of the church in London, on learning of the
+disaster, searched records of the bell-founders till he
+learned who had cast the bells. These records told the
+proportions of metal used and the sizes of the bells.
+Then the Londoner wrote to Charleston and asked that
+the fragments be sent to him. When these were received
+in London they were recast in the original
+moulds, which were discovered by an old employee.
+The cost of recasting the bells and restoring them to
+their places in the steeple was $7,723, of which sum
+the City Council contributed $3,000; $2,200, the charge
+made for import duty, was later returned to the church
+by special Act of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>For nearly twenty years after the receipt of these
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">335</a></span>
+new-old bells, they were used to sound fire-alarms, as
+well as for calling to the services of the church.</p>
+
+<p>The venerable building has suffered from fire, wind,
+and earthquake, as well as from war. In 1825 a cyclone
+damaged the spire and the roof, and in 1886 earthquake
+cracked the walls, destroyed a portion of the tower, and
+did so much further damage that a Charleston paper
+spoke of it as the "saddest wreck of all." At first it
+was feared that the building would have to be demolished,
+but repairs were found to be possible at a cost
+of $15,000.</p>
+
+<p>The structure dates from 1752, when Governor Glenn
+of South Carolina laid the corner stone. The cost was
+$32,775.87.</p>
+
+<p>St. Michael's parish was set off in 1751 from St.
+Philip's parish. The first St. Philip's Church was
+burned in 1681 or 1682. A second church was opened
+in 1723. This famous building survived until 1835, in
+spite of wars and fires. The building was saved during
+the fire of 1796 by a slave who climbed to the tower
+and threw to the ground a burning brand. As a reward
+the vestry purchased his freedom. But during
+the great fire of February 15, 1835, the edifice was
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>The old church had been so much a part of the life
+of the city and was so thoroughly identified with the
+history of the country, that the citizens rejoiced when
+the decision was reached to rebuild it in practically
+every detail like the original, with the addition of a
+chancel and spire.</p>
+
+<p>Older than either St. Philip's or St. Michael's, as an
+organization, is the Huguenot Church of Charleston.
+The early records of the congregation were destroyed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">336</a></span>
+in the fire of 1740, though the building was saved. This
+first building was blown up during the fire of 1796, in
+a vain effort to stay the progress of the conflagration.
+A second building followed in 1800, and the present
+building was erected in 1828, when English displaced
+the French language in the services.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the early members became famous in history.
+The tablets erected to their memory are so numerous
+that the Huguenot Church might well dispute with
+St. Philip's Church the title, "The Westminster of
+South Carolina."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_61" id="img_61"></a>
+<img src="images/i_372a.jpg" width="550" height="396" alt="Pringle House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br />
+PRINGLE HOUSE, CHARLESTON, S. C.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXXVI</p>
+
+<h3>THE HOUSE OF REBECCA MOTTE, CHARLESTON,<br />
+SOUTH CAROLINA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE SPARTAN MATRON WHO HELPED BURN HER OWN<br />
+PROPERTY</p>
+
+<p>Charleston, South Carolina, was only about thirty
+years old when the Englishman, Robert Brewton, and
+the Huguenot exile, John de la Motte, took up their
+residence there. In 1758 Robert Brewton's daughter
+Rebecca married Jacob Motte, grandson of the
+Huguenot.</p>
+
+<p>Three daughters came to the Motte home, and the
+family lived quietly until the outbreak of the Revolution.
+In 1775 Mrs. Motte's brother, Miles Brewton,
+sailed for England with his family, intending to leave
+them with relatives there while he returned to Charleston
+for the service of his country. But the vessel was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">337</a></span>
+lost, and was never heard from again. His Charleston
+house on King Street, which was built about 1765, became
+the property of his sister.</p>
+
+<p>When the war broke out, Mrs. Motte, knowing that
+it was impossible for her husband to become a soldier
+because of his failing health, decided to do her part
+for her country. Fortifications were to be built, and
+many laborers were needed, so she sent to her plantation
+for all the able-bodied men; these she placed at
+the disposal of those in charge of the work of defence.</p>
+
+<p>She had her reward when, first in 1776, and again
+in 1779, the British forces were unable to secure possession
+of the town. The third attempt, made by Sir
+Henry Clinton in 1780, was successful. For nearly
+three years the town was in the enemy's control. The
+Motte house was made headquarters by Clinton and
+his staff. The Mottes were crowded into a small room,
+while the British lived in comfort in the large apartments.
+Mrs. Motte divided her time between her invalid
+husband, her timid daughters, and the invaders.
+It was her custom to preside at the long dinner table,
+but the young ladies were never allowed to appear in
+the presence of the officers.</p>
+
+<p>A reminder of the presence of the unwelcome guests
+is still to be seen on the marble mantel in one of the
+rooms&mdash;a caricature of Clinton scratched on the polished
+surface, evidently with a diamond point. In the
+same room the women of Charleston&mdash;who were accustomed
+to go about the streets in mourning, during the
+period of the occupation&mdash;presented a petition to Lord
+Rawdon, asking for the pardon of Isaac Hayne, a patriot
+who had been condemned for some infraction of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">338</a></span>
+the regulations of the invaders. Their petition for
+clemency was in vain, though it was emphasized by the
+presence of Hayne's two little children.</p>
+
+<p>After the death of Mr. Motte, in January, 1781, Mrs.
+Motte and her daughters secured permission to leave
+Charleston that they might return to the family plantation
+on the Congaree, thirty or forty miles from Columbia.
+They were disappointed in their desire to be alone,
+for it was not long till the English decided to build
+on the estate one of their long line of military stations.
+Earthworks were thrown up around the house, which
+became known as Fort Motte. Again the family were
+crowded into a few rooms, while officers occupied the
+remainder.</p>
+
+<p>After a time Mrs. Motte was asked to retire to a
+small house on the plantation, a rough structure, covered
+with weather-boards, unplastered and only partially
+lined. At first it seemed that there was no place
+here to conceal the silverware brought from Fort Motte.
+How the difficulty was solved has been told in "Worthy
+Women of Our First Century":</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Some one suggested that the unfinished state of the
+walls of their sitting-room afforded a convenient hiding
+place; and they set to work to avail themselves of it.
+Nailing tacks in the vacancy between the outer and
+inner boarding, and tying strings around the various
+pieces of silver, they hung them along the inner wall.
+Shortly afterwards a band of marauders did actually
+invade the premises; and one more audacious than the
+others jumped on a chair and thrust his bayonet into
+the hollow wall, saying he would soon find what they
+had come in search of; but, rapping all along on the
+floor within the wall, he did not once strike against
+anything to reward bad perseverance."</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">339</a></span></p>
+
+<p>After a time General Marion and Colonel Lee led
+up troops for the siege of Fort Motte. Fearing that
+British reinforcements were on the way, they decided
+they must make an attack at once. The best way
+seemed to be to set fire to the main building. The
+American leaders, knowing that this was the home of
+Mrs. Motte, took counsel with her. "Do not hesitate
+a moment," was the prompt reply of the patriotic
+woman. Then she added, "I will give you something
+to facilitate the destruction." So saying, she handed
+to General Lee a quiver of arrows from the East Indies
+which, so she had been told by the ship captain who
+brought them to Charleston, would set on fire any wood
+against which they were thrown.</p>
+
+<p>Two of the arrows were fired from a gun without
+result, but the third set fire to the shingles of the house.
+The efforts of the garrison to extinguish the flames
+were in vain, and before long the fortress was surrendered
+to the patriots. In later years, when Mrs. Motte
+was praised for her part in the siege, she was accustomed
+to say, "Too much has been made of a thing
+that any American woman would have done."</p>
+
+<p>After the war Mrs. Motte returned to the house in
+Charleston. The daughters married, and numerous
+grandchildren played in the rooms where the British
+officers lived during the occupation of Charleston. The
+youngest of these granddaughters lived in the house in
+1876, when the story of Rebecca Motte was written for
+the Women's Centennial Executive Committee.</p>
+
+<p>During her last years in the old mansion, Mrs. Motte
+was proudly pointed out to visitors to the city. One
+of her great-grandchildren said that at the time "she
+was rather under-sized and slender, with a pale face,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">340</a></span>
+blue eyes, and grey hair that curled slightly under a
+high-crowned ruffled mob-cap. She always wore a
+square white neckerchief pinned down in front, tight
+sleeves reaching only to the elbow, with black silk mittens
+on her hands and arms; a full skirt with huge
+pockets, and at her waist a silver chain, from which
+hung her pin-cushion and scissors and a peculiarly
+bright bunch of keys."</p>
+
+<p>The body of this gracious patriot was buried in old
+St. Philip's Church, another of the Revolutionary landmarks
+of the Palmetto City.</p>
+
+<p>The mansion which she made famous should be called
+the Brewton House, or the Motte House. But a Motte
+married an Alston, and an Alston married a Pringle,
+and so many families of the latter name have been associated
+with the place that their name is popularly
+given to it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w450"><a name="img_62" id="img_62"></a>
+<img src="images/i_371.jpg" width="449" height="600" alt="Independent Church" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo furnished by Rev. Rockwell S. Brank, Savannah</i></span><br />
+INDEPENDENT PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SAVANNAH, GA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXXVII</p>
+
+<h3>THE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, SAVANNAH,<br />
+GEORGIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">FOR WHICH KING GEORGE II MADE A LAND GRANT</p>
+
+<p>When George II, of his "special Grace, certain knowledge
+and meer motion," gave a deed for a lot in Savannah,
+"in our province of Georgia," he declared that it
+was "for the use and benefit of such of our loving subjects ...
+as are or shall be professors of the Doctrines
+of the Church of Scotland, agreeable to the Westminster
+Confession of Faith." The further stipulation was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">341</a></span>
+made that the annual rent, if demanded, should be
+"one pepper corn."</p>
+
+<p>The date of the grant was January 16, 1756, and
+within the three years allowed for the erection of the
+building a brick structure was ready for the use of the
+Independent Presbyterian Church. The church was
+independent in fact as well as in name. There was at
+first no presbytery in Georgia with which it could unite,
+and when a presbytery was organized, this independent
+relation continued.</p>
+
+<p>The first pastor was Rev. John Joachim Zubly, who
+came to the Colonies from Switzerland. He remained
+with the church until 1778, and became a prominent
+figure among the patriots of the early years of the
+Revolution. When the first Provincial Congress of
+Georgia met in Savannah, July 4, 1775, it adjourned,
+immediately after organization, to the Independent
+Church, where Dr. Zubly preached a sermon for which
+he received the public thanks of Congress.</p>
+
+<p><i>The London Magazine</i> for January, 1776, contained
+an impassioned appeal for the Colonies, which was
+signed by Dr. Zubly. The editor stated that the communication
+was printed at the request of "an old correspondent,"
+who signed himself "O." It is supposed
+that this correspondent was General James E. Oglethorpe,
+the founder of Georgia. A few months later
+Dr. Zubly went to Philadelphia, as a member of the
+second Continental Congress. He had also been a
+member of the first Congress in 1774.</p>
+
+<p>During the siege of Savannah by the British the
+church building was badly injured by British cannon,
+in spite of the fact that it was used as a hospital. Later
+the British used the church as barracks. A visitor who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">342</a></span>
+entered the city in 1784 said that he found the church
+in a ruinous condition. It was promptly repaired,
+however, and services were resumed.</p>
+
+<p>But there was another pastor in the pulpit. In 1778
+Dr. Zubly resigned, probably because, for some strange
+reason, he deserted the Colonies and made known his
+allegiance to Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Fire destroyed the original building in 1796, and a
+fine new church was built. Twenty-one years later the
+rapidly increasing congregation made necessary a much
+larger structure. The new church was modelled after
+St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, London, and more than two
+years were required for its construction. The cost was
+$96,108.67½, a large sum for that day in a town of ten
+thousand people. Although the middle aisle was eleven
+feet wide and each of the side aisles four and a half
+feet wide, there were seatings for 1,350 people. The
+beautifully proportioned steeple was 223 feet high.
+The day after the dedication a local paper said that
+"for grandeur of design and nature of execution, we
+presume this church is not surpassed by any in the
+United States." Many architectural writers have told
+rapturously of the wonders of this building.</p>
+
+<p>President James Monroe and his suite, as well as
+many other distinguished visitors, were reverent worshippers
+in the church on the day of dedication.</p>
+
+<p>Lowell Mason, who was organist of the church from
+1815 to 1827, composed the popular melody to which
+Bishop Heber's missionary hymn, "From Greenland's
+Icy Mountains," is usually sung. This melody was first
+played by him for the Sunday school of the church,
+whose organization dates from 1804.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. S. K. Axson, the grandfather of Ellen Axson, the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">343</a></span>
+first wife of President Woodrow Wilson, was pastor of
+the church from 1857 to 1889. The Wilson marriage
+ceremony was performed by Dr. Axson in the manse
+of the church.</p>
+
+<p>All Savannah mourned when, on April 6, 1889, firebrands
+tossed by the wind lodged on a cornice of the
+graceful steeple, too high to be reached. Soon the old
+church was in ruins. But the city resolved that the
+historic church must be restored. A new building was
+erected which is an exact reproduction of the former
+church. To it, as to its predecessors, ecclesiastical
+architects go on pilgrimage as a part of their education.</p>
+
+<p>One of the old customs still continued in the church
+is the assembling of the communicants at a table which
+is laid the entire length of the broad aisle, as well as in
+the transept aisle.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_63" id="img_63"></a>
+<img src="images/i_372b.jpg" width="550" height="399" alt="The Cabildo" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br />
+THE CABILDO, NEW ORLEANS, LA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXXVIII</p>
+
+<h3>THE CABILDO OF NEW ORLEANS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHICH SAW THE TRANSFER OF LOUISIANA TO THE<br />
+UNITED STATES</p>
+
+<p>When Count Alejandro O'Reilly, Irish Lieutenant-General
+of Spain, entered New Orleans on July 24, 1769,
+he came as the avenger of the disorders that followed
+the transfer of Louisiana to Spain by the Treaty of
+Paris. After putting to death some of the leaders in
+the revolt, he reorganized the civil government. Among
+other innovations he instituted the Cabildo as the law-making
+body for the province, to take the place of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">344</a></span>
+French superior council. The meeting place was a
+building on the Place d'Armes. In this square, on the
+coming of O'Reilly, the flag of France had been displaced
+by that of Spain as Aubrey said, "Gentlemen, by order
+of the King, my master, I absolve you from your oath
+of fidelity and obedience to his most Christian majesty."
+The Spanish and French officers then had gone together
+to the cathedral, next door to the meeting place of the
+Cabildo.</p>
+
+<p>The original building occupied by the Cabildo was
+destroyed in the fire of 1788, when, in less than five
+hours, eight hundred and sixteen buildings were burned.
+The loss, amounting to three million dollars, was a blessing
+in disguise, for it cleared the ground for the reconstruction
+of the city under the leadership of Don Andres
+Almonaster y Roxas, who was a member of the Cabildo.
+He had become rich since his arrival with the Spaniards,
+and he had a vision of a city glorified through his
+wealth.</p>
+
+<p>First he built a schoolhouse, a church, and a hospital.
+On one side of the church he built a convent; on the
+other side he erected a new town hall, the Cabildo. The
+walls&mdash;which are as sturdy to-day as in 1795&mdash;are of
+brick, half the thickness of the ordinary brick. Shell
+lime was used for the mortar. Originally the Cabildo
+was two stories in height, with a flat roof; the mansard
+roof was added in 1851. At the same time the open
+arches of the second story loggia that corresponded to
+the arcade on the ground floor were closed, that there
+might be more room for offices.</p>
+
+<p>For eight years more the Cabildo continued its sessions
+under Spanish rule. Then came the news that
+Louisiana had been transferred by Spain to France.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">345</a></span>
+Great preparations were made for the ceremonies that
+were to accompany the lowering of the Spanish flag and
+the raising of the French colors in the square before
+the Cabildo. Then the prefect Laussat was thunderstruck
+by the coming of word that Napoleon had appointed
+a Commission not only to receive the colony
+from Spain but also to give it into the hands of the
+United States, to whom the vast territory had been sold.</p>
+
+<p>The first transfer took place on November 30, 1803.
+The official document was signed in the Sala Capitular,
+the hall where the Cabildo met, and was read from the
+centre gallery. Then the tricolor of France replaced
+the flag of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>December 20, 1803, was the date of the transfer to
+the United States. The American Commission met the
+French Commission in the Sala Capitular of the Hôtel
+de Ville, or City Hall, as the French called the Cabildo.
+Governor Claiborne received the keys of the city, and
+the tricolor on the flagstaff gave way to the Stars and
+Stripes. A vast company of citizens watched the ceremonies,
+listened to the addresses, and looked at the
+American troops in the square, as well as at the French
+soldiers who were to have no further power in the
+province.</p>
+
+<p>Grace King, in "New Orleans, the Place and the
+People," tells what followed:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">346</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"When, twenty-one days before, the French flag was
+flung to the breeze, for its last brief reign in Louisiana,
+a band of fifty old soldiers formed themselves into a
+guard of honor, which was to act as a kind of death
+watch to their national colors. They stood now at the
+foot of the staff and received in their arms the Tricolor
+as it descended, and while the Americans were rending
+the air with their shouts, they marched silently away,
+their sergeant bearing it at their head. All uncovered
+before it; the American troops, as they passed, presented
+arms to it. It was carried to the government house,
+and left in the hands of Laussat."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>During the years since that momentous transfer the
+Cabildo has continued to be the centre of historical interest
+in New Orleans. In 1825 Lafayette was quartered
+here. In 1901 President McKinley was received
+in the building. In 1903 the Centennial of the Louisiana
+Purchase was observed in the Sala Capitular, which had
+been for many years the meeting place of the State Supreme
+Court. The great hall is almost as it was when
+the Cabildo of Don Almonaster met there.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1910 the Cabildo, in common with the Presbytere,
+the old Civil District Court, a building of nearly
+the same age and appearance, located on the other side
+of the Cathedral, has been the Louisiana State Museum.
+The curios are shown in a large hall on the ground floor.
+Among these is the flag used by General Jackson at
+the battle of New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>From this hall of relics a door leads to a courtyard,
+which is lined by tiers of gloomy cells. Stocks and
+other reminders of the old Spanish days are in evidence.</p>
+
+<p>The old Place d'Armes is now called Jackson Square.
+On either side are the Pontalba buildings, which were
+erected by the daughter of Don Andres Almonaster y
+Roxas, who inherited millions from her generous father.
+On the spot where the Stars and Stripes were raised in
+1803 is the statue to General Jackson, the victor of the
+battle of New Orleans, to which the same public-spirited
+woman was a large contributor.</p>
+
+<p>The tomb of Don Andres is shown in the Cathedral
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">347</a></span>
+he gave to the people, by the side of the Cabildo which
+he built for the city he loved.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">LXXIX</p>
+
+<h3>THE ALAMO, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">"THERMOPYLÆ HAD HER MESSENGER OF DEFEAT:<br />
+THE ALAMO HAD NONE"</p>
+
+<p>Early in the eighteenth century the Spaniards built
+in Texas, then a part of Mexico, a number of staunch
+structures that were designed to serve not only as
+chapels but also as fortresses. The mission that at
+length became known as the Alamo was first built on
+the Rio Grande in 1710, and during the next forty-seven
+years was rebuilt four times in a new location, before it
+was given a final resting-place at San Antonio, on the
+banks of the Alazan River. There it was called Alamo,
+or Poplar Church. Though the Alamo was begun in
+1744, it was not completed until 1757.</p>
+
+<p>For nearly eighty years there was nothing specially
+notable about the building. Then came the events that
+made the name famous.</p>
+
+<p>In 1832 Sam Houston was sent to Texas by President
+Jackson to arrange treaties with the Indians for the
+protection of settlers on the border. Just at this time
+settlers in Texas, which was then a part of the state of
+Coahuila, were seeking equal privileges with the other
+Mexican states. Most of the settlers had come from
+the United States, and they hoped that in time Texas
+might become a part of that country.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">348</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On February 13, 1833, Houston wrote to President
+Jackson that the time was ripe for getting hold of the
+country. Less than three months later he was asked
+to serve as a delegate to a constitutional convention,
+which demanded from Mexico the organization of the
+territory into states, and was made the chairman of the
+committee which drew up for the proposed states a
+constitution based on that of the United States. Stephen
+F. Austin, who has been called "The Father of
+Texas," went to Mexico City with the petition. But he
+was imprisoned, and the request of Texas was denied
+by Santa Anna, president of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Later, when the colonists attempted to defend themselves
+against the Indians and other lawbreakers, the
+demand was made that they give up their arms.</p>
+
+<p>The organization of a provincial government followed
+in 1834, and Houston was chosen commander-in-chief of
+the army. The brief war with Mexico was marked by
+a number of heroic events, chief of which was the defence
+of the Alamo, where a small force of Texans resisted
+more than ten times the number of Mexicans.</p>
+
+<p>When the army of Santa Anna approached San
+Antonio, on February 22, 1836, one hundred and forty-five
+men, under the leadership of Colonel James Bowie
+and Lieutenant-Colonel William B. Travis, retired within
+the church fortress. For nearly two weeks these
+heroic men defended themselves, and the enemy did not
+gain entrance until every one of them was killed.</p>
+
+<p>The details of the heroic struggle were not known
+until 1860, when Captain R. M. Potter printed an account
+in the San Antonio <i>Herald</i>, in which he had patiently
+pieced together the reports that came to him
+through those whom he regarded most dependable
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">349</a></span>
+among the besiegers, and from one who was an officer
+in the garrison until within a few days of the assault.</p>
+
+<p>Within the walls a well had been dug on the very
+day the Mexican Army entered the town. Thus a plentiful
+supply of water supplemented the store of meat
+and corn for the defenders.</p>
+
+<p>A message sent out by Colonel Travis on the night of
+March 3 told of the events of the first days of the siege:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"With a hundred and forty-five men I have held this
+place ten days against a force variously estimated from
+1,500 to 6,000, and I shall continue to hold it till I get
+relief from my countrymen, or I will perish in the attempt.
+We have had a shower of bombs and cannon-balls
+continually falling among us the whole time, yet
+none of us have fallen."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Santa Anna led a final assault on March 6. Scaling
+ladders, axes, and fascines were to be in the hands of
+designated men. Five columns were to approach the
+wall just at daybreak.</p>
+
+<p>At the first onset Colonel Travis was killed and
+breaches were made in the walls. The outer walls and
+batteries were abandoned, and the defenders retired to
+the different rooms within.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">350</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"From the doors, windows, and loopholes of the several
+rooms around the area the crack of the rifle and
+the hiss of the bullet came fierce and fast; as fast the
+enemy fell and recoiled in his first efforts to charge.
+The gun beside which Travis fell was now turned against
+the buildings, as were also some others, and shot after
+shot was sent crashing through the doors and barricades
+of the several rooms. Each ball was followed by a storm
+of musketry and a charge; and thus room after room
+was carried at the point of the bayonet, when all within
+them had died fighting to the last. The struggle was
+made up of a number of separate and desperate combats,
+often hand to hand, between squads of the garrison and
+bodies of the enemy. The bloodiest spot about the fort
+was the long barrack and the ground in front of it,
+where the enemy fell in heaps."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>David Crockett was among those who were killed in
+one of the rooms. He had joined the defenders a few
+days before the beginning of the siege.</p>
+
+<p>The chapel was the last point taken. "Once the
+enemy in possession of the large area, the guns could be
+turned to fire into the door of the church, only from fifty
+to a hundred yards off. The inmates of the last stronghold
+fought to the last, and continued to fire down from
+the upper works after the enemy occupied the floor.
+Towards the close of the struggle Lieutenant Dickenson,
+with his child in his arms, or, as some accounts say,
+tied to his back, leaped from the east embrasure of the
+chapel, and both were shot in the act. Of those he left
+behind him the bayonet soon gleaned what the bullet
+had left; and in the upper part of that edifice the last
+defender must have fallen."</p>
+
+<p>This final assault lasted only thirty minutes. In that
+time the defenders of Texas won immortal fame. Four
+days before, the Republic of Texas had been proclaimed.
+Those who fell in the Alamo were hailed the heroes of
+the struggle. "Remember the Alamo!" was the battle
+cry of the war for independence that was waged until
+the Mexican Army was routed at San Jacinto, April
+21, 1836.</p>
+
+<p>On the capitol grounds at Austin, Texas, stands a
+monument to the heroes of the Alamo, with the inscription:
+"Thermopylæ had her messenger of defeat; the
+Alamo had none."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_64" id="img_64"></a>
+<img src="images/i_389a.jpg" width="550" height="390" alt="The Hermitage" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Wiles, Nashville</i></span><br />
+THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENN.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXXX
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">351</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE</h3>
+
+<p class="center">ANDREW JACKSON'S RETREAT IN THE INTERVALS OF<br />
+HIS PUBLIC SERVICE</p>
+
+<p>Andrew Jackson was a pioneer. From North Carolina
+he crossed the mountains to what was then the
+Western District. He was a lawyer, but he wanted to
+be a farmer also. His first land purchase was made
+in 1791. This land was lost in the effort to pay the
+debts of another.</p>
+
+<p>The second effort at farming was more successful.
+This was begun in 1804, when he bought a tract of some
+twenty-eight thousand acres, six thousand acres of
+which he retained permanently as the Hermitage plantation.
+From the beginning he showed that he had a
+genius for farming. Crops were large, and his wealth
+grew rapidly, until he became the wealthiest man in all
+that country. After a few years he became famous as
+a breeder of race horses. He owned a track of his own
+not far from the mansion.</p>
+
+<p>For fifteen years Mr. and Mrs. Jackson lived in a
+log cabin. But they maintained a large establishment.
+They had their slaves, and they drove in a carriage
+drawn by four horses. And they entertained royally.
+Jackson's biographer, James Parton, tells of a Nashville
+lady who said that she had often been at the Hermitage
+"when there were in each of the four available
+rooms not a guest merely, but a family, while the young
+men and solitary travellers who chanced to drop in disposed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">352</a></span>
+themselves on the piazza, or any other shelter
+about the house."</p>
+
+<p>The log house was still the plantation-house when
+General Jackson's neighbors gathered to welcome him
+home as the victor of New Orleans. In the response he
+gave to their greeting he made a prophecy:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Years will continue to develop our inherent qualities,
+until, from being the youngest and the weakest, we
+shall become the most powerful nation in the universe."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Jackson was popular with all in the neighborhood
+of the plantation. To his slaves he was a hero.
+To his wife he was devoted. Parton says that he always
+treated her as if she was his pride and glory. And
+words can faintly describe her devotion to him. She
+also was popular among the servants; her treatment of
+them was courteous in the extreme. A visitor to the
+Hermitage told of being present at the hour of evening
+devotions. Just before these began the wife of the overseer
+came into the room. Mrs. Jackson rose and made
+room for her on the sofa. One of the guests expressed
+her surprise to a lady sitting next her. "That is the
+way here," the lady whispered, "and if she had not done
+it, the General would."</p>
+
+<p>Peter Cartwright, the famous pioneer preacher, told
+in his Autobiography an incident that revealed the General's
+nature. Cartwright was preaching, when the
+pastor of a church, who was with him in the pulpit,
+leaned forward and whispered, "General Jackson has
+just come in." The outspoken preacher replied, so that
+every one could hear: "What is that if General Jackson
+has come in? In the eyes of God he is no bigger
+than any other man!" After the service Jackson told
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">353</a></span>
+Mr. Cartwright of his hearty approval of the sentiment.</p>
+
+<p>That there might be more room for entertaining passing
+strangers like Mr. Cartwright, as well as hosts of
+friends, Jackson began to build The Hermitage in 1819,
+of brick made on the plantation. When this house was
+burned in 1836, a new house was built on the old foundation,
+and with the same general plan. The building
+has the rather unusual length of 104 feet. Six pillars
+support the roof in front and in rear.</p>
+
+<p>Between the building of the first house and its successor
+came most of Jackson's political career. During
+this period also was the visit of General Lafayette. On
+this occasion the Frenchman, recognizing the pair of
+pistols which he had given to Washington in 1778, said
+that he had a real satisfaction in finding them in the
+hands of one so worthy of possessing them. "Yes, I
+believe myself to be worthy of them," Jackson began his
+reply, in words that seemed far less modest than the
+conclusion proved them; for he added: "if not for what
+I have done, at least for what I wished to do, for my
+country."</p>
+
+<p>The Hermitage never seemed the same place to Jackson
+after the death of his wife, on December 22, 1828,
+only a few days after his first election to the presidency.</p>
+
+<p>Two years after his final return from Washington,
+after attending service at the little Presbyterian church
+on the estate, he begged the pastor, Dr. Edgar, to return
+home with him. The pastor was unable to accept, but
+promised to be on hand early in the morning. All night
+the General read and prayed. Next morning, when Dr.
+Edgar came, he asked to be admitted to the Church.</p>
+
+<p>Parton says that from this time to the end of his life
+"General Jackson spent most of his leisure hours in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">354</a></span>
+reading the Bible, Biblical commentaries, and the hymn-book,
+which last he always pronounced in the old-fashioned
+way, <i>hime</i>-book. The work known as 'Scott's
+Bible' was his chief delight; he read it through twice
+before he died. Nightly he read prayers in the presence
+of his family and household servants."</p>
+
+<p>Soon after he united with the Church, the congregation
+wished to choose him to the office of elder. "No,"
+he said, "I am too young in the Church for such an
+office. My countrymen have given me high honors, but
+I should esteem the office of ruling elder in the Church
+of Christ a far higher honor than any I have ever
+received."</p>
+
+<p>For six years he continued to be an unofficial member
+of the church. Then, on June 8, 1845, he said to those
+who had gathered about his death-bed: "I am my God's.
+I belong to Him. I go but a short time before you, and
+I want to meet you all, white and black, in heaven."</p>
+
+<p>Less than two months before his death, when the
+President and Directors of the National Institute proposed
+that an imported sarcophagus in their possession
+be set apart for his last resting-place, he declined, because
+he wished to lie by the side of his wife, in the
+garden of The Hermitage.</p>
+
+<p>Until 1888 Andrew Jackson, Jr., and after his death,
+his widow occupied the house, during the last thirty-two
+years of this period as caretakers for the State,
+which had bought the property for $48,000. Since 1889
+the mansion and twenty-five acres of ground have been
+cared for by the Ladies' Hermitage Association.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_65" id="img_65"></a>
+<img src="images/i_389b.jpg" width="550" height="400" alt="Ashland" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by E. C. Hall</i></span><br />
+ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KY.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXXXI
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">355</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HOME OF HENRY CLAY FOR FORTY-SIX YEARS</p>
+
+<p>Henry Clay's mother, having married Captain Henry
+Watkins, moved from Hanover, Virginia, to Woodford
+County, Kentucky, in 1792. As soon as the future
+statesman was admitted to practice in the Virginia
+Court of Appeals, he decided to follow her. Accordingly,
+in November, 1797, he became a resident of Lexington.
+Three years later the <i>Kentucke Gazette</i>, the
+first paper published west of the mountains, told of "an
+eloquent oration" that was "delivered by Henry Clay,
+Esquire."</p>
+
+<p>The year before the young lawyer received this flattering
+notice he married Lavinia Hart, of Lexington.
+Seven years were spent in rented quarters, but in 1806
+he purchased an estate about a mile and a half from
+town.</p>
+
+<p>Clay took the keenest pleasure in the estate. Once he
+wrote to a friend:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"I am in one respect better off than Moses. He died
+in sight of and without reaching the Promised Land. I
+occupy as good a farm as any he would have found had
+he reached it, and 'Ashland' has been acquired not by
+hereditary descent but by my own labor."</p>
+</div>
+<p>However, it was only at intervals that the proud
+owner was able to enjoy Ashland. After 1803 the
+longest period of residence was six years, and this was
+toward the close of his life.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">356</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The management of the property was largely in the
+hands of Mrs. Clay, and the prosperity of the plantation
+was proof of her capability. From Washington he
+wrote frequently of things he would like to see done.
+He was especially interested in blooded stock which he
+secured in the East and abroad. Once he wrote proudly
+of the fact that there were on the estate specimens of
+"the Maltese ass, the Arabian horse, the Merino and
+Saxe Merino sheep, the English Hereford and Durham
+cattle, the goat, the mule and the hog." His race horses
+were famous, and he delighted to handle them himself.
+He also liked to feed the pigs, even when he was an old
+man.</p>
+
+<p>There were many slaves at Ashland, and they were
+all attached to their master. His will provided for their
+emancipation, under wise conditions. Once, when a
+friend bequeathed him twenty-five slaves, he sent them
+to Liberia, by way of New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>Harriet Martineau, who visited Ashland in 1835, told
+of her pleasant impression of the place and its owner:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"I stayed some weeks in the house of a wealthy landowner
+in Kentucky. Our days were passed in great luxury,
+and the hottest of them very idly. The house was
+in the midst of grounds gay with verdure and flowers,
+in the opening month of June, and our favorite seats
+were the steps of the hall, and chairs under the trees.
+From there we could watch the play of the children on
+the grass plot, and some of the drolleries of the little
+negroes.... There were thirty-three horses in the
+stables, and we roved about the neighboring country
+accordingly...."</p>
+</div>
+<p>As the years passed visitors flocked to Ashland in
+ever-increasing numbers. Many of them were politicians,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">357</a></span>
+but more were plain people who were devoted to
+Clay and could not understand why the country refused
+to elect him President. In 1844, during his longest
+period of continuous residence at Ashland, he received
+word of the disappointing result of the election. After
+a few days, when he was walking on the turnpike near
+the house, he was startled by a woman who, on passing
+him, burst into tears. When he asked her why she wept,
+she said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"I have lost my father, my husband, and my children,
+and passed through other painful trials; but all of them
+together have not given me so much sorrow as the late
+disappointment of your friends."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A story is also told of a bride and groom who visited
+Ashland on the day the news of defeat was received.
+The journey was continued down the Mississippi River.
+On the boat the groom was taken seriously ill. The
+physician who was called to attend him was puzzled to
+define the ailment until the bride said that the cause
+was the defeat of Henry Clay. The old doctor threw
+his arms about the patient's neck and cried, "There is
+no cure for a complaint like that."</p>
+
+<p>The sting of defeat was forgotten one day in 1845.
+Mr. Clay was in his bank in Lexington, prepared to pay
+a part of the indebtedness that had all but swamped
+him, so that he felt he might have to sacrifice Ashland.
+The bank told him that about $50,000 had been deposited
+in the bank by his friends from all parts of the country,
+enough to pay all his debts. He never knew the names
+of the generous friends who had made possible the retention
+of the property.</p>
+
+<p>He thought he was to spend the remainder of his days
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">358</a></span>
+at home, and that he would die there in peace. One
+day he said, in an address in Lexington, "I felt like an
+old stag which has been long coursed by the hunters
+and the hounds, through brakes and briars, and over
+distant plains, and has at last returned to his ancient
+lair to lay himself down and die."</p>
+
+<p>Again in 1848 he tasted defeat, though on this occasion
+it was in the nominating convention, not in the
+election. In the trying days that followed he was sustained
+by his Christian faith. He had been baptized in
+the parlor at Ashland on June 22, 1847. The reality
+of his religious convictions was seen one day by what he
+said to a company of friends who had been talking in a
+despairing manner of the future of the country. Pointing
+to the Bible on the table, he said, "Gentlemen, I
+do not know anything but that Book which can reconcile
+us to such events."</p>
+
+<p>In 1849 Clay was sent to the United States Senate
+because the legislature of Kentucky felt that he was
+needed to help in the solution of questions raised by the
+Mexican War. He spent three years in Washington,
+then died in the midst of his work. After a journey
+that showed what a place he had won in the hearts of
+the people, his body was taken to Lexington. The catafalque
+lay in state in Ashland over one night. Next
+day the body was buried near Lexington.</p>
+
+<p>His son, James B. Clay, who purchased the estate
+at auction, tore down the house because of its weakened
+foundations, but rebuilt it of the same materials, on the
+old site, and on almost the identical plans. Both outside
+and inside the mansion has practically the appearance
+of the original.</p>
+
+<p>Before the Civil War Ashland was purchased by the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">359</a></span>
+State College, but in 1882 it became the property of
+Major Henry Clay McDowell, whose widow lived there
+for many years. She was the daughter of Henry Clay,
+Jr., whose death at the Battle of Buena Vista was a
+sore blow to one who was always a fond father.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_66" id="img_66"></a>
+<img src="images/i_390a.jpg" width="550" height="390" alt="Whitley's Station" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Miss M. E. Sacre, Stanford, Ky.</i></span><br />
+SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, KY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXXXII</p>
+
+<h3>SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION,
+KENTUCKY</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE HOME OF THE MAN WHO KILLED TECUMSEH</p>
+
+<p>"Then, Billy, if I was you, I would go and see!"</p>
+
+<p>Thus replied Esther Whitley of Augusta, Virginia,
+to her husband William Whitley, when, early in 1775,
+he had told her that he had a fine report of Kentucky,
+and that he thought they could get their living in the
+frontier settlements with less hard work than was required
+in Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Whitley took his wife at her word. Two days later,
+with axe and plow and gun and kettle, he was on his
+way over the mountains. Daniel Boone had not yet
+marked out the Wilderness Road that was to become
+the great highway of emigration from Virginia to Kentucky.
+At first his only companion was his brother-in-law,
+George Clark, but on the way seven others joined
+the party.</p>
+
+<p>During the next six years he was one of the trusted
+pioneers at Boonesborough and Harrod's Fort, two stations
+on the Wilderness Road. When he had a house
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">360</a></span>
+ready for his wife, he returned to Virginia, and brought
+her to Kentucky. It is said that she was the third white
+woman to cross the Cumberland Mountains, Mrs. Daniel
+Boone and her daughter being the first and second. The
+claim has been made that their daughter, Louisa, who
+was born in Boonesborough, was the first white child
+born in the present limits of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>Louisa was perhaps four years old when Whitley removed
+to the vicinity of Crab Orchard, the famous assembling
+place for parties about to take the dangerous
+journey back to Virginia. Two miles from the settlement
+he built Whitley's Fort. In 1788 he felt able to
+build for his growing family the first brick house in
+Kentucky. The brick were brought from Virginia, and
+the man who laid the brick was given a farm of five
+hundred acres for his services. The windows were
+placed high above the ground to prevent the Indians
+from shooting in at the occupants. The window-glass
+was carried across the mountains in pack-saddles. The
+stairway had twenty-one steps, and on these steps were
+carved the heads of thirteen eagles to represent the original
+thirteen Colonies. The doors were made of wood,
+elaborately carved, and were in two layers, a heavy sheet
+of iron being placed between these. The old-time
+leather hinges are still in use.</p>
+
+<p>The owner laid out on his property the first race track
+in Kentucky, and he called his house Sportsman's Hall.
+In its walls scores of settlers found refuge in time of
+danger. Famous men sat with Mr. and Mrs. Whitley
+at their hospitable table, among these being Daniel
+Boone, George Rogers Clark, and General Harrison.</p>
+
+<p>Until his death at the battle of the Thames in 1813
+Whitley was one of the chief defenders of the settlers
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">361</a></span>
+against the Indians. On his powder horn he cut the
+lines:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>William Whitley, I am your horne,</p>
+<p>The truth I love, a lie I scorne,</p>
+<p>Fill me with the best of powder,</p>
+<p>I'll make your rifle crack the louder.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>See how the dread, terrifick ball</p>
+<p>Makes Indians blench at Toreys fall,</p>
+<p>You with powder I'll supply</p>
+<p>For to defend your liberty.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>One day in 1785 a messenger came to Whitley's Fort
+with the tidings that Indians had captured a mother and
+her babe, after killing three older children. Mr. Whitley
+was not at home, but Mrs. Whitley sent for him. In
+the meantime she collected a company of twenty rescuers.
+On his return Whitley placed himself at their
+head, pursued the Indians, and rescued the prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>The title Colonel was given to Whitley in 1794, when
+he commanded the Nickerjack expedition against the
+Tennessee Indians, who had been conducting foraging
+expeditions into Kentucky. The march was conducted
+with such secrecy and despatch that the enemy were
+taken by surprise, and were completely routed.</p>
+
+<p>The last of his campaigns took place in Canada
+against the British, French, and Indians in 1813. Many
+claim that before he received his mortal wound in the
+battle of the Thames, he fired the shot that killed Tecumseh,
+the chief who had given so much trouble to the
+settlers of Kentucky and Indiana. Others say that the
+shot was fired by a Colonel Johnson.</p>
+
+<p>The body of the Indian fighter rests in an unknown
+grave hundreds of miles from the territory he helped
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">362</a></span>
+to wrest from the Indians, but the brick house he built
+near Crab Orchard is still one of the historic buildings
+of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_67" id="img_67"></a>
+<img src="images/i_390b.jpg" width="550" height="370" alt="White Haven" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo furnished by Albert Wenzlick</i></span><br />
+WHITE HAVEN, ST. LOUIS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXXXIII</p>
+
+<h3>WHITE HAVEN, NEAR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE ULYSSES S. GRANT COURTED JULIA DENT</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after Ulysses Simpson Grant graduated
+from West Point, he was sent to Jefferson Barracks, at
+St. Louis. His military duties were not so arduous
+that he was unable to accept the invitation of Fred
+Dent, a former roommate at West Point, to go with him
+to the Dent homestead on the Gravois Road, four miles
+from the Barracks.</p>
+
+<p>The young second lieutenant did not have to be urged
+to repeat his visit. In fact he went so often that the
+road between the Barracks and the Dent farm became
+as familiar to him as his old haunts on the banks of the
+Hudson. He did not meet Julia Dent at first, for she
+was absent at school, but he found enough attraction in
+a sister to make him a frequent visitor.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the eventful day when he met seventeen-year-old
+Julia. The courtship was by no means a long-drawn-out
+affair; the young people were engaged before
+Grant was ordered to the Mexican border, though the
+fact was not announced until his return to St. Louis in
+May, 1845. The marriage took place in August, 1848,
+after the close of the Mexican War.</p>
+
+<p>For some years Mrs. Grant was a soldier's wife.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">363</a></span>
+Grant took her with him to Detroit, but he left her at
+her old home in St. Louis when he was transferred to
+the Pacific Coast. In 1853 he accepted a commission as
+captain, which he soon resigned, determining to return
+to the East. Several unfortunate speculations had left
+him without funds, and he was indebted to a friend in
+San Francisco for transportation.</p>
+
+<p>"I rejoined my family to find in it a son whom I had
+never seen, born while I was on the Isthmus of
+Panama," Grant said in his "Personal Memoirs." "I
+was now to commence, at the age of thirty-two, a new
+struggle for our support. My wife had a farm near St.
+Louis, to which we went, but I had no means to stock it.
+A house had to be built also. I worked very hard, never
+losing a day because of bad weather, and accomplished
+the object in a moderate way."</p>
+
+<p>After working as a farm laborer for a time, he built
+a cabin on sixty acres given to Mrs. Grant by her father.
+"Hardscrabble," as he called the four-room log house,
+was the home of the Grant family for several years.
+This cabin, which was on the grounds of the Louisiana
+Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, and White Haven,
+must both be counted homes of the family at this period.
+Fred, Nellie, and Jesse Grant were all born in White
+Haven.</p>
+
+<p>Ready money was scarce, but the father of a growing
+family felt the necessity of providing for their wants.
+"If nothing else could be done I would load a cord of
+wood on a wagon and take it to the city for sale," he
+wrote in his Memoirs. "I managed to keep along
+very well until 1858, when I was attacked by fever and
+ague. I had suffered very severely and for a long time
+from the disease while a boy in Ohio. It lasted now
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">364</a></span>
+over a year, and, while it did not keep me in the house,
+it did interfere greatly with the amount of work I was
+able to perform. In the fall of 1858 I sold out my stock,
+crops and farming utensils at auction, and gave up
+farming."</p>
+
+<p>The family remained at White Haven for a time, and
+Grant tried to make a living in the real estate business.
+His partner was a cousin of Mrs. Grant. The income of
+the business was not sufficient for two families, so he
+soon gave up the attempt. "He doesn't seem to be just
+calculated for business, but an honester, more generous
+man never lived," was the remark of one who knew him
+at this time.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime he had taken his family to St. Louis.
+He made one further attempt to support them there.
+Learning that there was a vacancy in the office of county
+engineer, he applied for the position, but the appointment
+was to be made by the members of the county
+court, and he did not have sufficient influence to secure
+it. So the move to Galena, Illinois, in May, 1860, became
+necessary. There, in the leather business, he
+earned but eight hundred dollars a year. And he had
+a family of six to feed.</p>
+
+<p>A year later he responded to the call of President
+Lincoln, and began the army service that made him
+famous.</p>
+
+<p>White Haven was built in 1808 by Captain John
+Long, who had won his title during the Revolution.
+Later the house and three hundred acres of the original
+farm were sold to Frederick Dent, who, at one period,
+had ninety slaves in the slave quarters still to be seen
+at the rear of the house.</p>
+
+<p>Through Mrs. Grant the entire property came into the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">365</a></span>
+possession of General Grant. At the time of the failure
+of Grant &amp; Ward, the farm was pledged to William H.
+Vanderbilt, who sold it to Captain Fuller H. Conn of
+St. Louis. Captain Conn disposed of it in a number
+of parcels. One of these, containing fifteen acres and
+the old homestead, was purchased by Albert Wenzlick,
+who makes his summer home in the house where Ulysses
+S. Grant met Julia Dent.</p>
+
+<h2>EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO
+NEW ENGLAND</h2>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>In verdurous tumult far away</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>The prairie billows gleam,</i></p>
+<p><i>Upon their crests in blessing rests</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>The noontide's gracious beam.</i></p>
+<p><i>Low quivering vapors steaming dim</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>The level splendors break</i></p>
+<p><i>Where languid lilies deck the rim</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Of some land-circled lake.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>Far in the east like low-hung clouds</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>The waving woodlands lie;</i></p>
+<p><i>Far in the west the glowing plain</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Melts warmly in the sky.</i></p>
+<p><i>No accent wounds the reverent air,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>No footprint dints the sod,&mdash;</i></p>
+<p><i>Lone in the light the prairie lies,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Wrapt in a dream of God.</i></p>
+</div>
+<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">John Hay</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p6">EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO NEW ENGLAND</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">369</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_68" id="img_68"></a>
+<img src="images/i_409a.jpg" width="550" height="397" alt="Lincoln's House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by E. C. Hall</i></span><br />
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD, ILL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXXXIV</p>
+
+<h3>THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD,<br />
+ILLINOIS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">FROM WHICH PRESIDENT-ELECT LINCOLN WENT TO<br />
+WASHINGTON IN 1861</p>
+
+<p>When Abraham Lincoln entered Springfield, in 1837,
+he did not own a house; in fact he did not own much
+of anything. Joshua Speed is quoted by Ida Tarbell
+thus:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"He had ridden into town on a borrowed horse, with
+no earthly property save a pair of saddle-bags containing
+a few clothes.... Lincoln came into the store with
+his saddle-bags on his arm. He said he wanted to buy
+the furniture for a single bed. The mattress, blankets,
+sheets, coverlid, and pillow ... would cost seventeen
+dollars. He said that perhaps was cheap enough; but
+small as the price was, he was unable to pay it. But if
+I would credit him till Christmas, and his experiment
+as a lawyer was a success, he would pay then, saying in
+the saddest tone, 'If I fail in this I do not know that
+I can ever pay you.'"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The storekeeper thereupon proposed that the young
+lawyer should share his own room above the store. Lincoln
+promptly accepted, went upstairs, and in a moment
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">370</a></span>
+was down again. With dry humor he said: "Well,
+Speed, I am moved."</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln longed for better quarters, however, because
+he wanted to be married. He watched with interest the
+new buildings that were going up, probably reflecting
+sadly that none of them were for him. In his discouragement
+he wrote to Miss Mary Owen of New Salem,
+to whom he had said something about coming to live
+with him in Springfield:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"You would have to be poor, without the means of
+hiding your poverty. Do you believe you could bear
+that patiently? Whatever woman may cast her lot with
+mine, should any ever do so, it is my intention to do all
+in my power to make her happy and contented. And
+there is nothing I can imagine that would make me more
+unhappy than to fail in the effort. I know I should be
+much happier with you than the way I am, provided I
+saw no sign of discontent in you."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Miss Owen declined to go to Springfield, because she
+felt that Lincoln was "deficient in those little links
+which make up the chain of a woman's happiness."</p>
+
+<p>Five years later, on November 4, 1842, Lincoln married
+Miss Mary Todd, a member of a prominent Kentucky
+family, who had come to Springfield in 1839 to
+live with her sister, Mrs. Ninian W. Edwards. The
+house in which she spent the three years before her marriage
+was one of the handsomest in the town, and was
+a centre of social gayety. Mr. and Mrs. Edwards opposed
+the marriage to the poor and plebeian lawyer;
+they urged the folly of exchanging a cultured home for
+the surroundings to which Lincoln would take her. But
+she knew her own mind, and she went with Lincoln to
+the home he provided for her.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">371</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The character of the accommodations to which he took
+his bride is revealed by a letter written in May, 1843:
+"We are not keeping house, but boarding at the Globe
+Tavern.... Boarding only costs four dollars a
+week."</p>
+
+<p>But the day came when the young statesman was able
+to open for Mrs. Lincoln the door of their own modest
+one-story house. Later a second story was added under
+the direction of his wife, most of the work being done
+while he was away from home, riding the circuit.</p>
+
+<p>J. G. Holland's pleasing picture of life in the home
+during the years from 1850 to 1860 should be remembered:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"It was to him a time of rest, of reading, of social
+happiness, and of professional prosperity. He was already
+a father, and took an almost unbounded delight in
+his children. The most that he could say to any rebel
+in his household was, 'You break my heart, when you
+act like this.' A young man bred in Springfield speaks
+of a vision that has clung to his memory very vividly.... His
+way to school led by the lawyer's door. On
+almost any fair summer morning he could find Mr. Lincoln
+on the sidewalk in front of his house, drawing a
+child backward and forward, in a child's gig. Without
+hat or coat, and wearing a pair of rough shoes, his hands
+behind him holding on to the tongue of the gig, and his
+tall form bent forward to accommodate himself to the
+service, he paced up and down the walk forgetful of
+everything around him. The young man says he remembers
+wondering how so rough and plain a man should
+live in so respectable a house."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Once Lincoln was sitting on the porch when three-year-old
+Willie escaped from the bathtub, ran out cf the
+house and the gate, up the street, and into a field. There
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">372</a></span>
+his father caught him, and carried him home on his
+shoulder.</p>
+
+<p>The children liked to ride on his shoulder, and they
+clambered for the position. If they could not get there,
+they contented themselves with hanging to his coat tails.
+One day a neighbor heard the boys crying, and asked
+what was the matter. "Just what's the matter with
+the whole world," was Lincoln's reply. "I've got three
+walnuts, and each wants two."</p>
+
+<p>During the last day of the Republican Convention of
+1860, which was in session in Chicago, Lincoln was in
+the office of the Springfield <i>Journal</i>, receiving word of
+the progress of events. A messenger came in and said
+to him, "The Convention has made a nomination, and
+Mr. Seward is&mdash;the second man on the list!" After
+reading the telegram, and receiving the congratulations
+of all in the office, Lincoln spoke of the little woman on
+Eighth Street who had some interest in the matter, and
+said he would go home and tell her the news.</p>
+
+<p>When the news became generally known, the citizens
+followed him to the house on Eighth Street. In the
+evening, after a meeting in the State House, the Republicans
+present marched to the Lincoln home. The
+nominee made a speech, and invited as many as could
+get in to enter the house. "After the fourth of March
+we will give you a larger house," came the laughing
+response.</p>
+
+<p>Next day Lincoln was in a quandary. Some of his
+friends had sent him a present of wines and other
+liquors, that he might be able to give what they thought
+would be appropriate refreshment to the Committee sent
+from Chicago to notify the nominee. Before the formal
+notification, Lincoln asked the members what he should
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">373</a></span>
+do with the wine. J. G. Holland says that "the chairman
+at once advised him to return the gift, and to offer
+no stimulants to his guests."</p>
+
+<p>A few years later, when he had closed the house which
+he was never to enter again, he said to his friends, who
+had gathered at the train to say good-bye:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"My friends: no one, not in my situation, can appreciate
+my feeling of sadness at this parting. To this
+place, and the kindness of these people, I owe everything.
+Here I have lived a quarter of a century, and
+have passed from a young to an old man. Here my children
+have been born, and one is buried. I now leave,
+not knowing when or whether ever I may return, with
+a task before me greater than that which rested upon
+Washington. Without the assistance of that Divine
+Being who ever attended him, I cannot succeed. With
+that assistance I cannot fail. Trusting in Him, who
+can go with me, and remain with you, and be everywhere
+for good, let us confidently hope that all will yet be well.
+To His care commending you, as I hope in your prayers
+you will commend me, I bid you an affectionate farewell."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When the body of the martyred President was brought
+back to Springfield on May 3, 1865, it was not taken to
+the old home on Eighth Street, but to the State Capitol,
+and from there to Oak Ridge Cemetery.</p>
+
+<p>The house is now the property of the State of Illinois,
+the gift of Robert T. Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln's son.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_69" id="img_69"></a>
+<img src="images/i_409b.jpg" width="550" height="395" alt="Harrison's House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo furnished by Frank H. Curtis, Vincennes</i></span><br />
+WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON'S HOUSE, VINCENNES, IND.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXXXV<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">374</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE GOVERNOR'S PALACE AT VINCENNES,<br />
+INDIANA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE "OLD TIPPECANOE" WELCOMED HIS GUESTS</p>
+
+<p>William Henry Harrison, son of Benjamin Harrison,
+one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence,
+was a ward of Robert Morris. The great financier opposed
+the young man's purpose to enlist in the Ohio
+campaign against the Indians that followed the war of
+the Revolution, but when young Harrison applied directly
+to Washington he was appointed ensign and sent
+to the front. This was in 1791, and the new ensign was
+but nineteen years old.</p>
+
+<p>Gallant conduct during a campaign of four years
+under General Anthony Wayne brought to him promotion
+to a captaincy, the favor of his general, and the
+command of Fort Washington, at what is now Cincinnati,
+Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>This post was resigned in 1798, when there seemed no
+further prospect of active service. Thereupon Washington
+appointed the twenty-four-year-old captain Secretary
+of the Northwestern Territory and <i>ex officio</i> Lieutenant
+Governor. When, in 1800, the Northwestern
+Territory was divided, he was nominated by Thomas
+Jefferson Governor of Indiana Territory, including what
+is now Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa.</p>
+
+<p>Vincennes, one of the three white settlements in all
+this vast territory, became the seat of government. As
+Fort Sackville Vincennes had been made famous during
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">375</a></span>
+the Revolution by the brilliant exploit of George Rogers
+Clarke, who took it from the British after an approach
+across Illinois and through the flooded valley of the
+Wabash, for which he will ever be remembered by a
+grateful country.</p>
+
+<p>For thirteen years he was the autocrat in his remote
+outpost. To him were committed, in company with the
+Judge, all legislative powers; he was commander-in-chief
+of the militia, and he had the power of treaty-making
+with the Indians. His signature became a valid
+title to lands in the Indian country. His care of the
+interests committed to him was so satisfactory that the
+legislature of Indiana asked for his reappointment. He
+was especially successful in dealing with the Indians.
+The victory at Tippecanoe became a rallying cry when,
+in 1839, he was nominated for the Presidency.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most notable events of his career as Governor
+took place before his house at Vincennes. The
+Indian warrior Tecumseh, claiming that lands ceded by
+other tribes belonged to his own tribe, threatened vengeance
+on any who should attempt to settle on these
+lands. General Harrison sent for him, promising to
+give him a careful hearing and full justice. Accordingly,
+in August, 1810, Tecumseh came to Vincennes,
+accompanied by several hundred warriors. The meeting
+of the Governor and the Indians took place in front
+of the official residence. At one point in the conference,
+Tecumseh, being angry, gave a signal to his warriors,
+who seized their knives, tomahawks, and war clubs and
+sprang to their feet.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor rose calmly from his armchair, drew his
+sword, and faced the savage. His bearing overawed the
+Indians, and when he told Tecumseh that he could have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">376</a></span>
+no further conference with such a bad man, the chief
+and his supporters returned to their camp.</p>
+
+<p>The house that looked down on this scene was probably
+the first house of burned brick built west of the
+Alleghenies. It was erected in 1804, at a cost of about
+twenty thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The walls of the basement are twenty-four inches
+thick; the upper walls are eighteen inches thick. The
+outer walls are of hard red brick. The doors, sash, mantels,
+and stairs are of black walnut, and are said to have
+been made in Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>The basement contains the dining-room, the kitchen,
+in which hangs the old-fashioned crane, a storeroom in
+which the supplies of powder and arms were kept, and
+four servants' bedrooms. At one side of the large cellar
+is the entrance to a tunnel which led to the banks of
+the Wabash, some six hundred feet distant. This was
+built, so tradition says, that the Governor and his family,
+if too closely pressed by Indians, might escape to
+the river and continue their flight in canoes. This
+would be useful also for the carrying in of water and
+food during a siege.</p>
+
+<p>On the first floor a commodious hallway communicates
+on the left with the Council Chamber, where
+notable visitors were received. This was also the chamber
+of early territorial lawmakers. Here, in 1805, by
+Rev. Thomas Clelland, was preached the first Presbyterian
+sermon in what is now the State of Indiana.</p>
+
+<p>In the shutter of a room facing the rear is the mark
+of a bullet which, it is said, was fired by an Indian who
+was attempting the life of the Governor, while that official
+was walking the floor with his little son in his
+arms.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">377</a></span></p>
+
+<p>To-day the house is cut off from the city by railroad
+tracks and is surrounded by factories. Until 1916 it
+was owned by the Vincennes Water Company, which
+proposed to raze it to the ground, that they might have
+room for extension. Learning of this purpose, six members
+of the Francis Vigo Chapter of the Daughters of
+the American Revolution begged the City Council to
+buy the house and preserve it. When the Council announced
+that the way was not open to do this, a number
+of patriotic women, led by Mrs. Frank W. Curtis, raised
+the sum necessary for the purchase of the property.</p>
+
+<p>Under the direction of the Francis Vigo Chapter, the
+house has been restored, and opened for visitors. It is
+the intention to maintain it for the inspiration of those
+who visit Vincennes to look on the scene of the wise
+labors of the first Governor of the Indian Territory.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_70" id="img_70"></a>
+<img src="images/i_410a.jpg" width="550" height="414" alt="Rufus Putnam's House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo furnished by Miss Willia D. Cotton, Marietta</i></span><br />
+RUFUS PUTNAM'S HOUSE, MARIETTA, O.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXXXVI</p>
+
+<h3>THE HOUSE OF GENERAL RUFUS PUTNAM,<br />
+MARIETTA, OHIO</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE MAN WHO LED THE FIRST PERMANENT SETTLERS
+TO OHIO</p>
+
+<p>In 1775 General Washington decided that he must
+fortify Dorchester Heights, Boston, if he was to force
+the British to leave the country. But how was he to do
+this? The ground was frozen to a depth of eighteen
+inches, and the enemy's cannon commanded the coveted
+position. Lieutenant Colonel Putnam told the General
+that the seemingly impossible task could be performed.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">378</a></span>
+Washington was dubious, but he had learned that Colonel
+Putnam was to be counted on. One night, after
+dark, the work was begun, and before daylight it was so
+far completed that the surprised enemy were compelled
+to retire.</p>
+
+<p>In recognition of services like this, Colonel Putnam
+was made a brigadier general. A reward even greater
+was his; he won the lasting friendship of Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Eight years after the fortification of Dorchester
+Heights, two hundred and eighty-three officers asked
+Congress for a grant of land in the western country.
+General Putnam forwarded the petition to Washington,
+and urged that it be granted, in order that "the country
+between Lake Erie and the Ohio might be filled with inhabitants,
+and the faithful subjects of the United States
+so established on the waters of the Ohio and on the lakes
+as to banish forever the idea of our western territory
+falling under the dominion of any European power."</p>
+
+<p>Action by Congress was delayed. On June 2, 1784,
+Washington wrote to Putnam:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"I wish it was in my power to give you a more favorable
+account of the officers' petition for lands on the
+Ohio and its water, than I am about to do.... For
+surely if justice and gratitude to the army, and general
+policy of the Union were to govern in the case, there
+would not be the smallest interruption in granting the
+request."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Putnam did not lose heart. His next step, taken in
+January, 1786, was to call a meeting of officers and soldiers
+and others to form an Ohio Company. The meeting
+was held at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern, in Boston,
+March 1, 1786, and the Ohio Company of Associates was
+duly formed. It was agreed to raise a fund to purchase
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">379</a></span>
+from Congress, for purposes of settlement, the western
+lands which Congress had been asked to give them.</p>
+
+<p>On July 27, 1787, a tract of 1,500,000 acres on the
+Ohio River, between the Scioto and the Muskingum
+rivers, was sold to the Company at sixty-six and two-thirds
+cents per acre. Half the amount was paid down.
+When, later, it became impossible to pay the remainder,
+Congress gave a measure of relief.</p>
+
+<p>The first emigrants to go to the new lands set out
+from Danvers, Massachusetts, December 1, 1787, under
+the guidance of General Rufus Putnam, while a second
+party started from Hartford, Connecticut, January 1,
+1788. The first party of twenty-two men followed the
+Indian trail over the Allegheny Mountains and reached
+the Youghiogheny River, on January 23, 1788, while
+the second party of twenty-eight men, making better
+time, joined them on February 14. Then a barge,
+called the <i>Mayflower</i>, was built, forty-six feet long and
+twelve feet wide. A cabin was provided for the women
+of the party, and an awning was stretched. The men
+propelled the boat with ten oars.</p>
+
+<p>On April 1 the voyage to the Ohio was begun, and on
+April 7 the party reached the mouth of the Muskingum.
+The barge was moored to the bank, opposite Fort Harmar.
+Thus came the Massachusetts pioneers to the
+town of which Washington wrote later: "No colony in
+America was ever settled under such favorable auspices
+as that which has just commenced at Muskingum. Information,
+property, and strength will be its characteristics.
+I know many of the settlers personally, and
+there never were men better calculated to promote the
+welfare of such a community."</p>
+
+<p>Here the pioneers laid out the town of Marietta
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">380</a></span>
+among the famous Indian mounds, naming it in honor
+of Marie Antoinette of France. The greatest mound of
+all was made the central feature of Marie Antoinette
+Square. This mound is thirty feet high, while the circular
+base is 375 feet in circumference. It is surrounded
+by a moat fifteen feet wide and five feet deep. Beyond
+the moat is a parapet twenty feet thick and 385 feet in
+circumference. This square was leased to General Putnam
+for twelve years, on condition that he "surround
+the whole square with mulberry trees with an elm at
+each corner." The base of the mound was to be encircled
+with weeping willows, and evergreens were to be placed
+on the mound. The parapet was to be surrounded with
+trees, the square was to be seeded down to grass, and
+the whole was to be enclosed with a post and rail fence.
+This effort to create a park at the very beginning was
+an unusual feature of this pioneer experience.</p>
+
+<p>An enclosure of logs, with a log fort at each corner,
+was built for protection against the Indians. Between
+the corner forts were the cabins occupied by the various
+families. The forts and the enclosure were named the
+Campus Martius. One of the early houses built within
+this stockade became the home of General Putnam.</p>
+
+<p>Marie Antoinette Square soon became known as
+Mound Square. General Putnam turned over his lease
+to the town, which set the property aside as a cemetery.
+Many of the settlers had died during two epidemics of
+smallpox, and there was need of a cemetery nearer the
+town than the ground set aside at the beginning.</p>
+
+<p>It is claimed that more officers of the Revolution have
+been buried in the Mound Cemetery than in any other
+cemetery in the country. There were twelve colonels,
+twelve majors, and twenty-two captains among the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">381</a></span>
+Marietta pioneers. When General Lafayette was in
+Marietta in 1825, the list was read to him, and he said:
+"I knew them all. I saw them at Brandywine, Yorktown,
+and Rhode Island. They were the bravest of the
+brave."</p>
+
+<p>Over Putnam's grave is the following inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="cblockquot">Gen. Rufus Putnam<br />
+A Revolutionary Officer<br />
+And the leader of the<br />
+Colony which made the<br />
+First settlement in the<br />
+Territory of the Northwest.<br />
+Born April 9, 1738<br />
+Died May 4, 1824.</p>
+
+<p>The house occupied by "the Father of Ohio," as he
+has been called, is preserved as a historical monument.
+In 1917 the Daughters of the American Revolution and
+Marietta succeeded in persuading the Ohio Legislature
+to pass a bill making provision for its repair and care.</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">LXXXVII</p>
+
+<h3>MONUMENT PLACE, ELM GROVE, WEST VIRGINIA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE PLANTATION HOME OF TWO MAKERS OF HISTORY</p>
+
+<p>At Shepherdstown, the oldest town in what is now
+West Virginia, Moses Shepherd was born on November
+11, 1763. His grandfather had founded the town.</p>
+
+<p>When Moses was about seven years old his father,
+Colonel Shepherd, removed his large family to his plantation
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">382</a></span>
+between Big Wheeling and Little Creek, which is
+now included within the limits of Elm Grove. On the
+banks of the creek he built Fort Shepherd, that the
+settlers for miles around might have a place of refuge
+from the Indians. Of this fort Colonel Shepherd was
+in command till it was destroyed by the Indians in 1777.
+The family was hastily removed to Fort Henry, nearer
+the present site of Wheeling. There they were hard
+pressed by the Indians. Moses, along with other children,
+assisted in the defence by moulding bullets and
+carrying ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>Word went out to the neighboring strongholds of
+the endangered settlers at Fort Henry. Captain John
+Boggs, then at Catfish Camp (now Washington, Pennsylvania),
+hurried to the assistance of Colonel Shepherd
+with forty armed men. With him was his daughter,
+Lydia, who took her place with Moses and the other
+young people as an assistant to the defenders.</p>
+
+<p>She was there when Molly Scott made her sally from
+the fort in search of shot, and she saw the heroine bring
+it in in her apron. She witnessed also the attempt of
+Major Samuel McColloch to enter the fort at the head
+of a squad of men which he had brought from Fort Van
+Meter, a few miles away. With joy she saw the men
+enter the gate of the fort, and her heart was in her
+mouth when she saw that McColloch, who was her
+cousin, was unable to follow because the Indians had
+managed to get between him and the gate. At last the
+gate was closed, lest the Indians gain entrance, and the
+gallant Major was left to his fate.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians thought they could capture him easily.
+They hemmed him on Wheeling Hill, on three sides. On
+the fourth side was a rocky precipice almost sheer, covered
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">383</a></span>
+with growth of trees and bushes. But the savages
+were not to have such an easy victory after all, for
+Major McColloch urged his horse over the brow of the
+steep hill, and, to the astonishment of all, slipped, slid,
+and fell to the bottom, where the way across the creek
+and to safety was comparatively easy.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians were finally driven away, but not until
+Moses Shepherd had made the acquaintance of Lydia
+Boggs, his companion in service at the fort. They were
+married later. In 1798, after the death of Colonel
+David Shepherd, Colonel Moses Shepherd took her to
+the palatial new home built on the site of the second
+Fort Shepherd, near the banks of Wheeling Creek. This
+house, which was called at first the Shepherd Mansion
+or the Stone House, later became known as the Monument
+Place.</p>
+
+<p>The story of the third name, which still persists, is
+interesting. When, during Jefferson's administration,
+certain farsighted statesmen advocated the building of
+a National Highway which should connect Washington
+with Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, Colonel Shepherd became
+one of the earnest and influential advocates of the
+road. He was a friend of Henry Clay, to whose indefatigable
+advocacy of the road was due much of the
+success of the venture. Clay was frequently a guest of
+the Shepherds, and in the stately stone house he talked
+with them about the difficulties, progress, and final
+triumph.</p>
+
+<p>When the road was an accomplished fact Colonel and
+Mrs. Shepherd caused to be built on the lawn a stone
+monument dedicated to their friend, in appreciation of
+his service. The monument, whose inscriptions have
+become illegible, is in plain sight from the Cumberland
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">384</a></span>
+Road, or, as it came to be called, the National Road,
+just before it makes a sharp turn to cross the sturdy
+stone bridge over Little Wheeling Creek. Possibly this
+was one of the bridges Colonel Shepherd constructed.
+At any rate he was a contractor for a section of the
+road, and several bridges were erected by him.</p>
+
+<p>Along the Cumberland Road, which was the great
+highway between the East and the West, travelled home-seekers
+outward bound and business men and politicians
+to whom Washington beckoned irresistibly. Among the
+regular travellers at this and later periods were Andrew
+Jackson, William Henry Harrison, General Houston,
+James K. Polk, and others who made it a point never to
+pass the Shepherd Mansion without stopping. One of
+the early politicians who frequented the house, attracted
+there by Mrs. Shepherd, said: "She had a powerful intellect
+in her younger days. Many of our caucuses were
+held in her drawing-room. She could keep a secret
+better than most women, but her love of sarcasm and
+intrigue kept her from being very effective."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Shepherd, in fun, had criticisms to offer of some
+of her visitors. Once she spoke of Burton, Clay, and
+Webster as "those young men, promising, but crude,
+crude."</p>
+
+<p>She was accustomed to go every winter with her husband
+to Washington, where she would spend a few
+months during the season. They always travelled in a
+coach and four and they lived in great style at the
+Capital. There she was sought for her beauty, for her
+eccentricities, and her familiarity with private political
+life.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Shepherd died in 1832. In 1833 Mrs. Shepherd
+married General Daniel Cruger, a New York Congressman,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">385</a></span>
+who spent the last years of his life in West
+Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>After the General's death in 1843 Mrs. Cruger lived
+at Monument Place, receiving visitors as of old, and
+increasing in the eccentricities that kept any one from
+being her warm admirer. Always she proved herself an
+unusual woman. "If fate had placed her in the compressed
+centre of a court, instead of in the inconsequent
+hurly-burly of a republic, she would have made
+for herself a great place in history," Mrs. Rebecca
+Harding Davis once wrote of her.</p>
+
+<p>She was still managing a large plantation during the
+Civil War, when a visitor dropped in to see her who has
+left the following picture of what she saw:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"We saw a well-built house of dressed stone, very
+large and solid, with the usual detached kitchen and
+long row of 'negro quarters.' ...</p>
+
+<p>"Mrs. Cruger's age was told by the skin of face and
+hands, which were like crumpled parchment, but the lips
+were firm and the eyes, deep set in wrinkled lids, were
+still dark and keen. She was then one hundred years
+old.</p>
+
+<p>"We went up to see the ball-room, which was across
+the whole front of the house, with many windows and a
+handsome carved marble mantel at each end, and deep
+closets on both sides of these fire-places.</p>
+
+<p>"Like Queen Elizabeth, Mrs. Cruger would seem to
+have kept all her fine clothes. The whole walls were
+hung thick with dresses of silk and satin and velvet
+pelisses trimmed with fur; braided riding-habits;
+mantles of damasked black silk; band-boxes piled from
+floor to ceiling full of wonderful bonnets, some of tremendous
+size, fine large leghorn straw, costing from
+fifty to one hundred dollars; also veils that would reach
+to the knee of fine old English lace; gold and silver
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">386</a></span>
+ruching; and fine embroidered cashmere turbans, a perfect
+museum of fashion from 1800 to 1840."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To another visitor Mrs. Cruger explained that it had
+long been her custom to put aside each year two gowns
+made in the fashion of that year.</p>
+
+<p>In her old age she liked to be alone. Frequently she
+would send every one from the house that she might
+bathe at night. Once her physician urged her to keep
+her maid near her. "Why?" she asked; "because I am
+afraid? afraid of what? of death? Death will not come
+to me for twenty years yet." She was then ninety years
+old, and she lived to be nearly one hundred and two.
+She is buried, by the side of her two husbands, in Old
+Stone Church Cemetery on the hill above Elm Grove.
+A rough monument carries inscriptions to the memory
+of the three pioneers whose lives, as has been pointed
+out by a local historian, "covered the Indian War, the
+Colonial Period, the War of the American Revolution,
+the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the Civil War."</p>
+
+<p class="center p6">LXXXVIII</p>
+
+<h3>THE CASTLE AT FORT NIAGARA, NEW YORK</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE OLDEST BUILDING IN THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES,<br />
+WEST OF THE MOHAWK</p>
+
+<p>"The story of Fort Niagara is peculiarly the story of
+the fur trade and the strife for commercial monopoly,"
+Frank H. Severance of the Buffalo Historical Society
+said in an address delivered at the fort in 1896; "and
+it is, too, in considerable measure, the story of our
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">387</a></span>
+neighbor, the magnificent colony of Canada.... It
+is a story replete with incidents of battle and siege, of
+Indian cruelty, of patriot captivity, of white men's duplicity,
+of famine, disease, and death,&mdash;of all the varied
+forms of misery and wretchedness of a frontier post,
+which we in days of ease are wont to call picturesque
+and romantic. It is a story without a dull page, and
+it is two and a half centuries long.... I cannot better
+tell the story ... then to symbolize Fort Niagara as
+a beaver skin, held by an Indian, a Frenchman, an Englishman,
+and a Dutchman, each of the last three trying
+to pull it away from the others (the poor Dutchman
+early bowled over in the scuffle), and each European
+equally eager to placate the Indian with fine words, with
+prayers, or with brandy, or to stick a knife into his
+white brother's back."</p>
+
+<p>The story begins in 1669, with the first efforts of the
+French to secure possession of the Niagara country. It
+includes also the romance of the building of the <i>Griffon</i>,
+the first vessel on the Great Lakes, and the episode of
+the early fortification of the late seventeenth century.
+But it was not until 1726, the year of the building of
+the stone castle near the mouth of the Niagara River,
+that the fort had its real beginning. The French felt
+compelled to build the fort because the activity of the
+English was interfering with their own fur trade with
+the Indians, and their plan to build Fort Oswego would
+increase the difficulty. No time was to be lost; Governor
+Joncaire felt that he could not wait for the approval
+of the authorities at home. To these latter he
+sent word that he must build a fortress, and he asked
+for an appropriation; to the Indians he declared that
+he wished to have a mere trading station. His real purpose
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">388</a></span>
+was indicated when he wrote to France that the
+building "will not have the appearance of a fort, so that
+no offence will be given to the Iroquois, who have been
+unwilling to allow any there, but it will answer the
+purpose of a fort just as well."</p>
+
+<p>The first step was the construction of two barques for
+use on Lake Ontario, to carry stone and timber for the
+building, and later, to cruise on the lake and intercept
+traders bound for Oswego.</p>
+
+<p>After the construction of the barques had been begun,
+the consent of the five Iroquois nations was secured.
+Longueuil promised them that it would be to them "a
+House of Peace" down to the third generation and
+farther. To Gaspard Chaussegros de Léry, engineer,
+was committed the building of the structure. He determined
+to make it fireproof. "Instead of wooden partitions
+I have built heavy walls, and paved all the floors
+with flat stone," he wrote in a report sent to France.
+The loft was paved with flat stones "on a floor full of
+good oak joists, upon which cannon may be placed above
+the structure."</p>
+
+<p>The trade with the Indians at the completed stone
+house on the Niagara increased. So did the activities
+of the English. Governor Burnet of New York craftily
+persuaded the Onondaga Indians that their interests had
+been endangered by the building of the French fort,
+since it penned them up from their chief hunting-place,
+and was therefore contrary to the Treaty of Utrecht;
+they agreed with him that the Iroquois had no right to
+the territory, which was really the property of the Senecas,
+and they asked the Governor to appeal to King
+George to protect them in their right.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore the suggestion was made that they "submit
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">389</a></span>
+and give up all their hunting country to the King," and
+sign a deed for it. Accordingly Seneca, Cayuga, and
+Onondaga sachems deeded to the English a sixty-mile
+strip along the south shore of Lake Ontario, which included
+the Niagara frontier, the Niagara River being
+the western boundary.</p>
+
+<p>"From this time on the 'stone house' was on British
+soil; but it was yet to take the new owner a generation
+to dispossess the obnoxious tenant," Frank H. Severance
+writes in "An Old Frontier of France."</p>
+
+<p>The story of the next thirty years is a story of plots
+and counter-plots, of expeditions threatened and actual,
+of disappointing campaigns, of imprisonment and
+cruelty and death. More than once Indians promised
+the English that the house at Niagara should be razed.
+Spies reported that the defences at the castle were in
+bad shape; "'tis certain that, should the English once
+attack it, 'tis theirs," one report ran. "I am informed
+that the fort is so dilapidated that 'tis impossible to
+put a pin in it without causing it to crumble; stanchions
+have been obliged to be set up against it to support it."
+Another report disclosed that if the cannon were fired
+the walls would crumble.</p>
+
+<p>But the French were not ready to give up. They felt
+that Fort Niagara was the key to the Ohio Valley, which
+they wished to control. They strengthened the defences
+of the fort. The defeat of Braddock at Fort Du Quesne
+and the strange decision of General Shirley to stop at
+Oswego instead of continuing with his force to Niagara,
+gave the French a new lease of life.</p>
+
+<p>In 1759 came the end of French rule. General Prideaux's
+expedition from New York began the siege of
+the fort early in July, and after several weeks it capitulated.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">390</a></span>
+Until 1796 the English flag floated above the
+"castle." The commander of this post, like the commanders
+of six other forts, refused on various pretexts
+to surrender to America, in spite of the terms of the
+treaty of 1783. Attempts were made to secure possession,
+but none of them were successful, and it was not
+until 1794 that Great Britain agreed to evacuate Niagara
+and the other forts still held, "on or before the 1st
+of June, 1796."</p>
+
+<p>Seventeen years later, in 1813, the British flag again
+replaced the Stars and Stripes over the historic building,
+but the fort was restored to the United States in 1815.
+Since that time it has been a part of the army post that
+has been more important because of its history than for
+any other reason.</p>
+
+<p>The Daughters of the War of 1812 have placed a suitable
+tablet on the Old Castle, and are interested in the
+proposition that has been made to turn the venerable
+edifice into an international museum, which shall commemorate
+the one hundred years of peace between Great
+Britain and America.</p>
+
+<p>In 1917 the eyes of the nation were once more turned
+on the fort by Lake Ontario, for it was made a training
+ground for officers who were to be sent to the battle
+front in France and Belgium. The castle, nearly two
+hundred years old, and strong as ever, again witnessed
+the gathering of patriots, and the spot that had
+echoed to the tread of French who had yielded to the
+English, of English who had driven out the French, and
+of Americans who had driven out the English, became
+the parade ground of Americans who were making ready
+to stand side by side with French and English for the
+freedom of the world.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_71" id="img_71"></a>
+<img src="images/i_410b.jpg" width="550" height="395" alt="Schuyler Mansion" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo furnished by Hon. Martin H. Glynn, Albany</i></span><br />
+THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, N. Y.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">LXXXIX<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">391</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, NEW YORK</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE RALLYING PLACE OF THE CONSTITUTIONALISTS</p>
+
+<p>When Catherine Van Rensselaer married Philip
+Schuyler, on September 17, 1755, he was a soldier who
+had been engaged in the campaign against the French
+at Crown Point. She was glad when he resigned, in
+1756, but he returned to army life in 1758 and at intervals
+for more than twenty years he continued his military
+service. Two days after the Battle of Bunker Hill
+Congress made him a major-general. During his three
+years in the army of the Colonies, he was the subject of
+continual abuse on the part of those who felt that he
+had conducted carelessly his expedition to Canada and
+the campaign against Burgoyne. He was able to stand
+up against the public clamor because Washington had
+confidence in him and because he was twice given a clean
+bill of health by a court of inquiry.</p>
+
+<p>During this season of misunderstanding he was sustained
+by his wife, who was a remarkable assistant both
+in his home and in public affairs. During the years
+when he was frequently incapacitated by gout she carried
+on much of his work for him, and so enabled him to
+maintain his place in the councils of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>It was in 1760 that Mrs. Schuyler first showed her
+great executive ability. While her husband was absent
+in England, where he had been sent by General Bradstreet,
+she superintended the erection of a new house, a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">392</a></span>
+spacious mansion of yellow brick that is to-day as
+staunch as when it was built.</p>
+
+<p>From the beginning the Schuyler mansion, the home
+of the first citizen of Albany, was noted because of the
+boundless hospitality of its mistress. All were welcomed
+who sought its doors. One notable company was
+made up of nine Catawba warriors from South Carolina,
+who were on their way to ratify a covenant with the Six
+Nations at the close of the Cherokee War. They were
+met at the wharf by Major Schuyler and taken directly
+to the house.</p>
+
+<p>Among the visitors to Albany in 1776 were three
+Commissioners appointed by Congress to visit the Army
+of the North, one of whom, Benjamin Franklin, was so
+wearied by the journey from Philadelphia that he was
+sincerely grateful for Mrs. Schuyler's care. One of the
+Commissioners said later of General Schuyler, "He lives
+in pretty style, and has two daughters, Betsey and
+Peggy, lively, agreeable gals." He was delighted to
+learn that the motto of Philip Schuyler and his household
+was, "As for me and my house, we will serve
+our country."</p>
+
+<p>Another of the fortunate men who were privileged to
+be in the house for a season was Tench Tilghman, an
+aide-de-camp of General Washington. He wrote in his
+journal of "Miss Ann Schuyler, a very Pretty Young
+Lady. A brunette with dark eyes, and a countenance
+animated and sparkling, as I am told she is." Later he
+met "Miss Betsey, the General's 2nd Daughter." "I
+was prepossessed in favor of the Young Lady the moment
+I saw her," he said. "A Brunette with the most
+good natured dark lovely eyes I ever saw, which threw
+a beam of good temper and Benevolence over her entire
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">393</a></span>
+countenance. Mr. Livingstone informed me that I was
+not mistaken in my Conjecture for she was the finest
+tempered Girl in the World."</p>
+
+<p>Tench Tilghman was to renew the acquaintance in
+1779, when Betsey and her parents spent a few months
+in Morristown, New Jersey. Alexander Hamilton also
+was there, and he secured Betsey's promise to be his
+bride.</p>
+
+<p>The marriage took place at the Albany homestead on
+December 14, 1780. A few months later the young husband,
+having resigned from the army, was studying law
+in Albany and was a welcome addition to the Schuyler
+household.</p>
+
+<p>Two years after the wedding came one of the incidents
+that has made the mansion famous. Because of
+the General's influence with the Indian allies of the
+British, a number of attempts were made to capture
+him; the British wished to put him where he could not
+interfere with their plans. One summer day, when Mrs.
+Carter, Mrs. Hamilton's sister Margaret, was in the
+house with her baby Philip, a party of Tories, Canadians,
+and Indians surrounded the house and forced
+an entrance. Mary Gay Humphreys, in "Catherine
+Schuyler," tells what followed:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">394</a></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"The house was guarded by six men. Their guns
+were in the hall, the guards being outside and the relief
+asleep. Lest the small Philip be tempted to play with
+the guns his mother had them removed. The alarm was
+given by a servant. The guards rushed for their guns,
+but they were gone. The family fled upstairs, but Margaret,
+remembering the baby in the cradle below, ran
+back, seized the baby, and when she was halfway up the
+flight, an Indian flung his tomahawk at her head, which,
+missing her, buried itself in the wood, and left its historic
+mark to the present time."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>After the attack on the mansion Washington wrote to
+General Schuyler, begging him to strengthen his guard.
+The following year the Commander-in-chief was a guest
+at the mansion, while in 1784 he spent the night there,
+after an evening consultation with Schuyler, while Mrs.
+Washington visited with her friend Mrs. Schuyler.</p>
+
+<p>Lafayette, Count de Rochambeau, Baron Steuben,
+Charles Carroll of Carrollton, John Jay, and Aaron
+Burr had a taste of the delights of life at the mansion.
+The latter was destined to defeat General Schuyler for
+reëlection to the Senate, as he was to be in turn defeated
+by the General. The British General Burgoyne
+and his staff also were entertained in the mansion, after
+General Schuyler's victory at Saratoga, and this in spite
+of the fact that much of the General's property had been
+destroyed by Burgoyne's order.</p>
+
+<p>For many years the house was famous as the meeting
+place of the friends of the young nation. Frequent conferences
+were held in the library on the proposed constitution.
+It is said that many sections of the document
+were written there by Hamilton, and the steps of the
+campaign for the ratification of the document were outlined
+within the historic walls. When, at last, the victory
+was complete, General Schuyler and Alexander
+Hamilton walked at the head of the gay procession that
+hailed the news with joy. The whole town was illuminated,
+but the most brilliantly lighted building was the
+old mansion.</p>
+
+<p>During the years that followed General Schuyler's
+health failed gradually, and he became more than ever
+dependent on his wife. When she died, in 1803, he did
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">395</a></span>
+not know what to do without her. To Hamilton he
+wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"My trial has been severe. I shall attempt to sustain
+it with fortitude. I hope I have succeeded in a degree,
+but after giving and receiving for nearly a half a century,
+a series of mutual evidences of affection and
+friendship which increased as we advanced in life, the
+shock was great and sensibly felt, to be thus suddenly
+deprived of a beloved wife, the Mother of my children,
+and the soothing companion of my declining years. But
+I kiss the rod with humility. The Being that inflicted
+the stroke will enable me to sustain the smart, and
+progressively restore peace to my wounded heart, and
+will make you and Eliza and my other children the instruments
+of my Consolation...."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Schuyler died in November, 1804, four
+months after the duel with Burr in which Hamilton was
+slain.</p>
+
+<p>The mansion in which he spent so many happy years
+was long an orphan asylum, but in 1911 it was purchased
+by the State. On October 17, 1917, it was dedicated
+as a State Monument.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_72" id="img_72"></a>
+<img src="images/i_435a.jpg" width="550" height="392" alt="Wentworth House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company</i></span><br />
+WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, N. H.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XC</p>
+
+<h3>THE WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH,<br />
+NEW HAMPSHIRE</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THE SCENE OF THE ROMANCE OF LADY WENTWORTH</p>
+
+<p>When, in 1750, Governor Benning Wentworth began
+to rebuild for his mansion at Little Harbor, two miles
+from the business centre of Portsmouth a farm-house
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">396</a></span>
+which dated from the latter part of the sixteenth century,
+he thought more of comfort than of architecture.
+Evidently those who later added to the house thought as
+little of architecture as the original builder; the product
+became such a strange conglomeration of wings and
+"L's" that it is difficult to see which is the original
+portion. Once the house contained fifty-two rooms, but
+a portion has been torn away, and the structure as it
+stands is not quite so spacious, though still large enough
+for a hotel. Even the cellar is tremendous, for Governor
+Wentworth provided there a place for his horses,
+to be used in time of danger. Thirty animals could be
+accommodated there.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the rooms are small, but some are of impressive
+size, notably the Council Chamber, where meetings
+that helped to make history were held, and the billiard
+room, where the owner and his associates were accustomed
+to go when the strain of business became too
+great.</p>
+
+<p>Longfellow thus describes the house:</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"It was a pleasant mansion, an abode</p>
+<p>Near and yet hidden from the great high-road,</p>
+<p>Sequestered among trees, a noble pile,</p>
+<p>Baronial and colonial in its style;</p>
+<p>Gables and dormer-windows everywhere,</p>
+<p>And stacks of chimneys rising high in air&mdash;</p>
+<p>Pandæan pipes, on which all winds that blew</p>
+<p>Made mournful music the whole winter through.</p>
+<p>Within, unwonted splendors met the eye,</p>
+<p>Panels, and floors of oak, and tapestry;</p>
+<p>Carved chimney-pieces, where on brazen dogs</p>
+<p>Revelled and roared the Christmas fire of logs;</p>
+<p>Doors opening into darkness unawares,</p>
+<p>Mysterious passages, and flights of stairs,</p>
+<p>And on the walls, in heavy gilded frames,</p>
+<p>The ancestral Wentworths with Old-Scripture names."</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">397</a></span></p>
+
+<p>While Governor Wentworth was an important figure
+during the days preceding the Revolution, the mansion
+is celebrated not so much because of his political service
+as because of the romance of his second marriage.</p>
+
+<p>Martha Hilton, the heroine of the romance, was "a
+careless, laughing, bare-footed girl." One day a neighbor
+saw her, in a short dress, carrying a pail of water
+in the street. "You, Pat! You, Pat! Why do you go
+looking so? You should be ashamed to be seen in the
+street!" was the shocked comment. But the answer
+was not what the neighbor expected. "No matter how
+I look, I shall ride in my chariot yet, Marm."</p>
+
+<p>The story of what followed is told by Charles W.
+Brewster, a historian of old Portsmouth:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Martha Hilton afterwards left home, and went to
+live in the Governor's mansion at Little Harbor, doing
+the work of the kitchen, and keeping the house in order,
+much to the Governor's satisfaction.... The Governor
+has invited a dinner party, and with many other guests,
+in his cocked hat comes the beloved Rev. Arthur Brown,
+of the Episcopal church. The dinner is served up in a
+style becoming the Governor's table.... There is a
+whisper from the Governor to a messenger, and at his
+summons Martha Hilton comes in from that door on
+the west of the parlor, and, with blushing countenance,
+stands in front of the fireplace. She seems heedless of
+the fire&mdash;she does not appear to have brought anything
+in, nor does she seem to be looking for anything to carry
+out&mdash;there she stands! a damsel of twenty summers&mdash;for
+what, no visitor can tell.</p>
+
+<p>"The Governor, bleached by the frosts of sixty
+winters, rises. 'Mr. Brown, I wish you to marry me.'
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">398</a></span>
+'To whom?' asks his pastor, in wondering surprise.
+'To this lady,' was the reply. The rector stood confounded.
+The Governor became imperative. 'As the
+Governor of New Hampshire I command you to marry
+me!' The ceremony was then duly performed, and
+from that time Martha Hilton became Lady Wentworth."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Longfellow's record of the incident is given in the
+poem, "Lady Wentworth":</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"The years came and ... the years went, seven in all,</p>
+<p>And all these years had Martha Hilton served</p>
+<p>In the Great House, not wholly unobserved:</p>
+<p>By day, by night, the silver crescent grew,</p>
+<p>Though hidden by clouds, the light still shining through;</p>
+<p>A maid of all work, whether coarse or fine,</p>
+<p>A servant who made service seem divine!</p>
+<p>Through her each room was fair to look upon;</p>
+<p>The mirrors glistened, and the brasses shone,</p>
+<p>The very knocker at the outer door,</p>
+<p>If she but passed, was brighter than before."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then came the strange marriage scene:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"Can this be Martha Hilton? It must be!</p>
+<p>Yes, Martha Hilton, and no other she!</p>
+<p>Dowered with the beauty of her twenty years,</p>
+<p>How ladylike, how queenlike she appears;</p>
+<p>The pale, thin crescent of the days gone by</p>
+<p>Is Dian now in all her majesty!</p>
+<p>Yet scarce a guest perceived that she was there</p>
+<p>Until the Governor, rising from his chair,</p>
+<p>Played slightly with his ruffles, then looked down</p>
+<p>And said unto the Reverend Arthur Brown:</p>
+<p>'This is my birthday: it shall likewise be</p>
+<p>My wedding-day, and you shall marry me!'"</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">399</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Governor Wentworth died in 1770, three years after
+the coming to America of Michael Wentworth, a retired
+colonel in the British Army. Mrs. Wentworth married
+him, and he became the second lord of the mansion.
+During his residence there Washington was welcomed
+to the house, one day in 1789.</p>
+
+<p>Martha Wentworth, the only daughter of Mr. and
+Mrs. Michael Wentworth, married Sir John Wentworth,
+an Englishman, and they lived in the old house until
+1816, when the property passed to a family of another
+name.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_73" id="img_73"></a>
+<img src="images/i_435b.jpg" width="550" height="428" alt="Warner House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company</i></span><br />
+WARNER HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, N. H.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are a number of houses in Portsmouth which
+tell of the ancient glories of different branches of the
+Wentworth family. Perhaps the most famous is the
+Warner house, which was begun in 1718 by Captain
+Archibald Macpheadris, and was finished in 1723, at a
+cost of £6,000. Mrs. Macpheadris was Sarah Wentworth,
+one of the sixteen children of Lieutenant Governor
+John Wentworth, and sister of Governor Benning
+Wentworth. Their daughter, Mary, married Hon.
+Jonathan Warner, who was the next occupant of the
+house. The property is known by his name, rather than
+that of the builder&mdash;perhaps because it is so much easier
+to pronounce! The house is now occupied by Miss Eva
+Sherburne, a descendant of the original owner.</p>
+
+<p>The Warner house has a lightning rod, which was put
+up in 1762, under the personal supervision of Benjamin
+Franklin. It is said that this was the first lightning
+rod erected in New Hampshire.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_74" id="img_74"></a>
+<img src="images/i_436.jpg" width="550" height="394" alt="Wadsworth-Longfellow House" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05">
+<i>Photo Copyright by Detroit Photographic Company</i></span><br />
+WADSWORTH-LONGFELLOW HOUSE, PORTLAND, ME.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center p2">XCI
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">400</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW HOUSE,<br />
+PORTLAND, MAINE</h3>
+
+<p class="center">WHERE HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW SPENT<br />
+HIS BOYHOOD</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>The old house by the linden</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Stood silent in the shade,</i></p>
+<p><i>And on the gravelled pathway</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>The light and shadow played.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><i>I saw the nursery windows</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Wide open to the air;</i></p>
+<p><i>But the faces of the children,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>They were no longer there.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+
+<p><i>The large Newfoundland house-dog</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Was standing by the door;</i></p>
+<p><i>He looked for his little playmates</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Who would return no more.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+
+<p><i>They walked not under the linden,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>They played not in the hall;</i></p>
+<p><i>But shadow and silence, and sadness</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Were hanging over all.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+
+<p><i>The birds sang in the branches,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>With sweet familiar tone;</i></p>
+<p><i>But the voices of the children</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Will be heard in dreams alone!</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+
+<p><i>And the boy that walked beside me,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>He could not understand</i></p>
+<p><i>Why close in mine, ah! closer,</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>I pressed his little hand!</i></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>When Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote these
+lines perhaps he was thinking of the home of his boyhood
+in Portland, which his grandfather, General Peleg
+Wadsworth, built in 1785.</p>
+
+<p>The house was the wonder of the town, for it was the
+first brick building erected there. The brick had been
+brought from Virginia. Originally there were but two
+stories; the third story was added when the future poet
+was eight years old.</p>
+
+<p>Longfellow was born in the house at the corner of
+Fourth and Hancock streets, but he was only eight
+months old when he was carried within the inviting
+front doors of the Wadsworth house, and the mansion
+was home to him for at least thirty-five years.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">401</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He was only five years old when he declared that he
+wanted to be a soldier and fight for his country. The
+War of 1812 was then in progress. His aunt wrote one
+day, "Our little Henry is ready to march; he had his
+gun prepared and his head powdered a week ago."</p>
+
+<p>But, agreeing with his parents that school was a
+better place for him than the army, he began his studies
+when he was five years old. A year later his teacher
+gave him a certificate which read:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Master Henry Longfellow is one of the best boys we
+have in school. He spells and reads very well. He
+also can add and multiply numbers. His conduct last
+quarter was very correct and amiable."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Life in the Longfellow home was delightful. Samuel
+Longfellow, the poet's brother, has given a pleasing
+picture:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"In the evenings the children gathered with their
+books and slates round the table in the family sitting
+room. The silence would be broken for a minute by
+the long, mysterious blast of a horn announcing the
+arrival in town of the evening mail, then the rattle of
+its passing wheels, then silence again, save the singing
+of the wood fire. Studies over, there would be games
+till bedtime. If these became too noisy, or the father
+had brought home his law papers from the office, enjoining
+strictest quiet, then there was flight to another room&mdash;perhaps,
+in winter, to the kitchen, where hung the
+crane over the coals in the broad old fireplace, upon
+whose iron back a fish forever baked in effigy.</p>
+
+<p>"When bedtime came, it was hard to leave the warm
+fire to go up into the unwarmed bedrooms; still harder
+next morning to get up out of the comfortable feather
+beds and break the ice in the pitchers for washing. But
+hardship made hardihood. In summer it was pleasant
+enough to look out from the upper windows; those of
+the boys' room looked out over the Cove and the farms
+and woodlands toward Mount Washington, full in view
+on the western horizon; while the eastern chambers
+commanded a then unobstructed view of the bay, White
+Head, Port Prebble, and the lighthouse on Cape Elizabeth."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">402</a></span>
+One day in 1820, when the family was gathered about
+the fire, Henry was on tiptoe with eager excitement. He
+had written a poem and had sent it to The Portland
+<i>Gazette</i>. Would it be in the paper which his father
+had in his hand as he seated himself before the fire?
+Robertson, in his life of the poet, has described those
+anxious moments:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"How carefully his father unfolded the damp sheet,
+and how carefully he dried it at the fire ere beginning
+to read it! And how much foreign news there seemed
+to be in it! At last Henry and a sympathetic sister who
+shared his secret, obtained a peep over their parent's
+shoulder&mdash;and the poem was there!"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are sixteen rooms in the old house. In Henry's
+day these rooms were heated by eight fireplaces, which
+consumed thirty cords of wood during the long winter.
+On the first floor are the great living-room, the kitchen
+with its old fireplace, and the den, once the dining-room.
+On the desk still shown in this room Longfellow wrote,
+in 1841, "The Rainy Day," whose opening lines are:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"The day is cold, and dark, and dreary,</p>
+<p>It rains, and the wind is never weary;</p>
+<p>The vine still clings to the mouldering wall,</p>
+<p>But at every gust the dead leaves fall,</p>
+<p class="i2">And the day is dark and dreary."</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">403</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Into the ground floor rooms have been gathered many
+relics of the days when the poet was a boy. The four
+rooms of the second floor are also full of mementoes.
+But the most interesting part of the house is the third
+story, where there are seven rooms. To this floor the
+four children made their way on summer nights when
+the long hours of daylight invited them to stay up
+longer, and on winter evenings, when the fire downstairs
+seemed far more inviting than the cold floors and the
+colder sheets.</p>
+
+<p>One of these rooms is pointed out as the poet's chamber.
+Here he wrote many of his earlier poems. Among
+these was "The Lighthouse." In this he described
+sights in which he delighted, sights the lighthouse daily
+witnessed:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">"And the great ships sail outward and return</p>
+<p class="i1">Bending and bowing o'er the billowing swell,</p>
+<p>And ever joyful as they see it burn,</p>
+<p class="i1">They wave their silent welcome and farewell.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="o1">"'Sail on,' it says, 'sail on, ye stately ships!</p>
+<p class="i1">And with your floating bridge the ocean span;</p>
+<p>Be mine to guard the light from all eclipse,</p>
+<p class="i1">Be yours to bring man nearer unto man.'"</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>During the years after 1843, when Longfellow bought
+the Craigie House at Cambridge, his thoughts turned
+back with longing to the old home and the old town, and
+he wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<p class="o1">"Often I think of the beautiful town</p>
+<p class="i1">That is seated by the sea;</p>
+<p>Often in thought go up and down</p>
+<p class="i1">The pleasant streets of the dear old town,</p>
+<p>And my youth comes back to me."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">404</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For nineteen years after the poet's death his sister
+Ann, Mrs. Pierce, lived in the old home. When she died,
+in 1901, she deeded it to the Maine Historical Society,
+that the place might be made a permanent memorial of
+the life of The Children's Poet.</p>
+
+<h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">407</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="biblio">
+
+<p class="p2">Adams, Life of. By John Quincy Adams and Charles Francis Adams.
+J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Biographies of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. By
+John Sanderson and Robert Waln, Jr. R. W. Pomeroy, Philadelphia,
+1827.</p>
+
+<p>Breck, Samuel, Recollections of. Edited by Horace E. Scudder. Porter
+&amp; Coates, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, Life of. By Kate Mason Rowland.
+George P. Putnam's Sons, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution. By J. T. Headley. Charles
+Scribner's Sons, New York, 1864.</p>
+
+<p>Chief Justices, Life and Times of the. By Flanders. J. B. Lippincott
+Company, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Clay, Henry. By Thomas Hart Clay. George W. Jacobs &amp; Company,
+Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Colonial Homes of Philadelphia and Its Neighborhood. By Eberlein
+and Lippincott. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Colonial Mansions of Maryland and Delaware. By J. M. Hammond.
+J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Country Homes of Famous Americans. By O. B. Capen. Doubleday,
+Page &amp; Company, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Early American Churches. By Aymar Embury, II. Doubleday, Page &amp;
+Company, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Early Ecclesiastical Affairs in New Castle, Delaware. By Thomas
+Holcomb. Wilmington, 1890.</p>
+
+<p>First American, The; His Homes and His Households. By Leila Herbert.
+Harper &amp; Brothers, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Hamilton, Alexander, Intimate Life of. By Allan McLane Hamilton.
+Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Hawthorne, Study of. By George Parsons Lathrop. Houghton, Mifflin
+Company, Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Hearths and Homes of Old Lynn. By Nathan Mortimer Hawkes.</p>
+
+<p>Henry, Patrick, Life of. By William Wirt. New York, 1834.</p>
+
+<p>Historic Buildings of America. By Esther Singleton. Dodd, Mead &amp;
+Company, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Historic Churches of America. By Nellie Urner Wallington. Duffield
+&amp; Company, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Historic Churches of America. H. L. Everett, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Historic Homes of New England. By Mary H. Northend. Little,
+Brown &amp; Company, Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Historic Houses of New Jersey. By W. Jay Mills. Duffield &amp; Company,
+New York.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">408</a></span></p>
+<div class="biblio">
+<p>Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia. By T. A. Westcott.
+Walter H. Barr, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Historic Virginia Homes and Churches. By Robert A. Lancaster, Jr.
+J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>History of Kentucky. By Collins. Covington, 1878.</p>
+
+<p>History of the National Capital. By W. B. Bryan. Macmillan &amp; Company,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p>Homes of American Statesmen. George P. Putnam's Sons, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Jefferson, Thomas, Domestic Life of. By Sarah N. Randolph. Harper &amp;
+Brothers, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Jefferson at Monticello. By Hamilton W. Pierson, D. D. Charles
+Scribner's Sons, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln, Abraham, by Ida M. Tarbell. Doubleday, Page &amp; Company,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln, Abraham, Life of. By J. G. Holland. Springfield, Mass., 1866.</p>
+
+<p>Lowell, James Russell, and His Friends. By Edward Everett Hale.
+Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Madison, Dolly. By Maud Welch Goodwin. Charles Scribner's Sons,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p>Madison, Dolly, Memoirs and Letters of. Edited by her Grandniece.
+Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Mason, George, Life of. By Kate Mason Rowland. George P. Putnam's
+Sons, New York.</p>
+
+<p>New Orleans, the Place and the People. By Grace King. J. B. Lippincott
+Company, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Octagon, The. By Glenn Brown, American Institute of Architects,
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Old Boston Days and Ways. By Mary Caroline Crawford. Little,
+Brown &amp; Company, Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Old Churches and Families of Virginia. By Bishop Meade. J. B.
+Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Old Frontier of France, An. By Frank H. Severance. Dodd, Mead &amp;
+Company, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Old Roads from the Heart of New York. By Sarah Comstock. George
+P. Putnam's Sons, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Old Roads out of Philadelphia. By John T. Faris. J. B. Lippincott
+Company, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Old Trails on the Niagara Frontier. By Frank H. Severance. Buffalo,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p>Penn, William, The True. By Sidney George Fisher. J. B. Lippincott
+Company, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Presidents, Lives of the. By W. O. Stoddard. F. A. Stokes Company,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p>Princeton. By Varnum Lansing Collins. Oxford University Press,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p>Rambles about Portsmouth. By Charles W. Brewster. Portsmouth,
+1873.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">409</a></span></p>
+<div class="biblio">
+<p>Read, George, of Delaware, Life and Correspondence of. By William
+Thompson Read. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Revere, Colonel Paul, Life of. By Elbridge H. Goss. J. G. Cupples,
+Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Romantic Days in Old Boston. By Mary Caroline Crawford. Little,
+Brown &amp; Company, Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Schuyler, Catherine. By Mary Gay Humphreys. Charles Scribner's
+Sons, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Story of the Bronx. By Stephen Jenkins. George P. Putnam's Sons,
+New York.</p>
+
+<p>Tayloe, Benjamin Ogle, a Biography. By Priestley Prentis. Washington,
+1872.</p>
+
+<p>Thames, Battle of, The. By Colonel Bennett H. Young. Filson Club
+Publications, Louisville, Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>Tylers, Letters and Times of the. By Lyman G. Tyler. Whittet &amp;
+Shepperson, Richmond.</p>
+
+<p>Washington after the Revolution. By William Spohn Baker. J. B.
+Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Washington, the Capitol City. By Rufus Rockwell Wilson. J. B.
+Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Washington, Mary, Story of. By Marian Harland. Houghton, Mifflin
+Company, Boston.</p>
+
+<p>West Virginia Historical Magazine, January, 1903.</p>
+
+<p>Whittier, John Greenleaf. By Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Macmillan
+&amp; Company, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Where American Independence Began. By Daniel Munro Wilson.
+Houghton, Mifflin Company, Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Williamsburg, the Old Colonial Capital. By Lyman Gordon Tyler.
+Whittet &amp; Shepperson, Richmond.</p>
+
+<p>Worthy Women of the Last Century. By Mrs. O. J. Wister and Miss
+Agnes Irwin. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">411</a></span></p>
+<div class="index">
+<ul class="none">
+
+<li class="a1">Abraham Lincoln House, Springfield, Illinois, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+<li>Acrostic, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li>Adams House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Adams, Abigail, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Adams, John, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a></li>
+
+<li>Adams, John Quincy, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Adams, Samuel, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+
+<li>Alamo, the, San Antonio, Texas, <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li>
+
+<li>Alamo, battle of the, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li>Alcott, Bronson, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li>American Revolution, Daughters of the, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li>
+
+<li><i>American Standard</i>, Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li>
+
+<li>Amesbury, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Amstel House, New Castle, Delaware, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li>Andros, Governor, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li>Annapolis, Maryland, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li>Arlington, Virginia, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Asbury, Bishop Francis, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+
+<li>Aubrey, William, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>Audubon, John James, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Bakewell, Mary, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Bell, Mary, mother of George Washington, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li>
+
+<li>Bells of St. Philip's, romance of the, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li>
+
+<li>Bennet-Boardman House, Saugus, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Bennet, Samuel, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li>Berrian, John, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Biglow Papers, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li>Bill of Rights, Virginia's, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li>"Birds of America," Audubon's preparation for, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Blair, Rev. James, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li>Boardman, Abijah, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li>Boone, Daniel, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+<li>Boonesborough, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+<li>Boston, Brattle Street meeting, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>
+<ul class="none">
+<li>fire of 1761, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+<li><i>Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+<li>Massacre, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+<li><i>News Letter</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+<li>North Church, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+<li>North Square, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+<li>Old South Church, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+<li>Port Bill, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li>
+<li>Tea Party, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+<li>Boudinot, Elias, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li>Braddock, General, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+
+<li>Braintree, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Brandon, Virginia, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li>Breck, Samuel, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li>Brewton, Miles, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Brick Capitol, the, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>British at Monticello, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+<li>Broadhearth, Saugus, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Broadstreet, Simon, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Brown, Richard, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Brown University, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Bruton Parish, Virginia, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>Budden, Captain, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+
+<li>Bunker Hill, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Burgoyne, General, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li>
+
+<li>Burlington, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li>Burr, Aaron, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li>
+
+<li>Byrd, Evelyn, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Cabildo, New Orleans, Louisiana, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+
+<li>Cabot, Arthur, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>Caldwell, New Jersey, church at, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li>Caldwell, Rev. James, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li>Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li>Campfield House, Morristown, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">412</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Canonicus, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+
+<li>Capitol at Washington, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Carleton, Sir Guy, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li>Carpenters' Company of the City and County of Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li>Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+<li>Carroll, Charles, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>Carter, Elizabeth Hill, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li>Carter, Landon, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Carter's Grove, Virginia, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li>
+
+<li>Cartwright, Peter, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+
+<li>Castle at Fort Niagara, New York, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li>
+
+<li>Chaplains: James Caldwell, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>
+<ul class="none">
+<li>George Duffield, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Charles River, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+
+<li>Charleston, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+
+<li>Chastellux, Marquis de, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+<li>Chew, Benjamin, Jr., <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Chew, Joseph, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Chew, Samuel, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li>Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li>Christ Church, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Christmas, the first, at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Church furnishings, primitive, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li>Churches: Old North, Boston, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Old South, Boston, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li>
+<li>King's Chapel, Boston, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li>
+<li>West, Boston, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+<li>Old South, Newburyport, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+<li>First Baptist, Providence, Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+<li>St. Paul's Chapel, New York, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+<li>St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+<li>Trinity Church, New York, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+<li>Caldwell, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+<li>Old Tennent, Freehold, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+<li>Springfield Meeting House, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+<li>St. Peter's, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+<li>Christ Church Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+<li>Old Pine Street, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+<li>Norriton Presbyterian, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li>Moravian at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+<li>Emmanuel, New Castle, Delaware, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+<li>Presbyterian, New Castle, Delaware, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+<li>Rehoboth, Delaware, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+<li>Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li>Pohick, Virginia, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+<li>St. John's, Richmond, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+<li>Bruton Parish, Virginia, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+<li>Monumental, Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li>Pohick Church, Virginia, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+<li>St. Luke's, Smithfield, Virginia, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+<li>St. Peter's, New Kent County, Virginia, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+<li>St. Michael's, Charleston, S. C., <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li>
+<li>Huguenot, Charleston, South Carolina, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li>
+<li>St. Philip's, Charleston, South Carolina, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+<li>Independent, Savannah, Georgia, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+<li>Old Stone Church, Elm Grove, West Virginia, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Clark, George Rogers, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+<li>Clay, Henry, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Clermont</i>, the, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Cleveland, Stephen Grover, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li>Clinton, General George, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Clinton, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Cliveden, Germantown, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li>Clock on Independence Hall, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+
+<li>Coddington, William, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>College of New Jersey, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+<li>College Customs at Nassau Hall, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Collins, Varnum Lansing, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Colonial Dames of Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Concord, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+
+<li>Congress at Princeton, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Constitutional Convention of 1787, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li>Continental Congress, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li>Conway Cabal, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">413</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Cordale, Thomas, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li>Cornwallis, Lord, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li>
+
+<li>Council of Safety, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Courtship of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Crab Orchard, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+<li>Craigie, Andrew, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a></li>
+
+<li>Crockett, David, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+<li>Crown Point, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li>Cumberland Road, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li>
+
+<li>Cunningham, Ann Pamela, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li>Curtis, George William, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li>Custis, George Washington Parke, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li>
+
+<li>Custis, Nelly, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1"><i>Daily Advertiser</i>, New York, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Daily American Advertiser</i>, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Dartmouth</i>, ship, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li>Daughters of the American Revolution, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li>
+
+<li>Daughters of the War of 1812, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li>Decatur, Stephen, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li>Declaration of Independence, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+<li>Dent, Fred, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+<li>Desecration of Carpenters' Hall, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Desecration of the Capitol, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Dexter, Thomas, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Diaries:
+<ul class="none">
+<li>of John Tudor, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+<li>of Albigence Waldo, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+<li>of George Washington, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+<li>of John Adams, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+<li>of Robert Breck, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+<li>of Tench Tilghman, <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Dix, Dr. Morgan, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Dorchester Heights, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Doughoregan Manor, Maryland, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>Dowry of pine-tree shillings, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Duché, Rev. Jacob, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li>Duffield, Rev. George, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Dunlap, William, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+
+<li>Du Ponceau, Peter S., <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li>Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Duston, Hannah, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Duston, Thomas, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">East India Company, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li>Eden, Governor Robert, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Edwards, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li>Elizabeth Town, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li>Elmwood, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>Emerson, Ralph Waldo, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li>Emlen House, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li>Emmanuel Church, Newcastle, Delaware, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Everett, Edward, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Expenses in raising the Tower of the State House, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>Faneuil, Andrew, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li>Faneuil, Peter, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li>Faneuil Hall, Boston, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li>Fatlands, near Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li>Federal District, location of the, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li>Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>First Baptist Church, Providence, Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li>Fitch, John, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Flag, American, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Flag, first American in British waters, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+
+<li>Flint, Ruth, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Flynt, Tutor, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Ford Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>Forks of the Delaware, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Fort Washington, New York City, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Fort William and Mary, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>Fox, George, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li>Franklin, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li>
+
+<li>Fraunces, Samuel, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Fraunces' Tavern, New York, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Freeman, Rev. James, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>"From Greenland's Icy Mountains," <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Gage, General, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">414</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Gano, Rev. Stephen, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Garrison, William Lloyd, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Gazette</i>, Boston, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Gazette</i>, Essex, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Gazette</i>, New York, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Gazette of the United States</i>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Gazette</i>, Portland, Maine, <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Gazette</i>, Williamsburg, Virginia, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Germantown, battle of, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li>Germantown, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li>Gerry, Elbridge, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li>Girard College, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Glover, Colonel, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Grant, Ulysses S., <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+<li>Green, General, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Greenway, Virginia, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Griffon</i>, building of the, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></li>
+
+<li>Gunston Hall, Virginia, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Hale, Edward Everett, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>Hallet, Stephen L., <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li>Hamilton, Alexander, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Hamilton, Allan MacLane, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li>Hancock, John, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Hanover Court House, Virginia, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>"Hardscrabble," St. Louis, Missouri, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+<li>Harlem Heights, battle of, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Harmar, Fort, <a href="#Page_379">379</a></li>
+
+<li>Harrison, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+<li>Harrison Mansion, the, Vincennes, Indiana, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li>
+
+<li>Harrison, William Henry, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li>
+
+<li>Harte, Bret, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Harvard College, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li>Hasbrouck, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+
+<li>Haverhill Historical Society, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Haverhill, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Hawthorne, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Hay, Henry Hanby, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li>Headquarters: Washington's at Roger Morris House, New York, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Washington's at Richmond Hill, New York, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+<li>Washington's at Van Cortlandt House, New York, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+<li>Washington's at Newburgh, New York, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li>
+<li>Washington's at Morristown, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+<li>Washington's at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+<li>Washington's at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+<li>Washington's at Valley Forge, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+<li>Washington's at Pennypacker's Mills, Dawesfield, and Emlen House, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Heijt, Hans Joest, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li>Henricopolis, Virginia, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Henry, Patrick, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+
+<li>Henry, William, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Herald</i>, the San Antonio, Texas, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li>Hermitage, The, Nashville, Tennessee, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+
+<li>Hoban, James, architect of White House, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Hodgson, Adam, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hollyman, Ezekiel, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+
+<li>Holmes, Oliver Wendell, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Honor System, the, in William and Mary College, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li>Hospitality: at Montpelier, Virginia, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>
+<ul class="none">
+<li>at Oak Hill, Virginia, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+<li>at Red Hill, Virginia, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+<li>at Mount Airy, Virginia, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+<li>at Monticello, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+<li>at The Hermitage, <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li>
+<li>at Ashland, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li>
+<li>at the Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Hough, Atherton, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>House of Seven Gables, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Houses: Paul Revere's, Boston, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Elmwood, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li>Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a></li>
+<li>Adams House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+<li>Quincy Mansion, Quincy, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+<li>Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+<li>Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">415</a></span></li>
+<li>The Old Manse, Concord, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+<li>The Wayside, Concord, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+<li>Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+<li>Bennet-Boardman, Saugus, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+<li>Broadhearth, Saugus, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+<li>Jeremiah Lee House, Marblehead, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+<li>Morris-Jumel House, New York City, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li>Philipse Manor, Yonkers, New York, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+<li>The Grange, New York City, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+<li>Van Cortlandt, New York City, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+<li>Hasbrouck, Newburgh, New York, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+<li>Franklin Palace, Perth Amboy, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+<li>Ford Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+<li>Campfield, Morristown, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+<li>Morven, the Mercer House and Washington's Headquarters at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+<li>Letitia Penn, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+<li>Pennsbury Manor, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+<li>Cliveden, Germantown, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+<li>David Rittenhouse, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+<li>Isaac Potts, at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+<li>Pennypacker's Mills, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+<li>Dawesfield, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+<li>Sweetbrier, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+<li>Mill Grove, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+<li>Fatlands, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+<li>Waynesborough, Paoli, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+<li>Amstel, New Castle, Delaware, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+<li>George Read's, New Castle, Delaware, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+<li>Ridgely, Dover, Delaware, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+<li>Doughoregan Manor, Maryland, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+<li>Upton Scott, Annapolis, Maryland, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+<li>White House, Washington, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+<li>Octagon, Washington, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+<li>Mt. Airy, Virginia, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+<li>Mt. Vernon, Virginia, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
+<li>Arlington, Virginia, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+<li>Mary Washington's, Fredericksburg, Virginia, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li>
+<li>Pine Grove, Virginia, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+<li>Kenmore, Virginia, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+<li>Greenway, Virginia, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+<li>Sherwood Forest, Virginia, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+<li>Nelson, Yorktown, Virginia, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+<li>Moore House, Yorktown, Virginia, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+<li>John Marshall's, Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+<li>Sabine Hall, Virginia, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+<li>Westover, Virginia, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+<li>Shirley, Virginia, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li>
+<li>Carter's Grove, Virginia, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li>
+<li>Brandon, Virginia, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+<li>Gunston Hall, Virginia, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+<li>Montpelier, Virginia, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+<li>Shadwell, Virginia, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>Oak Hill, Virginia, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+<li>Red Hill, Virginia, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+<li>Monticello, Virginia, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>Rebecca Motte's, Charleston, South Carolina, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+<li>Pringle House, Charleston, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+<li>Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+<li>Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+<li>Whitley's Station, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+<li>White Haven, St. Louis, Missouri, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+<li>"Hardscrabble," St. Louis, Missouri, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+<li>Abraham Lincoln's, Springfield, Illinois, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+<li>Harrison Mansion, Vincennes, Indiana, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li>
+<li>Rufus Putnam's House, Marietta, Ohio, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">416</a></span></li>
+<li>Monument Place, Elm Grove, West Virginia, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li>
+<li>Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li>
+<li>Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+<li>Warner House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li>
+<li>Longfellow House, Portland, Maine, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Houston, Sam, <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li>
+
+<li>Hovey, Dr. H. C., <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li>Howe, Lord, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Huguenot Church, Charleston, South Carolina, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+<li>Hull, Hannah, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Hutchinson, Ann, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Independence Bell, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Independence, The Declaration of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+
+<li>Independence Hall, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li>Independent Church, Savannah, Georgia, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Indians, attacked by the, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li>
+
+<li>Institute of American Architects, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Jackson, Andrew, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+
+<li>James River Canal Company, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li>Jamestown, Virginia, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>Jay, John, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+<li>Jeremiah Lee House, Marblehead, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li>John Marshall's House, Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+<li>Johns, Kensey, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li>Johnson, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Journal and General Advertiser</i>, New York, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Journal</i>, Springfield, Illinois, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li>
+
+<li>Jumel-Burr, Madam, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li>Jumel, Stephen, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Kasimir, Fort, Delaware, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li>Kenmore, Virginia, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+
+<li>Kent, Chancellor, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Kentucke Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+
+<li>Key, Francis Scott, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Kidd, Captain, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li>King, Washington asked to become, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>King's Chapel, Boston, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li>Kingston, New York, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li>Knyphausen, General, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Lafayette, Marquis de, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li>
+
+<li>Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+
+<li>Leader, Richard, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Lee, Jeremiah, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li>Lee, Richard Henry, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Lee, Robert E., <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+<li>"Lehigh, House on the," <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+<li>Letitia Penn House, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Lexington, battle of, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+
+<li>Lexington, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Liberator, The</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li>Liberty Bell, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li>Lidgett, Mrs. Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Lightning</i>, ship, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li>
+
+<li>Lincoln, Abraham, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Little Pilgrim, The</i> newspaper, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Livingston, Robert R., <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Logan, James, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li>
+
+<li>Longfellow, Mrs. Henry Wadsworth, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Lossing, Benson J., <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Lottery for church building purposes, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Louisiana, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Louisiana Purchase, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li>Louisiana transferred to the United States, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Lowell, General Charles Russell, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li>Lowell, James Jackson, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li>Lowell, James Russell, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>Lowell, Maria, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li>Lowell, Rev. Charles, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>Lowly office after the Presidency, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+
+<li>Loyalists' houses confiscated, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li>Lunt, Ezra, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">417</a></span></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Maddox, Rev. Robert, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li>Madison, James, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+
+<li>Makemie, Frances, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li>Mantonomi, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+
+<li>Marblehead, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li>Marietta, Ohio, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li>
+
+<li>Marion, General, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+<li>Marriages: Mary Philipse and Roger Morris, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Rev. William Tennent and Mrs. Noble, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+<li>Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+<li>William Penn and Guli Springett, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+<li>William Penn and Hannah Callowhill, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+<li>William Aubrey and Letitia Penn, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+<li>John James Audubon and Mary Bakewell, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+<li>Kensey Johns and Anne Van Dyke, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+<li>Charles J. Du Pont and Dorcas M. Van Dyke, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+<li>Upton Scott and Elizabeth Ross, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+<li>Robert E. Lee and Miss Custis, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+<li>Augustine Washington and Mary Ball, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+<li>John Rolfe and Pocahontas, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+<li>John Tyler and Letitia Christian, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
+<li>Thomas Nelson and Lucy Grymes, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+<li>James Madison and Dorothy Todd, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+<li>James Madison and Eliza Kortwright, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+<li>George Washington and Martha Custis, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+<li>Thomas Jefferson and Martha Skelton, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+<li>Jacob Motte and Rebecca Brewton, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+<li>Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Axson, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+<li>Henry Clay and Lavinia Hart, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+<li>Ulysses S. Grant and Julia Dent, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+<li>Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li>
+<li>Moses Shepherd and Lydia Boggs, <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li>
+<li>Philip Schuyler and Catherine Van Rensselaer, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+<li>Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+<li>Governor Wentworth and Martha Hilton, <a href="#Page_397">397</a></li>
+<li>Michael Wentworth and Mrs. Martha Wentworth, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Marshall, Chief Justice, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li>Martineau, Harriet, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Mary</i>, ship, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li>Mary Washington House, Fredericksburg, Virginia, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li>
+
+<li>Mason and Dixon line, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li>Mason, George, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Mason, Lowell, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li>Massachusetts Bay Colony, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li>Massacre, Boston, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li>Massasoit, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li>Mather, Cotton, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>Mather, Increase, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Mayflower</i>, Putnam's barge on the Ohio, <a href="#Page_379">379</a></li>
+
+<li>McColloch's leap, <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li>
+
+<li>McKinley, William, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Meade, Bishop, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+
+<li>Medford, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Mercer, General, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Mercer House, Princeton, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Mercury</i>, New York, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li>Mill Grove, near Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li>Monmouth, battle of, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li>Monroe, James, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li>Montgomery, General, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Monticello, Virginia, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+<li>Montpelier, Virginia, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+
+<li>Monument Place, Elm Grove, West Virginia, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li>
+
+<li>Monumental Church, Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li>Moore House, Yorktown, Virginia, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+<li>Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Morris, Gouverneur, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Morris-Jumel House, New York City, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">418</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Morris, Robert, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+
+<li>Morris, Roger, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Morven, Princeton, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>"Mosses from an Old Manse," <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li>Mount Airy, Virginia, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+
+<li>Mount Vernon, Virginia, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
+
+<li>Munitions, Revolutionary, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Nantes, Edict of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li>Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li><i>National Intelligencer</i>, Washington, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li>National Pike, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li>
+
+<li>Nelson House, Yorktown, Virginia, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+<li>Nelson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+<li>Newark, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Newburyport, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li>New Castle, Delaware, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li>New England Antiquities, Society for the Preservation of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li>New Orleans, battle of, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Newspapers: <i>Liberator</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Essex <i>Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+<li>Boston <i>News Letter</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+<li>Boston <i>Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+<li><i>Little Pilgrim, The</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+<li>New York <i>Mercury</i>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li>New York <i>Daily Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li>New York <i>Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+<li>New York <i>Journal and General Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+<li>Philadelphia <i>Pennsylvania Packet</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+<li><i>Pennsylvania Evening Post</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+<li><i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+<li><i>Daily American Advertiser</i>, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+<li><i>National Intelligencer</i>, Washington, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+<li><i>Gazette of the United States</i>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li>
+<li>Williamsburg <i>Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+<li><i>American Standard</i>, Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li>
+<li>San Antonio <i>Herald</i>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+<li><i>Kentucke Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+<li>Springfield <i>Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li>
+<li>Portland <i>Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Nicola, Lewis, tries to tempt Washington, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>Norriton, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li>Norriton Presbyterian Church, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li>North Church, Boston, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+
+<li>Northwestern Territory, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+<li>Nova Scotia, Franklin's land speculation in, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li>Noyes, Alfred, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Oak Hill, Virginia, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+<li>Octagon House, Washington, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Oglethorpe, General James E., <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li>
+
+<li>Ohio Company, the, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li>
+
+<li>Ohio River, floating down the, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Old Manse, the, Concord, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Old Pine Street Church, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li>Old North Church, Boston, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li>Old South Church, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li>Old South Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li>Old State House, Boston, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+
+<li>Old Tennent Church, Freehold, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li>Oliver, Thomas, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>Ordway, Alfred A., <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>O'Reilly, Count Alejandro, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+
+<li>Orin, Azor, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li>"Oven, The," temporary Capitol, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Paoli Massacre, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Parsons, Dr. Jonathan, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+
+<li>Patriot who destroyed their own houses: Thomas Nelson, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Rebecca Motte, <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Pauling, John, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li>Paul Revere's House, Boston, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li>Peabody, Sophia, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Peace, signing of, in 1783, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li>Peale, Charles Wilson, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li>Penn, Letitia, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Penn, Thomas and Richard, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li>Penn, William, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Pennsbury Manor, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Pennsylvania Evening Post</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">419</a></span></li>
+
+<li><i>Pennsylvania Packet</i>, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Pennypacker, Samuel W., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li>Penobscot expedition, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li>Persecution, religious, in New York, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+
+<li>Phi Beta Kappa Society, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li>Philadelphia, evacuation of, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li>Philadelphia, Paul Revere rides to, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li>Philipsburgh, Manor of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li>Philipse, Colonel Frederick, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li>Philipse, Frederick, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li>Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, New York, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li>Philipse, Mary, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li>Pine Grove, Virginia, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+
+<li>Pine-tree shillings, dowry of, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Plum pudding, the best dinner, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
+
+<li>Plymouth, New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Pohick Church, Virginia, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+<li>Portsmouth, New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Potomac Canal, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li>Prayer at opening of First Continental Congress, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Prayer for the King, omitted, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li>President's pew: in St. Paul's Chapel, New York, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>
+<ul class="none">
+<li>in St. Peter's, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+<li>in Pohick Church, Virginia, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Princeton, battle of, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Princeton University, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Pringle House, Charleston, South Carolina, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Providence, Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Putnam, William Lowell, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li>"Put Watts into them, boys," <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Quincy, Dorothy, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>Quincy, Edmund, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Quincy, Edmund, III, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Quincy, Josiah, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li>Quincy, Judith, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Quincy Mansion, Quincy, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li>Quincy, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Quincy, Massachusetts Historical Society, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Randolph, Edmund, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li>Randolph, John, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Read, George, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li>Red Bank, New Jersey, victory at, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+
+<li>Redemptioners, purchase of, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li>Red Hill, Virginia, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+<li>Revere, Paul, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li>Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li>Ridgely, Dr. Charles Greenburg, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li>Rittenhouse, David, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li>Rittenhouse House, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li>Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Duc de la, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+<li>Rodney, Cæsar, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+<li>Roosevelt, Theodore, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li>Ross, George, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Royall, Isaac, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li>Royall, William, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li>Rufus Putnam's House, Marietta, Ohio, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li>
+
+<li>Rush, Dr. Benjamin, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">St. John's Church, Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>St. Luke's Church, Smithfield, Virginia, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+<li>St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>St. Michael's Church, Charleston, South Carolina, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li>
+
+<li>St. Peter's Church, New Kent County, Virginia, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+<li>St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li>St. Philip's Church, Charleston, South Carolina, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Salem, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li>Savannah, Georgia, Siege of, <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li>
+
+<li>Schools, free, beginnings of, in Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li>Schuyler, Catherine, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li>
+
+<li>Schuyler, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li>Schuyler, General Philip, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li>
+
+<li>Scott House, Annapolis, Maryland, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Scott, Molly, <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li>
+
+<li>Scott, Upton, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Servants, problem of, in early days, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">420</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Severance, Frank H., <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li>
+
+<li>Sewell, Judge Samuel, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li>Shadwell, Virginia, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+<li>Sharpe, Horatio, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+<li>Shepherd, Moses, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li>
+
+<li>Sherwood Forest, Virginia, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+
+<li>Shippen, Dr. William, Jr., <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li>Ships: <i>Dartmouth</i>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>
+<ul class="none">
+<li><i>Somerset</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+<li><i>Welcome</i>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+<li><i>John and Sarah</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+<li><i>Surprise</i>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+<li><i>Mary</i>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+<li><i>Constitution</i> and <i>Guerriere</i>, <i>Cyano</i> and <i>Levant</i>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+<li><i>Lightning</i>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Shirley, Virginia, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li>
+
+<li>Signers of the Declaration of Independence: John Witherspoon, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Benjamin Rush, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+<li>George Ross, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+<li>George Read, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+<li>Charles Carroll of Carrollton, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+<li>Thomas Nelson, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+<li>George Wythe, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+<li>Richard Lightfoot Lee, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Skippack, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li>Smith, Abigail, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Smith, Rev. William, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>"Snow-Bound," <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li>Society for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li>
+
+<li><i>Somerset</i>, ship, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+
+<li>Sons of the Revolution, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+
+<li>Springett, Guli, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+<li>Springfield, battle of, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Springfield Meeting House, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>Stamp Act, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Star-Spangled Banner, story of the, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Stark, General John, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Stark, Molly, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>State House Clock, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li>State House Yard, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+
+<li>Steuben, Baron, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li>Stevens, Colonel William, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+
+<li>Stockton, Mrs. Richard, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Stone Church, Elm Grove, West Virginia, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li>
+
+<li>Stony Point, New York, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+<li>Stuart, Gilbert, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Stuyvesant, Petrus, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Sullivan, General, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li>Susquehanna, Falls of the, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li>Sweetbrier, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+
+<li>Swett, Martha, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li>Symmes, Rev. Frank R., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Taney, Chief Justice R. R., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+<li>Tayloe, John, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+
+<li>Tea meetings, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+
+<li>Tecumseh, Indian chief, <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li>
+
+<li>Tennent, Rev. John, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>
+<ul class="none">
+<li>Rev. William, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+</ul></li>
+
+<li>Texas, Republic of, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+<li>Thames, battle of the, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+<li>Theatre fire in Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li>Thomson, George, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>Thornton, Dr. William, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Ticonderoga, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+<li>Tilghman, Tench, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li>
+
+<li>Tillinghast, Pardon, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+
+<li>Treaty of 1783, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li>Trenton, battle of, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+<li>Tudor, John, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+
+<li>Tyler, Henry, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li>Tyler, Judge John, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">United States archives, removed to new Capitol at Washington, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+
+<li>University of Virginia, the, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Vanarsdal, Rev. Jacob, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Van Buren, Martin, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Van Cortlandt, Jacobus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Van Cortlandt Park, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>Van der Donck, Jonkheer Adriaen, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+<li>Van Dyke, Henry, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+
+<li>Van Dyke, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+
+<li>Vane, Sir Harry, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Vassall, John, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li>Vassall, Leonard, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>Venus, transit of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li>Vincennes, Indiana, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Waldo, Albigence, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li>Walker, Rachel, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li>Wallace Nutting Corporation, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">421</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Walter, Thomas U., <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+
+<li>Ward, Samuel, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Warner House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li>
+
+<li>Warren, General, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>Washington and Lee University, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li>
+
+<li>Washington, burning of, in 1814, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+<li>Washington College, Lexington, Virginia, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+
+<li>Washington, George, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li>
+
+<li>Washington, Laurence, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+
+<li>Washington, Mrs. George, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+
+<li>Wayne, Captain Isaac, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Wayne, General Anthony, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Waynesborough, near Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+
+<li>Wayside, The, Concord, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Weare, Meschech, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>Webster, Daniel, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li>
+
+<li>Weems, Parson, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+
+<li>Wentworth, Governor Benning, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li>
+
+<li>West Church, Boston, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>Westover, Virginia, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>West Point Military Academy, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+<li>Wheelwright, Rev. John, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Whitefield, Rev. George, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li>White Haven, St. Louis, Missouri, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+<li>White House, Washington, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li>Whitemarsh, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+
+<li>Whitley's Station, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+<li>Whittier, John G., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+
+<li>Whittier, Thomas, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Wilkinson, General, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li>William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+<li>Williamsburg Court House, Virginia, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Williamsburg, Virginia, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+<li>Williams, Roger, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li>Wilson, Daniel Munro, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Winthrop, Governor, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Wirt, William, describes Patrick Henry's first public speech, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+
+<li>Witherspoon, John, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Wolfe, Colonel James, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Women's Centennial Executive Committee, <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li>
+
+<li>Wren, James, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+
+<li>Wren, Sir Christopher, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li>Wythe, George, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Yonkers, New York, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li>York, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li>Yorktown, Siege of, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+<li class="a1">Zinzendorf, Count, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> A building to the east of Independence Hall was completed in 1791.
+In this building, which was the Philadelphia City Hall until 1854, the
+Supreme Court of the United States held its first session, February 7,
+1791.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">In 1813 the arcades connecting the main building with the wings
+were removed, and new buildings were erected which connected Independence
+Hall with the corner buildings.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">In 1816 the city of Philadelphia became the owner of the whole
+property.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>This date and place were generally accepted until 1917, when
+Francis Hobart Herrick published proof that Audubon was born in
+Santo Domingo in 1785.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="tnbox">
+<p class="center"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b></p>
+<p>Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation in the original
+document have been preserved. Unmatched quotation marks were left as printed.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#e1872">107</a>:  "1872" possibly should be 1782.</p>
+<p>Page <a href="#Hampdon-Sidney">309</a>:  "Hampdon Sidney" possibly should be "Hampden Sydney."</p>
+
+<p>Various references to Newcastle or New Castle, Delaware have been left as printed.</p>
+
+<p>All illustrations except the frontispiece have been moved to their references in the text.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 39068-h.txt or 39068-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/9/0/6/39068">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/0/6/39068</a></p>
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+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+</pre>
+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,14412 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Historic Shrines of America, by John T. (John
+Thomson) Faris
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Historic Shrines of America
+       Being the Story of One Hundred and Twenty Historic Buildings and the Pioneers Who Made Them Notable
+
+
+Author: John T. (John Thomson) Faris
+
+
+
+Release Date: March 6, 2012  [eBook #39068]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made
+available by Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 39068-h.htm or 39068-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39068/39068-h/39068-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39068/39068-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      http://www.archive.org/details/historicshrines00faririch
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA
+
+by
+
+JOHN T. FARIS
+
+
+  [Illustration: INDEPENDENCE HALL, REAR VIEW, PHILADELPHIA
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_]
+
+
+
+
+HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA
+
+Being the Story of One Hundred and Twenty Historic Buildings
+and the Pioneers Who Made Them Notable
+
+by
+
+JOHN T. FARIS
+
+Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and Fellow of the
+American Geographical Society
+Author of "Real Stories from Our History," "Old Roads
+Out of Philadelphia," etc.
+
+Illustrated
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New York
+George H. Doran Company
+
+Copyright, 1918,
+By George H. Doran Company
+
+Printed in the United States of America
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+Circular tours have long been popular in England. There was a time--as
+there will be a time again--when American visitors felt that to make
+the rounds of the cathedral towns or the historic castles or the homes
+and haunts of great men and women, was a necessary part of seeing the
+tight little island.
+
+"What a pity it is that we in America have no such wealth of historic
+places," one returning tourist was heard to remark. "Oh, of course,
+there are a few spots like Independence Hall and Concord and
+Lexington," he went on, "but there are not enough of them to make it
+worth while to plan a tour such as those in which we have taken
+delight in England."
+
+It was easy to point out to the traveler his mistake; most Americans
+know that the country is rich in places of historic interest. Just how
+rich it is they may not realize until they make a serious study of the
+landmarks of their own land, as does the European tourist of the
+centers noted in his guidebook.
+
+In fact, there are in America so many houses, churches, and other
+buildings having a vital connection with our history that volumes
+would be required to tell of them all. Even a brief record of the
+buildings whose owners or occupants played a conspicuous part in the
+early history of the country would fill a large book.
+
+It is fascinating to learn of these houses and public buildings and to
+delve into the biographies which tell what happened to the people who
+lived in them. Fiction seems tame after connecting, for instance, the
+story of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler with the Ford
+Mansion and the Campfield House at Morristown, New Jersey, then with
+the Schuyler Mansion in Albany, New York, and The Grange in New York
+City. The heart of the patriot burns with new love for his country as
+he reads of Faneuil Hall and the Old South Church and Carpenters'
+Hall. The story of the Revolution is clothed with living interest when
+Washington and his generals are followed to Valley Forge and Newburgh
+and Cambridge and Morristown and Princeton. Fresh appreciation of the
+sacrifice of the pioneers comes from going with them into the garrison
+houses of New England, along the Wilderness Road in Kentucky, to the
+settlements on the Ohio, or to the banks of the Wabash where more than
+one Indian treaty was made.
+
+Next comes the keen pleasure of visiting the houses and churches
+which, through the piecing together of these facts, have become like
+familiar friends. The vacation journey that includes a careful study
+of a few of these buildings becomes a fascinating course in
+patriotism.
+
+It is the purpose of the author of "Historic Shrines of America" to
+tell just enough about each of one hundred and twenty of these
+buildings of historic interest to create a hunger for more; to present
+pictures sufficiently attractive to make those who turn the pages of
+the book determine to visit the places described; to arrange the brief
+chapters in such sequence that it will be possible for the reader to
+plan for successive vacations a series of journeys through the centers
+where historic buildings may be found, and, in doing this, to pass by
+so many structures of interest that the reader and the tourist will
+have abundant opportunity to discover houses and churches of which he
+will say, "I wonder why this was not included."
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+     CHAPTER                                                   PAGE
+
+
+     ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS
+
+        I THE OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS             19
+
+       II PAUL REVERE'S HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS             23
+
+      III FANEUIL HALL, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS                    28
+
+       IV THREE HISTORIC CHURCHES OF BOSTON                      32
+
+        V ELMWOOD, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS                      36
+
+       VI THE CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS            40
+
+      VII THE ADAMS HOUSES, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS                44
+
+     VIII THE QUINCY MANSION, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS              49
+
+       IX FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS                54
+
+        X THE DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS    56
+
+       XI THE OLD MANSE AND THE WAYSIDE, CONCORD,
+          MASSACHUSETTS                                          61
+
+      XII THE ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS               66
+
+     XIII BROADHEARTH AND THE BENNET-BOARDMAN HOUSE,
+          SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS                                  69
+
+      XIV THE COLONEL JEREMIAH LEE HOUSE, MARBLEHEAD,
+          MASSACHUSETTS                                          72
+
+       XV THE OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT, MASSACHUSETTS       75
+
+      XVI THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, PROVIDENCE, RHODE
+          ISLAND                                                 80
+
+
+     TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND KNICKERBOCKERS
+           FLOURISHED
+
+     XVII THE MORRIS-JUMEL MANSION, NEW YORK CITY                87
+
+    XVIII THE PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS, NEW YORK            91
+
+     XIX  ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL, NEW YORK CITY                       95
+
+      XX  FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY                        97
+
+     XXI  THE GRANGE, NEW YORK CITY                             100
+
+    XXII  THE VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY                104
+
+   XXIII  THE HASBROUCK HOUSE, NEWBURGH, NEW YORK               106
+
+
+     THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH THE PATRIOTS
+
+     XXIV THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY          115
+
+      XXV THE CHURCH AT CALDWELL, NEW JERSEY                    119
+
+     XXVI OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD, NEW JERSEY              122
+
+    XXVII THE FORD MANSION, MORRISTOWN, NEW JERSEY              126
+
+   XXVIII NASSAU HALL, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY                    130
+
+     XXIX THREE HISTORIC HOUSES AT PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY        134
+
+      XXX THE SPRINGFIELD MEETING HOUSE, NEW JERSEY             138
+
+
+     FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE
+
+     XXXI THE LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA                  145
+
+    XXXII CARPENTERS' HALL, PHILADELPHIA                        149
+
+   XXXIII ST. PETER'S CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA                      153
+
+    XXXIV CLIVEDEN, GERMANTOWN, PHILADELPHIA                    156
+
+     XXXV OLD PINE STREET CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA                  159
+
+    XXXVI INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA                       162
+
+   XXXVII THE DAVID RITTENHOUSE HOME, NEAR PHILADELPHIA         170
+
+  XXXVIII THE HEADQUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE, PENNSYLVANIA        174
+
+    XXXIX THREE HEADQUARTERS OF WASHINGTON                      178
+
+       XL SWEETBRIER-ON-THE-SCHUYLKILL, PHILADELPHIA            183
+
+      XLI MILL GROVE AND FATLANDS, NEAR PHILADELPHIA            187
+
+     XLII WAYNESBOROUGH, NEAR PAOLI, PENNSYLVANIA               192
+
+    XLIII THE MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA          196
+
+
+     FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND DIXON LINE
+
+     XLIV HISTORIC LANDMARKS AT NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE            203
+
+      XLV THE RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DELAWARE                    208
+
+     XLVI REHOBOTH CHURCH ON THE POCOMOKE, MARYLAND             211
+
+    XLVII DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, MARYLAND       216
+
+   XLVIII THE UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND            220
+
+     XLIX THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON                             225
+
+        L THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON                           230
+
+       LI THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON                         234
+
+
+     SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE CAVALIERS
+
+      LII MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA                                241
+
+     LIII ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA                                   246
+
+      LIV CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA                   249
+
+       LV THE MARY WASHINGTON HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG,
+          VIRGINIA                                              251
+
+      LVI GREENWAY AND SHERWOOD FOREST, VIRGINIA                257
+
+     LVII TWO HISTORIC COURTHOUSES OF VIRGINIA                  262
+
+    LVIII ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND                           266
+
+      LIX THE NELSON HOUSE AND THE MOORE HOUSE, YORKTOWN,
+      VIRGINIA                                                  270
+
+       LX THE JOHN MARSHALL HOUSE, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA           274
+
+      LXI FIVE OLD HOUSES OF TIDEWATER, VIRGINIA                278
+
+     LXII GUNSTON HALL, VIRGINIA                                281
+
+    LXIII THE WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING, LEXINGTON,
+          VIRGINIA                                              285
+
+     LXIV BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA          288
+
+      LXV WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, WILLIAMSBURG,
+      VIRGINIA                                                  291
+
+     LXVI THE MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA             294
+
+    LXVII MONTPELIER, ORANGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA                   296
+
+   LXVIII OAK HILL, LOUDOUN COUNTY, VIRGINIA                    301
+
+     LXIX RED HILL, CHARLOTTE COUNTY, VIRGINIA                  305
+
+      LXX POHICK CHURCH, TRURO PARISH, VIRGINIA                 311
+
+     LXXI MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VIRGINIA                 314
+
+    LXXII TWO OF VIRGINIA'S OLDEST CHURCH BUILDINGS             318
+
+   LXXIII MONTICELLO, NEAR CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA            322
+
+    LXXIV THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA AT CHARLOTTESVILLE,
+          VIRGINIA                                              326
+
+
+     SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH
+
+     LXXV THREE OLD CHURCHES IN CHARLESTON, SOUTH
+          CAROLINA                                             333
+
+    LXXVI THE HOUSE OF REBECCA MOTTE, CHARLESTON, SOUTH
+          CAROLINA                                             336
+
+   LXXVII THE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, SAVANNAH, GEORGIA            340
+
+  LXXVIII THE CABILDO OF NEW ORLEANS                           343
+
+    LXXIX THE ALAMO, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS                        347
+
+     LXXX THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE                  351
+
+    LXXXI ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY                         355
+
+   LXXXII SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, KENTUCKY        359
+
+  LXXXIII WHITE HAVEN, NEAR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI                362
+
+
+     EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO NEW ENGLAND
+
+   LXXXIV THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS     369
+
+    LXXXV THE GOVERNOR'S PALACE AT VINCENNES, INDIANA          374
+
+   LXXXVI THE HOUSE OF GENERAL RUFUS PUTNAM, MARIETTA,
+          OHIO                                                 377
+
+  LXXXVII MONUMENT PLACE, ELM GROVE, WEST VIRGINIA             381
+
+ LXXXVIII THE CASTLE AT FORT NIAGARA, NEW YORK                 386
+
+   LXXXIX THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, NEW YORK               391
+
+       XC THE WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE       395
+
+      XCI THE WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW HOUSE, PORTLAND, MAINE      400
+
+          BIBLIOGRAPHY                                         407
+
+          INDEX                                                411
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+     INDEPENDENCE HALL, REAR VIEW, PHILADELPHIA,
+       PENNSYLVANIA                                 _Frontispiece_
+
+                                                              PAGE
+
+     OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS                     25
+
+     PAUL REVERE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS                   26
+
+     HANCOCK-CLARKE HOUSE, LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS             26
+
+     OLD NORTH CHURCH, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS                    34
+
+     OLD SOUTH CHURCH, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS                    35
+
+     CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS                    48
+
+     FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS                    48
+
+     DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS            49
+
+     ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS                       49
+
+     BROADHEARTH, SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS                         70
+
+     BENNET-BOARDMAN HOUSE, SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS               70
+
+     OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT, MASSACHUSETTS               71
+
+     MORRIS-JUMEL HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY                          97
+
+     PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS, NEW YORK                    97
+
+     FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY                            98
+
+     VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY                         98
+
+     THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY              121
+
+     OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD, NEW JERSEY                  121
+
+     NASSAU HALL AND THE FIRST PRESIDENT'S HOUSE, PRINCETON,
+       NEW JERSEY                                              122
+
+     MORVEN, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY                             122
+
+     LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA            146
+
+     ST. PETER'S PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA,
+       PENNSYLVANIA                                            147
+
+     CLIVEDEN, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA                      160
+
+     THIRD (OLD PINE STREET) PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,
+       PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA                              160
+
+     DAVID RITTENHOUSE'S HOUSE, NORRISTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA       161
+
+     DAWESFIELD, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA               161
+
+     EMLEN HOUSE, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA              179
+
+     FATLANDS, NEAR PHOENIXVILLE, PENNSYLVANIA                 179
+
+     WAYNESBOROUGH, PAOLI, PENNSYLVANIA                        180
+
+     MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA                  180
+
+     AMSTEL HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE                        205
+
+     DOORWAY OF AMSTEL HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE             205
+
+     HALL OF READ HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE                  205
+
+     DOORWAY OF RODNEY HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE             206
+
+     DOORWAY OF STEWART HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE            206
+
+     DOORWAY OF READ HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE               206
+
+     DOORWAY OF PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE      206
+
+     IMMANUEL CHURCH, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE                     217
+
+     RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DELAWARE                            218
+
+     DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, MARYLAND           218
+
+     UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND                    233
+
+     OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.                          233
+
+     THE STAIRWAY, OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.            234
+
+     MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA, REAR VIEW                         244
+
+     ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA                                       244
+
+     CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA                       245
+
+     MARY WASHINGTON'S HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG, VIRGINIA         262
+
+     HANOVER COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA                             262
+
+     ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA                     263
+
+     NELSON HOUSE, YORKTOWN, VIRGINIA                          263
+
+     WESTOVER ON THE JAMES, VIRGINIA                           282
+
+     GUNSTON HALL ON THE POTOMAC, VIRGINIA                     282
+
+     WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING, LEXINGTON, VIRGINIA          283
+
+     BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA              283
+
+     MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA                     314
+
+     POHICK CHURCH, VIRGINIA                                   314
+
+     MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VIRGINIA                     315
+
+     UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA         315
+
+     INDEPENDENT PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SAVANNAH, GEORGIA        336
+
+     PRINGLE HOUSE, CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA                 337
+
+     THE CABILDO, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA                       337
+
+     THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE                       352
+
+     ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY                              352
+
+     SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, KENTUCKY             353
+
+     WHITE HAVEN, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI                          353
+
+     ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS            370
+
+     WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON'S HOUSE, VINCENNES, INDIANA        370
+
+     RUFUS PUTNAM'S HOUSE, MARIETTA, OHIO                      371
+
+     THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, NEW YORK                    371
+
+     WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE                394
+
+     WARNER HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE                   394
+
+     WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW HOUSE, PORTLAND, MAINE               395
+
+
+
+
+ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS
+
+     The riches of the Commonwealth
+     Are free, strong minds, and hearts of health;
+     And more to her than gold or grain,
+     The cunning hand and cultured brain.
+
+     For well she keeps her ancient stock,
+     The stubborn strength of Pilgrim Rock;
+     And still maintains, with milder laws,
+     And clearer light, the Good Old Cause!
+
+     Nor heeds the skeptic's puny hands,
+     While near her school the church-spire stands;
+     Nor fears the blinded bigot's rule,
+     While near her church-spire stands the school.
+
+       --JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER.
+
+
+
+
+ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS
+
+  [Illustration: OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company, Boston_
+   See Page 19]
+
+
+I
+
+THE OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+FROM WHOSE BALCONY THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE WAS PROCLAIMED
+
+Thirty-three years after Captain John Smith sailed into Boston Harbor,
+the first Town House was built. This was in 1657. The second Town
+House, which was built on the same site, was erected in 1712. In 1748
+the third Town House, later the Old State House, followed the
+structure of 1712, the outer walls of the old building being used in
+the new.
+
+Since 1689, when Governor Andros' tyranny was overthrown, the old
+building has been in the thick of historic events. How it figured in
+the Boston Massacre was shown by John Tudor in his diary. He wrote:
+
+      "March, 1770. On Monday evening the 5th current, a few
+      Minutes after 9 o'clock a most horrid murder was committed in
+      King Street before the custom house Door by 8 or 9 Soldiers
+      under the Command of Capt. Thos Preston of the Main Guard on
+      the South side of the Town House. This unhappy affair began
+      by Some Boys & young fellows throwing Snow Balls at the
+      sentry placed at the Custom house Door. On which 8 or 9
+      Soldiers Came to his Assistance. Soon after a Number of
+      people collected, when the Capt commanded the Soldiers to
+      fire, which they did and 3 Men were Kil'd on the Spot &
+      several Mortaly Wounded, one of which died next Morning....
+      Leut Governor Hutchinson, who was Commander in Chiefe, was
+      sent for & Came to the Council Chamber, where some of the
+      Magustrates attended. The Governor desired the Multitude
+      about 10 O'Clock to sepperat & to go home peaceable & he
+      would do all in his power that Justice should be done &c. The
+      29 Regiment being then under Arms on the south side of the
+      Townhouse, but the people insisted that the Soldiers should
+      be ordered to their Barracks first before they would
+      sepperat. Which being done the people sepperated aboute 1
+      O'Clock."
+
+Next day the people met in Faneuil Hall, and demanded the immediate
+removal of the troops. The demand being refused, they met again at
+Faneuil Hall, but adjourned to Old South Church, since the larger hall
+was required to accommodate the aroused citizens. A new committee,
+headed by Samuel Adams, sought Hutchinson in the Council Chamber of
+the Town House, and secured his permission to remove the troops
+without delay.
+
+The next event of note in the history of the old building was the
+public reading there of the Declaration of Independence on July 18,
+1776, in accordance with the message of John Hancock, President of the
+Continental Congress, who asked that it be proclaimed "in such a mode
+that the people may be impressed by it."
+
+Abigail Adams told in a letter to her husband, John Adams, of the
+reading:
+
+      "I went with the multitude to King street to hear the
+      Declaration Proclamation for Independence read and
+      proclaimed.... Great attention was given to every word....
+      Thus ends royal Authority in the state."
+
+A British prisoner on parole, who was an invited guest at the reading
+of the Declaration, wrote a detailed narrative of the events of the
+day, in the Town Hall, in which he said:
+
+      "Exactly as the clock struck one, Colonel Crafts, who
+      occupied the chair, rose and, silence being obtained, read
+      aloud the declaration, which announced to the world that the
+      tie of allegiance and protection, which had so long held
+      Britain and her North American colonies together, was forever
+      separated. This being finished, the gentlemen stood up, and
+      each, repeating the words as they were spoken by an officer,
+      swore to uphold, at the sacrifice of life, the rights of his
+      country. Meanwhile the town clerk read from the balcony the
+      Declaration of Independence to the crowd; at the close of
+      which, a Shout began in the hall, passed like an electric
+      spark to the streets, which rang with loud huzzas, the slow
+      and measured boom of Cannon, and the rattle of musketry."
+
+Thirteen years later, when Washington visited Boston, he passed
+through a triumphal arch to the State House. In his diary he told of
+what followed his entrance to the historic building:
+
+      "Three cheers was given by a vast concourse of people, Who,
+      by this time, had assembled at the Arch--then followed an ode
+      composed in honor of the President; and well sung by a band
+      of select singers--After this three cheers--followed by the
+      different Professions and Mechanics in the order they were
+      drawn up, with their colors, through a lane of the people
+      which had thronged about the arch under which they passed."
+
+The ode sung that day was as follows:
+
+     "General Washington, the hero's come,
+       Each heart exulting hears the sound;
+     See, thousands their deliverer throng,
+       And shout his welcome all around.
+         Now in full chorus bursts the song,
+         And shout the deeds of Washington."
+
+The Old State House was near destruction in 1835, as a result of the
+uproar that followed the attempt of William Lloyd Garrison to make an
+abolition address in the hall next door to the office of the
+_Liberator_, whose editor he was. A furious crowd demanded his blood,
+and he was persuaded to retire. Later the doors of the _Liberator_
+office where he had taken refuge were broken down, and, after a chase,
+the hunted man was seized and dragged to the rear of the Old State
+House, then used as the City Hall and Post-office. The mayor rescued
+him from the mob, which was talking of hanging him, and carried him
+into the State House. The threats of the outwitted people became so
+loud that it was feared the building would be destroyed and that
+Garrison would be killed. As soon as possible, therefore, he was
+spirited away to the Leverett Street jail.
+
+For many years, until 1882, the Old State House was used for business
+purposes, after previous service as Town House, City Hall, Court
+House, and State House. It is now used as a historical museum by the
+Bostonian Society.
+
+The historic halls within the building have the same walls and
+ceilings as when the old house was erected in 1748. For many years the
+exterior was covered with unsightly paint, but this has been scraped
+off, and the brick walls gleam red as in former days.
+
+
+  [Illustration: PAUL REVERE HOUSE, BOSTON
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+   See Page 23]
+
+II
+
+PAUL REVERE'S HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+WHERE THE MERCURY OF THE REVOLUTION LIVED AND TOILED
+
+     "_Take three fourths of a Paine that makes Traitors Confess_  (RAC)
+     _With three parts of a place which the Wicked don't Bless_    (HEL)
+     _Joyne four sevenths of an Exercise which shop-keepers use_   (WALK)
+     _Add what Bad Men do, when they good actions refuse_          (ER)
+     _These four added together with great care and Art
+     Will point out the Fair One that is nearest my Heart._"
+
+Thus wrote Paul Revere, the Boston goldsmith, on the back of a bill to
+Mr. Benjamin Greene for "Gold buttons," "Mending a Spoon," and "Two
+pr. of Silver Shoe Buckles," which was made out one day in 1773 in the
+old house in North Square, built in 1676. To this house he planned to
+lead as his second wife Rachel Walker; his eight children needed a
+mother's care, and he wanted some one to share the joys and the
+burdens of his life.
+
+Before his first marriage, in 1757, he had served as a second
+lieutenant in a company of artillery, in the expedition against Crown
+Point. Soldiering was succeeded by work at his trade of goldsmith and
+silversmith, learned from his father. He was a skilled engraver; most
+of the silverware made in Boston at this period testified to his
+ability. Later, when the rising patriotic tide seemed to call for
+lithographs and broadsides, he engraved these on copper with eager
+brain and active hand.
+
+He began his patriotic work as a member of the secret order The Sons
+of Liberty, which had organizations in nearly all the colonies, held
+frequent meetings, and laid plans for resisting the encroachments of
+Great Britain. Once, when some three hundred of these Sons dined at
+Dorchester, Paul Revere was present, as well as Samuel Adams, John
+Adams, and John Hancock.
+
+It was necessary to have a trusted messenger to carry tidings of
+moment from place to place, and Paul Revere was one of those chosen
+for the purpose. His first important ride was at the time of the
+destruction of the tea in Boston harbor. He had a leading part in
+bringing together the patriots who gathered on November 29, 1773,
+first at Faneuil Hall, then at Old South Meeting House, to protest
+against the landing of the tea from the ship _Dartmouth_, and he was
+one of the men who, on December 16, in Indian disguise, threw L18,000
+worth of tea into the harbor. In preparation for the rallying of the
+men of the tea party at the "Green Dragon," the following ditty was
+composed:
+
+     "Rally Mohawks! bring out your axes,
+     And tell King George we'll pay no taxes
+         On his foreign tea.
+     His threats are vain, and vain to think
+     To force our girls and wives to drink
+         His vile Bohea!
+     Then rally boys, and hasten on
+     To meet our chief at the Green Dragon.
+
+     "Old Warren's there, and bold Revere,
+     With hands to do, and words to cheer,
+         For liberty and laws;
+     Our country's brave and free defenders
+     Shall ne'er be left by true North-Enders
+         Fighting Freedoms cause!
+     Then rally boys, and hasten on
+     To meet our chiefs at the Green Dragon."
+
+Of the work done by the Mohawks on that December night John Adams
+wrote on December 17, 1773, "This Destruction of the Tea is so bold,
+so daring, so firm, intrepid, and inflexible, and it must have so
+important Consequences, and so lasting, that I can't but consider it
+as an Epoch in History."
+
+The enactment of the Boston Port Bill was the cause of Revere's next
+ride. A meeting of citizens in Boston decided to ask the other
+colonies "to come into a joint resolution to stop all importation
+from, and exportation to, Great Britain and every part of the West
+Indies till the act be repealed," in the thought that this would
+"prove the salvation of North America and her liberties."
+
+These resolutions were given to Paul Revere by the selectmen of
+Boston, and he was urged to ride with all speed to New York and
+Philadelphia. On May 30, 1774, the Essex _Gazette_ told of the return
+of the messenger, and announced, "Nothing can exceed the indignation
+with which our brethren of Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York and
+Philadelphia have received this proof of Ministerial madness. They
+universally declare their resolution to stand by us to the last
+extremity."
+
+Four months later another ride to Philadelphia was taken, to carry to
+the Continental Congress the Suffolk Resolves. Six days only were
+taken for the journey. When Congress learned of the protest in New
+England against the principle "that Parliament had the right to
+legislate for the colonies in all cases whatsoever," there was no
+question that a new nation was ready for birth. "I think I may assure
+you, that America will make a point of supporting Boston to the
+utmost," Samuel Adams wrote, the day after Revere's message was read.
+
+Once more during the historic year 1774 the Boston silversmith turned
+aside from his shop long enough to ride to Portsmouth, New Hampshire,
+to give information of the prohibition by Great Britain of further
+importations of gunpowder, and to tell of the coming of a large
+garrison to Fort William and Mary at Portsmouth. The immediate result
+of the ride was the sending of a party of four hundred patriots
+against the fort, which surrendered at once. Little attention has been
+paid to this event by historians, yet it was one of the most potent of
+the events preceding the Revolution. One hundred barrels of gunpowder
+were seized at the fort, and this was a large part of the ammunition
+used later at Bunker Hill.
+
+Then came April 18, 1775, the date of "that memorable ride, not only
+the most brilliant, but the most important single exploit in our
+national annals." The Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety
+were in session at Concord. General Warren had remained in Boston to
+watch the movements of the British, and Revere had been holding
+himself in readiness to carry tidings as soon as there was anything of
+importance to be told. Now word was to be sent to John Hancock and
+Samuel Adams, who were at the residence of Rev. Mr. Clarke at
+Lexington, "that a number of soldiers were marching towards the bottom
+of the Common, ... and that it was thought they were the objects of
+the movement." Revere had foreseen the necessity for the ride, and,
+fearing that he might not be able to cross the Charles River, or get
+over Boston Neck, had arranged with patriots in Charleston that two
+"lanthorns" would be shown in the North Church steeple if the British
+went out by water, and one if they went by land.
+
+On the night of April 18 Revere was rowed by two friends across
+Charles River, passing almost under the guns of the _Somerset_. After
+conferring with the Charleston patriots, who had seen the signals, he
+secured a horse, and started toward Lexington, proceeding with extreme
+care, because he had been told that ten mounted British officers had
+been seen going up the road. Once he was chased by two British
+officers. At Medford he awakened the captain of the minute men. "After
+that I alarmed almost every house till I got to Lexington," the
+patriot rider later told the story. Messrs. Hancock and Adams were
+aroused. Then Revere went on to Concord, accompanied by two others,
+that the stores might be secured. Once more residents by the roadside
+were awakened. He himself was soon surrounded by four mounted British
+soldiers, but his companions were able to proceed. After a time he was
+released by his captors, and he made his way to the Clarke house,
+where Hancock and Adams still were.
+
+  [Illustration: HANCOCK-CLARKE HOUSE, LEXINGTON, MASS.
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+   See Page 23]
+
+Thus the way was prepared for Concord and Lexington. That the patriots
+were not taken by surprise, and the stores at Concord taken, as the
+British had hoped, was due to the courage and resourcefulness of Paul
+Revere.
+
+Revere's rides as messenger did not end his services to the colonists.
+In 1775 he engraved the plates and printed the bills of the paper
+money of Massachusetts, and later he built and operated a powder
+mill. He was made lieutenant-colonel of State artillery, and took part
+in the unfortunate Penobscot expedition out of which grew the charges
+of which he was triumphantly acquitted by the court-martial held at
+his own request.
+
+The old house in North Square was the home of the Revere family until
+about 1795.
+
+
+III
+
+FANEUIL HALL, BOSTON
+
+"THE CRADLE OF AMERICAN LIBERTY"
+
+Andrew Faneuil was one of the Huguenots who fled from France as a
+result of the Edict of Nantes. By way of Holland he came to Boston. It
+is a matter of official record that on February 1, 1691, he was
+admitted by the Governor and Council of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
+
+Within a few years the refugee was looked upon as a leader both in the
+French church and in business. Copies of invoices of merchandise
+consigned to him show that he was a dealer in all kinds of supplies of
+food, household furnishings, and dress goods.
+
+When he died, in 1738, the Boston _News Letter_ said that "1,100
+persons of all Ranks, beside the Mourners," followed the body to the
+grave. "And 'tis supposed that as the Gentleman's fortune was the
+greatest of any among us, so his funeral was the most generous and
+expensive of any that has been known here."
+
+Peter Faneuil, the heir and successor to the fortune and business of
+his uncle, was a shrewd business man who knew how to make the most of
+his opportunities. But he took time to think and plan for his
+fellow-townsmen. He was disturbed because there was no adequate public
+market in Boston, and he was not discouraged by the fact that numerous
+attempts to establish such a convenience had been received with
+hostility by the people, especially the farmers, who felt that they
+would have a better chance to sell from house to house on any day than
+in a fixed place on a set day.
+
+His proposition to provide the market by gift to the town stirred up a
+spirited controversy. At a town meeting called to consider the
+proposition, held on July 14, 1740, the attendance was so large that
+the company adjourned to the Brattle Street Meeting House.
+
+There the people set themselves to consider the proposition of Peter
+Faneuil, who "hath been generously pleased to offer at his own cost
+and charge to erect and build a noble and complete structure or
+edifice to be improved for a market, for the sole use, benefit and
+advantage of the town, provided that the town of Boston would pass a
+vote for the purpose, and lay the same under such proper regulation as
+shall be thought necessary, and constantly support it for the said
+use."
+
+The gift had a narrow escape from the 727 voters who cast the ballots.
+The majority in favor of accepting the market was only seven!
+
+The average giver would have been discouraged by such a reception; but
+Peter Faneuil, on the contrary, did more than he had proposed. When
+the selectmen were told in August, 1742--seven months before Faneuil's
+death--that the building was ready, there was not only a market
+house, but above it a hall for town meetings and other gatherings. By
+action of the meeting called to accept the building the hall over the
+market was named Faneuil Hall.
+
+"I hope that what I have done will be of service to the whole
+country," was the donor's response to this graceful act.
+
+At once the Hall became a Boston institution. The town offices were
+removed to the building, town meetings were held there, and a series
+of public concerts was given in it. The market, however, was not
+popular.
+
+The fire of January 13, 1761, destroyed the interior of the building.
+The money for rebuilding was raised by a lottery.
+
+Faneuil Hall began its career as a national institution on August 27,
+1765, when the voters, in mass meeting, denounced the lawless acts of
+"Persons unknown" by which they had shown their hatred of the
+iniquitous Stamp Act. At a second meeting, held on September 12, the
+voters instructed their Representatives "as to their conduct at this
+very alarming crisis."
+
+"The genuine Sons of Liberty" gathered in the Hall March 18, 1767,
+that they might rejoice together because of the repeal of the Stamp
+Act. The Boston _Gazette_ reported that "a large company of the
+principal inhabitants crowded that spacious apartment, and with loud
+huzzas, and repeated acclamations at each of the twenty-five toasts,
+saluted the glorious and memorable heroes of America, particularly
+those who distinguished themselves in the cause of Liberty, which was
+ever growing under the iron hand of oppression."
+
+What has been called "perhaps the most dramatic scene in all history"
+was staged in this Cradle of Liberty on the day after the Boston
+Massacre, March 6, 1770. The crowd was so large that it was necessary
+to adjourn to Old South before action could be taken requesting the
+governor to withdraw the troops whose presence had led to the
+massacre.
+
+Then came the tea meetings. The first of these was held in the Hall on
+November 5, 1773. At this meeting committees were appointed to wait on
+the several persons to whom tea had been consigned by the East India
+Company, "and in the name of the town to request them from a regard to
+their character, and to the peace and good order of the town,
+immediately to resign their trust." The response made to these
+committees and to subsequent tea meetings was unsatisfactory, and on
+December 16 a number of disguised citizens gathered at the waterfront
+and held the "Boston Tea Party."
+
+The occupation of Boston by the British interrupted the Faneuil Hall
+town meetings, but soon after the evacuation of the city the people
+turned their steps thither for public gatherings of many sorts.
+Fortunately the building had not been seriously injured. When
+Washington entered the city he spoke with feeling of the safety of the
+structure that had meant so much to the people.
+
+It was fitting that, in the stirring days that preceded the War of
+1812, meetings to protest against the acts of Great Britain should be
+held here. Historic gatherings followed during this war, as also
+during the War of 1861-65.
+
+Three times Faneuil Hall has been rebuilt since its donor turned it
+over to his fellow-citizens. The first reconstruction came after the
+fire. In 1806 the building was enlarged and improved. Again in 1898 it
+was completely rebuilt and made fireproof, though, wherever possible,
+original materials were used. While it is much larger than in the
+early days, the general appearance is so similar that the structure
+would be recognized by such an ardent lover of the early structure as
+Lafayette, who, when he was in Boston in 1824, said:
+
+      "May Faneuil Hall ever stand, a monument to teach the world
+      that resistance to oppression is a duty, and will under true
+      republican institutions become a blessing."
+
+
+  [Illustration: OLD NORTH CHURCH, BOSTON
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+   See page 32]
+
+IV
+
+THREE HISTORIC CHURCHES OF BOSTON
+
+THE STORY OF OLD NORTH, OLD SOUTH, AND KING'S CHAPEL
+
+The First Church of Boston would have been large enough for all its
+members for many years longer than they worshipped together, if they
+had been of one mind politically. But the differences that separated
+people in England in the troublous days of Charles I were repeated in
+Boston. For this reason some of the members of the First Church
+thought they would be better off by themselves, and in 1650 they
+organized the Second Church. Later the church became known as North
+Church, by reason of its location. As it grew older the name Old North
+was applied to it.
+
+From its organization Old North became known as the church of spirited
+reformers, a real school for patriots. Increase Mather, one of its
+early pastors, was responsible for developing and directing the
+peculiar genius of its organization. At the time of the Revolution
+the British officers spoke of the church as "a nest of traitors."
+
+Many mass meetings to protest against the acts of Great Britain were
+held in this church. The corporation used it for a time as a fire
+house and a public arsenal, and when signals were given by the
+direction of Paul Revere on the night of his famous ride the lanterns
+were hung in the steeple of Old North.
+
+The original building of 1652 was burned in 1673. The second building
+was also burned, but by the British, who tore it down and used it for
+firewood during the cold winter of the occupation of the city.
+
+After the destruction of the building the members of New Brick Church,
+an offshoot of Old North, invited the congregation to worship with
+them. The invitation was accepted, and soon the congregations came
+together, under the name Old North. The building occupied ever since
+by the reunited congregation was erected in 1723. Ralph Waldo Emerson
+served as pastor and conducted services in this structure.
+
+In 1669 there were many earnest people who felt that the teachings of
+the older church were not liberal enough for them, and they decided to
+have a church after their own heart. They felt that all who had been
+baptized might be citizens of the town; they were unwilling to be
+associated longer with those who insisted, as the General Synod of
+Massachusetts recommended, that all citizens must be church members,
+as formerly. So permission to organize was asked of the other
+churches. On their refusal appeal was taken to the Governor. The next
+appeal, to the selectmen of Boston, was successful.
+
+  [Illustration: OLD SOUTH CHURCH, BOSTON
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+   See page 34]
+
+The new church, which was called the South Meeting House, was built on
+the site of Governor Winthrop's house. In 1717 the people began to
+call the church "The Old South," to distinguish it from another church
+which was still further south.
+
+In 1685 Governor Andros insisted that the Old South building should
+be used for the Church of England service, as well as for the
+services of the owners of the building. For two years Churchmen and
+Congregationalists occupied it harmoniously at different hours on
+Sunday.
+
+On a Fast Day in 1696 Judge Sewall stood up before the congregation
+while they heard him read his prayer for the forgiveness of God and
+his fellow-citizens for any possible guilt he had incurred in the
+witchcraft trials.
+
+Ten years later, on the day he was born, January 17, 1706, Benjamin
+Franklin was baptized in the church, though not in the present
+building.
+
+The building made famous by the series of town meetings before and
+during the Revolution was erected in 1730. When Faneuil Hall was too
+small to hold the crowds that clamored for entrance, Old South was
+pressed into use. On June 14, 1768, at one of these meetings, a
+petition was sent to the Governor asking that the British frigate be
+removed from the harbor. John Hancock was chairman of this committee.
+The Boston Tea Party followed a mass meeting held here.
+
+Burgoyne's cavalry used Old South Church as a riding school. Pigs were
+kept in one of the pews, while many of the furnishings were burned.
+
+Since March, 1776, when the church was repaired, it has been little
+changed. Services were discontinued in 1872. After the great fire
+the building was used as a post-office.
+
+Five years later there was talk of destroying the historic structure
+that the valuable lot might be used for business purposes, but the
+efforts of patriotic women were successful in preserving the relic.
+Since that time it has been kept open as a museum.
+
+While Old North and Old South were organizations expressing the will
+of the people, the third of the famous churches of Boston was the
+expression of the will of King James II of England. During more than
+sixty years of the city's history there had been no congregation of
+the Church of England; members of that body were required to attend
+service in the existing parishes. A minister and a commission sent
+from England to arrange for the new church were received with scant
+courtesy by the churches when request was made that opportunity be
+given to hold Church of England services in the building of one of
+them.
+
+Not satisfied with the offer of a room in the Town House, Governor
+Andros demanded that Old South make arrangements to accommodate the
+new body. On the refusal of the trustees to do as the Governor wished,
+the sexton of the church was one day ordered to ring the bell and open
+the doors for the Governor and his staff, and those who might wish to
+attend with them. Then the trustees submitted to the inevitable.
+
+This was in 1687. The first chapel was built for the new congregation
+in 1689, on land appropriated for the purpose, since no one would
+convey a site willingly. This building was enlarged in 1710. The
+present striking structure dates from 1749-53. Peter Faneuil was
+treasurer of the committee that raised the necessary funds. The
+expense was but L2,500, though granite from the new Quincy quarry was
+used. The colonnade surrounding the tower was not built until 1790.
+
+King's Chapel, as the new church building came to be called, was known
+as the abode of loyalists, just as Old North and Old South were famous
+as the haunts of patriotic worshippers. The presence on the walls of
+the insignia of royalty and varied heraldic devices seriously
+disturbed the minds of those who felt that a house of worship should
+have no such furnishings.
+
+During the Revolution the building was respected by the British as
+well as by the citizens of the town. When the war was over, the
+congregation of Old South was invited to use the chapel because their
+own church needed extensive repairs in consequence of the use the
+British had made of it.
+
+Since 1787 King's Chapel has been a Unitarian church. The change was
+made under the leadership of Rev. James Freeman.
+
+
+V
+
+ELMWOOD, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+WHERE JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL WAS BORN, AND WHERE HE DIED
+
+When Thomas Oliver, Lieutenant Governor and president of George III's
+provincial council, built his house in Cambridge about 1767, he did
+not dream that within nine years he would have to abandon it because
+of his allegiance to the same George III. But so it proved. He was a
+Tory, and his neighbors would not suffer him to remain among them. On
+September 2, 1774, he wrote his resignation of the offices he held,
+adding the statement, "My house at Cambridge being surrounded by five
+thousand people, in compliance with their command, I sign my name." At
+his request, made to General Gage and the admiral of the English
+fleet, troops were not sent to Cambridge, according to plan. "But for
+Thomas Oliver's intercession," Edward Everett Hale says, "Elmwood
+would have been the battle-ground of the First Encounters."
+
+After his summary departure the house was used as a hospital by the
+Continental Army. When the government sold it at auction it became the
+property first of Arthur Cabot, then of Elbridge Gerry, a Signer of
+the Declaration of Independence, Governor of Massachusetts from 1810
+to 1812, and Vice-President under Madison.
+
+The next occupant was Rev. Charles Lowell, pastor of the West Church
+of Boston. He bought the property just in time to make it ready for
+his son, James Russell Lowell, who was born February 22, 1819.
+
+As a boy James never wearied of rambling over the old house and the
+ten acres of ground, all that was left of the original ninety-five
+acres. Many of his poems contain references to the memories of these
+early years. "The First Snowfall," "Music," and "A Year's Life" are,
+in part, autobiographical. Lines on "The Power of Music" told of the
+days when he was his father's companion in the chaise, on the way to
+make a Sunday exchange of pulpits with a neighboring minister:
+
+     "When, with feuds like Ghibelline and Guelf,
+     Each parish did its music for itself,
+     A parson's son, through tree-arched country ways,
+     I rode exchange oft in dear old days,
+     Ere yet the boys forgot, with reverent eye,
+     To doff their hats as the black coat went by,
+     Ere skirts expanding in their apogee
+     Turned girls to bells without the second e;
+     Still in my teens, I felt the varied woes
+     Of volunteers, each singing as he chose,
+     Till much experience left me no desire
+     To learn new species of the village choir."
+
+Life at Elmwood was interrupted by college days, but he returned to
+the Cambridge house with his wife, Maria Lowell. The oldest children
+were born here. Here, too, came the first great sorrow of the parents,
+the death of their first born. At that time Mrs. Lowell found comfort
+in writing "The Alpine Sheep," a poem that has helped many parents in
+a like time of bereavement.
+
+The next great sorrow came during the Civil War, when the death from
+wounds was announced first of General Charles Russell Lowell, then of
+James Jackson Lowell, and finally of William Lowell Putnam, all
+beloved nephews. In the Biglow Papers, Second Series, the poet
+referred to these three soldiers. Leslie Stephen called the lines "the
+most pathetic that he ever wrote" in which he spoke of the three
+likely lads,
+
+     "Whose comin' step ther' 's ears thet won't,
+     No, not lifelong, leave off awaitin'."
+
+During the closing year of the war, one of the students who attended
+his lectures on Dante at Harvard College wrote of a visit to his
+preceptor:
+
+      "I found the serene possessor of Elmwood in good spirits,
+      ate a Graham biscuit and drank some delicious milk with him
+      and his wife, then enjoyed a very pleasant conversation. He
+      read some of Shakspeare's sonnets, to make me think better of
+      them, and succeeded.... He gave me a very welcome copy of
+      Macaulay's essays and poems, and the little visit was another
+      oasis in school life's dearth of home sociability. Mabel, his
+      only child, was not there at supper, but came home some time
+      after: 'salute your progenitor!' and the answer was a
+      daughter's kiss."
+
+After spending years abroad, part of the time as Minister to Spain,
+then as Minister to England, Lowell returned to Elmwood. To a friend
+who congratulated him on being at home again, he said, "Yes, it is
+very nice here; but the old house is full of ghosts." His cousin, as
+quoted by Dr. Hale, says of these closing six years of the poet's
+life:
+
+      "The house was haunted by sad memories, but at least he was
+      once more among his books. The library, which filled the two
+      rooms on the ground floor to the left of the front door, had
+      been constantly growing, and during his stay in Europe he had
+      bought rare works with the intention of leaving them to
+      Harvard College. Here he would sit when sad or unwell and
+      read Calderon, the 'Nightingale in the Study,' whom he always
+      found a solace. Except for occasional attacks of the gout,
+      his life had been singularly free from sickness, but he had
+      been at home only a few months when he was taken ill, and,
+      after the struggle of a strong man to keep up as long as
+      possible, he was forced to go to bed. In a few days his
+      condition became so serious that the physician feared he
+      would not live; but he rallied, and, although too weak to go
+      to England, as he had planned, he appeared to be
+      comparatively well. When taken sick, he had been preparing a
+      new edition of his works, the only full collection that had
+      ever been made, and he had the satisfaction of publishing it
+      soon after his recovery. This was the last literary work he
+      was destined to do, and it rounded off fittingly his career
+      as a man of letters."
+
+He died in August, 1891, when he was seventy-two years old.
+
+Elmwood remains in the possession of the Lowell heirs. The ten acres
+of the poet's boyhood days have been reduced to two or three, but the
+house is much the same as when the poet lived in it.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace, Philadelphia_
+   See page 40]
+
+VI
+
+THE CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+MADE FAMOUS BY GEORGE WASHINGTON AND HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW
+
+     "_Somewhat back from the village street
+     Stands the old-fashioned country seat.
+     Across its antique portico
+     Tall poplar-trees their shadows throw;
+     And from its station in the hall
+     An ancient timepiece says to all,--
+         'Forever, never!
+         Never--forever.'_"
+
+The clock of which Longfellow wrote stood on the stair-landing of the
+old Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, which he bought in 1843,
+after having occupied it a number of years. Here he wrote the majority
+of his poems. Here, one June day, Nathaniel Hawthorne dined with the
+poet. In the course of conversation, the author of "The House of
+Seven Gables" told Longfellow the heart-moving story of the Acadian
+maiden who was separated from her lover by the cruel mandate of the
+conquerors of Acadia, and here the poem was written that told the
+story. Here were spent days of gladness with friends who delighted to
+enter the hospitable door. Here the poet rejoiced in his home with the
+children of whom he wrote in "The Children's Hour":
+
+     "Between the dark and the daylight,
+     When the night is beginning to lower,
+     Comes a pause in the day's occupations,
+     That is known as the Children's Hour."
+
+And here, one sad day in July, 1861, Mrs. Longfellow was so severely
+burned that she died the next day. This great sorrow bore rich fruit
+for those who loved the poet. "Above the grave the strong man sowed
+his thoughts, and they ripened like the corn in autumn," one of his
+biographers has said.
+
+The house was named for Andrew Craigie, who became the owner of the
+property in 1793. He had given valuable service during the
+Revolutionary War, acting as an "apothecary-general" in the
+Continental Army. He was a man of wealth, and his home was the popular
+resort for people of note from all parts of the country. During his
+later years he lost all his money, and his widow was compelled to rent
+rooms to Harvard students. In this way Edward Everett became a
+resident of the house.
+
+The builder of the mansion was John Vassall. In 1760, when he occupied
+the house, it was surrounded by a park of one hundred and fifty acres.
+Soon after the beginning of the war he went to Boston, and later he
+removed to England, for his sympathies were with the Crown.
+Accordingly, in 1778, the property was declared forfeited to the
+State.
+
+But the estate really became public property three years before this,
+when a regiment, under the command of Colonel Glover, pitched its
+tents in the park. In July, 1775, Washington made the house his
+headquarters, remaining until April 4, 1776.
+
+During these months the house was a busy place. Officers gathered here
+both for business and for pleasure. Military conferences and
+court-martials were held in the large room in the second story which
+was later used by Longfellow as a study. Dinners and entertainments
+were frequent; these provided a needed safety valve during the weeks
+of anxious waiting near the British line. Mrs. Washington was a
+visitor here, thus giving to her husband the taste of home life which
+he was unwilling to take during the Revolution by making a visit to
+his estate at Mt. Vernon.
+
+On one of the early days of the Commander-in-Chief's occupancy of the
+house, he wrote this entry in his carefully-kept account book:
+
+      "July 15, 1775, Paid for cleaning the House which was
+      provided for my Quarters, and which had been occupied by the
+      Marblehead regiment, L2 10s. 9d."
+
+The day before this entry was made General Green wrote to Samuel Ward:
+
+      "His Excellency, General Washington, has arrived amongst us,
+      universally admired. Joy was visible in every countenance,
+      and it seemed as if the spirit of conquest breathed through
+      the whole army. I hope I shall be taught, to copy his
+      example, and to prefer the love of liberty, in this time of
+      public danger to all the soft pleasures of domestic life, and
+      support ourselves with manly fortitude amidst all the dangers
+      and hardships that attend a state of war. And I doubt not,
+      under the General's wise direction, we shall establish such
+      excellent order and strictness of discipline as to invite
+      victory to attend him wherever he goes."
+
+A council of war was held in the upstairs room on August 3, 1775.
+After this council General Sullivan wrote to the New Hampshire
+Committee of Safety:
+
+      "To our great surprise, discovered that we had not powder
+      enough to furnish half a pound a man, exclusive of what the
+      people have in their homes and cartridge boxes. The General
+      was so struck that he did not utter a word for half an hour."
+
+Further hints of the serious straits caused by the lack of ammunition
+were contained in a letter of Elias Boudinot. He said that at the time
+there were fourteen miles of line to guard, so that Washington did not
+dare fire an Evening or Morning Gun. "In this situation one of the
+Committee of Safety for Massachusetts ... deserted and went over to
+General Gage, and discovered our poverty to him. The fact was so
+incredible, that General Gage treated it as a stratagem of war, and
+the informant as a Spy, or coming with the express purpose of
+deceiving him & drawing his Army into a Snare, by which means we were
+saved from having our Quarters beaten up...."
+
+The strange inactivity of the British in the face of the
+unpreparedness of the Continental troops was remarked in a letter
+written to Congress on January 4, from Headquarters:
+
+      "It is not in the pages of history, perhaps, to furnish a
+      case like ours. To maintain a post within musket shot of the
+      enemy, for six months together, without [powder], and at the
+      same time to disband one army, and recruit another, within
+      that distance of twenty odd British regiments, is more,
+      probably, than was ever attempted."
+
+To-day visitors are free to roam through the rooms that echoed to the
+tread of Washington and his generals, in which the children played in
+Longfellow's day, and where the poet wrote so many of his messages
+that have gone straight to the hearts of millions.
+
+
+VII
+
+THE ADAMS HOUSES, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+WHERE TWO PRESIDENTS WERE BORN
+
+John Adams was born and spent his boyhood in a simple farmhouse near
+Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts. It has been described as a
+"plain, square, honest block of a house, widened by a lean-to, and
+scarcely two stories high." This house, built in 1681, Daniel Munro
+Wilson says was "the veritable roof-tree, under which was ushered into
+being the earliest and strongest advocate of independence, the leader
+whose clear intelligence was paramount in shaping our free
+institutions, the founder of a line of statesmen, legislators,
+diplomats, historians, whose patriotism is a passion, and whose
+integrity is like the granite of their native hills."
+
+It is a remarkable fact that John Adams and John Hancock, who stood
+shoulder to shoulder in the fight for American independence, were born
+within a mile of each other, on days only a little more than a year
+apart. The baptismal records show that October 19, 1735, was the
+birthday of John Adams, while John Hancock was born on January 12,
+1737.
+
+From the modest home in Braintree John Adams went to college. Later he
+taught school and studied law. Soon after he returned home in 1758 he
+wrote in his diary:
+
+      "Rose at sunrise, unpitched a load of hay, and translated two
+      more leaves of Justinian."
+
+After the death of his father, in 1761, the burden of the home fell on
+his shoulders, and in the same year he was called to serve the
+country. His diary tells of the call:
+
+      "In March, when I had no suspicion, I heard my name
+      pronounced (at town meeting) in a nomination of surveyor of
+      highways. I was very wroth, because I knew better, but said
+      nothing. My friend, Dr. Savil, came to me and told me that he
+      had nominated me to prevent me from being nominated as a
+      constable. 'For,' said the doctor, 'they make it a rule to
+      compel every man to serve either as constable or surveyor, or
+      to pay a fine.' Accordingly, I went to ploughing and
+      ditching."
+
+Thus John Adams showed the spirit of service that later animated his
+son, John Quincy Adams, who, after he had been President, became a
+representative in Congress, and made answer to those who thought such
+an office beneath his dignity, "An ex-President would not be degraded
+by serving as a selectman in his town if elected thereto by the
+people."
+
+During those early years the young lawyer had other occupations than
+ditch-digging. The records of the family show that he was assiduously
+courting Abigail Smith, daughter of Rev. William Smith, minister in
+Weymouth, near by. Probably he first met her in the historic house,
+for she was a frequent visitor there.
+
+The marriage of the young people on October 25, 1764, excited much
+comment. In Puritan New England the profession of the law was not a
+popular calling, and many of the people thought Abigail Smith was
+"throwing herself away." Parson Smith was equal to the occasion; as he
+had helped his eldest daughter out of a similar difficulty by
+preaching on the text, "And Mary hath chosen that good part, which
+shall not be taken away from her," so, on the Sunday after Abigail's
+marriage, he announced the text, "For John ... came neither eating
+bread nor drinking wine; and ye say, He hath a devil."
+
+The year of the marriage witnessed the beginning of John Adams' fight
+for independence. For it was the year of the iniquitous Stamp Act. In
+his diary he wrote:
+
+      "I drew up a petition to the selectmen of Braintree, and
+      procured it to be signed by a number of the respectable
+      inhabitants, to call a meeting of the town to instruct their
+      representatives in relation to the stamps."
+
+The following year, when a meeting was held in Braintree to take
+action in consequence of the failure of Great Britain to heed the
+protest against the Stamp Act, he wrote:
+
+      "I prepared a draught of instruction at home, and carried
+      them with me. The cause of the meeting was explained at some
+      length, and the state and danger of the country pointed out.
+      A committee was appointed to prepare instructions, of which I
+      was nominated as one. My draught was unanimously adopted
+      without amendment, reported to the town, and accepted without
+      a dissenting voice.... They rang through the state and were
+      adopted in so many words ... by forty towns, as instructions
+      to their representatives."
+
+Less than two years later, on July 11, 1767, in the town close by his
+own birthplace, to which John Adams had taken his bride, John Quincy
+Adams was born. The delights of the new home have been pictured in a
+pleasing manner by Daniel Munro Wilson:
+
+      "Elevated was life in this 'little hut,' but it was real,
+      genuine, beautifully domestic. The scene of it, visible there
+      now to any pious pilgrim, and reverently preserved in many of
+      its antique appointments by the Quincy Historical Society,
+      assists the imagination to realize its noble simplicity. The
+      dining-room or general living room, with its wide open
+      fireplace, is where the young couple would most often pass
+      their evenings, and in winter would very likely occupy in
+      measureless content a single settle, roasting on one side and
+      freezing on the other. The kitchen, full of cheerful bustle,
+      and fragrant as the spice isles, how it would draw the
+      children as they grew up, the little John Quincy among them!
+      Here they could be near mother, and watch her with absorbing
+      attention as she superintended the cooking, now hanging pots
+      of savory meats on the crane, and now drawing from the
+      cavernous depths of the brick oven the pies and baked beans
+      and Indian puddings and other delicacies of those days. We
+      can more easily imagine the home scene when we read these
+      words written by Mrs. Adams to her husband: 'Our son is much
+      better than when you left home, and our daughter rocks him to
+      sleep with the song of "Come papa, come home to brother
+      Johnnie."' 'Johnnie' is the dignified President and 'old man
+      eloquent' that is to be."
+
+When it became evident that there must be Revolution, the patriot
+Adams was compelled to leave his family and go into the thick of the
+fight. He did not want to go. "I should have thought myself the
+happiest man in the world if I could have returned to my little hut
+and forty acres, which my father left me in Braintree, and lived on
+potatoes and sea-weed the rest of my life. But I had taken a part, I
+had adopted a system, I had encouraged my fellow citizens, and I could
+not abandon them in conscience and in honor."
+
+From the old home Abigail Adams wrote him letters that moved him to
+renewed efforts for his struggling countrymen. In one of them she
+said, "You cannot be, I know, nor do I wish to see you, an inactive
+spectator; but if the sword be drawn, I bid adieu to all domestic
+felicity, and look forward to that country where there are neither
+wars nor rumors of war, in a firm belief, that through the mercy of
+its King we shall both rejoice there together."
+
+The wife rejoiced when her husband's ringing words helped to carry the
+Declaration of Independence; she urged him to make the trips to France
+which Congress asked him to undertake; she encouraged him when he was
+Vice-President and, later, President, and she made home more than ever
+an abode of peace when, in 1801, he returned to Braintree, to a house
+of Leonard Vassall, built in 1731, which he bought in 1785.
+
+In this house husband and wife celebrated their golden wedding, as
+John Quincy Adams was to celebrate his golden wedding many years
+later. Here, for many years, the son enjoyed being with the mother of
+whom he once wrote:
+
+      "My mother was an angel upon earth. She was a minister of
+      blessings to all human beings within her sphere of action....
+      She has been to me more than a mother. She has been a spirit
+      from above watching over me for good, and contributing by my
+      mere consciousness of her existence to the comfort of my
+      life.... There is not a virtue that can abide in the female
+      heart but it was the ornament of hers."
+
+And in this house the mother died, on October 28, 1818. John Quincy
+Adams lived there until his death, on July 4, 1826.
+
+
+VIII
+
+THE QUINCY MANSION, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+THE HOME OF THREE DOROTHY QUINCYS
+
+Among the settlers to whom Boston granted large allotments of outlying
+lands were William Coddington and Edmund Quincy. In 1635 they went, in
+company with their associate settlers, to "the mount," which became
+Braintree, now Quincy.
+
+By the side of a pleasant brook, under the shade of spreading trees,
+Coddington built in 1636 his house of four rooms. Downstairs was the
+kitchen and the living room, while upstairs were two bedrooms. The
+upper story overhung the lower in the old manner, and a generous
+chimney, which afforded room for a large open fireplace, dominated the
+whole.
+
+This house became the meeting place for a group of seekers after
+religious liberty who were looked upon with suspicion in Boston--Rev.
+John Wheelwright, Sir Harry Vane, Atherton Hough, Ann Hutchinson, and
+others. In consequence of their views the company was soon broken up.
+Ann Hutchinson and Wheelwright were banished, while Coddington would
+have been banished if he had not gone hastily to Rhode Island.
+
+Edmund Quincy, who succeeded to Coddington's house, probably would
+have been banished if he had not died before the decree could be
+pronounced. For a season his widow, Judith, lived in the house, which,
+from that time, became known as the Quincy Mansion. With her were the
+children, Edmund and Judith. Judith, who married at twenty, and became
+the mother of Hannah (Betsy) Hull, whose dowry, when she became the
+bride of Judge Samuel Sewell, was her weight in pine-tree shillings,
+the gift of her father, the master of the colony's mint. Florence
+Royce Davis has written of the wedding:
+
+     "Then the great scales were brought, amid laughter and jest,
+       And Betsy was called to step in and be weighed;
+     But a silence fell over each wondering guest
+     When the mint-master opened a ponderous chest
+       And a fortune of shillings displayed.
+
+     "By handfuls the silver was poured in one side
+     Till it weighed from the floor blushing Betsy, the bride;
+     And the mint-master called: 'Prithee, Sewell, my son,
+     The horses are saddled, the wedding is done;
+     Behold the bride's portion; and know all your days
+     Your wife is well worth every shilling she weighs.'"
+
+Edmund Quincy married at twenty-one, and became the next occupant of
+the mansion. During his long life there were welcomed to the
+hospitable roof many of those whose words and deeds prepared the way
+for the liberty that was to come to the country within a century.
+
+The second of the Quincy line was a leader in the town. At one time he
+was its representative in the General Court, and as colonel of the
+Suffolk Regiment, he was the first of a long list of colonels in the
+family. But the day came when it was written of him, "Unkel Quincy
+grows exceeding crazy," and in 1698 the second Edmund yielded the
+house to Edmund the third.
+
+This Edmund also became a colonel and a representative and, later, a
+judge of the Supreme Court. His pastor said of him, "This great man
+was of a manly Stature and Aspect, of a Strong Constitution and of
+Good Courage, fitted for any Business of Life, to serve God, his King
+and Country." Not only did he enlarge the glory of the family, but, in
+1706, he enlarged the house, yet in such a way that the original
+Coddington house could be clearly traced after the improvements were
+finished. Judge Sewell, the cousin of the builder, was one of the
+welcome occupants of the improved house. On his way to Plymouth he
+stopped at "Braintry." "I turned in to Cousin Quinsey," he said,
+"where I had the pleasure to see God in his Providence shining again
+upon the Persons and Affairs of the Family after long distressing
+Sickness and Losses. Lodged in the chamber next the Brooke." Later on
+another chamber near the brook was provided for Mrs. Quincy's brother,
+Tutor Flynt of Harvard, when he came that way for rest and change.
+
+The oldest child of this generation was Edmund, whose daughter,
+Dorothy Quincy, married John Hancock, while the fourth child was
+Dorothy Quincy, the great-grandmother of Oliver Wendell Holmes.
+
+The continuity of life at the mansion was sadly broken when, within a
+year, the grandmother, the mother, and the father died. The death of
+the latter occurred in England, where he had gone on business for the
+colony. When news came of the ending of his life, the General Court of
+Massachusetts declared that "he departed the delight of his own
+people, but of none more than the Senate, who, as a testimony of their
+love and gratitude, have ordered this epitaph to be inscribed on his
+tomb in Bunhill Fields, London."
+
+For a year Dorothy Quincy remained in the house; but on her marriage
+the place ceased for a time to be the chief residence of a Quincy.
+Edmund was in business in Boston. He resorted to the house for a
+season now and then, but his Boston home remained his permanent
+abiding place until after the birth of his daughter Dorothy. Then
+failing fortune sent him back to the ancestral home.
+
+During the next few years John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John
+Hancock were favored visitors at the mansion. John Hancock won Dorothy
+Quincy for his bride, and family tradition says that preparations were
+made for the wedding in the old home. "The large north parlor was
+adorned with a new wall paper, express from Paris, and appropriately
+figured with the forms of Venus and Cupid in blue, and pendant wreaths
+of flowers in red," writes the author of "Where American Independence
+Began." But the approaching Revolution interfered. The bridegroom
+hurried away to Boston and then to Lexington. Dorothy, under the care
+of Mrs. Hancock, the mother of John Hancock, also went to Lexington on
+April 18, 1775, the very day when Paul Revere aroused the patriots,
+and Hancock was once more compelled to flee for his life. Four months
+later, at Fairfield, Connecticut, the lovers were married.
+
+The old mansion was never again the home of the Quincys. Josiah,
+brother of Edmund the fourth, built for himself in 1770 a beautiful
+home not far from the family headquarters. Here he lived through the
+war. Visitors to the house are shown on one of the windows the record
+he made of the departure of the British from Boston Harbor, scratched
+there when he saw the welcome sight, on October 17, 1775.
+
+For much more than a century the house was in the hands of other
+families, but, fortunately, it has come under the control of the
+Colonial Dames of Massachusetts. They have made it the historic
+monument it deserves to be. The visitors who are privileged to wander
+through the rooms hallowed by the presence of men and women who helped
+to pave the way for American independence read with hearty
+appreciation the lines which Holmes addressed to the portrait of his
+ancestress, "My Dorothy Q," as he called her:
+
+     "Grandmother's mother: her age, I guess
+     Thirteen summers, or something less;
+     Girlish bust, but womanly air;
+     Smooth, square forehead, with uprolled hair;
+     Lips that lover has never kissed,
+     Taper fingers and slender wrist;
+     Hanging sleeves of stiff brocade;
+     So they painted the little maid."
+
+
+  [Illustration: FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASS.
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+   See page 54]
+
+IX
+
+FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+THE BIRTHPLACE AND BOYHOOD HOME OF JOHN G. WHITTIER
+
+The first house built by Thomas Whittier, the three-hundred-pound
+ancestor of the poet Whittier, and first representative of the family
+in America, was a little log cabin. There he took his wife, Ruth
+Flint, and there ten children were born. Five of them were boys, and
+each of them was more than six feet tall.
+
+No wonder the log house grew too small for the family. So, probably in
+1688, he built a house whose massive hewn beams were fifteen inches
+square, whose kitchen was thirty feet long, with a fireplace eight
+feet wide. The rooms clustered about a central chimney.
+
+In this house the poet was born December 17, 1807, and here he spent
+the formative years of his life. When he was twenty-seven years old he
+wrote for _The Little Pilgrim_ of Philadelphia a paper on "The Fish I
+Didn't Catch." In this he described the home of his boyhood:
+
+      "Our old homestead nestled under a long range of hills which
+      stretched off to the west. It was surrounded by woods in all
+      directions save to the southeast, where a break in the leafy
+      wall revealed a vista of low, green meadows, picturesque with
+      wooded islands and jutting capes of upland. Through these, a
+      small brook, noisy enough as it foamed, rippled and laughed
+      down its rocky falls by our garden-side, wound, silently and
+      scarcely visible, to a still larger stream, known as the
+      Country Brook. This brook in its time, after doing duty at
+      two or three saw and grist mills, the clack of which we
+      could hear across the intervening woodlands, found its way to
+      the great river, and the river took it up and bore it down to
+      the great sea."
+
+Whittier's poems are full of references to the life on the farm; many
+of his best verses had their inspiration in memories of the past. For
+instance, the description of the building of the fire in "Snow-Bound,"
+a poem which describes the life at the farm when he was twelve years
+old, is a faithful picture of what took place in the old kitchen every
+night of the long New England winter, when
+
+     "We piled, with care, our nightly stack
+     Of wood against the chimney back--
+     The oaken log, green, huge and thick,
+     And on its top the thick back-stick;
+     The knotty fore-stick laid apart,
+     And filled between with curious art.
+     The ragged brush; then, hovering near,
+     We watched the first red blaze appear,
+     Heard the sharp crackle, caught the gleam
+     On whitewashed wall and sagging beam,
+     Until the old, rude-fashioned room
+     Burst, flower-like, into rosy bloom."
+
+Young Whittier was a faithful worker on the farm. One day, when he was
+nineteen years old, William Lloyd Garrison, the young editor of a
+Newburyport newspaper, to which Whittier had contributed a poem, found
+him assisting in repairing a stone wall. The visitor urged the father
+of the young poet to send him to school. As a result of this visit
+Whittier entered the Academy in Haverhill, with the understanding that
+he was to earn his way.
+
+At intervals during the succeeding ten years the poet returned to the
+old farm, but when he was thirty years old the place was sold, the
+family went to Amesbury, and he left soon afterward for Philadelphia,
+where he was to edit an anti-slavery paper.
+
+All through life Whittier dreamed of buying back the homestead. When
+he received a check for $1,000 as the first proceeds from
+"Snow-Bound," he set the sum aside as the beginning of a redemption
+fund.
+
+But the citizens of Haverhill, led by Alfred A. Ordway, asked the
+privilege of buying the property themselves, and making it a memorial
+to the poet. Whittier died before the purchase was completed, but soon
+afterward Fernside Farm, as the poet called it, was taken over by Mr.
+Ordway. It is now in the hands of an association that has restored it
+and keeps it open to visitors whose hearts have been stirred by the
+work of the Quaker poet.
+
+
+  [Illustration: DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL, MASS.
+   _Photo by W. R. Merryman, Haverhill_
+   See page 57]
+
+X
+
+THE DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+FROM WHICH HANNAH DUSTON WAS CARRIED AWAY BY THE INDIANS
+
+The attention of visitors to Haverhill, Massachusetts, is attracted to
+a great granite boulder set in a place of honor in the old town. When
+they ask about it they are told the story of Hannah Duston, heroine.
+
+Thomas and Hannah Duston were married in 1677, and at once built a
+humble house of imported brick on the spot where the boulder now
+stands. Frequently one of the bricks is uncovered on the site; those
+who examine it marvel at the thought of the building material brought
+across the sea.
+
+Later Thomas Duston uncovered deposits of clay near his home which led
+him to make experiments in brick making. He was so successful that his
+product was in demand; villagers said that the Haverhill bricks were
+fully as good as those brought from England.
+
+Strong building material was needed, for hostile Indians were all
+about. In order to afford protection against them, Mr. Duston
+determined to build a new house, which should serve as a garrison in
+time of danger. By the village authorities he was appointed keeper of
+the garrison, as this commission shows:
+
+      "To Thomas Duston, upon the settlement of garrisons. You
+      being appointed master of the garrison at your house, you are
+      hereby in his Maj's name, required to see that a good watch
+      is kept at your garrison both by night and by day by those
+      persons hereafter named who are to be under your command and
+      inspection in building or repairing your garrison, and if any
+      person refuse or neglect their duty, you are accordingly
+      required to make return of the same, under your hand to the
+      Committee of militia in Haverhill."
+
+The new house was well under way when this command was given. As it is
+still standing, it is possible to tell of its construction. A
+Haverhill writer says that "white oak, which is to-day well preserved,
+was used in its massive framework, and the floor and roof timbers are
+put together with great wooden pins. In early days the windows swung
+outward, and the glass was very thick, and set into the frames with
+lead."
+
+On March 15, 1697, the watching Indians decided that their opportunity
+had come to attack the village. They knew that if they waited for the
+completion of the new garrison, there would be little chance of
+success. So they struck at once.
+
+The story of what followed was told by Cotton Mather, in his "Magnalia
+Christi Americana," published in London in 1702:
+
+      "On March 15, 1697, the Salvages made a Descent upon the
+      Skirts of Haverhil, Murdering and Captiving about Thirty-nine
+      Persons, and Burning about half a Dozen Houses. In the Broil,
+      one Hannah Dustan having lain-in about a Week, attended with
+      her Nurse, Mary Neffe a Widow, a Body of terrible Indians
+      drew near unto the House where she lay, with Design to carry
+      on their Bloody Devastations. Her Husband hastened from his
+      Employment abroad unto the relief of his Distressed Family;
+      and first bidding Seven of his Eight Children (which were
+      from Two to Seventeen Years of Age) to get away as fast as
+      they could into some Garrison in the Town, he went in to
+      inform his Wife of the horrible Distress come upon them. E'er
+      he could get up, the fierce Indians were got so near, that
+      utterly despairing to do her any Service, he ran out after
+      his Children.... He overtook his children about Forty Rod
+      from his Door, ... a party of Indians came up with him; and
+      now though they Fired at him, and he Fired at them, yet he
+      Manfully kept at the Reer of his Little Army of Unarmed
+      Children, while they Marched off with the Pace of a Child of
+      Five Years Old; until, by the Singular Providence of God, he
+      arrived safe with them all unto a Place of Safety about a
+      Mile or two from his House....
+
+      "The Nurse, trying to escape with the New-born Infant, fell
+      into the Hands of the Formidable Salvages; and those furious
+      Tawnies coming into the House, bid poor Dustan to rise
+      immediately....
+
+      "Dustan (with her Nurse) ... travelled that Night about a
+      Dozen Miles, and then kept up with their New Masters in a
+      long Travel of an Hundred and Fifty Miles....
+
+      "The poor Women had nothing but Fervent Prayers to make their
+      Lives Comfortable or Tolerable, and by being daily sent out
+      upon Business, they had Opportunities together and asunder to
+      do like another Hannah, in pouring out their Souls before the
+      Lord."
+
+      The Indians were "now Travelling with these Two Captive
+      Women, (and an English Youth taken from Worcester a Year and
+      half before,) unto a Rendezvous of Salvages which they call a
+      Town somewhere beyond Penacook; and they still told, these
+      poor Women, that when they came to this Town they must be
+      Stript, and Scourg'd, and Run the Gantlet through the whole
+      Army of Indians. They said this was the Fashion when the
+      Captives first came to a Town;...
+
+      "But on April 30, while they were yet, it may be, about an
+      Hundred and Fifty Miles from the Indian Town, a little before
+      break of Day, when the whole Crew was in a Dead Sleep ... one
+      of these Women took up a Resolution to imitate the Action of
+      Jael upon Sisera; and being where she had not her own Life
+      secured by any Law unto her, she thought she was not
+      forbidden by any Law to take away the Life of the
+      Murderers.... She heartened the Nurse and the Youth to assist
+      her in this Enterprize; and all furnishing themselves with
+      Hatchets for the purpose, they struck such home Blows upon
+      the Heads of their Sleeping Oppressors, that e'er they could
+      any of them struggle into any effectual resistance, at the
+      Feet of those poor Prisoners, they bow'd, they fell, they lay
+      down; at their Feet they bowed, they fell; where they bowed,
+      there they fell down Dead."
+
+One old squaw and a boy of eleven escaped to the forest. The scalps
+were not taken at first, but soon Hannah Duston returned to the camp
+and gathered the trophies, in order that she might claim the bounty
+offered by the colony for the scalps of hostile Indians. Then all the
+Indians' canoes were scuttled, their arms were taken, and the party of
+three embarked.
+
+Day after day they paddled down the Merrimac, the three taking turns
+in the unaccustomed labour. At night they paused to rest. Cautiously a
+fire was kindled, and food was cooked. Always they feared discovery by
+the bands of Indians. Two slept, while a third stood guard. But no
+Indians appeared.
+
+At last the home village was in sight. The wondering villagers came
+out to see who the visitors could be. Their astonishment and delight
+can be imagined.
+
+The General Assembly of Massachusetts voted Mrs. Duston twenty-five
+pounds' reward, while a similar amount was divided between Mrs. Neff
+and the boy Samuel Lennardson. Later the governor of Maryland sent
+Mrs. Duston a silver tankard.
+
+The Duston descendants, who hold a reunion every year, prize these
+souvenirs. But most of all they prize a letter (the original of which
+is in the possession of the Haverhill Historical Society) written by
+Mrs. Duston in 1723, in which she gave a wonderful testimony to God's
+goodness to her and hers. This is the message she gave to children and
+grandchildren:
+
+      "I Desire to be thankful that I was born in a Land of Light &
+      Baptized when I was young and had a good education by my
+      Father, tho' I took but little notice of it in the time of
+      it--I am Thankful for my Captivity, 'twas the Comfortablest
+      time that ever I had. In my Affliction God made his Word
+      Comfortable to me. I remember ye 43 ps. ult. [probably
+      meaning last part] and those words came to my mind--ps.
+      118:17--I have had a great Desire to Come to the Ordinance of
+      the Lord's Supper a Great while, but fearing I should give
+      offense and fearing my own Unworthiness has kept me back.
+      Reading a Book concerning X's Sufferings Did much awaken me.
+      In the 55th of Isa. beg [beginning] We are invited to come:
+      Hearing Mr. Moody preach out of ye 3rd of Mal. 3 last verses
+      it put me upon Consideration. Ye 11th of Matt., ending, has
+      been encouraging to me--I have been resolving to offer my
+      Self from time to time ever since the Settlement of the
+      present Ministry. I was awakened by the first Sacraml Sermon
+      [Luke 14:17]. But Delays and fears prevailed upon me: But I
+      desire to Delay no longer, being Sensible it is my Duty--I
+      desire the Church to receive me tho' it be the Eleventh hour;
+      and pray for me that I may honer God and receive the
+      Salvation of My Soul.
+
+        "Hannah Duston, wife of Thomas. Aetat 67."
+
+Mrs. Duston lived in the old house at Haverhill for many years after
+her remarkable escape.
+
+
+XI
+
+THE OLD MANSE AND THE WAYSIDE, CONCORD, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+TWO HOUSES MADE FAMOUS BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
+
+Nathaniel Hawthorne was thirty-eight years old before he was able to
+begin the ideal life of Adam with his Eve, to which he had looked
+forward for many years.
+
+"I want a little piece of land that I can call my own, big enough to
+stand upon, big enough to be buried in," he said to a friend when he
+was thirty-four years old. Lack of money delayed the realization, but
+it is a curious fact that the marriage to Sophia Peabody took place
+just after he had made up his mind that the thousand dollars he had
+invested in the Emerson Brook Farm experiment was gone forever.
+
+The marriage took place July 9, 1842, and housekeeping was at once
+begun in the Old Manse at Concord, which was built in 1765 by
+Emerson's grandfather. But he was merely a renter; his dream of
+ownership was to be delayed ten years longer. The great rooms of the
+curious gambrel-roofed house were rather bare, and there was a
+scarcity of everything except love, yet the author and his bride found
+nothing but joy in the retired garden and the dormer-windowed house.
+
+Hawthorne's own charming description of the house and grounds is so
+attractive that the reader wishes to visit them:
+
+      "Between two tall gateposts of rough-hewn stone (the gate
+      itself having fallen from its hinges at some unknown epoch),
+      we beheld the grey front of the old parsonage terminating the
+      vista of an avenue of black ash trees. It was now a
+      twelvemonth since the funeral procession of the venerable
+      clergyman, the last inhabitant, had turned from that gateway
+      toward the village burying ground....
+
+      "Nor, in truth, had the old manse ever been profaned by a lay
+      occupant until that memorable summer afternoon when I entered
+      it as my home. A priest had built it; a priest had succeeded
+      to it; other priestly owners from time to time had dwelt in
+      it; and children born in the chambers had grown up to assume
+      the priestly character. It was awful to recollect how many
+      sermons must have been written there. The latest inhabitant
+      there--he by whose translation to paradise the dwelling was
+      left vacant--had penned nearly three thousand discourses....
+      How often, no doubt, had he paced along the avenue, attuning
+      his meditations to sighs and gentle murmurs, and deep and
+      solemn peals of the wind among the leafy tops of the
+      trees!... I took shame to myself for having been so long a
+      writer of idle stories, and ventured to hope that wisdom
+      would descend upon me with the falling leaves of the autumn,
+      and that I should light upon an intellectual treasure in the
+      Old Manse well worth those hoards of long-hidden gold which
+      people seek for in moss-grown houses."
+
+Two years after their marriage, Mrs. Hawthorne wrote to her mother:
+
+      "I have no time, as you may imagine. I am baby's tire-woman,
+      hand-maiden, and tender, as well as nursing mother. My
+      husband relieves me with her constantly, and gets her to
+      sleep beautifully.... The other day, when my husband saw me
+      contemplating an appalling vacuum in his dressing-gown, he
+      said he was a man of the largest rents in the country, and it
+      was strange he had not more ready money.... But, somehow or
+      other, I do not care much, because we are so happy."
+
+Hawthorne did much of his work in the rear room where Emerson wrote.
+In the introduction to "Mosses from an Old Manse" he said of this
+apartment:
+
+      "When I first saw the room, the walls were blackened with the
+      smoke of unnumbered years, and made still blacker by the grim
+      prints of Puritan ministers, that hung around.... The rain
+      pattered upon the roof and the sky gloomed through the dirty
+      garret windows while I burrowed among the venerable books in
+      search of any living thought."
+
+From his writing Hawthorne turned easily to wandering in the garden or
+rowing on the river or helping his wife about the house. "We had a
+most enchanting time during Mary the cook's holiday sojourn in
+Boston," Mrs. Hawthorne wrote at one time. "We remained in our bower
+undisturbed by mortal creature. Mr. Hawthorne took the new phases of
+housekeeper, and, with that marvellous power of adaptation to
+circumstances that he possesses, made everything go easily and well.
+He rose betimes in the mornings and kindled fires in the kitchen and
+breakfast room, and by the time I came down the tea-kettle boiled and
+potatoes were baked and rice cooked, and my lord sat with a book
+superintending."
+
+Poverty put an untimely end to life at the Old Manse. The years from
+1846 to 1852 were spent in Boston and Salem. In 1852 Hawthorne was
+able to buy a dilapidated old house at Concord, which he called The
+Wayside. Here he remained until his appointment in 1853 as American
+Consul at Liverpool, and to it he returned after long wandering.
+
+The Wayside had been the home of Bronson Alcott. Here Mr. and Mrs.
+Hawthorne made their second real home. They rejoiced as, a little at a
+time, they were able to improve the property, and they showed always
+that they knew the secret of finding happiness in the midst of
+privations.
+
+Hawthorne described his new abode for his friend, George William
+Curtis:
+
+      "As for my old house, you will understand it better after
+      spending a day or two in it. Before Mr. Alcott took it in
+      hand, it was a mean-looking affair, with two peaked gables;
+      no suggestion about it and no venerableness, although from
+      the style of its architecture it seems to have survived
+      beyond its first century. He added a porch in front, and a
+      central peak, and a piazza at each end, and painted it a
+      rusty olive hue, and invested the whole with a modest
+      picturesqueness; all which improvements, together with the
+      situation at the foot of a wooded hill, make it a place that
+      one notices and remembers for a few minutes after passing
+      it....
+
+      "The house stands within ten or fifteen feet of the old
+      Boston road (along which the British marched and retreated),
+      divided from it by a fence, and some trees and shrubbery of
+      Mr. Alcott's setting out. Wherefore I have called it 'The
+      Wayside,' which I think a better name and more morally
+      suggestive than that which, as Mr. Alcott has since told me,
+      he bestowed on it, 'The Hillside.' In front of the house, on
+      the opposite side of the road, I have eight acres of
+      land,--the only valuable portion of the place in a farmer's
+      eye, and which are capable of being made very fertile. On the
+      hither side, my territory extends some little distance over
+      the brow of the hill, and is absolutely good for nothing, in
+      a productive point of view, though very good for many other
+      purposes.
+
+      "I know nothing of the history of the house, except Thoreau's
+      telling me that it was inhabited a generation or two ago by a
+      man who believed he should never die. I believe, however, he
+      is dead; at least, I hope so; else he may probably appear and
+      dispute my title to his residence."
+
+In furnishing the house Mrs. Hawthorne took keen pleasure in putting
+the best of everything in her husband's study. She called it "the best
+room, the temple of the Muses and the Delphic shrine."
+
+In these surroundings, supported by a wife who worshipped him,
+Hawthorne wrote until the call came to go to England. It was 1860
+before he returned to The Wayside. There he hoped to end his life,
+but death overtook him at Plymouth, New Hampshire, while he was making
+a tour of New England with Franklin Pierce. Mrs. Hawthorne survived
+him seven years.
+
+
+  [Illustration: ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASS.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 66]
+
+XII
+
+THE ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+FROM WHOSE ROOF MOLLY STARK SIGNALLED TO HER HUSBAND
+
+One who is familiar with the old plantation houses of Virginia is
+tempted to rub his eyes when he first sees the Royall House at
+Medford, Massachusetts, for this relic of Colonial days has the
+outbuildings, the slave-quarters, and other characteristics of so many
+Virginia houses. True, it has not the low wings and the stately
+columns at the entrance, but the doorway is so chaste and dignified
+that this is not felt to be a lack. Those who enter the doorway and
+walk reverently through the rooms of what has been called the finest
+specimen of colonial architecture in the vicinity of Boston, are
+filled anew with admiration for the builders of another day who chose
+the finest white pine for their work, and would not dream of scamping
+anywhere. Evidently there was little need in those days of the
+services of an inspector to see that the terms of a contract were
+carried out.
+
+The history of the property goes back to 1631, when Governor John
+Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who
+served for nineteen years, secured a grant to the farm on which,
+within six or seven years, the original dormer-windowed Royall House
+was built. This was smaller than the present house, but it was later
+incorporated in the present stately mansion; one story was added, and
+the outer wall was moved a few feet. Thus it is really a house within
+a house.
+
+At the time of Governor Winthrop's ownership it was called the
+Ten-Hill Farmhouse, because ten hills could be seen from its windows.
+John Winthrop, Jr., sold the place to Mrs. Elizabeth Lidgett.
+Lieutenant Governor Usher married a Lidgett, and owned the estate
+until he lost it through business reverses. The name was not changed
+until 1732, when the house was bought by Isaac Royall, a planter from
+Antigua, in the Leeward Islands, a descendant of William Royall of
+Salem. He paid L10,350 for the estate, which then consisted of five
+hundred and four acres. It was he who enlarged the house. For five
+years the neighbors watched the transformation of the comfortable
+Ten-Hill Farmhouse to the great Royall House, with its enclosing wall,
+elm-bordered driveway, pleasing garden, summerhouse, great barn, and
+rambling slave-quarters.
+
+Two generations of Royalls entertained lavishly here. Among the guests
+were the most celebrated men of the time, as well as many who were not
+so well known, for all were welcome there. Many of these guests drove
+up the driveway to the paved courtyard in their own grand equipages.
+Some were brought in the four-horse Royall chariot. But those who came
+on foot were welcomed as heartily.
+
+Isaac Royall, II, was a Tory, and in 1775 he was compelled to abandon
+the property. Thereupon Colonel, later General, John Stark made it
+his headquarters. The regiment which he had himself raised, and whose
+wages he paid for a time from his own pocket, was encamped near by.
+From the Royall house these men and their intrepid leader went out to
+the Battle of Bunker Hill.
+
+Under the direction of Molly Stark the house maintained its reputation
+for hospitality, and she did her best to make the place the abode of
+patriotism. On the day when the British evacuated Boston she promised
+her husband to signal to him from the roof the movements of the enemy.
+Passing on with his soldiers to Dorchester Heights, he anxiously
+awaited the news sent to him by his faithful Molly.
+
+The Royall family regained possession of the property in 1805. To-day
+it is owned by the Royall House Association, which keeps it open to
+the visitors. These come in large numbers to see relics of former
+days, including what is said to be the only chest that survived the
+Boston Tea Party, the sign of the Royall Oak Tavern in Medford, which
+bears the marks of the bullets of the soldiers who were on their way
+to the Battle of Bunker Hill, the old furniture, the first fork used
+in the Colony, and the furnishings of the quaint kitchen fireplace,
+which dates from 1732.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BROADHEARTH, SAUGUS, MASS.
+   _Photo by Wallace Nutting, Inc., Framingham Center, Mass_
+   See page 69]
+
+XIII
+
+BROADHEARTH AND THE BENNET-BOARDMAN HOUSE, SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+TWO REMARKABLE SPECIMENS OF THE OVERHANG HOUSE
+
+"Thomas Dexter of Lyn, yeoman," was the first owner of much of the
+land on which Lynn, Massachusetts, is built. Evidently he was land
+poor, for on October 22, 1639, he "mortgaged his fearme in Lyn ... for
+two oxen & 2 bulls upon condition of payment to Simon Broadstreet of
+Ipswich L90 the first day of August, the next following with a
+reservation upon the sale of the said fearme to give the said Dexter
+the overflow above the debt and damages of the said L90."
+
+Six years later the Registry of Deeds at Salem told of the sale, to
+Richard Leader, Gent, of England, of a bit of the farm on which
+Governor Broadstreet held a mortgage. Mr. Leader was the agent of "ye
+Company of undertakers of ye Iron Works," and he thought that Dexter
+had the best location for the purposes of the company that proposed to
+start what proved to be the first successful iron works in the
+Colonies. The quaint story of the transaction was entered thus:
+
+      "Thomas Dexter of Lyn in the County of Essex ye[oman] for the
+      sum of 40 L st[erling] hath sowld unto Richard Leder for ye
+      use of ye Iron works all that land, wch by reason of [a]
+      damme now agreed to be made, shall overflow and all
+      sufficient ground for a water course from the damme, to the
+      works to be erected, and alsoe all [the] land betwene the
+      an[cient] water course and the new extended flume or water
+      course togeather with five acres and an halfe of land lying
+      in the corn field most convenient for the Iron Works and also
+      tooe convenient cartwayes that is to one on each side of the
+      premises as by a deed indented bearing date the twentie
+      seaventh of January, 1645, more at lardge apth."
+
+On the ground thus bought a sturdy house, Broadhearth, was built in
+1646. The second story overhung the first story, after the manner of
+many English houses of the period. The overhang is still in evidence,
+though a veranda has hidden it except to the careful observer.
+
+The first product of the iron works, a kettle, was made in 1642. This
+is still in existence. During more than one hundred years neighboring
+colonists looked to the foundry for their supplies of house hardware,
+furnishings, and implements of iron. The site of the foundry was
+opposite the house, while traces of the pits from which the bog ore
+was dug are easily found in the field at the rear. Remains of scoria
+and slag are also pointed out to the visitor by employees of the
+Wallace Nutting Corporation, which has restored the house as nearly as
+possible to its original condition and has placed in it furniture of
+the period. A caretaker has been placed in charge who will copy for
+applicants iron work in the house, or other old examples. Thus, in a
+modest way, the Saugus Iron Works has been reestablished.
+
+  [Illustration: BENNET-BOARDMAN HOUSE, SAUGUS, MASS.
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+   See page 69]
+
+Another specimen of the overhang house is not far away. This is the
+house built some time between 1649 and 1656 by Samuel Bennet,
+carpenter. It is famous as the house that has been in two counties,
+Suffolk and Essex, and in four towns, Boston, Lynn, Chelsea, and
+Saugus.
+
+That it was once in Boston was due to the narrow strip of the
+territory of the city that stretched far out in the country, somewhat
+after the manner of a portion of a modern gerrymandered legislative
+district. When the district was set off as Chelsea and Lynn, in
+response to a petition of citizens who were inconvenienced by their
+distance from town meetings, the boundaries between Chelsea and Lynn
+were carelessly marked; one line ran directly through the front door
+and the chimney of the Bennet house. This mistake, which caused
+annoyance and expense to those who occupied the house, was not
+corrected for more than one hundred years. Finally Abijah Boardman
+asked that he be relieved of his double liability to Lynn and Chelsea,
+and in 1803, by Act of the General Court, the petition was granted.
+
+Bennet, the builder of the house, figured more than once in the
+courts. In 1644 the Grand Jury indicted him as "a Common sleeper in
+time of exercise," and he was fined 2s. 6d. In 1671 he brought suit
+against the Iron Works Company for L400 for labor. In connection with
+this suit John Paule, whose "constant employment was to repair carts,
+coale carts, mine carts, and other working materials" for the "tiemes"
+at the iron works, testified that "my master Bennet did yearly yearme
+a vast sum from said Iron Works, for he commonly yearmed forty or
+fifty shillings a daye, for he had five or six teemes goeing generally
+every faire day."
+
+Bennets and Boardmans have held the house from the beginning. The
+Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities has
+interested itself in the protection of the property.
+
+
+XIV
+
+THE COLONEL JEREMIAH LEE HOUSE, MARBLEHEAD, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+THE HOME OF ONE OF THE EARLIEST MARTYRS TO THE CAUSE OF THE COLONIES
+
+Marblehead was a comparatively insignificant port when Jeremiah Lee
+came to town. At once he made a place for himself among the humble
+fishermen and other seafaring men of the place. He was a member of the
+Board of Firewards in the town's first fire department, and he served
+on important committees.
+
+When, in 1768, he built a wonderful mansion that cost more than ten
+thousand pounds, the most wonderful house in Massachusetts at the
+time, his townsmen knew him well enough to understand that he was
+their good friend, even if he did have much more money than any of
+them.
+
+The Lee Mansion was a hospitable home. The Colonel and his wife Martha
+entertained lavishly, not only the people of the town but famous men
+from abroad. In 1789 Washington was entertained in the house. But it
+was one of the glories of the mansion that the humblest mariner in the
+place was not slow to go there if he wished to have a chat with the
+bluff owner or if he desired to go to the quaint cupola from which it
+is possible to look far out to sea. To this outlook Colonel Lee
+himself often went, for his ships were sailing to Marblehead from all
+parts of the world, and he was as eager as any one to turn his eyes
+seaward.
+
+The house is sixty-four feet by forty-six feet, and the walls are of
+brick, though they are covered with wooden clapboards two feet by one
+and a half feet. There are fifteen rooms, in addition to the great
+halls that make the house seem like a palace.
+
+In these rooms the Colonel conferred with other patriots as to the
+welfare of Massachusetts and all the colonies. From the house he went
+out to the town meetings where the men gathered to talk over the
+Boston Port Bill and the Boston Tea Party and questions of Taxation
+without Representation.
+
+He rejoiced to serve as a representative in the General Court and on
+the Committee of Safety and Supplies of the Province. He was chosen to
+represent the town in the Continental Congress, and when he was unable
+to go, Elbridge Gerry, who later became Vice-President of the United
+States, was sent in his place at the expense of the town.
+
+On the night of April 18, 1775, in company with Elbridge Gerry and
+Azor Orin, who were members with him of the Committee of Safety and
+Supplies, he was attending a meeting at Weatherby's Black Horse Tavern
+just outside of Cambridge. The meeting adjourned so late that the
+three men decided to spend the night at the tavern. The eight hundred
+British soldiers who were on their way that night to Lexington learned
+of the presence in Cambridge of the patriots. Some one rushed to the
+tavern and roused them from slumber. They did not even have time to
+put on their clothes, but ran at once from the house and hid
+themselves at some distance from the tavern. When the disappointed
+troops had gone on, the hunted men returned to their room.
+
+Three weeks later Lee died as the result of the exposure. He has been
+called one of the earliest martyrs to the cause of the Colonies.
+Before he died he left directions that five thousand pounds should be
+given to the treasury of the provinces.
+
+Mrs. Lee, who was Martha Swett of Marblehead, lived on in the mansion
+with those of her eight children who had not gone already to homes of
+their own. Under her guidance the hospitality for which the house had
+become noted was maintained.
+
+Those who pass between the beautiful porch pillars and enter the
+chaste colonial doorway are amazed at the remarkable hallway and the
+stairs. The hall is fifteen feet wide and extends the length of the
+house. It is heavily wainscoted with mahogany. On the walls hangs
+remarkable panelled paper whose designs, depicting ancient
+architecture, are in keeping with the majestic proportions of the
+place. The stairway is so wide that four or five people can climb it
+abreast and the balustrade and the spindles are of exquisite
+workmanship.
+
+The rear stairway is far more ornate than the best stairway in most
+houses, and the rooms are in keeping with the hall and the stairways.
+
+The cupola is one of the most striking features of the house. Here six
+windows give a view that is worth going far to see.
+
+When Mrs. Lee died, the property descended to her son. Judge Samuel
+Sewell was a later owner. But the day came when it was to be sold at
+auction. All Marblehead feared that the historic place would be
+destroyed. Fortunately the Marblehead Historical Society was able to
+raise the fifty-five hundred dollars needed to secure it.
+
+Since July 9, 1909, the Society has owned the mansion. For six months
+of every year it is open to visitors who throng to see the choice
+collection of china, portraits, embroidery, and furniture that has
+been gathered together by the Society.
+
+
+  [Illustration: OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT, MASS.
+   _Photo Furnished by Rev. A. McDonald, Newburyport, Mass._
+   See page 75]
+
+XV
+
+THE OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+WHERE GEORGE WHITEFIELD, THE GREAT EVANGELIST, IS BURIED
+
+More than one hundred years after the organization of the First Church
+of Newburyport, Rev. George Whitefield, then a young man of
+twenty-six, preached in the community. "The Great Awakening," which
+followed, spread all over New England, and more than thirty thousand
+were converted. Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, the Tennents, and others
+led in the work that had such wonderful results.
+
+Five years after Whitefield's visit to Newburyport the Old South
+Church was organized, most of those who became members having been
+converted under Whitefield's preaching. The new church was actually a
+Presbyterian church from the beginning, though it did not finally
+adopt the Presbyterian form of government until 1802.
+
+The members of the new church were called "a misguided band," and "new
+schemers." Their first pastor was called a dissenting minister. Their
+protest against these aspersions took the form of a petition to "The
+King's Most Excellent Majesty," which was a prayer for that "equal
+liberty of conscience in worshipping God" that had already been
+granted to others. The petition recited the desire of the people to be
+relieved of taxation "for the support of ministers on whose ministry
+they cannot in conscience attend," and stated that, because of their
+refusal to pay what they felt were unjust taxes, "honest and peaceable
+men have been hauled away to prison to their great hurt and damage."
+
+When the petition was presented to the king by Mr. Partridge, their
+agent, he declared that they were not "a wild, friekish people," and
+cited as an argument for relief from double taxation that, while they
+had some wealthy members, there were among them "more poor widows than
+all the other congregations in town put together." He said those who
+protested against double taxation had been "dragged about upon the
+ground," dressed up in bear skins and worried, and imprisoned.
+
+The protest did not bring relief at once; it was 1773 before the
+General Court granted the plea of the members. For more than twenty
+years more the town tried to collect double taxes, but in 1795 the
+rights of the members of Old South were conceded.
+
+The first building, erected in 1743, gave way in 1756 to the structure
+still in use. Alterations made since that time have not made any great
+change in its appearance, except in the tower, which was repaired in
+1848, because it was thought that the timber must be decaying.
+However, to the surprise of the carpenters who undertook the repairs,
+they were found as sound as ever. A half-hour was required to saw
+through one of them!
+
+The bell in the new tower was cast by Paul Revere. Surmounting the
+spire is a cock which was perched on the original tower. When this
+tower, after the carpenters had done all they could with their saws,
+was pulled over by horses and oxen, the cock broke loose and fell at
+some distance. The man who picked up the figure was surprised to find
+that it was of solid copper, instead of wood, as had been thought, and
+that it weighed more than fifty pounds.
+
+In the original pews there was a central chair, surrounded by seats
+hung on hinges. Over the pulpit was a sounding board. At the head of
+the pulpit stair a seat was provided for the sexton, that he might be
+on hand to trim the candles during the evening service.
+
+The official history of the church, written by Dr. H. C. Hovey, gives
+interesting facts concerning the heating of the old building:
+
+      "For seventy years those who crowded this church depended on
+      footstoves altogether for warmth in winter; while the
+      minister preached in his ample cloak, and wore gloves with a
+      finger and thumb cut off to enable him the better to turn the
+      leaves. A law was made allowing the sexton twenty cents for
+      each footstove that he had to fill before service and remove
+      afterward. A great sensation was made in 1819 by the
+      introduction of wood stoves at an outlay of $100. The first
+      day they were in place the people were so overcome that some
+      of them fainted away and were carried out of the house; but
+      they revived on learning that as yet no fire had been
+      kindled in the new stoves. The doors of the stoves opened
+      into the ample vestibule, where the custom continued of
+      ranging the many footstoves in a wide circle to be filled
+      with live coals from the stove."
+
+On the Sunday after the battle of Lexington Dr. Jonathan Parsons made
+an appeal in the name of liberty. After this Captain Ezra Lunt stepped
+into the aisle and formed a company of sixty men, which is said to
+have been the first company of volunteers to join the Continental
+Army.
+
+Later Newburyport supplied a number of companies. But the call came
+for still another company. "Day after day the recruiting officers
+toiled in vain," Dr. Hovey writes, "Finally the regiment was invited
+to the Presbyterian church, where they were addressed in such spirited
+and stirring words that once again a number of this church stepped
+forth to take the covenant, and in two hours after the benediction had
+been spoken the entire company was raised."
+
+During the war twenty-two vessels and one thousand men, from the towns
+of Newbury and Newburyport, were lost at sea. The first American flag
+seen in British waters, after the cessation of hostilities, was
+displayed in the Thames by Nicholas Johnson of Newburyport, captain of
+the _Compte de Grasse_.
+
+Among the treasures of the church is the Bible which Whitefield used.
+The evangelist, who died Sunday, September 30, 1770, is buried in the
+crypt under the pulpit where he had planned to preach on the very day
+of his death, as he had preached many times during the years since the
+building of the church. To this dark crypt thousands of reverent
+visitors have groped their way. One, less reverent, removed an arm of
+the skeleton and carried it to England as a relic. No one knew what
+had become of it until, after the death of the thief, it was returned
+to Newburyport, together with a bust of Whitefield. This bust is also
+one of the treasures of Old South.
+
+Those who love this old church at Newburyport delight in the lines of
+John Greenleaf Whittier:
+
+     "Under the church of Federal Street,
+     Under the tread of its Sabbath feet,
+     Walled about by its basement stones,
+     Lie the marvellous preacher's bones.
+     No saintly honors to them are shown,
+     No sign nor miracle have they known;
+     But he who passes the ancient church
+     Stops in the shade of its belfry-porch,
+     And ponders the wonderful life of him
+     Who lies at rest in that charnel dim.
+     Long shall the traveller strain his eye
+     From the railroad car, as it plunges by,
+     And the vanishing town behind him search
+     For the slender spire of the Whitefield Church;
+     And feel for one moment the ghosts of trade
+     And fashion and folly and pleasure laid,
+     By the thought of that life of pure intent,
+     That voice of warning, yet eloquent,
+     Of one on the errands of angels sent.
+     And if where he labored the flood of sin
+     Like the tide from the harbor-bar sets in.
+     And over a life of time and sense
+     The church-spires lift their vain defence,
+     As if to scatter the bolts of God
+     With the points of Calvin's thunder-rod,--
+     Still, as the gem of its civic crown,
+     Precious beyond the world's renown,
+     His memory hallows the ancient town!"
+
+
+XVI
+
+THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND
+
+THE OLDEST BAPTIST CHURCH IN AMERICA
+
+When Roger Williams, Welshman, left England for America because he
+could not find in the Church of England freedom to worship God
+according to his conscience, he came to Salem, in the Massachusetts
+Bay Colony. There he joined others who had sought America for the same
+purpose, but to his disappointment he found that his ideas of liberty
+of worship did not agree with theirs, and he was once more adrift. On
+October 9, 1635, the authorities of the Colony ordered that he "shall
+depart out of this jurisdiction." He was later given permission to
+remain until spring, on condition that he make no attempt "to draw
+others to his opinions."
+
+On the ground that he had broken the implied agreement, the Governor,
+on January 11, 1636, sent for him to go to Boston, from whence he was
+to be banished to England. Williams sent word that he was ill and
+could not come at the time. A force of men was sent to seize him, but
+when they reached his house he had departed already, turning his face
+toward the southern wilderness. He was "sorely tossed for fourteen
+weeks in a bitter winter season, not knowing what bread or bed did
+mean."
+
+On April 30, 1636, he came to the country of the Wampanoags, where the
+sachem Massasoit made him a grant of land. Within a short time some
+of his friends joined him, and primitive houses were built. Then came
+word from the Governor of Massachusetts Bay that he must go beyond the
+bounds of the Plymouth Colony. Accordingly, with six others, he
+embarked in canoes and sought for a location. When this was found
+Canonicus and Mantonomi agreed to let the company have lands, and soon
+the new settlement was made and named Providence, in recognition of
+God's care of him during his journey. Then others joined him and his
+companions.
+
+Two years after the settlement of Providence twelve of the citizens
+decided that they must have a church. One of the company, Ezekiel
+Hollyman, baptized Roger Williams and Williams baptized Hollyman and
+ten others. The twelve then baptized were the original members of the
+first church of Providence, Rhode Island, the first Baptist church in
+America, and the second in the world. Roger Williams was the first
+pastor, but he withdrew before the close of the year in which the
+church was organised. During the remaining forty-five years of his
+life he remained in Providence as a missionary among the Indians,
+whose friendship he had won by his scrupulously careful and honorable
+method of dealing with them.
+
+The church met in private houses or under the trees, for more than
+sixty years. The first meeting house was not erected until 1700. The
+builder was Pardon Tillinghast, the sixth pastor of the church, who,
+like his predecessors, served without salary. However, he urged that
+the church should begin to pay its way, and that his successor should
+receive a stipulated salary. The Tillinghast building was in use for
+fifteen years after it was deeded to the congregation, in 1711. The
+deed, which is on record at the Providence City Hall, calls the church
+a "Six-Principle church."
+
+The growth of the congregation called for a larger building. This was
+erected in 1726 and was used until 1774. An old document gives an
+interesting side light on the building of the meeting house. This is
+an account of Richard Brown, dated May 30, 1726, which reads:
+
+      The account of what charge I have been at this day as to the
+      providing a dinner for the people that raised the Baptist
+      meeting-house at Providence (it being raised this day,) is as
+      followeth:
+
+     One fat sheep, which weighed forty-three lbs.     L0,14,04
+
+     For roasting the said sheep, etc.                     8
+
+     For one lb. butter                                    1
+
+     For two loaves of bread which weighed fifteen lbs.    2
+
+     For half a peck of peas                               1,03
+
+When the building was planned the Charitable Baptist Society was
+incorporated, that it might hold title to "a meeting-house for the
+public worship of Almighty God, and to hold Commencement in." Nearly a
+third of the L7,000 required for the new building was raised by a
+lottery, authorized by the State. The architects modelled the church
+after the popular St. Martins-in-the-Fields in London, whose designer
+was James Gibbs, a pupil of Sir Christopher Wren.
+
+In the two-hundred-foot spire was hung the bell made in London, on
+which were inscribed the strange words:
+
+     "For freedom of conscience this town was first planted;
+     Persuasion, not force was used by the people:
+     This Church is the eldest, and has not recanted,
+     Enjoying and granting bell, temple, and steeple."
+
+The pastor at the time the new church was first occupied, on May 28,
+1775, was president of Rhode Island College, an institution which had
+been located in Providence in 1773, in consequence of the generosity
+and activity of the members of the church. The institution later
+became Brown University. Every one of the presidents of the college
+has been a member of the First Church.
+
+A church whose building was dedicated "midway between the battles of
+Lexington and Bunker Hill" should have a patriotic history. The story
+of Providence during the Revolution shows that the members were keenly
+alive to their opportunities. The first suggestion for the Continental
+Congress came from Providence. Rhode Island was the first State to
+declare for independence. Pastor and people were ardent supporters of
+these movements. Many soldiers were furnished to the army by the
+congregation.
+
+Naturally, then, people would be interested in a man like Stephen
+Gano, who became pastor in 1792. He had been a surgeon in the
+Revolutionary Army, and had been taken prisoner, put on board a
+prison-ship, and bound in chains, which made scars that lasted for
+life. His pastorate of thirty-six years was the longest in the history
+of the church.
+
+The stately building erected in 1774 is still in use. The gallery long
+set apart for the use of slaves has given way to a square loft, the
+old pews have been displaced by modern seats, and the lofty pulpit and
+sounding-board have disappeared. Otherwise the church is much as it
+was when the first congregation entered its doors in 1775.
+
+
+
+
+TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND KNICKERBOCKERS FLOURISHED
+
+     _Where nowadays the Battery lies,
+       New York had just begun,
+     A new-born babe, to rub its eyes,
+       In Sixteen Sixty-One.
+     They christened it Nieuw Amsterdam,
+       Those burghers grave and stately,
+     And so, with schnapps and smoke and psalm,
+       Lived out their lives sedately._
+
+     _Two windmills topped their wooden wall,
+       On stadthuys gazing down,
+     On fort, and cabbage-plots, and all
+       The quaintly gabled town;
+     These flapped their wings and shifted backs,
+       As ancient scrolls determine,
+     To scare the savage Hackensacks,
+       Paumanks, and other vermin_.
+
+     _At night the loyal settlers lay
+       Betwixt their feather-beds;
+     In hose and breeches walked by day,
+       And smoked, and wagged their heads.
+     No changeful fashions came from France,
+       The vrouwleins to bewilder;
+     No broad-brimmed burgher spent for pants
+       His every other guilder._
+
+     _In petticoats of linsey red,
+       And jackets neatly kept,
+     The vrouws their knitting-needles sped
+       And deftly spun and swept.
+     Few modern-school flirtations there
+       Set wheels of scandal trundling,
+     But youths and maidens did their share
+       Of staid, old-fashioned bundling._
+
+       EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN.
+
+
+
+
+TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND KNICKERBOCKERS FLOURISHED
+
+
+  [Illustration: MORRIS-JUMEL HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY.
+   _Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company_
+   See page 87]
+
+XVII
+
+THE MORRIS-JUMEL MANSION, NEW YORK CITY
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON ESCAPED FROM THE BRITISH BY A FIFTEEN MINUTE MARGIN
+
+      "A Pleasant situated Farm, on the Road leading to King's
+      Bridge, in the Township of Harlem, on York-Island, containing
+      about 100 acres, near 30 acres of which is Wood-land, a fine
+      piece of Meadow Ground, and more easily be made: and commands
+      the finest Prospect in the whole Country: the Land runs from
+      River to River: there is Fishing, Oystering, and Claming at
+      either end...."
+
+When, in 1765, Roger Morris, whose city house was at the corner of
+Whitehall and Stone streets, saw this advertisement in the New York
+_Mercury_, he hungered for the country. So he bought the offered land,
+and by the summer of 1766 he had completed the sturdy Georgian house
+that, after a century and a half, looks down on the city that has
+grown to it and beyond it.
+
+In an advertisement published in 1792, in the New York _Daily
+Advertiser_, a pleasing description of the mansion of Roger Morris was
+given:
+
+      "On the premises is a large dwelling-house, built in modern
+      style and taste and elegance. It has ... a large hall
+      through the centre; a spacious dining room on the right....
+      On the left is a handsome parlor and a large back room.... On
+      the second floor are seven bedchambers ... On the upper floor
+      are five lodging rooms ... and at the top of the house is
+      affixed an electric conducter. Underneath the building are a
+      large, commodious kitchen and laundry and wine cellar,
+      storeroom, kitchen pantry, sleeping apartments for servants,
+      and a most complete dairy room...."
+
+For nine years Roger Morris and his family lived in the mansion on the
+Heights. As a member of the Legislative Council much of his time was
+given to the interests of his fellow-citizens. But as time passed he
+found himself out of sympathy with his neighbors. They demanded war
+with Great Britain, and he felt that he could not join the revolt.
+Accordingly, in 1775, he sailed for England, leaving his large
+property in the care of Mrs. Morris.
+
+Mrs. Morris kept the house open for a time, but finally, taking her
+children with her, she went to her sister-in-law at the Philipse Manor
+House at Yonkers.
+
+On September 14, 1776, General Washington decided to abandon the city
+to the British. He planned to go to Harlem, to the fortification
+prepared in anticipation of just such an emergency. On September 15 he
+took possession of the Roger Morris house as headquarters. Two days
+later his Orderly Book shows the following message, referring to the
+battle of Harlem Heights:
+
+      "The General most heartily thanks the troops commanded
+      yesterday by Major Leitch, who first advanced upon the enemy,
+      and the others who so resolutely supported them. The behavior
+      of yesterday was such a contrast to that of some troops the
+      day before [at Kip's Bay] as must show what may be done when
+      Officers and Soldiers exert themselves."
+
+During the weeks when the mansion remained Washington's headquarters
+the curious early flag of the colonists waved above it. In the space
+now given to the stars was the British Union Jack, while the thirteen
+red and white stripes that were to become so familiar completed the
+design. This flag the English called "the Rebellious Stripes."
+
+On November 16, 1776, Washington was at Fort Lee, on the New Jersey
+shore, opposite the present 160th Street. Desiring to view from the
+Heights the British operations in their attack on Fort Washington, he
+crossed over to the Morris house. Fifteen minutes after he left the
+Heights to return to New Jersey, fourteen thousand British and Hessian
+troops took possession of the Heights, the Morris Mansion, and Fort
+Washington.
+
+The period of British occupation continued, at intervals, until near
+the close of the war. Since the owner was a Loyalist, the British
+Government paid rent for it.
+
+After the Revolution the property was confiscated, as appears from an
+entry in Washington's diary, dated July 10, 1790:
+
+      "Having formed a Party consisting of the Vice-President, his
+      lady, Son & Miss Smith; the Secretaries of State, Treasury, &
+      War, and the ladies of the two latter; with all the Gentlemen
+      of my family, Mrs. Lear & the two Children, we visited the
+      old position of Fort Washington, and afterwards dined on a
+      dinner provided by a Mr. Mariner at the House lately Colo.
+      Roger Morris, but confiscated and in the occupation of a
+      common Farmer."
+
+For nearly thirty years after the Revolution the stately old house was
+occupied as a farmhouse or as a tavern. In 1810 it became the home of
+Stephen Jumel, a wealthy New York merchant, whose widow, Madam Jumel,
+later gave such wonderful entertainments in the house that the whole
+city talked about her. After many years of life alone in the mansion,
+in July, 1833, she married Aaron Burr. He was then seventy-two years
+old, while she was fifty-nine.
+
+Madam Jumel-Burr lived until July 16, 1865. During her last years she
+was demented and did many strange things. For a time she maintained an
+armed garrison in the house, and she rode daily about the grounds at
+the head of fifteen or twenty men.
+
+The mansion passed through a number of hands until, in 1903, title to
+it was taken by the City of New York, on payment of $235,000.
+
+For three years the vacant house was at the mercy of souvenir hunters,
+but when, in 1906, it was turned over to the Daughters of the American
+Revolution, to be used as a Revolutionary Museum, twelve thousand
+dollars were appropriated for repairs and restoration. This amount was
+woefully inadequate, but it is hoped that further appropriation will
+make complete restoration possible.
+
+The spacious grounds that once belonged to the mansion have been sold
+for building lots, but the house looks down proudly as ever from its
+lofty site almost opposite the intersection of Tenth Avenue and One
+Hundred and Sixty-first Street with St. Nicholas Avenue. The corner
+of its original dooryard is now Roger Morris Park.
+
+
+  [Illustration: PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS, N. Y.
+   _Photo by A. V. Card, Yonkers_
+   See page 91]
+
+XVIII
+
+THE PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS, NEW YORK
+
+THE HOME OF MARY PHILIPSE, IN WHOM GEORGE WASHINGTON WAS INTERESTED
+
+At first glance one would not think that the name Yonkers was derived
+very directly from the name of the first settlers of the region, de
+Jonkheer Adriaen Van der Donck. When, in 1646, he secured a large
+tract of land bounded by the Hudson, the Bronx, and Spuyten Duyvil
+Creek, this was called "Colen Donck" (Donck's Colony) or "De
+Jonkheer's" (the Young Lord's). As the Dutch "j" is pronounced "y,"
+the transition from Jonkheers to Yonkers was easy.
+
+On September 29, 1672, after the death of the original owner, 7,708
+acres of the princely estate were sold to three men, of whom Frederick
+Philipse (originally Ffreric Vlypse) was one. A few years later
+Philipse bought out the heirs of the other two purchasers, and added
+to his holdings by further purchases from his countrymen and from the
+Indians. On June 12, 1693, he was permitted to call himself lord of
+the Manor of Philipsburgh. From that day the carpenter from Friesland,
+who had grown so rich that he was called "the Dutch millionaire,"
+lived in state in the house he had begun in 1682.
+
+This lord of the manor became still more important in consequence of
+the acceptance of his offer to build a bridge over Spuyt-den-duyvil,
+or "Spiting Devil" Creek, when the city declined to do so for lack of
+funds. The deed given to him stated that he had "power and authority
+to erect a bridge over the water or river commonly called Spiten devil
+ferry or Paparimeno, and to receive toll from all passengers and
+drovers of cattle that shall pass thereon, according to rates
+hereinafter mentioned." This bridge, which was called Kingsbridge, was
+a great source of revenue until 1713, when it was removed to the
+present site. Then tolls were charged until 1759, or, nominally, until
+1779.
+
+Part of the Manor House was used as a trading post. Everything
+Philipse handled seemed to turn into gold. All his ventures prospered.
+It was whispered that some of these ventures were more than a little
+shady, that he had dealings with pirates and shared in their
+ill-gotten gains, and that he even went into partnership with Captain
+Kidd when that once honest man became the prince of the very pirates
+whom the Government had commissioned him to apprehend. And Philipse,
+as a member of the Governor's Council, had recommended this Kidd as
+the best man for the job! It is not strange that the lord of the manor
+felt constrained to resign his seat in the council because of the
+popular belief in the statement made by the Governor, that "Kidd's
+missing treasures could be readily found if the coffers of Frederick
+Philipse were searched."
+
+Colonel Frederick Philipse, the great-grandson of Captain Kidd's
+partner, enlarged the Manor House to its present proportions and
+appearance. He also was prominent in the affairs of the Colony. He was
+a member of the Provincial Assembly, and was chairman of a meeting
+called on August 20, 1774, to select delegates to the county
+convention which was to select a representative to the First
+Continental Congress. Thus, ostensibly, he was taking his place with
+those who were crying out for the redress of grievances suffered at
+the hands of Great Britain. Yet it was not long until it was evident
+that he was openly arrayed with those who declined to turn from their
+allegiance to the king.
+
+The most famous event that took place in the Philipse Manor was the
+marriage, on January 28, 1758, of the celebrated beauty, Mary
+Philipse, to Colonel Roger Morris. A letter from Joseph Chew to George
+Washington, dated July 13, 1757, shows that--in the opinion of the
+writer, at least--the young Virginian soldier was especially
+interested in Mary Philipse. In this letter, which he wrote after his
+return from a visit to Mrs. Beverly Robinson in New York, the sister
+of Mary Philipse, he said:
+
+      "I often had the Pleasure of Breakfasting with the Charming
+      Polly, Roger Morris was there (Don't be startled) but not
+      always, you know him he is a Lady's man, always something to
+      say, the Town talk't of it as a sure & settled Affair. I
+      can't say I think so and that I much doubt it, but assure you
+      had Little Acquaintance with Mr. Morris and only slightly
+      hinted it to Miss Polly, but how can you be Excused to
+      Continue so long in Phila. I think I should have made a kind
+      of Flying March of it if it had been only to have seen
+      whether the Works were sufficient to withstand a Vigorous
+      Attack, you a soldier and a Lover, mind I have been arguing
+      for my own Interest now for had you taken this method then I
+      should have had the Pleasure of seeing you--my Paper is
+      almost full and I am Convinced you will be heartily tyred in
+      Reading it--however will just add that I intend to set out
+      to-morrow for New York where I will not be wanting to let
+      Miss Polly know the Sincere Regard a Friend of mine has for
+      her--and I am sure if she had my Eyes to see thro would
+      Prefer him to all others."
+
+While it is true that George Washington went to New York to see the
+charming Polly, there is no evidence that he was especially interested
+in her.
+
+Colonel Morris later built for his bride the Morris-Jumel Mansion,
+which is still standing near 160th Street. Mrs. Morris frequently
+visited at the home of her girlhood. The last visit was paid there
+during Christmas week of 1776. Her father, who had been taken to
+Middletown, Connecticut, because of his activities on the side of the
+king, was allowed to go to his home on parole.
+
+In 1779 the Manor House and lands were declared forfeited because the
+owner refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Colonies, and
+Frederick Philipse, III, went to England.
+
+The property was sold in 1785. Until 1868 it was in the hands of
+various purchasers. To-day the Manor House is preserved as a relic of
+the days when Washington visited the house, when loyalists were driven
+from the doors, and when it was the centre of some of the important
+movements against the British troops.
+
+
+XIX
+
+ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL, NEW YORK CITY
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON ATTENDED SERVICE ON HIS FIRST INAUGURATION DAY
+
+In the New York _Gazette_ of May 14, 1764, appeared this notice
+concerning St. Paul's Chapel:
+
+      "We are told that the Foundation Stone of the third English
+      Church which is about erecting in this City, is to be laid
+      this day. The church is to be 112 by 72 feet."
+
+For two years those who passed the corner of Broadway and Partition
+(Fulton) Street watched the progress of the building. On October 30,
+1766, it was ready for the first service.
+
+On the opening day there was no steeple, no organ, and no stove. But
+those who entered the doors were abundantly satisfied with the work of
+the architect, who is said to have been a Scotchman named McBean, a
+pupil of Gibbs, the designer of St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London, to
+which church the interior of St. Paul's Chapel bears a marked
+resemblance. In the account of the opening the New York _Journal and
+General Advertiser_ said that the new church was "one of the most
+elegant edifices on the Continent."
+
+Between April 13, 1776, when Washington arrived in New York, and
+September 15, 1776, when Lord Howe occupied the city, the church was
+closed, since the rector did not see his way to omit from the service
+the prayers for the king. But when the British took possession of New
+York the doors were opened once more. Until the city was evacuated,
+November 25, 1783, Lord Howe and many of his officers were regular
+attendants at St. Paul's.
+
+Six days after the beginning of the British occupation the church had
+a narrow escape from destruction. A fire, which Howe declared was of
+incendiary origin, burned four hundred of the four thousand homes in
+New York. St. Paul's Chapel was in the centre of the burnt district.
+Trinity Church was destroyed, and St. Paul's was saved by the efforts
+of its rector, Dr. Inglis. This was the first of five such narrow
+escapes. The steeple was actually aflame during the conflagration of
+1797, but the building was saved. Three times during the nineteenth
+century, in 1820, 1848, and 1865, fire approached or passed by the
+chapel.
+
+Immediately after the first inauguration of Washington, at the City
+Hall, he walked to St. Paul's to ask God's blessing on the country and
+his administration. During his residence in New York, until Trinity
+Church was rebuilt, he was a regular attendant at the services. From
+1789 to 1791 his diary records the fact many times, "Went to St.
+Paul's Chappel in the forenoon." At first he used the pew built for
+the Governor of New York, but later, when a President's pew was built,
+he moved to this. Canopies covered both pews, while they were further
+marked by the arms of the United States and of New York.
+
+Dr. Morgan Dix, in his address at the Centennial anniversary of the
+completion of the building, told of an old man who had said to him
+that when he was a boy he used to sit with other school-boys in the
+north gallery, and from there he would watch the arrival of the
+General and "Lady Washington" as they came up Fair Street to the
+church, in a coach and four.
+
+In the same address Dr. Dix said: "The church remains, substantially,
+such as it was in the first days; alterations have been made in it,
+but they have not changed its general appearance. For justness of
+proportion and elegance of style, it still holds a leading place among
+our city churches, and must be regarded as a fine specimen of its
+particular school of architecture. When it was built, the western end
+commanded an uninterrupted view of the river and the Jersey shore, for
+the waters of the Hudson then flowed up to the line of Greenwich
+Street, all beyond is made land."
+
+In the portico of the old church is a monument to General Montgomery,
+a member of St. Paul's parish, who fell at Quebec, and is buried in
+the chapel. This monument, which was sent from France by Benjamin
+Franklin, had an adventurous career. The vessel in which it was
+shipped was captured by the British, and some time elapsed before it
+reached its destined place.
+
+
+  [Illustration: FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY
+   _Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company_
+   See page 97]
+
+XX
+
+FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON TOOK LEAVE OF HIS SOLDIERS
+
+The subscribers of the _Pennsylvania Packet_, on the morning of
+December 2, 1783, read the following pleasing despatch from New York
+City, which was dated November 26, 1783:
+
+      "Yesterday in the morning the American troops marched from
+      Haerlem, to the Bowery lanes. They remained there until about
+      one o'clock, when the British troops left the fort in the
+      Bowery, and the American troops marched in and took
+      possession of the city.--After the troops had taken
+      possession of the city, the GENERAL and GOVERNOR made their
+      public entry in the following manner:--Their excellencies the
+      general and governor with their suites on horseback. The
+      lieutenant governor, and the members of the council for the
+      temporary government of the southern district, four
+      a-breast.--Major-general Knox, and the officers of the army,
+      eight a-breast.--Citizens on horseback, eight a-breast.--The
+      speaker of the assembly and citizens, on foot, eight
+      a-breast.
+
+      "Their excellencies the governor and commander-in-chief were
+      escorted by a body of West Chester light horse, under the
+      command of Captain Delavan. The procession proceeded down
+      Queen [now Pearl] Street, and through the Broad-way to Cape's
+      Tavern. The governor gave a public dinner at Fraunces'
+      tavern; and which the commander-in-chief, and other general
+      officers were present."
+
+The building which Washington made famous that day was erected by
+Etienne de Lancey, probably in 1700. Samuel Fraunces purchased the
+place in 1762. Soon it became one of the most popular taverns in New
+York. Among its patrons were some of the leaders in the Revolution, as
+well as many who were loyal to King George. But Fraunces himself never
+wavered in his allegiance to the Colonies.
+
+One of the clubs that met regularly at Fraunces' was the Social Club,
+of which John Jay, Gouverneur Morris, and Robert R. Livingston were
+members.
+
+During the occupation of New York by the British the tavern did not
+have an opportunity to play a part in the history of the country,
+though the daughter of the proprietor, who was a tavern keeper at
+Washington's Richmond Hill headquarters, made ineffective a plot to
+poison the Commander-in-Chief.
+
+Ten days after Washington's triumphal entry into the city, and the
+dinner at the tavern, one of the rooms was the scene of a historic
+event of which Rivington's _New York Gazette_ told in these words:
+
+      "Last Thursday noon (December 4) the principal officers of
+      the army in town assembled at Fraunces' tavern to take a
+      final leave of their illustrious, gracious and much loved
+      comrade, General Washington. The passions of human nature
+      were never more tenderly agitated than in this interesting
+      and distressful scene. His excellency, having filled a glass
+      of wine, thus addressed his brave fellow-soldiers:
+
+      "'With an heart full of love and gratitude I now take leave
+      of you: I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as
+      prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious
+      and honorable.'
+
+      "These words produced extreme sensibility on both sides; they
+      were answered by warm expressions, and fervent wishes, from
+      the gentlemen of the army, whose truly pathetic feelings it
+      is not in our power to convey to the reader. Soon after this
+      scene was closed, his excellency the Governor, the honorable
+      the Council and Citizens of the first distinction waited on
+      the general and in terms the most affectionate took their
+      leave."
+
+Two years later Fraunces sold the tavern, but it retains his name to
+this day. It is still at the corner of Broad and Pearl streets. Many
+changes have been made in the building, under the direction of the
+Sons of the Revolution, and it will continue to attract visitors as
+long as it stands.
+
+
+XXI
+
+THE GRANGE, NEW YORK CITY
+
+WHERE ALEXANDER HAMILTON SPENT HIS LAST YEARS
+
+After nineteen years of moving from house to house and from city to
+city, Alexander Hamilton made up his mind to have a home of his own.
+In 1780 he had taken Elizabeth Schuyler from a mansion in Albany that
+was, in its day, almost a palace; and in 1799 he felt that the time
+had come to give her a home of corresponding comfort.
+
+At this time he was commander-in-chief of the army of the United
+States, a service that was made notable, among other things, by his
+suggestion and preparation of plans for the West Point Military
+Academy.
+
+The chosen site for the house, nine miles from Bowling Green, was
+bounded by the present St. Nicholas and Tenth Avenues and 141st and
+145th streets. The coach from New York to Albany afforded regular
+transportation to the spot, though, of course, Hamilton had his own
+equipage. When he planned the house he thought his income of $12,000
+would be ample to care for the property. Accordingly he felt justified
+in offering L800 for sixteen acres, one-half of which was to be paid
+in cash, the balance within a year.
+
+The architect chosen was John McComb, the designer of New York's old
+City Hall. Hamilton and his father-in-law, General Schuyler, had a
+hand in the development of the plans. In a letter to Hamilton, written
+August 25, 1800, General Schuyler said:
+
+      "If the house is boarded on the outside, and the clapboards
+      put on, and filled on the inside with brick, I am persuaded
+      no water will pass to the brick. If the clapboards are well
+      painted, and filling in with brick will be little if any more
+      expensive than lath and plaister, the former will prevent the
+      nuisance occasioned by rats and mice, to which you will be
+      eternally exposed if lath and plaister is made use of instead
+      of brick."
+
+The mason's specifications, quoted by Allan MacLane Hamilton, were as
+follows:
+
+      "Proposal for finishing General Hamilton's Country
+      House--Viz.
+
+      To build two Stacks of Chimneys to contain eight fire-places,
+      exclusive of those in Cellar Story.
+
+      To fill in with brick all the outside walls of the 1st and
+      2nd stories, also all the interior walls that Separate the
+      two Octagon Rooms--and the two rooms over them--from the Hall
+      and other Rooms in both Stories.
+
+      To lath and plaster the side walls of 1st and 2nd stories
+      with two coats & set in white.
+
+      To plaster the interior walls which separate the Octagon Room
+      in both Stories, to be finished white, or as General Hamilton
+      may chose.
+
+      To lath and plaster all the other partitions in both stories.
+
+      To lath and plaster the Ceiling of the Cellar Story
+      throughout.
+
+      To plaster the Sidewalls of Kitchen, Drawing Room, Hall &
+      passage, & to point & whitewash the Stone and brick walls of
+      the other part of Cellar Story. To Point outside walls of
+      Cellar Story and to fill in under the Sills.
+
+      To lay both Kitchen hearths with brick, placed edge ways.
+
+      To put a Strong Iron back in the Kitchen fire-place, five
+      feet long by 2-1/2 9" high.
+
+      To Put another Iron back in the Drawing Room 3'--6" by
+      2'--9".
+
+      To place two Iron Cranes in the Kitchen fire Place--& an Iron
+      door for the oven mouth.
+
+      The Rooms, Hall and Passage of the first Story to have neat
+      Stocco Cornices--Those of Octagon Rooms of Best Kind (but not
+      inriched).
+
+      To put up the two setts of Italian Marble in the Octagon
+      Room, such as General Hamilton may choose--and six setts of
+      Stone Chimney pieces for the other Rooms.
+
+      The Four fireplaces in the two Octagon rooms & the two rooms
+      over them, to have Iron Backs and jambs, and four fire places
+      to have backs only.
+
+      To lay the foundations for eight piers for the Piazza.
+
+      Mr. McComb to find at his own expense all the Material
+      requisite for the afore described work and execute it in a
+      good & workmenlike manner for one thousand Eight Hundred and
+      Seventy five Dollars.
+
+      General Hamilton to have all the Materials carted and to have
+      all the Carpenter work done at his expense--
+
+      General Hamilton is to find the workmen their board or to
+      allow ---- shillings per day for each days work in thereof."
+
+One of the workmen on the house was paid $424.50 for three and
+one-half years' work. Another laborer was given $152.18 for sixteen
+months and twenty-seven days, or ninepence per day. The cost of the
+house, complete, was L1,550.
+
+The country place was a joy, both indoors and out. The garden was
+especially attractive to Hamilton. In a letter written from The Grange
+to a friend in South Carolina, he said:
+
+      "A garden, you know, is a very usual refuge of a disappointed
+      politician. The melons in your country are very fine. Will
+      you have the goodness to send me some seed, both of the water
+      and musk melons?"
+
+Guests were numerous. Gouverneur Morris and General Schuyler were
+often at The Grange. Chancellor Kent, after a visit paid in April,
+1804, wrote to his wife:
+
+      "I went with General Hamilton on Saturday, the 21st, and
+      stayed till Sunday evening. There was a furious and dreadful
+      storm on Saturday night. It blew almost a hurricane. His
+      house stands high, and was much exposed, and I am certain
+      that in the second story, where I slept, it rocked like a
+      cradle. He never appeared before so friendly and amiable. I
+      was alone, and he treated me with a minute attention that I
+      did not suppose he knew how to bestow. His manners were also
+      very delicate and chaste. His daughter, who is nineteen years
+      old, has a very uncommon simplicity and modesty of
+      deportment, and he appeared in his domestic state the plain,
+      modest, and affectionate father and husband."
+
+The ideal life at The Grange continued only until July 13, 1804. That
+morning Hamilton set out as if for the office in the city as usual,
+without informing Mrs. Hamilton of the impending duel with Aaron Burr.
+At noon the wife was at the side of her husband, who died next day.
+
+After his death there were put in her hands two letters. In these he
+told of his purpose to permit his antagonist to shoot him:
+
+      "The scruples of a Christian have determined me to expose my
+      own life to any extent rather than subject myself to the
+      guilt of taking the life of another. This much increases my
+      hazards, and redoubles my pangs for you....
+
+      "If it had been possible for me to have avoided the
+      interview, my love for you and my precious children would
+      have been alone a decisive motive. But it was not possible,
+      without sacrifices which would have rendered me unworthy of
+      your esteem."
+
+Mrs. Hamilton remained at The Grange as long as possible, directing
+the men in the care of the estate and caring for her children. But she
+could not afford to keep a carriage, and the inaccessibleness of the
+estate and the drain it made on her limited purse soon made it
+necessary for her to rent a house in the city.
+
+Though friends proposed the raising of a fund that would care for Mrs.
+Hamilton and the children, it does not seem that there was any relief
+until 1816, when Congress gave to Mrs. Hamilton back pay amounting to
+ten thousand dollars.
+
+After The Grange was sold to pay debts, its career was checkered. Some
+years ago it was moved to the east side of Convent Avenue, and it then
+became the schoolhouse of St. Luke's Episcopal Church.
+
+
+  [Illustration: VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 104]
+
+XXII
+
+THE VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY
+
+AT THE EDGE OF THE MANHATTAN "NEUTRAL GROUND"
+
+In 1699 Jacobus Van Cortlandt bought the first fifty acres of the
+ground now included in Van Cortlandt Park, New York City, and for one
+hundred and ninety years the property remained in the Van Cortlandt
+family. Until fifty-three years before the first of the Van
+Cortlandts acquired it, the Indians were the undisputed possessors of
+the plot.
+
+Adriaen Van der Donck, the first settler to acquire title, lived until
+his death in the _bouwerie_ or farmhouse, which he built on the shore
+of a brook. When Jacobus Van Cortlandt built his _bouwerie_ by the
+side of the same brook, he dammed the water to make a mill-pond, which
+is to-day the beautiful Van Cortlandt lake. There he built a grist
+mill which remained in use until 1889. Early visitors to the lake
+delighted to study the ancient structure to which, during the
+Revolution, both British and patriot soldiers resorted with their
+grain. The mill was struck by lightning and destroyed in 1901.
+
+The third house on the estate was built in 1748 by Frederick the son
+of Jacobus, who acquired by the will of his father the "farm, situate,
+lying, and being in a place commonly called and known by the name of
+Little or Lower Yonkers." This house, which was modelled after the
+Philipse Manor House at Yonkers, is still in a fine state of
+preservation. Since 1897, it has been used as a public museum, in
+charge of the Colonial Dames of the State of New York.
+
+The room fitted up as a museum was occupied by General Washington on
+the occasion of his visit to the house in 1783. This room is also
+pointed out as the scene of the death of Captain Rowe of the Hessian
+jaegers, who was severely wounded near the house. When he realised
+that he could not recover, he sent in haste for the young woman who
+had promised to marry him, and he died in her arms.
+
+Other famous visitors were Rochambeau, Admiral Digby, and William
+Henry, Duke of Clarence, who became King William IV of England.
+Admiral Digby, after his departure, sent to Augustus Van Cortlandt,
+the owner of the house, two wooden vultures, which he had captured
+from a Spanish privateer. These vultures are now in the museum.
+
+The old house was the centre of important military operations during
+the Revolution. Washington fortified eight strategic spots in the
+vicinity of Kingsbridge, and when he withdrew before the British
+occupied the fortification, a number of Hessian jaegers were quartered
+in the Van Cortlandt House. To the north of the house was the neutral
+ground for which the two armies continually struggled for possession.
+In 1781, when Washington was about to withdraw his army to Yorktown,
+he directed that camp-fires be lit on Vault Hill, the site of the Van
+Cortlandt family vault. By this stratagem he succeeded for a time in
+deceiving the enemy as to his movements.
+
+Since the building of the Broadway subway Van Cortlandt Park has been
+so easy of access that the number of visitors to the historic spot has
+rapidly increased.
+
+
+XXIII
+
+THE HASBROUCK HOUSE, NEWBURGH, NEW YORK
+
+WHERE THE CLOSING DRAMA OF THE REVOLUTION WAS STAGED
+
+During the entire period of the Revolution the country about Newburgh
+was an important centre of military operations. West Point was
+fortified in 1776, that the British might not be able to carry out
+their design of separating New England from the middle colonies. Many
+officers had their headquarters within a few miles of these
+fortifications. Lafayette was at the Williams House, three miles north
+of Newburgh, while Generals Green, Gates, and Knox were at Vail's
+Gate, four miles south of the town. General George Clinton was at
+Little Britain, and General Anthony Wayne was in Newburgh.
+
+Washington's first stay in the vicinity was at Vail's Gate, New
+Windsor, in the winter of 1779-80. His longest sojourn, however, was
+in the house which Jonathan Hasbrouck built in 1750 and enlarged in
+1770. The best description of this substantial one-story stone house
+at the time of Washington's residence there is contained in the
+"Memoirs" of Marquis de Chastellux, who was the guest of the
+Commander-in-chief on December 6, 1872:
+
+      "The largest room in it, (which was the proprietor's parlor
+      for his family, and which General Washington has converted
+      into his dining-room) is in truth tolerably spacious, but it
+      has seven doors and only one window. The chimney, or rather
+      the chimney back, is against the wall; so that there is in
+      fact but one vent for the smoke, and the fire is in the room
+      itself. I found the company assembled in a small room, which
+      served by way of parlor. At nine supper was served, and when
+      the hour of bed-time came, I found that the chamber, to which
+      the General conducted me, was the very parlor I speak of,
+      wherein he had made them place a camp bed...."
+
+The records of the months when Washington was an occupant of the old
+Dutch house are among the most interesting of the war. For instance,
+on May 10, 1782, there came tidings of the arrival in New York of Sir
+Guy Carleton, the new British commander, who wrote that he desired to
+tell of the king's idea of a possible peace, and of the attitude of
+the House of Commons. He closed his letter by saying, "If war must
+prevail, I shall endeavor to render its miseries as light to the
+people of this continent as the circumstances of such a condition will
+possibly permit."
+
+Two days earlier Washington wrote a letter to Meschech Weare in which
+he seems to have anticipated and discredited Carleton's word of
+appeal:
+
+      "They are meant to amuse this country with a false idea of
+      peace, to draw us off from our connection with France, and to
+      lull us into a state of security and inactivity, which having
+      taken place, the ministry will be left to prosecute the war
+      in other parts of the world with greater vigor and effect."
+
+In less than two weeks a tempter of an entirely different sort
+approached Washington. Lewis Nicola, colonel of the corps of invalids,
+wrote to tell of the fact that the officers and soldiers were
+discontented because they had not received their pay. Then he
+intimated that he had no hope of the success of republican
+institutions, but thought this country needed a ruler like a king,
+though he might not be called king, owing to the objection to that
+word. Yet he added, "I believe strong arguments might be produced for
+admitting the title of KING, which I conceive would be attended with
+some material advantages."
+
+To this letter Washington sent prompt reply, on May 22, 1782:
+
+      "SIR: With a mixture of great surprise and astonishment, I
+      have read with attention the sentiments you have submitted
+      to my perusal. Be assured, Sir, no occurrence in the course
+      of the war has given me more painful sensations, than your
+      information of there being such ideas existing in the army,
+      as you have expressed, and I must view with abhorrence and
+      reprehend with severity. For the present the Communication of
+      this will rest in my own bosom, unless some further agitation
+      of the matter shall make a disclosure necessary.
+
+      "I am much at a loss to conceive what part of my conduct
+      could have given encouragement to an address, which to me
+      seems big with the greatest mischiefs that can befall my
+      country. If I am not deceived in the knowledge of myself, you
+      could not have found a person to whom your schemes are more
+      disagreeable. At the same time, in justice to my own
+      feelings, I must add that no man possesses a more sincere
+      wish to see ample justice done to the Army than I do, and so
+      far as my power and influence, in a constitutional way,
+      extend, they shall be employed to the utmost of my abilities
+      to effect it, should there be any occasion. Let me conjure
+      you then, if you have any regard for your country, concern
+      for yourself or respect for me, to banish these thoughts from
+      your mind, and never communicate, as from yourself or any one
+      else, a sentiment of the like nature.
+
+      "With esteem I am, sir, Your most obedient servant,
+
+        "GEORGE WASHINGTON."
+
+That Washington desired to be a simple resident on his own estate at
+Mount Vernon instead of king of the new country, was emphasized by a
+letter written on June 15 to Archibald Cary:
+
+      "I can truly say, that the first wish of my soul is to return
+      speedily into the bosom of that country which gave me birth,
+      and, in the sweet enjoyment of domestic happiness and the
+      company of a few friends, to end my days in quiet, when I
+      shall be called from this stage."
+
+There was joy in the village on the banks of the Hudson when, late in
+1782, a letter came from Sir Guy Carleton announcing that negotiations
+for a general peace had already begun in Paris, and that the king had
+decided to propose the independence of the thirteen Provinces "in the
+first instance, instead of granting it as a condition of a general
+treaty."
+
+In the long interval before the receipt of decisive word concerning
+peace, the sagacity of Washington was once more tested severely. There
+was still disaffection among the officers and the men because they had
+not been paid, and because Congress seemed to pay no attention to
+their protests. Washington learned that a call had been issued for a
+meeting of officers to be held in New Windsor to consider taking
+matters into their own hands and forcing Congress to act.
+
+Washington did not hesitate. He asked the officers to meet him in the
+very building in which they had planned to make their plans for
+revolt. Then he appealed to their patriotism, urging them not to put a
+stain on their noble service by hasty action. When he had gone, the
+officers acted in a way that justified the General's confidence.
+Unanimously they promised all that had been asked of them, and voted
+to thank Washington for his method of dealing with them.
+
+On March 19, 1783, four days after this action, Washington
+acknowledged to Congress receipt of word that the preliminary articles
+of peace had been signed on November 30, and on April 18 he ordered
+the cessation of hostilities, in accordance with the proclamation of
+Congress.
+
+The Hasbrouck house was sold by the family to New York State in 1849.
+For twenty-four years, by act of Assembly, the historic quarters were
+cared for by the trustees of the village, and later by the city
+authorities. In May, 1874, trustees appointed by the legislature took
+over the property and have held it ever since, for the benefit of the
+people.
+
+
+
+
+THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH THE PATRIOTS
+
+     _See the ancient manse
+       Meet its fate at last!
+     Time, in his advance,
+       Age nor honor knows;
+     Axe and broadaxe fall,
+       Lopping off the Past:
+     Hit with bar and maul,
+       Down the old house goes!_
+
+     _Sevenscore years it stood;
+       Yes, they built it well,
+     Though they built of wood,
+       When that house arose.
+     For its cross-beams square
+       Oak and walnut fell;
+     Little worse for wear,
+       Down the old house goes!_
+
+     _On these oaken floors
+       High-shoed ladies trod;
+     Through those panelled doors
+       Trailed their furbelows;
+     Long their day has ceased;
+       Now, beneath the sod,
+     With the worms they feast,--
+       Down the old house goes!_
+
+     _Many a bride has stood
+       In yon spacious room;
+     Here her hand was wooed
+       Underneath the rose;
+     O'er that sill the dead
+       Reached the family tomb;
+     All that were have fled,--
+       Down the old house goes!_
+
+     _Once, in yonder hall,
+       Washington, they say,
+     Led the New Year's ball,
+       Stateliest of beaux;
+     O that minuet,
+       Maids and matrons gay!
+     Are there such sights yet?
+       Down the old house goes!_
+
+     _Doorway high the box
+       In the grass-plot spreads;
+     It has borne its locks
+       Through a thousand snows;
+     In an evil day,
+       From those garden beds
+     Now 'tis hacked away,--
+       Down the old house goes!_
+
+       EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN.
+
+
+
+
+THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH THE PATRIOTS
+
+
+  [Illustration: THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY, N. J.
+   _Photo furnished by W. A. Little, D.D., Perth Amboy_
+   See page 115]
+
+XXIV
+
+THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY
+
+THE HOME OF THE SON OF WHOM BENJAMIN FRANKLIN VAINLY TRIED TO MAKE A
+PATRIOT
+
+There was a time when Benjamin Franklin was proud of his son William,
+and was glad to have his name coupled with that of the young man.
+
+The first year of the father's service in the Pennsylvania Assembly
+William was appointed clerk of that body; this fact is mentioned with
+pride in the Autobiography.
+
+When General Braddock was sent from England to America to oppose the
+union of the Colonies for defence, "lest they should thereby grow too
+military and feel their own strength," Franklin was sent by the
+Assembly to Fredericktown, Maryland, to confer with the General. "My
+son accompanied me on the journey," the Autobiography says.
+
+At Braddock's request Franklin advertised at Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
+for one hundred and fifty wagons for the proposed expedition into the
+interior, and at the close of the advertisement was the note, "My son,
+William Franklin, is empowered to enter into like contracts with any
+person in Cumberland County."
+
+Later, when the father was asked to secure financial assistance for
+certain subalterns in Braddock's company, he wrote to the Assembly,
+recommending that a present of necessaries and refreshments be sent to
+those officers. "My son, who had some experience of camp life and of
+its wants, drew up a list for me which I enclos'd in my letter," the
+father wrote.
+
+When, during the French and Indian War, the Governor of Pennsylvania
+asked Franklin to take charge of "our Northwestern frontier which was
+infested by the enemy, and provide for the defence of the inhabitants
+by raising troops and building a line of forts," he went to the front
+with five hundred and sixty men. In the Autobiography he wrote, "My
+son, who had in the preceding war, been an officer in the army rais'd
+against Canada, was my aid-de-camp, and of great use to me."
+
+And in 1771, when beginning his Autobiography, Franklin addressed it
+"Dear Son," and spoke of the trip the two had taken together to
+England, to make "enquiries among the remains of my relations." Then
+he added:
+
+      "Imagining it may be equally agreeable to you to know the
+      circumstances of my life, many of which you are yet
+      unacquainted with, and expecting the enjoyment of a week's
+      uninterrupted leisure in my present country retirement, I sit
+      down to write them for you."
+
+Six years before the beginning of the Autobiography, Franklin, in
+company with six other Philadelphians, entered on a land speculation
+in Nova Scotia. Together they bought two hundred thousand acres of
+land. There they intended to found a colony. Two shiploads of
+emigrants were taken to Monkton, the site of the proposed colony, but
+most of the men settled on other land, finding that this could be had
+practically for nothing. Franklin's will later provided that William
+be given an interest in the Nova Scotia property, and he explained the
+gift by saying that this was "the only part of his estate remaining
+under the sovereignty of the king of Great Britain."
+
+What was the explanation of the father's changed attitude to his son
+that led him to make his bequest in such unpleasant terms?
+
+After William Franklin's return from the frontier, he was appointed
+governor-in-chief of the Province of New Jersey. A mansion was built
+for him in Perth Amboy by the Lord Proprietor. Its construction
+required a somewhat extended time, for it was a grand place; no wonder
+it was called "The Palace." But in 1774 the Governor took possession.
+
+Of course this was not the reason for the breach with his father.
+Again Benjamin Franklin was proud of his son, and of the lavish
+entertainments he made for his associates.
+
+But the father began to shake his head when his son became a favorite
+of the Tories in Perth Amboy who had looked askance on his
+appointment, the year before. He was told that William would himself
+remain a loyalist when the break came with Great Britain, and he was
+compelled to believe that there was serious ground for the charge. He
+decided, however, to make a supreme effort to rouse the Governor to
+the call of patriotism. Accordingly, in 1775, he sought the Palace and
+pleaded with William to forsake his Tory associates, turn his back on
+the king who had turned his back on the Colonies, and become a
+steadfast defender of his country's rights.
+
+What a subject that interview would make for an artist! Opposed to the
+luxury-loving governor, in the house furnished for his satisfaction by
+the Tories with whom he had chosen to ally himself, was the sturdy
+figure of the sage of Pennsylvania, who was ready to lay down his life
+in the defence of his country.
+
+It must have been a stirring interview. But it was fruitless. Benjamin
+Franklin went back to Philadelphia a disappointed man. His feelings
+were expressed in the letter in which he said, "I am deserted by my
+only son."
+
+Within a year Governor Franklin was practically a prisoner in the
+Palace, in consequence of the discovery that he was plotting against
+the Colonies. When he persisted in courses that troubled Congress, he
+was arrested and taken to Burlington. Mrs. Franklin fled to New York,
+and the Palace was at the mercy of the British. On several occasions
+the house was used as headquarters by British generals, and soldiers
+made their encampment on the grounds.
+
+Though the interior of the Palace was destroyed by fire soon after the
+war, the house was restored, and it still looks much as it did when
+Franklin, the patriot, stood within its walls. For years it was used
+as a hotel, and later as a private residence. In 1883 it was made a
+Home for aged ministers of the Presbyterian Church. To-day it is again
+used as a hotel.
+
+
+XXV
+
+THE CHURCH AT CALDWELL, NEW JERSEY
+
+WITH GLIMPSES OF THE FIGHTING CHAPLAIN CALDWELL
+
+The trying days of the Revolution would not seem to be a favorable
+time for the beginning of a church, especially in the section of New
+Jersey which was so often overrun by the soldiers of both armies. Yet
+it was at this critical time that many of the people of Horseneck (now
+Caldwell), New Jersey, near Montclair, were looking forward to the
+organization of a church and the building of a house of worship.
+Timbers were in fact drawn and framed for church purposes, but the war
+interfered with the completion of the project.
+
+The donation, in 1779, of ninety acres of wild land in the centre of
+the settlement gave the prospective congregation new heart. On this
+land a parsonage was begun in 1782. The upper portion of this house,
+unplastered and unceiled, was used for church purposes until 1796.
+
+The final organization of the church dates from December 3, 1784, when
+forty persons signed their names to the following curious agreement:
+
+      "We Whose Names are Under writen Living at the Place called
+      Horse Neck, Being this Day to be Formed or Embodied as a
+      Church of _Jesus Christ_, Do Solemnly Declare that as we do
+      desire to be founded Only on the Rock Christ Jesus, So we
+      would not wish to Build on this foundation, Wood Hay and
+      Stubble, but Gold and Silver and Precious Stones; and as it
+      is our profested Sentiments that a Visible Church of Christ,
+      Consists of Visible Believers with their Children, so no
+      Adult Persons ought to be Admitted as members but such as
+      Credibly profess True Faith in Jesus Christ, Love, Obedience,
+      and Subjection to Him, Holding the Fundamental Doctrines of
+      the Gospel, and who will Solemnly Enter into Covenant to Walk
+      Worthy such an Holy Profession as we do this Day."
+
+The last survivor of those who signed this document was General
+William Gould, who died February 12, 1847, in his ninetieth year.
+During the Revolution he saw much active service, especially at the
+battles of Springfield and Monmouth and the campaigns that preceded
+and followed these conflicts.
+
+But the connection of the church with the Revolution came rather
+through Rev. James Caldwell, who was pastor of the First Presbyterian
+Church of Elizabeth Town. During the early years of the struggling
+congregation he was their adviser and helper, and after his death the
+name of the church was changed to Caldwell, in his honor.
+
+Mr. Caldwell--who had among his parishioners in Elizabeth Town William
+Livingston, the Governor of the State, Elias Boudinot, Commissary
+General of Prisons and President of Congress, Abraham Clark, one of
+the signers of the Declaration of Independence, as well as more than
+forty commissioned officers of the Continental Army--was one of the
+famous chaplains of the war, having been chosen in 1776 chaplain of
+the regiment largely made up of his own members. Later he was
+Assistant Commissary General.
+
+The British called him the "Fighting Chaplain," and he was cordially
+hated because of his zeal for the cause of the patriots. His life was
+always in danger, and when he was able to spend a Sunday with his
+congregation he would preach with his cavalry pistols on the pulpit,
+while sentinels were stationed at the doors to give warning.
+
+The enmity of the British led to the burning of the chaplain's church,
+and the murder, a few months later, of Mrs. Caldwell. While she was
+sitting in a rear room at the house at Connecticutt Farms, where she
+had been sent for safety, surrounded by her children, a soldier thrust
+his musket through the window and fired at her.
+
+Mr. Caldwell survived the war, in spite of the efforts of the British
+to capture him, only to be murdered on November 24, 1781, by a
+Continental soldier who was thought to have been bribed by those whose
+enmity the chaplain had earned during the conflict.
+
+The Elizabeth Town congregation succeeded in rebuilding their church
+five years after it was destroyed, but the delayed Caldwell church
+building was not ready for its occupants until 1795. The timbers for
+the church were hewed in the forest where the trees were felled and
+were drawn by oxen to the site selected. Forty men worked several days
+to raise the frame. Lime was made from sea shells, which were hauled
+from Bergen, and then burned in a kiln erected near the church lot.
+
+The interior of the building was plain. The pulpit, "about the size of
+a hogshead," was built on a single pillar, against the wall; above
+this was a sounding board. The windows had neither blinds nor
+curtains, and nothing was painted but the pulpit. The backs of the
+pews were exactly perpendicular. Provision was made regularly for the
+purchase of sand to freshen the floors. This building was burned in
+1872.
+
+The first pastor, Rev. Stephen Grover, received as salary one hundred
+and fifty dollars a year, though this sum was to be increased ten
+dollars a year until the total was two hundred and fifty dollars. Of
+course the use of the parsonage and land was given in addition.
+
+Mr. Grover was pastor for forty-six years, and his successor was Rev.
+Richard F. Cleveland, to whose son, born in the old manse at
+Caldwell,--which was purchased in 1912 by the Grover Cleveland
+Birthplace Memorial Association,--was given the name Stephen Grover,
+in memory of the first pastor of the church. Forty-seven years later
+Stephen Grover Cleveland became President of the United States.
+
+For the first ten months of its history the Caldwell church was
+Presbyterian, then it became Congregational, but since 1831 it has
+been a Presbyterian body.
+
+
+  [Illustration: OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD, N. J.
+   _Photo by Hall's Studio, Freehold_
+   See page 122]
+
+XXVI
+
+OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD, NEW JERSEY
+
+ON THE BATTLE FIELD OF MONMOUTH
+
+One of the bas-reliefs on the monument commemorating the decisive
+Battle of Monmouth, which has been called the turning-point of the War
+for Independence, represents the famous Molly Pitcher as she took the
+place at the gun of her disabled husband. In the background of the
+relief is the roof and steeple of Old Tennent, the church near which
+the battle raged all day long.
+
+Tennent Presbyterian Church was organized about 1692. The first
+building was probably built of logs. The second structure, more
+ambitious, was planned in 1730. Twenty years later a third structure
+was demanded by the growing congregation. This building, which was
+twenty-seven years old at the time of the battle of Monmouth, is still
+standing.
+
+The plan called for a building sixty feet long and forty feet wide.
+The present pastor of the church, Rev. Frank R. Symmes, in his story
+of the church, says of the building:
+
+      "The sides were sheathed with long cedar shingles, and
+      fastened with nails patiently wrought out on an anvil, and
+      the interior was finished with beaded and panelled Jersey
+      pine.... The pulpit ... is placed on the north side of the
+      room, against the wall, with narrow stairs leading up to it,
+      closed in with a door. The Bible desk is nine feet above the
+      audience floor, with a great sounding board overhanging the
+      whole.... Below the main pulpit a second desk or sub-pulpit
+      is built, where the precentor used to stand.... The galleries
+      extend along three sides of the room."
+
+Among the early pastors of the church were Rev. John Tennent and his
+brother, Rev. William Tennent, members of a family famous in the early
+history of the Presbyterian Church in New Jersey. In consequence of
+their forty-seven years of service the church became known as "Old
+Tennent."
+
+The story of the marriage of Rev. William Tennent is a tradition in
+the congregation. In spite of his salary of about one hundred pounds,
+and the use of the parsonage farm, he became financially embarrassed.
+A friend from New York who visited him when he was thirty-three years
+old told him he ought to marry and suggested a widow of his
+acquaintance. Mr. Tennent agreed to the proposition that he go to New
+York in company with his friend, and see if matters could not be
+arranged. So, before noon next day, he was introduced to Mrs. Noble.
+"He was much pleased with her appearance," the story goes on, "and
+when left alone with her, abruptly told her that he supposed her
+brother had informed her of his errand; that neither his time nor his
+inclination would suffer him to use much ceremony, but that if she
+approved ... he would return on Monday, be married, and immediately
+take her home." Thus in one week she found herself mistress of his
+house. She proved a most invaluable treasure to him.
+
+The year after the death of Mr. Tennent, on Sunday, June 28, 1778,
+General Washington, at the head of about six thousand men, hurried by
+Old Tennent. That morning he had been at Englishtown where the sound of
+cannon told him his advance forces under General Lee were battling with
+the British. Washington was about one hundred yards beyond the church
+door when he met the first straggler who told him that Lee had
+retreated before the British. A little further on the Commander-in-chief
+met Lee. After rebuking him sharply he hastened forward, and rallied
+the retreating Continentals. The renewed battle continued until
+evening when the British were driven back to a defensive position.
+During the night they retired, to the surprise of Washington, who
+hoped to renew the battle in the morning. The victory snatched from
+defeat in this, one of the most stubbornly contested and longest
+battles of the war, gave new courage to the Colonies.
+
+During the battle wounded soldiers were carried to the church, where
+members of the congregation tended them, in what could not have been a
+very secure refuge, since musket balls pierced the walls. An exhausted
+American soldier, while trying to make his way to the building, sat
+for rest on the grave of Sarah Mattison. While he was there a cannon
+ball wounded him and broke off a piece of the headstone. Watchers
+carried him into the church where he was laid on one of the pews. The
+stains of blood are still to be seen on the board seat, while the
+marks of his hands were visible on the book-rest of the pew until the
+wood was grained.
+
+A tablet has been placed on the front wall of the church with this
+message:
+
+                        1778-1901
+                In Grateful Remembrance
+       of Patriots Who, on Sabbath June 28, 1778,
+     Gained the Victory Which Was the Turning Point
+               Of the War for Independence,
+              And to Mark a Memorable Spot on
+                The Battlefield of Monmouth,
+         This Tablet is placed by Monmouth Chapter
+           Daughters of the American Revolution
+                    September 26, 1901.
+
+Not far from the church is the monument commemorating the battle
+itself. Spirited bronze reliefs on this tell the story of some of the
+picturesque incidents of the memorable struggle.
+
+
+XXVII
+
+THE FORD MANSION, MORRISTOWN, NEW JERSEY
+
+FROM WHICH ALEXANDER HAMILTON WENT COURTING
+
+New Jersey, which was the scene of so many battles during the
+Revolution, was also the scene of what was perhaps Washington's
+pleasantest winter during the war. From December, 1799, to June, 1780,
+the Commander-in-chief lived at the Ford Mansion with his "family," as
+he was fond of calling Mrs. Washington and his aides.
+
+During these months he was busily engaged in making plans for the
+later successful conduct of the war, yet he took time for those social
+relaxations which were a needed relief from the anxious strain of the
+long conflict.
+
+Among those who helped to make that winter memorable were Surgeon
+General John Cochrane and Mrs. Cochrane, who occupied the Campfield
+House close by, and General and Mrs. Philip Schuyler, who had come
+down from Albany for a season at headquarters. Mrs. Schuyler and Mrs.
+Cochrane were sisters. Elizabeth Schuyler had come in advance of her
+parents, and for a time was a guest at the Campfield House.
+
+Visitors from France were arriving from time to time, bringing word of
+the alliance that was to mean so much to the Colonies, and conferring
+as to methods of cooperation.
+
+In one wing of the Ford Mansion lived Mrs. Ford and her son Timothy.
+In the rooms set apart for the use of Washington's family eighteen
+people were crowded. Two of these were Alexander Hamilton and Tench
+Tilghman, both members of the General's staff.
+
+Though Mrs. Washington delighted to put on style, on occasion, she
+could also be plain and simple. There had been times during the war
+when she was not ashamed to drive to headquarters in a coach and four.
+But sometimes at Morristown she was in a different mood--as, for
+instance, one day when a number of the ladies of the neighborhood,
+dressed in their best, called to pay their respects to her. To their
+surprise they found her sitting in a speckled apron, knitting
+stockings. If they were ill at ease at first, their state of mind can
+be imagined when their hostess began to talk to them of the need of
+care in their expenditures for their country's sake. After telling
+them of a dress she had made out of the carefully unravelled
+upholstery of a set of chairs, she completed their consternation by
+saying:
+
+      "American ladies should be patterns of industry to their
+      countrywomen, because the separation from the mother-country
+      will dry up the source whence many of our comforts have been
+      derived. We must become independent by our determination to
+      do without what we cannot make ourselves. While our husbands
+      and brothers are examples of patriotism, we must be examples
+      of thrift and economy."
+
+The coming of Elizabeth Schuyler to the Campfield House was the signal
+for a spirited contest for her favor between two of Washington's
+aides. Both Hamilton and Tilghman had met her at her father's house in
+Albany, and both called on her. But Hamilton soon distanced his
+comrade in the race for her favor. It was not long until everybody was
+watching developments. Both of the young people were favorites. It is
+related that even a young soldier on sentry duty late one night was
+persuaded to a breach of military rules by his interest in Hamilton's
+courtship. That night the lover was on his way home after spending an
+evening with his Betsey. Evidently the young man had been thinking of
+anything but the countersign, for when he was halted and asked to give
+the countersign words he cudgelled his brain in vain. Then he
+whispered to the sentry, "Tell me!" And the sentry did tell. Whereupon
+Hamilton drew himself up before the soldier, gravely gave the
+countersign, and passed on to his quarters.
+
+There was no time for long courtship in those days of quick movements
+in military circles. So, before long, Hamilton was writing to
+Elizabeth Schuyler such cheering letters as the following:
+
+      "I would not have you imagine, Miss, that I write you so
+      often to gratify your wishes or please your vanity, but
+      merely to indulge myself, and to comply with that restless
+      property of my mind which will not be happy unless I am doing
+      something, in which you are concerned. This may seem a very
+      idle disposition in a philosopher and a soldier; but I can
+      plead illustrious examples in my justification. Achilles
+      liked to have sacrificed Greece and his glory for a female
+      captive; and Anthony lost the world for a woman. I am very
+      sorry times are so changed as to oblige me to go to antiquity
+      for my apology, but I confess to the disgrace of the present
+      that I have not been able to find as many who are as far gone
+      as myself in their laudable zeal of the fair sex. I suspect,
+      however, that if others knew the charms of my sweetheart as
+      well as I do, I should have a great number of competitors. I
+      wish I could give you an idea of her. You have no conception
+      of how sweet a girl she is. It is only in my heart that her
+      image is truly drawn. She has a comely form, and a mind still
+      more lovely; she is all goodness, the gentlest, the dearest,
+      the tenderest of her sex. Oh, Betsey, how I love her!"
+
+Who could withstand such a lover? Elizabeth Schuyler did not, and her
+father commended her judgment. For he wrote to Hamilton:
+
+      "You cannot, my dear sir, be more happy at the connexion you
+      have made with my family than I am. Until the child of a
+      parent has made a judicious choice, his heart is in critical
+      anxiety; but this anxiety was removed the moment I discovered
+      on whom she had placed her affection. I am pleased with every
+      instance of delicacy in those who are dear to me; and I think
+      I read your soul on that occasion you mention. I shall
+      therefore only entreat you to consider me as one who wishes
+      in every way to promote your happiness, and I shall."
+
+The young people were married at the Schuyler homestead in Albany on
+December 14, 1780.
+
+To-day the Ford Mansion where Hamilton dreamed of a conquest in which
+the British had no part is owned by the Washington Association of New
+Jersey, and is open to visitors. The Campfield House is to be found on
+a side street; it has been moved from its original site.
+
+
+  [Illustration: NASSAU HALL AND THE FIRST PRESIDENT'S HOUSE,
+   _Photo by R. H. Rose and Son, Princeton_ PRINCETON, N. J.
+   See page 130]
+
+XXVIII
+
+NASSAU HALL, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
+
+WHERE THE CONGRESS OF 1783 MET FOR FIVE MONTHS
+
+Where the College of New Jersey, as Princeton University was
+officially known until 1896, erected its first building at Princeton,
+the far-sighted trustees arranged what was long ago the largest stone
+structure in the Colonies. The records of early travellers on the road
+between Philadelphia and New York tell of their amazement at the
+wonderful building.
+
+In 1756 the college abandoned its rooms in the First Presbyterian
+Church of Newark, New Jersey, and occupied the ambitious quarters in
+Princeton, which had cost about L2,900.
+
+Originally the halls extended from end to end of Nassau Hall, a
+distance of one hundred and seventy-five feet. These long, brick-paved
+halls afforded students inclined to mischief wonderful opportunity to
+make life miserable for the tutors who were charged with their
+oversight. "Rolling heated cannon balls, to tempt zealous but unwary
+tutors, was a perennial joy," writes Varnum Lansing Collins, in his
+book, "Princeton." Then he adds the statement that at a later epoch
+there were wild scenes, "when a jackass or a calf was dragged
+rebelliously up the narrow iron staircase, to be pitted in frenzied
+races with the model locomotive purloined from the college museum."
+
+There was no provision for lighting the long halls, so the rollicking
+students were accustomed to fix candles to the walls with handfuls of
+mud. When a tutor was heard approaching, the candles would be blown
+out and he would be foiled in his attempt to identify the offenders.
+Sometimes barricades of cordwood were built hastily on the stairs or
+across the entrance to one of the halls.
+
+In vain the authorities tried to correct these abuses by the passage
+of strict regulations. "No jumping or hollowing or any boisterous
+Noise shall be suffered, nor walking in the gallery in the time of
+Study," was a regulation which could be made known far more easily
+than it could be enforced. Lest there be breaches of decorum inside
+the rooms, tutors were directed to make at least three trips a day to
+the quarters of the students, to see that they were "diligent at the
+proper Business." They were to announce their coming to a room "by a
+stamp, which signal no scholar shall imitate on penalty of five
+shillings." Should the occupant of the room refuse to open the door,
+the tutor had authority to break in. At a later date, students in
+Nassau Hall liked to have double doors to their rooms, so that the
+obnoxious tutor might be hindered in his efforts to force an entrance,
+long enough to give them opportunity to hide all evidence of
+wrongdoing.
+
+In 1760 a code of "orders and customs" was issued by the authority of
+President Aaron Burr. One of the most astounding directions in this
+code was that "Every Freshman sent on an errand shall go and do it
+faithfully and make quick return." Other rules, as indicated in Mr.
+Collins' book, concerned deportment, and demanded constant deference
+to superiors. "Students are to keep their hats off 'about ten rods to
+the President and about five to the tutors;' they must 'rise up and
+make obeisance' when the President enters or leaves the prayer hall,
+and when he mounts into the pulpit on Sundays. When walking with a
+superior, an inferior 'shall give him the highest place.' When first
+coming into the presence of a superior, or speaking to him, inferiors
+'shall respect by pulling their Hats;' if overtaking or meeting a
+superior on the stairs, he 'shall stop, giving him the banister side;'
+when entering a superior's, 'or even an equal's' room, they must
+knock; if called or spoken to by a superior, they must 'give a direct,
+pertinent answer concluding with sir;' they are to treat strangers and
+townspeople 'with all proper complaisance and good manners;' and they
+are forbidden to address any one by a nickname."
+
+Evidently rules like these helped to make good patriots, for Princeton
+students were among the most sturdy adherents of the Colonists' cause.
+In September, 1770, the entire graduating class wore American cloth,
+as a protest against Great Britain's unjust taxation measures.
+
+In January, 1774, the students broke into the college storeroom and
+carried the winter's supply of tea to a bonfire in front of Nassau
+Hall. While the tea burned the college bell tolled and the
+students--in the words written home to a parent by one of them--made
+"many spirited resolves."
+
+The spirited students were jubilant on the evening of July 9, 1776,
+when the news of the Declaration of Independence was read in
+Princeton. Nassau Hall was illuminated and the whole town rejoiced
+that President Witherspoon, as a member of the Continental Congress,
+had been a signer of the document.
+
+In November, 1776, the students who had not enlisted in the army were
+sent from the town just in time to escape the British, who took
+possession of the building and used it as barracks and hospital. Early
+in the morning of January 3, 1777, the British held the building.
+After the battle Washington's troops took possession, but abandoned it
+almost at once. At evening the British were once more in control. Soon
+they hurried on to New Brunswick. The next occupants were the soldiers
+of General Putnam, who found room here for a hospital, a barracks, and
+a military prison. They found that during the battle of Princeton a
+round shot had struck the portrait of George II in the prayer hall.
+
+After the British left Princeton College classes were continued in the
+President's house, and it was 1782 before a serious attempt was made
+to reoccupy Nassau Hall, which was found to be "mostly bare partition
+walls and heaps of fallen plaster."
+
+A year later, when temporary repairs had been made, the Continental
+Congress, which had been besieged by a company of troops who were
+insistent in their demands for overdue pay, made its way to Princeton.
+From June to November the sessions were held in Nassau Hall.
+Commencement day came during the sessions and Congress sat, with
+Washington, on the platform. On that occasion Washington gave fifty
+pounds to the college. This sum was paid to Charles Wilson Peale for a
+portrait of the donor, which was placed in the frame from which the
+portrait of George II had been shot more than seven years before.
+
+Congress was still in session at Nassau Hall when, in October, the
+first authentic news came of the signing of the Definitive Treaty of
+Peace with Great Britain.
+
+A few weeks later the college was left to its sedate ways. Never
+since then has it witnessed such stirring events. But the experiences
+of the years from 1776 to 1784 had made Nassau Hall one of the
+nation's picturesque monuments.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MORVEN, PRINCETON, N. J.
+   _Photo by R. H. Rose and Son, Princeton_
+   See page 134]
+
+XXIX
+
+THREE HISTORIC HOUSES AT PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
+
+MORVEN, THE MERCER HOUSE, AND WASHINGTON'S ROCKY HILL HEADQUARTERS
+
+      "Sollemnity & Distress appeared almost on every countenance,
+      several students that had come 5 & 600 miles & just got
+      letters in college were now obliged under every disadvantage
+      to retire with their effects, or leave them behind, which
+      several through the impossibility of getting a carriage at so
+      Confused a time were glad to do, & lose them all, as all
+      hopes of continuing longer in peace at Nassau were now taken
+      away I began to look out for some place where I might pursue
+      my studies & as Mr. G. Johnson had spoke to me to teach his
+      son I accordingly went there & agreed to stay with him till
+      spring."
+
+So wrote John Clark, one of the students at the College of New Jersey,
+who, in 1776, was dismayed by the threatened approach of Cornwallis
+and his army. He was able to remove his effects in ample time, for he
+had only a "Trunk & Desk." But there were others in the peaceful
+village who were not so fortunate. One of them was Mrs. Richard
+Stockton of Morven, a beautiful home still standing not far from the
+college campus. The activity of her husband in the interests of the
+Colonies had angered the British, and they were not slow to take
+advantage of the absence of the family by pillaging the mansion and
+destroying many things it contained. Fortunately Mrs. Stockton, before
+leaving hurriedly for Freehold, had buried the family silver, and this
+was not discovered, though Cornwallis and his officers occupied the
+house as headquarters.
+
+Probably, while they were here, they talked gleefully of what they
+called the collapse of the war. They felt so sure that the war was
+over that Cornwallis was already planning to return to England.
+
+Then came the surprise at Trenton, when nearly a thousand Hessians of
+a total force of twelve hundred were captured.
+
+Immediately Cornwallis, who had returned to New York, hastened back to
+Princeton, where he left three regiments and a company of cavalry.
+Then he hurried on to Trenton. On the way he was harassed by
+Washington's outposts, and the main force of the General delayed his
+entrance into the town until nightfall. He expected to renew the
+attack next morning, but during the night Washington stole away toward
+Princeton. Within two miles of Princeton the force of General Mercer
+encountered the reserve troops of Cornwallis, which were on their way
+to their commander's assistance. Washington, hearing the sound of the
+conflict that followed, hastened to the field in time to rally the
+forces of Mercer, who had been wounded. The day was saved, but General
+Mercer was lost; he died in the farmhouse on the battle field to which
+he was carried. To this day visitors are shown the stain made on the
+floor by the blood of the dying man. Those who express doubt as to
+the stain are not welcomed.
+
+Alfred Noyes has written of this conflict which meant more to the
+struggling Colonies than some historians have indicated. The reference
+in the first line of the second stanza is to the tigers that crouch at
+the entrance of Nassau Hall in Princeton:
+
+     _"Here Freedom stood by slaughtered friend and foe,
+         And, ere the wrath paled or that sunset died,
+       Looked through the ages; then, with eyes aglow,
+         Laid them to wait that future, side by side._
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "The dark bronze tigers crouch on either side
+       Where redcoats used to pass;
+     And round the bird-loved house where Mercer died,
+       And violets dusk the grass,
+     By Stony Brook that ran so red of old,
+       But sings of friendship now,
+     To feed the old enemy's harvest fifty-fold
+       The green earth takes the plow.
+
+     "Through this May night, if one great ghost should stray
+       With deep remembering eyes,
+     Where that old meadow of battle smiles away
+       Its blood-stained memories,
+     If Washington should walk, where friend and foe
+       Sleep and forget the past,
+     Be sure his unquenched heart would leap to know
+       Their souls are linked at last."
+
+After the battle came happier days for Princeton. Morven was restored,
+and Washington was frequently an honored guest within the walls, as
+have been many of his successors in the White House.
+
+More than six years after the memorable battle of Princeton, another
+house in the neighborhood received him. When Congress convened in
+Nassau Hall, it rented for Washington the Rocky Hill House, five miles
+from the village, which was occupied by John Berrian, Associate
+Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. This house, which was
+suitably furnished for the General, was the last headquarters of the
+Revolution.
+
+While at the Berrian house, Washington sat to William Dunlap for his
+portrait. In his "Arts of Design" the artist, who at the time of which
+he wrote was eighteen years old, said:
+
+      "My visits are now frequent to headquarters. The only
+      military in the neighborhood were the general's suite and a
+      corporal's guard whose tents were on the green before the
+      Berrian House, and the captain's marquee nearly in front. The
+      soldiers were New England yeomen's sons, none older than
+      twenty.... I was quite at home in every respect at
+      headquarters; to breakfast and dine day after day with the
+      general and Mrs. Washington and members of Congress."
+
+It was Washington's custom to ride to Princeton, mounted on a small
+roan horse. The saddle was "old and crooked, with a short deep blue
+saddle cloth flowered, with buff cloth at the edge, buckskin seat, the
+cloth most below the skirt of the saddle at the side, double skirts,
+crupper, surcingle, and breast straps, double belted steel bridle and
+plated stirrup."
+
+The real closing scene in the Revolution was Washington's farewell
+address to the army, which he wrote in the southwest room of the
+second story. On Sunday, November 2, from the second-story balcony, he
+read this to the soldiers. Two days later orders of discharge were
+issued to most of them.
+
+Fortunately the Berrian House has become the property of "The
+Washington Headquarters Association of Rocky Hill," and is open to the
+patriotic pilgrim.
+
+
+XXX
+
+THE SPRINGFIELD MEETING HOUSE, NEW JERSEY
+
+WHOSE PSALM BOOKS FURNISHED WADDING FOR THE CONTINENTAL GUNS
+
+"One pint of spring water when demanded on the premises" was the
+strange payment stipulated by the donor of one hundred acres of land
+given in 1751 to the trustees of the First Presbyterian Church in
+Springfield, New Jersey, to be for the use of the minister of the
+parish. The church records do not state that the rent has been paid
+regularly, but they do state that the woodland enabled them for many
+years to furnish the free firewood that was a part of the support
+promised to every one of the early pastors.
+
+The first building occupied by the church was completed in 1746.
+Fifteen years later the second building was first occupied, and it
+continued to be the centre of the community's religious life until
+November, 1778, when it was needed for military stores. The church was
+gladly given up to the army, and services were held in the garret of
+the parsonage.
+
+The British under General Knyphausen, determined to drive Washington
+and his men from the New Jersey hills and to destroy his supplies,
+marched from Elizabeth Town on June 23, 1780. There were five thousand
+men, with fifteen or twenty pieces of artillery, in the expedition. A
+few miles away, near Springfield, was a small company of patriots,
+poorly equipped but ready to die in the defence of their country.
+
+Warning of the approach of the enemy was given to the Continentals by
+the firing of the eighteen-pounder signal gun on Prospect Hill; twelve
+Continentals stationed at the Cross Roads, after firing on the enemy,
+had hurried to the hill. After firing the gun they lighted the tar
+barrel on the signal pole.
+
+Instantly the members of the militia dropped their scythes, seized
+their muskets, and hurried to quarters. "There were no feathers in
+their caps, no gilt buttons on their home-spun coats, nor flashing
+bayonets on their old fowling pieces," the pastor of Springfield
+church said in 1880, on the one hundredth anniversary of the skirmish
+that followed, "but there was in their hearts the resolute purpose to
+defend their homes and their liberty at the price of their lives."
+
+The sturdy farmers joined forces with the regular soldiers. For a time
+the battle was fierce. The enemy were soon compelled to retreat, but
+not before they had burned the village, including the church. Chaplain
+James Caldwell was in the hottest of the fight. "Seeing the fire of
+one of the companies slacking for want of wadding, he galloped to the
+Presbyterian meeting house nearby, and rushing in, ran from pew to
+pew, filling his arms with hymn books," wrote Headley, in "Chaplains
+and Clergy of the Revolution." "Hastening back with them into the
+battle, he scattered them about in every direction, saying as he
+pitched one here and another there, 'Now put Watts into them, boys.'
+With a laugh and a cheer they pulled out the leaves, and ramming home
+the charge did give the British Watts with a will."
+
+The story has been attractively told by Bret Harte:
+
+     "... Stay one moment; you've heard
+     Of Caldwell, the parson, who once preached the Word
+     Down at Springfield? What, no? Come--that's bad; why, he had
+     All the Jerseys aflame! And they gave him the name
+     Of the 'rebel high priest.' He stuck in their gorge,
+     For he loved the Lord God--and he hated King George!
+
+     "He had cause, you might say! When the Hessians that day
+     Marched up with Knyphausen, they stopped on their way
+     At the 'farm,' where his wife, with a child in her arms,
+     Sat alone in the house. How it happened none knew
+     But God--and that one of the hireling crew
+     Who fired the shot! Enough!--there she lay,
+     And Caldwell, the chaplain, her husband, away!
+
+     "Did he preach--did he pray? Think of him as you stand
+     By the old church to-day--think of him and his band
+     Of military ploughboys! See the smoke and the heat
+     Of that reckless advance, of that straggling retreat!
+     Keep the ghost of that wife, foully slain, in your view--
+     And what could you, what should you, what would you do?
+
+     "Why, just what he did! They were left in the lurch
+     For the want of more wadding. He ran to the church,
+     Broke down the door, stripped the pews, and dashed out in the road
+     With his arms full of hymn-books, and threw down his load
+     At their feet! Then above all the shouting and shots
+     Rang his voice, 'Put Watts into 'em! Boys, give 'em
+     Watts.'
+
+     "And they did. That is all. Grasses spring, flowers blow
+      Pretty much as they did ninety-three years ago.
+      You may dig anywhere and you'll turn up a ball--
+      But not always a hero like this--and that's all."
+
+The battle of Springfield is not named among the important battles of
+the Revolution, but it had a special meaning to the people of all that
+region, for it taught them that the enemy, who had been harassing them
+for months, was not invulnerable. From that day they took fresh
+courage, and their courage increased when they realized that the
+British would not come again to trouble them.
+
+After the burning of the Springfield church, the pastor, Rev. Jacob
+Vanarsdal, gathered his people in the barn of the parsonage. Later the
+building was ceiled and galleries were built.
+
+For ten years the barn was the home of the congregation, but in 1791
+the building was erected which is in use to-day.
+
+
+
+
+FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE
+
+     _In that delightful land which is washed by the Delaware's waters,
+     Guarding in sylvan shades the name of Penn the apostle,
+     Stands on the banks of its beautiful stream the city he founded.
+     There all the air is balm, and the peach is the emblem of beauty,
+     And the streets still re-echo the names of the trees of the forest,
+     As if they fain would appease the Dryads whose haunts they molested.
+     There from the troubled sea had Evangeline landed, an exile,
+     Finding among the children of Penn a home and a country.
+     There old Rene Leblanc had died; and when he departed,
+     Saw at his side only one of all his hundred descendants.
+     Something at least there was in the friendly streets of the city,
+     Something that spake to her heart, and made her no longer a stranger;
+     And her ear was pleased with the Thee and Thou of the Quakers,
+     For it recalled the past, the old Acadian country,
+     Where all men were equal, and all were brothers and sisters._
+
+       HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW.
+
+
+
+
+FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE
+
+
+  [Illustration: LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 145]
+
+XXXI
+
+THE LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA
+
+WILLIAM PENN'S FIRST AMERICAN HOME
+
+When William Penn, English Quaker, met Guli Springett, he fell in love
+with her at once. In 1672 they were married.
+
+Ten years later when, as Proprietor of Pennsylvania, Penn was about to
+sail in the _Welcome_ for America, he wrote a letter of which the
+following is a portion:
+
+      "My dear wife and children, my love, which neither sea, nor
+      land, nor death itself, can extinguish or lessen toward you,
+      most tenderly visits you with eternal embraces and will abide
+      with you for ever.... My dear wife, remember thou wast the
+      love of my youth and the joy of my life, the most beloved as
+      well as the most worthy of all my earthly comfort, and the
+      reason of that love were more thy inward than thy outward
+      excellencies, which were yet many. God knows, and thou
+      knowest it, that it was a match of Providence's making, and
+      God's image in us both was the first thing and the most
+      amiable and engaging ornament in our eyes. Now I am to leave
+      thee, and that without knowing whether I shall ever see thee
+      more in this world."
+
+Penn landed at New Castle, Delaware, in October, 1682. He had already
+sent forward the plot of his new country village; his cousin,
+Lieutenant Governor Markham, had come to America in 1681, bringing
+with him instructions for the beginning of the settlement. On this
+plot there was evidence of his thought for his wife and his daughter
+Letitia; two lots were set apart for the family, on one of which he
+planned to build, while the other he designed for Letitia.
+
+When he reached America, he found that, by some mistake, Letitia's lot
+had been given to the Friends for a meeting house. He was vexed, but
+nothing could be done. So he decided that the lot reserved for his own
+use should be made over to her. He did not carry out his purpose for
+some time, however.
+
+For a time Penn remained at Upland (now Chester), but in 1684, he went
+to Philadelphia to oversee the erection of the houses for the
+settlers. His own house he built on a large plot facing the Delaware
+River and south of what is now Market Street. The house was of brick,
+which was probably made nearby, though many of the interior fittings
+had been brought from England in the _John and Sarah_ in 1681. It was
+the first brick house in the new settlement, the first house which had
+a cellar, and was built in accordance with the request the Proprietor
+had made:
+
+      "Let every house be placed, if the person pleases, in the
+      middle of the plat, as to breadth way of it, that so there
+      may be ground on each side for garden or orchard, or fields,
+      that it may be a green country town, which will never be
+      burnt and always wholesome."
+
+For a few months the Quaker kept bachelor's hall in his new house.
+Then he went to England, intending to return before long. Before his
+departure he arranged that the house should be used in the public
+service. Probably it was the gathering place for the Provincial
+Council for many years. Thus it was the first state house of
+Pennsylvania.
+
+During the fourteen years' stay in England many misfortunes came to
+Penn. He was accused of treason, and his title to the American lands
+was taken away from him. Later he was acquitted, and his lands were
+returned.
+
+In 1692 Guli Penn died, and in 1696 Penn married Hannah Callowhill. In
+1699, when he returned to America, he brought with him his wife and
+Letitia, who was then about twenty-five years old.
+
+Evidently the old house was not good enough for the ladies of the
+family. At any rate they occupied for a time the "slate-roof house,"
+one of the most pretentious buildings in the Colony. When the manor,
+Pennsbury, twenty miles up the Delaware, was completed, the family was
+taken there. Great style was maintained at the country estate in the
+woods. The house had cost L5,000, and was "the most imposing house
+between the Hudson and Potomac rivers."
+
+The Philadelphia house was transferred to Letitia on "the 29th of the
+1st month 1701." At once extravagant Letitia tried to dispose of it.
+She succeeded in selling a portion of the generous lot, but it was
+some years before she was able to sell the whole.
+
+In the meantime the Proprietor felt that he must return to England
+because of the threat of Parliament to change the government of the
+American Colonies. Mrs. Penn and Letitia, who did not like America,
+pleaded to go with him. He thought he would be returning soon, and he
+urged them to remain. They insisted. In a letter to James Logan he
+wrote: "I cannot prevail on my wife to stay, and still less with
+_Tish_. I know not what to do." Later he wrote: "The going of my wife
+and Tish will add greatly to the expense.... But they will not be
+denied."
+
+In 1702 Letitia married William Aubrey, who had all of Penn's keenness
+and none of his genial qualities. Almost from the day of the marriage
+both husband and wife pestered Penn for money. Aubrey insisted on a
+prompt payment of his wife's marriage portion. His father-in-law was
+already beginning to feel the grip of financial embarrassment that
+later brought him to the verge of bankruptcy, but, on this occasion as
+well as later, he felt compelled to yield to the insistent demands of
+the grasping Aubrey.
+
+The only members of the Penn family who ever returned to America were
+the children of the second wife, to whom most of the property
+descended.
+
+The Letitia Penn House, as it came to be known, fell on evil days. It
+was an eating house in 1800, and in 1824 it was the Rising Sun Inn.
+Later it was called the Woolpack Hotel.
+
+In 1882 funds were raised by public subscription, and the venerable
+house was taken down and rebuilt in Fairmount Park. Visitors who enter
+the city by the Pennsylvania Railroad from New York City may easily
+see it from a right-hand car window, for it is the only house in the
+corner of the park on the west side of the river.
+
+
+XXXII
+
+CARPENTERS' HALL, PHILADELPHIA
+
+CALLED BY BENSON J. LOSSING "THE TEMPLE OF FREEDOM"
+
+Philadelphia was but forty-two years old when a number of builders in
+the growing town decided to have a guild like the journeymen's guilds
+of London. Accordingly they formed, in 1724, "The Carpenters' Company
+of the City and County of Philadelphia," whose object should be "to
+obtain instruction in the science of architecture; to assist such of
+the members, or the widows and children of members, as should be by
+accident in need of support," as well as "the adoption of such a
+system of measurements and prices that every one concerned in a
+building may have the value of his money, and every workman the worth
+of his labor."
+
+At first the meetings were held here and there, probably in taverns.
+In 1768 the Company decided to build a home. A lot was secured on
+Chestnut Street, between Third and Fourth streets, for which an annual
+ground rent of "176 Spanish milled pieces of eight" was to be paid.
+The sum of three hundred pounds necessary to begin operations was
+subscribed in about a week.
+
+The Company's annual meeting of January 21, 1771, was held within the
+walls, though the building was not entirely completed until 1792.
+
+Three years after the opening of the hall came the first event that
+linked the building with the history of America. A general meeting of
+the people of Philadelphia was held here to protest against the
+failure of Governor Penn to convene the Assembly of the Colony. A
+committee of three was appointed to wait on the Speaker and ask him
+for "a positive answer as to whether he would call the Assembly
+together or not."
+
+The Assembly was then called to meet on the "18th day of the 6th
+month." Three days before the time fixed, another meeting was held in
+Carpenters' Hall to consider what measures for the welfare of the
+Colony should be proposed to the Assembly. At this meeting the
+necessity of holding "a general Congress of delegates from all the
+Colonies" was voiced. Later the Assembly approved of the idea of such
+a conference, and a call was issued.
+
+On September 5, 1774, the delegates from eleven provinces met in the
+City Tavern. Learning that the Carpenters' Company had offered the
+hall for the use of the Continental Congress, the delegates voted to
+inspect the accommodations. John Adams, one of their number, said
+after the visit: "They took a view of the room and of the chamber,
+where there is an excellent library. There is also a long entry, where
+gentlemen may walk, and also a convenient chamber opposite to the
+library. The general cry was that this was a good room."
+
+When this First Continental Congress met, it was decided that the
+session of the second day should be opened with prayer. Rev. Jacob
+Duche of Christ Church and St. Peter's was asked to be present and
+conduct an opening service. This historic account of the service was
+written by John Adams:
+
+      "Next morning he appeared with his clerk and having on his
+      pontificals, and read several prayers in the established
+      form, and then read the Psalter for the seventh day of
+      September, which was the thirty-fifth Psalm. You must
+      remember that this was the next morning after we had heard of
+      the horrible cannonade of Boston (the account proved to be an
+      error). It seemed as if heaven had ordered that Psalm to be
+      read on that morning. After this, Mr. Duche, unexpectedly to
+      everybody, struck out into extemporary prayer, which filled
+      the bosom of every man present. I must confess, I never heard
+      a better prayer, or one so well pronounced."
+
+In part, this prayer was as follows:
+
+      "Be thou present, O God of wisdom! And direct the councils of
+      this honorable assembly, enable them to settle things on the
+      best and surest foundation, that the scene of blood may be
+      speedily closed, that order, harmony, and peace may be
+      effectually restored, and truth and justice, religion and
+      piety, prevail and flourish amongst Thy people."
+
+On October 26 the Congress was dissolved. The second Congress was
+called to meet on May 10, 1775, at the State House, later known as
+Independence Hall.
+
+When the British took possession of the city in 1777, a portion of the
+army was quartered in the building. Officers and men alike borrowed
+books from the Library Company of Philadelphia, which had quarters
+here, invariably making deposits and paying for the use of volumes
+taken in strict accordance with the rules.
+
+In 1778 the United States Commissary of Military Stores began to
+occupy the lower story and cellar of the building. From 1791 to 1821
+various public organizations sought quarters here, including the Bank
+of the United States, the Bank of Pennsylvania, the United States Land
+Office, and the United States Custom House. The Carpenters' Company
+therefore, in 1791, erected a second building on this lot, which they
+occupied until 1857.
+
+When Benson J. Lossing visited the historic hall, on November 27,
+1848, he wrote of his great disappointment because the banner of an
+auctioneer was on the front of the building. He said:
+
+      "I tried hard to perceive the apparition ... to be a classic
+      frieze, with rich historic trigliphs, but it would not do....
+      What a desecration! Covering the facade of the very Temple of
+      Freedom with the placards of grovelling Mammon! If
+      sensibility is shocked with this outward pollution, it is
+      overwhelmed with indignant shame on entering the hall where
+      that august Assembly of men--the godfathers of our
+      Republic--convened to stand as sponsors at the baptism of
+      infant American liberty--to find it filled with every species
+      of merchandise, and the walls which once echoed the eloquent
+      words of Henry, Lee, and the Adamses, reverberating with the
+      clatter of the auctioneer's voice and hammer. Is there not
+      patriotism strong enough in Philadelphia to enter the temple,
+      and 'cast out all them that buy and sell, and overthrow the
+      tables of the money-changers?'"
+
+At length the Carpenters' Company decided that the time had come to do
+what the historian pleaded for. In 1857 they returned to the building,
+and since then they have held their meetings within the walls
+consecrated by the heroes of Revolutionary days. The rooms were
+restored to their original condition, and relics and mementoes of
+early days were put in place. The Hall has ever since been open to
+visitors "who may wish to visit the spot where Henry, Hancock, and
+Adams inspired the delegates of the Colonies with nerve and the sinew
+for the toils of war."
+
+
+  [Illustration: ST. PETER'S PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 153]
+
+XXXIII
+
+ST. PETER'S CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA
+
+WHOSE BUILDING IS PRACTICALLY UNCHANGED AFTER MORE THAN ONE HUNDRED
+AND FIFTY YEARS
+
+There were but fifteen thousand people in Philadelphia when, on March
+19, 1753, the suggestion was made to the vestry of Christ Church that
+a new church or Chapel of Ease of Christ Church be built for the
+accommodation of the people in the southern part of the city. Thomas
+and Richard Penn gave a site for the building of the new church, and
+on September 21, 1758, the corner stone was laid. In 1761 the church
+was opened, though it was not completed until March, 1763. To the new
+organization was given the name St. Peter's, and it was ordered by the
+vestry of Christ Church, "that the said church ... in every respect
+whatever shall be upon an equal footing with Christ Church, and be
+under the same government with it."
+
+At the same time, in view of the gift of the site, it was ordered that
+"the first and best pew in the said Church shall be set apart forever
+for the accommodation of the Honorable Proprietary's family."
+
+When the building was completed the building committee reported that
+the cost was L4,765, 19 s. 6-1/2 d. Added to this report were statements
+that sound quite modern. "The sudden rise in the prices of materials
+and labor," and "the inability of some subscribers to meet their
+engagements," had added to the burdens of the committee.
+
+From the beginning prayers were read in the church for the king and
+all the royal family, but on July 4, 1776, the vestry ordered that
+patriotic prayers be substituted. While the British were in
+Philadelphia the prayers for the king were renewed by order of Dr.
+Duche, rector of Christ Church and St. Peter's. The official history
+of St. Peter's refers to Dr. Duche, who ordered this, in the following
+sentences:
+
+      "From an advocate of the Colonies, he became an advocate of
+      the King, and on the Sunday following the occupation of
+      Philadelphia by the British, he restored the prayers for the
+      King to the Liturgy. This compromise with conditions availed
+      him nothing, and he was arrested for serving as chaplain to
+      Congress after the adoption of the Declaration of
+      Independence. The influence of his loyalist friends secured
+      his speedy release.... Not long afterward he went to England,
+      where he remained practically an exile for twelve years,
+      returning to Philadelphia several years before his death,
+      when, it is said, no truer American could have been found in
+      the City. He ... was buried in St. Peter's Churchyard."
+
+During the occupation of the church by British troops in 1777 the pews
+were burned for fuel, but the building was never closed for lack of
+fuel or for any other reason, until the late winter of 1917-18, when
+coal could not be secured.
+
+The wooden fence that surrounded the property originally was burned by
+the British for fuel, and the brick wall that is now in place was
+built in 1784.
+
+Washington frequently occupied a pew in St. Peter's, and many other
+men who were prominent in the early history of the country worshipped
+here. The building is practically as it was when they lived. "It is
+the same church to which the colonists in their knee-breeches and rich
+coats came to attend the first service in 1761," a member of the
+vestry said in 1891. "The pulpit, reading desk, and chancel rails were
+built in 1764, and the present organ loft was put up over the chancel
+in 1789. In all other respects the plain, austere interior of this old
+church ... remains unchanged, the only relic in Pennsylvania, and one
+of the very few in the country at large, of the church in colonial
+days. Bishop De Lancey, in his centennial sermon, preached September
+4, 1861, said: 'We enter by the same doors--we tread the same
+aisles--we kneel where they knelt--we sit where they sat; the voice of
+prayer, instruction, and praise ascends from the same desk from which
+it reached their ears, in the privacy and seclusion of the same high,
+strait unostentatious pews.'"
+
+In the crowded churchyard are the graves of many colonial worthies as
+well as many leaders in the early history of America. Stephen Decatur
+is buried here, and Charles Wilson Peale, who painted a famous
+portrait of Washington.
+
+The _Pennsylvania Evening Post_ of January 18, 1777, told of the
+burial of one of the patriots whose bodies were laid here:
+
+      "Yesterday the remains of Captain William Shippen, who was
+      killed at Princeton the third instant, gloriously fighting
+      for the liberty of his country, were interred in St. Peter's
+      Churchyard. His funeral was attended by the Council of
+      Safety, the members of Assembly, officers of the army, a
+      troop of Virginia light horse, and a great number of
+      inhabitants. This brave and unfortunate man was in his
+      twenty-seventh year, and has left a widow and three children
+      to lament the death of an affectionate husband and a tender
+      parent, his servants a kind master, and his neighbors a
+      sincere and obliging friend."
+
+Captain Shippen, before joining Washington's army, was captain of the
+privateer _Hancock_, which, between July 1 and November 1, 1776, sent
+to American ports ten prizes captured at sea.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CLIVEDEN, PHILADELPHIA
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 156]
+
+XXXIV
+
+CLIVEDEN, GERMANTOWN, PHILADELPHIA
+
+ON THE FIELD OF THE BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN
+
+In the days before the Revolution there were many residents of
+Philadelphia who had, in addition to a sumptuous town house, a country
+house, to which they could resort in the summer or at other times when
+they wished relief from the cares of daily life. Germantown, the
+straggling village five miles from the town of William Penn, was one
+of the popular places for such establishments.
+
+Samuel Chew's town house was at Front and Dock streets when he built
+Cliveden at Germantown in 1761. At that time he was Attorney-General
+of Pennsylvania, though in 1774 he became Chief-Justice of the Supreme
+Court of Pennsylvania.
+
+Both in Philadelphia and in Germantown he maintained the hospitable
+traditions he had learned at Maidstone, near Annapolis, where he was
+born, in 1722, of a family whose first American ancestor, John Chew,
+came to Virginia a century earlier.
+
+During the days of the Continental Congress Judge Chew seemed to
+sympathize with the colonists in their protests against the aggression
+of Great Britain, but when independence was proposed, he let it be
+known that he was unwilling to act with the patriots. Accordingly he
+was arrested by order of Congress, together with John Penn, and when
+he refused to sign a parole, he was banished from the State.
+
+During his absence the battle of Germantown was fought. On October 3,
+1777, the British forces were disposed on nearly all sides of the Chew
+mansion. Washington planned to attack these scattered forces by four
+columns, which were to advance from as many directions. General
+Wayne's column successfully opened the attack at daybreak October 4,
+driving before him the enemy encountered at Mount Airy. Colonel
+Musgrave checked the retreat of the soldiers at Cliveden. With six
+companies he took possession of the mansion, prepared to defend
+themselves behind hastily barricaded doors and windows. Wayne and the
+leaders who were with him pushed on past the house, continuing the
+pursuit of that portion of the enemy which had continued its retreat;
+he did not know that he was leaving an enemy in his rear. When
+Washington came to Cliveden, he was surprised by the fire of the
+entrenched enemy. After a hasty conference with others, it was decided
+not to pass on, leaving a fortress behind. Cannon were planted so as
+to command the door, but they were fired without much effect.
+
+The next attempt was made by a young Frenchman who asked others to
+carry hay from the barn and set fire to the front door. Thinking they
+were doing as he asked, he forced open a window and climbed on the
+sill. From this position he was driven back, and he found that he had
+not been supported by those on whom he had counted.
+
+In the meantime the artillery fire continued, but with little effect.
+General Wilkinson, who was present, afterward wrote:
+
+      "The doors and shutters of the lower windows of the mansion
+      were shut and fastened, the fire of the enemy being delivered
+      from the iron gratings of the cellars and the windows above,
+      and it was closely beset on all sides with small-arms and
+      artillery, as is manifest from the multiplicity of traces
+      still visible from musket-ball and grape-shot on the interior
+      walls and ceilings which appear to have entered through the
+      doors and windows in every direction; marks of cannon-ball
+      are also visible, in several places on the exterior of the
+      wall and through the roof, though one ball only appears to
+      have penetrated below the roof, and that by a window in the
+      passage of the second story. The artillery seem to have made
+      no impression on the walls of the house, a few slight
+      indentures only being observable, except from one stroke in
+      the rear, which started the wall."
+
+In a few minutes Washington, realizing that precious time was being
+lost in the attack on the thick walls of the house, ordered a regiment
+to remain behind to watch Cliveden, while his main force hastened on.
+
+It has been claimed that this brief delay was responsible for the
+defeat at Germantown. Wilkinson, on the contrary, insists that this
+delay saved Washington's army from annihilation, since he would
+otherwise have hurried on in the thick fog until he was in contact
+with the main body of the British army. The result, he thinks, would
+have been a far greater disaster than actually overtook the American
+arms that day.
+
+The damage done to the house was so great that five carpenters were
+busy for months making repairs. Evidently Judge Chew was not satisfied
+with the result, for in 1779 he sold Cliveden for $9,000, only to buy
+it back again in 1787 for $25,000.
+
+The property descended to Benjamin Chew, Jr., on the death of his
+father. During his occupancy of Cliveden, Lafayette was a guest there
+in 1825.
+
+
+  [Illustration: THIRD (OLD PINE STREET) PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,
+   PHILADELPHIA
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 159]
+
+XXXV
+
+OLD PINE STREET CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA
+
+WHOSE PASTOR INSPIRED JOHN ADAMS TO PLEAD FOR INDEPENDENCE
+
+There were four thousand, seven hundred and seventy-four houses in
+Philadelphia in 1767 when the Pine Street Presbyterian Church, the
+third church of this denomination in the city, was built. The
+subscription paper, still in existence, shows that L1,078 "in money or
+otherwise" was subscribed for the purpose. The sum needed to complete
+the building was raised by a lottery, which yielded L2,500. In the
+proceeds of the lottery the Market Street Church and the Second Church
+shared, L1,035 going to the Pine Street building.
+
+The original building was of but one story, with gable ends. When
+alterations were made in 1837 the top of the church was raised bodily,
+while a larger roof was built over the old roof. The visitor who
+climbs to the loft is able to see the old walls and windows. The
+floor was raised one step above the street level, and was paved with
+brick.
+
+Rev. George Duffield, D.D., who was pastor from 1772 to 1790, was a
+prominent figure during the Revolution. He was chaplain of the
+Continental Congress and of the Pennsylvania militia during the period
+of the war, and he delivered fiery messages that stirred patriots to
+action. John Adams, who was a member of the church, called him a man
+of genius and eloquence. On May 17, 1776, after listening to a sermon
+in which Dr. Duffield likened the conduct of George III to the
+Americans to that of Pharaoh to the Israelites, and concluded that God
+intended the liberation of the Americans, as He had intended that of
+the Israelites, he wrote to his wife:
+
+      "Is it not a saying of Moses, Who am I that I should go in
+      and out before this great people? When I consider the great
+      events which are passed, and those greater which are rapidly
+      advancing, and that I may have been instrumental in touching
+      some springs, and turning some small wheels, which have had
+      and will have such effects, I feel an awe upon my mind, which
+      is not easily described. Great Britain has at last driven
+      America to the last step, complete separation from her; a
+      total, absolute independence...."
+
+Headley, in "Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution," says:
+
+      "The patriots of the first Congress flocked to his church,
+      and John Adams and his compeers were often his hearers.... In
+      a discourse delivered before several companies of the
+      Pennsylvania militia and members of Congress, four months
+      before the Declaration of Independence, he took bold and
+      decided ground in favor of that step, and pleaded his
+      cause with sublime eloquence, which afterwards made him so
+      obnoxious to the British that they placed a reward of fifty
+      pounds for his capture."
+
+Later on in the same sermon he prophesied:
+
+      "Whilst sun and moon endure, America shall remain a city of
+      refuge for the whole earth, until she herself shall play the
+      tyrant, forget her destiny, disgrace her freedom, and provoke
+      her God."
+
+As chaplain of the Pennsylvania militia, Dr. Duffield was frequently
+in camp, where "his visits were always welcome, for the soldiers loved
+the eloquent, earnest, fearless patriot."
+
+Headley gives this incident of the courageous chaplain's work:
+
+      "When the enemy occupied Staten Island, and the American
+      forces were across the river on the Jersey shore, he repaired
+      to camp to spend the Sabbath. Assembling a portion of the
+      troops in an orchard, he climbed into the forks of a tree and
+      commenced religious exercises. He gave out a hymn.... The
+      British on the island heard the sound of the singing, and
+      immediately directed some cannon to play on the orchard, from
+      whence it proceeded. Soon the heavy shot came crashing
+      through the branches, and went singing overhead, arresting
+      for a moment the voices that were lifted in worship. Mr.
+      Duffield ... proposed that they should adjourn behind an
+      adjacent hillock. They did so, and continued their worship,
+      while the iron storm hurled harmlessly overhead."
+
+In spite of his almost constant service in the field, Dr. Duffield was
+in Philadelphia among his people every little while. The church
+records show that he baptized children every month during the
+Revolution, except for the period of the British occupation of
+Philadelphia, when the church was occupied as a hospital, and more
+than one hundred Hessian soldiers were buried in the churchyard.
+
+Another remarkable fact is that of the one hundred and ten men who had
+signed the call to George Duffield in 1771, sixty-seven served in the
+army during the war. Colonel Thomas Robinson, whose portrait is in
+Independence Hall, was a member of the church; Captain John Steele,
+who was field officer on the day of the surrender of Cornwallis, and
+Colonel William Linnard, whose company attempted to keep the British
+from crossing the Brandywine, were also members. Many other officers
+and private soldiers were on the rolls; the stones and vaults in the
+cemetery tell of many of them.
+
+One of the original trustees of Pine Street was Dr. William Shippen,
+Jr., first Professor of Medicine in America and Director General of
+all the hospitals during the war. Benjamin Rush, Signer of the
+Declaration, was an attendant at the services, and his mother was a
+member.
+
+
+XXXVI
+
+INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA
+
+WHERE AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE WAS BORN
+
+William Penn was a man of vision. When, in 1682, Thomas Holme surveyed
+for him the site of Philadelphia, the Quaker pioneer gave instruction
+that "the Centre Square," one mile from the Delaware, be set apart
+for the public buildings of the city and colony.
+
+But for many years after the founding of the city, Centre Square was
+far out in the country. During these years temporary public buildings
+were provided for official meetings, including the Assembly, but in
+1728 steps were taken to erect a suitable public building within reach
+of the people of the young city. Ground was bought on Chestnut Street,
+between Fifth and Sixth streets, and the State House was begun in
+1730. The total cost of the building was $16,250. Two wings were added
+in 1739 and 1740; these cost some $12,000 more.
+
+Two years after the completion of the main building the Pennsylvania
+Assembly passed an act in which this statement was made:
+
+      "It is the true intent and meaning of these Presents, that no
+      part of the said ground lying to the southward of the State
+      House, as it is now built, be converted into or made use of
+      for erecting any sort of Building thereupon, but that the
+      said ground shall be enclosed and remain a public open Green
+      and Walks forever."
+
+Eighty years after the passage of the act an attempt was made to
+divert the State House yard to other purposes. In a curious old
+document, dated February 6, 1816, W. Rawle and Peter S. Duponceau made
+an argument against this diversion, showing conclusively that the
+State House Square had been "irrevocably devoted to the purpose of an
+open and public walk." Thanks to their efforts and the efforts of
+others who have labored to the same end, the grounds are to-day, and
+must forever remain, open to the use of the people.
+
+The first public function held in the new State House was a banquet,
+given in the "long room," in the second story. Of this Franklin's
+_Pennsylvania Gazette_ of September 30, 1736, said:
+
+      "Thursday last William Allen, Esq., Mayor of this city for
+      the past year, made a feast for his citizens at the State
+      House, to which all the strangers in town of note were also
+      invited. Those who are judges of such things say that
+      considering the delicacy of the viands, the variety and
+      excellency of the wines, the great number of guests, and yet
+      the easiness and order with which the whole was conducted, it
+      was the most grand, the most elegant entertainment that has
+      been made in these parts of America."
+
+The builders were dilatory. It was 1736 before the Assembly was able
+to hold its first session in the chamber provided for it, and not
+until 1745 was the room completed. Three years more passed before the
+apartment intended for the Governor's Council was ready for its
+occupants.
+
+In 1741 the tower was built, and on November 4 Edmund Wooley sent to
+the Province of Pennsylvania an interesting bill, "for expenses in
+raising the Tower of the State House":
+
+     95 loaves of Bread                         L0 19 9
+     61-3/3 lb. Bacon, at 7d                     1 14 1
+     148-1/2 lb. Beef at 3-1/2d                  2  8 1
+     Potatoes and Greens                         0  7 1
+     800 Limes at 4s                             1 12 0
+     1-1/2 Barrels of Beer at 18s                1  7 0
+     44 lb. Mutton at 3-1/2d                     0 12 8
+     37-3/4 lb. Veal at 3-1/2d                   0 11 0
+     30 lb. Venison at 2d                        0  5 0
+     Turnips                                     0  1 6
+     Pepper and Mustard                          0  1 5
+     2 Jugs and Candles, Pipes and Tobacco       0  6 0
+     Butter 9s. 8d. Turkey 4s. 4 pair Fowls 9s   1  2 8
+     -1/4 of a hundred of Flour                  0  3 6
+     Two former Hookings at getting on two
+      Floors, and now for raising the Tower,     3  0 0
+      Fire Wood, etc.
+
+Provision was made in 1750 for the extension of the tower for the
+accommodation of a bell, and on October 16, 1751, the Superintendent
+of the State House sent a letter to the colonial agent in London. In
+this letter he said:
+
+      "We take the liberty to apply ourselves to thee to get us a
+      good bell, of about two thousand pounds weight, the cost of
+      which we presume may amount to about one hundred pounds
+      sterling, or, perhaps, with the charges, something more....
+      Let the bell be cast by the best workmen, and examined
+      carefully before it is shipped, with the following words
+      well-shaped in large letters round it, viz:--
+
+      "'By order of the Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania,
+      for the State House in the city of Philadelphia, 1752,'
+
+      "And underneath,
+
+      "'Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land to all the
+      inhabitants thereof--Levit. XXV. 10.'"
+
+When the new bell was hung it was cracked by a stroke of the clapper.
+Isaac Norris wrote:
+
+      "We concluded to send it back by Captain Budden, but he could
+      not take it on board, upon which two ingenious workmen
+      undertook to cast it here, and I am just now informed they
+      have this day opened the Mould and have got a good bell,
+      which, I confess, pleases me very much, that we should first
+      venture upon and succeed in the greatest bell cast, for aught
+      I know, in English America. The mould was finished in a very
+      masterly manner, and the letters, I am told, are better than
+      [on] the old one. When we broke up the metal, our judges here
+      generally agreed it was too high and brittle, and cast
+      several little bells out of it to try the sound and strength,
+      and fixed upon a mixture of an ounce and a half of copper to
+      one pound of the old bell, and in this proportion we now have
+      it."
+
+But when the bell was in place it was found to contain too much
+copper, and Pass & Stow, the founders, "were so teazed with the
+witticisms of the town," that they begged to be allowed to recast it.
+In June, 1753, this third bell was hung, and in the following
+September the founders were paid L60 13s. 5d.
+
+In 1752 arrangements were made for a clock. The works were placed in
+the middle of the main building, immediately under the roof. These
+were connected by rods, enclosed in pipes, with the hands on the dial
+plates at either gable. Early views of the State House show these
+dials. The cost of the clock, which included care for six years, was
+L494 5s. 5-1/2 d.
+
+During the twenty years that followed the installation of the clock
+and the bell the State House became a civic centre of note; but not
+until the stirring events that led up to the Revolution did it become
+of special interest to other colonies than Pennsylvania. On April 25,
+1775, the day after news came to Philadelphia of the battles of
+Lexington and Concord, the great bell sounded a call to arms that was
+the real beginning of making the building a national shrine. In
+response to the call eight thousand people gathered in the Yard to
+consider measures of defence. On April 26 the newspapers reported that
+"the company unanimously agreed to associate for the purpose of
+defending with arms their lives, liberty, and property, against all
+attempts to deprive them of them." This determination of the people
+was soon sanctioned by the Assembly, and Pennsylvania prepared to
+raise its quota towards the Army of the Revolution.
+
+On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress met in the Assembly
+Chamber, and took action that made inevitable the adoption of the
+Declaration of Independence the next year. On Friday, June 7, 1776, in
+the Eastern Room on the first floor of the State House, Richard Henry
+Lee of Virginia introduced the following:
+
+      "Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought
+      to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved
+      from all allegiance to the British Crown and that all
+      political connection between them and the State of Great
+      Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved."
+
+At the same time the Pennsylvania Assembly was considering, in the
+chamber upstairs, what instruction to give to its delegates. When the
+Assembly adjourned the Continental Congress removed to the upper room.
+There, on July 2, the Virginian's motion was carried. Later the
+Declaration itself was adopted, and on July 4, it was
+
+      "Resolved, that Copies of the Declaration be sent to the
+      several assemblies, conventions, and committees or councils
+      of safety, and to the several commanding officers of the
+      Continental troops; that it be proclaimed in each of the
+      United States and at the head of the army."
+
+It was ordered that the Declaration be proclaimed from the State House
+on Monday, July 8, 1776. On that day the State House bell sounded its
+glad call; for the first time did it indeed "proclaim liberty
+throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." And in the
+hearing of those who gathered in response to its call the Declaration
+was read.
+
+From that day the State House has been known as Independence Hall,
+while the State House Yard has become Independence Square.
+
+The sittings of Congress in Independence Hall were interrupted by the
+approach of the British. For five months the building was used as a
+British prison and hospital. But on July 2, 1778, Congress returned;
+the building once more belonged to the nation.
+
+The building became more than ever a national shrine when, in 1787,
+the Constitutional Convention met there. On September 17, 1787, the
+votes of eleven States were recorded in favor of the Constitution, and
+Benjamin Franklin, looking toward a sun which was blazoned on the
+President's chair, said of it to those near him, "In the vicissitudes
+of hope and fear I was not able to tell whether it was rising or
+setting; now I know that it is the rising sun."
+
+In 1790, the Congress of the United States met in the western portion
+of the buildings on the Square, erected in 1785 for the Pennsylvania
+Assembly.[1] This building was, by that body, offered to Congress and
+accepted for the term of ten years, until the Capital should be
+removed to the shore of the Potomac.
+
+During these ten years, and for thirty-five years more, the Liberty
+Bell continued to sound notes of joy and of sorrow. On July 8, 1835,
+it was tolling for Chief Justice Marshall. When the funeral procession
+was on Chestnut Street, not far from Independence Hall, the bell
+cracked. Since that day it has been mute.
+
+The passing years have brought many changes to Independence Hall, as
+well as to the Liberty Bell. The bell cannot be renewed, but the
+historic building and the Square have been restored until they present
+essentially the appearance of the days of 1776. The chief difference
+is in the steeple. The present steeple was built in 1828. It is much
+like the old steeple, but a story higher.
+
+As the visitor passes from room to room of the venerable building, and
+examines the relics and studies the portraits of the great men who
+gathered there so long ago, his heart is stirred to thankfulness to
+those who dared to call a nation into being, and he cannot but think
+that it is good to live for one's country.
+
+
+  [Illustration: DAVID RITTENHOUSE'S HOUSE, NORRITON, PENNA.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 170]
+
+XXXVII
+
+THE DAVID RITTENHOUSE HOME, NEAR PHILADELPHIA
+
+THE HEADQUARTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S FRIEND AND CO-LABORER
+
+     _"See the sage Rittenhouse with ardent eye
+     Lift the long tube and pierce the starry sky!
+     He marks what laws the eccentric wanderers bind,
+     Copies creation in his forming mind,
+     And bids beneath his hand in semblance rise
+     With mimic orbs the labors of the skies."_
+
+This was Barlow's way of telling of the achievement of David
+Rittenhouse, the colonial astronomer, in fashioning the marvellous
+orrery, the mechanical representation of the movements of the
+planetary system. Thomas Jefferson's prose description was a little
+more readable:
+
+      "A machine far surpassing in ingenuity of contrivance,
+      accuracy and utility anything of the kind ever before
+      constructed.... He has not indeed made a world, but he has by
+      imitation approached more its Maker than any man who has
+      lived from the creation to this day."
+
+The father of the maker of the orrery was a paper manufacturer near
+Germantown, but when David was three years old he moved to a little
+farm in Norriton, nineteen miles from Philadelphia, where, in 1749, he
+built the stone house in which his son spent the rest of his life.
+
+It was his purpose to make a farmer of David, and he might have
+succeeded if he had not invested in a few mathematical books. The
+twelve-year-old boy was fascinated by these volumes. Samuel W.
+Pennypacker has told the result:
+
+      "The handles of his plough, and even the fences around the
+      fields, he covered with mathematical calculations.... At
+      seventeen he made a wooden clock, and afterward one in metal.
+      Having thus tested his ability in an art in which he had
+      never received any instruction, he secured from his somewhat
+      reluctant father money enough to buy in Philadelphia the
+      necessary tools, and after holding a shop by the roadside,
+      set up in business as a clock and mathematical instrument
+      maker."
+
+Dr. Benjamin Rush once said that "without library, friends, or
+society, and with but two or three books, he became, before he had
+reached his four-and-twentieth year, the rival of two of the greatest
+mathematicians of Europe."
+
+The skilled astronomer was soon called upon to render a service to
+several of the Colonies. By means of astronomical instruments he did
+such accurate work in marking out the boundary between Delaware and
+Pennsylvania that Mason and Dixon later accepted his results, and he
+settled the dispute between New Jersey and New York as to the point
+where the forty-first degree of latitude touches the Hudson River.
+Perhaps, however, the achievement that won for him greatest fame was
+the observation, made in 1769, of the transit of Venus. The importance
+of the observation is evident from the facts that it provides the best
+means for calculating the distance between the heavenly bodies, which
+had never been satisfactorily made, and that the opportunity would
+not occur again for one hundred and five years. After months of
+preparation, which included the making of delicate instruments,
+Rittenhouse, one of a committee of three appointed by the American
+Philosophical Society, succeeded. In the words of Pennypacker, "The
+first approximately accurate results in the measurement of the spheres
+were given to the world, not by the schooled and salaried astronomers
+who watched from the magnificent royal observatories of Europe, but by
+unpaid amateurs and devotees to science in the youthful province of
+Pennsylvania."
+
+Benjamin Franklin found in him a kindred spirit, and the Philadelphian
+was frequently a visitor at the Norriton farmhouse. On Sunday the two
+friends often went to the old Norriton Presbyterian Church, which had
+been built on the corner of the Rittenhouse farm, within sight of the
+house. This church, which probably dates from 1698, is still standing
+in good repair.
+
+Some years after the successful observation of the transit of Venus
+brought fame to the American astronomer, he moved to Philadelphia.
+There, among other duties, he had charge of the State House clock.
+
+At the beginning of the Revolution the Council of Safety asked that he
+should "prepare moulds for the casting of clock weights, and send them
+to some iron furnace, and order a sufficient number to be immediately
+made for the purpose of exchanging them with the inhabitants of this
+city for their leaden clock weights." The leaden weights were needed
+for bullets. Later he was sent to survey the shores of the Delaware,
+to choose the best points for fortifications.
+
+When he became Engineer of the Council of Safety "he was called upon
+to arrange for casting cannon of iron and brass, to view the site for
+the erection of a Continental powder mill, to conduct experiments for
+rifling cannon and muskets, to fix upon a method of fastening a chain
+for the protection of the river, to superintend the manufacture of
+saltpeter, and to locate a magazine for military stores on the
+Wissahickon."
+
+This was but the beginning of service to Pennsylvania during the
+Revolution. His activities were so valuable to the Colonies that a
+Tory poet published in the _Pennsylvania Evening Post_ of December 2,
+1777, a verse addressed "To David Rittenhouse," of which the first
+stanza read:
+
+     "Meddle not with state affairs,
+     Keep acquaintance with the stars;
+     Science, David, is thy line;
+     Warp not Nature's great design.
+     If thou to fame would'st rise."
+
+The following year Thomas Jefferson wrote to him:
+
+      "You should consider that the world has but one Rittenhouse,
+      and never had one before.... Are those powers, then, which,
+      being intended for the erudition of the world, are, like
+      light and air, the world's common property, to be taken from
+      their proper pursuit to do the commonplace drudgery of
+      governing a single State?"
+
+To the call of the nation Rittenhouse responded in April, 1792, when
+President Washington appointed him the first Director of the Mint.
+
+His closing years were full of honors, but his strength was declining
+rapidly; he had spent himself so fully for his country that his power
+of resistance was small. Just before he died, on June 26, 1796, he
+said to a friend who had been writing to him, "You make the way to God
+easier."
+
+
+XXXVIII
+
+THE HEADQUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON LIVED DURING THE WINTER OF 1777-78
+
+A few rods from the beautiful Schuylkill River, at Valley Forge,
+Pennsylvania, twenty-four miles from Philadelphia, is the quaint stone
+house where Washington spent nearly six months of the most trying year
+of the Revolution.
+
+While the British troops were occupying Philadelphia Congress was in
+session at York, Pennsylvania. Valley Forge was accordingly a
+strategic location, for from here it was comparatively simple to guard
+the roads leading out of Philadelphia, and to prevent both the exit of
+the British and the entrance of supplies designed for the enemy.
+
+The eleven thousand men who marched to the site selected for the camp
+were miserably equipped for a winter in the open. Provisions were
+scarce, and clothing and shoes were even more scarce. But the men
+looked forward bravely to the months of exposure before them.
+
+Washington did everything possible to provide for their comfort.
+Realizing that the soldiers needed something more than the tents in
+which they were living at first, he gave orders that huts should be
+built for them. The commanding officers of the regiments were
+instructed to divide their soldiers into parties of twelve, to see
+that each party had the necessary tools, and to superintend the
+building of a hut for each group of twelve soldiers, according to
+carefully stated dimensions. A reward was offered to the party in each
+regiment which should complete its hut in the quickest and best
+manner. Since valuable time would be lost in preparing boards for the
+roofs, he promised a second sword to the officer or soldier who should
+devise a material for this purpose cheaper and more quickly made than
+boards.
+
+Some of the first huts were covered with leaves, but it was necessary
+to provide a more lasting covering. After a few weeks fairly
+acceptable quarters were provided for the men, in spite of the
+scarcity of tools. Colonel Pickering, on January 5, wrote to Mrs.
+Pickering, "The huts are very warm and comfortable, being very good
+log huts, pointed with clay, and the roof made tight with the same."
+
+At first, Washington sought to encourage his soldiers by assuring them
+that he would accept no better quarters than could be given them; he
+would set the example by passing the winter in a hut. But officers and
+men alike urged that it would be unwise to risk his health in this
+way, and he consented to seek quarters in a near-by house. However, he
+refused to make himself comfortable until the men were provided for.
+
+His headquarters were finally fixed in the two-story stone house of
+Isaac Potts. There he met his officers, received visitors, planned for
+the welfare of the army, and parried the attacks of those who could
+not understand the difficulties of the situation. Once he wrote to
+Congress: "Three days successively we have been destitute of bread.
+Two days we have been entirely without meat. The men must be supplied,
+or they cannot be commanded."
+
+To the objections of those who thought that the army should not be
+inactive during the winter weather, he wrote:
+
+      "I can assure these gentlemen, that it is a much easier and
+      less distressing thing to draw remonstrances in a comfortable
+      room by a good fireside, than to occupy a cold, bleak hill,
+      and sleep under frost and snow, without clothes or blankets.
+      However, although they seem to have little pity for the naked
+      and distressed soldiers, I feel superabundantly for them,
+      and, from my soul, I pity those miseries which it is neither
+      in my power to relieve or prevent."
+
+The heavy hearts of Washington and his officers rejoiced when, on
+February 23, 1778, Baron Steuben and Peter S. Du Ponceau called at
+headquarters. Du Ponceau wrote later:
+
+      "I cannot describe the impression that the first sight of
+      that great man made upon me. I could not keep my eyes from
+      that imposing countenance--grave, yet not severe; affable,
+      without familiarity.... I have never seen a picture that
+      represents him to me as I saw him at Valley Forge.... I had
+      frequent opportunities of seeing him, as it was my duty to
+      accompany the Baron when he dined with him, which was
+      sometimes twice or thrice in the same week. We visited him
+      also in the evening, when Mrs. Washington was at
+      head-quarters. We were in a manner domesticated in the
+      family."
+
+An order was sent from headquarters, dated March 28, that Baron
+Steuben be respected and obeyed as Inspector General. The need of his
+services is revealed by his description of the condition of the army
+when he arrived in camp:
+
+      "The arms at Valley Forge were in a horrible condition,
+      covered with rust, half of them without bayonets, many from
+      which a single shot could not be fired. The pouches were
+      quite as bad as the arms. A great many of the men had tin
+      boxes instead of pouches, others had cow-horns; and muskets,
+      carbines, fowling-pieces, and rifles were to be seen in the
+      same company.... The men were literally naked.... The
+      officers who had coats, had them of every color and make. I
+      saw officers, at a grand parade in Valley Forge, mounting
+      guard in a sort of dressing-gown, made of an old blanket or
+      woolen bed-cover...."
+
+Mrs. Washington joined the circle at headquarters on February 10. She
+was not favorably impressed. "The General's apartment is very small,"
+she wrote. "He has had a log cabin built to dine in, which has made
+our quarters much more tolerable than they were at first."
+
+The most joyful day at Valley Forge was May 7, 1778, when a fete was
+held to celebrate the conclusion of the treaty of alliance between
+France and the United States. After religious service, the army was
+reviewed, and Washington dined in public with his officers. "When the
+General took his leave, there was a universal clap, with loud huzzas,
+which continued till he had proceeded a quarter of a mile."
+
+On June 18 the glad tidings came to headquarters that the British were
+evacuating Philadelphia. Next day the camp was left behind.
+Washington did not see it again for nine years.
+
+In 1879 the Isaac Potts house was bought by the Continental Memorial
+Association of Valley Forge. And in 1893 the Pennsylvania Legislature
+created the Valley Forge Park Commission, which has since acquired the
+entire encampment, has laid it out as a park, and has arranged for the
+erection of many monuments and markers and a number of memorial
+structures. But the house in which Washington lived must always be the
+central feature of the grounds.
+
+
+  [Illustration: DAWESFIELD, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.
+   _Photo by H. C. Howland, Philadelphia_
+   See page 178]
+
+XXXIX
+
+THREE HEADQUARTERS OF WASHINGTON
+
+PENNYPACKER'S MILLS, DAWESFIELD, AND EMLEN HOUSE, NEAR PHILADELPHIA
+
+During the closing months of 1777, one of the darkest times of the
+Revolution, Washington made famous by his occupancy three houses, all
+located within a few miles of Philadelphia. The first of these,
+Pennypacker's Mills, is the only building used by the Commander-in-Chief
+during the war that is still in the hands of the family that owned it
+when he was there.
+
+Pennypacker's Mills is delightfully situated in the angle formed by
+the union of the two forks of the Perkiomen, the largest tributary of
+the Schuylkill. Hans Joest Heijt, who built the grist mill and house
+on the land in 1720, sold the property in 1730 to John Pauling. He was
+succeeded in 1757 by Peter Pannebecker. His son Samuel was the
+owner of the house by the creek when, on September 26, 1777,
+Washington reached the Mills.
+
+The orderly book of the following days and letters written from the
+house shed light on the events of the stay here.
+
+On the day he reached the Mills, Washington wrote to William Henry at
+Lancaster:
+
+      "You are hereby authorized to impress all the Blankets,
+      Shoes, Stockings, and other Articles of Clothing that can be
+      spared by the Inhabitants of the County of Lancaster, for the
+      Use of the Continental Army, paying for the same at
+      reasonable Rates or giving Certificates."
+
+The entry in the orderly book on September 28 read:
+
+      "The Commander-in-Chief has the happiness again to
+      congratulate the army on the success of the Americans to the
+      Northward. On the 19th inst. an engagement took place between
+      General Burgoyne's army and the left wing of ours, under
+      General Gates. The battle began at 10 o'clock, and lasted
+      till night--our troops fighting with the greatest bravery,
+      not giving an inch of ground.... To celebrate this success
+      the General orders that at 4 o'clock this afternoon all the
+      troops be paraded and served with a gill of rum per man, and
+      that at the same time there be discharges of 13 pieces of
+      artillery from the park."
+
+On the same day there was a council of war. It was found that there
+were in camp, fit for duty, 5,472 men. The whole army in all the camps
+then contained about eight thousand Continental troops and three
+thousand militia.
+
+Next day Washington wrote:
+
+      "I shall move the Army four or five miles lower down to-day
+      from whence we may reconnoitre and fix upon a proper
+      situation, at such distance from the Enemy, as will entitle
+      us to make an attack, should we see a proper opening, or
+      stand upon the defensive till we obtain further
+      reinforcements...."
+
+Later in the day the army marched to Skippack, within about
+twenty-five miles of Philadelphia. The next stage in the advance was
+Methacton Hill, and from there the army began to move, on October 3,
+at seven o'clock in the evening, to the attack on the British at
+Germantown.
+
+After the battle of Germantown Washington wrote to the President of
+Congress:
+
+      "In the midst of the most promising appearances, when
+      everything gave the most flattering hopes of victory, the
+      troops began suddenly to retreat, and entirely left the
+      field, in spite of every effort that could be made to rally
+      them."
+
+The Commander's marvellous ability to handle men was shown by the
+entry made in his orderly book the next day, when he was back at
+Pennypacker's Mills. Instead of reprimanding the soldiers for their
+strange retreat, he "returned thanks to the generals and other
+officers and men concerned in the attack on the enemy's left wing, for
+their spirit and bravery, shown in drawing the enemy from field to
+field, and although ... they finally retreated, they nevertheless see
+that the enemy is not proof against a vigorous attack, and may be put
+to flight when boldly pursued."
+
+The good results of this message were evident from the letter of a
+soldier written from the Mills on October 6. He said:
+
+      "Our excellent General Washington ... intends soon to try
+      another bout with them. All our men are in good spirits and I
+      think grow fonder of fighting the more they have of it."
+
+To the joy of the soldiers the word was given on October 8 to march
+toward Philadelphia. In three short stages the army arrived, on
+October 21, at Whitpain, where Washington took up his headquarters in
+the house of James Morris, Dawesfield. From here messages were sent
+that tied his men still closer to him. On October 24 he issued a
+proclamation of full pardon to deserters who should return before a
+specified date, and next day he congratulated the troops on the
+victory at Red Bank.
+
+The chief event of the stay at Dawesfield was the court-martial
+convened October 30, to try Brigadier-General Wayne, at his own
+request, on the charge that his negligence was responsible for the
+defeat at Paoli, September 20. The verdict was that "he did everything
+that could be expected from an active, brave, and vigilant officer,
+under the orders he then had."
+
+  [Illustration: EMLEN HOUSE, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 178]
+
+Three days after the trial the army moved to Whitemarsh, near the
+junction of the Skippack and Bethlehem roads. There Washington lived
+at Emlen House, of which Lossing says, "At the time of the Revolution
+it was a sort of baronial hall in size and character, where its
+wealthy owner dispensed hospitality to all who came under its roof."
+
+The house was modernized in 1854, but it still retains many of the
+original features. Among these is the moat at the side of the house.
+
+Washington followed the example of the owner of the house by welcoming
+guests, in spite of the handicaps mentioned in the orderly book on
+November 7:
+
+      "Since ... the middle of September last, he [the General] has
+      been without his baggage, and on that account is unable to
+      receive company in the manner he could wish. He nevertheless
+      desires the Generals, Field Officers and Brigadier-Major of
+      the day, to dine with him in the future, at three o'clock in
+      the afternoon."
+
+It was from Emlen House that Washington gave the first intimation that
+he knew of the infamous attempts to discredit and displace him which
+later became known as the "Conway Cabal." To General Conway himself he
+wrote saying that he had heard of Conway's letter to General Gates in
+which he had said, "Heaven has been determined to save your country,
+or a weak General and bad counsellors would have ruined it."
+
+A few glimpses of the awful condition of privation that were to
+prevail that winter at Valley Forge were given on November 22:
+
+      "The Commander-in-Chief offers a reward of ten dollars to any
+      person, who shall, by nine o'clock on Monday morning, produce
+      the best substitute for shoes, made of raw hide."
+
+The movement to Valley Forge was begun on December 1. The army went by
+way of "Sweeds" Ford (Norristown), where, as the quaint diary of
+Albigence Waldo says:
+
+      "A Bridge of Waggons made across the Schuylkill last night
+      consisted of 36 waggons, with a bridge of Rails between each.
+      Sun Set--We are order'd to march over the River. The Army
+      were 'till Sun Rise crossing the River--some at the Waggon
+      Bridge, & some at the Raft Bridge below. Cold and
+      Uncomfortable."
+
+
+XL
+
+SWEETBRIER-ON-THE-SCHUYLKILL, PHILADELPHIA
+
+THE HOME OF THE FATHER OF THE FREE SCHOOLS OF PENNSYLVANIA
+
+When Samuel Breck was fifty-eight years and six months old--on January
+17, 1830--he wrote:
+
+      "My residence has been ... for more than thirty years ... on
+      an estate belonging to me, situated on the right bank of the
+      Schuylkill, in the township of Blockley, county of
+      Philadelphia, and two miles from the western part of the
+      city. The mansion on this estate I built in 1797. It is a
+      fine stone house, rough cast, fifty-three feet long,
+      thirty-eight broad, and three stories high, having
+      out-buildings of every kind suitable for elegance and
+      comfort. The prospect consists of the river, animated by its
+      great trade, carried on in boats of about thirty tons, drawn
+      by horses; of a beautiful sloping lawn, terminating at that
+      river, now nearly four hundred yards wide opposite the
+      portico; of side-screen woods; of gardens, green-house, etc.
+      Sweetbrier is the name of my villa."
+
+Mr. Breck spent his boyhood in Boston, but his parents removed to
+Philadelphia in 1792 to escape what they felt was an unjust system of
+taxation. During the first years of their residence in the city of
+William Penn it had "a large society of elegant and fashionable and
+stylish people," Mr. Breck said in his diary. "Congress held its
+sessions in Philadelphia until the year 1800, and gave to the city the
+style and tone of a capital. All the distinguished emigrants from
+France took up their abode there."
+
+Among the associates of the Brecks were some of the leaders of the new
+nation. Samuel Breck was frequently at the Robert Morris house, and
+later, during the four years' imprisonment of Mr. Morris, he "visited
+that great man in the Prune Street debtors' apartment, and saw him in
+his ugly whitewashed vault."
+
+The diarist's comment was bitter: "In Rome or Greece a thousand
+statesmen would have honored his mighty services. In a monarchy ... he
+would have been appropriately pensioned; in America, Republican
+America, not a single voice was raised in Congress or elsewhere in aid
+of him or his family."
+
+There is not a more striking passage in the diaries than that written
+on August 27, 1814, during the second war with England:
+
+      "I was in town to-day ... at half past twelve o'clock I went
+      with an immense crowd to the post-office to hear the news
+      from the South. The postmaster read it to us from a chamber
+      window. It imported that the navy-yard had been burnt (valued
+      at from six to eight millions of dollars) including the new
+      frigate _Essex_, sloop-of-war _Argus_, some old frigates, a
+      vast quantity of timber, from five to eight hundred large
+      guns, and many manufactories of cordage, etc., by our people;
+      that the President's House, Capitol, and other important
+      buildings had been destroyed, and all this by a handful of
+      men, say, six thousand!"
+
+The diary told also of some interesting experiences at the mansion on
+the Schuylkill. In 1807 "a newly invented iron grate calculated for
+coal" was installed at Sweetbrier. After less than three weeks' trial
+Mr. Breck wrote, "By my experiment in coal fuel I find that one
+fireplace will burn from three to three and a half bushels per week in
+hard weather and about two and a half in moderate weather. This
+averages three bushels for twenty-five weeks, the period of burning
+fire in parlors." The coal cost forty-five cents a bushel, and Mr.
+Breck decided that wood was a cheaper fuel.
+
+Even in those early days city families had their troubles with
+servants. "This is a crying evil, which most families feel very
+sensibly at present," was Mr. Breck's sorrowful statement. Fifteen
+years after this entry was written, a bitter complaint was made:
+
+      "In my family, consisting of nine or ten persons, the
+      greatest abundance is provided; commonly seventy pounds of
+      fresh butcher's meat, poultry and fish a week, and when I
+      have company nearly twice as much; the best and kindest
+      treatment is given to the servants; they are seldom visited
+      by Mrs. Breck, and then always in a spirit of courtesy; their
+      wages are the highest going, and uniformly paid to them when
+      asked for; yet during the last twelve months we have had
+      seven different cooks and five different waiters.... I pay,
+      for instance, to my cook one dollar and fifty cents, and
+      chambermaid one dollar and twenty-five cents per week; to my
+      gardener eleven dollars per month; to the waiter ten dollars;
+      to the farm servant ten dollars, etc., etc. Now, if they
+      remain steady (with meat three times a day) for three or four
+      years, they can lay by enough to purchase two or three
+      hundred acres of new land."
+
+On one occasion, learning that the ship _John_ had arrived from
+Amsterdam, Mr. Breck visited it in search of men and women. He wrote:
+
+      "I saw the remains of a very fine cargo, consisting of
+      healthy, good-looking men, women and children, and I
+      purchased one German Swiss for Mrs. Ross and two French Swiss
+      for myself.... I gave for the woman seventy-six dollars,
+      which is her passage money, with a promise of twenty dollars
+      at the end of three years, if she serves me faithfully,
+      clothing and maintenance of course. The boy had paid
+      twenty-six guilders towards his passage money, which I have
+      agreed to give him at the end of three years; in addition to
+      which I paid fifty-three dollars and sixty cents for his
+      passage, and for two years he is to have six weeks' schooling
+      each year."
+
+It was like Mr. Breck to make the provision for schooling. He was an
+ardent friend of education in an age when too many were indifferent.
+In 1834, when the fortunes of a proposal for free schools in
+Pennsylvania were in doubt, he consented to become a member of the
+State Senate. There he bent every effort to secure the passage of a
+generous provision for common schools. On the first day of the session
+he moved successfully for the appointment of a Joint Committee on
+Education of the two Houses, "for the purpose of digesting a general
+system of education." Of this committee he was made chairman.
+
+After seven weeks of unremitting labor the bill incorporating the
+committee's report, a bill drafted by Mr. Breck, was introduced. In
+six weeks more it became a law, four votes only having been cast
+against it. Wickersham, in his "History of Education in Pennsylvania,"
+says that the passage of the bill was "the most important event
+connected with education in Pennsylvania--the first great victory for
+free schools."
+
+At the close of the session the author of the bill retired to
+Sweetbrier, in accordance with his intention to decline any further
+public honors. He felt that his work for the State and the Nation was
+done.
+
+
+  [Illustration: FATLANDS, NEAR PHOENIXVILLE, PENNA.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 187]
+
+XLI
+
+MILL GROVE AND FATLANDS, NEAR PHILADELPHIA
+
+THE HOMES OF JOHN J. AUDUBON AND OF HIS BRIDE, MARY BAKEWELL
+
+About two hundred years ago, there lived in France a poor fisherman
+named Audubon, who had nineteen daughters and two sons. One of the
+sons was sent away to make his fortune when he was twelve years of
+age. His entire patrimony was a shirt, a suit of clothes, a cane, and
+a blessing. For five years he was a sailor before the mast. Then he
+bought a boat. He prospered and bought other vessels. After many years
+he had large wealth, and was trading to the distant quarters of the
+earth.
+
+When he was an old man he paid a visit to America. In two widely
+separated places, attracted by the country, he bought land. One estate
+was on Perkiomen Creek, near Philadelphia; the other was in Louisiana.
+In Louisiana he spent much of his time; and there, on May 4, 1780,[2]
+his son, John James Audubon, was born.
+
+Commodore Audubon wanted his son to be a seaman, and he took him to
+France that he might be educated for the navy. But the boy's tastes
+were in another direction altogether. One of the teachers provided for
+him was an artist, who gave him lessons in drawing that were intended
+as a part of his training for the profession the father had chosen for
+him. But the boy put it to a use of his own. On his holidays he used
+to take a lunch into the country, and would return loaded down with
+all kinds of natural history specimens. These he would preserve in a
+cabinet of his own devising, and drawings of many of them would be
+made and treasured.
+
+Commodore Audubon was not pleased with his son's habits, and he
+thought he would give him something to do that would distract his
+mind. The estate in Pennsylvania needed a superintendent. So he sent
+the would-be naturalist to America, with instructions to look after
+the estate.
+
+But the wild woods about Philadelphia offered so many opportunities
+for tramping and nature investigation that the estate was neglected.
+The house on the estate, Mill Grove, which is still standing, is near
+the mouth of the Perkiomen. Along this pleasing stream he could
+ramble for hours, with his gun or his fishing rod or his collecting
+instruments. Before long the attic room which he occupied was a
+treasure house of birds and animals and natural-history specimens. He
+was his own taxidermist. He would do his work seated at a window that
+looks toward the Valley Forge country, where Washington spent the
+winter of 1777-78 with his faithful soldiers. The marks of his work
+are still to be seen on the old boards beneath the window. These
+boards came from the sawmill on the estate which gave the house its
+name.
+
+Here in this attic room the young naturalist dreamed of making
+careful, accurate drawings of all the birds of America. He knew that
+this would be a difficult matter, but he was not deterred by thought
+of hardship and poverty.
+
+While he was dreaming of what he would do for the world, something was
+happening in London that was to have an effect on his life. An
+official named Bakewell refused to be silent about a matter that the
+king felt should be forgotten. Bakewell was a conscientious man, and
+he did not feel that silence would be proper. The king rebuked him,
+and he resigned his office. At once he made up his mind to leave
+England and make a home in America, taking with him his wife and
+daughter.
+
+After many investigations, he found an estate near Philadelphia that
+pleased him--Fatlands, on the Schuylkill, near the Perkiomen, so named
+because every year the latter stream overflows and deposits rich
+sediment on the surrounding lands. The mansion house at Fatlands was
+built in 1774, and there Washington as well as the British commander
+had been entertained by the Quaker owner who felt that he could not
+show partiality. Here the English immigrant made his home.
+
+Of course Audubon heard of the coming of the strangers to the house
+across the road, not half a mile from his own quarters. But he did not
+go to call on them. He was French and they were English; he felt sure
+they would be undesirable acquaintances, and that he had better keep
+to the woods and follow his own pursuits, without reference to others.
+
+Then came a day when he was having a delightful stroll through the
+woods. He was carrying specimens of many kinds. A stranger, also a
+hunter, encountered him and made a remark about his burden that
+touched a responsive chord. Soon the two were on good terms. "You must
+come and see me," the stranger said. The invitation was accepted with
+alacrity. Then came the question, "Where do you live?" To his
+surprise, Audubon heard that this pleasing man was his new neighbor at
+Fatlands.
+
+Deciding that an Englishman was not so bad, after all, he made it
+convenient to call very soon. Then when he saw Mary Bakewell, the
+daughter of the house, he was sure he liked the English. She showed
+great sympathy for his pursuits, and he liked to talk with her about
+them. Before long she decided to help him in his great life work, the
+American ornithology.
+
+The marriage was postponed because of the death of Mrs. Bakewell, who
+pined away, homesick for her native England. But the time came when,
+on April 8, 1808, the two nature lovers became husband and wife. Then
+they began the long wanderings in the West and the South, the fruit
+of which was what has been called one of the most wonderful
+ornithological treatises ever made, Audubon's "Birds of America."
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Audubon floated down the Ohio River, spent a season in
+Kentucky and Missouri, had narrow escapes from the Indians, and
+finally found their way to Louisiana. There for a time the wife
+supported herself by teaching at the home of a planter. Friends and
+acquaintances thought the husband was a madman to continue his quest
+of birds when his family was in straitened circumstances. But Mrs.
+Audubon believed in him, urged him to go to Europe and study painting
+in oils, that he might be better equipped for the preparation of his
+bird plates. She secured a good situation as teacher at Bayou Sara,
+and was soon enjoying an income of three thousand dollars a year.
+
+Finally, with some of his own savings, as well as some of his wife's
+funds, he went to England, where he was well received. Plans were made
+to publish the bird plates, with descriptive matter, at one thousand
+dollars per set. He had to have one hundred advance subscribers. These
+he secured by personal solicitation.
+
+At last the work was issued. Cuvier called it "the most magnificent
+work that art ever raised to ornithology."
+
+Many years later, Audubon, after the death of his wife, returned to
+the scenes of his early life as a naturalist. "Here is where I met my
+dear Mary," he said, with glistening eyes, as he looked into one of
+the rooms of the old mansion.
+
+Mill Grove was built in 1762. Five years after Audubon's marriage the
+estate was bought by Samuel Wetherill, the grandfather of the present
+owner, W. H. Wetherill.
+
+Fatlands, which is one of the most beautiful old houses in the
+vicinity of Philadelphia, was built in 1774. During the Revolution it
+was occupied by a Quaker named Vaux, who entertained many officers of
+both armies. It is related that one day General Howe, the British
+commander, was entertained at breakfast, while Washington was in the
+house for tea the same evening.
+
+The house was rebuilt in 1843, on the old foundations, according to
+the original plan.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WAYNESBOROUGH, NEAR PAOLI, PENNA.
+   _Photo by H. C. Howland_
+   See page 192]
+
+XLII
+
+WAYNESBOROUGH, NEAR PAOLI, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+THE HOME OF "MAD ANTHONY" WAYNE
+
+Captain Isaac Wayne, who commanded a company at the Battle of the
+Boyne, came from Ireland to Pennsylvania in 1722. Two years later he
+bought sixteen acres of land in Chester County and built
+Waynesborough.
+
+His son Isaac, who was a captain in the French and Indian War,
+enlarged the mansion in 1765. While a wing was added in 1812, it
+presents much the same appearance to-day as it did at the time Anthony
+Wayne left it to go to war with General Washington, even to the
+crooked hood above the entrance door. The present owner, William
+Wayne, is as unwilling as were his ancestors to have this hood
+straightened.
+
+On the front of the house is a tablet which reads:
+
+           The Home of General Anthony Wayne,
+          Born in this House, January 1, 1745.
+     Died at Erie, Pennsylvania, December 15, 1796.
+         A Leader of the American Revolution in
+        Pennsylvania and a soldier distinguished
+                        for his
+           Services at Brandywine, Germantown,
+                      Valley Forge,
+          Monmouth, Stony Point, and Yorktown.
+           Subdued the Indians of Ohio, 1794.
+               Commander-in-Chief of the
+             United States Army 1792-1796.
+        Marked by the Chester County Historical
+                        Society.
+
+To this record the statement might have been added that General
+Lafayette visited the home of his old commander when he was in the
+United States in 1824. Reverently the General bowed his head in
+Wayne's favorite sitting-room, to the right of the entrance hall,
+where nothing had been disturbed since the death of the patriot. The
+furnishings and ornaments of the room are the same to-day as then.
+
+Anthony Wayne was a delegate to several of the conventions which took
+the preliminary steps leading to the Revolutionary War. In 1775 he was
+a member of the Committee of Safety, and in the same year he organized
+a regiment of "minute men" in Chester County.
+
+His first active service was as colonel with troops sent to Canada in
+January, 1776, and from November, 1776, to April, 1777, as commander
+of twenty-five hundred men at Ticonderoga. "It was my business to
+prevent a junction of the enemy's armies and ... to keep at bay their
+whole Canadian force," he wrote in a private letter.
+
+Here, in the midst of difficulties with soldiers who wanted to desert,
+he heard that the British were threatening Waynesborough. But, like a
+true soldier, he stuck to his work, and urged his wife to be brave.
+"Should you be necessitated to leave East-town, I doubt not but you'll
+meet with hospitality in the back parts of the Province," he wrote to
+her.
+
+His fidelity and resourcefulness were recognized in February, 1777, by
+a commission as brigadier general. Washington, who was then in New
+Jersey, wrote to him a little later, saying that his presence with him
+was "materially needed," to guard the country between West Point and
+Philadelphia. And when the British fleet sailed out of New York
+Harbor, Washington sent him to Chester, to organize the militia of
+Pennsylvania. A few weeks later he was in charge of a division at
+Brandywine. Historians say that his steadfastness on the left
+prevented the advance of Knyphausen, and saved the right from entire
+destruction.
+
+Less than a week later, within a mile of his own house, he was
+surprised by the enemy near Paoli, in consequence, it is said, of the
+act of an inn-keeper who betrayed Wayne's presence to the British. The
+result was the only defeat of his brilliant career. Eighty of his men
+were killed. The engagement has been called "the Paoli Massacre,"
+because of the conduct of the victors. Wayne escaped. A squad of
+soldiers searched for him at Waynesborough. When they could not find
+him in the house, they thrust their bayonets into the great boxwood
+bush that is still to be seen in the rear of the mansion.
+
+Because some said that the General was responsible for the defeat, he
+demanded a court-martial. The court-martial was held soon after, and
+he was acquitted with the highest honor, and was declared to be "an
+active, brave, and vigilant officer."
+
+Washington's letters and orderly book are full of references to Wayne.
+He was a trusted commander, and his advice was followed many times. He
+it was who first proposed that the army should "hut" during the winter
+of 1776-77, some twenty miles from Philadelphia. He was always eager
+to do his Commander's bidding. On one occasion, when he was in
+Philadelphia, on his way to greet his family, he was met by a fast
+rider who handed him a despatch in which Washington said, "I request
+that you join the army as soon as you can."
+
+During his long absence from Waynesborough his wife Polly and his
+children were continually in his thoughts. Once he wrote:
+
+      "I am not a little anxious about the education of our girl
+      and boy. It is full time that Peggy should be put to dancing
+      school. How does she improve in her writing and reading? Does
+      Isaac take learning freely? Has he become fond of school?"
+
+Just before the storming of Stony Point, he prepared for death,
+sending to a friend a letter which was not to be opened until the
+author was dead. The letter said:
+
+      "I know that your friendship will induce you to attend to the
+      education of my little son and daughter. I fear that their
+      mother will not survive this stroke. Do go to her."
+
+On the way up the mount he was grievously wounded and fell senseless.
+Soon he roused himself and cried, "Lead me forward.... Let me die in
+the fort." Several hours later he was able to send word to Washington,
+"The fort and garrison are ours."
+
+In this spirit he served through the war. And when the action was won
+he continued to fight for his country. On February 6, 1796, Claypool's
+_Daily American Advertiser_ told of his return from his successful
+campaign against the Indians of Ohio:
+
+      "Four miles from the city, he was met by the entire Troop of
+      Philadelphia Light Horse, and escorted by them to town. On
+      his crossing the Schuylkill, a salute of fifteen guns was
+      fired from the Centre-square, by a party of Artillery. He was
+      ushered into the city by the ringing of bells and other
+      demonstrations of joy."
+
+
+  [Illustration: MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM, PENNA.
+   _Photo by Rev. A. D. Therelar, Bethlehem_
+   See page 196]
+
+XLIII
+
+THE MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+A RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY WHOSE FOUNDERS WERE TRUE PATRIOTS
+
+The Unitas Fratrum or Church of the Brethren arose in the fifteenth
+century in Bohemia and Moravia. In 1727 intolerance led its leaders to
+begin to plan an emigration to America. A colony was sent to
+Pennsylvania in 1734, while a second colony went to Georgia in 1735.
+Late in the year 1740 the remnant of the emigrants to Georgia joined
+forces with the Pennsylvania contingent, and settled on five thousand
+acres of land in the "Forks of the Delaware," as the locality just
+within the confluence of the Delaware River and the Lehigh or "West
+Fork of the Delaware" was called. The object of the settlers was to
+preach to the Indians, and they began at once to win the confidence of
+the Delawares.
+
+The first house was built in 1741. This was twenty by forty feet, one
+story high, with sleeping quarters for a number of persons in the
+attic under the steep pitched roof. The cattle were kept in a portion
+of the house partitioned off for them. The common room in which they
+lived was also the place of worship for more than a year. The site of
+this house is marked by a memorial stone, which was put in place in
+1892.
+
+The foundation for the Gemeinhaus, or Community House, was laid in
+September. For many years this was to serve as home and hospice, manse
+and church, administration office, academy, dispensary, and town-hall.
+As "The House on the Lehigh," it became known through all the
+countryside.
+
+The event of the year 1741 was the coming of Count Zinzendorf. The
+Community House was not yet finished, but two rooms in the second
+story were hurriedly prepared for the guest.
+
+No name had yet been given to the settlement, but on Christmas Eve,
+after Zinzendorf had celebrated the Holy Communion in the building,
+the only fitting name suggested itself. Bishop Levering of the
+Moravian Church tells the story:
+
+      "This humble sanctuary, with beasts of the stall sharing its
+      roof, brought the circumstances of the Saviour's birth
+      vividly before their imagination.... Acting upon an impulse,
+      the Count rose and led the way into the part of the building
+      in which the cattle were kept, while he began to sing the
+      quaintly pretty words of a German Epiphany hymn which
+      combined Christmas thoughts and missionary thoughts.... Its
+      language expressed well the feeling of the hour.... The
+      little town of Bethlehem was hailed, its boon to mankind was
+      lauded.... With this episode a thought came to one and
+      another which gave rise to a perpetual memorial of the
+      occasion.... By general consent the name of the ancient town
+      of David was adopted and the place was called Bethlehem."
+
+The chapel of the Gemeinhaus was used by the congregation for nine
+years. During this period many of the Indians were baptised there. In
+1752 and again in 1753 councils were held here with the
+representatives of the Nanticoke and Shawnee Indians from the Wyoming
+Valley.
+
+The second place of worship was an extension of the Gemeinhaus,
+completed in 1751. Here congregations gathered for fifty-five years.
+Here the gospel was preached by some of the most eminent ministers of
+colonial days, while the records show that famous visitors sat in the
+pews. Among them were Governor John Penn; Generals Washington,
+Amherst, Gage, Gates, and Lafayette; John Hancock, Henry Laurence,
+Samuel and John Adams, Richard Henry Lee, and many other delegates to
+the Continental Congress.
+
+During the Revolution there were no more earnest patriots than the
+members of the Moravian Community at Bethlehem. At one time the Single
+Brethren's House was used for eight months as a hospital, and no
+charge was made, though in 1779 a bill for repairs was sent which
+amounted to $358.
+
+A letter from David Rittenhouse, received on September 16, 1778,
+caused great excitement, for he told of the despatch to Bethlehem of
+all the military stores of Washington's army, carried in seven hundred
+wagons. This was done because Washington's army had been compelled to
+fall back on Philadelphia. It was also thought wise to send the bells
+of Christ Church and of Independence Hall to Allentown, by way of
+Bethlehem. The wagon on which Independence Bell was loaded broke down
+on descending the hill in front of the hospital, and had to be
+unloaded while repairs were being made.
+
+The most distinguished patient cared for in Bethlehem was the Marquis
+de Lafayette, who was brought from Brandywine, and was nursed by
+Sister Liesel Beckel.
+
+Twenty years after the close of the war it was decided that the time
+had come for the building of a permanent church. The first estimate
+was made in 1802. At that time it was thought that the total cost
+would be $11,000. "It is interesting to note how very modern they were
+in underestimating the probable cost of a church," Bishop Levering
+says. The actual cost, including the organ, was more than five times
+the estimate.
+
+The excavation for the building was made in March, 1803, by volunteer
+laborers, to whom the residents of the Sisters' House furnished lunch.
+The work was completed in two weeks. Then the great foundation walls
+were laid, six feet thick.
+
+For the services of consecration, held from May 18 to May 26, 1806,
+six thousand people gathered in the village of five hundred
+inhabitants. On the first day, "at five o'clock in the morning the
+jubilant note of trombones, trumpets, and other wind instruments from
+the belfry of the church broke the stillness of the awaking village
+with a musical announcement of the festival day."
+
+The Moravian Community at Bethlehem has grown. But those who worship
+in the old church are animated by the same missionary enthusiasm that
+characterized those who founded the institution so long ago.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] A building to the east of Independence Hall was completed in 1791.
+In this building, which was the Philadelphia City Hall until 1854, the
+Supreme Court of the United States held its first session, February 7,
+1791.
+
+In 1813 the arcades connecting the main building with the wings were
+removed, and new buildings were erected which connected Independence
+Hall with the corner buildings.
+
+In 1816 the city of Philadelphia became the owner of the whole
+property.
+
+[2] This date and place were generally accepted until 1917, when
+Francis Hobart Herrick published proof that Audubon was born in Santo
+Domingo in 1785.
+
+
+
+
+FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND DIXON LINE
+
+     _Afar, through the mellow hazes
+     Where the dreams of June are stayed,
+     The hills, in their vanishing mazes,
+     Carry the flush, and fade!
+     Southward they fall, and reach
+     To the bay and the ocean beach,
+     Where the soft, half-Syrian air
+     Blows from the Chesapeake's
+     Inlets, coves, and creeks
+     On the fields of Delaware!
+     And the rosy lakes of flowers,
+     That here alone are ours,
+     Spread into seas that pour
+     Billow and spray of pink,
+     Even to the blue wave's brink,
+     All down the Eastern Shore!_
+
+       BAYARD TAYLOR.
+
+
+
+
+FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND DIXON LINE
+
+
+XLIV
+
+HISTORIC LANDMARKS AT NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE
+
+THE FIRST LANDING PLACE OF WILLIAM PENN
+
+How many students of United States history would be able to answer the
+question, "What town has had at least seven different names and has
+been under the flags of four different countries?"
+
+There is such a town, and but one--New Castle, Delaware. The Swedes
+laid it out in 1631, and called it New Stockholm. In 1651 the Dutch
+built a fort there, and called it Fort Kasimir. Sandhoec was a second
+Dutch name. When the Dutch West India Company ceded it to the city of
+Amsterdam it was named New Amstel. After 1675 the English took a hand
+in naming the village. Grape Wine Point, Delaware Town, and, at
+length, New Castle were the last names assigned to the seaport that,
+within a generation, boasted twenty-five hundred inhabitants.
+
+The site of Fort Kasimir was long ago covered by the Delaware. A
+quaint house, still occupied, is the only survival from the Dutch
+period. But it would be difficult to find a town of four thousand
+inhabitants which is so rich in buildings and traditions that go back
+to the earliest English occupation.
+
+Many of the buildings and traditions centre about the old Market
+Square, in the centre of the town, only a few hundred feet from the
+Delaware. This square dates from the days of Petrus Stuyvesant, in
+1658. At one end of the square is the old stone-paved courthouse,
+which has been in use since 1672. To this building William Penn was
+welcomed, as a tablet on the outer wall relates:
+
+      "On the 28th Day of October, 1682, William Penn, the Great
+      Proprietor, on His First Landing in America, Here Proclaimed
+      His Government and Received from the Commissioner of the Duke
+      of York the Key of the Fort, the Turf, Twig, and Water, as
+      Symbols of His Possession."
+
+From the steps of the courthouse, as a centre, was surveyed the
+twelve-mile circle whose arc was to be the northern line of Delaware,
+according to the royal grant made to Penn. This arc forms the curious
+circular boundary, unlike any other boundary in the United States.
+
+  [Illustration: IMMANUEL CHURCH, NEWCASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 204]
+
+In the rear of the courthouse, though still on the green Market
+Square, is old Emmanuel Protestant Episcopal Church, which was
+organized in 1689, though the building now occupied was begun in 1703.
+This cruciform structure is the oldest church of English building on
+the Delaware, and services have been held here continuously since
+1706, when it was completed. Queen Anne gave to the church a "Pulpit
+and Altar Cloath, with a Box of Glass." A memorial tablet on the wall
+tells of the first rector, Rev. George Ross, who came as a missionary
+from England in 1703, and served for fifty years. His son, also George
+Ross, was one of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence.
+His daughter Gertrude married George Read, another of the Signers. The
+tomb of George Read is in the rear of the church.
+
+  [Illustration: DOORWAY OF PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, NEW CASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 205]
+
+Across the street from the Market Square is the Presbyterian church,
+whose first building, erected in 1707, is still in use as a part of
+its ecclesiastical plant. The pastor and many of the members of this
+church had a prominent part in the War of the Revolution.
+
+The visitor who crosses from one of these churches to the other is
+attracted by a stone pyramid, on the edge of the Market Square, whose
+story is told by a tablet:
+
+      "These stones were sleepers in the New Castle and Frenchtown
+      Railroad, completed in 1831, the first railroad in Delaware,
+      and one of the first in the United States."
+
+  [Illustration: DOORWAY OF RODNEY HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_]
+
+  [Illustration: DOORWAY OF STEWART HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_]
+
+The fire of 1824 which burned a large part of New Castle destroyed
+many of the old houses, but there remain enough to make the town a
+Mecca for those who delight in studying things that are old. Most of
+these houses are on the square, or are within a short distance of it.
+All are remarkable for the beautiful entrance doorways and wonderfully
+carved interior woodwork. Artists from all parts of the country turn
+to these houses for inspiration in their work.
+
+  [Illustration: AMSTEL HOUSE, NEWCASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 205]
+
+The Amstel House, the home of Henry Hanby Hay, is the oldest of these;
+it was probably built about 1730. One of its earliest owners was
+Nicholas Van Dyke, who was a major of militia during the Revolution,
+and later served six years in the Continental Congress. For three
+years he was Governor of Delaware. During his residence in this house
+it was called "The Corner." So, at least, it was referred to by
+Kensey Johns in a love-letter to comely Anne Van Dyke, written during
+the cold winter of 1784:
+
+      "This evening I visited 'the Corner.' Soon after I went in
+      Mrs. V. says, 'Well, Mr. Johns, what say you to a ride below
+      with me, and bringing Miss Nancy up?' After an hour passed, I
+      recovered myself and answered in the negative, that my
+      business would not permit of it--Your papa discovered by his
+      countenance the lightest satisfaction at my refusal; this
+      approbation of his afforded me great pleasure. The more I
+      regard your happiness, the more desirous I am by assiduity
+      and attention to business to establish a character which will
+      give me consequence and importance in life. I wish to see you
+      more than words express.
+
+      "Mrs. B. says she wants you to come up very much; she asked
+      me to use my influence to persuade you. All I can say is,
+      that if your Grand Mama's indisposition will admit of it, and
+      your inclination prompts you to come, it will much contribute
+      to my happiness, even if I should only see you now and then
+      for a few moments. My fingers are so cold I can scarce hold
+      my pen, therefore adieu. Be assured that I never cease to be,
+
+       "Yours most affectionately,
+
+         "KENSEY JOHNS."
+
+  [Illustration: DOORWAY OF AMSTEL HOUSE, NEWCASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 205]
+
+On a pane of glass in the guest chamber of the old house some one long
+ago scratched with a diamond a message that sounds as if it came from
+the heart of the lover:
+
+     "Around her head ye angels constant Vigil keep,
+     And guard fair innocence her balmy sleep."
+
+Three months after Kensey Johns wrote the ardent letter to Anne Van
+Dyke, the day after the wedding, April 30, 1784, George Washington
+came to the Corner, and there was a reception in his honor and that
+of the bride and groom. The Father of his Country received the guests
+standing before an old fireplace whose hearthstone has been lettered
+in memory of the event.
+
+A few years later Kensey Johns, then Chief Justice of Maryland, built
+near by a beautiful colonial mansion where he entertained many of the
+leading men of the nation.
+
+Kensey Johns' predecessor as Chief Justice was George Read, the
+Signer. His house, an old record says, stood so near the Delaware,
+which is here two and a half miles wide, that when the tide was high
+one wheel of a carriage passing in the street in front of it was in
+the water, and in violent storms the waves were dashed against the
+building. The house was in the midst of a wonderfully beautiful
+garden. This garden is still one of the sights of the town, though the
+house was destroyed in the fire of 1824.
+
+  [Illustration: DOORWAY OF READ HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 207]
+
+George Read, the Signer's son, in 1801, built a house in the corner of
+the garden, which was saved from the fire by a carpet laid on the roof
+and kept thoroughly wet until the danger was past. This Georgian house
+is a marvel of beauty, both inside and out. The hand-carved moldings,
+mantels, and arches bring to the house visitors from far and near.
+Miss Hatty Smith, the present owner, delights to show the place to all
+who are interested.
+
+  [Illustration: HALL OF READ HOUSE, NEWCASTLE, DEL.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 207]
+
+In the early days New Castle was on the King's Road from Philadelphia
+to Baltimore. Washington passed this way when on his journeys.
+Lafayette visited the town in 1824. The house built by Nicholas Van
+Dyke, son of the owner of the Corner, received him for the marriage
+of Charles I. Du Pont and Dorcas M. Van Dyke. It is recorded that on
+this occasion he gave the bride away.
+
+Caesar Rodney, too, passed through the town frequently, notably when he
+made the famous ride in July, 1776, that helped to save the
+Declaration of Independence; here he rested after the first stage of
+his historic journey.
+
+The name of George Thomson, secretary of Congress during the
+Revolution, is also enrolled in the list of the worthies who visited
+the town. In 1740 his father, when on his way from Ireland to America
+with his three sons, died on shipboard. The captain appropriated the
+meagre possessions of the family and set the boys ashore at New
+Castle, penniless. George was sheltered by a butcher who was so
+delighted with him that he decided to bring him up to the trade.
+George was terrified when he overheard the man's plan; he did not
+intend to be a butcher. So he stole out of the town between dark and
+daylight and made his way to surroundings where the way was opened
+that led him to usefulness and fame.
+
+
+  [Illustration: RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DEL.
+   _Photo by R. C. Holmes_
+   See page 208]
+
+XLV
+
+THE RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DELAWARE
+
+A BOYHOOD HAUNT OF CAESAR RODNEY, THE SIGNER
+
+On the Green in Dover, Delaware, is one of the most striking houses of
+the quaint old town--the Ridgely house. The date of its erection is
+not certain, but it is an interesting fact that on one of the bricks
+is the date 1728. Originally there were but two rooms in the house;
+subsequent enlargements have been so harmonious that one who sees the
+place from the Green must pause to admire. Admiration turns to delight
+when the interior of the house is examined. The old-fashioned garden
+at the rear intensifies delight.
+
+Dr. Charles Greenburg Ridgely became owner of the property in 1769.
+The house was a gift from his father, Nicholas Ridgely. The second of
+the wives who lived here with Dr. Ridgely was Ann, the daughter of
+Squire William Moore of Moore Hall, near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania,
+whose determined advocacy of armed preparation for defence against a
+threatened Indian attack once aroused the indignation of the
+Pennsylvania Assembly, most of whose members were Friends.
+
+The Ridgely house was famous throughout Delaware as the resort of
+patriots. Dr. Ridgely was six times a member of the Provincial
+Assembly, and was also an active member of the Constitutional
+Convention of Delaware in 1776.
+
+During the days when patriotic feelings were beginning to run high,
+Caesar Rodney, the ward of Dr. Ridgely's father, was often an inmate of
+the Ridgely house. Caesar was born near Dover in 1728. At Dover he
+received most of his education. Some twenty years after the little
+town saw so much of him he became famous because of his vital service
+to the Colonies, as a member of the Continental Congress in
+Philadelphia. "He was the most active, and was by odds the leading man
+in the State in espousing the American cause," Henry C. Conrad once
+said to the Sons of Delaware. In the course of his address Mr. Conrad
+told the thrilling story of Caesar Rodney's most spectacular service.
+
+On July 1, 1776, when the vote was taken in the Committee of the Whole
+of the Continental Congress as to the framing and proclaiming of the
+Declaration of Independence, ten of the thirteen Colonies voted yes.
+"Pennsylvania had seven delegates, four of whom were opposed to it,
+and three in favor of it. Delaware had two members present, McKean and
+Read. Rodney was absent. McKean was in favor of, and Read against the
+Declaration. McKean, appreciating that it was most important, for the
+sentiment it would create, that the Declaration of Independence should
+be proclaimed by the unanimous vote of the thirteen Colonies, sent for
+Rodney, who was at that time at one of his farms near Dover. Rodney
+came post-haste, and he arrived just in time to save the day, and cast
+the vote of Delaware in favor of the Declaration.
+
+McKean, writing of the event years afterward to Caesar A. Rodney, a
+nephew of Caesar Rodney, said:
+
+      "I sent an express, at my own private expense, for your
+      honored uncle, the remaining member from Delaware, whom I met
+      at the State House door, in his boots and spurs, as the
+      members were assembling. After a friendly salutation, without
+      a word in the business, we went into the hall of Congress
+      together, and found we were among the latest. Proceedings
+      immediately commenced, and after a few minutes the great
+      question was put. When the vote of Delaware was called, your
+      uncle arose and said: 'As I believe the voice of my
+      constituents and of all sensible and honest men is in favor
+      of independence, and my own judgment coincides with theirs, I
+      vote for independence.'"
+
+Since Pennsylvania also voted in favor of the Declaration, it was
+adopted unanimously.
+
+Caesar Rodney was Governor of Delaware from 1778 to 1781. On April 8,
+1784, the State Council, of which he was presiding officer, met at his
+house near Dover, because he was too ill to go to Dover. Less than
+three months later he died.
+
+A monument marks his last resting-place in Christ Episcopal churchyard
+in Dover.
+
+
+XLVI
+
+REHOBOTH CHURCH ON THE POCOMOKE, MARYLAND
+
+THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA
+
+The Pocomoke River rises in southern Delaware, forms a part of the
+eastern boundary of Somerset County, Maryland, and empties into
+Pocomoke Sound, an inlet of Chesapeake Bay. On the banks of this
+stream, not far from the mouth, Colonel William Stevens, a native of
+Buckinghamshire, England, located in 1665, taking out a patent on what
+he called the Rehoboth plantation, the name being chosen from Genesis
+26:22. "And he called the name of it Rehoboth. And he said, For now
+the Lord hath made room for us, and we shall be fruitful in this
+land." When Somerset County was organized he was made Judge of the
+County Court. He also became a member of "His Lordship's Councill,"
+and was one of the Deputy Lieutenants of the Province.
+
+As the years passed many followed Colonel Stevens to Somerset County,
+in search of religious freedom. Scotch, Scotch-Irish, French, and
+Quakers were represented in the village that was known at first as
+Pocomoke Town, though later it was called Rehoboth. Many of these
+settlers were Presbyterians, who had lost their property through
+persecution.
+
+In 1672 the Grand Jury, encouraged by Judge Stevens, asked Rev. Robert
+Maddux to preach at four points in the county. One of these points was
+the plantation house at Rehoboth. The next year George Fox, the
+Quaker, was in the community. He also preached in his famous "leather
+breeches" at Colonel Stevens' plantation, to a great congregation of
+several thousand whites and Indians. A Quaker monthly meeting
+followed.
+
+The number of Presbyterians increased to such an extent that in 1680
+Colonel Stevens asked the Presbytery of Laggan in Ireland for a godly
+minister to gather the band of exiles into a church. Francis Makemie
+was sent as a result. Soon Rehoboth Church was organized by him, as
+well as a number of other churches in the neighborhood. The exact date
+of the beginning of Rehoboth Church is uncertain, but it is probable
+that the first building was erected about 1683.
+
+For some years Makemie travelled from place to place, preaching and
+organizing churches as he went, but from 1699 to 1708, except in 1704
+and 1705, when he visited Europe, he lived in the neighborhood and
+preached at Rehoboth whenever he was at home.
+
+When it became necessary to erect a new church building, he decided to
+have this on his own land, because of Maryland's intolerant laws. This
+building, which is still in use, dates from 1706, the year when its
+builder assisted in organizing the first Presbytery of the
+Presbyterian Church at Philadelphia.
+
+Makemie's name will ever be connected with the struggle for religious
+liberty. He had a certificate from the court that permitted him to
+preach in the Province of Maryland, but he had many trying experiences
+in spite of this fact. His congregation groaned under the necessity of
+paying taxes to support the rectors of three neighboring parishes.
+
+The greatest trial was not in Maryland, but in New York, where he
+spent a portion of 1706 and 1707. His experiences there should be
+familiar to all who are interested in the struggle for religious
+liberty in America.
+
+The story is told in a curious document written by Makemie himself,
+which was printed in New York in 1707, under the title "A Particular
+Narrative of the Imprisonment of two Non-Conformist Ministers; and
+Prosecution & Tryal of one of them, for Preaching one Sermon in the
+city of New-York. By a Learner of Law and Lover of Liberty."
+
+The warrant for the arrest of the "criminal" was addressed to Thomas
+Cordale, Esqr., High-Sheriff of Queens County on Long-Island, or his
+Deputy, and was signed by Lord Cornbury. It read:
+
+      "Whereas I am informed, that one Mackennan, and one Hampton,
+      two Presbyterian Preachers, who lately came to this City,
+      have taken upon them to Preach in a Private House, without
+      having obtained My Licence for so doing, which is directly
+      contrary to the known Laws of England, and being likewise
+      informed, that they are gone into Long-Island, with intent
+      there to spread their Pernicious Doctrines and Principles, to
+      the great disturbance of the Order by Law established by the
+      Government of this province. You are therefore hereby
+      Required and Commanded, to take into your Custody the Bodies
+      of the said Mackennan and Hampton, and then to bring them
+      with all convenient speed before me, at Fort-Anne, in
+      New-York."
+
+When brought before Lord Cornbury, Makemie said: "We have Liberty from
+an Act of Parliament, made the first year of the Reign of King William
+and Queen Mary, which gave us Liberty, with which Law we have
+complied."
+
+But Lord Cornbury replied: "No one shall Preach in my Government
+without my Licence.... That Law does not extend to the American
+Plantations, but only to England.... I know, for I was at Making
+thereof.... That Act of Parliament was made against Strowling
+Preachers, and you are such, and shall not Preach in my Government."
+
+Makemie again challenged Lord Cornbury to show "any Pernicious
+Doctrine in the Confession of Faith of the Presbyterian Church." Later
+he refused to give "Bail and Security to Preach no more."
+
+"Then you must go to Gaol," his Lordship said.
+
+On January 23 another warrant was given to the High Sheriff of New
+York. He was told "to safely keep till further orders" the prisoners
+committed to him.
+
+From the prison Makemie sent a petition asking to know the charge, and
+demanding a speedy trial. Later the prisoner was released on habeas
+corpus proceedings.
+
+At the trial, where Makemie conducted his own defence, he read Chapter
+23 of the Westminster Confession of Faith, as a complete reply to the
+charge that he believed what incited the people to disregard the
+authority of the king.
+
+The jury brought in a verdict of "not guilty," but Makemie was obliged
+to pay the costs, including the fees of the Court Prosecutor, which
+amounted to twelve pounds. The total cost of the trial, including the
+expense of a trip from his home in Maryland, made necessary by a
+recess in the trial, was more than eighty pounds.
+
+A few months later Makemie died. It was felt by those who knew him
+that the trying experiences at New York hastened his end.
+
+He had not lived in vain. His struggles for religious liberty were to
+bear rich fruit before many years.
+
+Henry van Dyke wrote a sonnet to the memory of Francis Makemie, which
+was read on May 14, 1908, when the monument to the memory of the
+pioneer was unveiled:
+
+     "To thee, plain hero of a rugged race,
+       We bring a meed of praise too long delayed!
+       Thy fearless word and faithful work have made
+     Of God's Republic a firmer resting-place
+     In this New World: for thou hast preached the grace
+       And power of Christ in many a forest glade,
+       Teaching the truth that leaves men unafraid
+     Of frowning tyranny or death's dark face.
+
+     "Oh, who can tell how much we owe to thee,
+       Makemie, and to labor such as thine,
+       For all that makes America the shrine
+     Of faith untrammelled and of conscience free?
+     Stand here, grey stone, and consecrate the sod
+     Where rests this brave Scotch-Irish man of God."
+
+
+  [Illustration: DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, MD.
+   _Photo by James F. Hughes Company, Baltimore_
+   See page 216]
+
+XLVII
+
+DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, MARYLAND
+
+WHOSE OWNER WAS THE LAST SURVIVING SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF
+INDEPENDENCE
+
+It is true that when Charles Carroll was about to sign his name to the
+Declaration of Independence he added the words, "of Carrollton," but
+the story that he added the words there that he might be distinguished
+from a second Charles Carroll is an error; he had been writing his
+name thus since 1765. It would have been just as true a description if
+he had used the name of another of the numerous Carroll estates,
+Doughoregan Manor, but the designation he chose was simpler. At any
+rate he could not spell it in so many ways as the name of the family
+estate where he lived and died. Letters written by him at different
+periods show such diverse spellings as "Doeheragen," "Doohoragen,"
+"Dooheragon," and "Dougheragen," before he settled down to
+"Doughoregan."
+
+Doughoregan Manor, which was named for one of the O'Carroll estates in
+Ireland, is one of the most ancient family seats in Maryland. In 1688
+Charles Carroll, I, came over from England. He became a large landed
+proprietor, in part as a result of his appeal to the king of England
+for a part in the estate of the O'Carrolls of King's County, Ireland.
+The king satisfied the claim by offering him 60,000 acres of land in
+the Colonies. His heir was Charles Carroll, II, who was born in 1702.
+Fifteen years later Doughoregan Manor was built, and twenty-seven
+years later Charles Carroll, II, and his brother Daniel sold sixty
+acres of land which became the site of old Baltimore.
+
+Charles Carroll, II, divided his time between Doughoregan Manor and
+the Carroll Mansion in Annapolis, his town house. Here was born, in
+1737, Charles Carroll, III, the Signer. Most of the education of this
+heir to the vast estate of Charles Carroll, II, was secured in France.
+He was in Paris when his father wrote to him, in 1764, telling him of
+the large property that was to come to him. After speaking of this in
+detail, he concluded:
+
+      "On my death I am willing to add my Manor of Doughoregan,
+      10,000 acres, and also 1,425 Acres called Chance adjacent
+      thereto, on the bulk of which my negroes are settled. As you
+      are my only child, you will, of course, have all the residue
+      of my estate at my death."
+
+When the estate of his father finally came into his hands, Charles
+Carroll, III, was the richest man in Maryland. That he knew how to
+handle such a large property he showed by a letter which he wrote to
+his son, Charles Carroll, IV, on July 10, 1801:
+
+      "He who postpones till to-morrow what can and ought to be
+      done to-day, will never thrive in this world. It was not by
+      procrastination this estate was acquired, but by activity,
+      thought, perseverance, and economy, and by the same means it
+      must be preserved and prevented from melting away."
+
+But while the owner of Doughoregan Manor was careful, he was not
+penurious. He kept open house to his numerous friends, of whom George
+Washington was one. In one of the rooms of the Manor Washington sat
+to Gilbert Stuart for his portrait.
+
+Both Mr. Carroll's property and his services were at his country's
+call. From the days of the Stamp Act to the close of the Revolution
+there was no more ardent patriot than he. He served as a member of the
+Continental Congress, was for three months with Washington at Valley
+Forge, by appointment of Congress, was later United States Senator,
+and was a leader in business as well as in political affairs. With
+Washington he was a member from the beginning of the Potomac Canal
+Company, which later was merged into the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
+Company.
+
+After the Revolution he spent most of his time at Doughoregan Manor,
+where he completed the remarkable three-hundred-foot facade by the
+addition of the chapel which has been used by the family for more than
+a century.
+
+One by one the sons and daughters went out from the house, carrying
+the Carroll name or the Carroll training into many sections of
+Maryland and Virginia. Perhaps the most interesting marriage was that
+of Charles Carroll, IV, who was mentioned by Washington in his diary
+for 1798:
+
+      "March 27--Mr. Charles Carroll, Jr. ... came to dinner.
+
+      "March 28--Mr. Carroll went away after breakfast."
+
+William Spohn Baker, in "Washington after the Revolution," after
+quoting these extracts from the diary, says:
+
+      "The visit of young Mr. Carroll having given rise at
+      Annapolis to a rumor that it was made with the intention
+      of paying his addresses to Nelly Custis, her brother wrote
+      to the General in allusion to it, saying, 'I think it a most
+      desirable match, and wish that it may take place with all my
+      heart.' In reply, under date of April 15, Washington wrote,
+      'Young Mr. Carroll came here about a fortnight ago to dinner,
+      and left on next morning after breakfast. If his object was
+      such as you say has been reported, it was not declared here;
+      and therefore, the less is said upon the subject,
+      particularly by your sister's friends, the more prudent it
+      will be, until the subject develops itself more.'
+
+      "But youthful alliances are not always made at the nod of
+      Dame Rumor, nor are they always controlled by the wishes of
+      relatives. Nelly Custis married, February 22, 1799, at Mount
+      Vernon, Laurence Lewis, a nephew of Washington; and Charles
+      Carroll, Junior, found, in the following year, a bride at
+      Philadelphia, Harriet, a daughter of Benjamin Chew" [of
+      Cliveden].
+
+A delightful picture of life at the Manor was given by Adam Hodgson,
+an English visitor, who wrote from Baltimore on July 13, 1820:
+
+      "I have lately been paying some very agreeable visits at the
+      country seats of some of my acquaintances in the
+      neighborhood.... The other morning I set out, at four
+      o'clock, with General H, on a visit to a most agreeable
+      family, who reside at a large Manor, about seventeen miles
+      distant. We arrived about seven o'clock, and the family soon
+      afterward assembled to breakfast. It consisted of several
+      friends from France, Canada, and Washington, and the children
+      and grandchildren of my host, a venerable patriarch, nearly
+      eighty-five (83) years of age, and one of the four survivors
+      of those who signed the Declaration of Independence.... After
+      breakfasting the following morning, the ladies played for us
+      on the harp; and in the evening, I set out on horseback, to
+      return hither, not without a feeling of regret, that I had
+      probably taken a final leave of my hospitable friend, who,
+      although still an expert horseman, seldom goes beyond the
+      limits of his manor...."
+
+The other three surviving Signers died first, so that when Charles
+Carroll of Carrollton followed on November 14, 1832, the last Signer
+was gone. Among his last words were these:
+
+      "I have lived to my ninety-sixth year; I have enjoyed
+      continued health, I have been blessed with great wealth,
+      prosperity, and most of the good things which this world can
+      bestow--public approbation, esteem, applause; but what I now
+      look back on with the greatest satisfaction to myself is,
+      that I have practiced the duties of my religion."
+
+He was buried under the pavement of the chapel at the Manor.
+
+The present occupants of Doughoregan are Mr. and Mrs. Charles Carroll,
+who followed Governor John Lee Carroll, after his death in 1911.
+
+
+  [Illustration: UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MD.
+   _Photo by M. M. Carter, Annapolis_
+   See page 220]
+
+XLVIII
+
+THE UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND
+
+WHERE, AS A BOY, THE AUTHOR OF "THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER" WAS A
+FREQUENT VISITOR
+
+When Colonel James Wolfe was campaigning in Scotland in 1748 to 1753,
+one of the surgeons in his command was Upton Scott, a young Irishman
+from County Antrim. At that time began a friendship between the two
+men that continued through life.
+
+Another friend made at this time by the young surgeon was Horatio
+Sharpe. In 1753, when Sharpe planned to go to America, Dr. Scott
+decided to go with him, though it was not easy to think of resigning
+his commission, for this would mean the severance of pleasant
+relations with his colonel. When Wolfe said good-bye to his comrade he
+gave him a pair of pistols as a remembrance. These are still treasured
+by descendants of the surgeon.
+
+From 1754 to 1769 Horatio Sharpe was Proprietary Governor of Maryland,
+and Dr. Scott was his companion and physician. The young surgeon was
+popular among the young people whom he met at Annapolis, the colonial
+capital.
+
+In 1760, when he persuaded Elizabeth Ross, the daughter of John Ross,
+the Register of the Land Office of Maryland, to become his bride, he
+built for her the stately house in Annapolis, Maryland, which is now
+occupied by the Sisters of Notre Dame. The new house, with its
+charming doorway and wonderful hall carvings, was well worth the
+attention even of one who had spent her girlhood at Belvoir, a quaint
+mansion of great beauty, six miles from Annapolis.
+
+Governor Sharpe was a welcome visitor at the Scott house until the
+time of his death in 1789, when he appointed his friend, the owner,
+one of his executors. Governor Robert Eden, the last of the
+Proprietary Governors, who served from 1769 to 1774, was at times
+almost a member of the Scott household.
+
+Governor Eden was looked upon with favor by the patriots in Maryland
+because he was always moderate and advised the repeal of the tax on
+tea. In 1776 he went to England, but in 1784 he returned to Maryland
+to look after the estate of Mrs. Eden, who was Caroline Calvert,
+sister of Lord Baltimore; by the terms of the treaty of 1783 he was
+entitled to this property. While in Annapolis he was the guest of Dr.
+Scott. There, in the room now used by the Sisters of Notre Dame as a
+chapel, he died.
+
+But probably the most famous visitor to the Scott mansion was Francis
+Scott Key, who was the grandson of Mrs. Scott's sister, Ann Arnold
+Ross Key of Belvoir. When he was a boy he was often in Annapolis. His
+college training was received at St. John's in the old town, and in
+later life he frequently turned his steps to the house of his
+great-aunt and listened to the stories of Dr. Scott that helped to
+train him in the patriotism that was responsible, a few years later,
+for the composition of the "Star-Spangled Banner."
+
+Many garbled stories have been told of the circumstances that led to
+the writing of this song that has stirred the hearts of millions. The
+true story, and in many respects the simplest, was told by Key himself
+to his brother-in-law, R. R. Taney, who was later Chief Justice of the
+Supreme Court. In 1865, when the "Poems of the Late Francis Scott Key,
+Esq.," were published, the volume contained the story as related by
+Judge Taney.
+
+In 1814, the main body of the British invaders passed through Upper
+Marlboro, Maryland. Many of the officers made their headquarters at
+the home of Dr. William Beanes, a physician whom the whole town loved.
+When some of the stragglers from the army began to plunder the house,
+Dr. Beanes put himself at the head of a small body of citizens and
+pursued these stragglers. When the British officers heard of this, Dr.
+Beanes was seized and treated, not with kindness as a prisoner of
+war, but with great indignity. Key, as an intimate friend of the
+doctor, and a lawyer, was asked by the townsmen to intercede for the
+prisoner. When application was made to President Madison for help, he
+arranged to send Key to the British fleet, under a flag of truce, on a
+government vessel, in company with John S. Skinner, a government
+agent.
+
+For a week or ten days no word came from the expedition. The people
+were alarmed for the safety of Key and his companion.
+
+The bearers of the flag of truce found the fleet at the mouth of the
+Potomac. They were received courteously until they told their
+business. The British commander spoke harshly of Dr. Beanes, but
+fortunately Mr. Skinner had letters from the British officers who had
+received kindness at the doctor's hands. General Ross finally agreed
+that, solely as a recognition of this kindness, the prisoner would be
+released. But he told the Americans that they could not leave the
+fleet for some days. They were therefore taken to the frigate
+_Surprise_, where they were under guard. They understood that an
+immediate attack on Baltimore was contemplated, and that they were
+being restrained that they might not warn the city of the plans of the
+enemy.
+
+That night Fort McHenry was attacked. The Admiral had boasted that the
+works would be carried in a few hours, and that the city would then
+fall. So, from the deck of the _Surprise_, Key and his companion
+watched and listened anxiously all night. Every time a shell was
+fired, they waited breathlessly for the explosion they feared might
+follow. "While the bombardment continued, it was sufficient proof that
+the fort had not surrendered. But it suddenly ceased some time before
+day.... They paced the deck for the remainder of the night in fearful
+suspense.... As soon as it dawned, and before it was light enough to
+see objects at a distance, their glances were turned to the fort,
+uncertain what they should see there, the Stars and Stripes, or the
+flag of the enemy. At length the light came, and they saw that 'our
+flag was still there.'"
+
+A little later they saw the approach of boats loaded with wounded
+British soldiers. Then Key took an envelope and wrote many of the
+lines of the song, and while he was on the boat that carried him to
+shore he completed the first rough draft. That night, at the hotel, he
+rewrote the poem. Next day he showed it to Judge Nicholson, who was so
+delighted with it that the author was encouraged to send it to a
+printer, by the hand of Captain Benjamin Eades. Captain Eades took the
+first handbill that came from the press and carried it to the old
+tavern next the Holliday Street Theatre. There the words were sung for
+the first time, to the tune "Anacreon in Heaven," the tune Key had
+indicated on his copy.
+
+Long before the author's death in 1843 the song had won its place in
+the affections of the people. He wrote many other poems, and some of
+them have become popular hymns. At the memorial service conducted for
+him in Christ Church, Cincinnati, by his friend and former pastor,
+Rev. J. T. Brooke, the congregation was asked to sing Key's own hymn,
+beginning:
+
+     "Lord, with glowing heart I'd praise thee,
+       For the bliss thy love bestows;
+     For the pardoning grace that saves me,
+       And the peace that from it flows.
+
+     Help, O Lord, my weak endeavor;
+       This dull soul to rapture raise;
+     Thou must light the flame, or never
+       Can my love be warmed to praise."
+
+Dr. Scott, in whose Annapolis home Key had spent so many happy days,
+died in 1814, the year of the composition of "The Star-Spangled
+Banner." Mrs. Scott lived until 1819.
+
+
+XLIX
+
+THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON
+
+THE BEGINNINGS OF WASHINGTON CITY, AND THE STORY OF THE HOME OF
+CONGRESS
+
+The selection of parts of Virginia and Maryland as the site of the
+Federal District in which the National Capital was to be located was
+made only after many years of discussion.
+
+In 1779 some of the members of Congress talked of buying a few square
+miles near Princeton, New Jersey, as a site for the government's
+permanent home. Four years later, the trustees of Kingston, New York,
+sought to interest Congress in that location. In 1783 Annapolis,
+Maryland, offered the State House and public circle to "the Honorable
+Congress" for their use. Burlington, New Jersey, also entered the
+lists, while in June, 1783, Virginia offered the town of Williamsburg
+to Congress and proposed to "present the palace, the capitol, and all
+the public buildings and 300 acres of land adjoining the said city,
+together with a sum of money not exceeding 100,000 pounds, this state
+currency to be expended in erecting thirteen hotels for the use of
+the delegates in Congress."
+
+In October, 1784, Congress decided to place the capital near Trenton,
+New Jersey. Later it was decided to have a second capital on the
+Potomac, Congress to alternate between the two locations.
+
+Neither Congress nor the country was satisfied with this solution of
+the difficulty. After years of discussion, in September, 1789, one
+house of Congress fixed on the Falls of the Susquehanna in
+Pennsylvania as the permanent site. The Senate amended their proposal
+by suggesting Germantown, Pennsylvania.
+
+This action was reconsidered and a long dispute followed. Finally, in
+1790, the site on the Potomac was selected, and Congress was ready to
+provide for the building of "a palace in the woods."
+
+President Washington and Vice-President Adams disagreed as to the
+location of the Capitol building. John Adams wished to see it the
+centre of a quadrangle of other public buildings, but Washington urged
+that Congress should meet in a building at a distance from the
+President's house and all other public buildings, that the lawmakers
+might not be annoyed by the executive officers.
+
+The invitation to architects to present plans for the Capitol was made
+in March, 1792, five hundred dollars being promised for the best plan.
+None of the sixteen designs submitted were approved. Later two men,
+Stephen L. Hallet and Dr. William Thornton, offered such good plans
+that it was not easy to decide between them. The difficulty was solved
+by acceptance of Thornton's design and the engagement of Hallet as
+supervising architect at a salary of two thousand dollars a year.
+This arrangement was not satisfactory; it became necessary to replace
+Hallet first by George Hadfield, then by James Hoban, the architect of
+the White House. Under his charge the north wing was completed in
+1800.
+
+The proceeds from the sale of lots in the new city proved woefully
+inadequate for the expenses of the building. Congress authorized a
+loan of eight hundred thousand dollars, but this loan could not be
+disposed of until Maryland agreed to take two-thirds of the amount, on
+condition that the commissioners in charge of the work add their
+personal guarantee to the government's promise to pay.
+
+Congress was called to hold its first meeting in the Capitol north
+wing on November 17, 1800. A few months earlier the government
+archives had been moved from New York. These were packed in ten or
+twelve boxes, and were shipped on a packet boat, by sea. The arrival
+of the vessel was greeted by the three thousand citizens of
+Washington, who rang bells, cheered, and fired an old cannon in
+celebration of the event.
+
+At that time the foundation for the dome had been laid, and the walls
+of the south wing had been begun. Later a temporary brick building was
+erected for the House, on a portion of the site of the south wing. The
+legislators called the building "The Oven."
+
+The south wing was completed under the guidance of Benjamin Henry
+Latrobe, who also reconstructed the north wing and connected the two
+wings by a wooden bridge. That the building was far from satisfactory
+is evident from an article in the _National Intelligencer_ of December
+2, 1813, which spoke with disgust of the wooden passageway as well as
+of the piles of debris on every hand.
+
+In less than a year after the printing of the criticism, conditions
+were far worse, for the British troops came to Washington on August
+24, 1814. They piled furniture in the hall of the House, and set fire
+to it. The wooden bridge that connected the wings burned like tinder.
+In a little while nothing was left but the walls. "The appearance of
+the ruins was perfectly terrifying," Architect Latrobe wrote.
+
+Thus was fulfilled in a striking way the prophecy made by John
+Randolph when he pleaded with Congress not to make war on Great
+Britain, "All the causes urged for this war will be forgotten in your
+treaty of peace, and possibly this Capitol may be reduced to ashes."
+
+The next session of Congress was held in the Union Pacific Hotel, but
+by December, 1815, there was ready a three-story building, erected by
+popular subscription, which Congress used for three years, paying for
+it an annual rental of $1,650. This was called "The Brick Capitol."
+
+Of course efforts were made to remove the Capital to another location,
+but Congress made appropriation for the reconstruction of the Capitol
+on the old site. Work was begun almost at once, and was continued
+until 1830, when the wings had been rebuilt as well as the rotunda and
+centre structure. In general appearance the building was the same as
+before the fire, but marble instead of sandstone was used for
+colonnades and staircases and floors. The beautiful capitals of the
+marble pillars were carved in Italy or prepared by workmen brought
+from Italy.
+
+During the latter part of this period the rotunda was used for all
+sorts of exhibitions. Once a panorama of Paris was shown there, an
+admission fee of fifty cents being charged. Exhibits of manufactured
+goods were made in this "no man's land," over which nobody seemed to
+have jurisdiction. In 1827 a congressman spoke in the House of the
+fact that "triangles of steel to take the place of bells, stoves, stew
+pans, pianos, mouse traps, and watch ribbons were marked with prices
+and sundry good bargains were driven." The general public felt that
+they had a right even to the hall of the House; frequently popular
+meetings were held there.
+
+The present dome surmounting the rotunda is not the dome first
+planned. For Latrobe's dome, which he did not build, a higher dome was
+substituted by Bulfinch. The present dome is the work of Thomas U.
+Walter, the designer of Girard College, Philadelphia, whose plans for
+the completion of the Capitol were approved in 1851. The burning of
+the western front of the centre building in December, 1851, proved a
+blessing in disguise, for Walter was able to rebuild the section in
+perfect harmony with the other portions. The House first occupied its
+present quarters on December 16, 1857, but the Senate was not able to
+take possession of its new hall until January 4, 1859.
+
+The great structure was finished in 1865, work having been carried on
+throughout the Civil War. Though they knew that there would be delay
+in receiving payment for their work, the contractors insisted on
+continuing and completing what is one of the most harmonious public
+buildings in the world.
+
+The patriotic contractors had their reward, for the building was
+ready to receive the body of President Lincoln when, on April 19,
+1865, after the services in the White House, the casket was placed on
+a catafalque under the dome of the rotunda, that the people of the
+country whose destinies he had guided through four years of civil war
+might gather there to do him honor.
+
+
+L
+
+THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON
+
+THE HOME OF EVERY PRESIDENT SINCE WASHINGTON
+
+When, in 1792, James Hoban suggested to the commission appointed to
+supervise the erection of public buildings at Washington that the
+Executive Mansion be modelled after the palace of the Duke of Leinster
+in Dublin, his proposition was accepted, and he was given a premium of
+five hundred dollars for the plan. More, he was engaged, at the same
+amount per year, to take charge of the builders.
+
+No time was lost in laying the corner stone. The ceremony was
+performed on October 13, 1792, and operations were pushed with such
+speed that the building was completed ten years later!
+
+In November, 1800, six months after the transfer of the government
+offices from Philadelphia to Washington, Mrs. Adams joined President
+Adams at the White House. She had a hard time getting there. A few
+days after her arrival she wrote to her daughter:
+
+      "I arrived here on Sunday last, and without meeting any
+      accident worth noticing, except losing ourselves when we
+      left Baltimore, and going eight or nine miles on the
+      Frederick road, by which means we were obliged to go the
+      other eight miles through woods, where we wandered for two
+      hours, without finding a guide, or the path. Fortunately, a
+      straggling black came up with us, and we engaged him as a
+      guide to extricate us out of our difficulty; but woods are
+      all you see, from Baltimore until you reach the city, which
+      is only so in name. Here and there is a small cot, without a
+      glass window, interspersed amongst the forests, through which
+      you travel miles without seeing any human being. In the city
+      there are buildings enough, if they were compact and
+      furnished, to accommodate Congress and those attached to it;
+      but as they are, and scattered as they are, I see no great
+      comfort for them."
+
+Mrs. Adams found no great comfort in the White House, either. "To
+assist us in this great castle," she wrote, "and render less
+attendance necessary, bells are wholly wanting, not one single one
+being hung through the whole house, and promises are all you can
+obtain.... If they will put me up some bells, and let me have wood
+enough to keep fires, I design to be pleased.... But, surrounded with
+forests, can you believe that wood is not to be had, because people
+cannot be found to cut and cart it.... The house is made habitable,
+but there is not a single apartment finished.... We have not the least
+fence, yard, or other convenience, without, and the great, unfinished
+audience-room I make a drying room of, to hang up the clothes in. The
+principal stairs are not up, and will not be this winter."
+
+The building itself was in good condition, though the surroundings
+were far from prepossessing, when it was burned by the British in
+1814. President and Mrs. Madison moved to the Octagon House, and spent
+more than a year in this comfortable winter home of Colonel John
+Tayloe.
+
+The cost of rebuilding and refurnishing the Executive Mansion was
+about three hundred thousand dollars. The work was begun in 1814, and
+in September, 1817, the building was so far completed that President
+Monroe was able to take up his quarters there in some degree of
+comfort, though the floor in the East Room had not yet been laid and
+some of the walls were still without plastering. On January 1, 1818,
+the first New Year's reception was held there. "It was gratifying to
+be able to salute the President of the United States with the
+compliments of the season in his appropriate residence," the _National
+Intelligencer_ said. It may be added that the editor called the
+building "the President's House." The title, "the White House," was
+not yet in common use.
+
+For many years the successive occupants of the building were subject
+to all sorts of criticism. Mrs. Monroe refused both to make first
+calls and to return calls. President Monroe bought foreign-made
+furnishings! John Quincy Adams actually introduced a billiard table,
+and the use of public money to buy "a gaming table" was bitterly
+attacked! (Of course the purchase was made with personal funds.) Mrs.
+Adams was cold and haughty! When President Van Buren left Washington
+he took with him the gold spoons and the gilt dessert service that had
+attracted attention! But these were private property.
+
+However, most criticisms like these have been inspired by pride in the
+President and his household, and a pardonable feeling of possession in
+them and the White House.
+
+Until within recent years the President's offices were in the east end
+of the White House. A pleasing description of these offices has come
+down from Isaac N. Arnold, who thus spoke of the quarters of President
+Lincoln:
+
+      "The furniture of the room consisted of a large oak table,
+      covered with cloth extending north and south, and it was
+      round this table that the Cabinet sat when it held its
+      meetings. Near the end of the table and between the windows
+      was another table, on the west side of which the President
+      sat, in a large arm-chair, and at this table he wrote. A tall
+      desk, with pigeon holes for paper, stood against the south
+      wall. The only books usually found in this room were the
+      Bible, the United States Statutes, and a copy of Shakespeare.
+      There were a few chairs and two plain hair-covered sofas.
+      There were two or three map frames, from which hung military
+      maps, on which the positions and movements of the armies were
+      traced. There was an old and discolored engraving of General
+      Jackson over the mantel and a later photograph of John
+      Bright. Doors open into this room from the room of the
+      secretary and from the outside hall, running east and west
+      across the house. A bell-cord within reach of his hand
+      extended to the secretary's office. A messenger sat at the
+      door opening from the hall, and took in the cards and names
+      of visitors."
+
+During the time of President Roosevelt, outside Executive offices were
+built, and rooms that had long been needed for the personal uses of
+the President's household were released. The change has increased
+patriotic pride in the White House, one of the simplest mansions
+provided for the rulers of the nations.
+
+
+  [Illustration: THE STAIRWAY, OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
+   _From the Monograph on the Octagon House,
+   Issued by the American Institute of Architects_]
+
+LI
+
+THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON
+
+IN WHICH DOLLY MADISON LAVISHED HOSPITALITY IN 1814
+
+John Tayloe, the wealthiest man in the Virginia of the late eighteenth
+century, had his summer home at Mt. Airy. His plantation, the largest
+in the State, was worked by more than five hundred slaves.
+
+When he wanted a winter home, he thought of building at Philadelphia.
+But George Washington, eager to secure him as a resident of the young
+Federal City on the Potomac, asked him to consider the erection of a
+house there. So Mr. Tayloe made an investigation of Washington as a
+site for a residence, bought a lot for one thousand dollars, and in
+1798 commissioned Dr. William Thornton to make the plans for a
+palatial house. During the construction of the building Washington
+several times rode by and from the saddle inspected the progress of
+the work.
+
+Thornton was at the time a well-known man, though he had been born in
+the West Indies and was for many years a resident there. After
+receiving his education in Europe, he lived for several years in the
+United States. During this period he was a partner of John Fitch in
+the building and trial of the steamboat that for a time ran
+successfully on the Delaware River, more than twenty years before
+Fulton built the _Clermont_. He was himself something of an inventor;
+he secured a number of patents for a device to move a vessel by
+applying steam to a wheel at the side of the hull.
+
+He had returned to the West Indies when he read that a prize was to be
+given for the best plan submitted for the Capitol to be built at
+Washington. At once he wrote for particulars, and in due time he
+presented his plans. He was then living in the United States. The
+plans were considered the best that had been offered. Jefferson said
+that they "captivated the eyes and judgment of all," while Washington
+spoke of their "grandeur, simplicity, and convenience." While these
+plans were later modified by others, certain features of the Capitol
+as it appears to-day are to be traced directly to Dr. Thornton's
+plans.
+
+At the time of the award he was but thirty-one years old, and had
+already won a place as a physician, an inventor, and a man of science.
+He was a friend of Benjamin Franklin, and had received the prize
+offered for the design for the new building of the Library Company of
+Philadelphia, in which Franklin was especially interested. Later he
+was awarded a gold medal by the American Philosophical Society for a
+paper in which he outlined the method of the oral teaching of deaf and
+dumb children which is still in use in many institutions.
+
+  [Illustration: OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
+   _Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company
+   from the Monograph on the Octagon House
+   by the American Institute of Architects_
+   See page 234]
+
+The building planned by Dr. Thornton for Mr. Tayloe, at the northeast
+corner of New York Avenue and Eighteenth Street, was completed in
+1801. At the time it was the best house in Washington. At once, as the
+Octagon House, it became famous for the lavish hospitality of its
+owner.
+
+The next stirring period in the history of the Octagon House was the
+later years of the second war with Great Britain. On the night of
+August 24, 1814, when the British Army entered the city, the French
+minister, M. Serurier, looked from his window and saw soldiers
+bearing torches going toward the White House. Quickly he sent a
+messenger to General Ross and asked that his residence be spared. The
+messenger found General Ross in the Blue Room, where he was collecting
+furniture for a bonfire. Assured that "the king's house" would be
+respected, he returned to the minister.
+
+Dr. Thornton, who was at the time superintendent of the patent office,
+succeeded in persuading Colonel Jones to spare that building, on the
+ground that it was a museum of the Arts, and that its destruction
+would be a loss to all the world.
+
+Among the public buildings destroyed was the White House. Mr. Tayloe
+at once offered the Octagon House to President Madison. On September
+9, 1814, the _National Intelligencer_ announced, "The President will
+occupy Colonel Tayloe's large house, which was lately occupied by the
+French minister." For more than a year the house was known as the
+Executive Annex.
+
+Rufus Rockwell Wilson, in "Washington, the Capital City," tells how
+the mansion looked at this time:
+
+      "Its circular entrance hall, marble tiled, was heated by two
+      picturesque stoves placed in small recesses in the wall.
+      Another hall beyond opened into a spacious and lovely garden
+      surrounded by a high brick wall after the English fashion. To
+      the right was a handsome drawing room with a fine mantel,
+      before which Mrs. Madison was accustomed to stand to receive
+      her guests. To the left was a dining-room of equal size and
+      beauty. A circular room over the hall, with windows to the
+      floor and a handsome fireplace, was President Madison's
+      office. Here he received his Cabinet officers and other men
+      of note, listening to their opinions and reports on the
+      progress of the war; and here, also, on a quaintly carved
+      table, he signed, February 18, 1815, the proclamation of the
+      Treaty of Ghent, which ended the contest with England."
+
+The story of this table's history is interesting. From the Octagon
+House it went to John Ogle Ferneaux, of King George County, Virginia.
+He kept it until October 30, 1897, when it was sold to Mrs. A. H.
+Voorhies, of 2011 California Street, San Francisco. When the fire that
+succeeded the earthquake of 1906 approached the house, the table was
+taken away hurriedly. Mrs. Voorhies says, "We wrapped sheets around
+the circular part of the table, and in part of the journey, it went
+turning round as a wheel to a place of safety." The San Francisco
+chapter of the Institute of Architects purchased it for $1,000, and
+sent it to Washington, December 1, 1911.
+
+It is said that on the day the message came to the Octagon House that
+peace had been declared, Miss Sally Coles, who was Mrs. Madison's
+cousin, called from the head of the stairs, "Peace! Peace!" One who
+was a guest at the time gave a lively account of the scene in the
+house:
+
+      "Late in the afternoon came thundering down Pennsylvania
+      Avenue a coach and four foaming steeds, in which was the
+      bearer of the good news. Cheers followed the carriage as it
+      sped on its way to the residence of the President. Soon after
+      nightfall, members of Congress and others deeply interested
+      in the event presented themselves at the President's House,
+      the doors of which stood open. When the writer of this
+      entered the drawing room at about eight o'clock, it was
+      crowded to its full capacity. Mrs. Madison--(the President
+      being with the Cabinet)--doing the honors of the occasion;
+      and what a happy scene it was!"
+
+Mr. Tayloe occupied the Octagon at intervals until his death in 1828.
+Mrs. Tayloe lived until 1855. By this time the neighborhood had
+changed, and the property deteriorated. In 1865 it was occupied as a
+girls' school. From 1866 to 1879 it was the hydrographic office of the
+Navy Department. Later it became a dwelling and studio. From 1885 to
+1889 it was in the hands of a caretaker, and deteriorated rapidly. At
+the last eight or ten families of colored people lived within the
+storied walls.
+
+The Institute of American Architects leased the property in 1899 and
+later purchased the house for $30,000. It is now one of the sights of
+Washington. A tablet fixed to the wall relates the main facts of its
+history.
+
+
+
+
+SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE CAVALIERS
+
+     _I love the stately southern mansions with their tall white
+       columns,
+     They look through avenues of trees, over fields where the cotton
+       is growing;
+     I can see the flutter of white frocks along their shady porches,
+     Music and laughter float from the windows, the yards are full of
+       hounds and horses.
+     Long since the riders have ridden away, yet the houses have not
+       forgotten,
+     They are proud of their name and place, and their doors are always
+         open,
+     For the thing they remember best is the pride of their ancient
+         hospitality._
+
+       HENRY VAN DYKE.
+
+
+
+
+SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE CAVALIERS
+
+
+  [Illustration: MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA, REAR VIEW
+   _Photo by E. C. Hall_
+   See page 241]
+
+LII
+
+MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA
+
+SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON
+
+George Washington was twenty years old when he became the owner of the
+Mount Vernon estate on the Potomac, in accordance with the provisions
+of the will of Laurence Washington, his half-brother. At that time the
+house contained but eight rooms and an attic, four rooms on each
+floor. There were twenty-five hundred acres in the farm.
+
+As a boy Washington had tramped over every acre of the estate. When he
+was sixteen he made a plot of the region around Mt. Vernon. The
+original of the survey made at that time may be seen in the Library of
+Congress at Washington.
+
+The young owner looked forward to years of quiet on his estate, but he
+was frequently called away from home for service in the militia of
+Virginia. In spite of these absences, however, he managed to make the
+acres surrounding the mansion give a good account of themselves.
+
+When he responded to the call of the Colonies and became
+Commander-in-Chief of the army, he turned his back on Mt. Vernon with
+great reluctance, and for six years hardly saw the place he loved.
+But when the independence of the Colonies had been won he returned
+home, in the hope that he might be permitted to remain there in
+obscurity, farming his land and entertaining his friends in the house
+on the Potomac.
+
+That he might have more room for his friends, he enlarged the house.
+On July 5, 1784, he wrote to his friend, William Rumney of Alexandria,
+asking him to inquire into the terms on which "a House Joiner and
+Bricklayer" might be engaged for two or three years. To the house,
+which dated from 1744, he made additions until it was three times as
+large as when he inherited the property. The alterations were
+completed in 1785. The completed house was ninety-six feet long, and
+thirty feet deep, with a piazza fifteen feet wide. The building
+material was wood, cut in imitation of stone.
+
+While these alterations were in progress a visitor to Mt. Vernon was
+Charles Vardo, an Englishman. When he returned home he wrote an
+account of his visit, in which said:
+
+      "I crossed the river from Maryland into Virginia, near to the
+      renowned General Washington's, where I had the honor to spend
+      some time, and was kindly entertained with that worthy
+      family. As to the General, if we may judge by the
+      countenance, he is what the world says of him, a shrewd,
+      good-natured, plain, humane man, about fifty-five years of
+      age, and seems to wear well, being healthful and active,
+      straight, well made, and about six feet high. He keeps a good
+      table, which is always open to those of a genteel
+      appearance....
+
+      "The General's house is rather warm, snug, convenient and
+      useful, than ornamental. The size is what ought to suit a man
+      of about two or three thousand a year in England. The
+      out-offices are good and seem to be not long built; and he
+      was making more offices at each wing to the front of the
+      house, which added more to ornament than to real use. The
+      situation is high, and commands a beautiful prospect of the
+      river which parts Virginia and Maryland, but in other
+      respects the situation seems to be out of the world, being
+      chiefly surrounded by woods, and far from any great road or
+      thoroughfare.... The General's lady is a hearty, comely,
+      discreet, affable woman, some few years older than
+      himself.... The General's house is open to poor travellers as
+      well as rich, he gives diet and lodging to all that come that
+      way, which indeed cannot be many, without they go out of
+      their way on purpose...."
+
+A visitor of January 19, 1785, was Elkanah Watson. In his diary
+Washington wrote simply that Mr. Watson came in and stayed all night;
+and that he went away after breakfast next morning. But Mr. Watson had
+a fuller account to give:
+
+      "I found him at table with Mrs. Washington and his private
+      family, and was received in the native dignity and with that
+      urbanity so peculiarly combined in the character of a soldier
+      and eminent private gentleman. He soon put me at ease.... The
+      first evening I spent under the wing of his hospitality, we
+      sat a full hour at table by ourselves, without the least
+      interruption, after the family had retired. I was extremely
+      oppressed by a severe cold and excessive coughing, contracted
+      by the exposure of a harsh winter journey. He pressed me to
+      use some remedies, but I declined doing so. As usual after
+      retiring, my coughing increased. When some time had elapsed,
+      the door of my room was gently opened, and on drawing my
+      bed-curtains, to my utter astonishment, I beheld Washington
+      himself, standing at my bedside, with a bowl of hot tea in
+      his hand."
+
+The following May Rev. Thomas Coke and Bishop Francis Asbury were
+welcomed to Mt. Vernon. "The General's seat is very elegant," Mr. Coke
+wrote. "He is quite the plain, country-Gentleman." After dinner the
+visitors presented to their host a petition for the emancipation of
+the Negroes, "entreating his signature, if the eminence of his station
+did not render it inexpedient for him to sign any petition."
+Washington told his guests that he was "of their sentiments, and had
+signified his thoughts on the subject to most of the great men of the
+State; that he did not see it proper to sign the petition, but if the
+Assembly took it into consideration, would signify his sentiments to
+the Assembly by a letter."
+
+An attractive picture of the General was given by Richard Henry Lee
+after a visit to Mt. Vernon in November, 1785:
+
+      "When I was first introduced to him he was neatly dressed in
+      a plain blue coat, white Casimer waistcoat, and black
+      breeches and Boots, as he came from his farm. After having
+      sat with us some time he retired.... Later he came in again,
+      with his hair neatly powdered, a clean shirt on, a new plain
+      drab Coat, white waistcoat and white silk stockings."
+
+John Hunter, who was with Colonel Lee, added his impression:
+
+      "The style of his house is very elegant, something like the
+      Prince de Conde's at Chantilly, near Paris, only not quite so
+      large; but it's a pity he did not build a new one at once, as
+      it has cost him nearly as much as repairing his old one....
+      It's astonishing what a number of small houses the General
+      has upon his Estate for his different Workmen and Negroes
+      to live in. He has everything within himself--Carpenters,
+      Bricklayers, Brewers, Blacksmiths, Bakers, etc., etc., and
+      even has a well assorted store for the use of his family and
+      servants."
+
+While the repairs were still in progress, the ship _Mary_ arrived at
+Alexandria, having a consignment for Washington from Samuel Vaughan, a
+great admirer in London. This was a chimney-piece, wrought in Italy
+from pure white and sienite marble, for the use of Mr. Vaughan. When
+the mantel reached England the owner learned of the improvements then
+in progress at Mt. Vernon. Without unpacking the mantel he sent it on
+to America. When Washington received word of the arrival of the gift,
+he wrote, "By the number of cases, however, I greatly fear it is too
+elegant and costly for my room and republican style of living."
+Nevertheless the mantel was installed in the mansion and became a
+great delight to the household.
+
+Washington's days at Mt. Vernon were interrupted by the renewed call
+of his country. For much of the time for eight years he was compelled
+to be absent, and when, at length, the opportunity came to resume the
+free life on his estate, he had less than three years left. But these
+years were crowded full of hospitality in the mansion and of joyous
+work on the estate, and when, on December 14, 1799, he died as a
+result of a cold caught while riding on the estate, he left it to his
+"dearly beloved wife, Martha Washington."
+
+For many years Mt. Vernon continued its hospitable career. Then came
+years of neglect, when the mansion was falling into ruins. But in
+1853-56 Miss Ann Pamela Cunningham of South Carolina appealed to the
+women of the nation, and succeeded in organizing an association that
+took over the estate, restored it to its original condition, furnished
+it with Washington relics gathered from far and near, and opened it
+for the visits of the reverent visitors to the city of Washington, who
+continue their journey sixteen miles down the Potomac that they may
+look on the scene that brought joy to the heart of the Father of his
+Country.
+
+
+  [Illustration: ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 246]
+
+LIII
+
+ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA
+
+FROM WHICH ROBERT E. LEE WENT TO BATTLE FOR THE SOUTH
+
+After the death of George Washington the Mt. Vernon family was
+gradually broken up, one after another going elsewhere for a home.
+George Washington Parke Custis, Washington's adopted son, and grandson
+of Martha Washington, decided to build a home on a hill overlooking
+the Potomac, opposite Washington City. There were eleven hundred acres
+in the estate of which Arlington, the mansion he built in 1802, was
+the central feature.
+
+It has been said that the stately house is an adaptation of the Doric
+temple at Paestum, near Naples. The roof of the great portico rests on
+eight massive columns. The rooms within are of a size in keeping with
+the magnificent portal.
+
+Perhaps the plan was too ambitious for the Custis fortune. At any rate
+the rooms on the south side of the hall were not completed. But it
+was a famous house, nevertheless. Guests were many. They delighted to
+look from the portico across the Potomac to Washington, where they
+could see the government buildings slowly taking shape.
+
+One of the favored guests was Robert E. Lee. His frequent visits led
+to his marriage, in 1831, to Mr. Custis' daughter. At this time Lee
+was a lieutenant in the United States Army. Mrs. Lee remained at
+Arlington, waiting for the husband whose military duties enabled him
+to spend only brief seasons with her and the growing family there.
+
+During the years before the war visitors to the Capital City thronged
+to Arlington. Some of them were interested in the many Washington
+relics in the house. Chief among these was the bed on which Washington
+died. Others came to the picnic grounds at Arlington Spring, which Mr.
+Custis had opened for the pleasure of the people, building for the use
+of all comers a great dining-hall, a dancing pavilion, and a kitchen.
+
+One of these visitors told his impressions of Arlington:
+
+      "In front of the mansion, sloping toward the Potomac, is a
+      fine park of two hundred acres, dotted with groves of oak and
+      chestnut and clumps of evergreens; and behind it is a dark
+      old forest, with patriarchal trees bearing many centennial
+      honors, and covering six hundred acres of hill and dale.
+      Through a portion of this is a sinuous avenue leading up to
+      the mansion."
+
+At the time of the secession of Virginia, Robert E. Lee was a colonel.
+Duty seemed clear to him. It was not easy for him to take up arms
+against the United States Government, but he considered himself first
+of all a citizen of his native State. To respond to the call of the
+Confederacy meant ruin. His beautiful home, he feared, would be
+destroyed. But he did not hesitate. A desire to retain possession of
+his slaves had nothing to do with his decision. His own slaves had
+already been freed, and provision had been made in the will of Mrs.
+Lee's father that all his slaves should be freed in 1862.
+
+When, in 1865, General Lee was urged to prolong the conflict by
+guerilla warfare, he said: "No, that would not do. It must be
+remembered that we are Christian people. We have fought the fight as
+long and as well as we know how. We have been defeated. For us as a
+Christian people there is but one course to pursue. We must accept the
+situation. These men must go home and plant a crop, and we must
+proceed to build up our country on a new basis."
+
+But he could not return to Arlington. The government had taken
+possession of the estate for a National Cemetery. For a time he lived
+in obscurity on a little farm. Then he became President of Washington
+College, later Washington and Lee University. With his family he lived
+on the campus at Lexington, Virginia, and there he died, October 12,
+1870.
+
+In the meantime the National Cemetery at Arlington was becoming a
+pilgrimage point for patriotic Americans. The slopes of the beautiful
+lawn were covered with graves. The stately white mansion, with its
+eight great pillars and its walls of stucco seemed a fitting
+background for the ranks of little white tombstones.
+
+For years the title to the property was in dispute. In 1864 the United
+States bought it for $26,800, when it was sold at auction for
+delinquent taxes. In 1882 the Supreme Court decided that G. W. C. Lee,
+son of General Lee, was entitled to the property, and the following
+year the government paid him $150,000 for eleven hundred acres,
+including the mansion.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VA.
+   Photo by H. P. Cook
+   See page 249]
+
+LIV
+
+CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON HAD A PEW "AT THE UPPER PART OF THE CHURCH"
+
+George Washington was chosen one of the vestrymen of Fairfax parish in
+1764, when this was formed by the division of Truro parish, although
+he was already a vestryman in Pohick Church at Truro.
+
+The records of the new parish show that in 1766 it was decided to
+build Christ Church at Alexandria, and a second church at the Falls of
+the Potomac instead of the old church there. The members of the parish
+were asked to pay thirty-one thousand pounds of tobacco for the
+purpose of construction.
+
+James Wren, the architect of Christ Church, is said to have been a
+descendant of Sir Christopher Wren. While the building was well
+designed, no one ever thought of it as a masterpiece. But it has
+answered the purposes of the worshipper for more than a century and a
+half, and it promises to last at least a hundred and fifty years more.
+
+The original contract called for the expenditure of L600. Colonel John
+Carlisle, who was bondsman for the contractor, James Parsons, in
+1772, agreed to complete the building on payment of L220 additional,
+since Parsons failed to fulfil his agreement.
+
+The church was built of brick, and was sixty by fifty feet long. The
+work was carefully done, but the structure was ready for the vestry to
+take possession early in 1773.
+
+At the first sale of pews, of which there were fifty in all,
+Washington paid L36 10 s. for pew number five. He had already made a
+generous gift toward the building fund, but asked the privilege of
+giving the brass chandelier which still hangs from the ceiling.
+
+When the Church and State were separated in Virginia, after the
+Revolution, Washington subscribed five pounds a year to the rector's
+salary. By act of the legislature the glebe lands of churches in the
+State were confiscated, but, through the influence of Washington and
+Charles Lee, Christ Church "and one other" (probably Falls Church)
+were allowed to retain their lands.
+
+Many changes have been made in the building. The gallery was added in
+1787, that twenty-five pews might be provided for the growing
+congregation. The west aisle was built in 1811, and the next year the
+chimneys were built, for stoves were placed in the church at that
+time. The bell was hung in 1816. The pews were later divided,
+including that which Washington occupied, but this pew has since been
+restored to its original condition. Since 1891 the high pulpit and
+sounding board have been replaced as they were at first.
+
+Washington's diary tells of his attendance at service on Sunday, June
+2, 1799. Perhaps it was of this Sunday a visitor to Alexandria wrote
+in a letter to a friend, which was quoted in "The Religious Opinions
+and Character of George Washington," published in 1836. The writer
+said:
+
+      "In the summer of 1799 I was in Alexandria on a visit to the
+      family of Mr. H.... Whilst there, I expressed a wish to see
+      General Washington, as I had never enjoyed that pleasure. My
+      friend ... observed: 'You will certainly see him on Sunday,
+      as he is never absent from church when he can get there; and
+      as he often dines with us, we will ask him on that day, when
+      you will have a better opportunity of seeing him.'
+      Accordingly, we all repaired to church on Sunday.... General
+      Washington ... walked to his pew, at the upper part of the
+      church, and demeaned himself throughout the service of the
+      day with that gravity and propriety becoming the place and
+      his own high character. After the services were concluded, we
+      waited for him at the door, for his pew being near the pulpit
+      he was among the last that came out--when Mrs. H. invited him
+      to dine with us. He declined, however, the invitation,
+      observing, as he looked at the sky, that he thought there
+      were appearances of a thunderstorm in the afternoon, and he
+      believed he would return home to dinner."
+
+
+  [Illustration: MARY WASHINGTON'S HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG, VA.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 251]
+
+LV
+
+THE MARY WASHINGTON HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG, VIRGINIA
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON'S MOTHER SPENT HER LAST YEARS
+
+The first property mentioned in connection with the name of Mary Ball,
+who became the mother of George Washington, was on the tract of four
+hundred acres "in ye freshes of Rappa-h-n River," bequeathed to her in
+her father's will before she was six years old. Her father, Colonel
+Joseph Ball of Epping Forest, Lancaster County, thought he was about
+to die, but he lived some years longer.
+
+Ten years later an unknown writer spoke of Mary Ball in pleasing
+terms:
+
+        "WmsBurg, ye 7th of Octr, 1722.
+
+      "Dear Sukey, Madam Ball of Lancaster and her sweet Molly have
+      gone Hom. Mama thinks Molly the Comliest Maiden She Knows.
+      She is about 16 yrs old, is taller than Me, is verry
+      Sensable, Modest and Loving. Her Hair is like unto Flax, Her
+      Eyes are the color of Yours, and her Chekes are like May
+      blossoms. I wish You could see Her."
+
+This "Belle of the Northern Neck," as she came to be called, continued
+her conquests of young and old until, at twenty-two, an orphan, she
+left Epping Forest to live with her brother, Joseph Ball, at
+"Stratford-by-bow, Nigh London." There, on March 6, 1730, she became
+the second wife of Augustine Washington, the second son of Laurence
+Washington, who was visiting England at the time.
+
+Less than two years later, at Wakefield, on the Potomac, in
+Westmoreland County, Virginia, George Washington was born. He was not
+three years old when the mansion was burned.
+
+The new home was at Pine Grove, in Stafford County, on the
+Rappahannock River, opposite Fredericksburg. For eight years the
+family circle was unbroken, but on April 12, 1743, Augustine
+Washington died. Laurence Washington, Mary Washington's stepson, then
+became the owner of Mt. Vernon, while to George Washington was
+bequeathed Pine Grove, though the estate was to be managed by Mrs.
+Washington until the son became twenty-one.
+
+With wonderful skill Mrs. Washington directed the plantation and with
+firm purpose she devoted herself to the care of her five fatherless
+children.
+
+A picture of this capable woman at this period was recorded by
+Laurence Washington, a nephew of George Washington's father. He wrote:
+
+      "I was often there [at Pine Grove] with George, his playmate,
+      schoolmate, and young man's companion. Of the mother, I was
+      more afraid than of my own parents; she awed me in the midst
+      of her kindness; and even now, when time has whitened my
+      locks and I am the grandfather of a second generation, I
+      could not behold that majestic woman without feelings it is
+      impossible to describe."
+
+The death, in 1752, of Laurence Washington of Mt. Vernon made George
+Washington the owner of that property. Thereafter the twenty-five
+hundred acre estate became known as the home of the eldest son, while
+Mrs. Washington remained at Pine Grove with her younger children.
+
+Only a few months later he stopped to see his mother, as he was on his
+way to the West to carry out a commission laid upon him by Governor
+Dinwiddie. As Mrs. Washington bade her son good-bye, she urged him to
+"remember that God only is our sure trust." Then she added, "To Him I
+commend you."
+
+Her words were remembered. In 1755, when General Braddock asked
+Colonel Washington to accompany him to Fort Pitt, Mrs. Washington
+hurried to Mt. Vernon and urged him not to go. He considered her
+objections, but said:
+
+      "The God to whom you commended me, madam, when I set out on a
+      more perilous errand, defended me from all harm, and I trust
+      He will do so now; do you?"
+
+One by one the children left Pine Grove. In 1750 Betty Washington was
+married to Colonel Fielding Lewis, who built for her the stately house
+Kenmore, not far from her mother's home, but across the river, on the
+edge of Fredericksburg. This house is still among the show places of
+the old town.
+
+In the early days of the Revolution Colonel and Mrs. Lewis tried to
+persuade Mrs. Washington that she was getting too old to live alone at
+Pine Grove, and urged her to make her home at Kenmore. At the same
+time Colonel Lewis offered to take over the management of the
+plantation. To both entreaties she turned a deaf ear; she said she
+felt entirely competent to take care of herself, and she would manage
+her own farm.
+
+However, she consented to make her home in a house purchased for her
+in Fredericksburg, because "George thought it best." The dutiful son
+had time to help in the flitting to the new home before he hurried to
+the North. He was not to see her again for seven long years.
+
+A member of the family described later the days of waiting when Mary
+Washington directed her household in the preparation of clothes,
+provisions, and other comforts for the General and his associates:
+"During the trying years when her son was leading the Continental
+forces, the mother was watching and praying, following him with
+anxious eyes," the story is told. "But to the messenger who brought
+tidings, whether of victory or defeat, she turned a calm face,
+whatever tremor of feeling it might mask, and to her daughter she
+said, chiding her for undue excitement, 'The sister of the commanding
+general should be an example of fortitude and faith.'"
+
+It was November 11, 1781, when the victorious commander next saw
+Fredericksburg, on his way to Philadelphia from Yorktown. George
+Washington Parke Custis has described the meeting with his mother:
+
+      "She was alone, her aged hands employed in the works of
+      domestic industry, when the good news was announced, and it
+      was told that the victor was awaiting at the threshold. She
+      bade him welcome by a warm embrace, and by the
+      well-remembered and endearing name of George.... She inquired
+      as to his health, for she marked the lines which mighty cares
+      and toils had made in his manly countenance, and she spoke
+      much of old times and old friends, but of his glory not one
+      word."
+
+When the Peace Ball was given in Fredericksburg she was an honored
+guest. Her son walked with her into the gaily decorated ballroom. She
+remained for a time, but after a while, from the seat where she had
+watched the dance, she called him to her side. When she was near she
+said, "Come, George, it is time for old folks to be at home."
+
+Lafayette visited Fredericksburg in 1784, that he might pay his
+respects to Mrs. Washington. He found her in her garden, dressed in a
+short linsey skirt, working among her flowers. After his visit he
+declared, "I have seen the only Roman matron living at this day."
+
+She still went frequently to her plantation across the river, but as
+she became more feeble her son gave her a phaeton in which she could
+cross the ferry in comfort. Her great-granddaughter has written of her
+appearance when she rolled in the phaeton down the village street:
+
+      "In summer she wore a dark straw hat with broad brim and low
+      crown, tied under her chin with black ribbon strings; but in
+      winter a warm hood was substituted, and she was wrapped in
+      the purple cloth cloak lined with silk shang (a present from
+      her son George) that is described in the bequests of her
+      will. In her hand she carried her gold-headed cane, which
+      feeble health now rendered necessary as a support."
+
+One of the last visits paid by George Washington to his mother was on
+March 7, 1789. A Fredericksburg paper of March 12 said, "The object of
+his Excellency's visit was probably to take leave of his aged mother,
+sister, and friends, previous to his departure for the new Congress,
+over the councils of which, the united voice of America has called him
+to preside." On March 11 Washington's account book shows that the
+expenses of the trip were L1.8.0. He also noted that he advanced to
+his mother at the time "6 Guineas."
+
+At New York, on September 1, 1789, President Washington was dining
+with friends when a messenger brought word of the death of Mrs.
+Washington. The notice of her death, as given in the _Gazette of the
+United States_, on September 9, read:
+
+      "Fredericksburg, Virginia, August 27, 1789--On Tuesday, the
+      25th inst. died at her home in this town, Mrs. Mary
+      Washington, aged 83 years, the venerable mother of the
+      illustrious President of the United States, after a long and
+      painful indisposition, which she bore with uncommon
+      patience. Though a pious tear of duty, affection, and esteem
+      is due to the memory of so revered a character, yet our grief
+      must be greatly alleviated from the consideration that she is
+      relieved from the pitiable infirmities attendant on an
+      extreme old age.--It is usual when virtuous and conspicuous
+      persons quit this terrestrial abode, to publish an elaborate
+      panegyric on their characters--suffice it to say, she
+      conducted herself through this transitory life with virtue,
+      prudence, and Christianity, worthy the mother of the grandest
+      Hero that ever adorned the annals of history."
+
+     "O may kind heaven, propitious to our fate,
+     Extend THAT HERO'S to her lengthen'd date;
+     Through the long period, healthy, active, sage;
+     Nor know the sad infirmities of age."
+
+The house in Fredericksburg which was occupied after 1775 by Mrs.
+Washington, is now the property of the Association for the
+Preservation of Virginian Antiquities.
+
+
+LVI
+
+GREENWAY AND SHERWOOD FOREST, VIRGINIA
+
+TWO OF THE HOMES OF JOHN TYLER
+
+A little girl was responsible for the fact that John Tyler, who became
+the tenth president of the United States, was born, not at Marlie, but
+at Greenway. Marlie was the name chosen by Judge John Tyler for his
+James River estate, but his young daughter, Anne Contesse, as soon as
+she began to talk, insisted on calling it "Greenway," "because the
+grass grows so green there."
+
+The fact that Anne's name displaced that chosen by her father is an
+indication of his great love for children. Greenway was "a bird's nest
+full of young," but at various times he added to his own flock one or
+another of twenty-one children, of whom he was made guardian, all of
+whom he guided through childhood to earnest manhood and womanhood.
+
+These children must have enjoyed roaming about the estate, for,
+according to Judge Tyler's description, it was a delightful place. He
+said of it:
+
+      "Greenway contains five hundred acres, well improved. On it
+      is a genteel, well-furnished dwelling-house, containing six
+      rooms, all wainscoted, chair-board high, with fine dry
+      cellars the full length of the house, which is 56 feet; also
+      every other building which a reasonable person could wish or
+      desire, to wit: a handsome study, storehouse, kitchen,
+      laundry, dairy, meat-house, spring-house, and an ice-house
+      within the curtelage; a barn 40 by 34 feet, two granaries,
+      two carriage houses, 20 stalls for horses, a quarter for
+      house servants; a handsome pigeon-house, well stocked; and
+      several other houses for slaves; a well of water (so
+      excellent that I can drink with delight after returning from
+      a mountain circuit), a large, fertile garden, abounding with
+      a great variety of shrubs, herbs, and beautiful flowers, well
+      enclosed. The buildings new and well covered with shingles."
+
+On this attractive estate John Tyler was born on March 29, 1790. He
+was a slender, delicate-looking lad, but he was not afraid to stand up
+for himself when he felt he was being abused. His first schoolmaster,
+a Mr. McMurdo, who taught across the road from Greenway, thought that
+it was impossible to teach well unless the rod was in daily use. "It
+was a wonder that he did not whip all the sense out of his scholars,"
+John said once, years later. But one day the boys rebelled. "John and
+some of the larger boys tripped him up, and began to tie his hands and
+feet," the Tyler family biographer tells the story. "McMurdo scuffled
+bravely, but upon little William Tyler, the smallest boy in school,
+throwing himself upon him, he exclaimed, in imitation of the great
+Roman, '_Et tu, Brute!_' and ceased to resist. The boys firmly secured
+him, locked him up in the schoolhouse, and left with cheers of triumph
+and derision."
+
+Hours later the schoolmaster was released by a passing traveller, who
+heard his cries. At once the enraged man hastened to Judge Tyler and
+told his story. "But the Judge, born and bred in the Revolutionary
+school, hated tyranny in any shape, and as he drew himself up to his
+full stature, he ... replied, in the language of Virginia's motto,
+_'Sic Semper Tyrannis_.'"
+
+At the age of twelve John entered the grammar school of William and
+Mary College at Williamsburg. There he had a good time, and he made a
+creditable showing in his classes. Yet that he did not advance in at
+least one study is evident from a letter written by his father in
+1807. He said:
+
+      "I can't help telling you how much I am mortified to find no
+      improvement in your handwriting; neither do you construct
+      your lines straight, which makes your letters look too
+      abominable. It is an easy thing to correct this fault, and
+      unless you do so, how can you be fit for law business?"
+
+Some years later, when Judge Tyler was Governor of Virginia, he
+announced impressively to John that Thomas Jefferson would be among
+the dinner guests on a certain day. "Be sure you have a good dinner,"
+the Governor added; for John was at the time in charge of the
+establishment. The future President asked himself, "What is the best
+thing for dinner?" "Plum pudding!" was the answer.
+
+The appointed time came. The company was seated at table. The first
+course was served. Then came a long wait.
+
+      "Suddenly a door flew open, and a negro servant appeared,
+      bearing, with both hands raised high above his head, a
+      smoking dish of plum pudding. Making a grand flourish, the
+      servant deposited it before Governor Tyler. Scarcely had he
+      withdrawn before another door flew open, and an attendant,
+      dressed exactly like the first, was seen bringing another
+      plum pudding, equally hot, which at a grave nod from John, he
+      placed before Mr. Jefferson. The Governor, who expected a
+      little more variety, turned to his son, who sat surveying the
+      puddings with tender interest, and exclaimed, in accents of
+      astonishment, 'Two plum puddings, John, two plum puddings!
+      Why, this is rather extraordinary!' 'Yes, sir,' said the
+      enterprising major domo, 'it is extraordinary; but' (and here
+      he rose and bowed deferentially to Mr. Jefferson) 'it is an
+      extraordinary occasion.'"
+
+In 1813, John Tyler married Letitia Christian. They did not make their
+home at Greenway, however. On the death of Judge Tyler the old house
+was sold, but it became the property of John Tyler in 1821. There he
+retired for the season of rest which he sorely needed after his
+strenuous years as a member of the House of Delegates, and
+Representative in Congress. During the intervals of his service as
+Governor and United States Senator he resided at the old home, but in
+1829 he sold the property, and removed to Gloucester County, to an
+estate which he took for debt. Eighteen years later, at the close of
+his presidential term, he returned, with his bride, the second Mrs.
+Tyler, to the county where he was born, having bought an estate of
+twelve hundred acres, three miles from Greenway, on the north side of
+the James, opposite Brandon. He tore down the old house on the estate,
+and built a house on the same plan, which, with its connected
+out-buildings, was more than two hundred feet long. He called his
+place "Sherwood Forest," with grim humor; for was he not an outlaw, in
+the opinion of the Whigs, just as really as was Robin Hood?
+
+Not long after the beginning of life at Sherwood Forest he was
+appointed overseer of the road on which his estate was located. Some
+claimed that this appointment was secured by the Whigs to humiliate
+him. But he refused to be humiliated. Instead he determined to be a
+good overseer and make the road the best in the State. All the men in
+the township were called, and they were kept at work day after day,
+as, according to law, he had a right to keep them. But it was harvest
+time, and the wheat was dead ripe. "The smiles that lately illuminated
+the countenances of the Whigs turned to dismay. The august justice who
+had made the appointment repaired to Mr. Tyler's house, and
+represented to him the state of things. Mr. Tyler replied that the law
+made it his duty to put the road in good order, and to keep it so. The
+Whigs expostulated. Mr. Tyler was firm. Then the justice begged him to
+resign, and let the hands go home. The ex-President said, 'Offices
+are hard to obtain in these times, and having no assurance that I can
+ever get another, I cannot think, under the circumstances, of
+resigning.'"
+
+One of the statesman's valued companions during these early years at
+Sherwood Forest was "General," the old horse which he had owned for
+many years. At length the horse died, and was buried in the grave at
+Sherwood Forest. On a wooden slab at the head of the grave the owner
+wrote:
+
+      "Here lieth the bones of my old horse, General, who served
+      his master faithfully for twenty-seven years, and never
+      blundered but once--would that his master could say the
+      same!"
+
+The last years of John Tyler's life witnessed the return of his
+popularity. Enemies became friends, and all rejoiced to do him honor.
+He was called to a number of honorable posts, and he was about to take
+his seat as a member of the House of Representatives of the
+Confederate Congress when he died, in Richmond, on January 18, 1862.
+
+
+  [Illustration: HANOVER COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 262]
+
+LVII
+
+TWO HISTORIC COURTHOUSES OF VIRGINIA
+
+OLD DOMINION COUNTY BUILDINGS AT HANOVER AND WILLIAMSBURG
+
+A momentous announcement appeared in the Williamsburg, Virginia,
+_Gazette_ on March 16, 1769:
+
+      "The Common Hall having this day determined to build a
+      commodious brick court-house in this city and having
+      appointed us to agree with and undertake to build the same,
+      we do hereby give notice that we shall meet at Mr. Hay's (the
+      Raleigh Tavern) on Tuesday, the 4th of April, to let the
+      building thereof; we are also appointed to dispose of the
+      present court-house, and the ground on which the same stands.
+      James Cock, John Carter, James Carter, John Tazewell."
+
+The building displaced by the new structure was erected in 1716 by
+William Levington, and was given to the city in 1745 by "the Gentlemen
+subscribers for the Play House."
+
+The stone steps on the new building, which are still in use, were
+brought from England in 1772. A copy of the letter in which William
+Wilson acknowledged their receipt is in a letter book preserved in the
+library of the Episcopal Seminary, near Alexandria.
+
+During the Revolution, the patriots were called together, from time to
+time, by the bell in the picturesque tower. It was fitting, then, that
+when American independence was celebrated at Williamsburg, on May 1,
+1783, the Courthouse was made the rallying place for the people. On
+receipt of official notice from Governor Benjamin Harrison that the
+treaty of peace had been signed, the mayor of Williamsburg prepared an
+"Order of the Procession on the Great Day," which closed with the
+following direction:
+
+      "The Citizens to be Conveyed on Thursday, at 1 o'clock at the
+      Court-House by a Bellman.
+
+      "After the convention of citizens they are to make
+      proclamation at the C: House, after which the Bells at the
+      Church, College, & Capitol are to ring in peal.
+
+      "From the Ct House the Citizens are to proceed to the
+      College, and make proclamation at that place, from whence
+      they are to proceed to the Capitol and make proclamation
+      there and from thence Proceed to the Raleigh (Tavern) & pass
+      the rest of the day."
+
+A frequent visitor to the Williamsburg Courthouse was the brilliant
+lawyer Patrick Henry, whose reputation as an orator was made long
+before he delivered his "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech at
+St. John's Church, Richmond.
+
+Some years before the Williamsburg Courthouse was erected, this orator
+made his first public speech, at Hanover Courthouse, a building that
+dates from 1735, in the celebrated suit of the clergy demanding the
+payment of their stipends in tobacco, according to law. In consequence
+of a short crop the price had increased, and they insisted that it was
+their right to have the advantage of the increase. Their case had been
+tried once and won. The attorney of the people thereupon withdrew, and
+Henry was engaged to appear for them in court.
+
+When the case was called, Rev. Patrick Henry was present, to the
+regret of his nephew. The lawyer sought his uncle and said that he
+feared he would be too much overawed by his presence to do his duty to
+his clients, and added that he would be compelled to say some "very
+hard things of the clergy." The minister thereupon entered his
+carriage, and drove away.
+
+William Wirt describes the scene at the opening of the case:
+
+      "On the bench sat more than twenty clergymen, the most
+      learned men in the Colony, and the most capable, as well as
+      the severest critics before whom it was possible for him to
+      have made his debut. The Court House was crowded with an
+      overwhelming multitude, and surrounded with an immense and
+      anxious throng, who, not finding room to enter, were
+      endeavoring to listen without, in the deepest attention. But
+      there was something still more awfully disconcerting than all
+      this; for in the chair of the presiding magistrate, sat no
+      other person than his own father....
+
+      "And now came on the first trial of Patrick Henry's strength.
+      No one had ever heard him speak, and curiosity was on tiptoe.
+      He rose very awkwardly, and faltered much in his exordium.
+      The people hung their heads at so unpromising a commencement;
+      the clergy were observed to exchange sly looks with each
+      other, and the father is described as having almost sunk with
+      confusion, from his seat. But these feelings were of short
+      duration, and soon gave place to others, of a very different
+      character.... The spirit of his genius awakened all his
+      features.... His action became graceful, bold, and
+      commanding; and in the tones of his voice, but more
+      especially in his emphasis, there was a peculiar charm, a
+      magic, of which any one who ever heard him will speak as soon
+      as he is named, but of which no one can give any adequate
+      description....
+
+      "The people, whose countenances had fallen as he arose, had
+      heard but very few sentences before they began to look up;
+      then to look at each other with surprise, as if doubting the
+      evidence of their own senses.... In less than twenty minutes,
+      they might be seen in every part of the house, on every
+      bench, in every window, stooping forward from their stands,
+      in deathlike silence.... The mockery of the clergy was soon
+      turned into alarm; their triumph into confusion and despair;
+      and at one burst of his rapid and overwhelming invective,
+      they fled from the bench in precipitation and terror. As for
+      the father, such was his surprise, such his amazement, such
+      his rapture, that, forgetting where he was, and the character
+      which he was filling, tears of ecstasy streamed down his
+      cheeks without the power or inclination to restrain them."
+
+The case was won. As soon as the verdict was announced the people
+seized the orator at the bar and bore him out of the courthouse. Then,
+raising him on their shoulders, they carried him about the yard.
+
+
+  [Illustration: ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND, VA.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 266]
+
+LVIII
+
+ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND
+
+WHERE PATRICK HENRY SAID, "GIVE ME LIBERTY, OR GIVE ME DEATH"
+
+In 1611 Sir Thomas Dale founded his town of Henricopolis, the second
+established settlement in Virginia. It was named in honor of Prince
+Henry, the eldest son of James I. A church was soon after built. The
+bounds of Henrico parish, to which it belonged, were quite large until
+1634, when the parish was made to include the present Chesterfield,
+Powhatan, and Goochland counties.
+
+Soon after the marriage of Pocahontas she moved to the plantation of
+her husband, John Rolfe, near Henricopolis, and they were both members
+of Henrico parish until they left Virginia.
+
+The written records of Henrico parish begin with 1730. At that time
+the principal church of the parish was on Curle's plantation, on the
+north side of the James, some miles below the present city of
+Richmond. Curle's church disappeared during the Civil War. The bowl of
+the baptismal font in St. John's Church, Richmond, is a relic of the
+old church. This was removed from the cellar of a house where it had
+been in use for beating hominy.
+
+Steps were taken in 1737 to build the present St. John's Church,
+because of the increase of population in Richmond. The first action
+was recorded as follows:
+
+      "At a Vestry held at Curls Church for Henrico parish ye 8th
+      day of October Anno Dom. 1737 for laying ye parish Levey--
+
+      "The Vestry do agree to build a Church on the most convenient
+      place at or near Thomas Williamsons in this parish to be
+      Sixty feet in Length and Twenty-five in Breadth and fourteen
+      feet pitch to be finished in a plain Manner After the Moddle
+      of Curls Church. And it is ordered that the Clerk do Set up
+      Advertisements of the particular parts of the Said Building
+      and of the time and place of undertaking the Same.... It is
+      ordered that the Collector do receive of every Tithable
+      person in this parish five pounds of Tobacco after the Usual
+      deduction to be apply'd towards building the New Church at
+      Williamsons."
+
+At a later meeting the location and the dimensions of the church were
+changed. Richmond was decided on, and it was stated that "Richard
+Randolph Gent undertakes the Said Building and engages to finish the
+Same by the Tenth day of June, which Shall be in the year of our Lord
+1741; for which the Vestry agrees to pay him the Sum of L317 10s.
+Current Money to be paid by the amount of the Sale of Twenty thousand
+pounds of Tob'o Annually to be Levyd on the parish and Sold here for
+Money till the whole payment be compleat."
+
+There is no record of the completion of the building, but probably it
+was finished at the appointed time. Since that date various additions
+have been made, yet it is possible to trace the lines of the original
+structure. The original pews are still in use, though they have been
+lowered. The hinges of the pew doors are handwrought. The wainscoting
+and the window sashes are those first put in. The original
+weather-boarding is still in place. It is fastened by nails whose
+heads are half an inch broad.
+
+For the new church there were imported from England:
+
+      "One Parsons Surples, a Pulpit Cushen and Cloth, two cloths
+      for Reading Desks, a Communion Table Cloth, and a Dozen of
+      Cushens--to be of good Purple Cloth, and the Surples good
+      Hollond, also Large Bible and four large Prayer Books."
+
+An entry in the vestry book on December 17, 1773, shows that the
+rector, Mr. Selden, received as salary 17,150 pounds of tobacco, worth
+L125. The clerk of the parish received 1,789 pounds of tobacco, or L13
+10s., the sexton had 536 pounds, or L3.10s.7d.
+
+Selden was chaplain of the Virginia Convention which met in the church
+March 20, 1775. At the closing session of this convention Patrick
+Henry "flashed the electric spark, which exploded the country in
+revolution," as Burton says in his history of Henrico Parish. This was
+the speech that closed:
+
+      "Gentlemen may cry peace, peace, but there is no peace. The
+      war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the
+      north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms!
+      Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand here idle?
+      What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life
+      so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price
+      of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God. I know not
+      what course others may take, but as for me, Give me liberty,
+      or give me death."
+
+Dr. Burton says that the orator "stood, according to tradition, near
+the present corner of the east transept and the nave, or more exactly,
+in pew 47, in the east aisle of the nave.... He faced the eastern wall
+of the transept, where were the two windows. In the more northern of
+these stood Colonel Edward Carrington. He broke the silence that
+followed the orator's burning words with the exclamation, 'Right here
+I wish to be buried!'"
+
+When the British took possession of Richmond in 1781, St. John's
+Church became a barracks for Arnold's men. And some of them stood on
+the spot where Patrick Henry spoke the words that had such large part
+in stirring up the people to drive all British soldiers from the
+Colonies.
+
+After the close of the war the diocese of Virginia was reorganized in
+the building, and plans were laid to overcome the difficulties that
+would soon come through the loss of the property of the Protestant
+Episcopal Church, which led Edmund Randolph, later Governor of
+Virginia and Secretary of State in Washington's Cabinet, to speak the
+famous words:
+
+      "Of what is the Church now possessed? Nothing but the glebes
+      and your affections."
+
+That the affections of the people are a better dependence than rich
+endowments in money has been shown by the later history of the church,
+the parish, and the diocese.
+
+
+  [Illustration: NELSON HOUSE, YORKTOWN, VA.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 270]
+
+LIX
+
+THE NELSON HOUSE AND THE MOORE HOUSE, YORKTOWN, VIRGINIA
+
+MADE MEMORABLE BY THE BATTLE OF YORKTOWN AND THE SURRENDER OF
+CORNWALLIS
+
+One day in 1740 a baby a little more than one year old, whose name was
+Thomas Nelson, stood by the side of his father, William Nelson, as the
+father was about to lay the foundation of his new home in York,
+Virginia. The babe had been stationed there that the brick for the
+corner might be placed in the little hands; then it could be said in
+later years that the babe had helped in the exercises of the day. The
+little fellow became a Signer of the Declaration of Independence, a
+General in the Revolutionary War, and Governor of Virginia.
+
+William Nelson was a merchant, who had invested his savings in land
+and had become quite wealthy. When his son was fourteen years old he
+was able to send him to Cambridge, England, to be educated. Nine years
+later the young man married Lucy Grymes of Brandon, and took up his
+residence in the house whose foundation he had helped to lay.
+
+For many years the home of the young people was noted for the
+hospitality shown there. Whenever the owner could leave his guests, he
+rode to his plantation near town. He kept a pack of hounds, which were
+frequently employed in fox hunting.
+
+When discontent against England became pronounced, he was a leader of
+the patriots. He was a member of the House of Burgesses of 1774 which
+was dissolved by Lord Dunmore because of the passage of a resolution
+against the Boston Port Bill, and he was one of the eighty-nine men
+who met next day at a tavern and took action that led to the first
+Continental Congress.
+
+On July 17, when the Convention of Virginia delegates gathered in
+Richmond decided to raise three regiments for home defence, Patrick
+Henry was named as commander of the first while Nelson was put in
+charge of the second.
+
+He was among the patriots who sat in the Continental Congress of 1775,
+1776, and 1777, and his name was signed to the Declaration of
+Independence. On August 16, 1777, he retired from public service
+because of failing health, but when, a little later, the Governor of
+Virginia, fearing the approach of the British fleet, asked him to
+serve as brigadier general and commander-in-chief of the forces of the
+State, he agreed, on condition that he be excused from accepting
+payment for his services.
+
+During the siege of Yorktown he was at the head of the militia. The
+sketch of his life as given by Sanderson in the "Biography of the
+Signers," says: "During the siege, observing his own house uninjured
+by the artillery of the American batteries he inquired the cause. A
+respect for his property, was assigned. Nelson ... requested that the
+artillerists would not spare his house more than any other, especially
+as he knew it to be occupied by the principal officers of the British
+Army. Two pieces were accordingly pointed against it. The first shot
+went through the house and killed two ... officers.... Other balls
+soon dislodged the hostile tenants." It is said that Nelson gave ten
+guineas reward to the man who fired the first shot.
+
+Again Thomas Nelson responded to the call of his State when in June,
+1781, he became Governor, succeeding Thomas Jefferson. Four months
+after the beginning of his term as chief executive of the State,
+George Washington, in general orders, said:
+
+      "The General would be guilty of the highest ingratitude, a
+      crime of which he hopes he shall never be accused, if he
+      forgot to return his sincere acknowledgments to his
+      excellency governor Nelson, for the succours which he
+      received from him and the militia under his command, to whose
+      activity, emulation, and bravery, the highest praises are
+      due. The magnitude of the acquisition will be ample
+      compensation for the difficulties and dangers which they met
+      with so much firmness and patriotism."
+
+Nelson's term as Governor was shortened by ill health. In November,
+1781, he was compelled to resign.
+
+But he was not permitted to rest. Attacks were made on him for certain
+courses taken during his term as Governor. When he asked and was given
+permission to defend himself before the State delegates, he was
+triumphantly acquitted of all blame. On December 31, 1781, this action
+was recorded:
+
+      "An act to indemnify THOMAS NELSON, JUNIOR, Esquire, late
+      governor of this commonwealth, and to legalize certain acts
+      of his administration. Whereas, upon examination, it appears
+      that previous to and during the siege of York, Thomas Nelson,
+      Esquire, late governor of this commonwealth, was compelled by
+      the peculiar circumstances of the state and army, to perform
+      many acts of government without the advice of the council of
+      state, for the purpose of procuring subsistence for the
+      allied army under the command of his excellency general
+      Washington; be it enacted that all such acts of government,
+      evidently productive of general good, and warranted by
+      necessity, be judged and held of the same validity, and the
+      like proceedings be had on them as if they had been executed
+      by and with the advice of the council, and with all the
+      formality prescribed by law. And be it enacted that the said
+      Thomas Nelson, jr., Esquire, be and he hereby is in the
+      fullest manner indemnified and exonerated from all penalties
+      and dangers which might have accrued to him from the same."
+
+Nelson lived more than seven years after this act approving his
+emergency actions. But three years were spent in comparative poverty.
+Most of his property was sold to satisfy the debts incurred by paying
+two regiments out of his own pocket, and by going security, with the
+State, for two million dollars needed to carry on the war. Sanderson
+says of these acts of generosity:
+
+      "He had spent a princely fortune in his country's service;
+      his horses had been taken from the plough, and sent to drag
+      the munitions of war; his granaries had been thrown open to a
+      starving soldiery, and his ample purse had been drained to
+      its last dollar, when the credit of Virginia could not bring
+      a sixpence into her treasury. Yet it was the widow of this
+      man who, beyond eighty years of age, blind, infirm, and poor,
+      had yet to learn whether republics can be grateful."
+
+On the simple gravestone in Yorktown, erected to the memory of the
+patriot, is this eloquent inscription:
+
+     Thomas Nelson,
+     Governor of Virginia.
+     He Gave All for Liberty.
+
+Not far from the grave is another historic house that should be named
+with the Nelson house. This is the Moore house, on Temple farm, then
+less than a mile from Yorktown. In this house, which was built in
+1713, the terms of the surrender of Cornwallis were drawn up. It was
+once the summer home of the colonial governor, Alexander Spottswood.
+
+
+LX
+
+THE JOHN MARSHALL HOUSE, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
+
+WHERE THE CHIEF JUSTICE CARED FOR HIS WIFE AND ENTERTAINED HIS FRIENDS
+
+An old book, "Richmond in By Gone Days," says that John Marshall was
+noted in Richmond for his unpretending manner. "His dress was plain
+even to negligence. He marketed for himself and might be seen at an
+early hour returning home with a pair of fowls, or a basket of eggs in
+his hand, not with ostentatious humility, but for mere convenience."
+
+It is related by Flanders that Marshall "was one morning strolling
+through the streets of Richmond, attired in a plain linen roundabout
+and shorts, with his hat under his arm, from which he was eating
+cherries, when he stopped in the porch of the Eagle Hotel, indulged in
+some little pleasantry with the landlord, and then passed on." Just
+then a man from the country, who wished a lawyer to appear for him in
+court, was referred by the landlord to Marshall, as the best advocate
+he could have, but the countryman declined to have anything to do with
+the careless young man. In court he asked the clerk for a lawyer, and
+was once more recommended to take John Marshall. Again he refused.
+Just then a dignified old man in powdered wig and black coat entered.
+He was at once engaged, on his appearance. After a time the
+inferiority of the black-coated lawyer was so apparent that the
+countryman sought Marshall, told him of the mistake he had made, said
+that he had left but five dollars of the one hundred dollars he had
+set aside for lawyers' fees, and asked Marshall if he would assist on
+the case. The lawyer laughingly agreed.
+
+In 1781, when Marshall was twenty-five years old, he walked from
+Virginia to Philadelphia, to be inoculated for smallpox. "He walked at
+the rate of thirty-five miles a day. On his arrival, such was his
+shabby appearance, that he was refused admission into one of the
+hotels; his long beard, and worn-out garments, probably suggesting the
+idea that his purse was not adequate to his entertainment. And this in
+the city which had seen much of the young man's heroic services during
+the Revolution!"
+
+Before the close of the war, while visiting his father, Colonel
+Marshall, who was the commanding officer at Yorktown, Virginia, he met
+Mary Willis Ambler, a daughter of Jacqueline Ambler, the treasurer of
+Virginia. "She was just fourteen years of age at the time, and it is
+stated to have been a case of love at first sight." Even when Marshall
+called to see her he was not prepossessing in appearance, yet he was
+well received, "notwithstanding his slouched hat, and negligent and
+awkward dress," for his amiable manners, fine talents, and especially
+his love for poetry, which he read to them with deep pathos, led them
+to forget his dress.
+
+The young people were married on January 3, 1783. After paying the fee
+of the minister, the groom's sole remaining fortune was a guinea!
+
+Mrs. Marshall was for many years a nervous invalid. Bishop Meade says,
+"The least noise was sometimes agony to her whole frame, and his
+perpetual endeavor was to keep the house and yard and out-houses from
+the slightest cause of distressing her; walking himself at times about
+the house and yard without shoes." The attitude of the people of
+Richmond to the husband and wife is shown by the fact that "on one
+occasion, when she was in her most distressing state, the town
+authorities manifested their great respect for him and sympathy for
+her, by having either the town clock or town bell muffled."
+
+On his marriage John Marshall took his wife to one of the best houses
+then available in the village of Richmond, a two-room frame building.
+In 1789 he bought two acres of ground on Shockoe Hill, and here, in
+1793, he built a nine-room brick house. One of the rooms was a large
+apartment, in which he gave his famous "lawyer dinners."
+
+When Marshall was not in Washington, he lived in this comfortable
+house, which was near the home of his father-in-law. He had also a
+farm a few miles from Richmond. Bishop Meade says that one morning,
+between daybreak and sunrise, he met Marshall on horseback. He had a
+bag of clover seed lying before him, which he was carrying to his
+farm.
+
+An English traveller who spent a week in Richmond in 1835 gave his
+impression of the Richmond home:
+
+      "The house is small, and more humble in appearance than those
+      of the average of successful lawyers and merchants. I called
+      there three times upon him; there is no bell to the door.
+      Once I turned the handle of it and walked in unannounced; on
+      the other two occasions he had seen me coming, and had lifted
+      the latch and received me at the door, although he was at the
+      time suffering from severe contusions received in the stage
+      while travelling on the road from Fredericksburg to
+      Richmond."
+
+Chief Justice Marshall frequently attended the Monumental Church. The
+narrow pews troubled him, for he was quite tall. "Not finding room
+enough for his whole body within the pew, he used to take his seat
+nearest the door of his pew, and, throwing it open, let his legs
+stretch a little into the aisle."
+
+The death of his wife was a great grief to him. "Never can I cease to
+feel the loss and to deplore it," he wrote on December 25, 1832, the
+anniversary of her death. "Grief for her is too sacred ever to be
+profaned on this day, which shall be, during my existence, marked by a
+recollection of her virtues."
+
+He survived Mrs. Marshall less than five years. In June, 1835, he went
+to Dr. Physic in Philadelphia, seeking relief for a disability that
+had been aggravated by the road accident of which the English visitor
+wrote, as already quoted. There he died, July 6, 1835. On July 4 he
+wrote the inscription which he wished placed above his grave:
+
+      "John Marshall, son of Thomas and Mary Marshall, was born on
+      the 24th of September, 1755, intermarried with Mary Willis
+      Ambler the 3rd of January, 1783, departed this life the ----
+      day of ---- 18 ---- ."
+
+The Marshall house is now in possession of the Society for the
+Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, having been purchased a few
+years ago from the Misses Harvie, the granddaughters of Chief Justice
+Marshall. They had lived in the house until they sold it to the city
+of Richmond.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WESTOVER ON THE JAMES, VIRGINIA
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 278]
+
+LXI
+
+FIVE OLD HOUSES OF TIDEWATER, VIRGINIA
+
+SABINE HALL, WESTOVER, SHIRLEY, BRANDON, AND CARTER'S GROVE
+
+The five houses mentioned briefly in this chapter are noteworthy, not
+only because of their beauty, but because the stories of those who
+lived in them show how the leading families of old Virginia
+intermarried until the various relationships became a puzzle that
+delights the genealogist.
+
+On the Rappahannock, in Richmond County, Virginia, Landon Carter, son
+of Robert ("King") Carter, the ancestor of the Carter family of
+Virginia, built Sabine Hall in 1730. He was a great lover of the works
+of Horace, and it was quite natural that he should adopt for his
+mansion the name of the Roman poet's Sabine Farm.
+
+Until his death in 1778 he was a recognized leader in both Church and
+State. Robert A. Lancaster quotes an unnamed writer who says that he
+was "a high-minded public servant and a finished scholar, indulging a
+taste for science and a love for letters," and was considered "one of
+the most notable of the pre-Revolutionary statesmen of the Colony,"
+and was "looked up to by the younger generation as a Nestor among his
+compatriots." He was a friend of Washington, and received many letters
+from him, some of which have been preserved.
+
+Landon Carter's second wife was Maria Byrd, of Westover. Her portrait,
+as well as those of the other two wives, the husband and "King"
+Carter, are hanging to-day on the walls of Sabine Hall. The estate of
+four thousand acres descended to his son by his third marriage with
+Elizabeth Beale, Robert Wormeley Carter, who was a member of the
+Virginia Assembly. The property is still in the possession of the
+descendants of the original owner.
+
+Westover, where Landon Carter courted Maria Byrd, is on the James in
+Charles City County, not far south of Sabine Hall. The mansion was
+built in the same year as Sabine Hall, 1730, by William Byrd, II,
+whose father came from England about 1674.
+
+William Byrd, of Westover, was famous as a literary man and as a
+statesman. At one time he was President of His Majesty's Council. But
+perhaps his greatest fame came to him because he was the father of
+Evelyn Byrd, who was a reigning belle. When, at the age of eighteen,
+she was presented at Court, it was reported that the king of England
+complimented her by saying he was glad Virginia could produce such
+"beautiful Byrds."
+
+Evelyn's brother, William Byrd, III, was the heir of the estate. He
+married Elizabeth Hill Carter, of Shirley, a neighboring estate. He
+was a member of the Virginia Council and attained distinction by his
+service as a colonel in the French and Indian War.
+
+During the siege of Yorktown some of the French officers made frequent
+visits to Westover. One of them, Marquis de Chastellux, said that
+this was the most beautiful place in America.
+
+Two armies have halted at Westover. In April, 1781, Cornwallis passed
+that way, and, during the Civil War McClellan's army camped on the
+grounds. A war-time picture shows something of the havoc wrought by
+the soldiers.
+
+When Elizabeth Hill Carter, of Shirley, came to Westover, she gave up
+one beautiful home for another. Her father's Charles City County
+mansion was probably built late in the seventeenth century, though the
+exact date is not known. One of the estate's claims to distinction is
+that it has never been offered for sale. Colonel Edward Hill, the
+builder, Colonel Edward Hill, II, his son, and Colonel Edward Hill,
+III, his grandson, were leaders in the life of the county. At the
+death of Colonel Hill, III, his sister, Elizabeth Hill, became heir to
+the estate. She married John Carter, of Corotoman, son of Robert
+("King") Carter, who was Secretary of the Colony. It was his daughter
+who married William Byrd, III, of Westover. Her brother, Charles
+Carter, who was a patriot of prominence, was the father-in-law of
+Light Horse Harry Lee, and the grandfather of General Robert E. Lee.
+
+Carter's Grove, another seat of the Carter family, is also on the
+James, in Charles City County, not far from Shirley. The builder was
+Carter Burwell, and the house dates from 1751. The work was done by
+slaves, under the direction of a foreman who received L140 for his
+work. In the construction of the house 25,000 feet of lumber, 40,000
+shingles, 15,000 laths, and 460,000 bricks were used. The total cost
+was only L500.
+
+Carter Burwell was the son of Elizabeth, daughter of Robert ("King")
+Carter, who married Colonel Nathaniel Burwell.
+
+Across the James, in Prince George County, is Brandon, whose builder
+was Nathaniel Harrison. The house dates from early in the eighteenth
+century. His son, also Nathaniel Harrison, married, as his second
+wife, Lucy the daughter of Robert ("King") Carter of Corotoman.
+Benjamin Harrison, the son by the first wife, Mary Digges, married
+Evelyn Taylor Byrd, of Westover. When she went to Brandon she took
+with her the Byrd portraits, which are to-day one of the attractions
+of the mansion.
+
+Brandon has always been in the possession of descendants of the
+original owner.
+
+
+  [Illustration: GUNSTON HALL ON THE POTOMAC, VIRGINIA
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 281]
+
+LXII
+
+GUNSTON HALL, VIRGINIA
+
+THE HOME OF GEORGE MASON, "THE PEN OF THE REVOLUTION IN VIRGINIA"
+
+Four miles from Mt. Vernon, on the Potomac, is the well-preserved
+mansion, Gunston Hall, built in 1758 by George Mason, the
+great-grandson of George Mason, who fled to America after the Battle
+of Worcester, where he was in arms against the king of England. The
+first mention of the name of this George Mason occurs in the Virginia
+patent of land which he secured in March, 1655.
+
+George Washington and George Mason were not only near neighbors, but
+they were warm friends. Frequently Washington drove to Gunston Hall
+for a talk with Mason; or sometimes he floated down the stream in his
+four-oared gig, manned by his own slaves. Sometimes the men roamed
+together through the woods or the fields; on one of these walks they
+sought to define the boundaries between their estates.
+
+Gifts of various kinds passed back and forth between the two manors;
+one day in 1785, when Mason was driven from Mt. Vernon in Washington's
+carriage, he sent back by the driver some young shoots of the Persian
+jessamine and Guelder rose.
+
+A few days later a hogshead of cider was broached at Gunston Hall, and
+a liberal sample was sent to Washington. A note dated "9th November,
+1785," addressed to Washington, begins, "The bearer waits on you with
+a side of venison (the first we have killed this season), which I beg
+your acceptance of."
+
+At one time both Washington and Mason were members of the vestry of
+Truro parish. Washington's list of the vestrymen shows that his friend
+was elected by two hundred and eighty-two votes, while he himself
+received but fifty-one votes.
+
+Mason was as often at Mt. Vernon as Washington was at Gunston Hall.
+After a visit made on Christmas Day, 1783, one of the other guests,
+Miss Lewis, of Fredericksburg, wrote:
+
+      "Among the most notable of the callers was Mr. George Mason,
+      of Gunston Hall, who was on his way home from Alexandria, and
+      who brought a charming granddaughter with him.... He is said
+      to be one of the greatest statesmen and wisest men in
+      Virginia. We had heard much of him and were delighted to look
+      in his face, hear him speak, and take his hand, which he
+      offered in a courtly manner. He is slight in figure, but
+      not tall, and has a grand head and clear gray eyes."
+
+To the home of George Mason other men of note delighted to come. In
+the guest room Jefferson and Richard Henry Lee, as well as Washington,
+slept more than once. Patrick Henry, too, was a welcome visitor at
+Gunston Hall. George Mason had as high an opinion of the orator as
+Patrick Henry had of the statesman. "He is by far the most powerful
+speaker I ever heard," Mason once said of Henry; "every word he says
+not only engages but commands the attention; and your passions are no
+longer your own when he addresses them. But his eloquence is the
+smallest part of his merit. He is in my opinion the first man upon
+this continent, as well in abilities as public virtues, and had he
+lived in Rome about the time of the first Punic War, when the Roman
+people had arrived at their meridian glory and their virtue not
+tarnished, Mr. Henry's talents must have put him at the head of that
+glorious commonwealth."
+
+The orator returned the compliment by calling Mason one of the two
+greatest statesmen he ever knew.
+
+George Mason's statesmanlike vision was seen in 1766, when he warned
+the British public of the results that would follow coercion. "Three
+millions of people driven to desperation are not an object of
+contempt," he wrote. Again he proved a good prophet when he wrote to
+George Washington, on April 2, 1776, after the General took possession
+of Boston:
+
+      "I congratulate you most heartily upon this glorious and
+      important event--an event which will render George
+      Washington's name immortal in the annals of America, endear
+      his memory to the latest posterity, and entitle him to those
+      thanks which heaven appointed as the reward of public
+      virtue."
+
+Mason was of a retiring disposition, and he would have preferred to
+remain at home. But he was forced into the councils of the Virginia
+Convention, and during his service there he prepared the marvellous
+Bill of Rights which was later made a part of the Constitution of that
+State and was the model for similar documents in many other States. He
+was also the author of the Constitution of Virginia, and the designer
+of the State seal. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention in
+Philadelphia, where he proved himself "the champion of the State and
+the author of the doctrine of State Rights." Because the Constitution
+as finally drafted by the convention contained so many provisions that
+he felt were dangerous, he refused to sign the document, "declaring
+that he would sooner chop off his right hand than put it to the
+Constitution" whose provisions he could not approve.
+
+After the Constitutional Convention for more than four years the
+statesman lived quietly at Gunston Hall. When he died in October,
+1792, he asked to be buried by the side of his first wife, whose death
+in 1773 had been a grievous blow to him. Over her tomb he had
+inscribed:
+
+     "Once She was all that cheers and sweetens Life;
+     The tender Mother, Daughter, Friend and Wife:
+     Once She was all that makes Mankind adore;
+     Now view the Marble, and be vain no more."
+
+No monument was ever raised over his own grave. A grandson planned to
+set a stone inscribed to "The Author of the Bill of Rights and the
+Constitution of Virginia," but he was unable to do as he wished.
+
+Gunston Hall still stands, though it has passed through many hands
+since the death of him whom George Esten Cooke called "one of the most
+remarkable men, not only of his Country, and of his epoch, but of all
+Countries and all time."
+
+
+  [Illustration: WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING, LEXINGTON, VA.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 285]
+
+LXIII
+
+THE WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING, LEXINGTON, VIRGINIA
+
+HOW GEORGE WASHINGTON SOLVED A DELICATE PROBLEM
+
+Even before the treaty of peace with Great Britain was signed, George
+Washington was making plans for the development of the West. He was
+especially impressed with the possibilities of the Potomac and James
+rivers, if improved by canals, as a means of communication with the
+Ohio. Companies were organized to the work. In both enterprises he was
+a stockholder. On August 13, 1785, he wrote to Edmund Randolph:
+
+      "The great object for the accomplishment of which I wish to
+      see the inland navigation of the River Potomack and James
+      improved and extended is to connect the western territory
+      with the Atlantic states.... I have already subscribed five
+      shares to the Potomack navigation; and enclosed I give you a
+      power to put my name down for five shares to that of James
+      River."
+
+In 1785 Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, wrote to Washington that
+the General Assembly of the State had voted to give him one hundred
+shares in the James River Company, "it being their wish, in
+particular, that those great works of improvement, which, both as
+springing from the liberty which he has been so instrumental in
+establishing, and as encouraged by his patronage, will be durable
+monuments of his glory, may be made monuments also of the gratitude of
+his country."
+
+Washington replied that he could not accept money for his services to
+his country. Then he added: "But if it should please the General
+Assembly to permit me to turn the destination of the fund vested in
+me, from my private emolument, to objects of a public nature, it will
+be my study in selecting these to prove the sincerity of my gratitude
+for the honor conferred on me, by preferring such as may appear most
+subservient to the enlightened and patriotic views of the
+legislature."
+
+Of course the legislature granted the desired permission, indicating
+that the gifts might be made either during Washington's life, or by
+bequest.
+
+Some years passed before Washington fixed on a proper recipient for
+the canal shares. In 1798, however, he gave them to the trustees of
+Liberty Academy, at Lexington, Virginia, which had been incorporated
+in 1782. In recognition of the gift the trustees asked the legislature
+to change the name of the school to Washington Academy. In 1813 the
+name was once more changed to Washington College.
+
+This, the first large gift received by the institution, is still
+yielding an income of three thousand dollars. During many times of
+crisis the income provided in this way has been of signal use to the
+institution, notably in 1824, when the Washington College building was
+begun. This structure is two hundred and fifty feet long, is built of
+brick, and each of its three porticoes is supported by white colonial
+columns.
+
+For more than seventy-five years after Washington turned over the
+canal shares, the institution's sole endowment amounted to only about
+one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. The seventy thousand dollars
+added to the canal shares came from sources that were influenced by
+Washington's confidence in the institution.
+
+The beginning of the larger life of the college was the election of
+General Robert E. Lee as president. The keynote of his five years of
+service was sounded in the letter which he wrote to the trustees on
+receiving notification of his election. He feared that, in view of his
+military history, he might cause harm to the college. He was never
+greater than when he said:
+
+      "I think it is the duty of every citizen, in the present
+      condition of the country, to do all in his power to aid in
+      the restoration of peace and harmony, and in no way to oppose
+      the policy of the State or General Government directed to
+      that object. It is particularly incumbent upon those charged
+      with the instruction of the young to set them an example of
+      submission to authority, and I would not consent to be the
+      cause of animadversion on the College."
+
+Following the death of General Lee, which came after five years of
+remarkable development under his leadership, the name of Washington
+College was changed to Washington and Lee University, that it might
+continue forever a memorial to its two greatest benefactors.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, VA.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 288]
+
+LXIV
+
+BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA
+
+"THE COURT CHURCH OF COLONIAL VIRGINIA"
+
+Jamestown was the capital of Virginia until 1699. Then Williamsburg
+became the seat of government. Six years earlier the latter town had
+taken on some importance because of the founding there of William and
+Mary College, and for more than sixty years efforts had been made to
+persuade the people to make their homes in the place. The records of
+the Colony show that in 1632 rewards were offered to those who would
+locate in what seemed a promising situation for a town.
+
+The date of the building of the first church in Williamsburg is not
+known. The first entry in the vestry book of Bruton parish was made in
+April, 1674, but the parish dates from 1658. In that year Harrop and
+Middle Plantation parishes were united, though the new parish was not
+called Bruton for some time. The name was given because Sir James
+Ludwell, who afterward left a legacy of twenty pounds to the parish,
+was born in Bruton, England.
+
+A building (that it was not the first is shown by the mention in the
+records of the Old Church) was completed in 1683, and the first
+service was held on January 6, 1684. The cost was "L150 sterling and
+sixty thousand pounds of good sound, marketable sweet, scented
+Tobacco." The minister, "Mr. Rowland Jones," was "paid annually ye
+sum of sixteen thousand, six hundred and sixty pounds of Tobacco and
+Caske."
+
+The removal of the capital to Williamsburg brought so many new people
+to town that the church became too small for the congregation. In 1701
+the parish records show that there was talk of a new building.
+
+On October 1, 1706, the vestry decided to levy a tax of twenty
+thousand pounds of Tobacco as a beginning of the building fund. Four
+years later the members of the vestry made known their hope that the
+House of Burgesses would assist in the expense, which, they thought,
+would be about five hundred pounds. To the Burgesses a message was
+sent indicating that the vestry "do not doubt in the least but the
+House of Burgesses would show their Pious and Generous Spirits by
+their Liberall Donation towards soe Necessary and good a worke and
+that they would assure them to the best of their Judgment they would
+appropriate the same according to the true Intent thereof."
+
+The Burgesses offered "to take Care of the wings and intervening
+parts," if the vestry would build the ends of the church. They also
+agreed to build the pews for the Governor, the Council, and
+themselves. With their help, the building was completed and occupied
+in 1715. The tower was added in 1769.
+
+Rev. James Blair, who was minister of Bruton parish at the time of the
+erection of the new building, had been instrumental in organizing
+William and Mary College. The early history of that institution is
+bound up with that of the church. Some of the most notable conflicts
+between Church and State in the old Colony took place during the years
+of Mr. Blair's activity. He died in 1743, after serving the church as
+minister for thirty-three years, William and Mary College as
+President for fifty years, and the Colony as Commissioner for
+fifty-three years.
+
+Among the famous names on the vestry rolls are those of Henry Tyler,
+great-great-grandfather of President Tyler, who was first mentioned on
+"The Seaventh day of April, 1694," and George Wythe, one of the
+Signers of the Declaration of Independence. Patrick Henry, and George
+Washington later worshipped with the congregation.
+
+When Virginia was about to go to war with Great Britain, the House of
+Burgesses, on May 24, 1774, ordered that "the members of the House do
+attend in their places, at the hour of ten in the morning, on the
+first day of June next, in order to proceed with the Speaker and the
+mace, to the church," for fasting, humiliation, and prayer. During the
+Revolution the members of the church were noted for their loyalty to
+the Colonies.
+
+To-day the building is about as it was during the troubled days of the
+war. No change has been made in the exterior, but in 1839 the interior
+was changed in many important particulars. In 1905, however, it was
+restored as before. The pulpit was put in the old place. The canopy
+and curtain which had long stood above the pew of Governor Spotswood,
+were found and again put in position. King Edward VII gave the new
+pulpit Bible, and President Roosevelt provided the lectern.
+
+
+LXV
+
+WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA
+
+THE ALMA MATER OF THOMAS JEFFERSON, JAMES MONROE, AND JOHN TYLER
+
+Three years before John Harvard left a legacy for the founding of the
+college that bears his name, the first bequest for public education
+made by a resident of Virginia was recorded, though this was used for
+a secondary school, rather than for a college.
+
+The project of a college, proposed in 1617 and 1618 by the London
+Company, and in 1619 at the first session of the General Assembly,
+languished until 1685, when Rev. James Blair came to the Colony as a
+missionary and settled in Henrico County, where it had been proposed
+to found the college sixty-eight years earlier. For five years he
+brooded over the need of a college and in 1690 he made to a convention
+at Jamestown "Severall Propositions for a free school and college, to
+be humbly presented to the consideration of the next general
+assembly." Later, by authority of the Assembly, Dr. Blair appealed to
+the Merchants of London, "especially such as traffick with Virginia,"
+and three thousand pounds were pledged.
+
+On the occasion of Dr. Blair's visit to England in 1691, he had an
+audience with King William, at which he presented the petition for "a
+charter to erect a free school and college." The king replied, "Sir, I
+am glad that the Colony is upon so good a design, and will promote it
+to the best of my power." Queen Mary also showed her interest in the
+college.
+
+To the endowment in lands and taxes provided by royal order, Dr. Blair
+secured an appreciable addition in an ingenious manner. Learning that,
+some time before his arrival, the authorities had promised forgiveness
+to pirates who, before a set day, should confess their crimes and give
+up a portion of their booty, and that three famous pirates had come in
+after the appointed day, so that they were arrested, he visited them
+in jail and offered to use his influence in their behalf, if they
+would consent to give to the college a portion of their booty. They
+gladly agreed; Dr. Blair's efforts were successful, and they were
+given their liberty together with their treasure, minus the promised
+gift to the Virginia College. Another much larger gift was secured
+from the executor of an estate which held money devised indefinitely
+for "pious and charitable uses." The income from this portion of the
+endowment was to be used "to keep as many Indian children in meat,
+drink, washing, clothes, medicine, books and education, from the first
+beginning of letters till they should be ready to receive orders and
+be sent abroad to convert the Indians."
+
+In connection with the charter for "the College of William and Mary,"
+which was dated February 8, 1693, authority was given to use the seal
+described as follows: "On a green field a college building of silver,
+with a golden sun, showing half its orb, rising above it." This is
+said to be the sole instance of a college, either English or American,
+which has a seal of such high origin.
+
+Sir Christopher Wren, the designer of St. Paul's Cathedral, made the
+plan for the original building, which was to be two stories and a half
+high, one hundred and thirty-six feet long, and forty feet wide, and
+with two wings sixty feet long and twenty-five feet wide. In 1697 it
+was reported to the governor of the province that the front and north
+side of the proposed rectangle had been completed at Williamsburg, and
+that funds were exhausted. The walls were more than three feet thick
+at the base, and contained 840,000 bricks, the product of a brickyard
+nearby.
+
+For some years subscriptions were paid slowly, and interest in the
+college languished, but conditions improved when King William sent to
+Governor Nicholson a proclamation urging him "Yt you call upon ye
+persons yt have promised to contribute towards ye maintenance of ye
+sd college, to pay in full the severall Contributions."
+
+The first of the disasters that have visited the main building came in
+1705, when the interior was burned. The college was rebuilt on the old
+walls, as was the case after the fire of 1859. Thus, after much more
+than two hundred years, the venerable building looks almost as it did
+when the first students entered its doors. A number of other
+structures have been erected since, including the Brafferton building
+in 1723, the house now occupied by the president, which dates from
+1732, and the chapel, begun in 1729. Interest must always centre about
+the central structure, however.
+
+During the Revolution the president was James Madison, second cousin
+of the future President of the United States. The president's house
+was occupied by Cornwallis in 1781. After his surrender French
+officers lived there. During their occupancy the house was badly
+damaged by fire, but it was repaired at the expense of the French
+Army.
+
+Three events of the years of the war are of special moment in the
+history of higher education in America. On December 5, 1776, the Phi
+Beta Kappa Society, the first intercollegiate fraternity in the United
+States, was organized. On December 4, 1779, the college was made a
+university, the first in the country, and the same year marked the
+beginning of the Honor System of college government which worked such
+a revolution in other colleges more than a century later. When Thomas
+Jefferson, who was a student at William and Mary in 1760-62, founded
+the University of Virginia, the Honor System was successfully
+inaugurated in the new institution.
+
+Other famous men who have been connected with William and Mary
+included George Washington, who was chancellor in 1794; Chief Justice
+John Marshall, student in 1779; Secretary of State Edmund Randolph,
+student in 1766; James Monroe, student in 1775. John Tyler was also
+educated there. It is a remarkable fact that the presidents who are
+responsible for adding to the original territory of the country
+Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and most of the western territory, were
+products of William and Mary.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, VA.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 294]
+
+LXVI
+
+THE MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
+
+ON THE SITE OF A THEATRE WHOSE BURNING MOVED THE ENTIRE COUNTRY
+
+      "Last night the playhouse in this city was crowded with an
+      unusual audience. There could not have been less than 600
+      persons in the house. Just before the conclusion of the
+      play, the scenery caught fire, and in a few minutes the whole
+      building was wrapt in flames. It is already ascertained that
+      61 persons were devoured by that most terrific element. The
+      Editor of this paper was in the house when the
+      ever-to-be-remembered, deplorable accident occurred. He is
+      informed that the scenery took fire in the back part of the
+      house, by raising of a chandelier; that the boy, who was
+      ordered by some of the players to raise it, stated, that if
+      he did so, the scenery would take fire, when he was commanded
+      in a peremptory manner, to hoist it. The boy obeyed, and the
+      fire was instantly communicated to the scenery."
+
+This story the editor of the Richmond (Virginia) _American Standard_
+told in the columns of his paper on Friday, December 27, 1811. He
+added the fact that among those who perished were the Governor of the
+State, as well as many of the leaders in the business and social life
+of the city.
+
+By order of the city council the remains of the victims were buried on
+the site of the burned building, which was bought for the purpose. At
+the same time it was ordered that "no person or persons should be
+permitted for and during the time of four months ... to exhibit any
+public show or spectacle ... within the city."
+
+By ordinance it was also decreed that a monument should be erected on
+the site. Later it was suggested that there should be built there, by
+public subscription, "an edifice to be set apart and consecrated for
+the worship of God," and that this should be the monument.
+
+Accordingly, on August 1, 1812, the corner stone of the Monumental
+Church was laid, the lot having been purchased by the city for $5,000.
+The building was consecrated as a Protestant Episcopal church in May,
+1814. In April, 1815, the subscribers to the fund for the building,
+who had organized under the title, "The Association for building a
+Church on Shockoe Hill," were notified that one-half of their
+subscription money would be returned to them on application at the
+Bank of Virginia.
+
+In the middle of the front or main porch of the church a white marble
+monument was erected to the memory of the victims of the fire.
+
+To the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal church, which
+assembled in Philadelphia on May 18, 1814, report was made that "a
+magnificent church has sprung up in Richmond from the ashes of the
+Theatre; it has the patronage and support of men of the greatest
+talents and highest rank in Virginia."
+
+Among the communicants of the Monumental Church have been numbered
+many of the most prominent men in the Virginia capital, and men famous
+in the early history of the country were attendants from time to time.
+In February, 1824, General Lafayette worshipped in the building.
+
+
+LXVII
+
+MONTPELIER, ORANGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA
+
+THE LIFELONG HOME OF JAMES MADISON
+
+James Madison was born at the residence of his mother's parents, at
+Port Conway, Prince George County, Virginia, but before long he was
+taken to his father's house, Montpelier, which was the first brick
+house built in Orange County. And Montpelier continued to be his home
+to the day of his death. Much of his life was spent in Washington, but
+his heart was always turning to the old Virginia plantation where he
+had spent his boyhood, and he took advantage of every possible
+opportunity to go there for a longer or shorter visit.
+
+The distance to Shadwell, where Thomas Jefferson lived as a boy, was
+only thirty miles, but these two who were to have such a large place
+in the early history of America, did not meet until Madison was
+seventeen years old. Then lost time was made up. For many years the
+road between Montpelier and the home of Jefferson became quite
+familiar to the friends.
+
+In the years before he went to college Madison roamed at will over the
+twenty-five hundred acres of the Montpelier estate. He walked and
+rode, he hunted and fished, he learned to take delight in the quiet
+scenery of that beautiful Blue Ridge country. His tutor, who lived on
+the estate, was his companion on his expeditions.
+
+It was probably due to this outdoor life that his health was so much
+better in Virginia than it was at the College of New Jersey (Princeton
+College). Soon after he graduated in 1771 he returned to Montpelier,
+somewhat broken by reason of overwork and lack of exercise. To a
+college friend in Philadelphia he wrote rather pessimistically:
+
+      "I am too tired and infirm now to look for extraordinary
+      things in this world, for I think my sensations for many
+      months have intimated to me not to expect a long or a healthy
+      life, though it may be better for me after some time; but I
+      hardly dare expect it, and therefore have little spirit or
+      elasticity to set about anything that is difficult in
+      acquiring and useless in possessing after one has exchanged
+      time for eternity."
+
+He was right in thinking that he was not to have a healthy life, but
+he was wrong in thinking it was to be neither long nor eventful. For
+more than sixty years after he wrote the letter from which quotation
+has been made, he was energetic and devoted in the service of his
+country. In May, 1776, he entered the Virginia Convention, thus
+beginning the career that led him to eight years in the White House.
+And after he retired from the Presidency much of his time and thought
+was given to the affairs of the nation. During all these years the
+thought of his Virginia home gave him new strength in the midst of his
+tasks.
+
+That home meant more to him than ever when, in September, 1794, he
+entered the doors of Montpelier with his bride, Dorothy Todd, the
+young Philadelphia widow whom he had married at Harewood, Virginia.
+
+The estate was still the property of Mr. Madison's father, and both
+his father and mother continued to live there. Before long the house
+was enlarged. The rooms so long occupied by the old people were made a
+part of the new mansion.
+
+The two families lived together in perfect harmony. The father lived
+to see his son President of the United States, and the mother was
+ninety-eight when she died. William O. Stoddard, in his "Life of James
+Madison," says that "she kept up the old-fashioned ways of
+housekeeping; waited upon by her servants who grew old and faded away
+with her. She divided her time between her Bible and her knitting, all
+undisturbed by the modern hours, the changed customs, or the elegant
+hospitality of the mansion house itself. She was a central point in
+the life of her distinguished son, and the object of his most devoted
+care to the end of her days."
+
+For Mr. and Mrs. Madison, real life at Montpelier began in 1817, after
+the close of the stirring period in the White House. They did not have
+much opportunity to be alone, for guests delighted to come to them,
+and they liked to have others with them, yet they managed to secure a
+wonderful amount of joy out of the years spent "within a squirrel's
+jump of heaven," to use Dolly Madison's expressive phrase.
+
+Among the guests were intimate friends like Jefferson, who was almost
+a member of the family. Lafayette, too, found his way to the estate,
+while Harriet Martineau told in her "Recollections" of her pleasant
+sojourn there. Frequently strangers who were on the way to the
+Virginia Hot Springs took the five-mile detour merely to reach
+Montpelier, and they were always made welcome.
+
+The dining-room was large, but there were sometimes so many guests
+that the table had to be set out of doors. Mr. Madison wrote in 1820
+of one such occasion: "Yesterday we had ninety persons to dine with us
+at our table, fixed on the lawn, under a large arbor.... Half a dozen
+only staid all night."
+
+After a visit to her parents that was broken into by the presence of
+guests, a daughter of the house complained to her husband that she had
+not been able to pass one sociable moment with her father. His reply
+was sympathetic: "Nobody can ever have felt so severely as myself the
+prostration of family society from the circumstances you mention....
+But there is no remedy. The present manners and ways of our country
+are laws we cannot repeal. They are altering by degrees, and you will
+live to see the hospitality of the country reduced to the visiting
+hours of the day, and the family left to tranquillity in the evening."
+
+When the steward saw that Madison would not curb these guests, he
+began to cut down on the fodder for the horses, but when the
+hospitable host learned of this he gave orders that there should be no
+further attempts of this sort. He realized that he was living beyond
+his income, but he saw no help for it. He longed for more time in his
+library or for riding or walking about the estate.
+
+The time came when walks had to be taken on the veranda; health was
+failing rapidly. He was not able to oversee the farm as he had long
+been accustomed to do, but depended on others. In 1835 Mrs. Madison
+wrote to her daughter: "My days are devoted to nursing and comforting
+my sick patient, who walks only from the bed in which he breakfasts to
+another." Still later she wrote: "I never leave my husband more than a
+few minutes at a time, and have not left the enclosure around our
+house for the last eight months."
+
+When the owner of Montpelier died, on June 28, 1836, he was buried in
+the cemetery on the estate. Mrs. Madison spent a few lonely years in
+the old home, but the property was finally sold to satisfy the debts
+of her wayward son, Payne Todd. She was sometimes in actual want
+before she died, but Congress provided for her relief by buying for
+twenty-five thousand dollars the Madison letters and other papers.
+
+She lived until July 12, 1849, and her body was finally laid by the
+side of that of her husband.
+
+William Dupont, the present owner of Montpelier, has enlarged the
+house by the addition of a second story to the wings. So the house
+that was built in 1760 by James Madison, Sr., and was enlarged by
+James Madison, Jr., has entered on a new era of hospitality.
+
+
+LXVIII
+
+OAK HILL, LOUDOUN COUNTY, VIRGINIA
+
+THE HOME OF JAMES MONROE'S OLD AGE
+
+James Monroe, at twenty-eight, wrote from New York to Thomas
+Jefferson, with whom he had studied law:
+
+      "I shall leave this about the 1st of October for
+      Virginia--Fredericksburg. Believe me, I have not relinquished
+      the prospect of being your neighbor. The house for which I
+      have requested a plan may possibly be erected near
+      Monticello; to fix there, and to have yourself in particular,
+      with what friends we may collect around, for society is my
+      chief object; or rather, the only one which promises to me,
+      with the connection I have formed, real and substantial
+      pleasure; if, indeed, by the name of pleasure it may be
+      called."
+
+The "connection" of which the future President wrote was his marriage
+to Miss Eliza Kortwright of New York. Of this he had spoken in an
+earlier letter to Jefferson:
+
+      "You will be surprised to hear that I have formed the most
+      interesting connection in human life with a young lady in
+      this town, as you know my plan was to visit you before I
+      settled myself, but having formed an attachment to this
+      young lady ... I have found that I must relinquish all other
+      objects not connected with her."
+
+Monroe was not permitted to practice law long. As United States
+Senator, diplomat, Governor, Cabinet officer, and President, his time
+was so fully occupied that no one but a man of his fine physique and
+endurance could have stood the strain. Once, during the War of 1812,
+according to his friend, Judge E. R. Watson, when the burden of three
+of the departments of the government rested on him--State, Treasury,
+and War--he did not undress himself for ten days and nights, and was
+in the saddle the greater part of the time.
+
+After some years he bought an estate in Loudoun County, Virginia, to
+which he retired for a brief rest whenever this was possible. For a
+time the old dormer-windowed house on the property satisfied him, but
+during his presidential term he built Oak Hill, the house for which
+Jefferson had prepared the plans. It is said that the nails used in
+its construction were manufactured on the Jefferson estate.
+
+The house--which was named Oak Hill because of the oaks on the lawn,
+planted by the owner himself, one for each State of the Union--has
+been described by Major R. W. N. Noland as follows:
+
+      "The building was superintended by Mr. William Benton, an
+      Englishman, who occupied the mixed relation to Mr. Monroe of
+      steward, counsellor and friend. The house is built of brick
+      in a most substantial manner, and handsomely finished; it is,
+      perhaps, about 90 x 50 feet, three stories (including
+      basement), and has a wide portico, fronting south, with
+      massive Doric columns thirty feet high, and is surrounded by
+      a grove of magnificent oaks covering several acres. While the
+      location is not as commanding as many others in that section,
+      being in lower Loudoun where the rolling character of the
+      Piedmont region begins to lose itself in the flat lands of
+      tide water, the house in two directions commands an
+      attractive and somewhat extensive view, but on the other side
+      it is hemmed in by mountains, for the local names of which,
+      'Bull Run' and 'Nigger Mountain,' it is to be hoped the late
+      President is in no wise responsible.... The little stream
+      that washes the confines of the Oak Hill estate once bore the
+      Indian name Gohongarestaw (the River of Swans), and is now
+      called Goose Creek."
+
+After the expiration of his second term as President Monroe made Oak
+Hill his permanent home, though sometimes he was with his daughter,
+Mrs. Gouverneur, in New York.
+
+One who was a member of the household during a part of the six years
+of the life in Virginia said that he "looked perhaps older than he
+was, his face being strongly marked with the lines of anxiety and
+care."
+
+There were many guests at Oak Hill, among these being Madison and
+Jefferson. Monroe, in turn, was frequently at Monticello and
+Montpelier. His office as Regent of the University of Virginia also
+brought him into frequent touch with his two predecessors in the
+presidency, for they were fellow-members on the Board.
+
+Whenever weather and guests permitted he was accustomed to ride about
+the estate and through the countryside both morning and evening. One
+day, when he was seventy-two, his horse fell on him, and his right
+wrist was sprained so badly that for a time he could not write to his
+friends, as he had delighted to do. Thus he was able to sympathize
+with Madison when a letter came from Montpelier a few months later:
+
+      "In explanation of my microscopic writing, I must remark that
+      the older I grow the more my stiffening fingers make smaller
+      letters, as my feet take shorter steps, the progress in both
+      cases being, at the same time, more fatiguing as well as more
+      slow."
+
+Monroe's last years of life were saddened by financial difficulties,
+though even these brought gleams of joy, because of the fidelity of
+his friends. Lafayette, who visited Oak Hill in 1825, wrote later to
+his friend a most delicately worded offer of assistance, indicating
+that he felt it was his right to offer this, since Monroe, when
+minister to France, had exerted himself to bring about the release of
+Lafayette, then a prisoner at Olmuetz, and had ministered to the wants
+of Madame Lafayette.
+
+A measure of relief came when Congress voted to repay, in part, the
+extraordinary expense incurred by the statesman during his diplomatic
+career, but not before he had advertised Oak Hill for sale and had
+planned to go to New York to live near his daughter. The estate was
+later withdrawn from the market, but the plan to go to New York was
+carried out: he did not see how he could remain after the death of
+Mrs. Monroe, which took place in 1830.
+
+He did not stay long in New York. On July 4, 1831, he died.
+Twenty-seven years later, on the one hundredth anniversary of his
+birth, his body was taken to Richmond for burial. There, in his native
+State, rest the remains of him of whom Thomas Jefferson said, "He is
+a man whose soul might be turned inside out without discovering a
+blemish to the world."
+
+
+LXIX
+
+RED HILL, CHARLOTTE COUNTY, VIRGINIA
+
+WHERE PATRICK HENRY SPENT HIS LAST YEARS
+
+Patrick Henry was only fifty-eight years old when he retired for rest
+and the enjoyment of family life to his 2,920-acre estate, Red Hill,
+in the Staunton Valley, thirty-eight miles southeast of Lynchburg.
+Just before he made this move he wrote to his daughter Betsy, "I must
+give out the law, and plague myself no more with business, sitting
+down with what I have. For it will be sufficient employment to see
+after my little flock."
+
+He had served his country well for thirty years, as member of the
+House of Burgesses, as Speaker of the first Continental Congress in
+Philadelphia in 1774, in the Virginia Convention of 1775 where he made
+his most famous speech, and as Governor of Virginia from 1776 to 1779
+and again from 1784 to 1786. He had well earned the rest he hoped to
+find. Washington asked him to become Secretary of State and, later,
+Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. John Adams nominated him as
+minister to France. But he resisted all these efforts to draw him from
+his retirement.
+
+The house at Red Hill was a simple story and a half structure, to
+which the owner soon added a shed kitchen, solely because he "wished
+to hear the patter of the rain on the roof." This original portion of
+the house has been retained intact by later occupants, who have made
+additions with rare appreciation of what is fitting. The central
+portion was built by the son of the orator, John Henry. The box hedges
+in which the sage of Red Hill took such delight have been retained and
+extended.
+
+George Morgan, in "The True Patrick Henry," says that this life in
+retirement "might be designated as a patriarchal life, if it were not
+for the fact that the cradle was still rocking at Red Hill." Henry's
+letters were full of references to his children. Once he wrote to his
+daughter Betsy, "I have the satisfaction to inform you that we are
+well, except Johnny, Christian, and Patrick, and they are recovering
+fast now." And again, "I have great cause of thankfulness for the
+health I enjoy, and for that of your mamma and all the children.... We
+have another son, named Winston."
+
+William Wirt, in his "Life of Patrick Henry," written in 1817, said,
+"His visitors have not infrequently caught him lying on the floor,
+with a group of these little ones, climbing over him in every
+direction, or dancing around him with obstreperous mirth to the tune
+of his violin, while the only contest seemed to be who should make the
+most noise."
+
+That there were many visitors who had the opportunity to see such
+contests as these is evident from a paragraph in "Homes of American
+Statesmen":
+
+      "His home was usually filled with friends, its dependences
+      with their retinue and horses. But crowds, besides, came and
+      went; all were received with cordiality.... Those who lived
+      near always came to breakfast, when all were welcomed and
+      made full. The larder never seemed to get lean. Breakfast
+      over, creature comforts, such as might console the belated
+      for the loss, were promptly set forth on side-tables in the
+      wide entrance-hall.... Meanwhile, the master saw and welcomed
+      all with the kindliest attention, asked of their household,
+      listened to their affairs, gave them his view, contented all.
+      These audiences seldom ceased before noon, or the early
+      dinner. To this a remaining party of twenty or thirty often
+      sat down.... The dinner ended, he betook himself to his
+      studies until supper, after which he again gave himself up to
+      enjoyment."
+
+Not only was he a total abstainer, but as he grew older he came to
+detest the odor of tobacco; so there were certain refreshments that
+were never offered to the guests at Red Hill.
+
+During the closing years of his life he spent hours over the Bible.
+Every morning he would take his seat in the dining-room, with the big
+family Bible open before him. Once he said to a visitor, "This book is
+worth all the books that ever were printed, and it has been my
+misfortune that I never found time to read it with the proper
+attention and feeling till lately. I trust in the mercy of heaven that
+it is not too late."
+
+To Betsy, a daughter by his first marriage, he wrote in 1796:
+
+      "Some good people think I am no Christian. This thought gives
+      me much more pain than the appellation of tory; because I
+      think religion of infinitely higher importance than politics,
+      and I find much cause to reproach myself that I have lived so
+      long and have given no decided and public proof of my being a
+      Christian. But, indeed, my dear child, there is a character
+      which I prize far above all this world has or can boast. And
+      amongst all the handsome things I hear said of you, what
+      gives me the greatest pleasure is, to be told of your piety
+      and steady virtue."
+
+As, one by one, the older children grew up and went out from Red Hill
+to homes of their own, they were urged to read the Bible. Dorothea was
+the first to be married. Then came Martha Catherine, who, at
+seventeen, fell in love with the hero who rescued her when she fell
+from a boat into the water. Sarah married Robert, the brother of the
+poet Thomas Campbell. It is said that at one time the poet was engaged
+to come to Red Hill as tutor for the younger children of the family,
+but was unable to keep his promise.
+
+Because of the constant pleas that were made that he give up his quiet
+life and reenter politics, Henry Clay wrote, in 1796:
+
+      "I shall never more appear in a public character, unless some
+      unlooked-for circumstance shall demand from me a transient
+      effort.... I see with concern our old Commander-in-chief most
+      abusively treated--nor are his long and great services
+      remembered, as any apology for his mistakes in an office to
+      which he was totally unaccustomed. If he, whose character as
+      our leader during the whole war was above all praise, is so
+      roughly treated in his old age, what may be expected by men
+      of the common standard of character?"
+
+He kept his resolution. A few months after writing this message, when
+notified that he had been elected Governor of Virginia, for a third
+term, he wrote, "My declining years warn me of my inability."
+
+But in January, 1799, came an appeal from Washington himself that he
+would present himself as a candidate "if not for Congress, which you
+may think would take you too long from home, as a candidate for
+Representative in the General Assembly of the Commonwealth." The
+reasons were given: "Your insight of character and influence in the
+House of Representatives would be a bulwark against such dangerous
+sentiments as are delivered there at present. It would be a rallying
+point for the timid, and an attraction of the wavering. In a word, I
+conceive it to be of immense importance at this crisis that you should
+be there, and I would fain hope that all minor considerations will be
+made to yield to the measure."
+
+Though Henry knew that he had little strength left, he responded to
+the appeal. On County Court day, the first Monday in March, he
+presented himself before the people at Charlotte as a candidate for
+Representative. How they flocked about him!
+
+A Hampdon-Sidney student, Henry Miller, who heard him that day, said
+afterward:
+
+      "He was very infirm, and seated in a chair conversing with
+      some friends who were pouring in from all the surrounding
+      country to hear him. At length he rose with difficulty, and
+      stood, somewhat bowed with age and weakness. His face was
+      almost colorless. His countenance was careworn, and when he
+      commenced his exordium, his voice was slightly cracked and
+      tremulous. But in a few minutes a wonderful transformation of
+      the whole man occurred, as he warmed with his theme. He stood
+      erect; his eyes beamed with a light that was almost
+      supernatural, his features glowed with the hues and fires of
+      youth; and his voice rang clear and melodious, with the
+      intonations of some great musical instrument whose notes
+      filled the area, and fell distinctly and delightfully upon
+      the ears of the most distant of the thousands gathered before
+      him."
+
+Near the close of this effective address he said:
+
+      "You can never exchange the present government, but for a
+      monarchy. If the administration have done wrong, let us all
+      go wrong together, rather than split into factions, which
+      must destroy that union upon which our existence hangs. Let
+      us preserve our strength for the French, the English, the
+      German, or whoever else shall dare to invade our territory,
+      and not exhaust it in civil commotion and intestine wars."
+
+After the conclusion of the oration, Henry went back to Red Hill, and
+never left it again. In April he was triumphantly elected, but he was
+unable to take his seat.
+
+On June 6, 1799, he was near death. When the physician offered him a
+vial of mercury, at the same time telling him that the remedy might
+prolong his life a little while, or it might be fatal, he drew over
+his eyes a silken cap which he usually wore, and, holding the vial in
+his hands, made "a simple childlike prayer for his family, for his
+country, and for his own soul. Afterwards in perfect calm he swallowed
+the medicine."
+
+His last word was to his physician, commending the Christian religion,
+which was so real a benefit to a man about to die.
+
+Patrick Henry and his wife lie side by side in the rear garden of Red
+Hill. "His fame his best epitaph" is the simple inscription on the
+stone above the patriot.
+
+
+  [Illustration: POHICK CHURCH, VIRGINIA
+   _Photo furnished by Aymar Embury, II_
+   See page 311]
+
+LXX
+
+POHICK CHURCH, TRURO PARISH, VIRGINIA
+
+THE HOME CHURCH OF GEORGE WASHINGTON
+
+Both Truro parish and George Washington were born in 1732, and
+Washington's connection with Truro Church began in 1735, when his
+father, Augustine Washington, became a vestryman, and it continued
+throughout his life, though during his later years, when services were
+seldom held there, he went to Christ Church at Alexandria.
+
+When Washington was a boy he had to make a round trip of eighteen
+miles, frequently over extremely rough roads, when he wished to attend
+services. Yet he was a faithful attendant, at all seasons.
+
+A number of the early rectors of Truro were welcome guests at Mt.
+Vernon. One of these, Charles Green, was a physician as well as a
+minister, as appears from the record that he was called to prescribe
+for Washington in 1757, when the young campaigner was so seriously
+ill, in consequence of hardships suffered on his western trip, that he
+said he had "too much reason to apprehend an approaching decay."
+
+Five years after this illness Washington was elected a member of the
+vestry of the parish, and he was re-elected many times. His record for
+attendance was unusual, in spite of his many outside engagements.
+During the years from 1763 to 1774 thirty-one vestry meetings were
+held. He was absent from eight of these, once on account of sickness,
+twice because he was attending the House of Burgesses, and at least
+three times because he was out of the county. For a few months, in
+1765, he did not serve, because, on the division of Truro parish, Mt.
+Vernon was thrown over the line into the new Fairfax parish. At once
+the new parish made him a member of its vestry, but when, in response
+to a petition which Washington helped to present, the House of
+Burgesses changed the parish line so that Mt. Vernon was once more in
+Truro parish, he resumed his service in the old church. There he
+maintained his connection with an official body noted for the fact
+that, at one time or another, it had eleven members in the House of
+Burgesses, two members in His Majesty's Council for Virginia, as well
+as the author of the Virginia Bill of Rights and the Constitution of
+the State of Virginia, George Mason.
+
+When it was decided that a new church building was needed, Washington
+was instrumental in settling the inevitable discussion as to site that
+followed. He made a map of the parish, showing where each communicant
+lived, and recommended that the building be placed at the centre of
+the parish, as shown by the map. His suggestion was adopted, and a
+site two miles nearer Mt. Vernon was chosen.
+
+For the new church Washington himself drew the plan. He was also
+active in letting the plan and overseeing the building operation. At
+an auction of pews, held in 1772, when the church was ready for use,
+he bought Number 28, next the communion table, for L10, while he paid
+L13 10s. for pew 30. Evidently he was thoughtful for the guests who
+frequently rode with him to service, either in the coach, or in the
+chaise that followed, or on horseback. When the Mt. Vernon contingent
+came to church there was usually quite a procession.
+
+Under date October 2, 1785, the diary of Washington tells of one of
+these processions, as well as of an interesting event that followed:
+
+      "Went with Fanny Bassett, Burwell, Bassett, Doctr Stuart, G.
+      A. Washington, Mr. Shaw and Nellie Custis to Pohick Church to
+      hear a Mr. Thompson preach, who returned with me to
+      Dinner.... After we were in Bed (about Eleven o'clock in the
+      Evening) Mr Houdon, sent from Paris by Doctr Franklin and
+      Mr Jefferson to take my Bust, in behalf of the State of
+      Virginia ... arrived."
+
+For many years Pohick Church was practically deserted, but there is
+evidence that services were held here in 1802. Davies, an Englishman,
+in his "Four Years in America," wrote:
+
+      "About four miles from Occoquon is Pohick. Thither I rode on
+      Sunday and joined the Congregation of Parson Weims, who was
+      cheerful in his mien that he might win me to religion. A
+      Virginia churchyard on Sunday is more like a race-course than
+      a cemetery; the women come in carriages and the men on horses
+      which they tie to the trees. The church bell was suspended
+      from a tree. I was confounded to hear 'steed threaten steed
+      with dreadful neigh,' nor was I less astounded at the
+      rattling of carriage-wheels, the cracking of whips, and the
+      vociferation of the gentlemen to the negroes who attended
+      them; but the discourse of Parson Weims calmed every
+      perturbation, for he preached the great doctrines of
+      Salvation as one who has experienced their power; about half
+      the congregation were negroes."
+
+This Parson Weems was no other than the author of Weems' "Life of
+Washington," a readable but inaccurate biography that had a great
+vogue seventy-five years ago.
+
+For many years Truro Church was desolate, and relic hunters made spoil
+of the furnishings. But since 1876 it has been open for services once
+more.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VA.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 314]
+
+LXXI
+
+MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VIRGINIA
+
+THE PLANTATION HOME OF COLONEL JOHN TAYLOE
+
+The purchase for L500 of three thousand acres of productive land in
+Charles County, on the Potomac, gave a big boost to the fortunes of
+the Tayloe family of Virginia. This shrewd purchase was made by
+Colonel John Tayloe, the son of William Tayloe (or Taylor) who came
+from England in the seventeenth century. William Tayloe was a member
+of the House of Burgesses in 1710. His son John became a member of the
+Colonial Council in 1732, while his son John, who was born in 1721,
+also had the honor of serving in the Council under Lord Dunmore, as
+well as in the first Republican Council, during the administration of
+Patrick Henry. He married the sister of Governor George Plater of
+Maryland. Of his eight daughters one married Richard Lightfoot Lee, a
+Signer of the Declaration of Independence, while another married
+Colonel William Augustine Washington, a nephew of George Washington,
+by whom he was educated.
+
+Colonel John Tayloe, the father of three daughters, was the builder
+of Mount Airy, which was for many years the most superb mansion in
+Virginia, and was so different from all other mansions that it
+attracted many visitors, even in the days when transit was difficult.
+Its twenty-five spacious rooms afforded generous accommodation for the
+guests who were eager to accept the invitations of Colonel and Mrs.
+Tayloe. Among the entertainments provided for these guests by the
+thoughtful hosts were concerts by a band made up entirely of slaves
+who had been instructed by their master. On occasion this band was
+taken to the town house at Williamsburg, the capital of the State.
+
+The letters of Washington show that the builder of Mount Airy was an
+ardent patriot, and his friend and associate. These two men were joint
+executors of the estate of one of the Lees. From his headquarters in
+the Craigie House at Cambridge the General wrote to Mount Airy a
+letter about the estate, asking Tayloe to become sole executor.
+
+The varied interests of Colonel Tayloe were indicated by his
+remarkable will, which asked, among other things, that one part of his
+estate in Prince William County, Virginia, and Baltimore County,
+Maryland, be kept intact and worked for the making of pig iron. Not
+only did he own a number of other plantations, but he was a large
+shipowner, and reaped unusual profits from trade.
+
+Perhaps the best known owner of Mount Airy was John Tayloe, III, who
+was born in 1771, and was the only son in a family of twelve. He was
+educated at Eton and Cambridge, England. Before going abroad he had
+learned patriotism from his father, and on his return he was ready to
+administer his estate for the benefit of the country as well as his
+own family. When his inheritance was turned over to him the income was
+sixty thousand dollars. Within a few years he increased this to
+seventy-five thousand dollars. His father's iron- and ship-building
+interests were conserved and enlarged. His master ship-builder at
+Occoquon was his slave Reuben.
+
+During his residence at Mount Airy the splendor of the mansion was
+increased. Among his guests were men who had stood shoulder to
+shoulder with Washington during the Revolution, and those who later
+became prominent as associates of Hamilton, Jay, Marshall, and
+Pinckney. He married the daughter of Governor Ogle of Maryland, and
+had fifteen children.
+
+The memorial by one of his sons, Benjamin Ogle Tayloe, says that "his
+manners were refined and elegant. He was distinguished for his nice
+sense of honor, and a scrupulous regard to his word at all times. His
+wife was esteemed for sincerity and kindness of heart, graceful and
+dignified manners, and true and unaffected piety."
+
+He took time for the services of his country. As Captain of Dragoons
+he went to Western Pennsylvania, to help put down the whiskey
+insurrection. When President Adams made him a Major of Dragoons,
+General Washington wrote to him a warm letter of congratulation, but
+Tayloe hesitated to accept the commission. He had just been elected as
+a Federalist to the Virginia Senate, and he feared, as he wrote to
+Washington, that if he resigned his seat the place would be filled by
+an opponent of the administration. On February 12, 1799, Washington
+replied that he was inclined to believe his civil service would be
+more important than military service, but he asked that decision be
+delayed until they could have a personal interview. Later, on the
+breaking out of the War of 1812, he was made commander of the cavalry
+of the District of Columbia, and saw active service.
+
+Washington's friendship led him to make his winter home in the
+District of Columbia. In 1801 he occupied the Octagon House, then the
+finest private residence in the city. When the British burned the
+White House he was at Mount Airy. At once he sent a mounted messenger
+to President Madison, offering the use of the Octagon as the temporary
+Executive Mansion.
+
+His establishment at Mount Airy was maintained in remarkable splendor.
+His household and equipages were the talk of the neighborhood. A lover
+of fine horseflesh, he was the owner of some of the swiftest animals
+of his day.
+
+The eldest son, John Tayloe, inherited his father's ardor for public
+service. He was engaged brilliantly in the battles of the
+_Constitution_ with the _Guerriere_, and with the _Cyano_ and the
+_Levant_. After the action his native State gave him a sword, and he
+was promoted to a lieutenancy. Though he was captured by the British,
+he lived to return to Mount Airy, where he died in 1824. His father
+died four years later, while his mother lived until 1855.
+
+Mount Airy has always been in the hands of a Tayloe. It is now in
+possession of the family of the late Henry Tayloe.
+
+
+LXXII
+
+TWO OF VIRGINIA'S OLDEST CHURCH BUILDINGS
+
+ST. LUKE'S, IN SMITHFIELD, AND ST. PETER'S, IN NEW KENT COUNTY
+
+Captain Smith in 1607 wrote of his discovery of the Indian kingdom of
+Warrosquoyacke. Soon settlers were attracted to its fertile lands.
+Twenty-seven years later the more than five hundred residents were
+organized into Isle of Wight County.
+
+In 1632, the ancient brick church near Smithfield was built. The
+tradition fixing this date was established in 1887, when the date 1632
+was read in some bricks that fell from the walls.
+
+The builder of the staunch church was Joseph Bridger, who was
+Counsellor of State to Charles II. He is buried not far from the
+church, and on his tomb is the inscription: "He dyed April 15 Anno
+Domini 1688 Aged 58 years. Mournfully leaving his wife, three sons and
+four daughters."
+
+The oldest vestry book dates from 1727, for the first book was
+destroyed at the time of General Arnold's expedition made to Isle of
+Wight County, in the effort to capture General Parker, of the
+Continental Army. Fortunately, however, a few other records were
+saved. An entry in 1727 spoke of "The Old Brick Church"; evidently the
+name St. Luke's was of later origin.
+
+The architectural beauty of the old building is described in a
+pleasing manner by Aymar Embury, II, the well-known New York
+architect, in his "Early American Churches":
+
+      "The building is an extremely picturesque brick church,
+      reminiscent not of the Renaissance work then becoming
+      dominant in England, but of the older Gothic; it is not at
+      all unlike many of the small English parish churches of the
+      sixteenth century, when the Gothic style was really extinct,
+      although its superficial characteristics, the buttresses and
+      the pointed arch, still obtained. The stepped gable at the
+      chancel end of the church is an unusual feature in English
+      architecture.... The tower is the only part of the building
+      which shows the Renaissance influence."
+
+When the building was some two hundred years old it began to fall into
+disrepair; the people preferred to attend the church in Smithfield.
+Bishop Meade wrote his "Old Churches and Families of Virginia" at the
+time when the old church was most dilapidated. He said:
+
+      "Its thick walls and high tower, like that of some English
+      castle, are still firm, and promise to be for a long time to
+      come. The windows, doors, and all the interior, are gone. It
+      is said that the eastern window--twenty-five feet high--was
+      of stained glass. This venerable building stands not far from
+      the main road leading from Smithfield to Suffolk, in an open
+      tract of woodland. The trees for some distance round it are
+      large and tall and the foliage dense, so that but little of
+      the light of the sun is thrown upon it. The pillars which
+      strengthen the walls, and which are wide at the base,
+      tapering toward the eaves of the house by stair-steps, have
+      somewhat mouldered, so as to allow various shrubs and small
+      trees to root themselves therein."
+
+For nearly fifty years the church was closed. But in 1884 Rev. David
+Barr, who was in charge of a church nearby, began to raise funds for
+the reconstruction of the building. He persisted in spite of many
+discouragements. When matters looked darkest a man who signed himself
+"A Virginian" made the following appeal:
+
+      "There is still some plastering to be done in the tower, and
+      the pews are to be made or bought. The church cannot be
+      completed until the money is raised. Can no generous giver be
+      found who will contribute the money necessary to bring the
+      east window from London?... For sixty odd years the church
+      has stood there silent, without a service, facing and defying
+      storms and decay, appealing in its desolation to every
+      sentiment of the State, of the Church and of the Nation
+      against abandonment and desertion, and now in its half
+      completed condition, feeling the touch of revival and
+      restoration, it pleads more imploringly still for just enough
+      money to complete the repairs and to enable it once more to
+      enter upon its life of activity, and to utter again with
+      renewed joyousness the ancient but long suppressed voice of
+      prayer and of thanksgiving. Shall it appeal in vain?"
+
+The appeal was not in vain. The church was completed. Twelve beautiful
+memorial windows were put in place. These bore the names of George
+Washington, Joseph Bridger, the architect of the church, Robert E.
+Lee, Rev. William Hubbard, the first rector, Sir Walter Raleigh, John
+Rolfe, Captain John Smith, Bishops Madison, Moore, Meade, and Johns,
+and Dr. Blair, whose connection with Bruton Church and William and
+Mary College is told in another chapter of this volume.
+
+A building that is similar and yet in many respects quite different is
+in New Kent County, about as far above Williamsburg as Smithfield is
+below that university town. This is St. Peter's Church. It is thought
+that the parish dates from 1654, though the present building was not
+begun until 1701. The minute which tells of the first plan for the
+structure is dated August 13, 1700:
+
+      "Whereas, the Lower Church of this Parish is very much out of
+      Repair and Standeth very inconvenient for most of the
+      inhabitants of the said parish; Therefore ordered that as
+      soon as conveniently may be a new Church of Brick Sixty feet
+      long and twenty fower feet wide in the clear and fourteen
+      feet pitch with a Gallery Sixteen feet long be built and
+      Erected upon the Main Roade, by the School House near Thomas
+      Jackson's; and the Clerk is ordered to give a copy of this
+      order to Capt. Nich. Merewether who is Requested to show the
+      same to Will Hughes and desire him to draw a Draft of said
+      Church and to bee at the next vestry."
+
+The cost of the new church was one hundred and forty-six thousand
+pounds of tobacco. This included the main building only, for the
+belfry was not built until 1722.
+
+Rev. David Mossom, who was rector of the church from 1727 to 1767, was
+the minister who married General Washington, at the White House, as
+the home of his bride was called, a few miles from St. Peter's Church.
+The story is told of this eccentric minister that on one occasion,
+having quarrelled with his clerk, he rebuked him from the pulpit. The
+latter avenged himself by giving out to the congregation the psalm in
+which were these lines:
+
+     "With restless and ungovern'd rage
+     Why do the heathen storm?
+     Why in such rash attempts engage
+     As they can ne'er perform?"
+
+The epitaph on the tomb of Mr. Mossom in St. Peter's churchyard states
+that he was the first native American admitted to the office of
+Presbyter in the Church of England.
+
+
+LXXIII
+
+MONTICELLO, NEAR CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA
+
+THE HOME OF THOMAS JEFFERSON
+
+"Oh, my young master, they were all burnt, but ah! we saved your
+fiddle!"
+
+So the negro servant replied to Thomas Jefferson who, on returning
+from a trip, learning that his home at Shadwell had been burned, asked
+after his books. To the negro's mind the fiddle was the most important
+thing in the house.
+
+Fortunately the new mansion, Monticello, near Charlotte, which he had
+designed, was so nearly completed that he was able to take up his
+residence there. Two years later he led into the new house his bride,
+Martha Skelton, a widow of twenty-three.
+
+Before the marriage Jefferson, in accordance with the Virginia law, in
+company with Francis Eppes, entered into a license bond, of which the
+following is a copy:
+
+      "Know all men by these presents that we Thomas Jefferson and
+      Francis Eppes are held and firmly bound to the sovereign lord
+      the king his heirs and successors in the sum of fifty pounds
+      current money of Virginia, to the paiment of which well and
+      truly to be made we bind ourselves jointly and severally, our
+      joint and several heirs, executors and administrators, in
+      witness whereof we have hereto set our hands and seals this
+      twenty-third day of December in the year of our Lord one
+      thousand seven hundred and seventy one. The condition of the
+      above obligation is such that if there be no lawful cause to
+      obstruct a marriage intended to be had and solemnized between
+      the above bound Thomas Jefferson and Martha Skelton of the
+      County of Charles County, widow, for which a license is
+      desired, then this obligation is to be null and void,
+      otherwise the same is in full force."
+
+Edward Bacon, who was overseer at Monticello for twenty years,
+described the estate in vivid words:
+
+      "Monticello is quite a high mountain, in the shape of a
+      sugar-loaf. A winding road led up to the mansion. On the very
+      top of the mountain the forest trees were cut down, and ten
+      acres were cleared and levelled.... I know every room in that
+      house. Under the house and the terrace that surrounded it,
+      were the cisterns, ice-house, cellar, kitchen, and rooms for
+      all sorts of purposes. His servants' rooms were on one
+      side.... There were no negro and other out-houses around the
+      mansion, as you generally see on plantations. The grounds
+      around the house were beautifully ornamented with flowers and
+      shrubbery.... Back of the house was a beautiful lawn of two
+      or three acres, where his grandchildren used to play.
+
+      "His garden was on the side of the mountain. I had it built
+      while he was President. It took a great deal of labor. We had
+      to blow out the rocks for the walls for the different
+      terraces, and then make the soil.... I used to send a servant
+      to Washington with a great many fine things for his table,
+      and he would send back the cart loaded with shrubbery."
+
+Jefferson spent most of his time on his estate until his death in
+1826, except when he was called away for the service of his country.
+
+Nine years after the beginning of the happy married life in Monticello
+there was a panic among the servants because of the approach of the
+British. Because Jefferson was Governor of Virginia, it was thought
+that of course the mansion would be pillaged. Mrs. Jefferson was put
+in the carriage and sent to a place of safety, while Mr. Jefferson
+remained at home, collecting his most valuable papers. Later he
+followed his family. But when the soldiers reached the estate, the
+first inquiry of the leader of the party was for the master of the
+house. When he learned that Jefferson had escaped, he asked for the
+owner's private rooms, and, on being shown the door which led to them,
+he turned the key in the lock and ordered that nothing in the house
+should be touched. This, it was explained, was in strict accordance
+with the orders that had been given by General Tarleton; their sole
+duty was to seize the Governor.
+
+A year later, when the Marquis de Chastellux, a nobleman from France,
+visited Monticello, he was charmed with the house of which Mr.
+Jefferson was the architect, and often one of the workmen. He said it
+was "rather elegant, and in the Italian taste, though not without
+fault; it consists of one large square pavilion, the entrance of which
+is by two porticoes, ornamented with pillars. The ground floor
+consists of a very large lofty saloon, which is to be decorated
+entirely in the antique style; above it is a library of the same
+size; two small wings, with only a ground floor and attic story, are
+joined to this pavilion, and communicate with the kitchen, offices,
+etc., which will form a kind of basement story, over which runs a
+terrace."
+
+Another attractive picture was given by the Duc de la
+Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, after his visit to Monticello in 1796. He
+noted the fact that Jefferson owned five thousand acres, of which but
+eleven hundred were cultivated.
+
+"I found him in the midst of the harvest," he wrote, "from which the
+scorching heat of the sun does not prevent his attendance.... Every
+article is made on his farm: his negroes are cabinet makers,
+carpenters, masons, bricklayers, smiths, etc. The children he employs
+in a nail factory, which yields already a considerable profit.... His
+superior mind directs the management of his domestic concerns with the
+same abilities, activity and regularity which he evinced in the
+conduct of public affairs."
+
+Long absence from home and lavish hospitality wrecked the Jefferson
+fortune, and when the owner of Monticello finally returned home after
+his eight years as President, he was compelled to curtail his
+expenses. But still he made guests welcome. It is said that at times
+there were as many as fifty guests in the house at one time. One of
+those who sought the Sage of Monticello in 1817 was Lieutenant Francis
+Hall, who wrote of his veneration as he looked on "the man who drew up
+the Declaration of American Independence, who shared in the Councils
+by which her freedom was established, when the unbought voices of his
+fellow-citizens called to the exercise of a dignity from which his
+own moderation impelled him, when such an example was most salutary,
+to withdraw; and who, while he dedicates the evening of his glorious
+days to the pursuits of science and literature, shuns none of the
+humble duties of private life; but, having filled a seat higher than
+that of kings, succeeds with graceful dignity to that of the good
+neighbor, and becomes the friendly adviser, lawyer, physician, and
+even gardener of his vicinity."
+
+July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of
+Independence, was the day of Jefferson's death. The sale of his estate
+was sufficient to pay all his debts. To his daughter who was thus made
+homeless, the legislatures of South Carolina and Virginia each voted
+as a gift $10,000.
+
+On the stone placed over the grave of the Sage of Monticello was
+carved the inscription which he himself had asked for: "Here was
+buried Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of American
+Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, and
+Father of the University of Virginia."
+
+
+  [Illustration: UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 326]
+
+LXXIV
+
+THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA AT CHARLOTTESVILLE
+
+THE CHILD OF THOMAS JEFFERSON'S OLD AGE
+
+When Thomas Jefferson retired from the Presidency he was surrounded at
+Monticello by his daughter, her husband, and eleven grandchildren.
+Daily association with the young people made him more anxious than
+ever to carry out a plan that was the growth of years. He wanted to
+see other children as happy as were those in his own home, and he felt
+that the one thing he could do to increase their happiness would be to
+see that the State made provision for their education.
+
+During the remainder of his life he never lost sight of his project.
+While he did not live to see his system of common schools established
+in Virginia, it was his joy to see the University of Virginia grow
+under his hands from an academy to a college and then to a university.
+From 1817 he labored for State appropriations for the school. A friend
+in the State Senate assisted him nobly. The reader of the published
+volume of the correspondence between the two men, a volume of 528
+pages, will see how untiring was the labor that had its reward when
+the appropriation of funds made sure the founding of the university.
+Three hundred thousand dollars were provided for construction, as well
+as $15,000 a year for maintenance.
+
+Jefferson himself drew the plans for the buildings and superintended
+the construction. Sarah N. Randolph, in "The Domestic Life of Thomas
+Jefferson," says that "the architectural plan and form of government
+and instruction for this institution afforded congenial occupation for
+his declining years.... While the buildings were being erected, his
+visits to them were daily; and from the northeast corner of the
+terrace at Monticello he frequently watched the workmen engaged on
+them, through a telescope which is still [1871] preserved in the
+library of the University."
+
+Edmund Bacon, the overseer at Monticello, gave to Hamilton W. Pierson,
+the author of "Jefferson at Monticello," a humorous account of the
+early days of the project:
+
+      "The act of the Legislature made it the duty of the
+      Commissioners to establish the University within one mile of
+      the Court House at Charlottesville. They advertised for
+      proposals for a site. Three men offered sites. The
+      Commissioners had a meeting at Monticello, and then went and
+      looked at all these sites. After they had made their
+      examination, Mr. Jefferson sent me to each of them, to
+      request them to send by me their price, which was to be
+      sealed up. Lewis and Craven each asked $17 per acre, and
+      Perry, $12. That was a mighty big price in those days....
+      They took Perry's forty acres, at $12 per acre. It was a poor
+      old turned-out field, though it was finely situated. Mr.
+      Jefferson wrote the deed himself. Afterwards Mr. Jefferson
+      bought a large tract near it. It had a great deal of timber
+      and rock on it, which was used in building the University.
+
+      "My next instruction was to get ten able-bodied hands to
+      commence the work.... Mr. Jefferson started from Monticello
+      to lay off the foundation, and see the work commenced. An
+      Irishman named Dinsmore, and I, went along with him. As we
+      passed through Charlottesville, I ... got a ball of twine,
+      and Dinsmore found some shingles and made some pegs.... Mr.
+      Jefferson looked over the ground some time, and then stuck
+      down a peg.... He carried one end of the line, and I the
+      other, in laying off the foundation of the University. He had
+      a little ruler in his pocket that he always carried with him,
+      and with this he measured off the ground, and laid off the
+      entire foundation, and then set the men at work."
+
+This foot-rule was shown to Dr. Pierson by Mr. Bacon, who explained
+how he secured it:
+
+      "Mr. Jefferson and I were once going along the bank of the
+      canal, and in crawling through some bushes and vines, it
+      [the ruler] fell out of his pocket and slid down the bank
+      into the river. Some time after that, when the water had
+      fallen, I went and found it, and carried it to Mr. Jefferson.
+      He told me I ... could keep it.... When I die, that rule can
+      be found locked up in that drawer.
+
+      "After the foundations were nearly completed, they had a
+      great time laying the corner-stone. The old field was covered
+      with carriages and people. There was an immense crowd there.
+      Mr. Monroe laid the corner-stone. He was President at that
+      time.... He held the instruments, and pronounced it square. I
+      can see Mr. Jefferson's white head just as he stood there and
+      looked on.
+
+      "After this he rode there from Monticello every day while the
+      University was building, unless the weather was very
+      stormy.... He looked after all the materials, and would not
+      allow any poor materials to go into the building if he could
+      help it."
+
+A letter from Jefferson to John Adams, written on October 12, 1823,
+spoke of the "hoary winter of age." "Against this _tedium vitae_," he
+said, "I am fortunately mounted on a hobby, which, indeed, I should
+have better managed some thirty or forty years ago; but whose easy
+amble is still sufficient to give exercise and amusement to an
+octogenary rider. This is the establishment of a University, on a
+scale more comprehensive, and in a country more healthy and central
+than our old William and Mary, which these obstacles have long kept in
+a state of languor and inefficiency."
+
+In designing the buildings Jefferson acknowledged his indebtedness to
+Palladio, who guided him in his adaptation of Roman forms. The visitor
+who is familiar with Rome is reminded of the baths of Diocletian, the
+baths of Caracalla, and the temple of Fortuna Virilis, while a
+reduction of the Pantheon, with a rotunda, is the central feature of
+the group.
+
+The University was opened in March, 1825. Forty students were in
+attendance, though at the beginning of the second year the number was
+increased to one hundred and seventy-seven.
+
+The central feature of the collection of buildings, the wonderful
+Rotunda, was badly injured in the fire of 1895 which destroyed the
+Annex. The Rotunda was soon rebuilt according to Jefferson's original
+plan, and the group of buildings is more beautiful than ever.
+
+
+
+
+SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH
+
+     _The long, grey moss that softly swings
+         In solemn grandeur from the trees,
+         Like mournful funeral draperies,--
+     A brown-winged bird that never sings._
+
+       ALBERT BIGELOW PAINE.
+
+     _O Magnet-South! O glistening perfumed South! my South!
+     O quick mettle, rich blood, impulse and love! good and evil! O all
+       dear to me!
+     O dear to me my birth-things--all moving things and the trees
+       where I was born--the grains, plants, rivers,
+     Dear to me my own slow sluggish rivers where they flow, distant,
+       over flats of silvery sands or through swamps._
+
+     _O the cotton plant! the growing fields of rice, sugar, hemp!
+     The cactus guarded with thorns, the laurel-tree with large white
+       flowers,
+     The range afar, the richness and barrenness, the old woods charged
+       with mistletoe and trailing moss,
+     The piney odor and the gloom, the awful natural stillness (here in
+       these dense swamps the freebooter carries his gun, and the
+       fugitive has his conceal'd hut;)_
+
+     The mocking bird, the American mimic, singing all the forenoon,
+       singing through the moonlit night,
+     The humming bird, the wild turkey, the raccoon, the opossum;
+     A Kentucky corn-field, the tall, graceful, long-leav'd corn,
+       slender, flapping, bright green, with tassels, with beautiful
+       ears each well-sheath'd in its husk;
+     O my heart! O tender and fierce pangs, I can stand them not, I
+       will depart;
+     O to be a Virginian where I grew up! O to be a Carolinian!
+     O longings irrepressible! O I will go back to old Tennessee and
+       never wander more.
+
+       WALT WHITMAN.
+
+
+
+
+SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH
+
+
+LXXV
+
+THREE OLD CHURCHES IN CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+ST. MICHAEL'S, ST. PHILIP'S, AND THE HUGUENOT CHURCH, RELICS OF
+COLONIAL DAYS
+
+The oldest church building in Charleston, South Carolina, St.
+Michael's Protestant Episcopal Church, is a relic of three wars. At
+the beginning of the Revolution the rector and the vestry disagreed;
+the rector was a loyalist and most of the members were patriots.
+Accordingly the rector resigned. Later the beautiful tower, which is
+unlike any other church tower in America, was painted black, lest it
+become a guiding beacon to the British fleet. Unfortunately the black
+tower against the blue sky proved a better guide than a white tower
+would have been.
+
+The clear-toned bells, which were cast in London in 1757, were taken
+from the tower when the British evacuated the city in 1782, and were
+sold in London as spoils of war. Fortunately a Mr. Ryhiner, once a
+merchant in Charleston, learned of this, bought them, and sent them to
+Charleston as a business venture.
+
+When the bells were landed on the wharf from the brig _Lightning_, on
+November 20, 1783--according to Johnson's "Traditions of
+Charleston"--"the overjoyed citizens took possession, and hurried them
+up to the church and into the steeple, without thinking that they
+might be violating a private right." In June, 1785, Mr. Ryhiner asked
+for payment for the bells. Later a subscription was ordered to pay the
+merchant.
+
+During the British occupation of the city horses were stabled in the
+church, and the lead roof was removed, for use in bullet making.
+
+In 1811 and 1812 the church figured in the second war with Great
+Britain. The vestry, whose patriotism was as great as ever, opened the
+building more than once for meetings of the citizens who wished to
+consider what they could do to help their country in the impending
+conflict.
+
+During the Civil War the bells were taken to Columbia, to be cast into
+cannon. Fortunately they were not used for this purpose, but during
+Sherman's march to the sea they were burned and broken into small
+pieces. A friend of the church in London, on learning of the disaster,
+searched records of the bell-founders till he learned who had cast the
+bells. These records told the proportions of metal used and the sizes
+of the bells. Then the Londoner wrote to Charleston and asked that the
+fragments be sent to him. When these were received in London they were
+recast in the original moulds, which were discovered by an old
+employee. The cost of recasting the bells and restoring them to their
+places in the steeple was $7,723, of which sum the City Council
+contributed $3,000; $2,200, the charge made for import duty, was later
+returned to the church by special Act of Congress.
+
+For nearly twenty years after the receipt of these new-old bells,
+they were used to sound fire-alarms, as well as for calling to the
+services of the church.
+
+The venerable building has suffered from fire, wind, and earthquake,
+as well as from war. In 1825 a cyclone damaged the spire and the roof,
+and in 1886 earthquake cracked the walls, destroyed a portion of the
+tower, and did so much further damage that a Charleston paper spoke of
+it as the "saddest wreck of all." At first it was feared that the
+building would have to be demolished, but repairs were found to be
+possible at a cost of $15,000.
+
+The structure dates from 1752, when Governor Glenn of South Carolina
+laid the corner stone. The cost was $32,775.87.
+
+St. Michael's parish was set off in 1751 from St. Philip's parish. The
+first St. Philip's Church was burned in 1681 or 1682. A second church
+was opened in 1723. This famous building survived until 1835, in spite
+of wars and fires. The building was saved during the fire of 1796 by a
+slave who climbed to the tower and threw to the ground a burning
+brand. As a reward the vestry purchased his freedom. But during the
+great fire of February 15, 1835, the edifice was destroyed.
+
+The old church had been so much a part of the life of the city and was
+so thoroughly identified with the history of the country, that the
+citizens rejoiced when the decision was reached to rebuild it in
+practically every detail like the original, with the addition of a
+chancel and spire.
+
+Older than either St. Philip's or St. Michael's, as an organization,
+is the Huguenot Church of Charleston. The early records of the
+congregation were destroyed in the fire of 1740, though the building
+was saved. This first building was blown up during the fire of 1796,
+in a vain effort to stay the progress of the conflagration. A second
+building followed in 1800, and the present building was erected in
+1828, when English displaced the French language in the services.
+
+Many of the early members became famous in history. The tablets
+erected to their memory are so numerous that the Huguenot Church might
+well dispute with St. Philip's Church the title, "The Westminster of
+South Carolina."
+
+
+  [Illustration: PRINGLE HOUSE, CHARLESTON, S. C.
+   _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+   See page 336]
+
+LXXVI
+
+THE HOUSE OF REBECCA MOTTE, CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+THE SPARTAN MATRON WHO HELPED BURN HER OWN PROPERTY
+
+Charleston, South Carolina, was only about thirty years old when the
+Englishman, Robert Brewton, and the Huguenot exile, John de la Motte,
+took up their residence there. In 1758 Robert Brewton's daughter
+Rebecca married Jacob Motte, grandson of the Huguenot.
+
+Three daughters came to the Motte home, and the family lived quietly
+until the outbreak of the Revolution. In 1775 Mrs. Motte's brother,
+Miles Brewton, sailed for England with his family, intending to leave
+them with relatives there while he returned to Charleston for the
+service of his country. But the vessel was lost, and was never
+heard from again. His Charleston house on King Street, which was built
+about 1765, became the property of his sister.
+
+When the war broke out, Mrs. Motte, knowing that it was impossible for
+her husband to become a soldier because of his failing health, decided
+to do her part for her country. Fortifications were to be built, and
+many laborers were needed, so she sent to her plantation for all the
+able-bodied men; these she placed at the disposal of those in charge
+of the work of defence.
+
+She had her reward when, first in 1776, and again in 1779, the British
+forces were unable to secure possession of the town. The third
+attempt, made by Sir Henry Clinton in 1780, was successful. For nearly
+three years the town was in the enemy's control. The Motte house was
+made headquarters by Clinton and his staff. The Mottes were crowded
+into a small room, while the British lived in comfort in the large
+apartments. Mrs. Motte divided her time between her invalid husband,
+her timid daughters, and the invaders. It was her custom to preside at
+the long dinner table, but the young ladies were never allowed to
+appear in the presence of the officers.
+
+A reminder of the presence of the unwelcome guests is still to be seen on
+the marble mantel in one of the rooms--a caricature of Clinton scratched
+on the polished surface, evidently with a diamond point. In the same
+room the women of Charleston--who were accustomed to go about the
+streets in mourning, during the period of the occupation--presented a
+petition to Lord Rawdon, asking for the pardon of Isaac Hayne, a
+patriot who had been condemned for some infraction of the regulations
+of the invaders. Their petition for clemency was in vain, though it
+was emphasized by the presence of Hayne's two little children.
+
+After the death of Mr. Motte, in January, 1781, Mrs. Motte and her
+daughters secured permission to leave Charleston that they might
+return to the family plantation on the Congaree, thirty or forty miles
+from Columbia. They were disappointed in their desire to be alone, for
+it was not long till the English decided to build on the estate one of
+their long line of military stations. Earthworks were thrown up around
+the house, which became known as Fort Motte. Again the family were
+crowded into a few rooms, while officers occupied the remainder.
+
+After a time Mrs. Motte was asked to retire to a small house on the
+plantation, a rough structure, covered with weather-boards,
+unplastered and only partially lined. At first it seemed that there
+was no place here to conceal the silverware brought from Fort Motte.
+How the difficulty was solved has been told in "Worthy Women of Our
+First Century":
+
+      "Some one suggested that the unfinished state of the walls of
+      their sitting-room afforded a convenient hiding place; and
+      they set to work to avail themselves of it. Nailing tacks in
+      the vacancy between the outer and inner boarding, and tying
+      strings around the various pieces of silver, they hung them
+      along the inner wall. Shortly afterwards a band of marauders
+      did actually invade the premises; and one more audacious than
+      the others jumped on a chair and thrust his bayonet into the
+      hollow wall, saying he would soon find what they had come in
+      search of; but, rapping all along on the floor within the
+      wall, he did not once strike against anything to reward bad
+      perseverance."
+
+After a time General Marion and Colonel Lee led up troops for the
+siege of Fort Motte. Fearing that British reinforcements were on the
+way, they decided they must make an attack at once. The best way
+seemed to be to set fire to the main building. The American leaders,
+knowing that this was the home of Mrs. Motte, took counsel with her.
+"Do not hesitate a moment," was the prompt reply of the patriotic
+woman. Then she added, "I will give you something to facilitate the
+destruction." So saying, she handed to General Lee a quiver of arrows
+from the East Indies which, so she had been told by the ship captain
+who brought them to Charleston, would set on fire any wood against
+which they were thrown.
+
+Two of the arrows were fired from a gun without result, but the third
+set fire to the shingles of the house. The efforts of the garrison to
+extinguish the flames were in vain, and before long the fortress was
+surrendered to the patriots. In later years, when Mrs. Motte was
+praised for her part in the siege, she was accustomed to say, "Too
+much has been made of a thing that any American woman would have
+done."
+
+After the war Mrs. Motte returned to the house in Charleston. The
+daughters married, and numerous grandchildren played in the rooms
+where the British officers lived during the occupation of Charleston.
+The youngest of these granddaughters lived in the house in 1876, when
+the story of Rebecca Motte was written for the Women's Centennial
+Executive Committee.
+
+During her last years in the old mansion, Mrs. Motte was proudly
+pointed out to visitors to the city. One of her great-grandchildren
+said that at the time "she was rather under-sized and slender, with a
+pale face, blue eyes, and grey hair that curled slightly under a
+high-crowned ruffled mob-cap. She always wore a square white
+neckerchief pinned down in front, tight sleeves reaching only to the
+elbow, with black silk mittens on her hands and arms; a full skirt
+with huge pockets, and at her waist a silver chain, from which hung
+her pin-cushion and scissors and a peculiarly bright bunch of keys."
+
+The body of this gracious patriot was buried in old St. Philip's
+Church, another of the Revolutionary landmarks of the Palmetto City.
+
+The mansion which she made famous should be called the Brewton House,
+or the Motte House. But a Motte married an Alston, and an Alston
+married a Pringle, and so many families of the latter name have been
+associated with the place that their name is popularly given to it.
+
+
+  [Illustration: INDEPENDENT PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SAVANNAH, GA.
+   _Photo furnished by Rev. Rockwell S. Brank, Savannah_
+   See page 340]
+
+LXXVII
+
+THE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, SAVANNAH, GEORGIA
+
+FOR WHICH KING GEORGE II MADE A LAND GRANT
+
+When George II, of his "special Grace, certain knowledge and meer
+motion," gave a deed for a lot in Savannah, "in our province of
+Georgia," he declared that it was "for the use and benefit of such of
+our loving subjects ... as are or shall be professors of the Doctrines
+of the Church of Scotland, agreeable to the Westminster Confession of
+Faith." The further stipulation was made that the annual rent, if
+demanded, should be "one pepper corn."
+
+The date of the grant was January 16, 1756, and within the three years
+allowed for the erection of the building a brick structure was ready
+for the use of the Independent Presbyterian Church. The church was
+independent in fact as well as in name. There was at first no
+presbytery in Georgia with which it could unite, and when a presbytery
+was organized, this independent relation continued.
+
+The first pastor was Rev. John Joachim Zubly, who came to the Colonies
+from Switzerland. He remained with the church until 1778, and became a
+prominent figure among the patriots of the early years of the
+Revolution. When the first Provincial Congress of Georgia met in
+Savannah, July 4, 1775, it adjourned, immediately after organization,
+to the Independent Church, where Dr. Zubly preached a sermon for which
+he received the public thanks of Congress.
+
+_The London Magazine_ for January, 1776, contained an impassioned
+appeal for the Colonies, which was signed by Dr. Zubly. The editor
+stated that the communication was printed at the request of "an old
+correspondent," who signed himself "O." It is supposed that this
+correspondent was General James E. Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia.
+A few months later Dr. Zubly went to Philadelphia, as a member of the
+second Continental Congress. He had also been a member of the first
+Congress in 1774.
+
+During the siege of Savannah by the British the church building was
+badly injured by British cannon, in spite of the fact that it was used
+as a hospital. Later the British used the church as barracks. A
+visitor who entered the city in 1784 said that he found the church in
+a ruinous condition. It was promptly repaired, however, and services
+were resumed.
+
+But there was another pastor in the pulpit. In 1778 Dr. Zubly
+resigned, probably because, for some strange reason, he deserted the
+Colonies and made known his allegiance to Great Britain.
+
+Fire destroyed the original building in 1796, and a fine new church
+was built. Twenty-one years later the rapidly increasing congregation
+made necessary a much larger structure. The new church was modelled
+after St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, London, and more than two years were
+required for its construction. The cost was $96,108.67-1/2, a large sum
+for that day in a town of ten thousand people. Although the middle
+aisle was eleven feet wide and each of the side aisles four and a half
+feet wide, there were seatings for 1,350 people. The beautifully
+proportioned steeple was 223 feet high. The day after the dedication a
+local paper said that "for grandeur of design and nature of execution,
+we presume this church is not surpassed by any in the United States."
+Many architectural writers have told rapturously of the wonders of
+this building.
+
+President James Monroe and his suite, as well as many other
+distinguished visitors, were reverent worshippers in the church on the
+day of dedication.
+
+Lowell Mason, who was organist of the church from 1815 to 1827,
+composed the popular melody to which Bishop Heber's missionary hymn,
+"From Greenland's Icy Mountains," is usually sung. This melody was
+first played by him for the Sunday school of the church, whose
+organization dates from 1804.
+
+Dr. S. K. Axson, the grandfather of Ellen Axson, the first wife of
+President Woodrow Wilson, was pastor of the church from 1857 to 1889.
+The Wilson marriage ceremony was performed by Dr. Axson in the manse
+of the church.
+
+All Savannah mourned when, on April 6, 1889, firebrands tossed by the
+wind lodged on a cornice of the graceful steeple, too high to be
+reached. Soon the old church was in ruins. But the city resolved that
+the historic church must be restored. A new building was erected which
+is an exact reproduction of the former church. To it, as to its
+predecessors, ecclesiastical architects go on pilgrimage as a part of
+their education.
+
+One of the old customs still continued in the church is the assembling
+of the communicants at a table which is laid the entire length of the
+broad aisle, as well as in the transept aisle.
+
+
+  [Illustration: THE CABILDO, NEW ORLEANS, LA.
+   _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+   See page 343]
+
+LXXVIII
+
+THE CABILDO OF NEW ORLEANS
+
+WHICH SAW THE TRANSFER OF LOUISIANA TO THE UNITED STATES
+
+When Count Alejandro O'Reilly, Irish Lieutenant-General of Spain,
+entered New Orleans on July 24, 1769, he came as the avenger of the
+disorders that followed the transfer of Louisiana to Spain by the
+Treaty of Paris. After putting to death some of the leaders in the
+revolt, he reorganized the civil government. Among other innovations
+he instituted the Cabildo as the law-making body for the province, to
+take the place of the French superior council. The meeting place was
+a building on the Place d'Armes. In this square, on the coming of
+O'Reilly, the flag of France had been displaced by that of Spain as
+Aubrey said, "Gentlemen, by order of the King, my master, I absolve
+you from your oath of fidelity and obedience to his most Christian
+majesty." The Spanish and French officers then had gone together to
+the cathedral, next door to the meeting place of the Cabildo.
+
+The original building occupied by the Cabildo was destroyed in the
+fire of 1788, when, in less than five hours, eight hundred and sixteen
+buildings were burned. The loss, amounting to three million dollars,
+was a blessing in disguise, for it cleared the ground for the
+reconstruction of the city under the leadership of Don Andres
+Almonaster y Roxas, who was a member of the Cabildo. He had become
+rich since his arrival with the Spaniards, and he had a vision of a
+city glorified through his wealth.
+
+First he built a schoolhouse, a church, and a hospital. On one side of
+the church he built a convent; on the other side he erected a new town
+hall, the Cabildo. The walls--which are as sturdy to-day as in
+1795--are of brick, half the thickness of the ordinary brick. Shell
+lime was used for the mortar. Originally the Cabildo was two stories
+in height, with a flat roof; the mansard roof was added in 1851. At
+the same time the open arches of the second story loggia that
+corresponded to the arcade on the ground floor were closed, that there
+might be more room for offices.
+
+For eight years more the Cabildo continued its sessions under Spanish
+rule. Then came the news that Louisiana had been transferred by Spain
+to France. Great preparations were made for the ceremonies that were
+to accompany the lowering of the Spanish flag and the raising of the
+French colors in the square before the Cabildo. Then the prefect
+Laussat was thunderstruck by the coming of word that Napoleon had
+appointed a Commission not only to receive the colony from Spain but
+also to give it into the hands of the United States, to whom the vast
+territory had been sold.
+
+The first transfer took place on November 30, 1803. The official
+document was signed in the Sala Capitular, the hall where the Cabildo
+met, and was read from the centre gallery. Then the tricolor of France
+replaced the flag of Spain.
+
+December 20, 1803, was the date of the transfer to the United States.
+The American Commission met the French Commission in the Sala
+Capitular of the Hotel de Ville, or City Hall, as the French called
+the Cabildo. Governor Claiborne received the keys of the city, and the
+tricolor on the flagstaff gave way to the Stars and Stripes. A vast
+company of citizens watched the ceremonies, listened to the addresses,
+and looked at the American troops in the square, as well as at the
+French soldiers who were to have no further power in the province.
+
+Grace King, in "New Orleans, the Place and the People," tells what
+followed:
+
+      "When, twenty-one days before, the French flag was flung to
+      the breeze, for its last brief reign in Louisiana, a band of
+      fifty old soldiers formed themselves into a guard of honor,
+      which was to act as a kind of death watch to their national
+      colors. They stood now at the foot of the staff and received
+      in their arms the Tricolor as it descended, and while the
+      Americans were rending the air with their shouts, they
+      marched silently away, their sergeant bearing it at their
+      head. All uncovered before it; the American troops, as they
+      passed, presented arms to it. It was carried to the
+      government house, and left in the hands of Laussat."
+
+During the years since that momentous transfer the Cabildo has
+continued to be the centre of historical interest in New Orleans. In
+1825 Lafayette was quartered here. In 1901 President McKinley was
+received in the building. In 1903 the Centennial of the Louisiana
+Purchase was observed in the Sala Capitular, which had been for many
+years the meeting place of the State Supreme Court. The great hall is
+almost as it was when the Cabildo of Don Almonaster met there.
+
+Since 1910 the Cabildo, in common with the Presbytere, the old Civil
+District Court, a building of nearly the same age and appearance,
+located on the other side of the Cathedral, has been the Louisiana
+State Museum. The curios are shown in a large hall on the ground
+floor. Among these is the flag used by General Jackson at the battle
+of New Orleans.
+
+From this hall of relics a door leads to a courtyard, which is lined
+by tiers of gloomy cells. Stocks and other reminders of the old
+Spanish days are in evidence.
+
+The old Place d'Armes is now called Jackson Square. On either side are
+the Pontalba buildings, which were erected by the daughter of Don
+Andres Almonaster y Roxas, who inherited millions from her generous
+father. On the spot where the Stars and Stripes were raised in 1803 is
+the statue to General Jackson, the victor of the battle of New
+Orleans, to which the same public-spirited woman was a large
+contributor.
+
+The tomb of Don Andres is shown in the Cathedral he gave to the
+people, by the side of the Cabildo which he built for the city he
+loved.
+
+
+LXXIX
+
+THE ALAMO, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
+
+"THERMOPYLAE HAD HER MESSENGER OF DEFEAT: THE ALAMO HAD NONE"
+
+Early in the eighteenth century the Spaniards built in Texas, then a
+part of Mexico, a number of staunch structures that were designed to
+serve not only as chapels but also as fortresses. The mission that at
+length became known as the Alamo was first built on the Rio Grande in
+1710, and during the next forty-seven years was rebuilt four times in
+a new location, before it was given a final resting-place at San
+Antonio, on the banks of the Alazan River. There it was called Alamo,
+or Poplar Church. Though the Alamo was begun in 1744, it was not
+completed until 1757.
+
+For nearly eighty years there was nothing specially notable about the
+building. Then came the events that made the name famous.
+
+In 1832 Sam Houston was sent to Texas by President Jackson to arrange
+treaties with the Indians for the protection of settlers on the
+border. Just at this time settlers in Texas, which was then a part of
+the state of Coahuila, were seeking equal privileges with the other
+Mexican states. Most of the settlers had come from the United States,
+and they hoped that in time Texas might become a part of that
+country.
+
+On February 13, 1833, Houston wrote to President Jackson that the time
+was ripe for getting hold of the country. Less than three months later
+he was asked to serve as a delegate to a constitutional convention,
+which demanded from Mexico the organization of the territory into
+states, and was made the chairman of the committee which drew up for
+the proposed states a constitution based on that of the United States.
+Stephen F. Austin, who has been called "The Father of Texas," went to
+Mexico City with the petition. But he was imprisoned, and the request
+of Texas was denied by Santa Anna, president of Mexico.
+
+Later, when the colonists attempted to defend themselves against the
+Indians and other lawbreakers, the demand was made that they give up
+their arms.
+
+The organization of a provincial government followed in 1834, and
+Houston was chosen commander-in-chief of the army. The brief war with
+Mexico was marked by a number of heroic events, chief of which was the
+defence of the Alamo, where a small force of Texans resisted more than
+ten times the number of Mexicans.
+
+When the army of Santa Anna approached San Antonio, on February 22,
+1836, one hundred and forty-five men, under the leadership of Colonel
+James Bowie and Lieutenant-Colonel William B. Travis, retired within
+the church fortress. For nearly two weeks these heroic men defended
+themselves, and the enemy did not gain entrance until every one of
+them was killed.
+
+The details of the heroic struggle were not known until 1860, when
+Captain R. M. Potter printed an account in the San Antonio _Herald_,
+in which he had patiently pieced together the reports that came to him
+through those whom he regarded most dependable among the besiegers,
+and from one who was an officer in the garrison until within a few
+days of the assault.
+
+Within the walls a well had been dug on the very day the Mexican Army
+entered the town. Thus a plentiful supply of water supplemented the
+store of meat and corn for the defenders.
+
+A message sent out by Colonel Travis on the night of March 3 told of
+the events of the first days of the siege:
+
+      "With a hundred and forty-five men I have held this place ten
+      days against a force variously estimated from 1,500 to 6,000,
+      and I shall continue to hold it till I get relief from my
+      countrymen, or I will perish in the attempt. We have had a
+      shower of bombs and cannon-balls continually falling among us
+      the whole time, yet none of us have fallen."
+
+Santa Anna led a final assault on March 6. Scaling ladders, axes, and
+fascines were to be in the hands of designated men. Five columns were
+to approach the wall just at daybreak.
+
+At the first onset Colonel Travis was killed and breaches were made in
+the walls. The outer walls and batteries were abandoned, and the
+defenders retired to the different rooms within.
+
+      "From the doors, windows, and loopholes of the several rooms
+      around the area the crack of the rifle and the hiss of the
+      bullet came fierce and fast; as fast the enemy fell and
+      recoiled in his first efforts to charge. The gun beside which
+      Travis fell was now turned against the buildings, as were
+      also some others, and shot after shot was sent crashing
+      through the doors and barricades of the several rooms. Each
+      ball was followed by a storm of musketry and a charge; and
+      thus room after room was carried at the point of the bayonet,
+      when all within them had died fighting to the last. The
+      struggle was made up of a number of separate and desperate
+      combats, often hand to hand, between squads of the garrison
+      and bodies of the enemy. The bloodiest spot about the fort
+      was the long barrack and the ground in front of it, where the
+      enemy fell in heaps."
+
+David Crockett was among those who were killed in one of the rooms. He
+had joined the defenders a few days before the beginning of the siege.
+
+The chapel was the last point taken. "Once the enemy in possession of
+the large area, the guns could be turned to fire into the door of the
+church, only from fifty to a hundred yards off. The inmates of the
+last stronghold fought to the last, and continued to fire down from
+the upper works after the enemy occupied the floor. Towards the close
+of the struggle Lieutenant Dickenson, with his child in his arms, or,
+as some accounts say, tied to his back, leaped from the east embrasure
+of the chapel, and both were shot in the act. Of those he left behind
+him the bayonet soon gleaned what the bullet had left; and in the
+upper part of that edifice the last defender must have fallen."
+
+This final assault lasted only thirty minutes. In that time the
+defenders of Texas won immortal fame. Four days before, the Republic
+of Texas had been proclaimed. Those who fell in the Alamo were hailed
+the heroes of the struggle. "Remember the Alamo!" was the battle cry
+of the war for independence that was waged until the Mexican Army was
+routed at San Jacinto, April 21, 1836.
+
+On the capitol grounds at Austin, Texas, stands a monument to the
+heroes of the Alamo, with the inscription: "Thermopylae had her
+messenger of defeat; the Alamo had none."
+
+
+  [Illustration: THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENN.
+   _Photo by Wiles, Nashville_
+   See page 351]
+
+LXXX
+
+THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
+
+ANDREW JACKSON'S RETREAT IN THE INTERVALS OF HIS PUBLIC SERVICE
+
+Andrew Jackson was a pioneer. From North Carolina he crossed the
+mountains to what was then the Western District. He was a lawyer, but
+he wanted to be a farmer also. His first land purchase was made in
+1791. This land was lost in the effort to pay the debts of another.
+
+The second effort at farming was more successful. This was begun in
+1804, when he bought a tract of some twenty-eight thousand acres, six
+thousand acres of which he retained permanently as the Hermitage
+plantation. From the beginning he showed that he had a genius for
+farming. Crops were large, and his wealth grew rapidly, until he
+became the wealthiest man in all that country. After a few years he
+became famous as a breeder of race horses. He owned a track of his own
+not far from the mansion.
+
+For fifteen years Mr. and Mrs. Jackson lived in a log cabin. But they
+maintained a large establishment. They had their slaves, and they
+drove in a carriage drawn by four horses. And they entertained
+royally. Jackson's biographer, James Parton, tells of a Nashville lady
+who said that she had often been at the Hermitage "when there were in
+each of the four available rooms not a guest merely, but a family,
+while the young men and solitary travellers who chanced to drop in
+disposed themselves on the piazza, or any other shelter about the
+house."
+
+The log house was still the plantation-house when General Jackson's
+neighbors gathered to welcome him home as the victor of New Orleans.
+In the response he gave to their greeting he made a prophecy:
+
+      "Years will continue to develop our inherent qualities,
+      until, from being the youngest and the weakest, we shall
+      become the most powerful nation in the universe."
+
+General Jackson was popular with all in the neighborhood of the
+plantation. To his slaves he was a hero. To his wife he was devoted.
+Parton says that he always treated her as if she was his pride and
+glory. And words can faintly describe her devotion to him. She also
+was popular among the servants; her treatment of them was courteous in
+the extreme. A visitor to the Hermitage told of being present at the
+hour of evening devotions. Just before these began the wife of the
+overseer came into the room. Mrs. Jackson rose and made room for her
+on the sofa. One of the guests expressed her surprise to a lady
+sitting next her. "That is the way here," the lady whispered, "and if
+she had not done it, the General would."
+
+Peter Cartwright, the famous pioneer preacher, told in his
+Autobiography an incident that revealed the General's nature.
+Cartwright was preaching, when the pastor of a church, who was with
+him in the pulpit, leaned forward and whispered, "General Jackson has
+just come in." The outspoken preacher replied, so that every one could
+hear: "What is that if General Jackson has come in? In the eyes of God
+he is no bigger than any other man!" After the service Jackson told
+Mr. Cartwright of his hearty approval of the sentiment.
+
+That there might be more room for entertaining passing strangers like
+Mr. Cartwright, as well as hosts of friends, Jackson began to build
+The Hermitage in 1819, of brick made on the plantation. When this
+house was burned in 1836, a new house was built on the old foundation,
+and with the same general plan. The building has the rather unusual
+length of 104 feet. Six pillars support the roof in front and in rear.
+
+Between the building of the first house and its successor came most of
+Jackson's political career. During this period also was the visit of
+General Lafayette. On this occasion the Frenchman, recognizing the
+pair of pistols which he had given to Washington in 1778, said that he
+had a real satisfaction in finding them in the hands of one so worthy
+of possessing them. "Yes, I believe myself to be worthy of them,"
+Jackson began his reply, in words that seemed far less modest than the
+conclusion proved them; for he added: "if not for what I have done, at
+least for what I wished to do, for my country."
+
+The Hermitage never seemed the same place to Jackson after the death
+of his wife, on December 22, 1828, only a few days after his first
+election to the presidency.
+
+Two years after his final return from Washington, after attending
+service at the little Presbyterian church on the estate, he begged the
+pastor, Dr. Edgar, to return home with him. The pastor was unable to
+accept, but promised to be on hand early in the morning. All night the
+General read and prayed. Next morning, when Dr. Edgar came, he asked
+to be admitted to the Church.
+
+Parton says that from this time to the end of his life "General
+Jackson spent most of his leisure hours in reading the Bible,
+Biblical commentaries, and the hymn-book, which last he always
+pronounced in the old-fashioned way, _hime_-book. The work known as
+'Scott's Bible' was his chief delight; he read it through twice before
+he died. Nightly he read prayers in the presence of his family and
+household servants."
+
+Soon after he united with the Church, the congregation wished to
+choose him to the office of elder. "No," he said, "I am too young in
+the Church for such an office. My countrymen have given me high
+honors, but I should esteem the office of ruling elder in the Church
+of Christ a far higher honor than any I have ever received."
+
+For six years he continued to be an unofficial member of the church.
+Then, on June 8, 1845, he said to those who had gathered about his
+death-bed: "I am my God's. I belong to Him. I go but a short time
+before you, and I want to meet you all, white and black, in heaven."
+
+Less than two months before his death, when the President and
+Directors of the National Institute proposed that an imported
+sarcophagus in their possession be set apart for his last
+resting-place, he declined, because he wished to lie by the side of
+his wife, in the garden of The Hermitage.
+
+Until 1888 Andrew Jackson, Jr., and after his death, his widow
+occupied the house, during the last thirty-two years of this period as
+caretakers for the State, which had bought the property for $48,000.
+Since 1889 the mansion and twenty-five acres of ground have been cared
+for by the Ladies' Hermitage Association.
+
+
+  [Illustration: ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KY.
+   _Photo by E. C. Hall_
+   See page 355]
+
+LXXXI
+
+ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY
+
+THE HOME OF HENRY CLAY FOR FORTY-SIX YEARS
+
+Henry Clay's mother, having married Captain Henry Watkins, moved from
+Hanover, Virginia, to Woodford County, Kentucky, in 1792. As soon as
+the future statesman was admitted to practice in the Virginia Court of
+Appeals, he decided to follow her. Accordingly, in November, 1797, he
+became a resident of Lexington. Three years later the _Kentucke
+Gazette_, the first paper published west of the mountains, told of "an
+eloquent oration" that was "delivered by Henry Clay, Esquire."
+
+The year before the young lawyer received this flattering notice he
+married Lavinia Hart, of Lexington. Seven years were spent in rented
+quarters, but in 1806 he purchased an estate about a mile and a half
+from town.
+
+Clay took the keenest pleasure in the estate. Once he wrote to a
+friend:
+
+      "I am in one respect better off than Moses. He died in sight
+      of and without reaching the Promised Land. I occupy as good a
+      farm as any he would have found had he reached it, and
+      'Ashland' has been acquired not by hereditary descent but by
+      my own labor."
+
+However, it was only at intervals that the proud owner was able to
+enjoy Ashland. After 1803 the longest period of residence was six
+years, and this was toward the close of his life.
+
+The management of the property was largely in the hands of Mrs. Clay,
+and the prosperity of the plantation was proof of her capability. From
+Washington he wrote frequently of things he would like to see done. He
+was especially interested in blooded stock which he secured in the
+East and abroad. Once he wrote proudly of the fact that there were on
+the estate specimens of "the Maltese ass, the Arabian horse, the
+Merino and Saxe Merino sheep, the English Hereford and Durham cattle,
+the goat, the mule and the hog." His race horses were famous, and he
+delighted to handle them himself. He also liked to feed the pigs, even
+when he was an old man.
+
+There were many slaves at Ashland, and they were all attached to their
+master. His will provided for their emancipation, under wise
+conditions. Once, when a friend bequeathed him twenty-five slaves, he
+sent them to Liberia, by way of New Orleans.
+
+Harriet Martineau, who visited Ashland in 1835, told of her pleasant
+impression of the place and its owner:
+
+      "I stayed some weeks in the house of a wealthy landowner in
+      Kentucky. Our days were passed in great luxury, and the
+      hottest of them very idly. The house was in the midst of
+      grounds gay with verdure and flowers, in the opening month of
+      June, and our favorite seats were the steps of the hall, and
+      chairs under the trees. From there we could watch the play of
+      the children on the grass plot, and some of the drolleries of
+      the little negroes.... There were thirty-three horses in the
+      stables, and we roved about the neighboring country
+      accordingly...."
+
+As the years passed visitors flocked to Ashland in ever-increasing
+numbers. Many of them were politicians, but more were plain people
+who were devoted to Clay and could not understand why the country
+refused to elect him President. In 1844, during his longest period of
+continuous residence at Ashland, he received word of the disappointing
+result of the election. After a few days, when he was walking on the
+turnpike near the house, he was startled by a woman who, on passing
+him, burst into tears. When he asked her why she wept, she said:
+
+      "I have lost my father, my husband, and my children, and
+      passed through other painful trials; but all of them together
+      have not given me so much sorrow as the late disappointment
+      of your friends."
+
+A story is also told of a bride and groom who visited Ashland on the
+day the news of defeat was received. The journey was continued down
+the Mississippi River. On the boat the groom was taken seriously ill.
+The physician who was called to attend him was puzzled to define the
+ailment until the bride said that the cause was the defeat of Henry
+Clay. The old doctor threw his arms about the patient's neck and
+cried, "There is no cure for a complaint like that."
+
+The sting of defeat was forgotten one day in 1845. Mr. Clay was in his
+bank in Lexington, prepared to pay a part of the indebtedness that had
+all but swamped him, so that he felt he might have to sacrifice
+Ashland. The bank told him that about $50,000 had been deposited in
+the bank by his friends from all parts of the country, enough to pay
+all his debts. He never knew the names of the generous friends who had
+made possible the retention of the property.
+
+He thought he was to spend the remainder of his days at home, and
+that he would die there in peace. One day he said, in an address in
+Lexington, "I felt like an old stag which has been long coursed by the
+hunters and the hounds, through brakes and briars, and over distant
+plains, and has at last returned to his ancient lair to lay himself
+down and die."
+
+Again in 1848 he tasted defeat, though on this occasion it was in the
+nominating convention, not in the election. In the trying days that
+followed he was sustained by his Christian faith. He had been baptized
+in the parlor at Ashland on June 22, 1847. The reality of his
+religious convictions was seen one day by what he said to a company of
+friends who had been talking in a despairing manner of the future of
+the country. Pointing to the Bible on the table, he said, "Gentlemen,
+I do not know anything but that Book which can reconcile us to such
+events."
+
+In 1849 Clay was sent to the United States Senate because the
+legislature of Kentucky felt that he was needed to help in the
+solution of questions raised by the Mexican War. He spent three years
+in Washington, then died in the midst of his work. After a journey
+that showed what a place he had won in the hearts of the people, his
+body was taken to Lexington. The catafalque lay in state in Ashland
+over one night. Next day the body was buried near Lexington.
+
+His son, James B. Clay, who purchased the estate at auction, tore down
+the house because of its weakened foundations, but rebuilt it of the
+same materials, on the old site, and on almost the identical plans.
+Both outside and inside the mansion has practically the appearance of
+the original.
+
+Before the Civil War Ashland was purchased by the State College, but
+in 1882 it became the property of Major Henry Clay McDowell, whose
+widow lived there for many years. She was the daughter of Henry Clay,
+Jr., whose death at the Battle of Buena Vista was a sore blow to one
+who was always a fond father.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, KY
+   _Photo by Miss M. E. Sacre, Stanford, Ky._
+   See page 359]
+
+LXXXII
+
+SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, KENTUCKY
+
+THE HOME OF THE MAN WHO KILLED TECUMSEH
+
+"Then, Billy, if I was you, I would go and see!"
+
+Thus replied Esther Whitley of Augusta, Virginia, to her husband
+William Whitley, when, early in 1775, he had told her that he had a
+fine report of Kentucky, and that he thought they could get their
+living in the frontier settlements with less hard work than was
+required in Virginia.
+
+Whitley took his wife at her word. Two days later, with axe and plow
+and gun and kettle, he was on his way over the mountains. Daniel Boone
+had not yet marked out the Wilderness Road that was to become the
+great highway of emigration from Virginia to Kentucky. At first his
+only companion was his brother-in-law, George Clark, but on the way
+seven others joined the party.
+
+During the next six years he was one of the trusted pioneers at
+Boonesborough and Harrod's Fort, two stations on the Wilderness Road.
+When he had a house ready for his wife, he returned to Virginia, and
+brought her to Kentucky. It is said that she was the third white woman
+to cross the Cumberland Mountains, Mrs. Daniel Boone and her daughter
+being the first and second. The claim has been made that their
+daughter, Louisa, who was born in Boonesborough, was the first white
+child born in the present limits of Kentucky.
+
+Louisa was perhaps four years old when Whitley removed to the vicinity
+of Crab Orchard, the famous assembling place for parties about to take
+the dangerous journey back to Virginia. Two miles from the settlement
+he built Whitley's Fort. In 1788 he felt able to build for his growing
+family the first brick house in Kentucky. The brick were brought from
+Virginia, and the man who laid the brick was given a farm of five
+hundred acres for his services. The windows were placed high above the
+ground to prevent the Indians from shooting in at the occupants. The
+window-glass was carried across the mountains in pack-saddles. The
+stairway had twenty-one steps, and on these steps were carved the
+heads of thirteen eagles to represent the original thirteen Colonies.
+The doors were made of wood, elaborately carved, and were in two
+layers, a heavy sheet of iron being placed between these. The old-time
+leather hinges are still in use.
+
+The owner laid out on his property the first race track in Kentucky,
+and he called his house Sportsman's Hall. In its walls scores of
+settlers found refuge in time of danger. Famous men sat with Mr. and
+Mrs. Whitley at their hospitable table, among these being Daniel
+Boone, George Rogers Clark, and General Harrison.
+
+Until his death at the battle of the Thames in 1813 Whitley was one of
+the chief defenders of the settlers against the Indians. On his
+powder horn he cut the lines:
+
+     William Whitley, I am your horne,
+     The truth I love, a lie I scorne,
+     Fill me with the best of powder,
+     I'll make your rifle crack the louder.
+
+     See how the dread, terrifick ball
+     Makes Indians blench at Toreys fall,
+     You with powder I'll supply
+     For to defend your liberty.
+
+One day in 1785 a messenger came to Whitley's Fort with the tidings
+that Indians had captured a mother and her babe, after killing three
+older children. Mr. Whitley was not at home, but Mrs. Whitley sent for
+him. In the meantime she collected a company of twenty rescuers. On
+his return Whitley placed himself at their head, pursued the Indians,
+and rescued the prisoners.
+
+The title Colonel was given to Whitley in 1794, when he commanded the
+Nickerjack expedition against the Tennessee Indians, who had been
+conducting foraging expeditions into Kentucky. The march was conducted
+with such secrecy and despatch that the enemy were taken by surprise,
+and were completely routed.
+
+The last of his campaigns took place in Canada against the British,
+French, and Indians in 1813. Many claim that before he received his
+mortal wound in the battle of the Thames, he fired the shot that
+killed Tecumseh, the chief who had given so much trouble to the
+settlers of Kentucky and Indiana. Others say that the shot was fired
+by a Colonel Johnson.
+
+The body of the Indian fighter rests in an unknown grave hundreds of
+miles from the territory he helped to wrest from the Indians, but the
+brick house he built near Crab Orchard is still one of the historic
+buildings of Kentucky.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WHITE HAVEN, ST. LOUIS
+   _Photo furnished by Albert Wenzlick_
+   See page 362]
+
+LXXXIII
+
+WHITE HAVEN, NEAR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
+
+WHERE ULYSSES S. GRANT COURTED JULIA DENT
+
+Immediately after Ulysses Simpson Grant graduated from West Point, he
+was sent to Jefferson Barracks, at St. Louis. His military duties were
+not so arduous that he was unable to accept the invitation of Fred
+Dent, a former roommate at West Point, to go with him to the Dent
+homestead on the Gravois Road, four miles from the Barracks.
+
+The young second lieutenant did not have to be urged to repeat his
+visit. In fact he went so often that the road between the Barracks and
+the Dent farm became as familiar to him as his old haunts on the banks
+of the Hudson. He did not meet Julia Dent at first, for she was absent
+at school, but he found enough attraction in a sister to make him a
+frequent visitor.
+
+Then came the eventful day when he met seventeen-year-old Julia. The
+courtship was by no means a long-drawn-out affair; the young people
+were engaged before Grant was ordered to the Mexican border, though
+the fact was not announced until his return to St. Louis in May, 1845.
+The marriage took place in August, 1848, after the close of the
+Mexican War.
+
+For some years Mrs. Grant was a soldier's wife. Grant took her with
+him to Detroit, but he left her at her old home in St. Louis when he
+was transferred to the Pacific Coast. In 1853 he accepted a commission
+as captain, which he soon resigned, determining to return to the East.
+Several unfortunate speculations had left him without funds, and he
+was indebted to a friend in San Francisco for transportation.
+
+"I rejoined my family to find in it a son whom I had never seen, born
+while I was on the Isthmus of Panama," Grant said in his "Personal
+Memoirs." "I was now to commence, at the age of thirty-two, a new
+struggle for our support. My wife had a farm near St. Louis, to which
+we went, but I had no means to stock it. A house had to be built also.
+I worked very hard, never losing a day because of bad weather, and
+accomplished the object in a moderate way."
+
+After working as a farm laborer for a time, he built a cabin on sixty
+acres given to Mrs. Grant by her father. "Hardscrabble," as he called
+the four-room log house, was the home of the Grant family for several
+years. This cabin, which was on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase
+Exposition at St. Louis, and White Haven, must both be counted homes
+of the family at this period. Fred, Nellie, and Jesse Grant were all
+born in White Haven.
+
+Ready money was scarce, but the father of a growing family felt the
+necessity of providing for their wants. "If nothing else could be done
+I would load a cord of wood on a wagon and take it to the city for
+sale," he wrote in his Memoirs. "I managed to keep along very well
+until 1858, when I was attacked by fever and ague. I had suffered very
+severely and for a long time from the disease while a boy in Ohio. It
+lasted now over a year, and, while it did not keep me in the house,
+it did interfere greatly with the amount of work I was able to
+perform. In the fall of 1858 I sold out my stock, crops and farming
+utensils at auction, and gave up farming."
+
+The family remained at White Haven for a time, and Grant tried to make
+a living in the real estate business. His partner was a cousin of Mrs.
+Grant. The income of the business was not sufficient for two families,
+so he soon gave up the attempt. "He doesn't seem to be just calculated
+for business, but an honester, more generous man never lived," was the
+remark of one who knew him at this time.
+
+In the meantime he had taken his family to St. Louis. He made one
+further attempt to support them there. Learning that there was a
+vacancy in the office of county engineer, he applied for the position,
+but the appointment was to be made by the members of the county court,
+and he did not have sufficient influence to secure it. So the move to
+Galena, Illinois, in May, 1860, became necessary. There, in the
+leather business, he earned but eight hundred dollars a year. And he
+had a family of six to feed.
+
+A year later he responded to the call of President Lincoln, and began
+the army service that made him famous.
+
+White Haven was built in 1808 by Captain John Long, who had won his
+title during the Revolution. Later the house and three hundred acres
+of the original farm were sold to Frederick Dent, who, at one period,
+had ninety slaves in the slave quarters still to be seen at the rear
+of the house.
+
+Through Mrs. Grant the entire property came into the possession of
+General Grant. At the time of the failure of Grant & Ward, the farm
+was pledged to William H. Vanderbilt, who sold it to Captain Fuller H.
+Conn of St. Louis. Captain Conn disposed of it in a number of parcels.
+One of these, containing fifteen acres and the old homestead, was
+purchased by Albert Wenzlick, who makes his summer home in the house
+where Ulysses S. Grant met Julia Dent.
+
+
+
+
+EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO NEW ENGLAND
+
+     _In verdurous tumult far away
+       The prairie billows gleam,
+     Upon their crests in blessing rests
+       The noontide's gracious beam.
+     Low quivering vapors steaming dim
+       The level splendors break
+     Where languid lilies deck the rim
+       Of some land-circled lake._
+
+     _Far in the east like low-hung clouds
+       The waving woodlands lie;
+     Far in the west the glowing plain
+       Melts warmly in the sky.
+     No accent wounds the reverent air,
+       No footprint dints the sod,--
+     Lone in the light the prairie lies,
+       Wrapt in a dream of God._
+
+       JOHN HAY.
+
+
+
+
+EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO NEW ENGLAND
+
+
+  [Illustration: ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD, ILL.
+   _Photo by E. C. Hall_
+   See page 369]
+
+LXXXIV
+
+THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS
+
+FROM WHICH PRESIDENT-ELECT LINCOLN WENT TO WASHINGTON IN 1861
+
+When Abraham Lincoln entered Springfield, in 1837, he did not own a
+house; in fact he did not own much of anything. Joshua Speed is quoted
+by Ida Tarbell thus:
+
+      "He had ridden into town on a borrowed horse, with no earthly
+      property save a pair of saddle-bags containing a few
+      clothes.... Lincoln came into the store with his saddle-bags
+      on his arm. He said he wanted to buy the furniture for a
+      single bed. The mattress, blankets, sheets, coverlid, and
+      pillow ... would cost seventeen dollars. He said that perhaps
+      was cheap enough; but small as the price was, he was unable
+      to pay it. But if I would credit him till Christmas, and his
+      experiment as a lawyer was a success, he would pay then,
+      saying in the saddest tone, 'If I fail in this I do not know
+      that I can ever pay you.'"
+
+The storekeeper thereupon proposed that the young lawyer should share
+his own room above the store. Lincoln promptly accepted, went
+upstairs, and in a moment was down again. With dry humor he said:
+"Well, Speed, I am moved."
+
+Lincoln longed for better quarters, however, because he wanted to be
+married. He watched with interest the new buildings that were going
+up, probably reflecting sadly that none of them were for him. In his
+discouragement he wrote to Miss Mary Owen of New Salem, to whom he had
+said something about coming to live with him in Springfield:
+
+      "You would have to be poor, without the means of hiding your
+      poverty. Do you believe you could bear that patiently?
+      Whatever woman may cast her lot with mine, should any ever do
+      so, it is my intention to do all in my power to make her
+      happy and contented. And there is nothing I can imagine that
+      would make me more unhappy than to fail in the effort. I know
+      I should be much happier with you than the way I am, provided
+      I saw no sign of discontent in you."
+
+Miss Owen declined to go to Springfield, because she felt that Lincoln
+was "deficient in those little links which make up the chain of a
+woman's happiness."
+
+Five years later, on November 4, 1842, Lincoln married Miss Mary Todd,
+a member of a prominent Kentucky family, who had come to Springfield
+in 1839 to live with her sister, Mrs. Ninian W. Edwards. The house in
+which she spent the three years before her marriage was one of the
+handsomest in the town, and was a centre of social gayety. Mr. and
+Mrs. Edwards opposed the marriage to the poor and plebeian lawyer;
+they urged the folly of exchanging a cultured home for the
+surroundings to which Lincoln would take her. But she knew her own
+mind, and she went with Lincoln to the home he provided for her.
+
+The character of the accommodations to which he took his bride is
+revealed by a letter written in May, 1843: "We are not keeping house,
+but boarding at the Globe Tavern.... Boarding only costs four dollars
+a week."
+
+But the day came when the young statesman was able to open for Mrs.
+Lincoln the door of their own modest one-story house. Later a second
+story was added under the direction of his wife, most of the work
+being done while he was away from home, riding the circuit.
+
+J. G. Holland's pleasing picture of life in the home during the years
+from 1850 to 1860 should be remembered:
+
+      "It was to him a time of rest, of reading, of social
+      happiness, and of professional prosperity. He was already a
+      father, and took an almost unbounded delight in his children.
+      The most that he could say to any rebel in his household was,
+      'You break my heart, when you act like this.' A young man
+      bred in Springfield speaks of a vision that has clung to his
+      memory very vividly.... His way to school led by the lawyer's
+      door. On almost any fair summer morning he could find Mr.
+      Lincoln on the sidewalk in front of his house, drawing a
+      child backward and forward, in a child's gig. Without hat or
+      coat, and wearing a pair of rough shoes, his hands behind him
+      holding on to the tongue of the gig, and his tall form bent
+      forward to accommodate himself to the service, he paced up
+      and down the walk forgetful of everything around him. The
+      young man says he remembers wondering how so rough and plain
+      a man should live in so respectable a house."
+
+Once Lincoln was sitting on the porch when three-year-old Willie
+escaped from the bathtub, ran out cf the house and the gate, up the
+street, and into a field. There his father caught him, and carried
+him home on his shoulder.
+
+The children liked to ride on his shoulder, and they clambered for the
+position. If they could not get there, they contented themselves with
+hanging to his coat tails. One day a neighbor heard the boys crying,
+and asked what was the matter. "Just what's the matter with the whole
+world," was Lincoln's reply. "I've got three walnuts, and each wants
+two."
+
+During the last day of the Republican Convention of 1860, which was in
+session in Chicago, Lincoln was in the office of the Springfield
+_Journal_, receiving word of the progress of events. A messenger came
+in and said to him, "The Convention has made a nomination, and Mr.
+Seward is--the second man on the list!" After reading the telegram,
+and receiving the congratulations of all in the office, Lincoln spoke
+of the little woman on Eighth Street who had some interest in the
+matter, and said he would go home and tell her the news.
+
+When the news became generally known, the citizens followed him to the
+house on Eighth Street. In the evening, after a meeting in the State
+House, the Republicans present marched to the Lincoln home. The
+nominee made a speech, and invited as many as could get in to enter
+the house. "After the fourth of March we will give you a larger
+house," came the laughing response.
+
+Next day Lincoln was in a quandary. Some of his friends had sent him a
+present of wines and other liquors, that he might be able to give what
+they thought would be appropriate refreshment to the Committee sent
+from Chicago to notify the nominee. Before the formal notification,
+Lincoln asked the members what he should do with the wine. J. G.
+Holland says that "the chairman at once advised him to return the
+gift, and to offer no stimulants to his guests."
+
+A few years later, when he had closed the house which he was never to
+enter again, he said to his friends, who had gathered at the train to
+say good-bye:
+
+      "My friends: no one, not in my situation, can appreciate my
+      feeling of sadness at this parting. To this place, and the
+      kindness of these people, I owe everything. Here I have lived
+      a quarter of a century, and have passed from a young to an
+      old man. Here my children have been born, and one is buried.
+      I now leave, not knowing when or whether ever I may return,
+      with a task before me greater than that which rested upon
+      Washington. Without the assistance of that Divine Being who
+      ever attended him, I cannot succeed. With that assistance I
+      cannot fail. Trusting in Him, who can go with me, and remain
+      with you, and be everywhere for good, let us confidently hope
+      that all will yet be well. To His care commending you, as I
+      hope in your prayers you will commend me, I bid you an
+      affectionate farewell."
+
+When the body of the martyred President was brought back to
+Springfield on May 3, 1865, it was not taken to the old home on Eighth
+Street, but to the State Capitol, and from there to Oak Ridge
+Cemetery.
+
+The house is now the property of the State of Illinois, the gift of
+Robert T. Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln's son.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON'S HOUSE, VINCENNES, IND.
+   _Photo furnished by Frank H. Curtis, Vincennes_
+   See page 376]
+
+LXXXV
+
+THE GOVERNOR'S PALACE AT VINCENNES, INDIANA
+
+WHERE "OLD TIPPECANOE" WELCOMED HIS GUESTS
+
+William Henry Harrison, son of Benjamin Harrison, one of the signers
+of the Declaration of Independence, was a ward of Robert Morris. The
+great financier opposed the young man's purpose to enlist in the Ohio
+campaign against the Indians that followed the war of the Revolution,
+but when young Harrison applied directly to Washington he was
+appointed ensign and sent to the front. This was in 1791, and the new
+ensign was but nineteen years old.
+
+Gallant conduct during a campaign of four years under General Anthony
+Wayne brought to him promotion to a captaincy, the favor of his
+general, and the command of Fort Washington, at what is now
+Cincinnati, Ohio.
+
+This post was resigned in 1798, when there seemed no further prospect of
+active service. Thereupon Washington appointed the twenty-four-year-old
+captain Secretary of the Northwestern Territory and _ex officio_
+Lieutenant Governor. When, in 1800, the Northwestern Territory was
+divided, he was nominated by Thomas Jefferson Governor of Indiana
+Territory, including what is now Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,
+Wisconsin, and Iowa.
+
+Vincennes, one of the three white settlements in all this vast
+territory, became the seat of government. As Fort Sackville Vincennes
+had been made famous during the Revolution by the brilliant exploit
+of George Rogers Clarke, who took it from the British after an
+approach across Illinois and through the flooded valley of the Wabash,
+for which he will ever be remembered by a grateful country.
+
+For thirteen years he was the autocrat in his remote outpost. To him
+were committed, in company with the Judge, all legislative powers; he
+was commander-in-chief of the militia, and he had the power of
+treaty-making with the Indians. His signature became a valid title to
+lands in the Indian country. His care of the interests committed to
+him was so satisfactory that the legislature of Indiana asked for his
+reappointment. He was especially successful in dealing with the
+Indians. The victory at Tippecanoe became a rallying cry when, in
+1839, he was nominated for the Presidency.
+
+One of the most notable events of his career as Governor took place
+before his house at Vincennes. The Indian warrior Tecumseh, claiming
+that lands ceded by other tribes belonged to his own tribe, threatened
+vengeance on any who should attempt to settle on these lands. General
+Harrison sent for him, promising to give him a careful hearing and
+full justice. Accordingly, in August, 1810, Tecumseh came to
+Vincennes, accompanied by several hundred warriors. The meeting of the
+Governor and the Indians took place in front of the official
+residence. At one point in the conference, Tecumseh, being angry, gave
+a signal to his warriors, who seized their knives, tomahawks, and war
+clubs and sprang to their feet.
+
+The Governor rose calmly from his armchair, drew his sword, and faced
+the savage. His bearing overawed the Indians, and when he told
+Tecumseh that he could have no further conference with such a bad
+man, the chief and his supporters returned to their camp.
+
+The house that looked down on this scene was probably the first house
+of burned brick built west of the Alleghenies. It was erected in 1804,
+at a cost of about twenty thousand dollars.
+
+The walls of the basement are twenty-four inches thick; the upper
+walls are eighteen inches thick. The outer walls are of hard red
+brick. The doors, sash, mantels, and stairs are of black walnut, and
+are said to have been made in Pittsburgh.
+
+The basement contains the dining-room, the kitchen, in which hangs the
+old-fashioned crane, a storeroom in which the supplies of powder and
+arms were kept, and four servants' bedrooms. At one side of the large
+cellar is the entrance to a tunnel which led to the banks of the
+Wabash, some six hundred feet distant. This was built, so tradition
+says, that the Governor and his family, if too closely pressed by
+Indians, might escape to the river and continue their flight in
+canoes. This would be useful also for the carrying in of water and
+food during a siege.
+
+On the first floor a commodious hallway communicates on the left with
+the Council Chamber, where notable visitors were received. This was
+also the chamber of early territorial lawmakers. Here, in 1805, by
+Rev. Thomas Clelland, was preached the first Presbyterian sermon in
+what is now the State of Indiana.
+
+In the shutter of a room facing the rear is the mark of a bullet
+which, it is said, was fired by an Indian who was attempting the life
+of the Governor, while that official was walking the floor with his
+little son in his arms.
+
+To-day the house is cut off from the city by railroad tracks and is
+surrounded by factories. Until 1916 it was owned by the Vincennes
+Water Company, which proposed to raze it to the ground, that they
+might have room for extension. Learning of this purpose, six members
+of the Francis Vigo Chapter of the Daughters of the American
+Revolution begged the City Council to buy the house and preserve it.
+When the Council announced that the way was not open to do this, a
+number of patriotic women, led by Mrs. Frank W. Curtis, raised the sum
+necessary for the purchase of the property.
+
+Under the direction of the Francis Vigo Chapter, the house has been
+restored, and opened for visitors. It is the intention to maintain it
+for the inspiration of those who visit Vincennes to look on the scene
+of the wise labors of the first Governor of the Indian Territory.
+
+
+  [Illustration: RUFUS PUTNAM'S HOUSE, MARIETTA, O.
+   _Photo furnished by Miss Willia D. Cotton, Marietta_
+   See page 377]
+
+LXXXVI
+
+THE HOUSE OF GENERAL RUFUS PUTNAM, MARIETTA, OHIO
+
+THE MAN WHO LED THE FIRST PERMANENT SETTLERS TO OHIO
+
+In 1775 General Washington decided that he must fortify Dorchester
+Heights, Boston, if he was to force the British to leave the country.
+But how was he to do this? The ground was frozen to a depth of
+eighteen inches, and the enemy's cannon commanded the coveted
+position. Lieutenant Colonel Putnam told the General that the
+seemingly impossible task could be performed. Washington was dubious,
+but he had learned that Colonel Putnam was to be counted on. One
+night, after dark, the work was begun, and before daylight it was so
+far completed that the surprised enemy were compelled to retire.
+
+In recognition of services like this, Colonel Putnam was made a
+brigadier general. A reward even greater was his; he won the lasting
+friendship of Washington.
+
+Eight years after the fortification of Dorchester Heights, two hundred
+and eighty-three officers asked Congress for a grant of land in the
+western country. General Putnam forwarded the petition to Washington,
+and urged that it be granted, in order that "the country between Lake
+Erie and the Ohio might be filled with inhabitants, and the faithful
+subjects of the United States so established on the waters of the Ohio
+and on the lakes as to banish forever the idea of our western
+territory falling under the dominion of any European power."
+
+Action by Congress was delayed. On June 2, 1784, Washington wrote to
+Putnam:
+
+      "I wish it was in my power to give you a more favorable
+      account of the officers' petition for lands on the Ohio and
+      its water, than I am about to do.... For surely if justice
+      and gratitude to the army, and general policy of the Union
+      were to govern in the case, there would not be the smallest
+      interruption in granting the request."
+
+Putnam did not lose heart. His next step, taken in January, 1786, was
+to call a meeting of officers and soldiers and others to form an Ohio
+Company. The meeting was held at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern, in
+Boston, March 1, 1786, and the Ohio Company of Associates was duly
+formed. It was agreed to raise a fund to purchase from Congress, for
+purposes of settlement, the western lands which Congress had been
+asked to give them.
+
+On July 27, 1787, a tract of 1,500,000 acres on the Ohio River,
+between the Scioto and the Muskingum rivers, was sold to the Company
+at sixty-six and two-thirds cents per acre. Half the amount was paid
+down. When, later, it became impossible to pay the remainder, Congress
+gave a measure of relief.
+
+The first emigrants to go to the new lands set out from Danvers,
+Massachusetts, December 1, 1787, under the guidance of General Rufus
+Putnam, while a second party started from Hartford, Connecticut,
+January 1, 1788. The first party of twenty-two men followed the Indian
+trail over the Allegheny Mountains and reached the Youghiogheny River,
+on January 23, 1788, while the second party of twenty-eight men,
+making better time, joined them on February 14. Then a barge, called
+the _Mayflower_, was built, forty-six feet long and twelve feet wide.
+A cabin was provided for the women of the party, and an awning was
+stretched. The men propelled the boat with ten oars.
+
+On April 1 the voyage to the Ohio was begun, and on April 7 the party
+reached the mouth of the Muskingum. The barge was moored to the bank,
+opposite Fort Harmar. Thus came the Massachusetts pioneers to the town
+of which Washington wrote later: "No colony in America was ever
+settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced
+at Muskingum. Information, property, and strength will be its
+characteristics. I know many of the settlers personally, and there
+never were men better calculated to promote the welfare of such a
+community."
+
+Here the pioneers laid out the town of Marietta among the famous
+Indian mounds, naming it in honor of Marie Antoinette of France. The
+greatest mound of all was made the central feature of Marie Antoinette
+Square. This mound is thirty feet high, while the circular base is 375
+feet in circumference. It is surrounded by a moat fifteen feet wide
+and five feet deep. Beyond the moat is a parapet twenty feet thick and
+385 feet in circumference. This square was leased to General Putnam
+for twelve years, on condition that he "surround the whole square with
+mulberry trees with an elm at each corner." The base of the mound was
+to be encircled with weeping willows, and evergreens were to be placed
+on the mound. The parapet was to be surrounded with trees, the square
+was to be seeded down to grass, and the whole was to be enclosed with
+a post and rail fence. This effort to create a park at the very
+beginning was an unusual feature of this pioneer experience.
+
+An enclosure of logs, with a log fort at each corner, was built for
+protection against the Indians. Between the corner forts were the
+cabins occupied by the various families. The forts and the enclosure
+were named the Campus Martius. One of the early houses built within
+this stockade became the home of General Putnam.
+
+Marie Antoinette Square soon became known as Mound Square. General
+Putnam turned over his lease to the town, which set the property aside
+as a cemetery. Many of the settlers had died during two epidemics of
+smallpox, and there was need of a cemetery nearer the town than the
+ground set aside at the beginning.
+
+It is claimed that more officers of the Revolution have been buried in
+the Mound Cemetery than in any other cemetery in the country. There
+were twelve colonels, twelve majors, and twenty-two captains among
+the Marietta pioneers. When General Lafayette was in Marietta in
+1825, the list was read to him, and he said: "I knew them all. I saw
+them at Brandywine, Yorktown, and Rhode Island. They were the bravest
+of the brave."
+
+Over Putnam's grave is the following inscription:
+
+          Gen. Rufus Putnam
+       A Revolutionary Officer
+        And the leader of the
+        Colony which made the
+       First settlement in the
+     Territory of the Northwest.
+          Born April 9, 1738
+          Died May 4, 1824.
+
+The house occupied by "the Father of Ohio," as he has been called, is
+preserved as a historical monument. In 1917 the Daughters of the
+American Revolution and Marietta succeeded in persuading the Ohio
+Legislature to pass a bill making provision for its repair and care.
+
+
+LXXXVII
+
+MONUMENT PLACE, ELM GROVE, WEST VIRGINIA
+
+THE PLANTATION HOME OF TWO MAKERS OF HISTORY
+
+At Shepherdstown, the oldest town in what is now West Virginia, Moses
+Shepherd was born on November 11, 1763. His grandfather had founded
+the town.
+
+When Moses was about seven years old his father, Colonel Shepherd,
+removed his large family to his plantation between Big Wheeling and
+Little Creek, which is now included within the limits of Elm Grove. On
+the banks of the creek he built Fort Shepherd, that the settlers for
+miles around might have a place of refuge from the Indians. Of this
+fort Colonel Shepherd was in command till it was destroyed by the
+Indians in 1777. The family was hastily removed to Fort Henry, nearer
+the present site of Wheeling. There they were hard pressed by the
+Indians. Moses, along with other children, assisted in the defence by
+moulding bullets and carrying ammunition.
+
+Word went out to the neighboring strongholds of the endangered
+settlers at Fort Henry. Captain John Boggs, then at Catfish Camp (now
+Washington, Pennsylvania), hurried to the assistance of Colonel
+Shepherd with forty armed men. With him was his daughter, Lydia, who
+took her place with Moses and the other young people as an assistant
+to the defenders.
+
+She was there when Molly Scott made her sally from the fort in search
+of shot, and she saw the heroine bring it in in her apron. She
+witnessed also the attempt of Major Samuel McColloch to enter the fort
+at the head of a squad of men which he had brought from Fort Van
+Meter, a few miles away. With joy she saw the men enter the gate of
+the fort, and her heart was in her mouth when she saw that McColloch,
+who was her cousin, was unable to follow because the Indians had
+managed to get between him and the gate. At last the gate was closed,
+lest the Indians gain entrance, and the gallant Major was left to his
+fate.
+
+The Indians thought they could capture him easily. They hemmed him on
+Wheeling Hill, on three sides. On the fourth side was a rocky
+precipice almost sheer, covered with growth of trees and bushes. But
+the savages were not to have such an easy victory after all, for Major
+McColloch urged his horse over the brow of the steep hill, and, to the
+astonishment of all, slipped, slid, and fell to the bottom, where the
+way across the creek and to safety was comparatively easy.
+
+The Indians were finally driven away, but not until Moses Shepherd had
+made the acquaintance of Lydia Boggs, his companion in service at the
+fort. They were married later. In 1798, after the death of Colonel
+David Shepherd, Colonel Moses Shepherd took her to the palatial new
+home built on the site of the second Fort Shepherd, near the banks of
+Wheeling Creek. This house, which was called at first the Shepherd
+Mansion or the Stone House, later became known as the Monument Place.
+
+The story of the third name, which still persists, is interesting.
+When, during Jefferson's administration, certain farsighted statesmen
+advocated the building of a National Highway which should connect
+Washington with Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, Colonel Shepherd became
+one of the earnest and influential advocates of the road. He was a
+friend of Henry Clay, to whose indefatigable advocacy of the road was
+due much of the success of the venture. Clay was frequently a guest of
+the Shepherds, and in the stately stone house he talked with them
+about the difficulties, progress, and final triumph.
+
+When the road was an accomplished fact Colonel and Mrs. Shepherd
+caused to be built on the lawn a stone monument dedicated to their
+friend, in appreciation of his service. The monument, whose
+inscriptions have become illegible, is in plain sight from the
+Cumberland Road, or, as it came to be called, the National Road, just
+before it makes a sharp turn to cross the sturdy stone bridge over
+Little Wheeling Creek. Possibly this was one of the bridges Colonel
+Shepherd constructed. At any rate he was a contractor for a section of
+the road, and several bridges were erected by him.
+
+Along the Cumberland Road, which was the great highway between the
+East and the West, travelled home-seekers outward bound and business
+men and politicians to whom Washington beckoned irresistibly. Among
+the regular travellers at this and later periods were Andrew Jackson,
+William Henry Harrison, General Houston, James K. Polk, and others who
+made it a point never to pass the Shepherd Mansion without stopping.
+One of the early politicians who frequented the house, attracted there
+by Mrs. Shepherd, said: "She had a powerful intellect in her younger
+days. Many of our caucuses were held in her drawing-room. She could
+keep a secret better than most women, but her love of sarcasm and
+intrigue kept her from being very effective."
+
+Mrs. Shepherd, in fun, had criticisms to offer of some of her
+visitors. Once she spoke of Burton, Clay, and Webster as "those young
+men, promising, but crude, crude."
+
+She was accustomed to go every winter with her husband to Washington,
+where she would spend a few months during the season. They always
+travelled in a coach and four and they lived in great style at the
+Capital. There she was sought for her beauty, for her eccentricities,
+and her familiarity with private political life.
+
+Colonel Shepherd died in 1832. In 1833 Mrs. Shepherd married General
+Daniel Cruger, a New York Congressman, who spent the last years of
+his life in West Virginia.
+
+After the General's death in 1843 Mrs. Cruger lived at Monument Place,
+receiving visitors as of old, and increasing in the eccentricities
+that kept any one from being her warm admirer. Always she proved
+herself an unusual woman. "If fate had placed her in the compressed
+centre of a court, instead of in the inconsequent hurly-burly of a
+republic, she would have made for herself a great place in history,"
+Mrs. Rebecca Harding Davis once wrote of her.
+
+She was still managing a large plantation during the Civil War, when a
+visitor dropped in to see her who has left the following picture of
+what she saw:
+
+      "We saw a well-built house of dressed stone, very large and
+      solid, with the usual detached kitchen and long row of 'negro
+      quarters.' ...
+
+      "Mrs. Cruger's age was told by the skin of face and hands,
+      which were like crumpled parchment, but the lips were firm
+      and the eyes, deep set in wrinkled lids, were still dark and
+      keen. She was then one hundred years old.
+
+      "We went up to see the ball-room, which was across the whole
+      front of the house, with many windows and a handsome carved
+      marble mantel at each end, and deep closets on both sides of
+      these fire-places.
+
+      "Like Queen Elizabeth, Mrs. Cruger would seem to have kept
+      all her fine clothes. The whole walls were hung thick with
+      dresses of silk and satin and velvet pelisses trimmed with
+      fur; braided riding-habits; mantles of damasked black silk;
+      band-boxes piled from floor to ceiling full of wonderful
+      bonnets, some of tremendous size, fine large leghorn straw,
+      costing from fifty to one hundred dollars; also veils that
+      would reach to the knee of fine old English lace; gold and
+      silver ruching; and fine embroidered cashmere turbans, a
+      perfect museum of fashion from 1800 to 1840."
+
+To another visitor Mrs. Cruger explained that it had long been her
+custom to put aside each year two gowns made in the fashion of that
+year.
+
+In her old age she liked to be alone. Frequently she would send every
+one from the house that she might bathe at night. Once her physician
+urged her to keep her maid near her. "Why?" she asked; "because I am
+afraid? afraid of what? of death? Death will not come to me for twenty
+years yet." She was then ninety years old, and she lived to be nearly
+one hundred and two. She is buried, by the side of her two husbands,
+in Old Stone Church Cemetery on the hill above Elm Grove. A rough
+monument carries inscriptions to the memory of the three pioneers
+whose lives, as has been pointed out by a local historian, "covered
+the Indian War, the Colonial Period, the War of the American
+Revolution, the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the Civil War."
+
+
+LXXXVIII
+
+THE CASTLE AT FORT NIAGARA, NEW YORK
+
+THE OLDEST BUILDING IN THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, WEST OF THE MOHAWK
+
+"The story of Fort Niagara is peculiarly the story of the fur trade
+and the strife for commercial monopoly," Frank H. Severance of the
+Buffalo Historical Society said in an address delivered at the fort in
+1896; "and it is, too, in considerable measure, the story of our
+neighbor, the magnificent colony of Canada.... It is a story replete
+with incidents of battle and siege, of Indian cruelty, of patriot
+captivity, of white men's duplicity, of famine, disease, and
+death,--of all the varied forms of misery and wretchedness of a
+frontier post, which we in days of ease are wont to call picturesque
+and romantic. It is a story without a dull page, and it is two and a
+half centuries long.... I cannot better tell the story ... then to
+symbolize Fort Niagara as a beaver skin, held by an Indian, a
+Frenchman, an Englishman, and a Dutchman, each of the last three
+trying to pull it away from the others (the poor Dutchman early bowled
+over in the scuffle), and each European equally eager to placate the
+Indian with fine words, with prayers, or with brandy, or to stick a
+knife into his white brother's back."
+
+The story begins in 1669, with the first efforts of the French to
+secure possession of the Niagara country. It includes also the romance
+of the building of the _Griffon_, the first vessel on the Great Lakes,
+and the episode of the early fortification of the late seventeenth
+century. But it was not until 1726, the year of the building of the
+stone castle near the mouth of the Niagara River, that the fort had
+its real beginning. The French felt compelled to build the fort
+because the activity of the English was interfering with their own fur
+trade with the Indians, and their plan to build Fort Oswego would
+increase the difficulty. No time was to be lost; Governor Joncaire
+felt that he could not wait for the approval of the authorities at
+home. To these latter he sent word that he must build a fortress, and
+he asked for an appropriation; to the Indians he declared that he
+wished to have a mere trading station. His real purpose was indicated
+when he wrote to France that the building "will not have the
+appearance of a fort, so that no offence will be given to the
+Iroquois, who have been unwilling to allow any there, but it will
+answer the purpose of a fort just as well."
+
+The first step was the construction of two barques for use on Lake
+Ontario, to carry stone and timber for the building, and later, to
+cruise on the lake and intercept traders bound for Oswego.
+
+After the construction of the barques had been begun, the consent of
+the five Iroquois nations was secured. Longueuil promised them that it
+would be to them "a House of Peace" down to the third generation and
+farther. To Gaspard Chaussegros de Lery, engineer, was committed the
+building of the structure. He determined to make it fireproof.
+"Instead of wooden partitions I have built heavy walls, and paved all
+the floors with flat stone," he wrote in a report sent to France. The
+loft was paved with flat stones "on a floor full of good oak joists,
+upon which cannon may be placed above the structure."
+
+The trade with the Indians at the completed stone house on the Niagara
+increased. So did the activities of the English. Governor Burnet of
+New York craftily persuaded the Onondaga Indians that their interests
+had been endangered by the building of the French fort, since it
+penned them up from their chief hunting-place, and was therefore
+contrary to the Treaty of Utrecht; they agreed with him that the
+Iroquois had no right to the territory, which was really the property
+of the Senecas, and they asked the Governor to appeal to King George
+to protect them in their right.
+
+Therefore the suggestion was made that they "submit and give up all
+their hunting country to the King," and sign a deed for it.
+Accordingly Seneca, Cayuga, and Onondaga sachems deeded to the English
+a sixty-mile strip along the south shore of Lake Ontario, which
+included the Niagara frontier, the Niagara River being the western
+boundary.
+
+"From this time on the 'stone house' was on British soil; but it was
+yet to take the new owner a generation to dispossess the obnoxious
+tenant," Frank H. Severance writes in "An Old Frontier of France."
+
+The story of the next thirty years is a story of plots and
+counter-plots, of expeditions threatened and actual, of disappointing
+campaigns, of imprisonment and cruelty and death. More than once
+Indians promised the English that the house at Niagara should be
+razed. Spies reported that the defences at the castle were in bad
+shape; "'tis certain that, should the English once attack it, 'tis
+theirs," one report ran. "I am informed that the fort is so
+dilapidated that 'tis impossible to put a pin in it without causing it
+to crumble; stanchions have been obliged to be set up against it to
+support it." Another report disclosed that if the cannon were fired
+the walls would crumble.
+
+But the French were not ready to give up. They felt that Fort Niagara
+was the key to the Ohio Valley, which they wished to control. They
+strengthened the defences of the fort. The defeat of Braddock at Fort
+Du Quesne and the strange decision of General Shirley to stop at
+Oswego instead of continuing with his force to Niagara, gave the
+French a new lease of life.
+
+In 1759 came the end of French rule. General Prideaux's expedition
+from New York began the siege of the fort early in July, and after
+several weeks it capitulated. Until 1796 the English flag floated
+above the "castle." The commander of this post, like the commanders of
+six other forts, refused on various pretexts to surrender to America,
+in spite of the terms of the treaty of 1783. Attempts were made to
+secure possession, but none of them were successful, and it was not
+until 1794 that Great Britain agreed to evacuate Niagara and the other
+forts still held, "on or before the 1st of June, 1796."
+
+Seventeen years later, in 1813, the British flag again replaced the
+Stars and Stripes over the historic building, but the fort was
+restored to the United States in 1815. Since that time it has been a
+part of the army post that has been more important because of its
+history than for any other reason.
+
+The Daughters of the War of 1812 have placed a suitable tablet on the
+Old Castle, and are interested in the proposition that has been made
+to turn the venerable edifice into an international museum, which
+shall commemorate the one hundred years of peace between Great Britain
+and America.
+
+In 1917 the eyes of the nation were once more turned on the fort by
+Lake Ontario, for it was made a training ground for officers who were
+to be sent to the battle front in France and Belgium. The castle,
+nearly two hundred years old, and strong as ever, again witnessed the
+gathering of patriots, and the spot that had echoed to the tread of
+French who had yielded to the English, of English who had driven out
+the French, and of Americans who had driven out the English, became
+the parade ground of Americans who were making ready to stand side by
+side with French and English for the freedom of the world.
+
+
+  [Illustration: THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, N. Y.
+   _Photo furnished by Hon. Martin H. Glynn, Albany_
+   See page 391]
+
+LXXXIX
+
+THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, NEW YORK
+
+THE RALLYING PLACE OF THE CONSTITUTIONALISTS
+
+When Catherine Van Rensselaer married Philip Schuyler, on September
+17, 1755, he was a soldier who had been engaged in the campaign
+against the French at Crown Point. She was glad when he resigned, in
+1756, but he returned to army life in 1758 and at intervals for more
+than twenty years he continued his military service. Two days after
+the Battle of Bunker Hill Congress made him a major-general. During
+his three years in the army of the Colonies, he was the subject of
+continual abuse on the part of those who felt that he had conducted
+carelessly his expedition to Canada and the campaign against Burgoyne.
+He was able to stand up against the public clamor because Washington
+had confidence in him and because he was twice given a clean bill of
+health by a court of inquiry.
+
+During this season of misunderstanding he was sustained by his wife,
+who was a remarkable assistant both in his home and in public affairs.
+During the years when he was frequently incapacitated by gout she
+carried on much of his work for him, and so enabled him to maintain
+his place in the councils of the nation.
+
+It was in 1760 that Mrs. Schuyler first showed her great executive
+ability. While her husband was absent in England, where he had been
+sent by General Bradstreet, she superintended the erection of a new
+house, a spacious mansion of yellow brick that is to-day as staunch
+as when it was built.
+
+From the beginning the Schuyler mansion, the home of the first citizen
+of Albany, was noted because of the boundless hospitality of its
+mistress. All were welcomed who sought its doors. One notable company
+was made up of nine Catawba warriors from South Carolina, who were on
+their way to ratify a covenant with the Six Nations at the close of
+the Cherokee War. They were met at the wharf by Major Schuyler and
+taken directly to the house.
+
+Among the visitors to Albany in 1776 were three Commissioners
+appointed by Congress to visit the Army of the North, one of whom,
+Benjamin Franklin, was so wearied by the journey from Philadelphia
+that he was sincerely grateful for Mrs. Schuyler's care. One of the
+Commissioners said later of General Schuyler, "He lives in pretty
+style, and has two daughters, Betsey and Peggy, lively, agreeable
+gals." He was delighted to learn that the motto of Philip Schuyler and
+his household was, "As for me and my house, we will serve our
+country."
+
+Another of the fortunate men who were privileged to be in the house
+for a season was Tench Tilghman, an aide-de-camp of General
+Washington. He wrote in his journal of "Miss Ann Schuyler, a very
+Pretty Young Lady. A brunette with dark eyes, and a countenance
+animated and sparkling, as I am told she is." Later he met "Miss
+Betsey, the General's 2nd Daughter." "I was prepossessed in favor of
+the Young Lady the moment I saw her," he said. "A Brunette with the
+most good natured dark lovely eyes I ever saw, which threw a beam of
+good temper and Benevolence over her entire countenance. Mr.
+Livingstone informed me that I was not mistaken in my Conjecture for
+she was the finest tempered Girl in the World."
+
+Tench Tilghman was to renew the acquaintance in 1779, when Betsey and
+her parents spent a few months in Morristown, New Jersey. Alexander
+Hamilton also was there, and he secured Betsey's promise to be his
+bride.
+
+The marriage took place at the Albany homestead on December 14, 1780.
+A few months later the young husband, having resigned from the army,
+was studying law in Albany and was a welcome addition to the Schuyler
+household.
+
+Two years after the wedding came one of the incidents that has made
+the mansion famous. Because of the General's influence with the Indian
+allies of the British, a number of attempts were made to capture him;
+the British wished to put him where he could not interfere with their
+plans. One summer day, when Mrs. Carter, Mrs. Hamilton's sister
+Margaret, was in the house with her baby Philip, a party of Tories,
+Canadians, and Indians surrounded the house and forced an entrance.
+Mary Gay Humphreys, in "Catherine Schuyler," tells what followed:
+
+      "The house was guarded by six men. Their guns were in the
+      hall, the guards being outside and the relief asleep. Lest
+      the small Philip be tempted to play with the guns his mother
+      had them removed. The alarm was given by a servant. The
+      guards rushed for their guns, but they were gone. The family
+      fled upstairs, but Margaret, remembering the baby in the
+      cradle below, ran back, seized the baby, and when she was
+      halfway up the flight, an Indian flung his tomahawk at her
+      head, which, missing her, buried itself in the wood, and
+      left its historic mark to the present time."
+
+After the attack on the mansion Washington wrote to General Schuyler,
+begging him to strengthen his guard. The following year the
+Commander-in-chief was a guest at the mansion, while in 1784 he spent
+the night there, after an evening consultation with Schuyler, while
+Mrs. Washington visited with her friend Mrs. Schuyler.
+
+Lafayette, Count de Rochambeau, Baron Steuben, Charles Carroll of
+Carrollton, John Jay, and Aaron Burr had a taste of the delights of
+life at the mansion. The latter was destined to defeat General
+Schuyler for reelection to the Senate, as he was to be in turn
+defeated by the General. The British General Burgoyne and his staff
+also were entertained in the mansion, after General Schuyler's victory
+at Saratoga, and this in spite of the fact that much of the General's
+property had been destroyed by Burgoyne's order.
+
+For many years the house was famous as the meeting place of the
+friends of the young nation. Frequent conferences were held in the
+library on the proposed constitution. It is said that many sections of
+the document were written there by Hamilton, and the steps of the
+campaign for the ratification of the document were outlined within the
+historic walls. When, at last, the victory was complete, General
+Schuyler and Alexander Hamilton walked at the head of the gay
+procession that hailed the news with joy. The whole town was
+illuminated, but the most brilliantly lighted building was the old
+mansion.
+
+During the years that followed General Schuyler's health failed
+gradually, and he became more than ever dependent on his wife. When
+she died, in 1803, he did not know what to do without her. To
+Hamilton he wrote:
+
+      "My trial has been severe. I shall attempt to sustain it with
+      fortitude. I hope I have succeeded in a degree, but after
+      giving and receiving for nearly a half a century, a series of
+      mutual evidences of affection and friendship which increased
+      as we advanced in life, the shock was great and sensibly
+      felt, to be thus suddenly deprived of a beloved wife, the
+      Mother of my children, and the soothing companion of my
+      declining years. But I kiss the rod with humility. The Being
+      that inflicted the stroke will enable me to sustain the
+      smart, and progressively restore peace to my wounded heart,
+      and will make you and Eliza and my other children the
+      instruments of my Consolation...."
+
+General Schuyler died in November, 1804, four months after the duel
+with Burr in which Hamilton was slain.
+
+The mansion in which he spent so many happy years was long an orphan
+asylum, but in 1911 it was purchased by the State. On October 17,
+1917, it was dedicated as a State Monument.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, N. H.
+   _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+   See page 395]
+
+XC
+
+THE WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE
+
+THE SCENE OF THE ROMANCE OF LADY WENTWORTH
+
+When, in 1750, Governor Benning Wentworth began to rebuild for his
+mansion at Little Harbor, two miles from the business centre of
+Portsmouth a farm-house which dated from the latter part of the
+sixteenth century, he thought more of comfort than of architecture.
+Evidently those who later added to the house thought as little of
+architecture as the original builder; the product became such a
+strange conglomeration of wings and "L's" that it is difficult to see
+which is the original portion. Once the house contained fifty-two
+rooms, but a portion has been torn away, and the structure as it
+stands is not quite so spacious, though still large enough for a
+hotel. Even the cellar is tremendous, for Governor Wentworth provided
+there a place for his horses, to be used in time of danger. Thirty
+animals could be accommodated there.
+
+Many of the rooms are small, but some are of impressive size, notably
+the Council Chamber, where meetings that helped to make history were
+held, and the billiard room, where the owner and his associates were
+accustomed to go when the strain of business became too great.
+
+Longfellow thus describes the house:
+
+  "It was a pleasant mansion, an abode
+     Near and yet hidden from the great high-road,
+     Sequestered among trees, a noble pile,
+     Baronial and colonial in its style;
+     Gables and dormer-windows everywhere,
+     And stacks of chimneys rising high in air--
+     Pandaean pipes, on which all winds that blew
+     Made mournful music the whole winter through.
+     Within, unwonted splendors met the eye,
+     Panels, and floors of oak, and tapestry;
+     Carved chimney-pieces, where on brazen dogs
+     Revelled and roared the Christmas fire of logs;
+     Doors opening into darkness unawares,
+     Mysterious passages, and flights of stairs,
+     And on the walls, in heavy gilded frames,
+     The ancestral Wentworths with Old-Scripture names."
+
+While Governor Wentworth was an important figure during the days
+preceding the Revolution, the mansion is celebrated not so much
+because of his political service as because of the romance of his
+second marriage.
+
+Martha Hilton, the heroine of the romance, was "a careless, laughing,
+bare-footed girl." One day a neighbor saw her, in a short dress,
+carrying a pail of water in the street. "You, Pat! You, Pat! Why do
+you go looking so? You should be ashamed to be seen in the street!"
+was the shocked comment. But the answer was not what the neighbor
+expected. "No matter how I look, I shall ride in my chariot yet,
+Marm."
+
+The story of what followed is told by Charles W. Brewster, a historian
+of old Portsmouth:
+
+      "Martha Hilton afterwards left home, and went to live in the
+      Governor's mansion at Little Harbor, doing the work of the
+      kitchen, and keeping the house in order, much to the
+      Governor's satisfaction.... The Governor has invited a dinner
+      party, and with many other guests, in his cocked hat comes
+      the beloved Rev. Arthur Brown, of the Episcopal church. The
+      dinner is served up in a style becoming the Governor's
+      table.... There is a whisper from the Governor to a
+      messenger, and at his summons Martha Hilton comes in from
+      that door on the west of the parlor, and, with blushing
+      countenance, stands in front of the fireplace. She seems
+      heedless of the fire--she does not appear to have brought
+      anything in, nor does she seem to be looking for anything to
+      carry out--there she stands! a damsel of twenty summers--for
+      what, no visitor can tell.
+
+      "The Governor, bleached by the frosts of sixty winters,
+      rises. 'Mr. Brown, I wish you to marry me.' 'To whom?' asks
+      his pastor, in wondering surprise. 'To this lady,' was the
+      reply. The rector stood confounded. The Governor became
+      imperative. 'As the Governor of New Hampshire I command you
+      to marry me!' The ceremony was then duly performed, and from
+      that time Martha Hilton became Lady Wentworth."
+
+Longfellow's record of the incident is given in the poem, "Lady
+Wentworth":
+
+  "The years came and ... the years went, seven in all,
+     And all these years had Martha Hilton served
+     In the Great House, not wholly unobserved:
+     By day, by night, the silver crescent grew,
+     Though hidden by clouds, the light still shining through;
+     A maid of all work, whether coarse or fine,
+     A servant who made service seem divine!
+     Through her each room was fair to look upon;
+     The mirrors glistened, and the brasses shone,
+     The very knocker at the outer door,
+     If she but passed, was brighter than before."
+
+Then came the strange marriage scene:
+
+     "Can this be Martha Hilton? It must be!
+     Yes, Martha Hilton, and no other she!
+     Dowered with the beauty of her twenty years,
+     How ladylike, how queenlike she appears;
+     The pale, thin crescent of the days gone by
+     Is Dian now in all her majesty!
+     Yet scarce a guest perceived that she was there
+     Until the Governor, rising from his chair,
+     Played slightly with his ruffles, then looked down
+     And said unto the Reverend Arthur Brown:
+     'This is my birthday: it shall likewise be
+     My wedding-day, and you shall marry me!'"
+
+Governor Wentworth died in 1770, three years after the coming to
+America of Michael Wentworth, a retired colonel in the British Army.
+Mrs. Wentworth married him, and he became the second lord of the
+mansion. During his residence there Washington was welcomed to the
+house, one day in 1789.
+
+Martha Wentworth, the only daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Michael Wentworth,
+married Sir John Wentworth, an Englishman, and they lived in the old
+house until 1816, when the property passed to a family of another
+name.
+
+  [Illustration: WARNER HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, N. H.
+   _Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company_
+   See page 395]
+
+There are a number of houses in Portsmouth which tell of the ancient
+glories of different branches of the Wentworth family. Perhaps the
+most famous is the Warner house, which was begun in 1718 by Captain
+Archibald Macpheadris, and was finished in 1723, at a cost of L6,000.
+Mrs. Macpheadris was Sarah Wentworth, one of the sixteen children of
+Lieutenant Governor John Wentworth, and sister of Governor Benning
+Wentworth. Their daughter, Mary, married Hon. Jonathan Warner, who was
+the next occupant of the house. The property is known by his name,
+rather than that of the builder--perhaps because it is so much easier
+to pronounce! The house is now occupied by Miss Eva Sherburne, a
+descendant of the original owner.
+
+The Warner house has a lightning rod, which was put up in 1762, under
+the personal supervision of Benjamin Franklin. It is said that this
+was the first lightning rod erected in New Hampshire.
+
+
+  [Illustration: _Photo Copyright by Detroit Photographic Company_
+   WADSWORTH-LONGFELLOW HOUSE, PORTLAND, ME.
+   See page 400]
+
+XCI
+
+THE WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW HOUSE, PORTLAND, MAINE
+
+WHERE HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW SPENT HIS BOYHOOD
+
+     _The old house by the linden
+       Stood silent in the shade,
+     And on the gravelled pathway
+       The light and shadow played._
+
+     _I saw the nursery windows
+       Wide open to the air;
+     But the faces of the children,
+       They were no longer there._
+
+     _The large Newfoundland house-dog
+       Was standing by the door;
+     He looked for his little playmates
+       Who would return no more._
+
+     _They walked not under the linden,
+       They played not in the hall;
+     But shadow and silence, and sadness
+       Were hanging over all._
+
+     _The birds sang in the branches,
+       With sweet familiar tone;
+     But the voices of the children
+       Will be heard in dreams alone!_
+
+     _And the boy that walked beside me,
+       He could not understand
+     Why close in mine, ah! closer,
+       I pressed his little hand!_
+
+When Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote these lines perhaps he was
+thinking of the home of his boyhood in Portland, which his
+grandfather, General Peleg Wadsworth, built in 1785.
+
+The house was the wonder of the town, for it was the first brick
+building erected there. The brick had been brought from Virginia.
+Originally there were but two stories; the third story was added when
+the future poet was eight years old.
+
+Longfellow was born in the house at the corner of Fourth and Hancock
+streets, but he was only eight months old when he was carried within
+the inviting front doors of the Wadsworth house, and the mansion was
+home to him for at least thirty-five years.
+
+He was only five years old when he declared that he wanted to be a
+soldier and fight for his country. The War of 1812 was then in
+progress. His aunt wrote one day, "Our little Henry is ready to march;
+he had his gun prepared and his head powdered a week ago."
+
+But, agreeing with his parents that school was a better place for him
+than the army, he began his studies when he was five years old. A year
+later his teacher gave him a certificate which read:
+
+      "Master Henry Longfellow is one of the best boys we have in
+      school. He spells and reads very well. He also can add and
+      multiply numbers. His conduct last quarter was very correct
+      and amiable."
+
+Life in the Longfellow home was delightful. Samuel Longfellow, the
+poet's brother, has given a pleasing picture:
+
+      "In the evenings the children gathered with their books and
+      slates round the table in the family sitting room. The
+      silence would be broken for a minute by the long, mysterious
+      blast of a horn announcing the arrival in town of the evening
+      mail, then the rattle of its passing wheels, then silence
+      again, save the singing of the wood fire. Studies over, there
+      would be games till bedtime. If these became too noisy, or
+      the father had brought home his law papers from the office,
+      enjoining strictest quiet, then there was flight to another
+      room--perhaps, in winter, to the kitchen, where hung the
+      crane over the coals in the broad old fireplace, upon whose
+      iron back a fish forever baked in effigy.
+
+      "When bedtime came, it was hard to leave the warm fire to go
+      up into the unwarmed bedrooms; still harder next morning to
+      get up out of the comfortable feather beds and break the ice
+      in the pitchers for washing. But hardship made hardihood. In
+      summer it was pleasant enough to look out from the upper
+      windows; those of the boys' room looked out over the Cove and
+      the farms and woodlands toward Mount Washington, full in view
+      on the western horizon; while the eastern chambers commanded
+      a then unobstructed view of the bay, White Head, Port
+      Prebble, and the lighthouse on Cape Elizabeth."
+
+One day in 1820, when the family was gathered about the fire, Henry
+was on tiptoe with eager excitement. He had written a poem and had
+sent it to The Portland _Gazette_. Would it be in the paper which his
+father had in his hand as he seated himself before the fire?
+Robertson, in his life of the poet, has described those anxious
+moments:
+
+      "How carefully his father unfolded the damp sheet, and how
+      carefully he dried it at the fire ere beginning to read it!
+      And how much foreign news there seemed to be in it! At last
+      Henry and a sympathetic sister who shared his secret,
+      obtained a peep over their parent's shoulder--and the poem
+      was there!"
+
+There are sixteen rooms in the old house. In Henry's day these rooms
+were heated by eight fireplaces, which consumed thirty cords of wood
+during the long winter. On the first floor are the great living-room,
+the kitchen with its old fireplace, and the den, once the dining-room.
+On the desk still shown in this room Longfellow wrote, in 1841, "The
+Rainy Day," whose opening lines are:
+
+     "The day is cold, and dark, and dreary,
+     It rains, and the wind is never weary;
+     The vine still clings to the mouldering wall,
+     But at every gust the dead leaves fall,
+         And the day is dark and dreary."
+
+Into the ground floor rooms have been gathered many relics of the days
+when the poet was a boy. The four rooms of the second floor are also
+full of mementoes. But the most interesting part of the house is the
+third story, where there are seven rooms. To this floor the four
+children made their way on summer nights when the long hours of
+daylight invited them to stay up longer, and on winter evenings, when
+the fire downstairs seemed far more inviting than the cold floors and
+the colder sheets.
+
+One of these rooms is pointed out as the poet's chamber. Here he wrote
+many of his earlier poems. Among these was "The Lighthouse." In this
+he described sights in which he delighted, sights the lighthouse daily
+witnessed:
+
+     "And the great ships sail outward and return
+       Bending and bowing o'er the billowing swell,
+     And ever joyful as they see it burn,
+       They wave their silent welcome and farewell.
+
+     "'Sail on,' it says, 'sail on, ye stately ships!
+       And with your floating bridge the ocean span;
+     Be mine to guard the light from all eclipse,
+       Be yours to bring man nearer unto man.'"
+
+During the years after 1843, when Longfellow bought the Craigie House
+at Cambridge, his thoughts turned back with longing to the old home
+and the old town, and he wrote:
+
+     "Often I think of the beautiful town
+       That is seated by the sea;
+     Often in thought go up and down
+       The pleasant streets of the dear old town,
+     And my youth comes back to me."
+
+For nineteen years after the poet's death his sister Ann, Mrs. Pierce,
+lived in the old home. When she died, in 1901, she deeded it to the
+Maine Historical Society, that the place might be made a permanent
+memorial of the life of The Children's Poet.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+      Adams, Life of. By John Quincy Adams and Charles Francis
+      Adams. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Biographies of the Signers of the Declaration of
+      Independence. By John Sanderson and Robert Waln, Jr. R. W.
+      Pomeroy, Philadelphia, 1827.
+
+      Breck, Samuel, Recollections of. Edited by Horace E. Scudder.
+      Porter & Coates, Philadelphia.
+
+      Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, Life of. By Kate Mason
+      Rowland. George P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
+
+      Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution. By J. T. Headley.
+      Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1864.
+
+      Chief Justices, Life and Times of the. By Flanders. J. B.
+      Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Clay, Henry. By Thomas Hart Clay. George W. Jacobs & Company,
+      Philadelphia.
+
+      Colonial Homes of Philadelphia and Its Neighborhood. By
+      Eberlein and Lippincott. J. B. Lippincott Company,
+      Philadelphia.
+
+      Colonial Mansions of Maryland and Delaware. By J. M. Hammond.
+      J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Country Homes of Famous Americans. By O. B. Capen. Doubleday,
+      Page & Company, New York.
+
+      Early American Churches. By Aymar Embury, II. Doubleday, Page
+      & Company, New York.
+
+      Early Ecclesiastical Affairs in New Castle, Delaware. By
+      Thomas Holcomb. Wilmington, 1890.
+
+      First American, The; His Homes and His Households. By Leila
+      Herbert. Harper & Brothers, New York.
+
+      Hamilton, Alexander, Intimate Life of. By Allan McLane
+      Hamilton. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
+
+      Hawthorne, Study of. By George Parsons Lathrop. Houghton,
+      Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+      Hearths and Homes of Old Lynn. By Nathan Mortimer Hawkes.
+
+      Henry, Patrick, Life of. By William Wirt. New York, 1834.
+
+      Historic Buildings of America. By Esther Singleton. Dodd,
+      Mead & Company, New York.
+
+      Historic Churches of America. By Nellie Urner Wallington.
+      Duffield & Company, New York.
+
+      Historic Churches of America. H. L. Everett, Philadelphia.
+
+      Historic Homes of New England. By Mary H. Northend. Little,
+      Brown & Company, Boston.
+
+      Historic Houses of New Jersey. By W. Jay Mills. Duffield &
+      Company, New York.
+
+      Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia. By T. A.
+      Westcott. Walter H. Barr, Philadelphia.
+
+      Historic Virginia Homes and Churches. By Robert A. Lancaster,
+      Jr. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      History of Kentucky. By Collins. Covington, 1878.
+
+      History of the National Capital. By W. B. Bryan. Macmillan &
+      Company, New York.
+
+      Homes of American Statesmen. George P. Putnam's Sons, New
+      York.
+
+      Jefferson, Thomas, Domestic Life of. By Sarah N. Randolph.
+      Harper & Brothers, New York.
+
+      Jefferson at Monticello. By Hamilton W. Pierson, D. D.
+      Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
+
+      Lincoln, Abraham, by Ida M. Tarbell. Doubleday, Page &
+      Company, New York.
+
+      Lincoln, Abraham, Life of. By J. G. Holland. Springfield,
+      Mass., 1866.
+
+      Lowell, James Russell, and His Friends. By Edward Everett
+      Hale. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+      Madison, Dolly. By Maud Welch Goodwin. Charles Scribner's
+      Sons, New York.
+
+      Madison, Dolly, Memoirs and Letters of. Edited by her
+      Grandniece. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+      Mason, George, Life of. By Kate Mason Rowland. George P.
+      Putnam's Sons, New York.
+
+      New Orleans, the Place and the People. By Grace King. J. B.
+      Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Octagon, The. By Glenn Brown, American Institute of
+      Architects, Washington.
+
+      Old Boston Days and Ways. By Mary Caroline Crawford. Little,
+      Brown & Company, Boston.
+
+      Old Churches and Families of Virginia. By Bishop Meade. J. B.
+      Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Old Frontier of France, An. By Frank H. Severance. Dodd, Mead
+      & Company, New York.
+
+      Old Roads from the Heart of New York. By Sarah Comstock.
+      George P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
+
+      Old Roads out of Philadelphia. By John T. Faris. J. B.
+      Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Old Trails on the Niagara Frontier. By Frank H. Severance.
+      Buffalo, New York.
+
+      Penn, William, The True. By Sidney George Fisher. J. B.
+      Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Presidents, Lives of the. By W. O. Stoddard. F. A. Stokes
+      Company, New York.
+
+      Princeton. By Varnum Lansing Collins. Oxford University
+      Press, New York.
+
+      Rambles about Portsmouth. By Charles W. Brewster. Portsmouth,
+      1873.
+
+      Read, George, of Delaware, Life and Correspondence of. By
+      William Thompson Read. J. B. Lippincott Company,
+      Philadelphia.
+
+      Revere, Colonel Paul, Life of. By Elbridge H. Goss. J. G.
+      Cupples, Boston.
+
+      Romantic Days in Old Boston. By Mary Caroline Crawford.
+      Little, Brown & Company, Boston.
+
+      Schuyler, Catherine. By Mary Gay Humphreys. Charles
+      Scribner's Sons, New York.
+
+      Story of the Bronx. By Stephen Jenkins. George P. Putnam's
+      Sons, New York.
+
+      Tayloe, Benjamin Ogle, a Biography. By Priestley Prentis.
+      Washington, 1872.
+
+      Thames, Battle of, The. By Colonel Bennett H. Young. Filson
+      Club Publications, Louisville, Kentucky.
+
+      Tylers, Letters and Times of the. By Lyman G. Tyler. Whittet
+      & Shepperson, Richmond.
+
+      Washington after the Revolution. By William Spohn Baker. J.
+      B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Washington, the Capitol City. By Rufus Rockwell Wilson. J. B.
+      Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+      Washington, Mary, Story of. By Marian Harland. Houghton,
+      Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+      West Virginia Historical Magazine, January, 1903.
+
+      Whittier, John Greenleaf. By Thomas Wentworth Higginson.
+      Macmillan & Company, New York.
+
+      Where American Independence Began. By Daniel Munro Wilson.
+      Houghton, Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+      Williamsburg, the Old Colonial Capital. By Lyman Gordon
+      Tyler. Whittet & Shepperson, Richmond.
+
+      Worthy Women of the Last Century. By Mrs. O. J. Wister and
+      Miss Agnes Irwin. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+     Abraham Lincoln House, Springfield, Illinois, 369
+
+     Acrostic, 23
+
+     Adams House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 44
+
+     Adams, Abigail, 20, 48, 230
+
+     Adams, John, 20, 24, 25, 44, 45, 47, 52, 150, 160, 226, 230, 305,
+       329
+
+     Adams, John Quincy, 45, 47, 48, 232
+
+     Adams, Samuel, 20, 26, 27
+
+     Alamo, the, San Antonio, Texas, 347
+
+     Alamo, battle of the, 348
+
+     Alcott, Bronson, 64
+
+     American Revolution, Daughters of the, 125, 377, 381
+
+     _American Standard_, Richmond, Virginia, 295
+
+     Amesbury, Massachusetts, 56
+
+     Amstel House, New Castle, Delaware, 205
+
+     Andros, Governor, 19, 34, 35
+
+     Annapolis, Maryland, 226
+
+     Arlington, Virginia, 246
+
+     Asbury, Bishop Francis, 244
+
+     Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky, 355
+
+     Aubrey, William, 148
+
+     Audubon, John James, 187
+
+
+     Bakewell, Mary, 190
+
+     Bell, Mary, mother of George Washington, 251
+
+     Bells of St. Philip's, romance of the, 334
+
+     Bennet-Boardman House, Saugus, Massachusetts, 69
+
+     Bennet, Samuel, 70
+
+     Berrian, John, 137
+
+     Biglow Papers, 38
+
+     Bill of Rights, Virginia's, 284
+
+     "Birds of America," Audubon's preparation for, 190
+
+     Blair, Rev. James, 289, 291
+
+     Boardman, Abijah, 71
+
+     Boone, Daniel, 360
+
+     Boonesborough, Kentucky, 360
+
+     Boston, Brattle Street meeting, 29
+       fire of 1761, 30
+       _Gazette_, 30
+       Massacre, 19, 31
+       _News Letter_, 28
+       North Church, 27
+       North Square, 28
+       Old South Church, 31
+       Port Bill, 25, 73, 271
+       Tea Party, 24, 31, 34, 37, 68, 73
+
+     Boudinot, Elias, 43, 120
+
+     Braddock, General, 115, 253
+
+     Braintree, Massachusetts, 46
+
+     Brandon, Virginia, 281
+
+     Breck, Samuel, 183
+
+     Brewton, Miles, 336
+
+     Brick Capitol, the, 228
+
+     British at Monticello, 324
+
+     Broadhearth, Saugus, Massachusetts, 69
+
+     Broadstreet, Simon, 69
+
+     Brown, Richard, 82
+
+     Brown University, 83
+
+     Bruton Parish, Virginia, 288
+
+     Budden, Captain, 165
+
+     Bunker Hill, 26, 68
+
+     Burgoyne, General, 34, 179, 391
+
+     Burlington, New Jersey, 226
+
+     Burr, Aaron, 90, 131, 394
+
+     Byrd, Evelyn, 279
+
+
+     Cabildo, New Orleans, Louisiana, 343
+
+     Cabot, Arthur, 37
+
+     Caldwell, New Jersey, church at, 119
+
+     Caldwell, Rev. James, 119
+
+     Cambridge, Massachusetts, 36, 73
+
+     Campfield House, Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+
+     Canonicus, 81
+
+     Capitol at Washington, 225
+
+     Carleton, Sir Guy, 108, 110
+
+     Carpenters' Company of the City and County of Philadelphia, 149
+
+     Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia,  149
+
+     Carroll, Charles, 216
+
+     Carter, Elizabeth Hill, 279
+
+     Carter, Landon, 278
+
+     Carter's Grove, Virginia, 280
+
+     Cartwright, Peter, 352
+
+     Castle at Fort Niagara, New York, 386
+
+     Chaplains: James Caldwell, 139
+               George Duffield, 160
+
+     Charles River, 27
+
+     Charleston, Massachusetts, 27
+
+     Chastellux, Marquis de, 107, 279, 324
+
+     Chew, Benjamin, Jr., 159
+
+     Chew, Joseph, 93
+
+     Chew, Samuel, 156
+
+     Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia, 249
+
+     Christ Church, Philadelphia, 153, 199
+
+     Christmas, the first, at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 197
+
+     Church furnishings, primitive, 95, 121
+
+     Churches: Old North, Boston, 27, 32;
+       Old South, Boston, 20, 24, 32;
+       King's Chapel, Boston, 32;
+       West, Boston, 37
+       Old South, Newburyport, Massachusetts, 75
+       First Baptist, Providence, Rhode Island, 80
+       St. Paul's Chapel, New York, 95
+       St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London, 95
+       Trinity Church, New York, 96
+       Caldwell, New Jersey, 119
+       Old Tennent, Freehold, New Jersey, 122
+       Springfield Meeting House, New Jersey, 138
+       St. Peter's, Philadelphia, 153
+       Christ Church Philadelphia, 153
+       Old Pine Street, Philadelphia, 159
+       Norriton Presbyterian, 172
+       Moravian at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 196
+       Emmanuel, New Castle, Delaware, 204
+       Presbyterian, New Castle, Delaware, 205
+       Rehoboth, Delaware, 211
+       Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia, 277, 294
+       Pohick, Virginia, 249, 311
+       St. John's, Richmond, 264
+       Bruton Parish, Virginia, 288
+       Monumental, Richmond, Virginia, 277, 294
+       Pohick Church, Virginia, 311
+       St. Luke's, Smithfield, Virginia, 318
+       St. Peter's, New Kent County, Virginia, 318
+       St. Michael's, Charleston, S. C., 333
+       Huguenot, Charleston, South Carolina, 333
+       St. Philip's, Charleston, South Carolina, 333, 340
+       Independent, Savannah, Georgia, 340
+       Old Stone Church, Elm Grove, West Virginia, 386
+
+     Clark, George Rogers, 360
+
+     Clay, Henry, 308, 355, 383
+
+     _Clermont_, the, 234
+
+     Cleveland, Stephen Grover, 122
+
+     Clinton, General George, 107
+
+     Clinton, Sir Henry, 337
+
+     Cliveden, Germantown, Philadelphia, 156
+
+     Clock on Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 166
+
+     Coddington, William, 49
+
+     College of New Jersey, 130, 297
+
+     College Customs at Nassau Hall, 130
+
+     Collins, Varnum Lansing, 130
+
+     Colonial Dames of Massachusetts, 53
+
+     Concord, Massachusetts, 26, 27
+
+     Congress at Princeton, New Jersey, 133
+
+     Constitutional Convention of 1787, 168
+
+     Continental Congress, 83, 93, 150
+
+     Conway Cabal, 182
+
+     Cordale, Thomas, 213
+
+     Cornwallis, Lord, 134, 293
+
+     Council of Safety, Philadelphia, 172, 193
+
+     Courtship of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, 128
+
+     Crab Orchard, Kentucky, 360
+
+     Craigie, Andrew, 41
+
+     Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 40, 403
+
+     Crockett, David, 350
+
+     Crown Point, 23
+
+     Cumberland Road, 384
+
+     Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 245
+
+     Curtis, George William, 64
+
+     Custis, George Washington Parke, 246, 255
+
+     Custis, Nelly, 219
+
+
+     _Daily Advertiser_, New York, 87
+
+     _Daily American Advertiser_, Philadelphia, 196
+
+     _Dartmouth_, ship, 24
+
+     Daughters of the American Revolution, 90, 377, 381
+
+     Daughters of the War of 1812, 390
+
+     Decatur, Stephen, 154
+
+     Declaration of Independence, 37, 48, 132, 167, 216, 325
+
+     Dent, Fred, 362
+
+     Desecration of Carpenters' Hall, 152
+
+     Desecration of the Capitol, 229
+
+     Dexter, Thomas, 69
+
+     Diaries:
+       of John Tudor, 19
+       of Albigence Waldo, 182
+       of George Washington, 21, 89, 218, 313
+       of John Adams, 45
+       of Robert Breck, 184
+       of Tench Tilghman, 392
+
+     Dix, Dr. Morgan, 96
+
+     Dorchester Heights, Massachusetts, 68
+
+     Doughoregan Manor, Maryland, 216
+
+     Dowry of pine-tree shillings, 50
+
+     Duche, Rev. Jacob, 150, 154
+
+     Duffield, Rev. George, 160
+
+     Dunlap, William, 137
+
+     Du Ponceau, Peter S., 176
+
+     Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts, 56
+
+     Duston, Hannah, 56
+
+     Duston, Thomas, 56
+
+
+     East India Company, 31
+
+     Eden, Governor Robert, 221
+
+     Edwards, Jonathan, 75
+
+     Elizabeth Town, New Jersey, 120, 139
+
+     Elmwood, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 36
+
+     Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 33
+
+     Emlen House, Pennsylvania, 178
+
+     Emmanuel Church, Newcastle, Delaware, 204
+
+     Everett, Edward, 41
+
+     Expenses in raising the Tower of the State House, Philadelphia,
+       164
+
+
+     Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, 148
+
+     Faneuil, Andrew, 28
+
+     Faneuil, Peter, 28, 35
+
+     Faneuil Hall, Boston, 20, 28, 30, 31, 34
+
+     Fatlands, near Philadelphia, 187
+
+     Federal District, location of the, 226
+
+     Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts, 54
+
+     First Baptist Church, Providence, Rhode Island, 80
+
+     Fitch, John, 234
+
+     Flag, American, 89
+
+     Flag, first American in British waters, 78
+
+     Flint, Ruth, 54
+
+     Flynt, Tutor, 51
+
+     Ford Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+
+     Forks of the Delaware, 196
+
+     Fort Washington, New York City, 89
+
+     Fort William and Mary, 26
+
+     Fox, George, 212
+
+     Franklin, Benjamin, 34, 52, 97, 115, 172, 235, 392, 399
+
+     Fraunces, Samuel, 98
+
+     Fraunces' Tavern, New York, 97
+
+     Freeman, Rev. James, 36
+
+     "From Greenland's Icy Mountains," 342
+
+
+     Gage, General, 37, 43
+
+     Gano, Rev. Stephen, 83
+
+     Garrison, William Lloyd, 22, 55
+
+     _Gazette_, Boston, 30
+
+     _Gazette_, Essex, 25
+
+     _Gazette_, New York, 95, 99
+
+     _Gazette of the United States_, 256
+
+     _Gazette_, Portland, Maine, 402
+
+     _Gazette_, Williamsburg, Virginia, 262
+
+     Germantown, battle of, 157, 180
+
+     Germantown, Pennsylvania, 226
+
+     Gerry, Elbridge, 37, 73
+
+     Girard College, Philadelphia, 229
+
+     Glover, Colonel, 42
+
+     Grant, Ulysses S., 362
+
+     Green, General, 42
+
+     Greenway, Virginia, 257
+
+     _Griffon_, building of the, 387
+
+     Gunston Hall, Virginia, 281
+
+
+     Hale, Edward Everett, 37
+
+     Hallet, Stephen L., 226
+
+     Hamilton, Alexander, 100, 127, 393
+
+     Hamilton, Allan MacLane, 101
+
+     Hancock, John, 20, 24, 26, 27, 34, 45, 52, 53
+
+     Hanover Court House, Virginia, 262
+
+     "Hardscrabble," St. Louis, Missouri, 363
+
+     Harlem Heights, battle of, 88
+
+     Harmar, Fort, 379
+
+     Harrison, Benjamin, 263, 281
+
+     Harrison Mansion, the, Vincennes, Indiana, 374
+
+     Harrison, William Henry, 360, 374
+
+     Harte, Bret, 140
+
+     Harvard College, 38
+
+     Hasbrouck, Jonathan, 107
+
+     Haverhill Historical Society, 60
+
+     Haverhill, Massachusetts, 56
+
+     Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 40, 61
+
+     Hay, Henry Hanby, 205
+
+     Headquarters: Washington's at Roger Morris House, New York, 88
+       Washington's at Richmond Hill, New York, 99
+       Washington's at Van Cortlandt House, New York, 105
+       Washington's at Newburgh, New York, 107.
+       Washington's at Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+       Washington's at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, 134
+       Washington's at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, 137
+       Washington's at Valley Forge, 174
+       Washington's at Pennypacker's Mills, Dawesfield, and Emlen
+         House, 178
+
+     Heijt, Hans Joest, 178
+
+     Henricopolis, Virginia, 266
+
+     Henry, Patrick, 264, 266, 268, 271, 283, 285, 290, 305, 309, 314
+
+     Henry, William, 179
+
+     _Herald_, the San Antonio, Texas, 348
+
+     Hermitage, The, Nashville, Tennessee, 351
+
+     Hoban, James, architect of White House, 227, 230
+
+     Hodgson, Adam, 219.
+
+     Hollyman, Ezekiel, 81
+
+     Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 52, 53
+
+     Honor System, the, in William and Mary College, 294
+
+     Hospitality: at Montpelier, Virginia, 299
+       at Oak Hill, Virginia, 303
+       at Red Hill, Virginia, 306
+       at Mount Airy, Virginia, 315
+       at Monticello, 325
+       at The Hermitage, 353
+       at Ashland, Kentucky, 357
+       at the Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, 394
+
+     Hough, Atherton, 50
+
+     House of Seven Gables, 41
+
+     Houses: Paul Revere's, Boston, Massachusetts, 23
+       Elmwood, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 36
+       Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 40, 403
+       Adams House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 44
+       Quincy Mansion, Quincy, Massachusetts, 49
+       Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts, 54
+       Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts, 56
+       The Old Manse, Concord, Massachusetts, 61
+       The Wayside, Concord, Massachusetts, 61
+       Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts, 66
+       Bennet-Boardman, Saugus, Massachusetts, 69
+       Broadhearth, Saugus, Massachusetts, 69
+       Jeremiah Lee House, Marblehead, Massachusetts, 72
+       Morris-Jumel House, New York City, 87
+       Philipse Manor, Yonkers, New York, 91, 105
+       The Grange, New York City, 100
+       Van Cortlandt, New York City, 105
+       Hasbrouck, Newburgh, New York, 106
+       Franklin Palace, Perth Amboy, New Jersey, 115
+       Ford Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+       Campfield, Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+       Morven, the Mercer House and Washington's Headquarters at Rocky
+         Hill, New Jersey, 134
+       Letitia Penn, Philadelphia, 145
+       Pennsbury Manor, Pennsylvania, 147
+       Cliveden, Germantown, Pennsylvania, 156
+       David Rittenhouse, Philadelphia, 170
+       Isaac Potts, at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 175
+       Pennypacker's Mills, Pennsylvania, 178
+       Dawesfield, Pennsylvania, 178
+       Sweetbrier, Philadelphia, 183
+       Mill Grove, Pennsylvania, 187
+       Fatlands, Pennsylvania, 187
+       Waynesborough, Paoli, Pennsylvania, 192
+       Amstel, New Castle, Delaware, 205
+       George Read's, New Castle, Delaware, 207
+       Ridgely, Dover, Delaware, 208
+       Doughoregan Manor, Maryland, 216
+       Upton Scott, Annapolis, Maryland, 220
+       White House, Washington, 230, 236
+       Octagon, Washington, 231, 234, 236, 317
+       Mt. Airy, Virginia, 234, 314
+       Mt. Vernon, Virginia, 241
+       Arlington, Virginia, 246
+       Mary Washington's, Fredericksburg, Virginia, 251
+       Pine Grove, Virginia, 253
+       Kenmore, Virginia, 253
+       Greenway, Virginia, 257
+       Sherwood Forest, Virginia, 257
+       Nelson, Yorktown, Virginia, 270
+       Moore House, Yorktown, Virginia, 270
+       John Marshall's, Richmond, Virginia, 274
+       Sabine Hall, Virginia, 278
+       Westover, Virginia, 278
+       Shirley, Virginia, 280
+       Carter's Grove, Virginia, 280
+       Brandon, Virginia, 281
+       Gunston Hall, Virginia, 281
+       Montpelier, Virginia, 296
+       Shadwell, Virginia, 297, 322
+       Oak Hill, Virginia, 301
+       Red Hill, Virginia, 305
+       Monticello, Virginia, 322
+       Rebecca Motte's, Charleston, South Carolina, 336
+       Pringle House, Charleston, 336
+       Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee, 351
+       Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky, 355
+       Whitley's Station, Kentucky, 359
+       White Haven, St. Louis, Missouri, 362
+       "Hardscrabble," St. Louis, Missouri, 363
+       Abraham Lincoln's, Springfield, Illinois, 369
+       Harrison Mansion, Vincennes, Indiana, 374
+       Rufus Putnam's House, Marietta, Ohio, 377
+       Monument Place, Elm Grove, West Virginia, 381
+       Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, 391
+       Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 395
+       Warner House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 399
+       Longfellow House, Portland, Maine, 400
+
+     Houston, Sam, 347
+
+     Hovey, Dr. H. C., 77
+
+     Howe, Lord, 95, 192
+
+     Huguenot Church, Charleston, South Carolina, 335
+
+     Hull, Hannah, 50
+
+     Hutchinson, Ann, 50
+
+
+     Independence Bell, 169, 199
+
+     Independence, The Declaration of, 20
+
+     Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 151, 162
+
+     Independent Church, Savannah, Georgia, 340
+
+     Indians, attacked by the, 58, 361, 382
+
+     Institute of American Architects, 238
+
+
+     Jackson, Andrew, 233, 347, 351
+
+     James River Canal Company, 285
+
+     Jamestown, Virginia, 288
+
+     Jay, John, 98
+
+     Jefferson, Thomas, 170, 173, 260, 272, 294, 297, 299, 301, 322,
+       326
+
+     Jeremiah Lee House, Marblehead, Massachusetts, 72
+
+     John Marshall's House, Richmond, Virginia, 274
+
+     Johns, Kensey, 206
+
+     Johnson, Nicholas, 78
+
+     _Journal and General Advertiser_, New York, 95
+
+     _Journal_, Springfield, Illinois, 372
+
+     Jumel-Burr, Madam, 90
+
+     Jumel, Stephen, 90
+
+
+     Kasimir, Fort, Delaware, 203
+
+     Kenmore, Virginia, 253
+
+     Kent, Chancellor, 103
+
+     _Kentucke Gazette_, 355
+
+     Key, Francis Scott, 222
+
+     Kidd, Captain, 92
+
+     King, Washington asked to become, 108
+
+     King's Chapel, Boston, 32
+
+     Kingston, New York, 226
+
+     Knyphausen, General, 138, 194
+
+
+     Lafayette, Marquis de, 107, 193, 199, 256, 296, 299, 304, 346,
+       353, 381
+
+     Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, 227
+
+     Leader, Richard, 69
+
+     Lee, Jeremiah, 72
+
+     Lee, Richard Henry, 124, 244
+
+     Lee, Robert E., 246, 280, 287
+
+     "Lehigh, House on the," 197
+
+     Letitia Penn House, Philadelphia, 145
+
+     Lexington, battle of, 78, 166
+
+     Lexington, Massachusetts, 26, 27, 73
+
+     _Liberator, The_, 22
+
+     Liberty Bell, 169, 199
+
+     Lidgett, Mrs. Elizabeth, 67
+
+     _Lightning_, ship, 333
+
+     Lincoln, Abraham, 230, 233, 369, 371, 372
+
+     _Little Pilgrim, The_ newspaper, 54
+
+     Livingston, Robert R., 98
+
+     Logan, James, 148
+
+     Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 40, 396, 400
+
+     Longfellow, Mrs. Henry Wadsworth, 41
+
+     Lossing, Benson J., 152
+
+     Lottery for church building purposes, 159
+
+     Louisiana, 191
+
+     Louisiana Purchase, 294
+
+     Louisiana transferred to the United States, 344
+
+     Lowell, General Charles Russell, 38
+
+     Lowell, James Jackson, 38
+
+     Lowell, James Russell, 36, 37
+
+     Lowell, Maria, 38
+
+     Lowell, Rev. Charles, 37
+
+     Lowly office after the Presidency, 261
+
+     Loyalists' houses confiscated, 89
+
+     Lunt, Ezra, 78
+
+
+     Maddox, Rev. Robert, 212
+
+     Madison, James, 37, 223, 236, 296
+
+     Makemie, Frances, 212
+
+     Mantonomi, 81
+
+     Marblehead, Massachusetts, 72
+
+     Marietta, Ohio, 377
+
+     Marion, General, 337
+
+     Marriages: Mary Philipse and Roger Morris, 93
+       Rev. William Tennent and Mrs. Noble, 123
+       Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, 129
+       William Penn and Guli Springett, 145
+       William Penn and Hannah Callowhill, 147
+       William Aubrey and Letitia Penn, 148
+       John James Audubon and Mary Bakewell, 190
+       Kensey Johns and Anne Van Dyke, 206
+       Charles J. Du Pont and Dorcas M. Van Dyke, 208
+       Upton Scott and Elizabeth Ross, 221
+       Robert E. Lee and Miss Custis, 247
+       Augustine Washington and Mary Ball, 252
+       John Rolfe and Pocahontas, 266
+       John Tyler and Letitia Christian, 260
+       Thomas Nelson and Lucy Grymes, 270
+       James Madison and Dorothy Todd, 298
+       James Madison and Eliza Kortwright, 301
+       George Washington and Martha Custis, 321
+       Thomas Jefferson and Martha Skelton, 322
+       Jacob Motte and Rebecca Brewton, 336
+       Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Axson, 343
+       Henry Clay and Lavinia Hart, 355
+       Ulysses S. Grant and Julia Dent, 362
+       Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd, 370
+       Moses Shepherd and Lydia Boggs, 383
+       Philip Schuyler and Catherine Van Rensselaer, 393
+       Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, 393
+       Governor Wentworth and Martha Hilton, 397
+       Michael Wentworth and Mrs. Martha Wentworth, 399
+
+     Marshall, Chief Justice, 169, 274, 294
+
+     Martineau, Harriet, 299, 356
+
+     _Mary_, ship, 245
+
+     Mary Washington House, Fredericksburg, Virginia, 251
+
+     Mason and Dixon line, 171
+
+     Mason, George, 281, 312
+
+     Mason, Lowell, 342
+
+     Massachusetts Bay Colony, 28
+
+     Massacre, Boston, 19, 31
+
+     Massasoit, 80
+
+     Mather, Cotton, 58
+
+     Mather, Increase, 32
+
+     _Mayflower_, Putnam's barge on the Ohio, 379
+
+     McColloch's leap, 382
+
+     McKinley, William, 346
+
+     Meade, Bishop, 276, 319
+
+     Medford, Massachusetts, 27, 66
+
+     Mercer, General, 135
+
+     Mercer House, Princeton, New Jersey, 134
+
+     _Mercury_, New York, 87
+
+     Mill Grove, near Philadelphia, 187
+
+     Monmouth, battle of, 123
+
+     Monroe, James, 232, 294, 301, 342
+
+     Montgomery, General, 97
+
+     Monticello, Virginia, 322
+
+     Montpelier, Virginia, 296
+
+     Monument Place, Elm Grove, West Virginia, 381
+
+     Monumental Church, Richmond, Virginia, 277, 294
+
+     Moore House, Yorktown, Virginia, 270, 274
+
+     Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 196
+
+     Morris, Gouverneur, 98, 103
+
+     Morris-Jumel House, New York City, 87, 94
+
+     Morris, Robert, 184
+
+     Morris, Roger, 87, 93
+
+     Morven, Princeton, New Jersey, 134
+
+     "Mosses from an Old Manse," 63
+
+     Mount Airy, Virginia, 234, 314
+
+     Mount Vernon, Virginia, 109, 241
+
+     Munitions, Revolutionary, 173
+
+
+     Nantes, Edict of, 28
+
+     Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jersey, 130
+
+     _National Intelligencer_, Washington, 236
+
+     National Pike, 384
+
+     Nelson House, Yorktown, Virginia, 270
+
+     Nelson, Thomas, 270
+
+     Newark, New Jersey, 130
+
+     Newburyport, Massachusetts, 55, 75
+
+     New Castle, Delaware, 145, 203
+
+     New England Antiquities, Society for the Preservation of, 71
+
+     New Orleans, battle of, 346
+
+     Newspapers: _Liberator_, 22
+       Essex _Gazette_, 25
+       Boston _News Letter_, 28
+       Boston _Gazette_, 30
+       _Little Pilgrim, The_, 54
+       New York _Mercury_, 87
+       New York _Daily Advertiser_, 87
+       New York _Gazette_, 95, 99
+       New York _Journal and General Advertiser_, 95
+       Philadelphia _Pennsylvania Packet_, 97
+       _Pennsylvania Evening Post_, 155, 173
+       _Pennsylvania Gazette_, 164
+       _Daily American Advertiser_, Philadelphia, 196
+       _National Intelligencer_, Washington, 227, 236
+       _Gazette of the United States_, 256
+       Williamsburg _Gazette_, 262
+       _American Standard_, Richmond, Virginia, 295
+       San Antonio _Herald_, 348
+       _Kentucke Gazette_, 355
+       Springfield _Journal_, 372
+       Portland _Gazette_, 402
+
+     Nicola, Lewis, tries to tempt Washington, 108
+
+     Norriton, Pennsylvania, 170
+
+     Norriton Presbyterian Church, 172
+
+     North Church, Boston, 27
+
+     Northwestern Territory, 274
+
+     Nova Scotia, Franklin's land speculation in, 117
+
+     Noyes, Alfred, 136
+
+
+     Oak Hill, Virginia, 301
+
+     Octagon House, Washington, 231, 234, 236, 317
+
+     Oglethorpe, General James E., 341
+
+     Ohio Company, the, 378
+
+     Ohio River, floating down the, 190
+
+     Old Manse, the, Concord, Massachusetts, 61
+
+     Old Pine Street Church, Philadelphia, 159
+
+     Old North Church, Boston, 32
+
+     Old South Church, 20, 24, 31, 32
+
+     Old South Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts, 75
+
+     Old State House, Boston, 19
+
+     Old Tennent Church, Freehold, New Jersey, 122
+
+     Oliver, Thomas, 36
+
+     Ordway, Alfred A., 56
+
+     O'Reilly, Count Alejandro, 343
+
+     Orin, Azor, 73
+
+     "Oven, The," temporary Capitol, 227
+
+
+     Paoli Massacre, 181, 194
+
+     Parsons, Dr. Jonathan, 78
+
+     Patriot who destroyed their own houses: Thomas Nelson, 271;
+       Rebecca Motte, 339
+
+     Pauling, John, 178
+
+     Paul Revere's House, Boston, Massachusetts, 23
+
+     Peabody, Sophia, 62
+
+     Peace, signing of, in 1783, 110
+
+     Peale, Charles Wilson, 133, 154
+
+     Penn, Letitia, 146
+
+     Penn, Thomas and Richard, 153
+
+     Penn, William, 145, 162, 204
+
+     Pennsbury Manor, Pennsylvania, 147
+
+     _Pennsylvania Evening Post_, 155, 173
+
+     _Pennsylvania Gazette_, 164
+
+     _Pennsylvania Packet_, Philadelphia, 97
+
+     Pennypacker, Samuel W., 171
+
+     Penobscot expedition, 28
+
+     Persecution, religious, in New York, 213
+
+     Phi Beta Kappa Society, 294
+
+     Philadelphia, evacuation of, 177
+
+     Philadelphia, Paul Revere rides to, 25
+
+     Philipsburgh, Manor of, 92
+
+     Philipse, Colonel Frederick, 92
+
+     Philipse, Frederick, 91
+
+     Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, New York, 91
+
+     Philipse, Mary, 93
+
+     Pine Grove, Virginia, 253
+
+     Pine-tree shillings, dowry of, 50
+
+     Plum pudding, the best dinner, 260
+
+     Plymouth, New Hampshire, 66
+
+     Pohick Church, Virginia, 249, 311
+
+     Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 26, 395
+
+     Potomac Canal, 218, 285
+
+     Prayer at opening of First Continental Congress, 151
+
+     Prayer for the King, omitted, 154
+
+     President's pew: in St. Paul's Chapel, New York, 96
+       in St. Peter's, Philadelphia, 154
+       in Pohick Church, Virginia, 312
+
+     Princeton, battle of, 133, 135
+
+     Princeton University, 130
+
+     Pringle House, Charleston, South Carolina, 336
+
+     Providence, Rhode Island, 82
+
+     Putnam, William Lowell, 38
+
+     "Put Watts into them, boys," 140
+
+
+     Quincy, Dorothy, 52
+
+     Quincy, Edmund, 49, 51
+
+     Quincy, Edmund, III, 51
+
+     Quincy, Josiah, 53
+
+     Quincy, Judith, 50
+
+     Quincy Mansion, Quincy, Massachusetts, 49
+
+     Quincy, Massachusetts, 44
+
+     Quincy, Massachusetts Historical Society, 47
+
+
+     Randolph, Edmund, 269, 294
+
+     Randolph, John, 228
+
+     Read, George, 205
+
+     Red Bank, New Jersey, victory at, 181
+
+     Redemptioners, purchase of, 186
+
+     Red Hill, Virginia, 305
+
+     Revere, Paul, 23, 33, 53, 77
+
+     Rhode Island, 83
+
+     Ridgely, Dr. Charles Greenburg, 209
+
+     Rittenhouse, David, 198
+
+     Rittenhouse House, Philadelphia, 170
+
+     Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Duc de la, 325
+
+     Rodney, Caesar, 208, 209
+
+     Roosevelt, Theodore, 233, 290
+
+     Ross, George, 204
+
+     Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts, 66
+
+     Royall, Isaac, 67
+
+     Royall, William, 67
+
+     Rufus Putnam's House, Marietta, Ohio, 377
+
+     Rush, Dr. Benjamin, 163, 171
+
+
+     St. John's Church, Richmond, Virginia, 264, 266
+
+     St. Luke's Church, Smithfield, Virginia, 318
+
+     St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London, 82
+
+     St. Michael's Church, Charleston, South Carolina, 333
+
+     St. Peter's Church, New Kent County, Virginia, 318
+
+     St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, 153
+
+     St. Philip's Church, Charleston, South Carolina, 335, 340
+
+     Salem, Massachusetts, 80
+
+     Savannah, Georgia, Siege of, 341
+
+     Schools, free, beginnings of, in Pennsylvania, 186
+
+     Schuyler, Catherine, 393
+
+     Schuyler, Elizabeth, 100, 127
+
+     Schuyler, General Philip, 100, 126
+
+     Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, 391
+
+     Scott House, Annapolis, Maryland, 220
+
+     Scott, Molly, 382
+
+     Scott, Upton, 220
+
+     Servants, problem of, in early days, 185
+
+     Severance, Frank H., 386
+
+     Sewell, Judge Samuel, 50, 74
+
+     Shadwell, Virginia, 297, 322
+
+     Sharpe, Horatio, 221
+
+     Shepherd, Moses, 381
+
+     Sherwood Forest, Virginia, 257, 261
+
+     Shippen, Dr. William, Jr., 162
+
+     Ships: _Dartmouth_, 24
+       _Somerset_, 27
+       _Welcome_, 145
+       _John and Sarah_, 146
+       _Surprise_, 223
+       _Mary_, 245
+       _Constitution_ and _Guerriere_, _Cyano_ and _Levant_, 317
+       _Lightning_, 333
+
+     Shirley, Virginia, 280
+
+     Signers of the Declaration of Independence: John Witherspoon, 132
+       Benjamin Rush, 162
+       George Ross, 204
+       George Read, 205
+       Charles Carroll of Carrollton, 216
+       Thomas Nelson, 270
+       George Wythe, 290
+       Richard Lightfoot Lee, 314
+
+     Skippack, Pennsylvania, 180
+
+     Smith, Abigail, 46
+
+     Smith, Rev. William, 46
+
+     "Snow-Bound," 55
+
+     Society for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, 277
+
+     _Somerset_, ship, 27
+
+     Sons of the Revolution, 99
+
+     Springett, Guli, 145
+
+     Springfield, battle of, 141
+
+     Springfield Meeting House, New Jersey, 138
+
+     Stamp Act, 30, 46, 218
+
+     Star-Spangled Banner, story of the, 222
+
+     Stark, General John, 68
+
+     Stark, Molly, 68
+
+     State House Clock, Philadelphia, 172
+
+     State House Yard, Philadelphia, 163
+
+     Steuben, Baron, 176
+
+     Stevens, Colonel William, 211
+
+     Stockton, Mrs. Richard, 134
+
+     Stone Church, Elm Grove, West Virginia, 386
+
+     Stony Point, New York, 195
+
+     Stuart, Gilbert, 218
+
+     Stuyvesant, Petrus, 204
+
+     Sullivan, General, 43
+
+     Susquehanna, Falls of the, 226
+
+     Sweetbrier, Philadelphia, 183
+
+     Swett, Martha, 74
+
+     Symmes, Rev. Frank R., 123
+
+
+     Taney, Chief Justice R. R., 222
+
+     Tayloe, John, 232, 234, 314
+
+     Tea meetings, 31
+
+     Tecumseh, Indian chief, 375
+
+     Tennent, Rev. John, 123
+       Rev. William, 123
+
+     Texas, Republic of, 350
+
+     Thames, battle of the, 360
+
+     Theatre fire in Richmond, Virginia, 294
+
+     Thomson, George, 208
+
+     Thornton, Dr. William, 226, 234
+
+     Ticonderoga, 193
+
+     Tilghman, Tench, 127, 392
+
+     Tillinghast, Pardon, 81
+
+     Treaty of 1783, 133
+
+     Trenton, battle of, 135
+
+     Tudor, John, 19
+
+     Tyler, Henry, 290
+
+     Tyler, Judge John, 257, 258, 294
+
+
+     United States archives, removed to new Capitol at Washington, 227
+
+     University of Virginia, the, 326
+
+
+     Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 174, 182, 189, 195, 218
+
+     Vanarsdal, Rev. Jacob, 141
+
+     Van Buren, Martin, 232
+
+     Van Cortlandt, Jacobus, 105
+
+     Van Cortlandt Park, 104
+
+     Van der Donck, Jonkheer Adriaen, 91, 105
+
+     Van Dyke, Henry, 215
+
+     Van Dyke, Nicholas, 205
+
+     Vane, Sir Harry, 50
+
+     Vassall, John, 41
+
+     Vassall, Leonard, 48
+
+     Venus, transit of, 171
+
+     Vincennes, Indiana, 374
+
+
+     Waldo, Albigence, 182
+
+     Walker, Rachel, 23
+
+     Wallace Nutting Corporation, 70
+
+     Walter, Thomas U., 229
+
+     Ward, Samuel, 42
+
+     Warner House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 399
+
+     Warren, General, 26
+
+     Washington and Lee University, 248
+
+     Washington, burning of, in 1814, 184, 228, 231, 235, 317
+
+     Washington College, Lexington, Virginia, 285
+
+     Washington, George, 21, 31, 40, 72, 88, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 105,
+       108, 110, 124, 133, 137, 139, 157, 173, 174, 178, 189, 192, 194,
+       206, 218, 226, 234, 241, 246, 252, 256, 272, 281, 283, 285, 290,
+       294, 305, 308, 311, 315, 316, 321, 374, 377, 378
+
+     Washington, Laurence, 241, 253
+
+     Washington, Mrs. George, 42, 127, 177, 245
+
+     Wayne, Captain Isaac, 192
+
+     Wayne, General Anthony, 107, 157, 192
+
+     Waynesborough, near Philadelphia, 192
+
+     Wayside, The, Concord, Massachusetts, 61
+
+     Weare, Meschech, 108
+
+     Webster, Daniel, 384
+
+     Weems, Parson, 313
+
+     Wentworth, Governor Benning, 395
+
+     Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 395
+
+     West Church, Boston, 37
+
+     Westover, Virginia, 278
+
+     West Point Military Academy, 100, 106, 362
+
+     Wheelwright, Rev. John, 50
+
+     Whitefield, Rev. George, 75
+
+     White Haven, St. Louis, Missouri, 362
+
+     White House, Washington, 230, 236
+
+     Whitemarsh, Pennsylvania, 181
+
+     Whitley's Station, Kentucky, 359
+
+     Whittier, John G., 54, 79
+
+     Whittier, Thomas, 54
+
+     Wilkinson, General, 158
+
+     William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia, 259, 289, 291
+
+     Williamsburg Court House, Virginia, 262
+
+     Williamsburg, Virginia, 289
+
+     Williams, Roger, 80
+
+     Wilson, Daniel Munro, 44, 47
+
+     Winthrop, Governor, 34, 66
+
+     Wirt, William, describes Patrick Henry's first public speech, 264
+
+     Witherspoon, John, 132
+
+     Wolfe, Colonel James, 220
+
+     Women's Centennial Executive Committee, 339
+
+     Wren, James, 249
+
+     Wren, Sir Christopher, 82, 292
+
+     Wythe, George, 290
+
+
+     Yonkers, New York, 88, 91
+
+     York, Pennsylvania, 174
+
+     Yorktown, Siege of, 271, 279
+
+
+     Zinzendorf, Count, 197
+
+
+
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+  Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have
+  been preserved.  Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+
+  Page 107:  "1872" possibly should be 1782.
+  Page 309:  "Hampdon Sidney" possibly should be "Hampden Sydney."
+
+  Various references to Newcastle or New Castle, Delaware have been
+  left as printed.
+
+  All illustrations except the frontispiece have been moved to their
+  references in the text.
+
+  Unmatched quotation marks were left as printed.
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA***
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