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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Historic Shrines of America, by John T. (John
+Thomson) Faris
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Historic Shrines of America
+ Being the Story of One Hundred and Twenty Historic Buildings and the Pioneers Who Made Them Notable
+
+
+Author: John T. (John Thomson) Faris
+
+
+
+Release Date: March 6, 2012 [eBook #39068]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made
+available by Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+ file which includes the original illustrations.
+ See 39068-h.htm or 39068-h.zip:
+ (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39068/39068-h/39068-h.htm)
+ or
+ (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39068/39068-h.zip)
+
+
+ Images of the original pages are available through
+ Internet Archive. See
+ http://www.archive.org/details/historicshrines00faririch
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+ Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA
+
+by
+
+JOHN T. FARIS
+
+
+ [Illustration: INDEPENDENCE HALL, REAR VIEW, PHILADELPHIA
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_]
+
+
+
+
+HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA
+
+Being the Story of One Hundred and Twenty Historic Buildings
+and the Pioneers Who Made Them Notable
+
+by
+
+JOHN T. FARIS
+
+Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and Fellow of the
+American Geographical Society
+Author of "Real Stories from Our History," "Old Roads
+Out of Philadelphia," etc.
+
+Illustrated
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New York
+George H. Doran Company
+
+Copyright, 1918,
+By George H. Doran Company
+
+Printed in the United States of America
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+Circular tours have long been popular in England. There was a time--as
+there will be a time again--when American visitors felt that to make
+the rounds of the cathedral towns or the historic castles or the homes
+and haunts of great men and women, was a necessary part of seeing the
+tight little island.
+
+"What a pity it is that we in America have no such wealth of historic
+places," one returning tourist was heard to remark. "Oh, of course,
+there are a few spots like Independence Hall and Concord and
+Lexington," he went on, "but there are not enough of them to make it
+worth while to plan a tour such as those in which we have taken
+delight in England."
+
+It was easy to point out to the traveler his mistake; most Americans
+know that the country is rich in places of historic interest. Just how
+rich it is they may not realize until they make a serious study of the
+landmarks of their own land, as does the European tourist of the
+centers noted in his guidebook.
+
+In fact, there are in America so many houses, churches, and other
+buildings having a vital connection with our history that volumes
+would be required to tell of them all. Even a brief record of the
+buildings whose owners or occupants played a conspicuous part in the
+early history of the country would fill a large book.
+
+It is fascinating to learn of these houses and public buildings and to
+delve into the biographies which tell what happened to the people who
+lived in them. Fiction seems tame after connecting, for instance, the
+story of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler with the Ford
+Mansion and the Campfield House at Morristown, New Jersey, then with
+the Schuyler Mansion in Albany, New York, and The Grange in New York
+City. The heart of the patriot burns with new love for his country as
+he reads of Faneuil Hall and the Old South Church and Carpenters'
+Hall. The story of the Revolution is clothed with living interest when
+Washington and his generals are followed to Valley Forge and Newburgh
+and Cambridge and Morristown and Princeton. Fresh appreciation of the
+sacrifice of the pioneers comes from going with them into the garrison
+houses of New England, along the Wilderness Road in Kentucky, to the
+settlements on the Ohio, or to the banks of the Wabash where more than
+one Indian treaty was made.
+
+Next comes the keen pleasure of visiting the houses and churches
+which, through the piecing together of these facts, have become like
+familiar friends. The vacation journey that includes a careful study
+of a few of these buildings becomes a fascinating course in
+patriotism.
+
+It is the purpose of the author of "Historic Shrines of America" to
+tell just enough about each of one hundred and twenty of these
+buildings of historic interest to create a hunger for more; to present
+pictures sufficiently attractive to make those who turn the pages of
+the book determine to visit the places described; to arrange the brief
+chapters in such sequence that it will be possible for the reader to
+plan for successive vacations a series of journeys through the centers
+where historic buildings may be found, and, in doing this, to pass by
+so many structures of interest that the reader and the tourist will
+have abundant opportunity to discover houses and churches of which he
+will say, "I wonder why this was not included."
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+ CHAPTER PAGE
+
+
+ ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS
+
+ I THE OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 19
+
+ II PAUL REVERE'S HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 23
+
+ III FANEUIL HALL, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 28
+
+ IV THREE HISTORIC CHURCHES OF BOSTON 32
+
+ V ELMWOOD, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 36
+
+ VI THE CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 40
+
+ VII THE ADAMS HOUSES, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS 44
+
+ VIII THE QUINCY MANSION, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS 49
+
+ IX FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS 54
+
+ X THE DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS 56
+
+ XI THE OLD MANSE AND THE WAYSIDE, CONCORD,
+ MASSACHUSETTS 61
+
+ XII THE ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS 66
+
+ XIII BROADHEARTH AND THE BENNET-BOARDMAN HOUSE,
+ SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS 69
+
+ XIV THE COLONEL JEREMIAH LEE HOUSE, MARBLEHEAD,
+ MASSACHUSETTS 72
+
+ XV THE OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT, MASSACHUSETTS 75
+
+ XVI THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, PROVIDENCE, RHODE
+ ISLAND 80
+
+
+ TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND KNICKERBOCKERS
+ FLOURISHED
+
+ XVII THE MORRIS-JUMEL MANSION, NEW YORK CITY 87
+
+ XVIII THE PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS, NEW YORK 91
+
+ XIX ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL, NEW YORK CITY 95
+
+ XX FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY 97
+
+ XXI THE GRANGE, NEW YORK CITY 100
+
+ XXII THE VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY 104
+
+ XXIII THE HASBROUCK HOUSE, NEWBURGH, NEW YORK 106
+
+
+ THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH THE PATRIOTS
+
+ XXIV THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY 115
+
+ XXV THE CHURCH AT CALDWELL, NEW JERSEY 119
+
+ XXVI OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD, NEW JERSEY 122
+
+ XXVII THE FORD MANSION, MORRISTOWN, NEW JERSEY 126
+
+ XXVIII NASSAU HALL, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 130
+
+ XXIX THREE HISTORIC HOUSES AT PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 134
+
+ XXX THE SPRINGFIELD MEETING HOUSE, NEW JERSEY 138
+
+
+ FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE
+
+ XXXI THE LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA 145
+
+ XXXII CARPENTERS' HALL, PHILADELPHIA 149
+
+ XXXIII ST. PETER'S CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA 153
+
+ XXXIV CLIVEDEN, GERMANTOWN, PHILADELPHIA 156
+
+ XXXV OLD PINE STREET CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA 159
+
+ XXXVI INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA 162
+
+ XXXVII THE DAVID RITTENHOUSE HOME, NEAR PHILADELPHIA 170
+
+ XXXVIII THE HEADQUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE, PENNSYLVANIA 174
+
+ XXXIX THREE HEADQUARTERS OF WASHINGTON 178
+
+ XL SWEETBRIER-ON-THE-SCHUYLKILL, PHILADELPHIA 183
+
+ XLI MILL GROVE AND FATLANDS, NEAR PHILADELPHIA 187
+
+ XLII WAYNESBOROUGH, NEAR PAOLI, PENNSYLVANIA 192
+
+ XLIII THE MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA 196
+
+
+ FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND DIXON LINE
+
+ XLIV HISTORIC LANDMARKS AT NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE 203
+
+ XLV THE RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DELAWARE 208
+
+ XLVI REHOBOTH CHURCH ON THE POCOMOKE, MARYLAND 211
+
+ XLVII DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, MARYLAND 216
+
+ XLVIII THE UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND 220
+
+ XLIX THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON 225
+
+ L THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON 230
+
+ LI THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON 234
+
+
+ SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE CAVALIERS
+
+ LII MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA 241
+
+ LIII ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 246
+
+ LIV CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 249
+
+ LV THE MARY WASHINGTON HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG,
+ VIRGINIA 251
+
+ LVI GREENWAY AND SHERWOOD FOREST, VIRGINIA 257
+
+ LVII TWO HISTORIC COURTHOUSES OF VIRGINIA 262
+
+ LVIII ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND 266
+
+ LIX THE NELSON HOUSE AND THE MOORE HOUSE, YORKTOWN,
+ VIRGINIA 270
+
+ LX THE JOHN MARSHALL HOUSE, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA 274
+
+ LXI FIVE OLD HOUSES OF TIDEWATER, VIRGINIA 278
+
+ LXII GUNSTON HALL, VIRGINIA 281
+
+ LXIII THE WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING, LEXINGTON,
+ VIRGINIA 285
+
+ LXIV BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA 288
+
+ LXV WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, WILLIAMSBURG,
+ VIRGINIA 291
+
+ LXVI THE MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA 294
+
+ LXVII MONTPELIER, ORANGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA 296
+
+ LXVIII OAK HILL, LOUDOUN COUNTY, VIRGINIA 301
+
+ LXIX RED HILL, CHARLOTTE COUNTY, VIRGINIA 305
+
+ LXX POHICK CHURCH, TRURO PARISH, VIRGINIA 311
+
+ LXXI MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VIRGINIA 314
+
+ LXXII TWO OF VIRGINIA'S OLDEST CHURCH BUILDINGS 318
+
+ LXXIII MONTICELLO, NEAR CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA 322
+
+ LXXIV THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA AT CHARLOTTESVILLE,
+ VIRGINIA 326
+
+
+ SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH
+
+ LXXV THREE OLD CHURCHES IN CHARLESTON, SOUTH
+ CAROLINA 333
+
+ LXXVI THE HOUSE OF REBECCA MOTTE, CHARLESTON, SOUTH
+ CAROLINA 336
+
+ LXXVII THE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, SAVANNAH, GEORGIA 340
+
+ LXXVIII THE CABILDO OF NEW ORLEANS 343
+
+ LXXIX THE ALAMO, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 347
+
+ LXXX THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE 351
+
+ LXXXI ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY 355
+
+ LXXXII SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, KENTUCKY 359
+
+ LXXXIII WHITE HAVEN, NEAR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 362
+
+
+ EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO NEW ENGLAND
+
+ LXXXIV THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS 369
+
+ LXXXV THE GOVERNOR'S PALACE AT VINCENNES, INDIANA 374
+
+ LXXXVI THE HOUSE OF GENERAL RUFUS PUTNAM, MARIETTA,
+ OHIO 377
+
+ LXXXVII MONUMENT PLACE, ELM GROVE, WEST VIRGINIA 381
+
+ LXXXVIII THE CASTLE AT FORT NIAGARA, NEW YORK 386
+
+ LXXXIX THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, NEW YORK 391
+
+ XC THE WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE 395
+
+ XCI THE WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW HOUSE, PORTLAND, MAINE 400
+
+ BIBLIOGRAPHY 407
+
+ INDEX 411
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+ INDEPENDENCE HALL, REAR VIEW, PHILADELPHIA,
+ PENNSYLVANIA _Frontispiece_
+
+ PAGE
+
+ OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 25
+
+ PAUL REVERE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 26
+
+ HANCOCK-CLARKE HOUSE, LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS 26
+
+ OLD NORTH CHURCH, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 34
+
+ OLD SOUTH CHURCH, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 35
+
+ CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 48
+
+ FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS 48
+
+ DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS 49
+
+ ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS 49
+
+ BROADHEARTH, SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS 70
+
+ BENNET-BOARDMAN HOUSE, SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS 70
+
+ OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT, MASSACHUSETTS 71
+
+ MORRIS-JUMEL HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY 97
+
+ PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS, NEW YORK 97
+
+ FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY 98
+
+ VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY 98
+
+ THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY 121
+
+ OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD, NEW JERSEY 121
+
+ NASSAU HALL AND THE FIRST PRESIDENT'S HOUSE, PRINCETON,
+ NEW JERSEY 122
+
+ MORVEN, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 122
+
+ LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 146
+
+ ST. PETER'S PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA,
+ PENNSYLVANIA 147
+
+ CLIVEDEN, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 160
+
+ THIRD (OLD PINE STREET) PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,
+ PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 160
+
+ DAVID RITTENHOUSE'S HOUSE, NORRISTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA 161
+
+ DAWESFIELD, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 161
+
+ EMLEN HOUSE, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 179
+
+ FATLANDS, NEAR PHOENIXVILLE, PENNSYLVANIA 179
+
+ WAYNESBOROUGH, PAOLI, PENNSYLVANIA 180
+
+ MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA 180
+
+ AMSTEL HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE 205
+
+ DOORWAY OF AMSTEL HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE 205
+
+ HALL OF READ HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE 205
+
+ DOORWAY OF RODNEY HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE 206
+
+ DOORWAY OF STEWART HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE 206
+
+ DOORWAY OF READ HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE 206
+
+ DOORWAY OF PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE 206
+
+ IMMANUEL CHURCH, NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE 217
+
+ RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DELAWARE 218
+
+ DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, MARYLAND 218
+
+ UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND 233
+
+ OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 233
+
+ THE STAIRWAY, OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 234
+
+ MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA, REAR VIEW 244
+
+ ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 244
+
+ CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 245
+
+ MARY WASHINGTON'S HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG, VIRGINIA 262
+
+ HANOVER COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA 262
+
+ ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA 263
+
+ NELSON HOUSE, YORKTOWN, VIRGINIA 263
+
+ WESTOVER ON THE JAMES, VIRGINIA 282
+
+ GUNSTON HALL ON THE POTOMAC, VIRGINIA 282
+
+ WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING, LEXINGTON, VIRGINIA 283
+
+ BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA 283
+
+ MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA 314
+
+ POHICK CHURCH, VIRGINIA 314
+
+ MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VIRGINIA 315
+
+ UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA 315
+
+ INDEPENDENT PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SAVANNAH, GEORGIA 336
+
+ PRINGLE HOUSE, CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 337
+
+ THE CABILDO, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA 337
+
+ THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE 352
+
+ ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY 352
+
+ SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, KENTUCKY 353
+
+ WHITE HAVEN, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 353
+
+ ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS 370
+
+ WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON'S HOUSE, VINCENNES, INDIANA 370
+
+ RUFUS PUTNAM'S HOUSE, MARIETTA, OHIO 371
+
+ THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, NEW YORK 371
+
+ WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE 394
+
+ WARNER HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE 394
+
+ WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW HOUSE, PORTLAND, MAINE 395
+
+
+
+
+ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS
+
+ The riches of the Commonwealth
+ Are free, strong minds, and hearts of health;
+ And more to her than gold or grain,
+ The cunning hand and cultured brain.
+
+ For well she keeps her ancient stock,
+ The stubborn strength of Pilgrim Rock;
+ And still maintains, with milder laws,
+ And clearer light, the Good Old Cause!
+
+ Nor heeds the skeptic's puny hands,
+ While near her school the church-spire stands;
+ Nor fears the blinded bigot's rule,
+ While near her church-spire stands the school.
+
+ --JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER.
+
+
+
+
+ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS
+
+ [Illustration: OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON
+ _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company, Boston_
+ See Page 19]
+
+
+I
+
+THE OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+FROM WHOSE BALCONY THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE WAS PROCLAIMED
+
+Thirty-three years after Captain John Smith sailed into Boston Harbor,
+the first Town House was built. This was in 1657. The second Town
+House, which was built on the same site, was erected in 1712. In 1748
+the third Town House, later the Old State House, followed the
+structure of 1712, the outer walls of the old building being used in
+the new.
+
+Since 1689, when Governor Andros' tyranny was overthrown, the old
+building has been in the thick of historic events. How it figured in
+the Boston Massacre was shown by John Tudor in his diary. He wrote:
+
+ "March, 1770. On Monday evening the 5th current, a few
+ Minutes after 9 o'clock a most horrid murder was committed in
+ King Street before the custom house Door by 8 or 9 Soldiers
+ under the Command of Capt. Thos Preston of the Main Guard on
+ the South side of the Town House. This unhappy affair began
+ by Some Boys & young fellows throwing Snow Balls at the
+ sentry placed at the Custom house Door. On which 8 or 9
+ Soldiers Came to his Assistance. Soon after a Number of
+ people collected, when the Capt commanded the Soldiers to
+ fire, which they did and 3 Men were Kil'd on the Spot &
+ several Mortaly Wounded, one of which died next Morning....
+ Leut Governor Hutchinson, who was Commander in Chiefe, was
+ sent for & Came to the Council Chamber, where some of the
+ Magustrates attended. The Governor desired the Multitude
+ about 10 O'Clock to sepperat & to go home peaceable & he
+ would do all in his power that Justice should be done &c. The
+ 29 Regiment being then under Arms on the south side of the
+ Townhouse, but the people insisted that the Soldiers should
+ be ordered to their Barracks first before they would
+ sepperat. Which being done the people sepperated aboute 1
+ O'Clock."
+
+Next day the people met in Faneuil Hall, and demanded the immediate
+removal of the troops. The demand being refused, they met again at
+Faneuil Hall, but adjourned to Old South Church, since the larger hall
+was required to accommodate the aroused citizens. A new committee,
+headed by Samuel Adams, sought Hutchinson in the Council Chamber of
+the Town House, and secured his permission to remove the troops
+without delay.
+
+The next event of note in the history of the old building was the
+public reading there of the Declaration of Independence on July 18,
+1776, in accordance with the message of John Hancock, President of the
+Continental Congress, who asked that it be proclaimed "in such a mode
+that the people may be impressed by it."
+
+Abigail Adams told in a letter to her husband, John Adams, of the
+reading:
+
+ "I went with the multitude to King street to hear the
+ Declaration Proclamation for Independence read and
+ proclaimed.... Great attention was given to every word....
+ Thus ends royal Authority in the state."
+
+A British prisoner on parole, who was an invited guest at the reading
+of the Declaration, wrote a detailed narrative of the events of the
+day, in the Town Hall, in which he said:
+
+ "Exactly as the clock struck one, Colonel Crafts, who
+ occupied the chair, rose and, silence being obtained, read
+ aloud the declaration, which announced to the world that the
+ tie of allegiance and protection, which had so long held
+ Britain and her North American colonies together, was forever
+ separated. This being finished, the gentlemen stood up, and
+ each, repeating the words as they were spoken by an officer,
+ swore to uphold, at the sacrifice of life, the rights of his
+ country. Meanwhile the town clerk read from the balcony the
+ Declaration of Independence to the crowd; at the close of
+ which, a Shout began in the hall, passed like an electric
+ spark to the streets, which rang with loud huzzas, the slow
+ and measured boom of Cannon, and the rattle of musketry."
+
+Thirteen years later, when Washington visited Boston, he passed
+through a triumphal arch to the State House. In his diary he told of
+what followed his entrance to the historic building:
+
+ "Three cheers was given by a vast concourse of people, Who,
+ by this time, had assembled at the Arch--then followed an ode
+ composed in honor of the President; and well sung by a band
+ of select singers--After this three cheers--followed by the
+ different Professions and Mechanics in the order they were
+ drawn up, with their colors, through a lane of the people
+ which had thronged about the arch under which they passed."
+
+The ode sung that day was as follows:
+
+ "General Washington, the hero's come,
+ Each heart exulting hears the sound;
+ See, thousands their deliverer throng,
+ And shout his welcome all around.
+ Now in full chorus bursts the song,
+ And shout the deeds of Washington."
+
+The Old State House was near destruction in 1835, as a result of the
+uproar that followed the attempt of William Lloyd Garrison to make an
+abolition address in the hall next door to the office of the
+_Liberator_, whose editor he was. A furious crowd demanded his blood,
+and he was persuaded to retire. Later the doors of the _Liberator_
+office where he had taken refuge were broken down, and, after a chase,
+the hunted man was seized and dragged to the rear of the Old State
+House, then used as the City Hall and Post-office. The mayor rescued
+him from the mob, which was talking of hanging him, and carried him
+into the State House. The threats of the outwitted people became so
+loud that it was feared the building would be destroyed and that
+Garrison would be killed. As soon as possible, therefore, he was
+spirited away to the Leverett Street jail.
+
+For many years, until 1882, the Old State House was used for business
+purposes, after previous service as Town House, City Hall, Court
+House, and State House. It is now used as a historical museum by the
+Bostonian Society.
+
+The historic halls within the building have the same walls and
+ceilings as when the old house was erected in 1748. For many years the
+exterior was covered with unsightly paint, but this has been scraped
+off, and the brick walls gleam red as in former days.
+
+
+ [Illustration: PAUL REVERE HOUSE, BOSTON
+ _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+ See Page 23]
+
+II
+
+PAUL REVERE'S HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+WHERE THE MERCURY OF THE REVOLUTION LIVED AND TOILED
+
+ "_Take three fourths of a Paine that makes Traitors Confess_ (RAC)
+ _With three parts of a place which the Wicked don't Bless_ (HEL)
+ _Joyne four sevenths of an Exercise which shop-keepers use_ (WALK)
+ _Add what Bad Men do, when they good actions refuse_ (ER)
+ _These four added together with great care and Art
+ Will point out the Fair One that is nearest my Heart._"
+
+Thus wrote Paul Revere, the Boston goldsmith, on the back of a bill to
+Mr. Benjamin Greene for "Gold buttons," "Mending a Spoon," and "Two
+pr. of Silver Shoe Buckles," which was made out one day in 1773 in the
+old house in North Square, built in 1676. To this house he planned to
+lead as his second wife Rachel Walker; his eight children needed a
+mother's care, and he wanted some one to share the joys and the
+burdens of his life.
+
+Before his first marriage, in 1757, he had served as a second
+lieutenant in a company of artillery, in the expedition against Crown
+Point. Soldiering was succeeded by work at his trade of goldsmith and
+silversmith, learned from his father. He was a skilled engraver; most
+of the silverware made in Boston at this period testified to his
+ability. Later, when the rising patriotic tide seemed to call for
+lithographs and broadsides, he engraved these on copper with eager
+brain and active hand.
+
+He began his patriotic work as a member of the secret order The Sons
+of Liberty, which had organizations in nearly all the colonies, held
+frequent meetings, and laid plans for resisting the encroachments of
+Great Britain. Once, when some three hundred of these Sons dined at
+Dorchester, Paul Revere was present, as well as Samuel Adams, John
+Adams, and John Hancock.
+
+It was necessary to have a trusted messenger to carry tidings of
+moment from place to place, and Paul Revere was one of those chosen
+for the purpose. His first important ride was at the time of the
+destruction of the tea in Boston harbor. He had a leading part in
+bringing together the patriots who gathered on November 29, 1773,
+first at Faneuil Hall, then at Old South Meeting House, to protest
+against the landing of the tea from the ship _Dartmouth_, and he was
+one of the men who, on December 16, in Indian disguise, threw L18,000
+worth of tea into the harbor. In preparation for the rallying of the
+men of the tea party at the "Green Dragon," the following ditty was
+composed:
+
+ "Rally Mohawks! bring out your axes,
+ And tell King George we'll pay no taxes
+ On his foreign tea.
+ His threats are vain, and vain to think
+ To force our girls and wives to drink
+ His vile Bohea!
+ Then rally boys, and hasten on
+ To meet our chief at the Green Dragon.
+
+ "Old Warren's there, and bold Revere,
+ With hands to do, and words to cheer,
+ For liberty and laws;
+ Our country's brave and free defenders
+ Shall ne'er be left by true North-Enders
+ Fighting Freedoms cause!
+ Then rally boys, and hasten on
+ To meet our chiefs at the Green Dragon."
+
+Of the work done by the Mohawks on that December night John Adams
+wrote on December 17, 1773, "This Destruction of the Tea is so bold,
+so daring, so firm, intrepid, and inflexible, and it must have so
+important Consequences, and so lasting, that I can't but consider it
+as an Epoch in History."
+
+The enactment of the Boston Port Bill was the cause of Revere's next
+ride. A meeting of citizens in Boston decided to ask the other
+colonies "to come into a joint resolution to stop all importation
+from, and exportation to, Great Britain and every part of the West
+Indies till the act be repealed," in the thought that this would
+"prove the salvation of North America and her liberties."
+
+These resolutions were given to Paul Revere by the selectmen of
+Boston, and he was urged to ride with all speed to New York and
+Philadelphia. On May 30, 1774, the Essex _Gazette_ told of the return
+of the messenger, and announced, "Nothing can exceed the indignation
+with which our brethren of Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York and
+Philadelphia have received this proof of Ministerial madness. They
+universally declare their resolution to stand by us to the last
+extremity."
+
+Four months later another ride to Philadelphia was taken, to carry to
+the Continental Congress the Suffolk Resolves. Six days only were
+taken for the journey. When Congress learned of the protest in New
+England against the principle "that Parliament had the right to
+legislate for the colonies in all cases whatsoever," there was no
+question that a new nation was ready for birth. "I think I may assure
+you, that America will make a point of supporting Boston to the
+utmost," Samuel Adams wrote, the day after Revere's message was read.
+
+Once more during the historic year 1774 the Boston silversmith turned
+aside from his shop long enough to ride to Portsmouth, New Hampshire,
+to give information of the prohibition by Great Britain of further
+importations of gunpowder, and to tell of the coming of a large
+garrison to Fort William and Mary at Portsmouth. The immediate result
+of the ride was the sending of a party of four hundred patriots
+against the fort, which surrendered at once. Little attention has been
+paid to this event by historians, yet it was one of the most potent of
+the events preceding the Revolution. One hundred barrels of gunpowder
+were seized at the fort, and this was a large part of the ammunition
+used later at Bunker Hill.
+
+Then came April 18, 1775, the date of "that memorable ride, not only
+the most brilliant, but the most important single exploit in our
+national annals." The Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety
+were in session at Concord. General Warren had remained in Boston to
+watch the movements of the British, and Revere had been holding
+himself in readiness to carry tidings as soon as there was anything of
+importance to be told. Now word was to be sent to John Hancock and
+Samuel Adams, who were at the residence of Rev. Mr. Clarke at
+Lexington, "that a number of soldiers were marching towards the bottom
+of the Common, ... and that it was thought they were the objects of
+the movement." Revere had foreseen the necessity for the ride, and,
+fearing that he might not be able to cross the Charles River, or get
+over Boston Neck, had arranged with patriots in Charleston that two
+"lanthorns" would be shown in the North Church steeple if the British
+went out by water, and one if they went by land.
+
+On the night of April 18 Revere was rowed by two friends across
+Charles River, passing almost under the guns of the _Somerset_. After
+conferring with the Charleston patriots, who had seen the signals, he
+secured a horse, and started toward Lexington, proceeding with extreme
+care, because he had been told that ten mounted British officers had
+been seen going up the road. Once he was chased by two British
+officers. At Medford he awakened the captain of the minute men. "After
+that I alarmed almost every house till I got to Lexington," the
+patriot rider later told the story. Messrs. Hancock and Adams were
+aroused. Then Revere went on to Concord, accompanied by two others,
+that the stores might be secured. Once more residents by the roadside
+were awakened. He himself was soon surrounded by four mounted British
+soldiers, but his companions were able to proceed. After a time he was
+released by his captors, and he made his way to the Clarke house,
+where Hancock and Adams still were.
+
+ [Illustration: HANCOCK-CLARKE HOUSE, LEXINGTON, MASS.
+ _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+ See Page 23]
+
+Thus the way was prepared for Concord and Lexington. That the patriots
+were not taken by surprise, and the stores at Concord taken, as the
+British had hoped, was due to the courage and resourcefulness of Paul
+Revere.
+
+Revere's rides as messenger did not end his services to the colonists.
+In 1775 he engraved the plates and printed the bills of the paper
+money of Massachusetts, and later he built and operated a powder
+mill. He was made lieutenant-colonel of State artillery, and took part
+in the unfortunate Penobscot expedition out of which grew the charges
+of which he was triumphantly acquitted by the court-martial held at
+his own request.
+
+The old house in North Square was the home of the Revere family until
+about 1795.
+
+
+III
+
+FANEUIL HALL, BOSTON
+
+"THE CRADLE OF AMERICAN LIBERTY"
+
+Andrew Faneuil was one of the Huguenots who fled from France as a
+result of the Edict of Nantes. By way of Holland he came to Boston. It
+is a matter of official record that on February 1, 1691, he was
+admitted by the Governor and Council of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
+
+Within a few years the refugee was looked upon as a leader both in the
+French church and in business. Copies of invoices of merchandise
+consigned to him show that he was a dealer in all kinds of supplies of
+food, household furnishings, and dress goods.
+
+When he died, in 1738, the Boston _News Letter_ said that "1,100
+persons of all Ranks, beside the Mourners," followed the body to the
+grave. "And 'tis supposed that as the Gentleman's fortune was the
+greatest of any among us, so his funeral was the most generous and
+expensive of any that has been known here."
+
+Peter Faneuil, the heir and successor to the fortune and business of
+his uncle, was a shrewd business man who knew how to make the most of
+his opportunities. But he took time to think and plan for his
+fellow-townsmen. He was disturbed because there was no adequate public
+market in Boston, and he was not discouraged by the fact that numerous
+attempts to establish such a convenience had been received with
+hostility by the people, especially the farmers, who felt that they
+would have a better chance to sell from house to house on any day than
+in a fixed place on a set day.
+
+His proposition to provide the market by gift to the town stirred up a
+spirited controversy. At a town meeting called to consider the
+proposition, held on July 14, 1740, the attendance was so large that
+the company adjourned to the Brattle Street Meeting House.
+
+There the people set themselves to consider the proposition of Peter
+Faneuil, who "hath been generously pleased to offer at his own cost
+and charge to erect and build a noble and complete structure or
+edifice to be improved for a market, for the sole use, benefit and
+advantage of the town, provided that the town of Boston would pass a
+vote for the purpose, and lay the same under such proper regulation as
+shall be thought necessary, and constantly support it for the said
+use."
+
+The gift had a narrow escape from the 727 voters who cast the ballots.
+The majority in favor of accepting the market was only seven!
+
+The average giver would have been discouraged by such a reception; but
+Peter Faneuil, on the contrary, did more than he had proposed. When
+the selectmen were told in August, 1742--seven months before Faneuil's
+death--that the building was ready, there was not only a market
+house, but above it a hall for town meetings and other gatherings. By
+action of the meeting called to accept the building the hall over the
+market was named Faneuil Hall.
+
+"I hope that what I have done will be of service to the whole
+country," was the donor's response to this graceful act.
+
+At once the Hall became a Boston institution. The town offices were
+removed to the building, town meetings were held there, and a series
+of public concerts was given in it. The market, however, was not
+popular.
+
+The fire of January 13, 1761, destroyed the interior of the building.
+The money for rebuilding was raised by a lottery.
+
+Faneuil Hall began its career as a national institution on August 27,
+1765, when the voters, in mass meeting, denounced the lawless acts of
+"Persons unknown" by which they had shown their hatred of the
+iniquitous Stamp Act. At a second meeting, held on September 12, the
+voters instructed their Representatives "as to their conduct at this
+very alarming crisis."
+
+"The genuine Sons of Liberty" gathered in the Hall March 18, 1767,
+that they might rejoice together because of the repeal of the Stamp
+Act. The Boston _Gazette_ reported that "a large company of the
+principal inhabitants crowded that spacious apartment, and with loud
+huzzas, and repeated acclamations at each of the twenty-five toasts,
+saluted the glorious and memorable heroes of America, particularly
+those who distinguished themselves in the cause of Liberty, which was
+ever growing under the iron hand of oppression."
+
+What has been called "perhaps the most dramatic scene in all history"
+was staged in this Cradle of Liberty on the day after the Boston
+Massacre, March 6, 1770. The crowd was so large that it was necessary
+to adjourn to Old South before action could be taken requesting the
+governor to withdraw the troops whose presence had led to the
+massacre.
+
+Then came the tea meetings. The first of these was held in the Hall on
+November 5, 1773. At this meeting committees were appointed to wait on
+the several persons to whom tea had been consigned by the East India
+Company, "and in the name of the town to request them from a regard to
+their character, and to the peace and good order of the town,
+immediately to resign their trust." The response made to these
+committees and to subsequent tea meetings was unsatisfactory, and on
+December 16 a number of disguised citizens gathered at the waterfront
+and held the "Boston Tea Party."
+
+The occupation of Boston by the British interrupted the Faneuil Hall
+town meetings, but soon after the evacuation of the city the people
+turned their steps thither for public gatherings of many sorts.
+Fortunately the building had not been seriously injured. When
+Washington entered the city he spoke with feeling of the safety of the
+structure that had meant so much to the people.
+
+It was fitting that, in the stirring days that preceded the War of
+1812, meetings to protest against the acts of Great Britain should be
+held here. Historic gatherings followed during this war, as also
+during the War of 1861-65.
+
+Three times Faneuil Hall has been rebuilt since its donor turned it
+over to his fellow-citizens. The first reconstruction came after the
+fire. In 1806 the building was enlarged and improved. Again in 1898 it
+was completely rebuilt and made fireproof, though, wherever possible,
+original materials were used. While it is much larger than in the
+early days, the general appearance is so similar that the structure
+would be recognized by such an ardent lover of the early structure as
+Lafayette, who, when he was in Boston in 1824, said:
+
+ "May Faneuil Hall ever stand, a monument to teach the world
+ that resistance to oppression is a duty, and will under true
+ republican institutions become a blessing."
+
+
+ [Illustration: OLD NORTH CHURCH, BOSTON
+ _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+ See page 32]
+
+IV
+
+THREE HISTORIC CHURCHES OF BOSTON
+
+THE STORY OF OLD NORTH, OLD SOUTH, AND KING'S CHAPEL
+
+The First Church of Boston would have been large enough for all its
+members for many years longer than they worshipped together, if they
+had been of one mind politically. But the differences that separated
+people in England in the troublous days of Charles I were repeated in
+Boston. For this reason some of the members of the First Church
+thought they would be better off by themselves, and in 1650 they
+organized the Second Church. Later the church became known as North
+Church, by reason of its location. As it grew older the name Old North
+was applied to it.
+
+From its organization Old North became known as the church of spirited
+reformers, a real school for patriots. Increase Mather, one of its
+early pastors, was responsible for developing and directing the
+peculiar genius of its organization. At the time of the Revolution
+the British officers spoke of the church as "a nest of traitors."
+
+Many mass meetings to protest against the acts of Great Britain were
+held in this church. The corporation used it for a time as a fire
+house and a public arsenal, and when signals were given by the
+direction of Paul Revere on the night of his famous ride the lanterns
+were hung in the steeple of Old North.
+
+The original building of 1652 was burned in 1673. The second building
+was also burned, but by the British, who tore it down and used it for
+firewood during the cold winter of the occupation of the city.
+
+After the destruction of the building the members of New Brick Church,
+an offshoot of Old North, invited the congregation to worship with
+them. The invitation was accepted, and soon the congregations came
+together, under the name Old North. The building occupied ever since
+by the reunited congregation was erected in 1723. Ralph Waldo Emerson
+served as pastor and conducted services in this structure.
+
+In 1669 there were many earnest people who felt that the teachings of
+the older church were not liberal enough for them, and they decided to
+have a church after their own heart. They felt that all who had been
+baptized might be citizens of the town; they were unwilling to be
+associated longer with those who insisted, as the General Synod of
+Massachusetts recommended, that all citizens must be church members,
+as formerly. So permission to organize was asked of the other
+churches. On their refusal appeal was taken to the Governor. The next
+appeal, to the selectmen of Boston, was successful.
+
+ [Illustration: OLD SOUTH CHURCH, BOSTON
+ _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+ See page 34]
+
+The new church, which was called the South Meeting House, was built on
+the site of Governor Winthrop's house. In 1717 the people began to
+call the church "The Old South," to distinguish it from another church
+which was still further south.
+
+In 1685 Governor Andros insisted that the Old South building should
+be used for the Church of England service, as well as for the
+services of the owners of the building. For two years Churchmen and
+Congregationalists occupied it harmoniously at different hours on
+Sunday.
+
+On a Fast Day in 1696 Judge Sewall stood up before the congregation
+while they heard him read his prayer for the forgiveness of God and
+his fellow-citizens for any possible guilt he had incurred in the
+witchcraft trials.
+
+Ten years later, on the day he was born, January 17, 1706, Benjamin
+Franklin was baptized in the church, though not in the present
+building.
+
+The building made famous by the series of town meetings before and
+during the Revolution was erected in 1730. When Faneuil Hall was too
+small to hold the crowds that clamored for entrance, Old South was
+pressed into use. On June 14, 1768, at one of these meetings, a
+petition was sent to the Governor asking that the British frigate be
+removed from the harbor. John Hancock was chairman of this committee.
+The Boston Tea Party followed a mass meeting held here.
+
+Burgoyne's cavalry used Old South Church as a riding school. Pigs were
+kept in one of the pews, while many of the furnishings were burned.
+
+Since March, 1776, when the church was repaired, it has been little
+changed. Services were discontinued in 1872. After the great fire
+the building was used as a post-office.
+
+Five years later there was talk of destroying the historic structure
+that the valuable lot might be used for business purposes, but the
+efforts of patriotic women were successful in preserving the relic.
+Since that time it has been kept open as a museum.
+
+While Old North and Old South were organizations expressing the will
+of the people, the third of the famous churches of Boston was the
+expression of the will of King James II of England. During more than
+sixty years of the city's history there had been no congregation of
+the Church of England; members of that body were required to attend
+service in the existing parishes. A minister and a commission sent
+from England to arrange for the new church were received with scant
+courtesy by the churches when request was made that opportunity be
+given to hold Church of England services in the building of one of
+them.
+
+Not satisfied with the offer of a room in the Town House, Governor
+Andros demanded that Old South make arrangements to accommodate the
+new body. On the refusal of the trustees to do as the Governor wished,
+the sexton of the church was one day ordered to ring the bell and open
+the doors for the Governor and his staff, and those who might wish to
+attend with them. Then the trustees submitted to the inevitable.
+
+This was in 1687. The first chapel was built for the new congregation
+in 1689, on land appropriated for the purpose, since no one would
+convey a site willingly. This building was enlarged in 1710. The
+present striking structure dates from 1749-53. Peter Faneuil was
+treasurer of the committee that raised the necessary funds. The
+expense was but L2,500, though granite from the new Quincy quarry was
+used. The colonnade surrounding the tower was not built until 1790.
+
+King's Chapel, as the new church building came to be called, was known
+as the abode of loyalists, just as Old North and Old South were famous
+as the haunts of patriotic worshippers. The presence on the walls of
+the insignia of royalty and varied heraldic devices seriously
+disturbed the minds of those who felt that a house of worship should
+have no such furnishings.
+
+During the Revolution the building was respected by the British as
+well as by the citizens of the town. When the war was over, the
+congregation of Old South was invited to use the chapel because their
+own church needed extensive repairs in consequence of the use the
+British had made of it.
+
+Since 1787 King's Chapel has been a Unitarian church. The change was
+made under the leadership of Rev. James Freeman.
+
+
+V
+
+ELMWOOD, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+WHERE JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL WAS BORN, AND WHERE HE DIED
+
+When Thomas Oliver, Lieutenant Governor and president of George III's
+provincial council, built his house in Cambridge about 1767, he did
+not dream that within nine years he would have to abandon it because
+of his allegiance to the same George III. But so it proved. He was a
+Tory, and his neighbors would not suffer him to remain among them. On
+September 2, 1774, he wrote his resignation of the offices he held,
+adding the statement, "My house at Cambridge being surrounded by five
+thousand people, in compliance with their command, I sign my name." At
+his request, made to General Gage and the admiral of the English
+fleet, troops were not sent to Cambridge, according to plan. "But for
+Thomas Oliver's intercession," Edward Everett Hale says, "Elmwood
+would have been the battle-ground of the First Encounters."
+
+After his summary departure the house was used as a hospital by the
+Continental Army. When the government sold it at auction it became the
+property first of Arthur Cabot, then of Elbridge Gerry, a Signer of
+the Declaration of Independence, Governor of Massachusetts from 1810
+to 1812, and Vice-President under Madison.
+
+The next occupant was Rev. Charles Lowell, pastor of the West Church
+of Boston. He bought the property just in time to make it ready for
+his son, James Russell Lowell, who was born February 22, 1819.
+
+As a boy James never wearied of rambling over the old house and the
+ten acres of ground, all that was left of the original ninety-five
+acres. Many of his poems contain references to the memories of these
+early years. "The First Snowfall," "Music," and "A Year's Life" are,
+in part, autobiographical. Lines on "The Power of Music" told of the
+days when he was his father's companion in the chaise, on the way to
+make a Sunday exchange of pulpits with a neighboring minister:
+
+ "When, with feuds like Ghibelline and Guelf,
+ Each parish did its music for itself,
+ A parson's son, through tree-arched country ways,
+ I rode exchange oft in dear old days,
+ Ere yet the boys forgot, with reverent eye,
+ To doff their hats as the black coat went by,
+ Ere skirts expanding in their apogee
+ Turned girls to bells without the second e;
+ Still in my teens, I felt the varied woes
+ Of volunteers, each singing as he chose,
+ Till much experience left me no desire
+ To learn new species of the village choir."
+
+Life at Elmwood was interrupted by college days, but he returned to
+the Cambridge house with his wife, Maria Lowell. The oldest children
+were born here. Here, too, came the first great sorrow of the parents,
+the death of their first born. At that time Mrs. Lowell found comfort
+in writing "The Alpine Sheep," a poem that has helped many parents in
+a like time of bereavement.
+
+The next great sorrow came during the Civil War, when the death from
+wounds was announced first of General Charles Russell Lowell, then of
+James Jackson Lowell, and finally of William Lowell Putnam, all
+beloved nephews. In the Biglow Papers, Second Series, the poet
+referred to these three soldiers. Leslie Stephen called the lines "the
+most pathetic that he ever wrote" in which he spoke of the three
+likely lads,
+
+ "Whose comin' step ther' 's ears thet won't,
+ No, not lifelong, leave off awaitin'."
+
+During the closing year of the war, one of the students who attended
+his lectures on Dante at Harvard College wrote of a visit to his
+preceptor:
+
+ "I found the serene possessor of Elmwood in good spirits,
+ ate a Graham biscuit and drank some delicious milk with him
+ and his wife, then enjoyed a very pleasant conversation. He
+ read some of Shakspeare's sonnets, to make me think better of
+ them, and succeeded.... He gave me a very welcome copy of
+ Macaulay's essays and poems, and the little visit was another
+ oasis in school life's dearth of home sociability. Mabel, his
+ only child, was not there at supper, but came home some time
+ after: 'salute your progenitor!' and the answer was a
+ daughter's kiss."
+
+After spending years abroad, part of the time as Minister to Spain,
+then as Minister to England, Lowell returned to Elmwood. To a friend
+who congratulated him on being at home again, he said, "Yes, it is
+very nice here; but the old house is full of ghosts." His cousin, as
+quoted by Dr. Hale, says of these closing six years of the poet's
+life:
+
+ "The house was haunted by sad memories, but at least he was
+ once more among his books. The library, which filled the two
+ rooms on the ground floor to the left of the front door, had
+ been constantly growing, and during his stay in Europe he had
+ bought rare works with the intention of leaving them to
+ Harvard College. Here he would sit when sad or unwell and
+ read Calderon, the 'Nightingale in the Study,' whom he always
+ found a solace. Except for occasional attacks of the gout,
+ his life had been singularly free from sickness, but he had
+ been at home only a few months when he was taken ill, and,
+ after the struggle of a strong man to keep up as long as
+ possible, he was forced to go to bed. In a few days his
+ condition became so serious that the physician feared he
+ would not live; but he rallied, and, although too weak to go
+ to England, as he had planned, he appeared to be
+ comparatively well. When taken sick, he had been preparing a
+ new edition of his works, the only full collection that had
+ ever been made, and he had the satisfaction of publishing it
+ soon after his recovery. This was the last literary work he
+ was destined to do, and it rounded off fittingly his career
+ as a man of letters."
+
+He died in August, 1891, when he was seventy-two years old.
+
+Elmwood remains in the possession of the Lowell heirs. The ten acres
+of the poet's boyhood days have been reduced to two or three, but the
+house is much the same as when the poet lived in it.
+
+
+ [Illustration: CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace, Philadelphia_
+ See page 40]
+
+VI
+
+THE CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+MADE FAMOUS BY GEORGE WASHINGTON AND HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW
+
+ "_Somewhat back from the village street
+ Stands the old-fashioned country seat.
+ Across its antique portico
+ Tall poplar-trees their shadows throw;
+ And from its station in the hall
+ An ancient timepiece says to all,--
+ 'Forever, never!
+ Never--forever.'_"
+
+The clock of which Longfellow wrote stood on the stair-landing of the
+old Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, which he bought in 1843,
+after having occupied it a number of years. Here he wrote the majority
+of his poems. Here, one June day, Nathaniel Hawthorne dined with the
+poet. In the course of conversation, the author of "The House of
+Seven Gables" told Longfellow the heart-moving story of the Acadian
+maiden who was separated from her lover by the cruel mandate of the
+conquerors of Acadia, and here the poem was written that told the
+story. Here were spent days of gladness with friends who delighted to
+enter the hospitable door. Here the poet rejoiced in his home with the
+children of whom he wrote in "The Children's Hour":
+
+ "Between the dark and the daylight,
+ When the night is beginning to lower,
+ Comes a pause in the day's occupations,
+ That is known as the Children's Hour."
+
+And here, one sad day in July, 1861, Mrs. Longfellow was so severely
+burned that she died the next day. This great sorrow bore rich fruit
+for those who loved the poet. "Above the grave the strong man sowed
+his thoughts, and they ripened like the corn in autumn," one of his
+biographers has said.
+
+The house was named for Andrew Craigie, who became the owner of the
+property in 1793. He had given valuable service during the
+Revolutionary War, acting as an "apothecary-general" in the
+Continental Army. He was a man of wealth, and his home was the popular
+resort for people of note from all parts of the country. During his
+later years he lost all his money, and his widow was compelled to rent
+rooms to Harvard students. In this way Edward Everett became a
+resident of the house.
+
+The builder of the mansion was John Vassall. In 1760, when he occupied
+the house, it was surrounded by a park of one hundred and fifty acres.
+Soon after the beginning of the war he went to Boston, and later he
+removed to England, for his sympathies were with the Crown.
+Accordingly, in 1778, the property was declared forfeited to the
+State.
+
+But the estate really became public property three years before this,
+when a regiment, under the command of Colonel Glover, pitched its
+tents in the park. In July, 1775, Washington made the house his
+headquarters, remaining until April 4, 1776.
+
+During these months the house was a busy place. Officers gathered here
+both for business and for pleasure. Military conferences and
+court-martials were held in the large room in the second story which
+was later used by Longfellow as a study. Dinners and entertainments
+were frequent; these provided a needed safety valve during the weeks
+of anxious waiting near the British line. Mrs. Washington was a
+visitor here, thus giving to her husband the taste of home life which
+he was unwilling to take during the Revolution by making a visit to
+his estate at Mt. Vernon.
+
+On one of the early days of the Commander-in-Chief's occupancy of the
+house, he wrote this entry in his carefully-kept account book:
+
+ "July 15, 1775, Paid for cleaning the House which was
+ provided for my Quarters, and which had been occupied by the
+ Marblehead regiment, L2 10s. 9d."
+
+The day before this entry was made General Green wrote to Samuel Ward:
+
+ "His Excellency, General Washington, has arrived amongst us,
+ universally admired. Joy was visible in every countenance,
+ and it seemed as if the spirit of conquest breathed through
+ the whole army. I hope I shall be taught, to copy his
+ example, and to prefer the love of liberty, in this time of
+ public danger to all the soft pleasures of domestic life, and
+ support ourselves with manly fortitude amidst all the dangers
+ and hardships that attend a state of war. And I doubt not,
+ under the General's wise direction, we shall establish such
+ excellent order and strictness of discipline as to invite
+ victory to attend him wherever he goes."
+
+A council of war was held in the upstairs room on August 3, 1775.
+After this council General Sullivan wrote to the New Hampshire
+Committee of Safety:
+
+ "To our great surprise, discovered that we had not powder
+ enough to furnish half a pound a man, exclusive of what the
+ people have in their homes and cartridge boxes. The General
+ was so struck that he did not utter a word for half an hour."
+
+Further hints of the serious straits caused by the lack of ammunition
+were contained in a letter of Elias Boudinot. He said that at the time
+there were fourteen miles of line to guard, so that Washington did not
+dare fire an Evening or Morning Gun. "In this situation one of the
+Committee of Safety for Massachusetts ... deserted and went over to
+General Gage, and discovered our poverty to him. The fact was so
+incredible, that General Gage treated it as a stratagem of war, and
+the informant as a Spy, or coming with the express purpose of
+deceiving him & drawing his Army into a Snare, by which means we were
+saved from having our Quarters beaten up...."
+
+The strange inactivity of the British in the face of the
+unpreparedness of the Continental troops was remarked in a letter
+written to Congress on January 4, from Headquarters:
+
+ "It is not in the pages of history, perhaps, to furnish a
+ case like ours. To maintain a post within musket shot of the
+ enemy, for six months together, without [powder], and at the
+ same time to disband one army, and recruit another, within
+ that distance of twenty odd British regiments, is more,
+ probably, than was ever attempted."
+
+To-day visitors are free to roam through the rooms that echoed to the
+tread of Washington and his generals, in which the children played in
+Longfellow's day, and where the poet wrote so many of his messages
+that have gone straight to the hearts of millions.
+
+
+VII
+
+THE ADAMS HOUSES, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+WHERE TWO PRESIDENTS WERE BORN
+
+John Adams was born and spent his boyhood in a simple farmhouse near
+Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts. It has been described as a
+"plain, square, honest block of a house, widened by a lean-to, and
+scarcely two stories high." This house, built in 1681, Daniel Munro
+Wilson says was "the veritable roof-tree, under which was ushered into
+being the earliest and strongest advocate of independence, the leader
+whose clear intelligence was paramount in shaping our free
+institutions, the founder of a line of statesmen, legislators,
+diplomats, historians, whose patriotism is a passion, and whose
+integrity is like the granite of their native hills."
+
+It is a remarkable fact that John Adams and John Hancock, who stood
+shoulder to shoulder in the fight for American independence, were born
+within a mile of each other, on days only a little more than a year
+apart. The baptismal records show that October 19, 1735, was the
+birthday of John Adams, while John Hancock was born on January 12,
+1737.
+
+From the modest home in Braintree John Adams went to college. Later he
+taught school and studied law. Soon after he returned home in 1758 he
+wrote in his diary:
+
+ "Rose at sunrise, unpitched a load of hay, and translated two
+ more leaves of Justinian."
+
+After the death of his father, in 1761, the burden of the home fell on
+his shoulders, and in the same year he was called to serve the
+country. His diary tells of the call:
+
+ "In March, when I had no suspicion, I heard my name
+ pronounced (at town meeting) in a nomination of surveyor of
+ highways. I was very wroth, because I knew better, but said
+ nothing. My friend, Dr. Savil, came to me and told me that he
+ had nominated me to prevent me from being nominated as a
+ constable. 'For,' said the doctor, 'they make it a rule to
+ compel every man to serve either as constable or surveyor, or
+ to pay a fine.' Accordingly, I went to ploughing and
+ ditching."
+
+Thus John Adams showed the spirit of service that later animated his
+son, John Quincy Adams, who, after he had been President, became a
+representative in Congress, and made answer to those who thought such
+an office beneath his dignity, "An ex-President would not be degraded
+by serving as a selectman in his town if elected thereto by the
+people."
+
+During those early years the young lawyer had other occupations than
+ditch-digging. The records of the family show that he was assiduously
+courting Abigail Smith, daughter of Rev. William Smith, minister in
+Weymouth, near by. Probably he first met her in the historic house,
+for she was a frequent visitor there.
+
+The marriage of the young people on October 25, 1764, excited much
+comment. In Puritan New England the profession of the law was not a
+popular calling, and many of the people thought Abigail Smith was
+"throwing herself away." Parson Smith was equal to the occasion; as he
+had helped his eldest daughter out of a similar difficulty by
+preaching on the text, "And Mary hath chosen that good part, which
+shall not be taken away from her," so, on the Sunday after Abigail's
+marriage, he announced the text, "For John ... came neither eating
+bread nor drinking wine; and ye say, He hath a devil."
+
+The year of the marriage witnessed the beginning of John Adams' fight
+for independence. For it was the year of the iniquitous Stamp Act. In
+his diary he wrote:
+
+ "I drew up a petition to the selectmen of Braintree, and
+ procured it to be signed by a number of the respectable
+ inhabitants, to call a meeting of the town to instruct their
+ representatives in relation to the stamps."
+
+The following year, when a meeting was held in Braintree to take
+action in consequence of the failure of Great Britain to heed the
+protest against the Stamp Act, he wrote:
+
+ "I prepared a draught of instruction at home, and carried
+ them with me. The cause of the meeting was explained at some
+ length, and the state and danger of the country pointed out.
+ A committee was appointed to prepare instructions, of which I
+ was nominated as one. My draught was unanimously adopted
+ without amendment, reported to the town, and accepted without
+ a dissenting voice.... They rang through the state and were
+ adopted in so many words ... by forty towns, as instructions
+ to their representatives."
+
+Less than two years later, on July 11, 1767, in the town close by his
+own birthplace, to which John Adams had taken his bride, John Quincy
+Adams was born. The delights of the new home have been pictured in a
+pleasing manner by Daniel Munro Wilson:
+
+ "Elevated was life in this 'little hut,' but it was real,
+ genuine, beautifully domestic. The scene of it, visible there
+ now to any pious pilgrim, and reverently preserved in many of
+ its antique appointments by the Quincy Historical Society,
+ assists the imagination to realize its noble simplicity. The
+ dining-room or general living room, with its wide open
+ fireplace, is where the young couple would most often pass
+ their evenings, and in winter would very likely occupy in
+ measureless content a single settle, roasting on one side and
+ freezing on the other. The kitchen, full of cheerful bustle,
+ and fragrant as the spice isles, how it would draw the
+ children as they grew up, the little John Quincy among them!
+ Here they could be near mother, and watch her with absorbing
+ attention as she superintended the cooking, now hanging pots
+ of savory meats on the crane, and now drawing from the
+ cavernous depths of the brick oven the pies and baked beans
+ and Indian puddings and other delicacies of those days. We
+ can more easily imagine the home scene when we read these
+ words written by Mrs. Adams to her husband: 'Our son is much
+ better than when you left home, and our daughter rocks him to
+ sleep with the song of "Come papa, come home to brother
+ Johnnie."' 'Johnnie' is the dignified President and 'old man
+ eloquent' that is to be."
+
+When it became evident that there must be Revolution, the patriot
+Adams was compelled to leave his family and go into the thick of the
+fight. He did not want to go. "I should have thought myself the
+happiest man in the world if I could have returned to my little hut
+and forty acres, which my father left me in Braintree, and lived on
+potatoes and sea-weed the rest of my life. But I had taken a part, I
+had adopted a system, I had encouraged my fellow citizens, and I could
+not abandon them in conscience and in honor."
+
+From the old home Abigail Adams wrote him letters that moved him to
+renewed efforts for his struggling countrymen. In one of them she
+said, "You cannot be, I know, nor do I wish to see you, an inactive
+spectator; but if the sword be drawn, I bid adieu to all domestic
+felicity, and look forward to that country where there are neither
+wars nor rumors of war, in a firm belief, that through the mercy of
+its King we shall both rejoice there together."
+
+The wife rejoiced when her husband's ringing words helped to carry the
+Declaration of Independence; she urged him to make the trips to France
+which Congress asked him to undertake; she encouraged him when he was
+Vice-President and, later, President, and she made home more than ever
+an abode of peace when, in 1801, he returned to Braintree, to a house
+of Leonard Vassall, built in 1731, which he bought in 1785.
+
+In this house husband and wife celebrated their golden wedding, as
+John Quincy Adams was to celebrate his golden wedding many years
+later. Here, for many years, the son enjoyed being with the mother of
+whom he once wrote:
+
+ "My mother was an angel upon earth. She was a minister of
+ blessings to all human beings within her sphere of action....
+ She has been to me more than a mother. She has been a spirit
+ from above watching over me for good, and contributing by my
+ mere consciousness of her existence to the comfort of my
+ life.... There is not a virtue that can abide in the female
+ heart but it was the ornament of hers."
+
+And in this house the mother died, on October 28, 1818. John Quincy
+Adams lived there until his death, on July 4, 1826.
+
+
+VIII
+
+THE QUINCY MANSION, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+THE HOME OF THREE DOROTHY QUINCYS
+
+Among the settlers to whom Boston granted large allotments of outlying
+lands were William Coddington and Edmund Quincy. In 1635 they went, in
+company with their associate settlers, to "the mount," which became
+Braintree, now Quincy.
+
+By the side of a pleasant brook, under the shade of spreading trees,
+Coddington built in 1636 his house of four rooms. Downstairs was the
+kitchen and the living room, while upstairs were two bedrooms. The
+upper story overhung the lower in the old manner, and a generous
+chimney, which afforded room for a large open fireplace, dominated the
+whole.
+
+This house became the meeting place for a group of seekers after
+religious liberty who were looked upon with suspicion in Boston--Rev.
+John Wheelwright, Sir Harry Vane, Atherton Hough, Ann Hutchinson, and
+others. In consequence of their views the company was soon broken up.
+Ann Hutchinson and Wheelwright were banished, while Coddington would
+have been banished if he had not gone hastily to Rhode Island.
+
+Edmund Quincy, who succeeded to Coddington's house, probably would
+have been banished if he had not died before the decree could be
+pronounced. For a season his widow, Judith, lived in the house, which,
+from that time, became known as the Quincy Mansion. With her were the
+children, Edmund and Judith. Judith, who married at twenty, and became
+the mother of Hannah (Betsy) Hull, whose dowry, when she became the
+bride of Judge Samuel Sewell, was her weight in pine-tree shillings,
+the gift of her father, the master of the colony's mint. Florence
+Royce Davis has written of the wedding:
+
+ "Then the great scales were brought, amid laughter and jest,
+ And Betsy was called to step in and be weighed;
+ But a silence fell over each wondering guest
+ When the mint-master opened a ponderous chest
+ And a fortune of shillings displayed.
+
+ "By handfuls the silver was poured in one side
+ Till it weighed from the floor blushing Betsy, the bride;
+ And the mint-master called: 'Prithee, Sewell, my son,
+ The horses are saddled, the wedding is done;
+ Behold the bride's portion; and know all your days
+ Your wife is well worth every shilling she weighs.'"
+
+Edmund Quincy married at twenty-one, and became the next occupant of
+the mansion. During his long life there were welcomed to the
+hospitable roof many of those whose words and deeds prepared the way
+for the liberty that was to come to the country within a century.
+
+The second of the Quincy line was a leader in the town. At one time he
+was its representative in the General Court, and as colonel of the
+Suffolk Regiment, he was the first of a long list of colonels in the
+family. But the day came when it was written of him, "Unkel Quincy
+grows exceeding crazy," and in 1698 the second Edmund yielded the
+house to Edmund the third.
+
+This Edmund also became a colonel and a representative and, later, a
+judge of the Supreme Court. His pastor said of him, "This great man
+was of a manly Stature and Aspect, of a Strong Constitution and of
+Good Courage, fitted for any Business of Life, to serve God, his King
+and Country." Not only did he enlarge the glory of the family, but, in
+1706, he enlarged the house, yet in such a way that the original
+Coddington house could be clearly traced after the improvements were
+finished. Judge Sewell, the cousin of the builder, was one of the
+welcome occupants of the improved house. On his way to Plymouth he
+stopped at "Braintry." "I turned in to Cousin Quinsey," he said,
+"where I had the pleasure to see God in his Providence shining again
+upon the Persons and Affairs of the Family after long distressing
+Sickness and Losses. Lodged in the chamber next the Brooke." Later on
+another chamber near the brook was provided for Mrs. Quincy's brother,
+Tutor Flynt of Harvard, when he came that way for rest and change.
+
+The oldest child of this generation was Edmund, whose daughter,
+Dorothy Quincy, married John Hancock, while the fourth child was
+Dorothy Quincy, the great-grandmother of Oliver Wendell Holmes.
+
+The continuity of life at the mansion was sadly broken when, within a
+year, the grandmother, the mother, and the father died. The death of
+the latter occurred in England, where he had gone on business for the
+colony. When news came of the ending of his life, the General Court of
+Massachusetts declared that "he departed the delight of his own
+people, but of none more than the Senate, who, as a testimony of their
+love and gratitude, have ordered this epitaph to be inscribed on his
+tomb in Bunhill Fields, London."
+
+For a year Dorothy Quincy remained in the house; but on her marriage
+the place ceased for a time to be the chief residence of a Quincy.
+Edmund was in business in Boston. He resorted to the house for a
+season now and then, but his Boston home remained his permanent
+abiding place until after the birth of his daughter Dorothy. Then
+failing fortune sent him back to the ancestral home.
+
+During the next few years John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John
+Hancock were favored visitors at the mansion. John Hancock won Dorothy
+Quincy for his bride, and family tradition says that preparations were
+made for the wedding in the old home. "The large north parlor was
+adorned with a new wall paper, express from Paris, and appropriately
+figured with the forms of Venus and Cupid in blue, and pendant wreaths
+of flowers in red," writes the author of "Where American Independence
+Began." But the approaching Revolution interfered. The bridegroom
+hurried away to Boston and then to Lexington. Dorothy, under the care
+of Mrs. Hancock, the mother of John Hancock, also went to Lexington on
+April 18, 1775, the very day when Paul Revere aroused the patriots,
+and Hancock was once more compelled to flee for his life. Four months
+later, at Fairfield, Connecticut, the lovers were married.
+
+The old mansion was never again the home of the Quincys. Josiah,
+brother of Edmund the fourth, built for himself in 1770 a beautiful
+home not far from the family headquarters. Here he lived through the
+war. Visitors to the house are shown on one of the windows the record
+he made of the departure of the British from Boston Harbor, scratched
+there when he saw the welcome sight, on October 17, 1775.
+
+For much more than a century the house was in the hands of other
+families, but, fortunately, it has come under the control of the
+Colonial Dames of Massachusetts. They have made it the historic
+monument it deserves to be. The visitors who are privileged to wander
+through the rooms hallowed by the presence of men and women who helped
+to pave the way for American independence read with hearty
+appreciation the lines which Holmes addressed to the portrait of his
+ancestress, "My Dorothy Q," as he called her:
+
+ "Grandmother's mother: her age, I guess
+ Thirteen summers, or something less;
+ Girlish bust, but womanly air;
+ Smooth, square forehead, with uprolled hair;
+ Lips that lover has never kissed,
+ Taper fingers and slender wrist;
+ Hanging sleeves of stiff brocade;
+ So they painted the little maid."
+
+
+ [Illustration: FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASS.
+ _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+ See page 54]
+
+IX
+
+FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+THE BIRTHPLACE AND BOYHOOD HOME OF JOHN G. WHITTIER
+
+The first house built by Thomas Whittier, the three-hundred-pound
+ancestor of the poet Whittier, and first representative of the family
+in America, was a little log cabin. There he took his wife, Ruth
+Flint, and there ten children were born. Five of them were boys, and
+each of them was more than six feet tall.
+
+No wonder the log house grew too small for the family. So, probably in
+1688, he built a house whose massive hewn beams were fifteen inches
+square, whose kitchen was thirty feet long, with a fireplace eight
+feet wide. The rooms clustered about a central chimney.
+
+In this house the poet was born December 17, 1807, and here he spent
+the formative years of his life. When he was twenty-seven years old he
+wrote for _The Little Pilgrim_ of Philadelphia a paper on "The Fish I
+Didn't Catch." In this he described the home of his boyhood:
+
+ "Our old homestead nestled under a long range of hills which
+ stretched off to the west. It was surrounded by woods in all
+ directions save to the southeast, where a break in the leafy
+ wall revealed a vista of low, green meadows, picturesque with
+ wooded islands and jutting capes of upland. Through these, a
+ small brook, noisy enough as it foamed, rippled and laughed
+ down its rocky falls by our garden-side, wound, silently and
+ scarcely visible, to a still larger stream, known as the
+ Country Brook. This brook in its time, after doing duty at
+ two or three saw and grist mills, the clack of which we
+ could hear across the intervening woodlands, found its way to
+ the great river, and the river took it up and bore it down to
+ the great sea."
+
+Whittier's poems are full of references to the life on the farm; many
+of his best verses had their inspiration in memories of the past. For
+instance, the description of the building of the fire in "Snow-Bound,"
+a poem which describes the life at the farm when he was twelve years
+old, is a faithful picture of what took place in the old kitchen every
+night of the long New England winter, when
+
+ "We piled, with care, our nightly stack
+ Of wood against the chimney back--
+ The oaken log, green, huge and thick,
+ And on its top the thick back-stick;
+ The knotty fore-stick laid apart,
+ And filled between with curious art.
+ The ragged brush; then, hovering near,
+ We watched the first red blaze appear,
+ Heard the sharp crackle, caught the gleam
+ On whitewashed wall and sagging beam,
+ Until the old, rude-fashioned room
+ Burst, flower-like, into rosy bloom."
+
+Young Whittier was a faithful worker on the farm. One day, when he was
+nineteen years old, William Lloyd Garrison, the young editor of a
+Newburyport newspaper, to which Whittier had contributed a poem, found
+him assisting in repairing a stone wall. The visitor urged the father
+of the young poet to send him to school. As a result of this visit
+Whittier entered the Academy in Haverhill, with the understanding that
+he was to earn his way.
+
+At intervals during the succeeding ten years the poet returned to the
+old farm, but when he was thirty years old the place was sold, the
+family went to Amesbury, and he left soon afterward for Philadelphia,
+where he was to edit an anti-slavery paper.
+
+All through life Whittier dreamed of buying back the homestead. When
+he received a check for $1,000 as the first proceeds from
+"Snow-Bound," he set the sum aside as the beginning of a redemption
+fund.
+
+But the citizens of Haverhill, led by Alfred A. Ordway, asked the
+privilege of buying the property themselves, and making it a memorial
+to the poet. Whittier died before the purchase was completed, but soon
+afterward Fernside Farm, as the poet called it, was taken over by Mr.
+Ordway. It is now in the hands of an association that has restored it
+and keeps it open to visitors whose hearts have been stirred by the
+work of the Quaker poet.
+
+
+ [Illustration: DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL, MASS.
+ _Photo by W. R. Merryman, Haverhill_
+ See page 57]
+
+X
+
+THE DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+FROM WHICH HANNAH DUSTON WAS CARRIED AWAY BY THE INDIANS
+
+The attention of visitors to Haverhill, Massachusetts, is attracted to
+a great granite boulder set in a place of honor in the old town. When
+they ask about it they are told the story of Hannah Duston, heroine.
+
+Thomas and Hannah Duston were married in 1677, and at once built a
+humble house of imported brick on the spot where the boulder now
+stands. Frequently one of the bricks is uncovered on the site; those
+who examine it marvel at the thought of the building material brought
+across the sea.
+
+Later Thomas Duston uncovered deposits of clay near his home which led
+him to make experiments in brick making. He was so successful that his
+product was in demand; villagers said that the Haverhill bricks were
+fully as good as those brought from England.
+
+Strong building material was needed, for hostile Indians were all
+about. In order to afford protection against them, Mr. Duston
+determined to build a new house, which should serve as a garrison in
+time of danger. By the village authorities he was appointed keeper of
+the garrison, as this commission shows:
+
+ "To Thomas Duston, upon the settlement of garrisons. You
+ being appointed master of the garrison at your house, you are
+ hereby in his Maj's name, required to see that a good watch
+ is kept at your garrison both by night and by day by those
+ persons hereafter named who are to be under your command and
+ inspection in building or repairing your garrison, and if any
+ person refuse or neglect their duty, you are accordingly
+ required to make return of the same, under your hand to the
+ Committee of militia in Haverhill."
+
+The new house was well under way when this command was given. As it is
+still standing, it is possible to tell of its construction. A
+Haverhill writer says that "white oak, which is to-day well preserved,
+was used in its massive framework, and the floor and roof timbers are
+put together with great wooden pins. In early days the windows swung
+outward, and the glass was very thick, and set into the frames with
+lead."
+
+On March 15, 1697, the watching Indians decided that their opportunity
+had come to attack the village. They knew that if they waited for the
+completion of the new garrison, there would be little chance of
+success. So they struck at once.
+
+The story of what followed was told by Cotton Mather, in his "Magnalia
+Christi Americana," published in London in 1702:
+
+ "On March 15, 1697, the Salvages made a Descent upon the
+ Skirts of Haverhil, Murdering and Captiving about Thirty-nine
+ Persons, and Burning about half a Dozen Houses. In the Broil,
+ one Hannah Dustan having lain-in about a Week, attended with
+ her Nurse, Mary Neffe a Widow, a Body of terrible Indians
+ drew near unto the House where she lay, with Design to carry
+ on their Bloody Devastations. Her Husband hastened from his
+ Employment abroad unto the relief of his Distressed Family;
+ and first bidding Seven of his Eight Children (which were
+ from Two to Seventeen Years of Age) to get away as fast as
+ they could into some Garrison in the Town, he went in to
+ inform his Wife of the horrible Distress come upon them. E'er
+ he could get up, the fierce Indians were got so near, that
+ utterly despairing to do her any Service, he ran out after
+ his Children.... He overtook his children about Forty Rod
+ from his Door, ... a party of Indians came up with him; and
+ now though they Fired at him, and he Fired at them, yet he
+ Manfully kept at the Reer of his Little Army of Unarmed
+ Children, while they Marched off with the Pace of a Child of
+ Five Years Old; until, by the Singular Providence of God, he
+ arrived safe with them all unto a Place of Safety about a
+ Mile or two from his House....
+
+ "The Nurse, trying to escape with the New-born Infant, fell
+ into the Hands of the Formidable Salvages; and those furious
+ Tawnies coming into the House, bid poor Dustan to rise
+ immediately....
+
+ "Dustan (with her Nurse) ... travelled that Night about a
+ Dozen Miles, and then kept up with their New Masters in a
+ long Travel of an Hundred and Fifty Miles....
+
+ "The poor Women had nothing but Fervent Prayers to make their
+ Lives Comfortable or Tolerable, and by being daily sent out
+ upon Business, they had Opportunities together and asunder to
+ do like another Hannah, in pouring out their Souls before the
+ Lord."
+
+ The Indians were "now Travelling with these Two Captive
+ Women, (and an English Youth taken from Worcester a Year and
+ half before,) unto a Rendezvous of Salvages which they call a
+ Town somewhere beyond Penacook; and they still told, these
+ poor Women, that when they came to this Town they must be
+ Stript, and Scourg'd, and Run the Gantlet through the whole
+ Army of Indians. They said this was the Fashion when the
+ Captives first came to a Town;...
+
+ "But on April 30, while they were yet, it may be, about an
+ Hundred and Fifty Miles from the Indian Town, a little before
+ break of Day, when the whole Crew was in a Dead Sleep ... one
+ of these Women took up a Resolution to imitate the Action of
+ Jael upon Sisera; and being where she had not her own Life
+ secured by any Law unto her, she thought she was not
+ forbidden by any Law to take away the Life of the
+ Murderers.... She heartened the Nurse and the Youth to assist
+ her in this Enterprize; and all furnishing themselves with
+ Hatchets for the purpose, they struck such home Blows upon
+ the Heads of their Sleeping Oppressors, that e'er they could
+ any of them struggle into any effectual resistance, at the
+ Feet of those poor Prisoners, they bow'd, they fell, they lay
+ down; at their Feet they bowed, they fell; where they bowed,
+ there they fell down Dead."
+
+One old squaw and a boy of eleven escaped to the forest. The scalps
+were not taken at first, but soon Hannah Duston returned to the camp
+and gathered the trophies, in order that she might claim the bounty
+offered by the colony for the scalps of hostile Indians. Then all the
+Indians' canoes were scuttled, their arms were taken, and the party of
+three embarked.
+
+Day after day they paddled down the Merrimac, the three taking turns
+in the unaccustomed labour. At night they paused to rest. Cautiously a
+fire was kindled, and food was cooked. Always they feared discovery by
+the bands of Indians. Two slept, while a third stood guard. But no
+Indians appeared.
+
+At last the home village was in sight. The wondering villagers came
+out to see who the visitors could be. Their astonishment and delight
+can be imagined.
+
+The General Assembly of Massachusetts voted Mrs. Duston twenty-five
+pounds' reward, while a similar amount was divided between Mrs. Neff
+and the boy Samuel Lennardson. Later the governor of Maryland sent
+Mrs. Duston a silver tankard.
+
+The Duston descendants, who hold a reunion every year, prize these
+souvenirs. But most of all they prize a letter (the original of which
+is in the possession of the Haverhill Historical Society) written by
+Mrs. Duston in 1723, in which she gave a wonderful testimony to God's
+goodness to her and hers. This is the message she gave to children and
+grandchildren:
+
+ "I Desire to be thankful that I was born in a Land of Light &
+ Baptized when I was young and had a good education by my
+ Father, tho' I took but little notice of it in the time of
+ it--I am Thankful for my Captivity, 'twas the Comfortablest
+ time that ever I had. In my Affliction God made his Word
+ Comfortable to me. I remember ye 43 ps. ult. [probably
+ meaning last part] and those words came to my mind--ps.
+ 118:17--I have had a great Desire to Come to the Ordinance of
+ the Lord's Supper a Great while, but fearing I should give
+ offense and fearing my own Unworthiness has kept me back.
+ Reading a Book concerning X's Sufferings Did much awaken me.
+ In the 55th of Isa. beg [beginning] We are invited to come:
+ Hearing Mr. Moody preach out of ye 3rd of Mal. 3 last verses
+ it put me upon Consideration. Ye 11th of Matt., ending, has
+ been encouraging to me--I have been resolving to offer my
+ Self from time to time ever since the Settlement of the
+ present Ministry. I was awakened by the first Sacraml Sermon
+ [Luke 14:17]. But Delays and fears prevailed upon me: But I
+ desire to Delay no longer, being Sensible it is my Duty--I
+ desire the Church to receive me tho' it be the Eleventh hour;
+ and pray for me that I may honer God and receive the
+ Salvation of My Soul.
+
+ "Hannah Duston, wife of Thomas. Aetat 67."
+
+Mrs. Duston lived in the old house at Haverhill for many years after
+her remarkable escape.
+
+
+XI
+
+THE OLD MANSE AND THE WAYSIDE, CONCORD, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+TWO HOUSES MADE FAMOUS BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
+
+Nathaniel Hawthorne was thirty-eight years old before he was able to
+begin the ideal life of Adam with his Eve, to which he had looked
+forward for many years.
+
+"I want a little piece of land that I can call my own, big enough to
+stand upon, big enough to be buried in," he said to a friend when he
+was thirty-four years old. Lack of money delayed the realization, but
+it is a curious fact that the marriage to Sophia Peabody took place
+just after he had made up his mind that the thousand dollars he had
+invested in the Emerson Brook Farm experiment was gone forever.
+
+The marriage took place July 9, 1842, and housekeeping was at once
+begun in the Old Manse at Concord, which was built in 1765 by
+Emerson's grandfather. But he was merely a renter; his dream of
+ownership was to be delayed ten years longer. The great rooms of the
+curious gambrel-roofed house were rather bare, and there was a
+scarcity of everything except love, yet the author and his bride found
+nothing but joy in the retired garden and the dormer-windowed house.
+
+Hawthorne's own charming description of the house and grounds is so
+attractive that the reader wishes to visit them:
+
+ "Between two tall gateposts of rough-hewn stone (the gate
+ itself having fallen from its hinges at some unknown epoch),
+ we beheld the grey front of the old parsonage terminating the
+ vista of an avenue of black ash trees. It was now a
+ twelvemonth since the funeral procession of the venerable
+ clergyman, the last inhabitant, had turned from that gateway
+ toward the village burying ground....
+
+ "Nor, in truth, had the old manse ever been profaned by a lay
+ occupant until that memorable summer afternoon when I entered
+ it as my home. A priest had built it; a priest had succeeded
+ to it; other priestly owners from time to time had dwelt in
+ it; and children born in the chambers had grown up to assume
+ the priestly character. It was awful to recollect how many
+ sermons must have been written there. The latest inhabitant
+ there--he by whose translation to paradise the dwelling was
+ left vacant--had penned nearly three thousand discourses....
+ How often, no doubt, had he paced along the avenue, attuning
+ his meditations to sighs and gentle murmurs, and deep and
+ solemn peals of the wind among the leafy tops of the
+ trees!... I took shame to myself for having been so long a
+ writer of idle stories, and ventured to hope that wisdom
+ would descend upon me with the falling leaves of the autumn,
+ and that I should light upon an intellectual treasure in the
+ Old Manse well worth those hoards of long-hidden gold which
+ people seek for in moss-grown houses."
+
+Two years after their marriage, Mrs. Hawthorne wrote to her mother:
+
+ "I have no time, as you may imagine. I am baby's tire-woman,
+ hand-maiden, and tender, as well as nursing mother. My
+ husband relieves me with her constantly, and gets her to
+ sleep beautifully.... The other day, when my husband saw me
+ contemplating an appalling vacuum in his dressing-gown, he
+ said he was a man of the largest rents in the country, and it
+ was strange he had not more ready money.... But, somehow or
+ other, I do not care much, because we are so happy."
+
+Hawthorne did much of his work in the rear room where Emerson wrote.
+In the introduction to "Mosses from an Old Manse" he said of this
+apartment:
+
+ "When I first saw the room, the walls were blackened with the
+ smoke of unnumbered years, and made still blacker by the grim
+ prints of Puritan ministers, that hung around.... The rain
+ pattered upon the roof and the sky gloomed through the dirty
+ garret windows while I burrowed among the venerable books in
+ search of any living thought."
+
+From his writing Hawthorne turned easily to wandering in the garden or
+rowing on the river or helping his wife about the house. "We had a
+most enchanting time during Mary the cook's holiday sojourn in
+Boston," Mrs. Hawthorne wrote at one time. "We remained in our bower
+undisturbed by mortal creature. Mr. Hawthorne took the new phases of
+housekeeper, and, with that marvellous power of adaptation to
+circumstances that he possesses, made everything go easily and well.
+He rose betimes in the mornings and kindled fires in the kitchen and
+breakfast room, and by the time I came down the tea-kettle boiled and
+potatoes were baked and rice cooked, and my lord sat with a book
+superintending."
+
+Poverty put an untimely end to life at the Old Manse. The years from
+1846 to 1852 were spent in Boston and Salem. In 1852 Hawthorne was
+able to buy a dilapidated old house at Concord, which he called The
+Wayside. Here he remained until his appointment in 1853 as American
+Consul at Liverpool, and to it he returned after long wandering.
+
+The Wayside had been the home of Bronson Alcott. Here Mr. and Mrs.
+Hawthorne made their second real home. They rejoiced as, a little at a
+time, they were able to improve the property, and they showed always
+that they knew the secret of finding happiness in the midst of
+privations.
+
+Hawthorne described his new abode for his friend, George William
+Curtis:
+
+ "As for my old house, you will understand it better after
+ spending a day or two in it. Before Mr. Alcott took it in
+ hand, it was a mean-looking affair, with two peaked gables;
+ no suggestion about it and no venerableness, although from
+ the style of its architecture it seems to have survived
+ beyond its first century. He added a porch in front, and a
+ central peak, and a piazza at each end, and painted it a
+ rusty olive hue, and invested the whole with a modest
+ picturesqueness; all which improvements, together with the
+ situation at the foot of a wooded hill, make it a place that
+ one notices and remembers for a few minutes after passing
+ it....
+
+ "The house stands within ten or fifteen feet of the old
+ Boston road (along which the British marched and retreated),
+ divided from it by a fence, and some trees and shrubbery of
+ Mr. Alcott's setting out. Wherefore I have called it 'The
+ Wayside,' which I think a better name and more morally
+ suggestive than that which, as Mr. Alcott has since told me,
+ he bestowed on it, 'The Hillside.' In front of the house, on
+ the opposite side of the road, I have eight acres of
+ land,--the only valuable portion of the place in a farmer's
+ eye, and which are capable of being made very fertile. On the
+ hither side, my territory extends some little distance over
+ the brow of the hill, and is absolutely good for nothing, in
+ a productive point of view, though very good for many other
+ purposes.
+
+ "I know nothing of the history of the house, except Thoreau's
+ telling me that it was inhabited a generation or two ago by a
+ man who believed he should never die. I believe, however, he
+ is dead; at least, I hope so; else he may probably appear and
+ dispute my title to his residence."
+
+In furnishing the house Mrs. Hawthorne took keen pleasure in putting
+the best of everything in her husband's study. She called it "the best
+room, the temple of the Muses and the Delphic shrine."
+
+In these surroundings, supported by a wife who worshipped him,
+Hawthorne wrote until the call came to go to England. It was 1860
+before he returned to The Wayside. There he hoped to end his life,
+but death overtook him at Plymouth, New Hampshire, while he was making
+a tour of New England with Franklin Pierce. Mrs. Hawthorne survived
+him seven years.
+
+
+ [Illustration: ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASS.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 66]
+
+XII
+
+THE ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+FROM WHOSE ROOF MOLLY STARK SIGNALLED TO HER HUSBAND
+
+One who is familiar with the old plantation houses of Virginia is
+tempted to rub his eyes when he first sees the Royall House at
+Medford, Massachusetts, for this relic of Colonial days has the
+outbuildings, the slave-quarters, and other characteristics of so many
+Virginia houses. True, it has not the low wings and the stately
+columns at the entrance, but the doorway is so chaste and dignified
+that this is not felt to be a lack. Those who enter the doorway and
+walk reverently through the rooms of what has been called the finest
+specimen of colonial architecture in the vicinity of Boston, are
+filled anew with admiration for the builders of another day who chose
+the finest white pine for their work, and would not dream of scamping
+anywhere. Evidently there was little need in those days of the
+services of an inspector to see that the terms of a contract were
+carried out.
+
+The history of the property goes back to 1631, when Governor John
+Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who
+served for nineteen years, secured a grant to the farm on which,
+within six or seven years, the original dormer-windowed Royall House
+was built. This was smaller than the present house, but it was later
+incorporated in the present stately mansion; one story was added, and
+the outer wall was moved a few feet. Thus it is really a house within
+a house.
+
+At the time of Governor Winthrop's ownership it was called the
+Ten-Hill Farmhouse, because ten hills could be seen from its windows.
+John Winthrop, Jr., sold the place to Mrs. Elizabeth Lidgett.
+Lieutenant Governor Usher married a Lidgett, and owned the estate
+until he lost it through business reverses. The name was not changed
+until 1732, when the house was bought by Isaac Royall, a planter from
+Antigua, in the Leeward Islands, a descendant of William Royall of
+Salem. He paid L10,350 for the estate, which then consisted of five
+hundred and four acres. It was he who enlarged the house. For five
+years the neighbors watched the transformation of the comfortable
+Ten-Hill Farmhouse to the great Royall House, with its enclosing wall,
+elm-bordered driveway, pleasing garden, summerhouse, great barn, and
+rambling slave-quarters.
+
+Two generations of Royalls entertained lavishly here. Among the guests
+were the most celebrated men of the time, as well as many who were not
+so well known, for all were welcome there. Many of these guests drove
+up the driveway to the paved courtyard in their own grand equipages.
+Some were brought in the four-horse Royall chariot. But those who came
+on foot were welcomed as heartily.
+
+Isaac Royall, II, was a Tory, and in 1775 he was compelled to abandon
+the property. Thereupon Colonel, later General, John Stark made it
+his headquarters. The regiment which he had himself raised, and whose
+wages he paid for a time from his own pocket, was encamped near by.
+From the Royall house these men and their intrepid leader went out to
+the Battle of Bunker Hill.
+
+Under the direction of Molly Stark the house maintained its reputation
+for hospitality, and she did her best to make the place the abode of
+patriotism. On the day when the British evacuated Boston she promised
+her husband to signal to him from the roof the movements of the enemy.
+Passing on with his soldiers to Dorchester Heights, he anxiously
+awaited the news sent to him by his faithful Molly.
+
+The Royall family regained possession of the property in 1805. To-day
+it is owned by the Royall House Association, which keeps it open to
+the visitors. These come in large numbers to see relics of former
+days, including what is said to be the only chest that survived the
+Boston Tea Party, the sign of the Royall Oak Tavern in Medford, which
+bears the marks of the bullets of the soldiers who were on their way
+to the Battle of Bunker Hill, the old furniture, the first fork used
+in the Colony, and the furnishings of the quaint kitchen fireplace,
+which dates from 1732.
+
+
+ [Illustration: BROADHEARTH, SAUGUS, MASS.
+ _Photo by Wallace Nutting, Inc., Framingham Center, Mass_
+ See page 69]
+
+XIII
+
+BROADHEARTH AND THE BENNET-BOARDMAN HOUSE, SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+TWO REMARKABLE SPECIMENS OF THE OVERHANG HOUSE
+
+"Thomas Dexter of Lyn, yeoman," was the first owner of much of the
+land on which Lynn, Massachusetts, is built. Evidently he was land
+poor, for on October 22, 1639, he "mortgaged his fearme in Lyn ... for
+two oxen & 2 bulls upon condition of payment to Simon Broadstreet of
+Ipswich L90 the first day of August, the next following with a
+reservation upon the sale of the said fearme to give the said Dexter
+the overflow above the debt and damages of the said L90."
+
+Six years later the Registry of Deeds at Salem told of the sale, to
+Richard Leader, Gent, of England, of a bit of the farm on which
+Governor Broadstreet held a mortgage. Mr. Leader was the agent of "ye
+Company of undertakers of ye Iron Works," and he thought that Dexter
+had the best location for the purposes of the company that proposed to
+start what proved to be the first successful iron works in the
+Colonies. The quaint story of the transaction was entered thus:
+
+ "Thomas Dexter of Lyn in the County of Essex ye[oman] for the
+ sum of 40 L st[erling] hath sowld unto Richard Leder for ye
+ use of ye Iron works all that land, wch by reason of [a]
+ damme now agreed to be made, shall overflow and all
+ sufficient ground for a water course from the damme, to the
+ works to be erected, and alsoe all [the] land betwene the
+ an[cient] water course and the new extended flume or water
+ course togeather with five acres and an halfe of land lying
+ in the corn field most convenient for the Iron Works and also
+ tooe convenient cartwayes that is to one on each side of the
+ premises as by a deed indented bearing date the twentie
+ seaventh of January, 1645, more at lardge apth."
+
+On the ground thus bought a sturdy house, Broadhearth, was built in
+1646. The second story overhung the first story, after the manner of
+many English houses of the period. The overhang is still in evidence,
+though a veranda has hidden it except to the careful observer.
+
+The first product of the iron works, a kettle, was made in 1642. This
+is still in existence. During more than one hundred years neighboring
+colonists looked to the foundry for their supplies of house hardware,
+furnishings, and implements of iron. The site of the foundry was
+opposite the house, while traces of the pits from which the bog ore
+was dug are easily found in the field at the rear. Remains of scoria
+and slag are also pointed out to the visitor by employees of the
+Wallace Nutting Corporation, which has restored the house as nearly as
+possible to its original condition and has placed in it furniture of
+the period. A caretaker has been placed in charge who will copy for
+applicants iron work in the house, or other old examples. Thus, in a
+modest way, the Saugus Iron Works has been reestablished.
+
+ [Illustration: BENNET-BOARDMAN HOUSE, SAUGUS, MASS.
+ _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+ See page 69]
+
+Another specimen of the overhang house is not far away. This is the
+house built some time between 1649 and 1656 by Samuel Bennet,
+carpenter. It is famous as the house that has been in two counties,
+Suffolk and Essex, and in four towns, Boston, Lynn, Chelsea, and
+Saugus.
+
+That it was once in Boston was due to the narrow strip of the
+territory of the city that stretched far out in the country, somewhat
+after the manner of a portion of a modern gerrymandered legislative
+district. When the district was set off as Chelsea and Lynn, in
+response to a petition of citizens who were inconvenienced by their
+distance from town meetings, the boundaries between Chelsea and Lynn
+were carelessly marked; one line ran directly through the front door
+and the chimney of the Bennet house. This mistake, which caused
+annoyance and expense to those who occupied the house, was not
+corrected for more than one hundred years. Finally Abijah Boardman
+asked that he be relieved of his double liability to Lynn and Chelsea,
+and in 1803, by Act of the General Court, the petition was granted.
+
+Bennet, the builder of the house, figured more than once in the
+courts. In 1644 the Grand Jury indicted him as "a Common sleeper in
+time of exercise," and he was fined 2s. 6d. In 1671 he brought suit
+against the Iron Works Company for L400 for labor. In connection with
+this suit John Paule, whose "constant employment was to repair carts,
+coale carts, mine carts, and other working materials" for the "tiemes"
+at the iron works, testified that "my master Bennet did yearly yearme
+a vast sum from said Iron Works, for he commonly yearmed forty or
+fifty shillings a daye, for he had five or six teemes goeing generally
+every faire day."
+
+Bennets and Boardmans have held the house from the beginning. The
+Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities has
+interested itself in the protection of the property.
+
+
+XIV
+
+THE COLONEL JEREMIAH LEE HOUSE, MARBLEHEAD, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+THE HOME OF ONE OF THE EARLIEST MARTYRS TO THE CAUSE OF THE COLONIES
+
+Marblehead was a comparatively insignificant port when Jeremiah Lee
+came to town. At once he made a place for himself among the humble
+fishermen and other seafaring men of the place. He was a member of the
+Board of Firewards in the town's first fire department, and he served
+on important committees.
+
+When, in 1768, he built a wonderful mansion that cost more than ten
+thousand pounds, the most wonderful house in Massachusetts at the
+time, his townsmen knew him well enough to understand that he was
+their good friend, even if he did have much more money than any of
+them.
+
+The Lee Mansion was a hospitable home. The Colonel and his wife Martha
+entertained lavishly, not only the people of the town but famous men
+from abroad. In 1789 Washington was entertained in the house. But it
+was one of the glories of the mansion that the humblest mariner in the
+place was not slow to go there if he wished to have a chat with the
+bluff owner or if he desired to go to the quaint cupola from which it
+is possible to look far out to sea. To this outlook Colonel Lee
+himself often went, for his ships were sailing to Marblehead from all
+parts of the world, and he was as eager as any one to turn his eyes
+seaward.
+
+The house is sixty-four feet by forty-six feet, and the walls are of
+brick, though they are covered with wooden clapboards two feet by one
+and a half feet. There are fifteen rooms, in addition to the great
+halls that make the house seem like a palace.
+
+In these rooms the Colonel conferred with other patriots as to the
+welfare of Massachusetts and all the colonies. From the house he went
+out to the town meetings where the men gathered to talk over the
+Boston Port Bill and the Boston Tea Party and questions of Taxation
+without Representation.
+
+He rejoiced to serve as a representative in the General Court and on
+the Committee of Safety and Supplies of the Province. He was chosen to
+represent the town in the Continental Congress, and when he was unable
+to go, Elbridge Gerry, who later became Vice-President of the United
+States, was sent in his place at the expense of the town.
+
+On the night of April 18, 1775, in company with Elbridge Gerry and
+Azor Orin, who were members with him of the Committee of Safety and
+Supplies, he was attending a meeting at Weatherby's Black Horse Tavern
+just outside of Cambridge. The meeting adjourned so late that the
+three men decided to spend the night at the tavern. The eight hundred
+British soldiers who were on their way that night to Lexington learned
+of the presence in Cambridge of the patriots. Some one rushed to the
+tavern and roused them from slumber. They did not even have time to
+put on their clothes, but ran at once from the house and hid
+themselves at some distance from the tavern. When the disappointed
+troops had gone on, the hunted men returned to their room.
+
+Three weeks later Lee died as the result of the exposure. He has been
+called one of the earliest martyrs to the cause of the Colonies.
+Before he died he left directions that five thousand pounds should be
+given to the treasury of the provinces.
+
+Mrs. Lee, who was Martha Swett of Marblehead, lived on in the mansion
+with those of her eight children who had not gone already to homes of
+their own. Under her guidance the hospitality for which the house had
+become noted was maintained.
+
+Those who pass between the beautiful porch pillars and enter the
+chaste colonial doorway are amazed at the remarkable hallway and the
+stairs. The hall is fifteen feet wide and extends the length of the
+house. It is heavily wainscoted with mahogany. On the walls hangs
+remarkable panelled paper whose designs, depicting ancient
+architecture, are in keeping with the majestic proportions of the
+place. The stairway is so wide that four or five people can climb it
+abreast and the balustrade and the spindles are of exquisite
+workmanship.
+
+The rear stairway is far more ornate than the best stairway in most
+houses, and the rooms are in keeping with the hall and the stairways.
+
+The cupola is one of the most striking features of the house. Here six
+windows give a view that is worth going far to see.
+
+When Mrs. Lee died, the property descended to her son. Judge Samuel
+Sewell was a later owner. But the day came when it was to be sold at
+auction. All Marblehead feared that the historic place would be
+destroyed. Fortunately the Marblehead Historical Society was able to
+raise the fifty-five hundred dollars needed to secure it.
+
+Since July 9, 1909, the Society has owned the mansion. For six months
+of every year it is open to visitors who throng to see the choice
+collection of china, portraits, embroidery, and furniture that has
+been gathered together by the Society.
+
+
+ [Illustration: OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT, MASS.
+ _Photo Furnished by Rev. A. McDonald, Newburyport, Mass._
+ See page 75]
+
+XV
+
+THE OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+WHERE GEORGE WHITEFIELD, THE GREAT EVANGELIST, IS BURIED
+
+More than one hundred years after the organization of the First Church
+of Newburyport, Rev. George Whitefield, then a young man of
+twenty-six, preached in the community. "The Great Awakening," which
+followed, spread all over New England, and more than thirty thousand
+were converted. Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, the Tennents, and others
+led in the work that had such wonderful results.
+
+Five years after Whitefield's visit to Newburyport the Old South
+Church was organized, most of those who became members having been
+converted under Whitefield's preaching. The new church was actually a
+Presbyterian church from the beginning, though it did not finally
+adopt the Presbyterian form of government until 1802.
+
+The members of the new church were called "a misguided band," and "new
+schemers." Their first pastor was called a dissenting minister. Their
+protest against these aspersions took the form of a petition to "The
+King's Most Excellent Majesty," which was a prayer for that "equal
+liberty of conscience in worshipping God" that had already been
+granted to others. The petition recited the desire of the people to be
+relieved of taxation "for the support of ministers on whose ministry
+they cannot in conscience attend," and stated that, because of their
+refusal to pay what they felt were unjust taxes, "honest and peaceable
+men have been hauled away to prison to their great hurt and damage."
+
+When the petition was presented to the king by Mr. Partridge, their
+agent, he declared that they were not "a wild, friekish people," and
+cited as an argument for relief from double taxation that, while they
+had some wealthy members, there were among them "more poor widows than
+all the other congregations in town put together." He said those who
+protested against double taxation had been "dragged about upon the
+ground," dressed up in bear skins and worried, and imprisoned.
+
+The protest did not bring relief at once; it was 1773 before the
+General Court granted the plea of the members. For more than twenty
+years more the town tried to collect double taxes, but in 1795 the
+rights of the members of Old South were conceded.
+
+The first building, erected in 1743, gave way in 1756 to the structure
+still in use. Alterations made since that time have not made any great
+change in its appearance, except in the tower, which was repaired in
+1848, because it was thought that the timber must be decaying.
+However, to the surprise of the carpenters who undertook the repairs,
+they were found as sound as ever. A half-hour was required to saw
+through one of them!
+
+The bell in the new tower was cast by Paul Revere. Surmounting the
+spire is a cock which was perched on the original tower. When this
+tower, after the carpenters had done all they could with their saws,
+was pulled over by horses and oxen, the cock broke loose and fell at
+some distance. The man who picked up the figure was surprised to find
+that it was of solid copper, instead of wood, as had been thought, and
+that it weighed more than fifty pounds.
+
+In the original pews there was a central chair, surrounded by seats
+hung on hinges. Over the pulpit was a sounding board. At the head of
+the pulpit stair a seat was provided for the sexton, that he might be
+on hand to trim the candles during the evening service.
+
+The official history of the church, written by Dr. H. C. Hovey, gives
+interesting facts concerning the heating of the old building:
+
+ "For seventy years those who crowded this church depended on
+ footstoves altogether for warmth in winter; while the
+ minister preached in his ample cloak, and wore gloves with a
+ finger and thumb cut off to enable him the better to turn the
+ leaves. A law was made allowing the sexton twenty cents for
+ each footstove that he had to fill before service and remove
+ afterward. A great sensation was made in 1819 by the
+ introduction of wood stoves at an outlay of $100. The first
+ day they were in place the people were so overcome that some
+ of them fainted away and were carried out of the house; but
+ they revived on learning that as yet no fire had been
+ kindled in the new stoves. The doors of the stoves opened
+ into the ample vestibule, where the custom continued of
+ ranging the many footstoves in a wide circle to be filled
+ with live coals from the stove."
+
+On the Sunday after the battle of Lexington Dr. Jonathan Parsons made
+an appeal in the name of liberty. After this Captain Ezra Lunt stepped
+into the aisle and formed a company of sixty men, which is said to
+have been the first company of volunteers to join the Continental
+Army.
+
+Later Newburyport supplied a number of companies. But the call came
+for still another company. "Day after day the recruiting officers
+toiled in vain," Dr. Hovey writes, "Finally the regiment was invited
+to the Presbyterian church, where they were addressed in such spirited
+and stirring words that once again a number of this church stepped
+forth to take the covenant, and in two hours after the benediction had
+been spoken the entire company was raised."
+
+During the war twenty-two vessels and one thousand men, from the towns
+of Newbury and Newburyport, were lost at sea. The first American flag
+seen in British waters, after the cessation of hostilities, was
+displayed in the Thames by Nicholas Johnson of Newburyport, captain of
+the _Compte de Grasse_.
+
+Among the treasures of the church is the Bible which Whitefield used.
+The evangelist, who died Sunday, September 30, 1770, is buried in the
+crypt under the pulpit where he had planned to preach on the very day
+of his death, as he had preached many times during the years since the
+building of the church. To this dark crypt thousands of reverent
+visitors have groped their way. One, less reverent, removed an arm of
+the skeleton and carried it to England as a relic. No one knew what
+had become of it until, after the death of the thief, it was returned
+to Newburyport, together with a bust of Whitefield. This bust is also
+one of the treasures of Old South.
+
+Those who love this old church at Newburyport delight in the lines of
+John Greenleaf Whittier:
+
+ "Under the church of Federal Street,
+ Under the tread of its Sabbath feet,
+ Walled about by its basement stones,
+ Lie the marvellous preacher's bones.
+ No saintly honors to them are shown,
+ No sign nor miracle have they known;
+ But he who passes the ancient church
+ Stops in the shade of its belfry-porch,
+ And ponders the wonderful life of him
+ Who lies at rest in that charnel dim.
+ Long shall the traveller strain his eye
+ From the railroad car, as it plunges by,
+ And the vanishing town behind him search
+ For the slender spire of the Whitefield Church;
+ And feel for one moment the ghosts of trade
+ And fashion and folly and pleasure laid,
+ By the thought of that life of pure intent,
+ That voice of warning, yet eloquent,
+ Of one on the errands of angels sent.
+ And if where he labored the flood of sin
+ Like the tide from the harbor-bar sets in.
+ And over a life of time and sense
+ The church-spires lift their vain defence,
+ As if to scatter the bolts of God
+ With the points of Calvin's thunder-rod,--
+ Still, as the gem of its civic crown,
+ Precious beyond the world's renown,
+ His memory hallows the ancient town!"
+
+
+XVI
+
+THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND
+
+THE OLDEST BAPTIST CHURCH IN AMERICA
+
+When Roger Williams, Welshman, left England for America because he
+could not find in the Church of England freedom to worship God
+according to his conscience, he came to Salem, in the Massachusetts
+Bay Colony. There he joined others who had sought America for the same
+purpose, but to his disappointment he found that his ideas of liberty
+of worship did not agree with theirs, and he was once more adrift. On
+October 9, 1635, the authorities of the Colony ordered that he "shall
+depart out of this jurisdiction." He was later given permission to
+remain until spring, on condition that he make no attempt "to draw
+others to his opinions."
+
+On the ground that he had broken the implied agreement, the Governor,
+on January 11, 1636, sent for him to go to Boston, from whence he was
+to be banished to England. Williams sent word that he was ill and
+could not come at the time. A force of men was sent to seize him, but
+when they reached his house he had departed already, turning his face
+toward the southern wilderness. He was "sorely tossed for fourteen
+weeks in a bitter winter season, not knowing what bread or bed did
+mean."
+
+On April 30, 1636, he came to the country of the Wampanoags, where the
+sachem Massasoit made him a grant of land. Within a short time some
+of his friends joined him, and primitive houses were built. Then came
+word from the Governor of Massachusetts Bay that he must go beyond the
+bounds of the Plymouth Colony. Accordingly, with six others, he
+embarked in canoes and sought for a location. When this was found
+Canonicus and Mantonomi agreed to let the company have lands, and soon
+the new settlement was made and named Providence, in recognition of
+God's care of him during his journey. Then others joined him and his
+companions.
+
+Two years after the settlement of Providence twelve of the citizens
+decided that they must have a church. One of the company, Ezekiel
+Hollyman, baptized Roger Williams and Williams baptized Hollyman and
+ten others. The twelve then baptized were the original members of the
+first church of Providence, Rhode Island, the first Baptist church in
+America, and the second in the world. Roger Williams was the first
+pastor, but he withdrew before the close of the year in which the
+church was organised. During the remaining forty-five years of his
+life he remained in Providence as a missionary among the Indians,
+whose friendship he had won by his scrupulously careful and honorable
+method of dealing with them.
+
+The church met in private houses or under the trees, for more than
+sixty years. The first meeting house was not erected until 1700. The
+builder was Pardon Tillinghast, the sixth pastor of the church, who,
+like his predecessors, served without salary. However, he urged that
+the church should begin to pay its way, and that his successor should
+receive a stipulated salary. The Tillinghast building was in use for
+fifteen years after it was deeded to the congregation, in 1711. The
+deed, which is on record at the Providence City Hall, calls the church
+a "Six-Principle church."
+
+The growth of the congregation called for a larger building. This was
+erected in 1726 and was used until 1774. An old document gives an
+interesting side light on the building of the meeting house. This is
+an account of Richard Brown, dated May 30, 1726, which reads:
+
+ The account of what charge I have been at this day as to the
+ providing a dinner for the people that raised the Baptist
+ meeting-house at Providence (it being raised this day,) is as
+ followeth:
+
+ One fat sheep, which weighed forty-three lbs. L0,14,04
+
+ For roasting the said sheep, etc. 8
+
+ For one lb. butter 1
+
+ For two loaves of bread which weighed fifteen lbs. 2
+
+ For half a peck of peas 1,03
+
+When the building was planned the Charitable Baptist Society was
+incorporated, that it might hold title to "a meeting-house for the
+public worship of Almighty God, and to hold Commencement in." Nearly a
+third of the L7,000 required for the new building was raised by a
+lottery, authorized by the State. The architects modelled the church
+after the popular St. Martins-in-the-Fields in London, whose designer
+was James Gibbs, a pupil of Sir Christopher Wren.
+
+In the two-hundred-foot spire was hung the bell made in London, on
+which were inscribed the strange words:
+
+ "For freedom of conscience this town was first planted;
+ Persuasion, not force was used by the people:
+ This Church is the eldest, and has not recanted,
+ Enjoying and granting bell, temple, and steeple."
+
+The pastor at the time the new church was first occupied, on May 28,
+1775, was president of Rhode Island College, an institution which had
+been located in Providence in 1773, in consequence of the generosity
+and activity of the members of the church. The institution later
+became Brown University. Every one of the presidents of the college
+has been a member of the First Church.
+
+A church whose building was dedicated "midway between the battles of
+Lexington and Bunker Hill" should have a patriotic history. The story
+of Providence during the Revolution shows that the members were keenly
+alive to their opportunities. The first suggestion for the Continental
+Congress came from Providence. Rhode Island was the first State to
+declare for independence. Pastor and people were ardent supporters of
+these movements. Many soldiers were furnished to the army by the
+congregation.
+
+Naturally, then, people would be interested in a man like Stephen
+Gano, who became pastor in 1792. He had been a surgeon in the
+Revolutionary Army, and had been taken prisoner, put on board a
+prison-ship, and bound in chains, which made scars that lasted for
+life. His pastorate of thirty-six years was the longest in the history
+of the church.
+
+The stately building erected in 1774 is still in use. The gallery long
+set apart for the use of slaves has given way to a square loft, the
+old pews have been displaced by modern seats, and the lofty pulpit and
+sounding-board have disappeared. Otherwise the church is much as it
+was when the first congregation entered its doors in 1775.
+
+
+
+
+TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND KNICKERBOCKERS FLOURISHED
+
+ _Where nowadays the Battery lies,
+ New York had just begun,
+ A new-born babe, to rub its eyes,
+ In Sixteen Sixty-One.
+ They christened it Nieuw Amsterdam,
+ Those burghers grave and stately,
+ And so, with schnapps and smoke and psalm,
+ Lived out their lives sedately._
+
+ _Two windmills topped their wooden wall,
+ On stadthuys gazing down,
+ On fort, and cabbage-plots, and all
+ The quaintly gabled town;
+ These flapped their wings and shifted backs,
+ As ancient scrolls determine,
+ To scare the savage Hackensacks,
+ Paumanks, and other vermin_.
+
+ _At night the loyal settlers lay
+ Betwixt their feather-beds;
+ In hose and breeches walked by day,
+ And smoked, and wagged their heads.
+ No changeful fashions came from France,
+ The vrouwleins to bewilder;
+ No broad-brimmed burgher spent for pants
+ His every other guilder._
+
+ _In petticoats of linsey red,
+ And jackets neatly kept,
+ The vrouws their knitting-needles sped
+ And deftly spun and swept.
+ Few modern-school flirtations there
+ Set wheels of scandal trundling,
+ But youths and maidens did their share
+ Of staid, old-fashioned bundling._
+
+ EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN.
+
+
+
+
+TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND KNICKERBOCKERS FLOURISHED
+
+
+ [Illustration: MORRIS-JUMEL HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY.
+ _Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company_
+ See page 87]
+
+XVII
+
+THE MORRIS-JUMEL MANSION, NEW YORK CITY
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON ESCAPED FROM THE BRITISH BY A FIFTEEN MINUTE MARGIN
+
+ "A Pleasant situated Farm, on the Road leading to King's
+ Bridge, in the Township of Harlem, on York-Island, containing
+ about 100 acres, near 30 acres of which is Wood-land, a fine
+ piece of Meadow Ground, and more easily be made: and commands
+ the finest Prospect in the whole Country: the Land runs from
+ River to River: there is Fishing, Oystering, and Claming at
+ either end...."
+
+When, in 1765, Roger Morris, whose city house was at the corner of
+Whitehall and Stone streets, saw this advertisement in the New York
+_Mercury_, he hungered for the country. So he bought the offered land,
+and by the summer of 1766 he had completed the sturdy Georgian house
+that, after a century and a half, looks down on the city that has
+grown to it and beyond it.
+
+In an advertisement published in 1792, in the New York _Daily
+Advertiser_, a pleasing description of the mansion of Roger Morris was
+given:
+
+ "On the premises is a large dwelling-house, built in modern
+ style and taste and elegance. It has ... a large hall
+ through the centre; a spacious dining room on the right....
+ On the left is a handsome parlor and a large back room.... On
+ the second floor are seven bedchambers ... On the upper floor
+ are five lodging rooms ... and at the top of the house is
+ affixed an electric conducter. Underneath the building are a
+ large, commodious kitchen and laundry and wine cellar,
+ storeroom, kitchen pantry, sleeping apartments for servants,
+ and a most complete dairy room...."
+
+For nine years Roger Morris and his family lived in the mansion on the
+Heights. As a member of the Legislative Council much of his time was
+given to the interests of his fellow-citizens. But as time passed he
+found himself out of sympathy with his neighbors. They demanded war
+with Great Britain, and he felt that he could not join the revolt.
+Accordingly, in 1775, he sailed for England, leaving his large
+property in the care of Mrs. Morris.
+
+Mrs. Morris kept the house open for a time, but finally, taking her
+children with her, she went to her sister-in-law at the Philipse Manor
+House at Yonkers.
+
+On September 14, 1776, General Washington decided to abandon the city
+to the British. He planned to go to Harlem, to the fortification
+prepared in anticipation of just such an emergency. On September 15 he
+took possession of the Roger Morris house as headquarters. Two days
+later his Orderly Book shows the following message, referring to the
+battle of Harlem Heights:
+
+ "The General most heartily thanks the troops commanded
+ yesterday by Major Leitch, who first advanced upon the enemy,
+ and the others who so resolutely supported them. The behavior
+ of yesterday was such a contrast to that of some troops the
+ day before [at Kip's Bay] as must show what may be done when
+ Officers and Soldiers exert themselves."
+
+During the weeks when the mansion remained Washington's headquarters
+the curious early flag of the colonists waved above it. In the space
+now given to the stars was the British Union Jack, while the thirteen
+red and white stripes that were to become so familiar completed the
+design. This flag the English called "the Rebellious Stripes."
+
+On November 16, 1776, Washington was at Fort Lee, on the New Jersey
+shore, opposite the present 160th Street. Desiring to view from the
+Heights the British operations in their attack on Fort Washington, he
+crossed over to the Morris house. Fifteen minutes after he left the
+Heights to return to New Jersey, fourteen thousand British and Hessian
+troops took possession of the Heights, the Morris Mansion, and Fort
+Washington.
+
+The period of British occupation continued, at intervals, until near
+the close of the war. Since the owner was a Loyalist, the British
+Government paid rent for it.
+
+After the Revolution the property was confiscated, as appears from an
+entry in Washington's diary, dated July 10, 1790:
+
+ "Having formed a Party consisting of the Vice-President, his
+ lady, Son & Miss Smith; the Secretaries of State, Treasury, &
+ War, and the ladies of the two latter; with all the Gentlemen
+ of my family, Mrs. Lear & the two Children, we visited the
+ old position of Fort Washington, and afterwards dined on a
+ dinner provided by a Mr. Mariner at the House lately Colo.
+ Roger Morris, but confiscated and in the occupation of a
+ common Farmer."
+
+For nearly thirty years after the Revolution the stately old house was
+occupied as a farmhouse or as a tavern. In 1810 it became the home of
+Stephen Jumel, a wealthy New York merchant, whose widow, Madam Jumel,
+later gave such wonderful entertainments in the house that the whole
+city talked about her. After many years of life alone in the mansion,
+in July, 1833, she married Aaron Burr. He was then seventy-two years
+old, while she was fifty-nine.
+
+Madam Jumel-Burr lived until July 16, 1865. During her last years she
+was demented and did many strange things. For a time she maintained an
+armed garrison in the house, and she rode daily about the grounds at
+the head of fifteen or twenty men.
+
+The mansion passed through a number of hands until, in 1903, title to
+it was taken by the City of New York, on payment of $235,000.
+
+For three years the vacant house was at the mercy of souvenir hunters,
+but when, in 1906, it was turned over to the Daughters of the American
+Revolution, to be used as a Revolutionary Museum, twelve thousand
+dollars were appropriated for repairs and restoration. This amount was
+woefully inadequate, but it is hoped that further appropriation will
+make complete restoration possible.
+
+The spacious grounds that once belonged to the mansion have been sold
+for building lots, but the house looks down proudly as ever from its
+lofty site almost opposite the intersection of Tenth Avenue and One
+Hundred and Sixty-first Street with St. Nicholas Avenue. The corner
+of its original dooryard is now Roger Morris Park.
+
+
+ [Illustration: PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS, N. Y.
+ _Photo by A. V. Card, Yonkers_
+ See page 91]
+
+XVIII
+
+THE PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS, NEW YORK
+
+THE HOME OF MARY PHILIPSE, IN WHOM GEORGE WASHINGTON WAS INTERESTED
+
+At first glance one would not think that the name Yonkers was derived
+very directly from the name of the first settlers of the region, de
+Jonkheer Adriaen Van der Donck. When, in 1646, he secured a large
+tract of land bounded by the Hudson, the Bronx, and Spuyten Duyvil
+Creek, this was called "Colen Donck" (Donck's Colony) or "De
+Jonkheer's" (the Young Lord's). As the Dutch "j" is pronounced "y,"
+the transition from Jonkheers to Yonkers was easy.
+
+On September 29, 1672, after the death of the original owner, 7,708
+acres of the princely estate were sold to three men, of whom Frederick
+Philipse (originally Ffreric Vlypse) was one. A few years later
+Philipse bought out the heirs of the other two purchasers, and added
+to his holdings by further purchases from his countrymen and from the
+Indians. On June 12, 1693, he was permitted to call himself lord of
+the Manor of Philipsburgh. From that day the carpenter from Friesland,
+who had grown so rich that he was called "the Dutch millionaire,"
+lived in state in the house he had begun in 1682.
+
+This lord of the manor became still more important in consequence of
+the acceptance of his offer to build a bridge over Spuyt-den-duyvil,
+or "Spiting Devil" Creek, when the city declined to do so for lack of
+funds. The deed given to him stated that he had "power and authority
+to erect a bridge over the water or river commonly called Spiten devil
+ferry or Paparimeno, and to receive toll from all passengers and
+drovers of cattle that shall pass thereon, according to rates
+hereinafter mentioned." This bridge, which was called Kingsbridge, was
+a great source of revenue until 1713, when it was removed to the
+present site. Then tolls were charged until 1759, or, nominally, until
+1779.
+
+Part of the Manor House was used as a trading post. Everything
+Philipse handled seemed to turn into gold. All his ventures prospered.
+It was whispered that some of these ventures were more than a little
+shady, that he had dealings with pirates and shared in their
+ill-gotten gains, and that he even went into partnership with Captain
+Kidd when that once honest man became the prince of the very pirates
+whom the Government had commissioned him to apprehend. And Philipse,
+as a member of the Governor's Council, had recommended this Kidd as
+the best man for the job! It is not strange that the lord of the manor
+felt constrained to resign his seat in the council because of the
+popular belief in the statement made by the Governor, that "Kidd's
+missing treasures could be readily found if the coffers of Frederick
+Philipse were searched."
+
+Colonel Frederick Philipse, the great-grandson of Captain Kidd's
+partner, enlarged the Manor House to its present proportions and
+appearance. He also was prominent in the affairs of the Colony. He was
+a member of the Provincial Assembly, and was chairman of a meeting
+called on August 20, 1774, to select delegates to the county
+convention which was to select a representative to the First
+Continental Congress. Thus, ostensibly, he was taking his place with
+those who were crying out for the redress of grievances suffered at
+the hands of Great Britain. Yet it was not long until it was evident
+that he was openly arrayed with those who declined to turn from their
+allegiance to the king.
+
+The most famous event that took place in the Philipse Manor was the
+marriage, on January 28, 1758, of the celebrated beauty, Mary
+Philipse, to Colonel Roger Morris. A letter from Joseph Chew to George
+Washington, dated July 13, 1757, shows that--in the opinion of the
+writer, at least--the young Virginian soldier was especially
+interested in Mary Philipse. In this letter, which he wrote after his
+return from a visit to Mrs. Beverly Robinson in New York, the sister
+of Mary Philipse, he said:
+
+ "I often had the Pleasure of Breakfasting with the Charming
+ Polly, Roger Morris was there (Don't be startled) but not
+ always, you know him he is a Lady's man, always something to
+ say, the Town talk't of it as a sure & settled Affair. I
+ can't say I think so and that I much doubt it, but assure you
+ had Little Acquaintance with Mr. Morris and only slightly
+ hinted it to Miss Polly, but how can you be Excused to
+ Continue so long in Phila. I think I should have made a kind
+ of Flying March of it if it had been only to have seen
+ whether the Works were sufficient to withstand a Vigorous
+ Attack, you a soldier and a Lover, mind I have been arguing
+ for my own Interest now for had you taken this method then I
+ should have had the Pleasure of seeing you--my Paper is
+ almost full and I am Convinced you will be heartily tyred in
+ Reading it--however will just add that I intend to set out
+ to-morrow for New York where I will not be wanting to let
+ Miss Polly know the Sincere Regard a Friend of mine has for
+ her--and I am sure if she had my Eyes to see thro would
+ Prefer him to all others."
+
+While it is true that George Washington went to New York to see the
+charming Polly, there is no evidence that he was especially interested
+in her.
+
+Colonel Morris later built for his bride the Morris-Jumel Mansion,
+which is still standing near 160th Street. Mrs. Morris frequently
+visited at the home of her girlhood. The last visit was paid there
+during Christmas week of 1776. Her father, who had been taken to
+Middletown, Connecticut, because of his activities on the side of the
+king, was allowed to go to his home on parole.
+
+In 1779 the Manor House and lands were declared forfeited because the
+owner refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Colonies, and
+Frederick Philipse, III, went to England.
+
+The property was sold in 1785. Until 1868 it was in the hands of
+various purchasers. To-day the Manor House is preserved as a relic of
+the days when Washington visited the house, when loyalists were driven
+from the doors, and when it was the centre of some of the important
+movements against the British troops.
+
+
+XIX
+
+ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL, NEW YORK CITY
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON ATTENDED SERVICE ON HIS FIRST INAUGURATION DAY
+
+In the New York _Gazette_ of May 14, 1764, appeared this notice
+concerning St. Paul's Chapel:
+
+ "We are told that the Foundation Stone of the third English
+ Church which is about erecting in this City, is to be laid
+ this day. The church is to be 112 by 72 feet."
+
+For two years those who passed the corner of Broadway and Partition
+(Fulton) Street watched the progress of the building. On October 30,
+1766, it was ready for the first service.
+
+On the opening day there was no steeple, no organ, and no stove. But
+those who entered the doors were abundantly satisfied with the work of
+the architect, who is said to have been a Scotchman named McBean, a
+pupil of Gibbs, the designer of St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London, to
+which church the interior of St. Paul's Chapel bears a marked
+resemblance. In the account of the opening the New York _Journal and
+General Advertiser_ said that the new church was "one of the most
+elegant edifices on the Continent."
+
+Between April 13, 1776, when Washington arrived in New York, and
+September 15, 1776, when Lord Howe occupied the city, the church was
+closed, since the rector did not see his way to omit from the service
+the prayers for the king. But when the British took possession of New
+York the doors were opened once more. Until the city was evacuated,
+November 25, 1783, Lord Howe and many of his officers were regular
+attendants at St. Paul's.
+
+Six days after the beginning of the British occupation the church had
+a narrow escape from destruction. A fire, which Howe declared was of
+incendiary origin, burned four hundred of the four thousand homes in
+New York. St. Paul's Chapel was in the centre of the burnt district.
+Trinity Church was destroyed, and St. Paul's was saved by the efforts
+of its rector, Dr. Inglis. This was the first of five such narrow
+escapes. The steeple was actually aflame during the conflagration of
+1797, but the building was saved. Three times during the nineteenth
+century, in 1820, 1848, and 1865, fire approached or passed by the
+chapel.
+
+Immediately after the first inauguration of Washington, at the City
+Hall, he walked to St. Paul's to ask God's blessing on the country and
+his administration. During his residence in New York, until Trinity
+Church was rebuilt, he was a regular attendant at the services. From
+1789 to 1791 his diary records the fact many times, "Went to St.
+Paul's Chappel in the forenoon." At first he used the pew built for
+the Governor of New York, but later, when a President's pew was built,
+he moved to this. Canopies covered both pews, while they were further
+marked by the arms of the United States and of New York.
+
+Dr. Morgan Dix, in his address at the Centennial anniversary of the
+completion of the building, told of an old man who had said to him
+that when he was a boy he used to sit with other school-boys in the
+north gallery, and from there he would watch the arrival of the
+General and "Lady Washington" as they came up Fair Street to the
+church, in a coach and four.
+
+In the same address Dr. Dix said: "The church remains, substantially,
+such as it was in the first days; alterations have been made in it,
+but they have not changed its general appearance. For justness of
+proportion and elegance of style, it still holds a leading place among
+our city churches, and must be regarded as a fine specimen of its
+particular school of architecture. When it was built, the western end
+commanded an uninterrupted view of the river and the Jersey shore, for
+the waters of the Hudson then flowed up to the line of Greenwich
+Street, all beyond is made land."
+
+In the portico of the old church is a monument to General Montgomery,
+a member of St. Paul's parish, who fell at Quebec, and is buried in
+the chapel. This monument, which was sent from France by Benjamin
+Franklin, had an adventurous career. The vessel in which it was
+shipped was captured by the British, and some time elapsed before it
+reached its destined place.
+
+
+ [Illustration: FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY
+ _Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company_
+ See page 97]
+
+XX
+
+FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON TOOK LEAVE OF HIS SOLDIERS
+
+The subscribers of the _Pennsylvania Packet_, on the morning of
+December 2, 1783, read the following pleasing despatch from New York
+City, which was dated November 26, 1783:
+
+ "Yesterday in the morning the American troops marched from
+ Haerlem, to the Bowery lanes. They remained there until about
+ one o'clock, when the British troops left the fort in the
+ Bowery, and the American troops marched in and took
+ possession of the city.--After the troops had taken
+ possession of the city, the GENERAL and GOVERNOR made their
+ public entry in the following manner:--Their excellencies the
+ general and governor with their suites on horseback. The
+ lieutenant governor, and the members of the council for the
+ temporary government of the southern district, four
+ a-breast.--Major-general Knox, and the officers of the army,
+ eight a-breast.--Citizens on horseback, eight a-breast.--The
+ speaker of the assembly and citizens, on foot, eight
+ a-breast.
+
+ "Their excellencies the governor and commander-in-chief were
+ escorted by a body of West Chester light horse, under the
+ command of Captain Delavan. The procession proceeded down
+ Queen [now Pearl] Street, and through the Broad-way to Cape's
+ Tavern. The governor gave a public dinner at Fraunces'
+ tavern; and which the commander-in-chief, and other general
+ officers were present."
+
+The building which Washington made famous that day was erected by
+Etienne de Lancey, probably in 1700. Samuel Fraunces purchased the
+place in 1762. Soon it became one of the most popular taverns in New
+York. Among its patrons were some of the leaders in the Revolution, as
+well as many who were loyal to King George. But Fraunces himself never
+wavered in his allegiance to the Colonies.
+
+One of the clubs that met regularly at Fraunces' was the Social Club,
+of which John Jay, Gouverneur Morris, and Robert R. Livingston were
+members.
+
+During the occupation of New York by the British the tavern did not
+have an opportunity to play a part in the history of the country,
+though the daughter of the proprietor, who was a tavern keeper at
+Washington's Richmond Hill headquarters, made ineffective a plot to
+poison the Commander-in-Chief.
+
+Ten days after Washington's triumphal entry into the city, and the
+dinner at the tavern, one of the rooms was the scene of a historic
+event of which Rivington's _New York Gazette_ told in these words:
+
+ "Last Thursday noon (December 4) the principal officers of
+ the army in town assembled at Fraunces' tavern to take a
+ final leave of their illustrious, gracious and much loved
+ comrade, General Washington. The passions of human nature
+ were never more tenderly agitated than in this interesting
+ and distressful scene. His excellency, having filled a glass
+ of wine, thus addressed his brave fellow-soldiers:
+
+ "'With an heart full of love and gratitude I now take leave
+ of you: I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as
+ prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious
+ and honorable.'
+
+ "These words produced extreme sensibility on both sides; they
+ were answered by warm expressions, and fervent wishes, from
+ the gentlemen of the army, whose truly pathetic feelings it
+ is not in our power to convey to the reader. Soon after this
+ scene was closed, his excellency the Governor, the honorable
+ the Council and Citizens of the first distinction waited on
+ the general and in terms the most affectionate took their
+ leave."
+
+Two years later Fraunces sold the tavern, but it retains his name to
+this day. It is still at the corner of Broad and Pearl streets. Many
+changes have been made in the building, under the direction of the
+Sons of the Revolution, and it will continue to attract visitors as
+long as it stands.
+
+
+XXI
+
+THE GRANGE, NEW YORK CITY
+
+WHERE ALEXANDER HAMILTON SPENT HIS LAST YEARS
+
+After nineteen years of moving from house to house and from city to
+city, Alexander Hamilton made up his mind to have a home of his own.
+In 1780 he had taken Elizabeth Schuyler from a mansion in Albany that
+was, in its day, almost a palace; and in 1799 he felt that the time
+had come to give her a home of corresponding comfort.
+
+At this time he was commander-in-chief of the army of the United
+States, a service that was made notable, among other things, by his
+suggestion and preparation of plans for the West Point Military
+Academy.
+
+The chosen site for the house, nine miles from Bowling Green, was
+bounded by the present St. Nicholas and Tenth Avenues and 141st and
+145th streets. The coach from New York to Albany afforded regular
+transportation to the spot, though, of course, Hamilton had his own
+equipage. When he planned the house he thought his income of $12,000
+would be ample to care for the property. Accordingly he felt justified
+in offering L800 for sixteen acres, one-half of which was to be paid
+in cash, the balance within a year.
+
+The architect chosen was John McComb, the designer of New York's old
+City Hall. Hamilton and his father-in-law, General Schuyler, had a
+hand in the development of the plans. In a letter to Hamilton, written
+August 25, 1800, General Schuyler said:
+
+ "If the house is boarded on the outside, and the clapboards
+ put on, and filled on the inside with brick, I am persuaded
+ no water will pass to the brick. If the clapboards are well
+ painted, and filling in with brick will be little if any more
+ expensive than lath and plaister, the former will prevent the
+ nuisance occasioned by rats and mice, to which you will be
+ eternally exposed if lath and plaister is made use of instead
+ of brick."
+
+The mason's specifications, quoted by Allan MacLane Hamilton, were as
+follows:
+
+ "Proposal for finishing General Hamilton's Country
+ House--Viz.
+
+ To build two Stacks of Chimneys to contain eight fire-places,
+ exclusive of those in Cellar Story.
+
+ To fill in with brick all the outside walls of the 1st and
+ 2nd stories, also all the interior walls that Separate the
+ two Octagon Rooms--and the two rooms over them--from the Hall
+ and other Rooms in both Stories.
+
+ To lath and plaster the side walls of 1st and 2nd stories
+ with two coats & set in white.
+
+ To plaster the interior walls which separate the Octagon Room
+ in both Stories, to be finished white, or as General Hamilton
+ may chose.
+
+ To lath and plaster all the other partitions in both stories.
+
+ To lath and plaster the Ceiling of the Cellar Story
+ throughout.
+
+ To plaster the Sidewalls of Kitchen, Drawing Room, Hall &
+ passage, & to point & whitewash the Stone and brick walls of
+ the other part of Cellar Story. To Point outside walls of
+ Cellar Story and to fill in under the Sills.
+
+ To lay both Kitchen hearths with brick, placed edge ways.
+
+ To put a Strong Iron back in the Kitchen fire-place, five
+ feet long by 2-1/2 9" high.
+
+ To Put another Iron back in the Drawing Room 3'--6" by
+ 2'--9".
+
+ To place two Iron Cranes in the Kitchen fire Place--& an Iron
+ door for the oven mouth.
+
+ The Rooms, Hall and Passage of the first Story to have neat
+ Stocco Cornices--Those of Octagon Rooms of Best Kind (but not
+ inriched).
+
+ To put up the two setts of Italian Marble in the Octagon
+ Room, such as General Hamilton may choose--and six setts of
+ Stone Chimney pieces for the other Rooms.
+
+ The Four fireplaces in the two Octagon rooms & the two rooms
+ over them, to have Iron Backs and jambs, and four fire places
+ to have backs only.
+
+ To lay the foundations for eight piers for the Piazza.
+
+ Mr. McComb to find at his own expense all the Material
+ requisite for the afore described work and execute it in a
+ good & workmenlike manner for one thousand Eight Hundred and
+ Seventy five Dollars.
+
+ General Hamilton to have all the Materials carted and to have
+ all the Carpenter work done at his expense--
+
+ General Hamilton is to find the workmen their board or to
+ allow ---- shillings per day for each days work in thereof."
+
+One of the workmen on the house was paid $424.50 for three and
+one-half years' work. Another laborer was given $152.18 for sixteen
+months and twenty-seven days, or ninepence per day. The cost of the
+house, complete, was L1,550.
+
+The country place was a joy, both indoors and out. The garden was
+especially attractive to Hamilton. In a letter written from The Grange
+to a friend in South Carolina, he said:
+
+ "A garden, you know, is a very usual refuge of a disappointed
+ politician. The melons in your country are very fine. Will
+ you have the goodness to send me some seed, both of the water
+ and musk melons?"
+
+Guests were numerous. Gouverneur Morris and General Schuyler were
+often at The Grange. Chancellor Kent, after a visit paid in April,
+1804, wrote to his wife:
+
+ "I went with General Hamilton on Saturday, the 21st, and
+ stayed till Sunday evening. There was a furious and dreadful
+ storm on Saturday night. It blew almost a hurricane. His
+ house stands high, and was much exposed, and I am certain
+ that in the second story, where I slept, it rocked like a
+ cradle. He never appeared before so friendly and amiable. I
+ was alone, and he treated me with a minute attention that I
+ did not suppose he knew how to bestow. His manners were also
+ very delicate and chaste. His daughter, who is nineteen years
+ old, has a very uncommon simplicity and modesty of
+ deportment, and he appeared in his domestic state the plain,
+ modest, and affectionate father and husband."
+
+The ideal life at The Grange continued only until July 13, 1804. That
+morning Hamilton set out as if for the office in the city as usual,
+without informing Mrs. Hamilton of the impending duel with Aaron Burr.
+At noon the wife was at the side of her husband, who died next day.
+
+After his death there were put in her hands two letters. In these he
+told of his purpose to permit his antagonist to shoot him:
+
+ "The scruples of a Christian have determined me to expose my
+ own life to any extent rather than subject myself to the
+ guilt of taking the life of another. This much increases my
+ hazards, and redoubles my pangs for you....
+
+ "If it had been possible for me to have avoided the
+ interview, my love for you and my precious children would
+ have been alone a decisive motive. But it was not possible,
+ without sacrifices which would have rendered me unworthy of
+ your esteem."
+
+Mrs. Hamilton remained at The Grange as long as possible, directing
+the men in the care of the estate and caring for her children. But she
+could not afford to keep a carriage, and the inaccessibleness of the
+estate and the drain it made on her limited purse soon made it
+necessary for her to rent a house in the city.
+
+Though friends proposed the raising of a fund that would care for Mrs.
+Hamilton and the children, it does not seem that there was any relief
+until 1816, when Congress gave to Mrs. Hamilton back pay amounting to
+ten thousand dollars.
+
+After The Grange was sold to pay debts, its career was checkered. Some
+years ago it was moved to the east side of Convent Avenue, and it then
+became the schoolhouse of St. Luke's Episcopal Church.
+
+
+ [Illustration: VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 104]
+
+XXII
+
+THE VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY
+
+AT THE EDGE OF THE MANHATTAN "NEUTRAL GROUND"
+
+In 1699 Jacobus Van Cortlandt bought the first fifty acres of the
+ground now included in Van Cortlandt Park, New York City, and for one
+hundred and ninety years the property remained in the Van Cortlandt
+family. Until fifty-three years before the first of the Van
+Cortlandts acquired it, the Indians were the undisputed possessors of
+the plot.
+
+Adriaen Van der Donck, the first settler to acquire title, lived until
+his death in the _bouwerie_ or farmhouse, which he built on the shore
+of a brook. When Jacobus Van Cortlandt built his _bouwerie_ by the
+side of the same brook, he dammed the water to make a mill-pond, which
+is to-day the beautiful Van Cortlandt lake. There he built a grist
+mill which remained in use until 1889. Early visitors to the lake
+delighted to study the ancient structure to which, during the
+Revolution, both British and patriot soldiers resorted with their
+grain. The mill was struck by lightning and destroyed in 1901.
+
+The third house on the estate was built in 1748 by Frederick the son
+of Jacobus, who acquired by the will of his father the "farm, situate,
+lying, and being in a place commonly called and known by the name of
+Little or Lower Yonkers." This house, which was modelled after the
+Philipse Manor House at Yonkers, is still in a fine state of
+preservation. Since 1897, it has been used as a public museum, in
+charge of the Colonial Dames of the State of New York.
+
+The room fitted up as a museum was occupied by General Washington on
+the occasion of his visit to the house in 1783. This room is also
+pointed out as the scene of the death of Captain Rowe of the Hessian
+jaegers, who was severely wounded near the house. When he realised
+that he could not recover, he sent in haste for the young woman who
+had promised to marry him, and he died in her arms.
+
+Other famous visitors were Rochambeau, Admiral Digby, and William
+Henry, Duke of Clarence, who became King William IV of England.
+Admiral Digby, after his departure, sent to Augustus Van Cortlandt,
+the owner of the house, two wooden vultures, which he had captured
+from a Spanish privateer. These vultures are now in the museum.
+
+The old house was the centre of important military operations during
+the Revolution. Washington fortified eight strategic spots in the
+vicinity of Kingsbridge, and when he withdrew before the British
+occupied the fortification, a number of Hessian jaegers were quartered
+in the Van Cortlandt House. To the north of the house was the neutral
+ground for which the two armies continually struggled for possession.
+In 1781, when Washington was about to withdraw his army to Yorktown,
+he directed that camp-fires be lit on Vault Hill, the site of the Van
+Cortlandt family vault. By this stratagem he succeeded for a time in
+deceiving the enemy as to his movements.
+
+Since the building of the Broadway subway Van Cortlandt Park has been
+so easy of access that the number of visitors to the historic spot has
+rapidly increased.
+
+
+XXIII
+
+THE HASBROUCK HOUSE, NEWBURGH, NEW YORK
+
+WHERE THE CLOSING DRAMA OF THE REVOLUTION WAS STAGED
+
+During the entire period of the Revolution the country about Newburgh
+was an important centre of military operations. West Point was
+fortified in 1776, that the British might not be able to carry out
+their design of separating New England from the middle colonies. Many
+officers had their headquarters within a few miles of these
+fortifications. Lafayette was at the Williams House, three miles north
+of Newburgh, while Generals Green, Gates, and Knox were at Vail's
+Gate, four miles south of the town. General George Clinton was at
+Little Britain, and General Anthony Wayne was in Newburgh.
+
+Washington's first stay in the vicinity was at Vail's Gate, New
+Windsor, in the winter of 1779-80. His longest sojourn, however, was
+in the house which Jonathan Hasbrouck built in 1750 and enlarged in
+1770. The best description of this substantial one-story stone house
+at the time of Washington's residence there is contained in the
+"Memoirs" of Marquis de Chastellux, who was the guest of the
+Commander-in-chief on December 6, 1872:
+
+ "The largest room in it, (which was the proprietor's parlor
+ for his family, and which General Washington has converted
+ into his dining-room) is in truth tolerably spacious, but it
+ has seven doors and only one window. The chimney, or rather
+ the chimney back, is against the wall; so that there is in
+ fact but one vent for the smoke, and the fire is in the room
+ itself. I found the company assembled in a small room, which
+ served by way of parlor. At nine supper was served, and when
+ the hour of bed-time came, I found that the chamber, to which
+ the General conducted me, was the very parlor I speak of,
+ wherein he had made them place a camp bed...."
+
+The records of the months when Washington was an occupant of the old
+Dutch house are among the most interesting of the war. For instance,
+on May 10, 1782, there came tidings of the arrival in New York of Sir
+Guy Carleton, the new British commander, who wrote that he desired to
+tell of the king's idea of a possible peace, and of the attitude of
+the House of Commons. He closed his letter by saying, "If war must
+prevail, I shall endeavor to render its miseries as light to the
+people of this continent as the circumstances of such a condition will
+possibly permit."
+
+Two days earlier Washington wrote a letter to Meschech Weare in which
+he seems to have anticipated and discredited Carleton's word of
+appeal:
+
+ "They are meant to amuse this country with a false idea of
+ peace, to draw us off from our connection with France, and to
+ lull us into a state of security and inactivity, which having
+ taken place, the ministry will be left to prosecute the war
+ in other parts of the world with greater vigor and effect."
+
+In less than two weeks a tempter of an entirely different sort
+approached Washington. Lewis Nicola, colonel of the corps of invalids,
+wrote to tell of the fact that the officers and soldiers were
+discontented because they had not received their pay. Then he
+intimated that he had no hope of the success of republican
+institutions, but thought this country needed a ruler like a king,
+though he might not be called king, owing to the objection to that
+word. Yet he added, "I believe strong arguments might be produced for
+admitting the title of KING, which I conceive would be attended with
+some material advantages."
+
+To this letter Washington sent prompt reply, on May 22, 1782:
+
+ "SIR: With a mixture of great surprise and astonishment, I
+ have read with attention the sentiments you have submitted
+ to my perusal. Be assured, Sir, no occurrence in the course
+ of the war has given me more painful sensations, than your
+ information of there being such ideas existing in the army,
+ as you have expressed, and I must view with abhorrence and
+ reprehend with severity. For the present the Communication of
+ this will rest in my own bosom, unless some further agitation
+ of the matter shall make a disclosure necessary.
+
+ "I am much at a loss to conceive what part of my conduct
+ could have given encouragement to an address, which to me
+ seems big with the greatest mischiefs that can befall my
+ country. If I am not deceived in the knowledge of myself, you
+ could not have found a person to whom your schemes are more
+ disagreeable. At the same time, in justice to my own
+ feelings, I must add that no man possesses a more sincere
+ wish to see ample justice done to the Army than I do, and so
+ far as my power and influence, in a constitutional way,
+ extend, they shall be employed to the utmost of my abilities
+ to effect it, should there be any occasion. Let me conjure
+ you then, if you have any regard for your country, concern
+ for yourself or respect for me, to banish these thoughts from
+ your mind, and never communicate, as from yourself or any one
+ else, a sentiment of the like nature.
+
+ "With esteem I am, sir, Your most obedient servant,
+
+ "GEORGE WASHINGTON."
+
+That Washington desired to be a simple resident on his own estate at
+Mount Vernon instead of king of the new country, was emphasized by a
+letter written on June 15 to Archibald Cary:
+
+ "I can truly say, that the first wish of my soul is to return
+ speedily into the bosom of that country which gave me birth,
+ and, in the sweet enjoyment of domestic happiness and the
+ company of a few friends, to end my days in quiet, when I
+ shall be called from this stage."
+
+There was joy in the village on the banks of the Hudson when, late in
+1782, a letter came from Sir Guy Carleton announcing that negotiations
+for a general peace had already begun in Paris, and that the king had
+decided to propose the independence of the thirteen Provinces "in the
+first instance, instead of granting it as a condition of a general
+treaty."
+
+In the long interval before the receipt of decisive word concerning
+peace, the sagacity of Washington was once more tested severely. There
+was still disaffection among the officers and the men because they had
+not been paid, and because Congress seemed to pay no attention to
+their protests. Washington learned that a call had been issued for a
+meeting of officers to be held in New Windsor to consider taking
+matters into their own hands and forcing Congress to act.
+
+Washington did not hesitate. He asked the officers to meet him in the
+very building in which they had planned to make their plans for
+revolt. Then he appealed to their patriotism, urging them not to put a
+stain on their noble service by hasty action. When he had gone, the
+officers acted in a way that justified the General's confidence.
+Unanimously they promised all that had been asked of them, and voted
+to thank Washington for his method of dealing with them.
+
+On March 19, 1783, four days after this action, Washington
+acknowledged to Congress receipt of word that the preliminary articles
+of peace had been signed on November 30, and on April 18 he ordered
+the cessation of hostilities, in accordance with the proclamation of
+Congress.
+
+The Hasbrouck house was sold by the family to New York State in 1849.
+For twenty-four years, by act of Assembly, the historic quarters were
+cared for by the trustees of the village, and later by the city
+authorities. In May, 1874, trustees appointed by the legislature took
+over the property and have held it ever since, for the benefit of the
+people.
+
+
+
+
+THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH THE PATRIOTS
+
+ _See the ancient manse
+ Meet its fate at last!
+ Time, in his advance,
+ Age nor honor knows;
+ Axe and broadaxe fall,
+ Lopping off the Past:
+ Hit with bar and maul,
+ Down the old house goes!_
+
+ _Sevenscore years it stood;
+ Yes, they built it well,
+ Though they built of wood,
+ When that house arose.
+ For its cross-beams square
+ Oak and walnut fell;
+ Little worse for wear,
+ Down the old house goes!_
+
+ _On these oaken floors
+ High-shoed ladies trod;
+ Through those panelled doors
+ Trailed their furbelows;
+ Long their day has ceased;
+ Now, beneath the sod,
+ With the worms they feast,--
+ Down the old house goes!_
+
+ _Many a bride has stood
+ In yon spacious room;
+ Here her hand was wooed
+ Underneath the rose;
+ O'er that sill the dead
+ Reached the family tomb;
+ All that were have fled,--
+ Down the old house goes!_
+
+ _Once, in yonder hall,
+ Washington, they say,
+ Led the New Year's ball,
+ Stateliest of beaux;
+ O that minuet,
+ Maids and matrons gay!
+ Are there such sights yet?
+ Down the old house goes!_
+
+ _Doorway high the box
+ In the grass-plot spreads;
+ It has borne its locks
+ Through a thousand snows;
+ In an evil day,
+ From those garden beds
+ Now 'tis hacked away,--
+ Down the old house goes!_
+
+ EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN.
+
+
+
+
+THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH THE PATRIOTS
+
+
+ [Illustration: THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY, N. J.
+ _Photo furnished by W. A. Little, D.D., Perth Amboy_
+ See page 115]
+
+XXIV
+
+THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY
+
+THE HOME OF THE SON OF WHOM BENJAMIN FRANKLIN VAINLY TRIED TO MAKE A
+PATRIOT
+
+There was a time when Benjamin Franklin was proud of his son William,
+and was glad to have his name coupled with that of the young man.
+
+The first year of the father's service in the Pennsylvania Assembly
+William was appointed clerk of that body; this fact is mentioned with
+pride in the Autobiography.
+
+When General Braddock was sent from England to America to oppose the
+union of the Colonies for defence, "lest they should thereby grow too
+military and feel their own strength," Franklin was sent by the
+Assembly to Fredericktown, Maryland, to confer with the General. "My
+son accompanied me on the journey," the Autobiography says.
+
+At Braddock's request Franklin advertised at Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
+for one hundred and fifty wagons for the proposed expedition into the
+interior, and at the close of the advertisement was the note, "My son,
+William Franklin, is empowered to enter into like contracts with any
+person in Cumberland County."
+
+Later, when the father was asked to secure financial assistance for
+certain subalterns in Braddock's company, he wrote to the Assembly,
+recommending that a present of necessaries and refreshments be sent to
+those officers. "My son, who had some experience of camp life and of
+its wants, drew up a list for me which I enclos'd in my letter," the
+father wrote.
+
+When, during the French and Indian War, the Governor of Pennsylvania
+asked Franklin to take charge of "our Northwestern frontier which was
+infested by the enemy, and provide for the defence of the inhabitants
+by raising troops and building a line of forts," he went to the front
+with five hundred and sixty men. In the Autobiography he wrote, "My
+son, who had in the preceding war, been an officer in the army rais'd
+against Canada, was my aid-de-camp, and of great use to me."
+
+And in 1771, when beginning his Autobiography, Franklin addressed it
+"Dear Son," and spoke of the trip the two had taken together to
+England, to make "enquiries among the remains of my relations." Then
+he added:
+
+ "Imagining it may be equally agreeable to you to know the
+ circumstances of my life, many of which you are yet
+ unacquainted with, and expecting the enjoyment of a week's
+ uninterrupted leisure in my present country retirement, I sit
+ down to write them for you."
+
+Six years before the beginning of the Autobiography, Franklin, in
+company with six other Philadelphians, entered on a land speculation
+in Nova Scotia. Together they bought two hundred thousand acres of
+land. There they intended to found a colony. Two shiploads of
+emigrants were taken to Monkton, the site of the proposed colony, but
+most of the men settled on other land, finding that this could be had
+practically for nothing. Franklin's will later provided that William
+be given an interest in the Nova Scotia property, and he explained the
+gift by saying that this was "the only part of his estate remaining
+under the sovereignty of the king of Great Britain."
+
+What was the explanation of the father's changed attitude to his son
+that led him to make his bequest in such unpleasant terms?
+
+After William Franklin's return from the frontier, he was appointed
+governor-in-chief of the Province of New Jersey. A mansion was built
+for him in Perth Amboy by the Lord Proprietor. Its construction
+required a somewhat extended time, for it was a grand place; no wonder
+it was called "The Palace." But in 1774 the Governor took possession.
+
+Of course this was not the reason for the breach with his father.
+Again Benjamin Franklin was proud of his son, and of the lavish
+entertainments he made for his associates.
+
+But the father began to shake his head when his son became a favorite
+of the Tories in Perth Amboy who had looked askance on his
+appointment, the year before. He was told that William would himself
+remain a loyalist when the break came with Great Britain, and he was
+compelled to believe that there was serious ground for the charge. He
+decided, however, to make a supreme effort to rouse the Governor to
+the call of patriotism. Accordingly, in 1775, he sought the Palace and
+pleaded with William to forsake his Tory associates, turn his back on
+the king who had turned his back on the Colonies, and become a
+steadfast defender of his country's rights.
+
+What a subject that interview would make for an artist! Opposed to the
+luxury-loving governor, in the house furnished for his satisfaction by
+the Tories with whom he had chosen to ally himself, was the sturdy
+figure of the sage of Pennsylvania, who was ready to lay down his life
+in the defence of his country.
+
+It must have been a stirring interview. But it was fruitless. Benjamin
+Franklin went back to Philadelphia a disappointed man. His feelings
+were expressed in the letter in which he said, "I am deserted by my
+only son."
+
+Within a year Governor Franklin was practically a prisoner in the
+Palace, in consequence of the discovery that he was plotting against
+the Colonies. When he persisted in courses that troubled Congress, he
+was arrested and taken to Burlington. Mrs. Franklin fled to New York,
+and the Palace was at the mercy of the British. On several occasions
+the house was used as headquarters by British generals, and soldiers
+made their encampment on the grounds.
+
+Though the interior of the Palace was destroyed by fire soon after the
+war, the house was restored, and it still looks much as it did when
+Franklin, the patriot, stood within its walls. For years it was used
+as a hotel, and later as a private residence. In 1883 it was made a
+Home for aged ministers of the Presbyterian Church. To-day it is again
+used as a hotel.
+
+
+XXV
+
+THE CHURCH AT CALDWELL, NEW JERSEY
+
+WITH GLIMPSES OF THE FIGHTING CHAPLAIN CALDWELL
+
+The trying days of the Revolution would not seem to be a favorable
+time for the beginning of a church, especially in the section of New
+Jersey which was so often overrun by the soldiers of both armies. Yet
+it was at this critical time that many of the people of Horseneck (now
+Caldwell), New Jersey, near Montclair, were looking forward to the
+organization of a church and the building of a house of worship.
+Timbers were in fact drawn and framed for church purposes, but the war
+interfered with the completion of the project.
+
+The donation, in 1779, of ninety acres of wild land in the centre of
+the settlement gave the prospective congregation new heart. On this
+land a parsonage was begun in 1782. The upper portion of this house,
+unplastered and unceiled, was used for church purposes until 1796.
+
+The final organization of the church dates from December 3, 1784, when
+forty persons signed their names to the following curious agreement:
+
+ "We Whose Names are Under writen Living at the Place called
+ Horse Neck, Being this Day to be Formed or Embodied as a
+ Church of _Jesus Christ_, Do Solemnly Declare that as we do
+ desire to be founded Only on the Rock Christ Jesus, So we
+ would not wish to Build on this foundation, Wood Hay and
+ Stubble, but Gold and Silver and Precious Stones; and as it
+ is our profested Sentiments that a Visible Church of Christ,
+ Consists of Visible Believers with their Children, so no
+ Adult Persons ought to be Admitted as members but such as
+ Credibly profess True Faith in Jesus Christ, Love, Obedience,
+ and Subjection to Him, Holding the Fundamental Doctrines of
+ the Gospel, and who will Solemnly Enter into Covenant to Walk
+ Worthy such an Holy Profession as we do this Day."
+
+The last survivor of those who signed this document was General
+William Gould, who died February 12, 1847, in his ninetieth year.
+During the Revolution he saw much active service, especially at the
+battles of Springfield and Monmouth and the campaigns that preceded
+and followed these conflicts.
+
+But the connection of the church with the Revolution came rather
+through Rev. James Caldwell, who was pastor of the First Presbyterian
+Church of Elizabeth Town. During the early years of the struggling
+congregation he was their adviser and helper, and after his death the
+name of the church was changed to Caldwell, in his honor.
+
+Mr. Caldwell--who had among his parishioners in Elizabeth Town William
+Livingston, the Governor of the State, Elias Boudinot, Commissary
+General of Prisons and President of Congress, Abraham Clark, one of
+the signers of the Declaration of Independence, as well as more than
+forty commissioned officers of the Continental Army--was one of the
+famous chaplains of the war, having been chosen in 1776 chaplain of
+the regiment largely made up of his own members. Later he was
+Assistant Commissary General.
+
+The British called him the "Fighting Chaplain," and he was cordially
+hated because of his zeal for the cause of the patriots. His life was
+always in danger, and when he was able to spend a Sunday with his
+congregation he would preach with his cavalry pistols on the pulpit,
+while sentinels were stationed at the doors to give warning.
+
+The enmity of the British led to the burning of the chaplain's church,
+and the murder, a few months later, of Mrs. Caldwell. While she was
+sitting in a rear room at the house at Connecticutt Farms, where she
+had been sent for safety, surrounded by her children, a soldier thrust
+his musket through the window and fired at her.
+
+Mr. Caldwell survived the war, in spite of the efforts of the British
+to capture him, only to be murdered on November 24, 1781, by a
+Continental soldier who was thought to have been bribed by those whose
+enmity the chaplain had earned during the conflict.
+
+The Elizabeth Town congregation succeeded in rebuilding their church
+five years after it was destroyed, but the delayed Caldwell church
+building was not ready for its occupants until 1795. The timbers for
+the church were hewed in the forest where the trees were felled and
+were drawn by oxen to the site selected. Forty men worked several days
+to raise the frame. Lime was made from sea shells, which were hauled
+from Bergen, and then burned in a kiln erected near the church lot.
+
+The interior of the building was plain. The pulpit, "about the size of
+a hogshead," was built on a single pillar, against the wall; above
+this was a sounding board. The windows had neither blinds nor
+curtains, and nothing was painted but the pulpit. The backs of the
+pews were exactly perpendicular. Provision was made regularly for the
+purchase of sand to freshen the floors. This building was burned in
+1872.
+
+The first pastor, Rev. Stephen Grover, received as salary one hundred
+and fifty dollars a year, though this sum was to be increased ten
+dollars a year until the total was two hundred and fifty dollars. Of
+course the use of the parsonage and land was given in addition.
+
+Mr. Grover was pastor for forty-six years, and his successor was Rev.
+Richard F. Cleveland, to whose son, born in the old manse at
+Caldwell,--which was purchased in 1912 by the Grover Cleveland
+Birthplace Memorial Association,--was given the name Stephen Grover,
+in memory of the first pastor of the church. Forty-seven years later
+Stephen Grover Cleveland became President of the United States.
+
+For the first ten months of its history the Caldwell church was
+Presbyterian, then it became Congregational, but since 1831 it has
+been a Presbyterian body.
+
+
+ [Illustration: OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD, N. J.
+ _Photo by Hall's Studio, Freehold_
+ See page 122]
+
+XXVI
+
+OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD, NEW JERSEY
+
+ON THE BATTLE FIELD OF MONMOUTH
+
+One of the bas-reliefs on the monument commemorating the decisive
+Battle of Monmouth, which has been called the turning-point of the War
+for Independence, represents the famous Molly Pitcher as she took the
+place at the gun of her disabled husband. In the background of the
+relief is the roof and steeple of Old Tennent, the church near which
+the battle raged all day long.
+
+Tennent Presbyterian Church was organized about 1692. The first
+building was probably built of logs. The second structure, more
+ambitious, was planned in 1730. Twenty years later a third structure
+was demanded by the growing congregation. This building, which was
+twenty-seven years old at the time of the battle of Monmouth, is still
+standing.
+
+The plan called for a building sixty feet long and forty feet wide.
+The present pastor of the church, Rev. Frank R. Symmes, in his story
+of the church, says of the building:
+
+ "The sides were sheathed with long cedar shingles, and
+ fastened with nails patiently wrought out on an anvil, and
+ the interior was finished with beaded and panelled Jersey
+ pine.... The pulpit ... is placed on the north side of the
+ room, against the wall, with narrow stairs leading up to it,
+ closed in with a door. The Bible desk is nine feet above the
+ audience floor, with a great sounding board overhanging the
+ whole.... Below the main pulpit a second desk or sub-pulpit
+ is built, where the precentor used to stand.... The galleries
+ extend along three sides of the room."
+
+Among the early pastors of the church were Rev. John Tennent and his
+brother, Rev. William Tennent, members of a family famous in the early
+history of the Presbyterian Church in New Jersey. In consequence of
+their forty-seven years of service the church became known as "Old
+Tennent."
+
+The story of the marriage of Rev. William Tennent is a tradition in
+the congregation. In spite of his salary of about one hundred pounds,
+and the use of the parsonage farm, he became financially embarrassed.
+A friend from New York who visited him when he was thirty-three years
+old told him he ought to marry and suggested a widow of his
+acquaintance. Mr. Tennent agreed to the proposition that he go to New
+York in company with his friend, and see if matters could not be
+arranged. So, before noon next day, he was introduced to Mrs. Noble.
+"He was much pleased with her appearance," the story goes on, "and
+when left alone with her, abruptly told her that he supposed her
+brother had informed her of his errand; that neither his time nor his
+inclination would suffer him to use much ceremony, but that if she
+approved ... he would return on Monday, be married, and immediately
+take her home." Thus in one week she found herself mistress of his
+house. She proved a most invaluable treasure to him.
+
+The year after the death of Mr. Tennent, on Sunday, June 28, 1778,
+General Washington, at the head of about six thousand men, hurried by
+Old Tennent. That morning he had been at Englishtown where the sound of
+cannon told him his advance forces under General Lee were battling with
+the British. Washington was about one hundred yards beyond the church
+door when he met the first straggler who told him that Lee had
+retreated before the British. A little further on the Commander-in-chief
+met Lee. After rebuking him sharply he hastened forward, and rallied
+the retreating Continentals. The renewed battle continued until
+evening when the British were driven back to a defensive position.
+During the night they retired, to the surprise of Washington, who
+hoped to renew the battle in the morning. The victory snatched from
+defeat in this, one of the most stubbornly contested and longest
+battles of the war, gave new courage to the Colonies.
+
+During the battle wounded soldiers were carried to the church, where
+members of the congregation tended them, in what could not have been a
+very secure refuge, since musket balls pierced the walls. An exhausted
+American soldier, while trying to make his way to the building, sat
+for rest on the grave of Sarah Mattison. While he was there a cannon
+ball wounded him and broke off a piece of the headstone. Watchers
+carried him into the church where he was laid on one of the pews. The
+stains of blood are still to be seen on the board seat, while the
+marks of his hands were visible on the book-rest of the pew until the
+wood was grained.
+
+A tablet has been placed on the front wall of the church with this
+message:
+
+ 1778-1901
+ In Grateful Remembrance
+ of Patriots Who, on Sabbath June 28, 1778,
+ Gained the Victory Which Was the Turning Point
+ Of the War for Independence,
+ And to Mark a Memorable Spot on
+ The Battlefield of Monmouth,
+ This Tablet is placed by Monmouth Chapter
+ Daughters of the American Revolution
+ September 26, 1901.
+
+Not far from the church is the monument commemorating the battle
+itself. Spirited bronze reliefs on this tell the story of some of the
+picturesque incidents of the memorable struggle.
+
+
+XXVII
+
+THE FORD MANSION, MORRISTOWN, NEW JERSEY
+
+FROM WHICH ALEXANDER HAMILTON WENT COURTING
+
+New Jersey, which was the scene of so many battles during the
+Revolution, was also the scene of what was perhaps Washington's
+pleasantest winter during the war. From December, 1799, to June, 1780,
+the Commander-in-chief lived at the Ford Mansion with his "family," as
+he was fond of calling Mrs. Washington and his aides.
+
+During these months he was busily engaged in making plans for the
+later successful conduct of the war, yet he took time for those social
+relaxations which were a needed relief from the anxious strain of the
+long conflict.
+
+Among those who helped to make that winter memorable were Surgeon
+General John Cochrane and Mrs. Cochrane, who occupied the Campfield
+House close by, and General and Mrs. Philip Schuyler, who had come
+down from Albany for a season at headquarters. Mrs. Schuyler and Mrs.
+Cochrane were sisters. Elizabeth Schuyler had come in advance of her
+parents, and for a time was a guest at the Campfield House.
+
+Visitors from France were arriving from time to time, bringing word of
+the alliance that was to mean so much to the Colonies, and conferring
+as to methods of cooperation.
+
+In one wing of the Ford Mansion lived Mrs. Ford and her son Timothy.
+In the rooms set apart for the use of Washington's family eighteen
+people were crowded. Two of these were Alexander Hamilton and Tench
+Tilghman, both members of the General's staff.
+
+Though Mrs. Washington delighted to put on style, on occasion, she
+could also be plain and simple. There had been times during the war
+when she was not ashamed to drive to headquarters in a coach and four.
+But sometimes at Morristown she was in a different mood--as, for
+instance, one day when a number of the ladies of the neighborhood,
+dressed in their best, called to pay their respects to her. To their
+surprise they found her sitting in a speckled apron, knitting
+stockings. If they were ill at ease at first, their state of mind can
+be imagined when their hostess began to talk to them of the need of
+care in their expenditures for their country's sake. After telling
+them of a dress she had made out of the carefully unravelled
+upholstery of a set of chairs, she completed their consternation by
+saying:
+
+ "American ladies should be patterns of industry to their
+ countrywomen, because the separation from the mother-country
+ will dry up the source whence many of our comforts have been
+ derived. We must become independent by our determination to
+ do without what we cannot make ourselves. While our husbands
+ and brothers are examples of patriotism, we must be examples
+ of thrift and economy."
+
+The coming of Elizabeth Schuyler to the Campfield House was the signal
+for a spirited contest for her favor between two of Washington's
+aides. Both Hamilton and Tilghman had met her at her father's house in
+Albany, and both called on her. But Hamilton soon distanced his
+comrade in the race for her favor. It was not long until everybody was
+watching developments. Both of the young people were favorites. It is
+related that even a young soldier on sentry duty late one night was
+persuaded to a breach of military rules by his interest in Hamilton's
+courtship. That night the lover was on his way home after spending an
+evening with his Betsey. Evidently the young man had been thinking of
+anything but the countersign, for when he was halted and asked to give
+the countersign words he cudgelled his brain in vain. Then he
+whispered to the sentry, "Tell me!" And the sentry did tell. Whereupon
+Hamilton drew himself up before the soldier, gravely gave the
+countersign, and passed on to his quarters.
+
+There was no time for long courtship in those days of quick movements
+in military circles. So, before long, Hamilton was writing to
+Elizabeth Schuyler such cheering letters as the following:
+
+ "I would not have you imagine, Miss, that I write you so
+ often to gratify your wishes or please your vanity, but
+ merely to indulge myself, and to comply with that restless
+ property of my mind which will not be happy unless I am doing
+ something, in which you are concerned. This may seem a very
+ idle disposition in a philosopher and a soldier; but I can
+ plead illustrious examples in my justification. Achilles
+ liked to have sacrificed Greece and his glory for a female
+ captive; and Anthony lost the world for a woman. I am very
+ sorry times are so changed as to oblige me to go to antiquity
+ for my apology, but I confess to the disgrace of the present
+ that I have not been able to find as many who are as far gone
+ as myself in their laudable zeal of the fair sex. I suspect,
+ however, that if others knew the charms of my sweetheart as
+ well as I do, I should have a great number of competitors. I
+ wish I could give you an idea of her. You have no conception
+ of how sweet a girl she is. It is only in my heart that her
+ image is truly drawn. She has a comely form, and a mind still
+ more lovely; she is all goodness, the gentlest, the dearest,
+ the tenderest of her sex. Oh, Betsey, how I love her!"
+
+Who could withstand such a lover? Elizabeth Schuyler did not, and her
+father commended her judgment. For he wrote to Hamilton:
+
+ "You cannot, my dear sir, be more happy at the connexion you
+ have made with my family than I am. Until the child of a
+ parent has made a judicious choice, his heart is in critical
+ anxiety; but this anxiety was removed the moment I discovered
+ on whom she had placed her affection. I am pleased with every
+ instance of delicacy in those who are dear to me; and I think
+ I read your soul on that occasion you mention. I shall
+ therefore only entreat you to consider me as one who wishes
+ in every way to promote your happiness, and I shall."
+
+The young people were married at the Schuyler homestead in Albany on
+December 14, 1780.
+
+To-day the Ford Mansion where Hamilton dreamed of a conquest in which
+the British had no part is owned by the Washington Association of New
+Jersey, and is open to visitors. The Campfield House is to be found on
+a side street; it has been moved from its original site.
+
+
+ [Illustration: NASSAU HALL AND THE FIRST PRESIDENT'S HOUSE,
+ _Photo by R. H. Rose and Son, Princeton_ PRINCETON, N. J.
+ See page 130]
+
+XXVIII
+
+NASSAU HALL, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
+
+WHERE THE CONGRESS OF 1783 MET FOR FIVE MONTHS
+
+Where the College of New Jersey, as Princeton University was
+officially known until 1896, erected its first building at Princeton,
+the far-sighted trustees arranged what was long ago the largest stone
+structure in the Colonies. The records of early travellers on the road
+between Philadelphia and New York tell of their amazement at the
+wonderful building.
+
+In 1756 the college abandoned its rooms in the First Presbyterian
+Church of Newark, New Jersey, and occupied the ambitious quarters in
+Princeton, which had cost about L2,900.
+
+Originally the halls extended from end to end of Nassau Hall, a
+distance of one hundred and seventy-five feet. These long, brick-paved
+halls afforded students inclined to mischief wonderful opportunity to
+make life miserable for the tutors who were charged with their
+oversight. "Rolling heated cannon balls, to tempt zealous but unwary
+tutors, was a perennial joy," writes Varnum Lansing Collins, in his
+book, "Princeton." Then he adds the statement that at a later epoch
+there were wild scenes, "when a jackass or a calf was dragged
+rebelliously up the narrow iron staircase, to be pitted in frenzied
+races with the model locomotive purloined from the college museum."
+
+There was no provision for lighting the long halls, so the rollicking
+students were accustomed to fix candles to the walls with handfuls of
+mud. When a tutor was heard approaching, the candles would be blown
+out and he would be foiled in his attempt to identify the offenders.
+Sometimes barricades of cordwood were built hastily on the stairs or
+across the entrance to one of the halls.
+
+In vain the authorities tried to correct these abuses by the passage
+of strict regulations. "No jumping or hollowing or any boisterous
+Noise shall be suffered, nor walking in the gallery in the time of
+Study," was a regulation which could be made known far more easily
+than it could be enforced. Lest there be breaches of decorum inside
+the rooms, tutors were directed to make at least three trips a day to
+the quarters of the students, to see that they were "diligent at the
+proper Business." They were to announce their coming to a room "by a
+stamp, which signal no scholar shall imitate on penalty of five
+shillings." Should the occupant of the room refuse to open the door,
+the tutor had authority to break in. At a later date, students in
+Nassau Hall liked to have double doors to their rooms, so that the
+obnoxious tutor might be hindered in his efforts to force an entrance,
+long enough to give them opportunity to hide all evidence of
+wrongdoing.
+
+In 1760 a code of "orders and customs" was issued by the authority of
+President Aaron Burr. One of the most astounding directions in this
+code was that "Every Freshman sent on an errand shall go and do it
+faithfully and make quick return." Other rules, as indicated in Mr.
+Collins' book, concerned deportment, and demanded constant deference
+to superiors. "Students are to keep their hats off 'about ten rods to
+the President and about five to the tutors;' they must 'rise up and
+make obeisance' when the President enters or leaves the prayer hall,
+and when he mounts into the pulpit on Sundays. When walking with a
+superior, an inferior 'shall give him the highest place.' When first
+coming into the presence of a superior, or speaking to him, inferiors
+'shall respect by pulling their Hats;' if overtaking or meeting a
+superior on the stairs, he 'shall stop, giving him the banister side;'
+when entering a superior's, 'or even an equal's' room, they must
+knock; if called or spoken to by a superior, they must 'give a direct,
+pertinent answer concluding with sir;' they are to treat strangers and
+townspeople 'with all proper complaisance and good manners;' and they
+are forbidden to address any one by a nickname."
+
+Evidently rules like these helped to make good patriots, for Princeton
+students were among the most sturdy adherents of the Colonists' cause.
+In September, 1770, the entire graduating class wore American cloth,
+as a protest against Great Britain's unjust taxation measures.
+
+In January, 1774, the students broke into the college storeroom and
+carried the winter's supply of tea to a bonfire in front of Nassau
+Hall. While the tea burned the college bell tolled and the
+students--in the words written home to a parent by one of them--made
+"many spirited resolves."
+
+The spirited students were jubilant on the evening of July 9, 1776,
+when the news of the Declaration of Independence was read in
+Princeton. Nassau Hall was illuminated and the whole town rejoiced
+that President Witherspoon, as a member of the Continental Congress,
+had been a signer of the document.
+
+In November, 1776, the students who had not enlisted in the army were
+sent from the town just in time to escape the British, who took
+possession of the building and used it as barracks and hospital. Early
+in the morning of January 3, 1777, the British held the building.
+After the battle Washington's troops took possession, but abandoned it
+almost at once. At evening the British were once more in control. Soon
+they hurried on to New Brunswick. The next occupants were the soldiers
+of General Putnam, who found room here for a hospital, a barracks, and
+a military prison. They found that during the battle of Princeton a
+round shot had struck the portrait of George II in the prayer hall.
+
+After the British left Princeton College classes were continued in the
+President's house, and it was 1782 before a serious attempt was made
+to reoccupy Nassau Hall, which was found to be "mostly bare partition
+walls and heaps of fallen plaster."
+
+A year later, when temporary repairs had been made, the Continental
+Congress, which had been besieged by a company of troops who were
+insistent in their demands for overdue pay, made its way to Princeton.
+From June to November the sessions were held in Nassau Hall.
+Commencement day came during the sessions and Congress sat, with
+Washington, on the platform. On that occasion Washington gave fifty
+pounds to the college. This sum was paid to Charles Wilson Peale for a
+portrait of the donor, which was placed in the frame from which the
+portrait of George II had been shot more than seven years before.
+
+Congress was still in session at Nassau Hall when, in October, the
+first authentic news came of the signing of the Definitive Treaty of
+Peace with Great Britain.
+
+A few weeks later the college was left to its sedate ways. Never
+since then has it witnessed such stirring events. But the experiences
+of the years from 1776 to 1784 had made Nassau Hall one of the
+nation's picturesque monuments.
+
+
+ [Illustration: MORVEN, PRINCETON, N. J.
+ _Photo by R. H. Rose and Son, Princeton_
+ See page 134]
+
+XXIX
+
+THREE HISTORIC HOUSES AT PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
+
+MORVEN, THE MERCER HOUSE, AND WASHINGTON'S ROCKY HILL HEADQUARTERS
+
+ "Sollemnity & Distress appeared almost on every countenance,
+ several students that had come 5 & 600 miles & just got
+ letters in college were now obliged under every disadvantage
+ to retire with their effects, or leave them behind, which
+ several through the impossibility of getting a carriage at so
+ Confused a time were glad to do, & lose them all, as all
+ hopes of continuing longer in peace at Nassau were now taken
+ away I began to look out for some place where I might pursue
+ my studies & as Mr. G. Johnson had spoke to me to teach his
+ son I accordingly went there & agreed to stay with him till
+ spring."
+
+So wrote John Clark, one of the students at the College of New Jersey,
+who, in 1776, was dismayed by the threatened approach of Cornwallis
+and his army. He was able to remove his effects in ample time, for he
+had only a "Trunk & Desk." But there were others in the peaceful
+village who were not so fortunate. One of them was Mrs. Richard
+Stockton of Morven, a beautiful home still standing not far from the
+college campus. The activity of her husband in the interests of the
+Colonies had angered the British, and they were not slow to take
+advantage of the absence of the family by pillaging the mansion and
+destroying many things it contained. Fortunately Mrs. Stockton, before
+leaving hurriedly for Freehold, had buried the family silver, and this
+was not discovered, though Cornwallis and his officers occupied the
+house as headquarters.
+
+Probably, while they were here, they talked gleefully of what they
+called the collapse of the war. They felt so sure that the war was
+over that Cornwallis was already planning to return to England.
+
+Then came the surprise at Trenton, when nearly a thousand Hessians of
+a total force of twelve hundred were captured.
+
+Immediately Cornwallis, who had returned to New York, hastened back to
+Princeton, where he left three regiments and a company of cavalry.
+Then he hurried on to Trenton. On the way he was harassed by
+Washington's outposts, and the main force of the General delayed his
+entrance into the town until nightfall. He expected to renew the
+attack next morning, but during the night Washington stole away toward
+Princeton. Within two miles of Princeton the force of General Mercer
+encountered the reserve troops of Cornwallis, which were on their way
+to their commander's assistance. Washington, hearing the sound of the
+conflict that followed, hastened to the field in time to rally the
+forces of Mercer, who had been wounded. The day was saved, but General
+Mercer was lost; he died in the farmhouse on the battle field to which
+he was carried. To this day visitors are shown the stain made on the
+floor by the blood of the dying man. Those who express doubt as to
+the stain are not welcomed.
+
+Alfred Noyes has written of this conflict which meant more to the
+struggling Colonies than some historians have indicated. The reference
+in the first line of the second stanza is to the tigers that crouch at
+the entrance of Nassau Hall in Princeton:
+
+ _"Here Freedom stood by slaughtered friend and foe,
+ And, ere the wrath paled or that sunset died,
+ Looked through the ages; then, with eyes aglow,
+ Laid them to wait that future, side by side._
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ "The dark bronze tigers crouch on either side
+ Where redcoats used to pass;
+ And round the bird-loved house where Mercer died,
+ And violets dusk the grass,
+ By Stony Brook that ran so red of old,
+ But sings of friendship now,
+ To feed the old enemy's harvest fifty-fold
+ The green earth takes the plow.
+
+ "Through this May night, if one great ghost should stray
+ With deep remembering eyes,
+ Where that old meadow of battle smiles away
+ Its blood-stained memories,
+ If Washington should walk, where friend and foe
+ Sleep and forget the past,
+ Be sure his unquenched heart would leap to know
+ Their souls are linked at last."
+
+After the battle came happier days for Princeton. Morven was restored,
+and Washington was frequently an honored guest within the walls, as
+have been many of his successors in the White House.
+
+More than six years after the memorable battle of Princeton, another
+house in the neighborhood received him. When Congress convened in
+Nassau Hall, it rented for Washington the Rocky Hill House, five miles
+from the village, which was occupied by John Berrian, Associate
+Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. This house, which was
+suitably furnished for the General, was the last headquarters of the
+Revolution.
+
+While at the Berrian house, Washington sat to William Dunlap for his
+portrait. In his "Arts of Design" the artist, who at the time of which
+he wrote was eighteen years old, said:
+
+ "My visits are now frequent to headquarters. The only
+ military in the neighborhood were the general's suite and a
+ corporal's guard whose tents were on the green before the
+ Berrian House, and the captain's marquee nearly in front. The
+ soldiers were New England yeomen's sons, none older than
+ twenty.... I was quite at home in every respect at
+ headquarters; to breakfast and dine day after day with the
+ general and Mrs. Washington and members of Congress."
+
+It was Washington's custom to ride to Princeton, mounted on a small
+roan horse. The saddle was "old and crooked, with a short deep blue
+saddle cloth flowered, with buff cloth at the edge, buckskin seat, the
+cloth most below the skirt of the saddle at the side, double skirts,
+crupper, surcingle, and breast straps, double belted steel bridle and
+plated stirrup."
+
+The real closing scene in the Revolution was Washington's farewell
+address to the army, which he wrote in the southwest room of the
+second story. On Sunday, November 2, from the second-story balcony, he
+read this to the soldiers. Two days later orders of discharge were
+issued to most of them.
+
+Fortunately the Berrian House has become the property of "The
+Washington Headquarters Association of Rocky Hill," and is open to the
+patriotic pilgrim.
+
+
+XXX
+
+THE SPRINGFIELD MEETING HOUSE, NEW JERSEY
+
+WHOSE PSALM BOOKS FURNISHED WADDING FOR THE CONTINENTAL GUNS
+
+"One pint of spring water when demanded on the premises" was the
+strange payment stipulated by the donor of one hundred acres of land
+given in 1751 to the trustees of the First Presbyterian Church in
+Springfield, New Jersey, to be for the use of the minister of the
+parish. The church records do not state that the rent has been paid
+regularly, but they do state that the woodland enabled them for many
+years to furnish the free firewood that was a part of the support
+promised to every one of the early pastors.
+
+The first building occupied by the church was completed in 1746.
+Fifteen years later the second building was first occupied, and it
+continued to be the centre of the community's religious life until
+November, 1778, when it was needed for military stores. The church was
+gladly given up to the army, and services were held in the garret of
+the parsonage.
+
+The British under General Knyphausen, determined to drive Washington
+and his men from the New Jersey hills and to destroy his supplies,
+marched from Elizabeth Town on June 23, 1780. There were five thousand
+men, with fifteen or twenty pieces of artillery, in the expedition. A
+few miles away, near Springfield, was a small company of patriots,
+poorly equipped but ready to die in the defence of their country.
+
+Warning of the approach of the enemy was given to the Continentals by
+the firing of the eighteen-pounder signal gun on Prospect Hill; twelve
+Continentals stationed at the Cross Roads, after firing on the enemy,
+had hurried to the hill. After firing the gun they lighted the tar
+barrel on the signal pole.
+
+Instantly the members of the militia dropped their scythes, seized
+their muskets, and hurried to quarters. "There were no feathers in
+their caps, no gilt buttons on their home-spun coats, nor flashing
+bayonets on their old fowling pieces," the pastor of Springfield
+church said in 1880, on the one hundredth anniversary of the skirmish
+that followed, "but there was in their hearts the resolute purpose to
+defend their homes and their liberty at the price of their lives."
+
+The sturdy farmers joined forces with the regular soldiers. For a time
+the battle was fierce. The enemy were soon compelled to retreat, but
+not before they had burned the village, including the church. Chaplain
+James Caldwell was in the hottest of the fight. "Seeing the fire of
+one of the companies slacking for want of wadding, he galloped to the
+Presbyterian meeting house nearby, and rushing in, ran from pew to
+pew, filling his arms with hymn books," wrote Headley, in "Chaplains
+and Clergy of the Revolution." "Hastening back with them into the
+battle, he scattered them about in every direction, saying as he
+pitched one here and another there, 'Now put Watts into them, boys.'
+With a laugh and a cheer they pulled out the leaves, and ramming home
+the charge did give the British Watts with a will."
+
+The story has been attractively told by Bret Harte:
+
+ "... Stay one moment; you've heard
+ Of Caldwell, the parson, who once preached the Word
+ Down at Springfield? What, no? Come--that's bad; why, he had
+ All the Jerseys aflame! And they gave him the name
+ Of the 'rebel high priest.' He stuck in their gorge,
+ For he loved the Lord God--and he hated King George!
+
+ "He had cause, you might say! When the Hessians that day
+ Marched up with Knyphausen, they stopped on their way
+ At the 'farm,' where his wife, with a child in her arms,
+ Sat alone in the house. How it happened none knew
+ But God--and that one of the hireling crew
+ Who fired the shot! Enough!--there she lay,
+ And Caldwell, the chaplain, her husband, away!
+
+ "Did he preach--did he pray? Think of him as you stand
+ By the old church to-day--think of him and his band
+ Of military ploughboys! See the smoke and the heat
+ Of that reckless advance, of that straggling retreat!
+ Keep the ghost of that wife, foully slain, in your view--
+ And what could you, what should you, what would you do?
+
+ "Why, just what he did! They were left in the lurch
+ For the want of more wadding. He ran to the church,
+ Broke down the door, stripped the pews, and dashed out in the road
+ With his arms full of hymn-books, and threw down his load
+ At their feet! Then above all the shouting and shots
+ Rang his voice, 'Put Watts into 'em! Boys, give 'em
+ Watts.'
+
+ "And they did. That is all. Grasses spring, flowers blow
+ Pretty much as they did ninety-three years ago.
+ You may dig anywhere and you'll turn up a ball--
+ But not always a hero like this--and that's all."
+
+The battle of Springfield is not named among the important battles of
+the Revolution, but it had a special meaning to the people of all that
+region, for it taught them that the enemy, who had been harassing them
+for months, was not invulnerable. From that day they took fresh
+courage, and their courage increased when they realized that the
+British would not come again to trouble them.
+
+After the burning of the Springfield church, the pastor, Rev. Jacob
+Vanarsdal, gathered his people in the barn of the parsonage. Later the
+building was ceiled and galleries were built.
+
+For ten years the barn was the home of the congregation, but in 1791
+the building was erected which is in use to-day.
+
+
+
+
+FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE
+
+ _In that delightful land which is washed by the Delaware's waters,
+ Guarding in sylvan shades the name of Penn the apostle,
+ Stands on the banks of its beautiful stream the city he founded.
+ There all the air is balm, and the peach is the emblem of beauty,
+ And the streets still re-echo the names of the trees of the forest,
+ As if they fain would appease the Dryads whose haunts they molested.
+ There from the troubled sea had Evangeline landed, an exile,
+ Finding among the children of Penn a home and a country.
+ There old Rene Leblanc had died; and when he departed,
+ Saw at his side only one of all his hundred descendants.
+ Something at least there was in the friendly streets of the city,
+ Something that spake to her heart, and made her no longer a stranger;
+ And her ear was pleased with the Thee and Thou of the Quakers,
+ For it recalled the past, the old Acadian country,
+ Where all men were equal, and all were brothers and sisters._
+
+ HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW.
+
+
+
+
+FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE
+
+
+ [Illustration: LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 145]
+
+XXXI
+
+THE LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA
+
+WILLIAM PENN'S FIRST AMERICAN HOME
+
+When William Penn, English Quaker, met Guli Springett, he fell in love
+with her at once. In 1672 they were married.
+
+Ten years later when, as Proprietor of Pennsylvania, Penn was about to
+sail in the _Welcome_ for America, he wrote a letter of which the
+following is a portion:
+
+ "My dear wife and children, my love, which neither sea, nor
+ land, nor death itself, can extinguish or lessen toward you,
+ most tenderly visits you with eternal embraces and will abide
+ with you for ever.... My dear wife, remember thou wast the
+ love of my youth and the joy of my life, the most beloved as
+ well as the most worthy of all my earthly comfort, and the
+ reason of that love were more thy inward than thy outward
+ excellencies, which were yet many. God knows, and thou
+ knowest it, that it was a match of Providence's making, and
+ God's image in us both was the first thing and the most
+ amiable and engaging ornament in our eyes. Now I am to leave
+ thee, and that without knowing whether I shall ever see thee
+ more in this world."
+
+Penn landed at New Castle, Delaware, in October, 1682. He had already
+sent forward the plot of his new country village; his cousin,
+Lieutenant Governor Markham, had come to America in 1681, bringing
+with him instructions for the beginning of the settlement. On this
+plot there was evidence of his thought for his wife and his daughter
+Letitia; two lots were set apart for the family, on one of which he
+planned to build, while the other he designed for Letitia.
+
+When he reached America, he found that, by some mistake, Letitia's lot
+had been given to the Friends for a meeting house. He was vexed, but
+nothing could be done. So he decided that the lot reserved for his own
+use should be made over to her. He did not carry out his purpose for
+some time, however.
+
+For a time Penn remained at Upland (now Chester), but in 1684, he went
+to Philadelphia to oversee the erection of the houses for the
+settlers. His own house he built on a large plot facing the Delaware
+River and south of what is now Market Street. The house was of brick,
+which was probably made nearby, though many of the interior fittings
+had been brought from England in the _John and Sarah_ in 1681. It was
+the first brick house in the new settlement, the first house which had
+a cellar, and was built in accordance with the request the Proprietor
+had made:
+
+ "Let every house be placed, if the person pleases, in the
+ middle of the plat, as to breadth way of it, that so there
+ may be ground on each side for garden or orchard, or fields,
+ that it may be a green country town, which will never be
+ burnt and always wholesome."
+
+For a few months the Quaker kept bachelor's hall in his new house.
+Then he went to England, intending to return before long. Before his
+departure he arranged that the house should be used in the public
+service. Probably it was the gathering place for the Provincial
+Council for many years. Thus it was the first state house of
+Pennsylvania.
+
+During the fourteen years' stay in England many misfortunes came to
+Penn. He was accused of treason, and his title to the American lands
+was taken away from him. Later he was acquitted, and his lands were
+returned.
+
+In 1692 Guli Penn died, and in 1696 Penn married Hannah Callowhill. In
+1699, when he returned to America, he brought with him his wife and
+Letitia, who was then about twenty-five years old.
+
+Evidently the old house was not good enough for the ladies of the
+family. At any rate they occupied for a time the "slate-roof house,"
+one of the most pretentious buildings in the Colony. When the manor,
+Pennsbury, twenty miles up the Delaware, was completed, the family was
+taken there. Great style was maintained at the country estate in the
+woods. The house had cost L5,000, and was "the most imposing house
+between the Hudson and Potomac rivers."
+
+The Philadelphia house was transferred to Letitia on "the 29th of the
+1st month 1701." At once extravagant Letitia tried to dispose of it.
+She succeeded in selling a portion of the generous lot, but it was
+some years before she was able to sell the whole.
+
+In the meantime the Proprietor felt that he must return to England
+because of the threat of Parliament to change the government of the
+American Colonies. Mrs. Penn and Letitia, who did not like America,
+pleaded to go with him. He thought he would be returning soon, and he
+urged them to remain. They insisted. In a letter to James Logan he
+wrote: "I cannot prevail on my wife to stay, and still less with
+_Tish_. I know not what to do." Later he wrote: "The going of my wife
+and Tish will add greatly to the expense.... But they will not be
+denied."
+
+In 1702 Letitia married William Aubrey, who had all of Penn's keenness
+and none of his genial qualities. Almost from the day of the marriage
+both husband and wife pestered Penn for money. Aubrey insisted on a
+prompt payment of his wife's marriage portion. His father-in-law was
+already beginning to feel the grip of financial embarrassment that
+later brought him to the verge of bankruptcy, but, on this occasion as
+well as later, he felt compelled to yield to the insistent demands of
+the grasping Aubrey.
+
+The only members of the Penn family who ever returned to America were
+the children of the second wife, to whom most of the property
+descended.
+
+The Letitia Penn House, as it came to be known, fell on evil days. It
+was an eating house in 1800, and in 1824 it was the Rising Sun Inn.
+Later it was called the Woolpack Hotel.
+
+In 1882 funds were raised by public subscription, and the venerable
+house was taken down and rebuilt in Fairmount Park. Visitors who enter
+the city by the Pennsylvania Railroad from New York City may easily
+see it from a right-hand car window, for it is the only house in the
+corner of the park on the west side of the river.
+
+
+XXXII
+
+CARPENTERS' HALL, PHILADELPHIA
+
+CALLED BY BENSON J. LOSSING "THE TEMPLE OF FREEDOM"
+
+Philadelphia was but forty-two years old when a number of builders in
+the growing town decided to have a guild like the journeymen's guilds
+of London. Accordingly they formed, in 1724, "The Carpenters' Company
+of the City and County of Philadelphia," whose object should be "to
+obtain instruction in the science of architecture; to assist such of
+the members, or the widows and children of members, as should be by
+accident in need of support," as well as "the adoption of such a
+system of measurements and prices that every one concerned in a
+building may have the value of his money, and every workman the worth
+of his labor."
+
+At first the meetings were held here and there, probably in taverns.
+In 1768 the Company decided to build a home. A lot was secured on
+Chestnut Street, between Third and Fourth streets, for which an annual
+ground rent of "176 Spanish milled pieces of eight" was to be paid.
+The sum of three hundred pounds necessary to begin operations was
+subscribed in about a week.
+
+The Company's annual meeting of January 21, 1771, was held within the
+walls, though the building was not entirely completed until 1792.
+
+Three years after the opening of the hall came the first event that
+linked the building with the history of America. A general meeting of
+the people of Philadelphia was held here to protest against the
+failure of Governor Penn to convene the Assembly of the Colony. A
+committee of three was appointed to wait on the Speaker and ask him
+for "a positive answer as to whether he would call the Assembly
+together or not."
+
+The Assembly was then called to meet on the "18th day of the 6th
+month." Three days before the time fixed, another meeting was held in
+Carpenters' Hall to consider what measures for the welfare of the
+Colony should be proposed to the Assembly. At this meeting the
+necessity of holding "a general Congress of delegates from all the
+Colonies" was voiced. Later the Assembly approved of the idea of such
+a conference, and a call was issued.
+
+On September 5, 1774, the delegates from eleven provinces met in the
+City Tavern. Learning that the Carpenters' Company had offered the
+hall for the use of the Continental Congress, the delegates voted to
+inspect the accommodations. John Adams, one of their number, said
+after the visit: "They took a view of the room and of the chamber,
+where there is an excellent library. There is also a long entry, where
+gentlemen may walk, and also a convenient chamber opposite to the
+library. The general cry was that this was a good room."
+
+When this First Continental Congress met, it was decided that the
+session of the second day should be opened with prayer. Rev. Jacob
+Duche of Christ Church and St. Peter's was asked to be present and
+conduct an opening service. This historic account of the service was
+written by John Adams:
+
+ "Next morning he appeared with his clerk and having on his
+ pontificals, and read several prayers in the established
+ form, and then read the Psalter for the seventh day of
+ September, which was the thirty-fifth Psalm. You must
+ remember that this was the next morning after we had heard of
+ the horrible cannonade of Boston (the account proved to be an
+ error). It seemed as if heaven had ordered that Psalm to be
+ read on that morning. After this, Mr. Duche, unexpectedly to
+ everybody, struck out into extemporary prayer, which filled
+ the bosom of every man present. I must confess, I never heard
+ a better prayer, or one so well pronounced."
+
+In part, this prayer was as follows:
+
+ "Be thou present, O God of wisdom! And direct the councils of
+ this honorable assembly, enable them to settle things on the
+ best and surest foundation, that the scene of blood may be
+ speedily closed, that order, harmony, and peace may be
+ effectually restored, and truth and justice, religion and
+ piety, prevail and flourish amongst Thy people."
+
+On October 26 the Congress was dissolved. The second Congress was
+called to meet on May 10, 1775, at the State House, later known as
+Independence Hall.
+
+When the British took possession of the city in 1777, a portion of the
+army was quartered in the building. Officers and men alike borrowed
+books from the Library Company of Philadelphia, which had quarters
+here, invariably making deposits and paying for the use of volumes
+taken in strict accordance with the rules.
+
+In 1778 the United States Commissary of Military Stores began to
+occupy the lower story and cellar of the building. From 1791 to 1821
+various public organizations sought quarters here, including the Bank
+of the United States, the Bank of Pennsylvania, the United States Land
+Office, and the United States Custom House. The Carpenters' Company
+therefore, in 1791, erected a second building on this lot, which they
+occupied until 1857.
+
+When Benson J. Lossing visited the historic hall, on November 27,
+1848, he wrote of his great disappointment because the banner of an
+auctioneer was on the front of the building. He said:
+
+ "I tried hard to perceive the apparition ... to be a classic
+ frieze, with rich historic trigliphs, but it would not do....
+ What a desecration! Covering the facade of the very Temple of
+ Freedom with the placards of grovelling Mammon! If
+ sensibility is shocked with this outward pollution, it is
+ overwhelmed with indignant shame on entering the hall where
+ that august Assembly of men--the godfathers of our
+ Republic--convened to stand as sponsors at the baptism of
+ infant American liberty--to find it filled with every species
+ of merchandise, and the walls which once echoed the eloquent
+ words of Henry, Lee, and the Adamses, reverberating with the
+ clatter of the auctioneer's voice and hammer. Is there not
+ patriotism strong enough in Philadelphia to enter the temple,
+ and 'cast out all them that buy and sell, and overthrow the
+ tables of the money-changers?'"
+
+At length the Carpenters' Company decided that the time had come to do
+what the historian pleaded for. In 1857 they returned to the building,
+and since then they have held their meetings within the walls
+consecrated by the heroes of Revolutionary days. The rooms were
+restored to their original condition, and relics and mementoes of
+early days were put in place. The Hall has ever since been open to
+visitors "who may wish to visit the spot where Henry, Hancock, and
+Adams inspired the delegates of the Colonies with nerve and the sinew
+for the toils of war."
+
+
+ [Illustration: ST. PETER'S PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 153]
+
+XXXIII
+
+ST. PETER'S CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA
+
+WHOSE BUILDING IS PRACTICALLY UNCHANGED AFTER MORE THAN ONE HUNDRED
+AND FIFTY YEARS
+
+There were but fifteen thousand people in Philadelphia when, on March
+19, 1753, the suggestion was made to the vestry of Christ Church that
+a new church or Chapel of Ease of Christ Church be built for the
+accommodation of the people in the southern part of the city. Thomas
+and Richard Penn gave a site for the building of the new church, and
+on September 21, 1758, the corner stone was laid. In 1761 the church
+was opened, though it was not completed until March, 1763. To the new
+organization was given the name St. Peter's, and it was ordered by the
+vestry of Christ Church, "that the said church ... in every respect
+whatever shall be upon an equal footing with Christ Church, and be
+under the same government with it."
+
+At the same time, in view of the gift of the site, it was ordered that
+"the first and best pew in the said Church shall be set apart forever
+for the accommodation of the Honorable Proprietary's family."
+
+When the building was completed the building committee reported that
+the cost was L4,765, 19 s. 6-1/2 d. Added to this report were statements
+that sound quite modern. "The sudden rise in the prices of materials
+and labor," and "the inability of some subscribers to meet their
+engagements," had added to the burdens of the committee.
+
+From the beginning prayers were read in the church for the king and
+all the royal family, but on July 4, 1776, the vestry ordered that
+patriotic prayers be substituted. While the British were in
+Philadelphia the prayers for the king were renewed by order of Dr.
+Duche, rector of Christ Church and St. Peter's. The official history
+of St. Peter's refers to Dr. Duche, who ordered this, in the following
+sentences:
+
+ "From an advocate of the Colonies, he became an advocate of
+ the King, and on the Sunday following the occupation of
+ Philadelphia by the British, he restored the prayers for the
+ King to the Liturgy. This compromise with conditions availed
+ him nothing, and he was arrested for serving as chaplain to
+ Congress after the adoption of the Declaration of
+ Independence. The influence of his loyalist friends secured
+ his speedy release.... Not long afterward he went to England,
+ where he remained practically an exile for twelve years,
+ returning to Philadelphia several years before his death,
+ when, it is said, no truer American could have been found in
+ the City. He ... was buried in St. Peter's Churchyard."
+
+During the occupation of the church by British troops in 1777 the pews
+were burned for fuel, but the building was never closed for lack of
+fuel or for any other reason, until the late winter of 1917-18, when
+coal could not be secured.
+
+The wooden fence that surrounded the property originally was burned by
+the British for fuel, and the brick wall that is now in place was
+built in 1784.
+
+Washington frequently occupied a pew in St. Peter's, and many other
+men who were prominent in the early history of the country worshipped
+here. The building is practically as it was when they lived. "It is
+the same church to which the colonists in their knee-breeches and rich
+coats came to attend the first service in 1761," a member of the
+vestry said in 1891. "The pulpit, reading desk, and chancel rails were
+built in 1764, and the present organ loft was put up over the chancel
+in 1789. In all other respects the plain, austere interior of this old
+church ... remains unchanged, the only relic in Pennsylvania, and one
+of the very few in the country at large, of the church in colonial
+days. Bishop De Lancey, in his centennial sermon, preached September
+4, 1861, said: 'We enter by the same doors--we tread the same
+aisles--we kneel where they knelt--we sit where they sat; the voice of
+prayer, instruction, and praise ascends from the same desk from which
+it reached their ears, in the privacy and seclusion of the same high,
+strait unostentatious pews.'"
+
+In the crowded churchyard are the graves of many colonial worthies as
+well as many leaders in the early history of America. Stephen Decatur
+is buried here, and Charles Wilson Peale, who painted a famous
+portrait of Washington.
+
+The _Pennsylvania Evening Post_ of January 18, 1777, told of the
+burial of one of the patriots whose bodies were laid here:
+
+ "Yesterday the remains of Captain William Shippen, who was
+ killed at Princeton the third instant, gloriously fighting
+ for the liberty of his country, were interred in St. Peter's
+ Churchyard. His funeral was attended by the Council of
+ Safety, the members of Assembly, officers of the army, a
+ troop of Virginia light horse, and a great number of
+ inhabitants. This brave and unfortunate man was in his
+ twenty-seventh year, and has left a widow and three children
+ to lament the death of an affectionate husband and a tender
+ parent, his servants a kind master, and his neighbors a
+ sincere and obliging friend."
+
+Captain Shippen, before joining Washington's army, was captain of the
+privateer _Hancock_, which, between July 1 and November 1, 1776, sent
+to American ports ten prizes captured at sea.
+
+
+ [Illustration: CLIVEDEN, PHILADELPHIA
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 156]
+
+XXXIV
+
+CLIVEDEN, GERMANTOWN, PHILADELPHIA
+
+ON THE FIELD OF THE BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN
+
+In the days before the Revolution there were many residents of
+Philadelphia who had, in addition to a sumptuous town house, a country
+house, to which they could resort in the summer or at other times when
+they wished relief from the cares of daily life. Germantown, the
+straggling village five miles from the town of William Penn, was one
+of the popular places for such establishments.
+
+Samuel Chew's town house was at Front and Dock streets when he built
+Cliveden at Germantown in 1761. At that time he was Attorney-General
+of Pennsylvania, though in 1774 he became Chief-Justice of the Supreme
+Court of Pennsylvania.
+
+Both in Philadelphia and in Germantown he maintained the hospitable
+traditions he had learned at Maidstone, near Annapolis, where he was
+born, in 1722, of a family whose first American ancestor, John Chew,
+came to Virginia a century earlier.
+
+During the days of the Continental Congress Judge Chew seemed to
+sympathize with the colonists in their protests against the aggression
+of Great Britain, but when independence was proposed, he let it be
+known that he was unwilling to act with the patriots. Accordingly he
+was arrested by order of Congress, together with John Penn, and when
+he refused to sign a parole, he was banished from the State.
+
+During his absence the battle of Germantown was fought. On October 3,
+1777, the British forces were disposed on nearly all sides of the Chew
+mansion. Washington planned to attack these scattered forces by four
+columns, which were to advance from as many directions. General
+Wayne's column successfully opened the attack at daybreak October 4,
+driving before him the enemy encountered at Mount Airy. Colonel
+Musgrave checked the retreat of the soldiers at Cliveden. With six
+companies he took possession of the mansion, prepared to defend
+themselves behind hastily barricaded doors and windows. Wayne and the
+leaders who were with him pushed on past the house, continuing the
+pursuit of that portion of the enemy which had continued its retreat;
+he did not know that he was leaving an enemy in his rear. When
+Washington came to Cliveden, he was surprised by the fire of the
+entrenched enemy. After a hasty conference with others, it was decided
+not to pass on, leaving a fortress behind. Cannon were planted so as
+to command the door, but they were fired without much effect.
+
+The next attempt was made by a young Frenchman who asked others to
+carry hay from the barn and set fire to the front door. Thinking they
+were doing as he asked, he forced open a window and climbed on the
+sill. From this position he was driven back, and he found that he had
+not been supported by those on whom he had counted.
+
+In the meantime the artillery fire continued, but with little effect.
+General Wilkinson, who was present, afterward wrote:
+
+ "The doors and shutters of the lower windows of the mansion
+ were shut and fastened, the fire of the enemy being delivered
+ from the iron gratings of the cellars and the windows above,
+ and it was closely beset on all sides with small-arms and
+ artillery, as is manifest from the multiplicity of traces
+ still visible from musket-ball and grape-shot on the interior
+ walls and ceilings which appear to have entered through the
+ doors and windows in every direction; marks of cannon-ball
+ are also visible, in several places on the exterior of the
+ wall and through the roof, though one ball only appears to
+ have penetrated below the roof, and that by a window in the
+ passage of the second story. The artillery seem to have made
+ no impression on the walls of the house, a few slight
+ indentures only being observable, except from one stroke in
+ the rear, which started the wall."
+
+In a few minutes Washington, realizing that precious time was being
+lost in the attack on the thick walls of the house, ordered a regiment
+to remain behind to watch Cliveden, while his main force hastened on.
+
+It has been claimed that this brief delay was responsible for the
+defeat at Germantown. Wilkinson, on the contrary, insists that this
+delay saved Washington's army from annihilation, since he would
+otherwise have hurried on in the thick fog until he was in contact
+with the main body of the British army. The result, he thinks, would
+have been a far greater disaster than actually overtook the American
+arms that day.
+
+The damage done to the house was so great that five carpenters were
+busy for months making repairs. Evidently Judge Chew was not satisfied
+with the result, for in 1779 he sold Cliveden for $9,000, only to buy
+it back again in 1787 for $25,000.
+
+The property descended to Benjamin Chew, Jr., on the death of his
+father. During his occupancy of Cliveden, Lafayette was a guest there
+in 1825.
+
+
+ [Illustration: THIRD (OLD PINE STREET) PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,
+ PHILADELPHIA
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 159]
+
+XXXV
+
+OLD PINE STREET CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA
+
+WHOSE PASTOR INSPIRED JOHN ADAMS TO PLEAD FOR INDEPENDENCE
+
+There were four thousand, seven hundred and seventy-four houses in
+Philadelphia in 1767 when the Pine Street Presbyterian Church, the
+third church of this denomination in the city, was built. The
+subscription paper, still in existence, shows that L1,078 "in money or
+otherwise" was subscribed for the purpose. The sum needed to complete
+the building was raised by a lottery, which yielded L2,500. In the
+proceeds of the lottery the Market Street Church and the Second Church
+shared, L1,035 going to the Pine Street building.
+
+The original building was of but one story, with gable ends. When
+alterations were made in 1837 the top of the church was raised bodily,
+while a larger roof was built over the old roof. The visitor who
+climbs to the loft is able to see the old walls and windows. The
+floor was raised one step above the street level, and was paved with
+brick.
+
+Rev. George Duffield, D.D., who was pastor from 1772 to 1790, was a
+prominent figure during the Revolution. He was chaplain of the
+Continental Congress and of the Pennsylvania militia during the period
+of the war, and he delivered fiery messages that stirred patriots to
+action. John Adams, who was a member of the church, called him a man
+of genius and eloquence. On May 17, 1776, after listening to a sermon
+in which Dr. Duffield likened the conduct of George III to the
+Americans to that of Pharaoh to the Israelites, and concluded that God
+intended the liberation of the Americans, as He had intended that of
+the Israelites, he wrote to his wife:
+
+ "Is it not a saying of Moses, Who am I that I should go in
+ and out before this great people? When I consider the great
+ events which are passed, and those greater which are rapidly
+ advancing, and that I may have been instrumental in touching
+ some springs, and turning some small wheels, which have had
+ and will have such effects, I feel an awe upon my mind, which
+ is not easily described. Great Britain has at last driven
+ America to the last step, complete separation from her; a
+ total, absolute independence...."
+
+Headley, in "Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution," says:
+
+ "The patriots of the first Congress flocked to his church,
+ and John Adams and his compeers were often his hearers.... In
+ a discourse delivered before several companies of the
+ Pennsylvania militia and members of Congress, four months
+ before the Declaration of Independence, he took bold and
+ decided ground in favor of that step, and pleaded his
+ cause with sublime eloquence, which afterwards made him so
+ obnoxious to the British that they placed a reward of fifty
+ pounds for his capture."
+
+Later on in the same sermon he prophesied:
+
+ "Whilst sun and moon endure, America shall remain a city of
+ refuge for the whole earth, until she herself shall play the
+ tyrant, forget her destiny, disgrace her freedom, and provoke
+ her God."
+
+As chaplain of the Pennsylvania militia, Dr. Duffield was frequently
+in camp, where "his visits were always welcome, for the soldiers loved
+the eloquent, earnest, fearless patriot."
+
+Headley gives this incident of the courageous chaplain's work:
+
+ "When the enemy occupied Staten Island, and the American
+ forces were across the river on the Jersey shore, he repaired
+ to camp to spend the Sabbath. Assembling a portion of the
+ troops in an orchard, he climbed into the forks of a tree and
+ commenced religious exercises. He gave out a hymn.... The
+ British on the island heard the sound of the singing, and
+ immediately directed some cannon to play on the orchard, from
+ whence it proceeded. Soon the heavy shot came crashing
+ through the branches, and went singing overhead, arresting
+ for a moment the voices that were lifted in worship. Mr.
+ Duffield ... proposed that they should adjourn behind an
+ adjacent hillock. They did so, and continued their worship,
+ while the iron storm hurled harmlessly overhead."
+
+In spite of his almost constant service in the field, Dr. Duffield was
+in Philadelphia among his people every little while. The church
+records show that he baptized children every month during the
+Revolution, except for the period of the British occupation of
+Philadelphia, when the church was occupied as a hospital, and more
+than one hundred Hessian soldiers were buried in the churchyard.
+
+Another remarkable fact is that of the one hundred and ten men who had
+signed the call to George Duffield in 1771, sixty-seven served in the
+army during the war. Colonel Thomas Robinson, whose portrait is in
+Independence Hall, was a member of the church; Captain John Steele,
+who was field officer on the day of the surrender of Cornwallis, and
+Colonel William Linnard, whose company attempted to keep the British
+from crossing the Brandywine, were also members. Many other officers
+and private soldiers were on the rolls; the stones and vaults in the
+cemetery tell of many of them.
+
+One of the original trustees of Pine Street was Dr. William Shippen,
+Jr., first Professor of Medicine in America and Director General of
+all the hospitals during the war. Benjamin Rush, Signer of the
+Declaration, was an attendant at the services, and his mother was a
+member.
+
+
+XXXVI
+
+INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA
+
+WHERE AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE WAS BORN
+
+William Penn was a man of vision. When, in 1682, Thomas Holme surveyed
+for him the site of Philadelphia, the Quaker pioneer gave instruction
+that "the Centre Square," one mile from the Delaware, be set apart
+for the public buildings of the city and colony.
+
+But for many years after the founding of the city, Centre Square was
+far out in the country. During these years temporary public buildings
+were provided for official meetings, including the Assembly, but in
+1728 steps were taken to erect a suitable public building within reach
+of the people of the young city. Ground was bought on Chestnut Street,
+between Fifth and Sixth streets, and the State House was begun in
+1730. The total cost of the building was $16,250. Two wings were added
+in 1739 and 1740; these cost some $12,000 more.
+
+Two years after the completion of the main building the Pennsylvania
+Assembly passed an act in which this statement was made:
+
+ "It is the true intent and meaning of these Presents, that no
+ part of the said ground lying to the southward of the State
+ House, as it is now built, be converted into or made use of
+ for erecting any sort of Building thereupon, but that the
+ said ground shall be enclosed and remain a public open Green
+ and Walks forever."
+
+Eighty years after the passage of the act an attempt was made to
+divert the State House yard to other purposes. In a curious old
+document, dated February 6, 1816, W. Rawle and Peter S. Duponceau made
+an argument against this diversion, showing conclusively that the
+State House Square had been "irrevocably devoted to the purpose of an
+open and public walk." Thanks to their efforts and the efforts of
+others who have labored to the same end, the grounds are to-day, and
+must forever remain, open to the use of the people.
+
+The first public function held in the new State House was a banquet,
+given in the "long room," in the second story. Of this Franklin's
+_Pennsylvania Gazette_ of September 30, 1736, said:
+
+ "Thursday last William Allen, Esq., Mayor of this city for
+ the past year, made a feast for his citizens at the State
+ House, to which all the strangers in town of note were also
+ invited. Those who are judges of such things say that
+ considering the delicacy of the viands, the variety and
+ excellency of the wines, the great number of guests, and yet
+ the easiness and order with which the whole was conducted, it
+ was the most grand, the most elegant entertainment that has
+ been made in these parts of America."
+
+The builders were dilatory. It was 1736 before the Assembly was able
+to hold its first session in the chamber provided for it, and not
+until 1745 was the room completed. Three years more passed before the
+apartment intended for the Governor's Council was ready for its
+occupants.
+
+In 1741 the tower was built, and on November 4 Edmund Wooley sent to
+the Province of Pennsylvania an interesting bill, "for expenses in
+raising the Tower of the State House":
+
+ 95 loaves of Bread L0 19 9
+ 61-3/3 lb. Bacon, at 7d 1 14 1
+ 148-1/2 lb. Beef at 3-1/2d 2 8 1
+ Potatoes and Greens 0 7 1
+ 800 Limes at 4s 1 12 0
+ 1-1/2 Barrels of Beer at 18s 1 7 0
+ 44 lb. Mutton at 3-1/2d 0 12 8
+ 37-3/4 lb. Veal at 3-1/2d 0 11 0
+ 30 lb. Venison at 2d 0 5 0
+ Turnips 0 1 6
+ Pepper and Mustard 0 1 5
+ 2 Jugs and Candles, Pipes and Tobacco 0 6 0
+ Butter 9s. 8d. Turkey 4s. 4 pair Fowls 9s 1 2 8
+ -1/4 of a hundred of Flour 0 3 6
+ Two former Hookings at getting on two
+ Floors, and now for raising the Tower, 3 0 0
+ Fire Wood, etc.
+
+Provision was made in 1750 for the extension of the tower for the
+accommodation of a bell, and on October 16, 1751, the Superintendent
+of the State House sent a letter to the colonial agent in London. In
+this letter he said:
+
+ "We take the liberty to apply ourselves to thee to get us a
+ good bell, of about two thousand pounds weight, the cost of
+ which we presume may amount to about one hundred pounds
+ sterling, or, perhaps, with the charges, something more....
+ Let the bell be cast by the best workmen, and examined
+ carefully before it is shipped, with the following words
+ well-shaped in large letters round it, viz:--
+
+ "'By order of the Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania,
+ for the State House in the city of Philadelphia, 1752,'
+
+ "And underneath,
+
+ "'Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land to all the
+ inhabitants thereof--Levit. XXV. 10.'"
+
+When the new bell was hung it was cracked by a stroke of the clapper.
+Isaac Norris wrote:
+
+ "We concluded to send it back by Captain Budden, but he could
+ not take it on board, upon which two ingenious workmen
+ undertook to cast it here, and I am just now informed they
+ have this day opened the Mould and have got a good bell,
+ which, I confess, pleases me very much, that we should first
+ venture upon and succeed in the greatest bell cast, for aught
+ I know, in English America. The mould was finished in a very
+ masterly manner, and the letters, I am told, are better than
+ [on] the old one. When we broke up the metal, our judges here
+ generally agreed it was too high and brittle, and cast
+ several little bells out of it to try the sound and strength,
+ and fixed upon a mixture of an ounce and a half of copper to
+ one pound of the old bell, and in this proportion we now have
+ it."
+
+But when the bell was in place it was found to contain too much
+copper, and Pass & Stow, the founders, "were so teazed with the
+witticisms of the town," that they begged to be allowed to recast it.
+In June, 1753, this third bell was hung, and in the following
+September the founders were paid L60 13s. 5d.
+
+In 1752 arrangements were made for a clock. The works were placed in
+the middle of the main building, immediately under the roof. These
+were connected by rods, enclosed in pipes, with the hands on the dial
+plates at either gable. Early views of the State House show these
+dials. The cost of the clock, which included care for six years, was
+L494 5s. 5-1/2 d.
+
+During the twenty years that followed the installation of the clock
+and the bell the State House became a civic centre of note; but not
+until the stirring events that led up to the Revolution did it become
+of special interest to other colonies than Pennsylvania. On April 25,
+1775, the day after news came to Philadelphia of the battles of
+Lexington and Concord, the great bell sounded a call to arms that was
+the real beginning of making the building a national shrine. In
+response to the call eight thousand people gathered in the Yard to
+consider measures of defence. On April 26 the newspapers reported that
+"the company unanimously agreed to associate for the purpose of
+defending with arms their lives, liberty, and property, against all
+attempts to deprive them of them." This determination of the people
+was soon sanctioned by the Assembly, and Pennsylvania prepared to
+raise its quota towards the Army of the Revolution.
+
+On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress met in the Assembly
+Chamber, and took action that made inevitable the adoption of the
+Declaration of Independence the next year. On Friday, June 7, 1776, in
+the Eastern Room on the first floor of the State House, Richard Henry
+Lee of Virginia introduced the following:
+
+ "Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought
+ to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved
+ from all allegiance to the British Crown and that all
+ political connection between them and the State of Great
+ Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved."
+
+At the same time the Pennsylvania Assembly was considering, in the
+chamber upstairs, what instruction to give to its delegates. When the
+Assembly adjourned the Continental Congress removed to the upper room.
+There, on July 2, the Virginian's motion was carried. Later the
+Declaration itself was adopted, and on July 4, it was
+
+ "Resolved, that Copies of the Declaration be sent to the
+ several assemblies, conventions, and committees or councils
+ of safety, and to the several commanding officers of the
+ Continental troops; that it be proclaimed in each of the
+ United States and at the head of the army."
+
+It was ordered that the Declaration be proclaimed from the State House
+on Monday, July 8, 1776. On that day the State House bell sounded its
+glad call; for the first time did it indeed "proclaim liberty
+throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." And in the
+hearing of those who gathered in response to its call the Declaration
+was read.
+
+From that day the State House has been known as Independence Hall,
+while the State House Yard has become Independence Square.
+
+The sittings of Congress in Independence Hall were interrupted by the
+approach of the British. For five months the building was used as a
+British prison and hospital. But on July 2, 1778, Congress returned;
+the building once more belonged to the nation.
+
+The building became more than ever a national shrine when, in 1787,
+the Constitutional Convention met there. On September 17, 1787, the
+votes of eleven States were recorded in favor of the Constitution, and
+Benjamin Franklin, looking toward a sun which was blazoned on the
+President's chair, said of it to those near him, "In the vicissitudes
+of hope and fear I was not able to tell whether it was rising or
+setting; now I know that it is the rising sun."
+
+In 1790, the Congress of the United States met in the western portion
+of the buildings on the Square, erected in 1785 for the Pennsylvania
+Assembly.[1] This building was, by that body, offered to Congress and
+accepted for the term of ten years, until the Capital should be
+removed to the shore of the Potomac.
+
+During these ten years, and for thirty-five years more, the Liberty
+Bell continued to sound notes of joy and of sorrow. On July 8, 1835,
+it was tolling for Chief Justice Marshall. When the funeral procession
+was on Chestnut Street, not far from Independence Hall, the bell
+cracked. Since that day it has been mute.
+
+The passing years have brought many changes to Independence Hall, as
+well as to the Liberty Bell. The bell cannot be renewed, but the
+historic building and the Square have been restored until they present
+essentially the appearance of the days of 1776. The chief difference
+is in the steeple. The present steeple was built in 1828. It is much
+like the old steeple, but a story higher.
+
+As the visitor passes from room to room of the venerable building, and
+examines the relics and studies the portraits of the great men who
+gathered there so long ago, his heart is stirred to thankfulness to
+those who dared to call a nation into being, and he cannot but think
+that it is good to live for one's country.
+
+
+ [Illustration: DAVID RITTENHOUSE'S HOUSE, NORRITON, PENNA.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 170]
+
+XXXVII
+
+THE DAVID RITTENHOUSE HOME, NEAR PHILADELPHIA
+
+THE HEADQUARTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S FRIEND AND CO-LABORER
+
+ _"See the sage Rittenhouse with ardent eye
+ Lift the long tube and pierce the starry sky!
+ He marks what laws the eccentric wanderers bind,
+ Copies creation in his forming mind,
+ And bids beneath his hand in semblance rise
+ With mimic orbs the labors of the skies."_
+
+This was Barlow's way of telling of the achievement of David
+Rittenhouse, the colonial astronomer, in fashioning the marvellous
+orrery, the mechanical representation of the movements of the
+planetary system. Thomas Jefferson's prose description was a little
+more readable:
+
+ "A machine far surpassing in ingenuity of contrivance,
+ accuracy and utility anything of the kind ever before
+ constructed.... He has not indeed made a world, but he has by
+ imitation approached more its Maker than any man who has
+ lived from the creation to this day."
+
+The father of the maker of the orrery was a paper manufacturer near
+Germantown, but when David was three years old he moved to a little
+farm in Norriton, nineteen miles from Philadelphia, where, in 1749, he
+built the stone house in which his son spent the rest of his life.
+
+It was his purpose to make a farmer of David, and he might have
+succeeded if he had not invested in a few mathematical books. The
+twelve-year-old boy was fascinated by these volumes. Samuel W.
+Pennypacker has told the result:
+
+ "The handles of his plough, and even the fences around the
+ fields, he covered with mathematical calculations.... At
+ seventeen he made a wooden clock, and afterward one in metal.
+ Having thus tested his ability in an art in which he had
+ never received any instruction, he secured from his somewhat
+ reluctant father money enough to buy in Philadelphia the
+ necessary tools, and after holding a shop by the roadside,
+ set up in business as a clock and mathematical instrument
+ maker."
+
+Dr. Benjamin Rush once said that "without library, friends, or
+society, and with but two or three books, he became, before he had
+reached his four-and-twentieth year, the rival of two of the greatest
+mathematicians of Europe."
+
+The skilled astronomer was soon called upon to render a service to
+several of the Colonies. By means of astronomical instruments he did
+such accurate work in marking out the boundary between Delaware and
+Pennsylvania that Mason and Dixon later accepted his results, and he
+settled the dispute between New Jersey and New York as to the point
+where the forty-first degree of latitude touches the Hudson River.
+Perhaps, however, the achievement that won for him greatest fame was
+the observation, made in 1769, of the transit of Venus. The importance
+of the observation is evident from the facts that it provides the best
+means for calculating the distance between the heavenly bodies, which
+had never been satisfactorily made, and that the opportunity would
+not occur again for one hundred and five years. After months of
+preparation, which included the making of delicate instruments,
+Rittenhouse, one of a committee of three appointed by the American
+Philosophical Society, succeeded. In the words of Pennypacker, "The
+first approximately accurate results in the measurement of the spheres
+were given to the world, not by the schooled and salaried astronomers
+who watched from the magnificent royal observatories of Europe, but by
+unpaid amateurs and devotees to science in the youthful province of
+Pennsylvania."
+
+Benjamin Franklin found in him a kindred spirit, and the Philadelphian
+was frequently a visitor at the Norriton farmhouse. On Sunday the two
+friends often went to the old Norriton Presbyterian Church, which had
+been built on the corner of the Rittenhouse farm, within sight of the
+house. This church, which probably dates from 1698, is still standing
+in good repair.
+
+Some years after the successful observation of the transit of Venus
+brought fame to the American astronomer, he moved to Philadelphia.
+There, among other duties, he had charge of the State House clock.
+
+At the beginning of the Revolution the Council of Safety asked that he
+should "prepare moulds for the casting of clock weights, and send them
+to some iron furnace, and order a sufficient number to be immediately
+made for the purpose of exchanging them with the inhabitants of this
+city for their leaden clock weights." The leaden weights were needed
+for bullets. Later he was sent to survey the shores of the Delaware,
+to choose the best points for fortifications.
+
+When he became Engineer of the Council of Safety "he was called upon
+to arrange for casting cannon of iron and brass, to view the site for
+the erection of a Continental powder mill, to conduct experiments for
+rifling cannon and muskets, to fix upon a method of fastening a chain
+for the protection of the river, to superintend the manufacture of
+saltpeter, and to locate a magazine for military stores on the
+Wissahickon."
+
+This was but the beginning of service to Pennsylvania during the
+Revolution. His activities were so valuable to the Colonies that a
+Tory poet published in the _Pennsylvania Evening Post_ of December 2,
+1777, a verse addressed "To David Rittenhouse," of which the first
+stanza read:
+
+ "Meddle not with state affairs,
+ Keep acquaintance with the stars;
+ Science, David, is thy line;
+ Warp not Nature's great design.
+ If thou to fame would'st rise."
+
+The following year Thomas Jefferson wrote to him:
+
+ "You should consider that the world has but one Rittenhouse,
+ and never had one before.... Are those powers, then, which,
+ being intended for the erudition of the world, are, like
+ light and air, the world's common property, to be taken from
+ their proper pursuit to do the commonplace drudgery of
+ governing a single State?"
+
+To the call of the nation Rittenhouse responded in April, 1792, when
+President Washington appointed him the first Director of the Mint.
+
+His closing years were full of honors, but his strength was declining
+rapidly; he had spent himself so fully for his country that his power
+of resistance was small. Just before he died, on June 26, 1796, he
+said to a friend who had been writing to him, "You make the way to God
+easier."
+
+
+XXXVIII
+
+THE HEADQUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON LIVED DURING THE WINTER OF 1777-78
+
+A few rods from the beautiful Schuylkill River, at Valley Forge,
+Pennsylvania, twenty-four miles from Philadelphia, is the quaint stone
+house where Washington spent nearly six months of the most trying year
+of the Revolution.
+
+While the British troops were occupying Philadelphia Congress was in
+session at York, Pennsylvania. Valley Forge was accordingly a
+strategic location, for from here it was comparatively simple to guard
+the roads leading out of Philadelphia, and to prevent both the exit of
+the British and the entrance of supplies designed for the enemy.
+
+The eleven thousand men who marched to the site selected for the camp
+were miserably equipped for a winter in the open. Provisions were
+scarce, and clothing and shoes were even more scarce. But the men
+looked forward bravely to the months of exposure before them.
+
+Washington did everything possible to provide for their comfort.
+Realizing that the soldiers needed something more than the tents in
+which they were living at first, he gave orders that huts should be
+built for them. The commanding officers of the regiments were
+instructed to divide their soldiers into parties of twelve, to see
+that each party had the necessary tools, and to superintend the
+building of a hut for each group of twelve soldiers, according to
+carefully stated dimensions. A reward was offered to the party in each
+regiment which should complete its hut in the quickest and best
+manner. Since valuable time would be lost in preparing boards for the
+roofs, he promised a second sword to the officer or soldier who should
+devise a material for this purpose cheaper and more quickly made than
+boards.
+
+Some of the first huts were covered with leaves, but it was necessary
+to provide a more lasting covering. After a few weeks fairly
+acceptable quarters were provided for the men, in spite of the
+scarcity of tools. Colonel Pickering, on January 5, wrote to Mrs.
+Pickering, "The huts are very warm and comfortable, being very good
+log huts, pointed with clay, and the roof made tight with the same."
+
+At first, Washington sought to encourage his soldiers by assuring them
+that he would accept no better quarters than could be given them; he
+would set the example by passing the winter in a hut. But officers and
+men alike urged that it would be unwise to risk his health in this
+way, and he consented to seek quarters in a near-by house. However, he
+refused to make himself comfortable until the men were provided for.
+
+His headquarters were finally fixed in the two-story stone house of
+Isaac Potts. There he met his officers, received visitors, planned for
+the welfare of the army, and parried the attacks of those who could
+not understand the difficulties of the situation. Once he wrote to
+Congress: "Three days successively we have been destitute of bread.
+Two days we have been entirely without meat. The men must be supplied,
+or they cannot be commanded."
+
+To the objections of those who thought that the army should not be
+inactive during the winter weather, he wrote:
+
+ "I can assure these gentlemen, that it is a much easier and
+ less distressing thing to draw remonstrances in a comfortable
+ room by a good fireside, than to occupy a cold, bleak hill,
+ and sleep under frost and snow, without clothes or blankets.
+ However, although they seem to have little pity for the naked
+ and distressed soldiers, I feel superabundantly for them,
+ and, from my soul, I pity those miseries which it is neither
+ in my power to relieve or prevent."
+
+The heavy hearts of Washington and his officers rejoiced when, on
+February 23, 1778, Baron Steuben and Peter S. Du Ponceau called at
+headquarters. Du Ponceau wrote later:
+
+ "I cannot describe the impression that the first sight of
+ that great man made upon me. I could not keep my eyes from
+ that imposing countenance--grave, yet not severe; affable,
+ without familiarity.... I have never seen a picture that
+ represents him to me as I saw him at Valley Forge.... I had
+ frequent opportunities of seeing him, as it was my duty to
+ accompany the Baron when he dined with him, which was
+ sometimes twice or thrice in the same week. We visited him
+ also in the evening, when Mrs. Washington was at
+ head-quarters. We were in a manner domesticated in the
+ family."
+
+An order was sent from headquarters, dated March 28, that Baron
+Steuben be respected and obeyed as Inspector General. The need of his
+services is revealed by his description of the condition of the army
+when he arrived in camp:
+
+ "The arms at Valley Forge were in a horrible condition,
+ covered with rust, half of them without bayonets, many from
+ which a single shot could not be fired. The pouches were
+ quite as bad as the arms. A great many of the men had tin
+ boxes instead of pouches, others had cow-horns; and muskets,
+ carbines, fowling-pieces, and rifles were to be seen in the
+ same company.... The men were literally naked.... The
+ officers who had coats, had them of every color and make. I
+ saw officers, at a grand parade in Valley Forge, mounting
+ guard in a sort of dressing-gown, made of an old blanket or
+ woolen bed-cover...."
+
+Mrs. Washington joined the circle at headquarters on February 10. She
+was not favorably impressed. "The General's apartment is very small,"
+she wrote. "He has had a log cabin built to dine in, which has made
+our quarters much more tolerable than they were at first."
+
+The most joyful day at Valley Forge was May 7, 1778, when a fete was
+held to celebrate the conclusion of the treaty of alliance between
+France and the United States. After religious service, the army was
+reviewed, and Washington dined in public with his officers. "When the
+General took his leave, there was a universal clap, with loud huzzas,
+which continued till he had proceeded a quarter of a mile."
+
+On June 18 the glad tidings came to headquarters that the British were
+evacuating Philadelphia. Next day the camp was left behind.
+Washington did not see it again for nine years.
+
+In 1879 the Isaac Potts house was bought by the Continental Memorial
+Association of Valley Forge. And in 1893 the Pennsylvania Legislature
+created the Valley Forge Park Commission, which has since acquired the
+entire encampment, has laid it out as a park, and has arranged for the
+erection of many monuments and markers and a number of memorial
+structures. But the house in which Washington lived must always be the
+central feature of the grounds.
+
+
+ [Illustration: DAWESFIELD, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.
+ _Photo by H. C. Howland, Philadelphia_
+ See page 178]
+
+XXXIX
+
+THREE HEADQUARTERS OF WASHINGTON
+
+PENNYPACKER'S MILLS, DAWESFIELD, AND EMLEN HOUSE, NEAR PHILADELPHIA
+
+During the closing months of 1777, one of the darkest times of the
+Revolution, Washington made famous by his occupancy three houses, all
+located within a few miles of Philadelphia. The first of these,
+Pennypacker's Mills, is the only building used by the Commander-in-Chief
+during the war that is still in the hands of the family that owned it
+when he was there.
+
+Pennypacker's Mills is delightfully situated in the angle formed by
+the union of the two forks of the Perkiomen, the largest tributary of
+the Schuylkill. Hans Joest Heijt, who built the grist mill and house
+on the land in 1720, sold the property in 1730 to John Pauling. He was
+succeeded in 1757 by Peter Pannebecker. His son Samuel was the
+owner of the house by the creek when, on September 26, 1777,
+Washington reached the Mills.
+
+The orderly book of the following days and letters written from the
+house shed light on the events of the stay here.
+
+On the day he reached the Mills, Washington wrote to William Henry at
+Lancaster:
+
+ "You are hereby authorized to impress all the Blankets,
+ Shoes, Stockings, and other Articles of Clothing that can be
+ spared by the Inhabitants of the County of Lancaster, for the
+ Use of the Continental Army, paying for the same at
+ reasonable Rates or giving Certificates."
+
+The entry in the orderly book on September 28 read:
+
+ "The Commander-in-Chief has the happiness again to
+ congratulate the army on the success of the Americans to the
+ Northward. On the 19th inst. an engagement took place between
+ General Burgoyne's army and the left wing of ours, under
+ General Gates. The battle began at 10 o'clock, and lasted
+ till night--our troops fighting with the greatest bravery,
+ not giving an inch of ground.... To celebrate this success
+ the General orders that at 4 o'clock this afternoon all the
+ troops be paraded and served with a gill of rum per man, and
+ that at the same time there be discharges of 13 pieces of
+ artillery from the park."
+
+On the same day there was a council of war. It was found that there
+were in camp, fit for duty, 5,472 men. The whole army in all the camps
+then contained about eight thousand Continental troops and three
+thousand militia.
+
+Next day Washington wrote:
+
+ "I shall move the Army four or five miles lower down to-day
+ from whence we may reconnoitre and fix upon a proper
+ situation, at such distance from the Enemy, as will entitle
+ us to make an attack, should we see a proper opening, or
+ stand upon the defensive till we obtain further
+ reinforcements...."
+
+Later in the day the army marched to Skippack, within about
+twenty-five miles of Philadelphia. The next stage in the advance was
+Methacton Hill, and from there the army began to move, on October 3,
+at seven o'clock in the evening, to the attack on the British at
+Germantown.
+
+After the battle of Germantown Washington wrote to the President of
+Congress:
+
+ "In the midst of the most promising appearances, when
+ everything gave the most flattering hopes of victory, the
+ troops began suddenly to retreat, and entirely left the
+ field, in spite of every effort that could be made to rally
+ them."
+
+The Commander's marvellous ability to handle men was shown by the
+entry made in his orderly book the next day, when he was back at
+Pennypacker's Mills. Instead of reprimanding the soldiers for their
+strange retreat, he "returned thanks to the generals and other
+officers and men concerned in the attack on the enemy's left wing, for
+their spirit and bravery, shown in drawing the enemy from field to
+field, and although ... they finally retreated, they nevertheless see
+that the enemy is not proof against a vigorous attack, and may be put
+to flight when boldly pursued."
+
+The good results of this message were evident from the letter of a
+soldier written from the Mills on October 6. He said:
+
+ "Our excellent General Washington ... intends soon to try
+ another bout with them. All our men are in good spirits and I
+ think grow fonder of fighting the more they have of it."
+
+To the joy of the soldiers the word was given on October 8 to march
+toward Philadelphia. In three short stages the army arrived, on
+October 21, at Whitpain, where Washington took up his headquarters in
+the house of James Morris, Dawesfield. From here messages were sent
+that tied his men still closer to him. On October 24 he issued a
+proclamation of full pardon to deserters who should return before a
+specified date, and next day he congratulated the troops on the
+victory at Red Bank.
+
+The chief event of the stay at Dawesfield was the court-martial
+convened October 30, to try Brigadier-General Wayne, at his own
+request, on the charge that his negligence was responsible for the
+defeat at Paoli, September 20. The verdict was that "he did everything
+that could be expected from an active, brave, and vigilant officer,
+under the orders he then had."
+
+ [Illustration: EMLEN HOUSE, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 178]
+
+Three days after the trial the army moved to Whitemarsh, near the
+junction of the Skippack and Bethlehem roads. There Washington lived
+at Emlen House, of which Lossing says, "At the time of the Revolution
+it was a sort of baronial hall in size and character, where its
+wealthy owner dispensed hospitality to all who came under its roof."
+
+The house was modernized in 1854, but it still retains many of the
+original features. Among these is the moat at the side of the house.
+
+Washington followed the example of the owner of the house by welcoming
+guests, in spite of the handicaps mentioned in the orderly book on
+November 7:
+
+ "Since ... the middle of September last, he [the General] has
+ been without his baggage, and on that account is unable to
+ receive company in the manner he could wish. He nevertheless
+ desires the Generals, Field Officers and Brigadier-Major of
+ the day, to dine with him in the future, at three o'clock in
+ the afternoon."
+
+It was from Emlen House that Washington gave the first intimation that
+he knew of the infamous attempts to discredit and displace him which
+later became known as the "Conway Cabal." To General Conway himself he
+wrote saying that he had heard of Conway's letter to General Gates in
+which he had said, "Heaven has been determined to save your country,
+or a weak General and bad counsellors would have ruined it."
+
+A few glimpses of the awful condition of privation that were to
+prevail that winter at Valley Forge were given on November 22:
+
+ "The Commander-in-Chief offers a reward of ten dollars to any
+ person, who shall, by nine o'clock on Monday morning, produce
+ the best substitute for shoes, made of raw hide."
+
+The movement to Valley Forge was begun on December 1. The army went by
+way of "Sweeds" Ford (Norristown), where, as the quaint diary of
+Albigence Waldo says:
+
+ "A Bridge of Waggons made across the Schuylkill last night
+ consisted of 36 waggons, with a bridge of Rails between each.
+ Sun Set--We are order'd to march over the River. The Army
+ were 'till Sun Rise crossing the River--some at the Waggon
+ Bridge, & some at the Raft Bridge below. Cold and
+ Uncomfortable."
+
+
+XL
+
+SWEETBRIER-ON-THE-SCHUYLKILL, PHILADELPHIA
+
+THE HOME OF THE FATHER OF THE FREE SCHOOLS OF PENNSYLVANIA
+
+When Samuel Breck was fifty-eight years and six months old--on January
+17, 1830--he wrote:
+
+ "My residence has been ... for more than thirty years ... on
+ an estate belonging to me, situated on the right bank of the
+ Schuylkill, in the township of Blockley, county of
+ Philadelphia, and two miles from the western part of the
+ city. The mansion on this estate I built in 1797. It is a
+ fine stone house, rough cast, fifty-three feet long,
+ thirty-eight broad, and three stories high, having
+ out-buildings of every kind suitable for elegance and
+ comfort. The prospect consists of the river, animated by its
+ great trade, carried on in boats of about thirty tons, drawn
+ by horses; of a beautiful sloping lawn, terminating at that
+ river, now nearly four hundred yards wide opposite the
+ portico; of side-screen woods; of gardens, green-house, etc.
+ Sweetbrier is the name of my villa."
+
+Mr. Breck spent his boyhood in Boston, but his parents removed to
+Philadelphia in 1792 to escape what they felt was an unjust system of
+taxation. During the first years of their residence in the city of
+William Penn it had "a large society of elegant and fashionable and
+stylish people," Mr. Breck said in his diary. "Congress held its
+sessions in Philadelphia until the year 1800, and gave to the city the
+style and tone of a capital. All the distinguished emigrants from
+France took up their abode there."
+
+Among the associates of the Brecks were some of the leaders of the new
+nation. Samuel Breck was frequently at the Robert Morris house, and
+later, during the four years' imprisonment of Mr. Morris, he "visited
+that great man in the Prune Street debtors' apartment, and saw him in
+his ugly whitewashed vault."
+
+The diarist's comment was bitter: "In Rome or Greece a thousand
+statesmen would have honored his mighty services. In a monarchy ... he
+would have been appropriately pensioned; in America, Republican
+America, not a single voice was raised in Congress or elsewhere in aid
+of him or his family."
+
+There is not a more striking passage in the diaries than that written
+on August 27, 1814, during the second war with England:
+
+ "I was in town to-day ... at half past twelve o'clock I went
+ with an immense crowd to the post-office to hear the news
+ from the South. The postmaster read it to us from a chamber
+ window. It imported that the navy-yard had been burnt (valued
+ at from six to eight millions of dollars) including the new
+ frigate _Essex_, sloop-of-war _Argus_, some old frigates, a
+ vast quantity of timber, from five to eight hundred large
+ guns, and many manufactories of cordage, etc., by our people;
+ that the President's House, Capitol, and other important
+ buildings had been destroyed, and all this by a handful of
+ men, say, six thousand!"
+
+The diary told also of some interesting experiences at the mansion on
+the Schuylkill. In 1807 "a newly invented iron grate calculated for
+coal" was installed at Sweetbrier. After less than three weeks' trial
+Mr. Breck wrote, "By my experiment in coal fuel I find that one
+fireplace will burn from three to three and a half bushels per week in
+hard weather and about two and a half in moderate weather. This
+averages three bushels for twenty-five weeks, the period of burning
+fire in parlors." The coal cost forty-five cents a bushel, and Mr.
+Breck decided that wood was a cheaper fuel.
+
+Even in those early days city families had their troubles with
+servants. "This is a crying evil, which most families feel very
+sensibly at present," was Mr. Breck's sorrowful statement. Fifteen
+years after this entry was written, a bitter complaint was made:
+
+ "In my family, consisting of nine or ten persons, the
+ greatest abundance is provided; commonly seventy pounds of
+ fresh butcher's meat, poultry and fish a week, and when I
+ have company nearly twice as much; the best and kindest
+ treatment is given to the servants; they are seldom visited
+ by Mrs. Breck, and then always in a spirit of courtesy; their
+ wages are the highest going, and uniformly paid to them when
+ asked for; yet during the last twelve months we have had
+ seven different cooks and five different waiters.... I pay,
+ for instance, to my cook one dollar and fifty cents, and
+ chambermaid one dollar and twenty-five cents per week; to my
+ gardener eleven dollars per month; to the waiter ten dollars;
+ to the farm servant ten dollars, etc., etc. Now, if they
+ remain steady (with meat three times a day) for three or four
+ years, they can lay by enough to purchase two or three
+ hundred acres of new land."
+
+On one occasion, learning that the ship _John_ had arrived from
+Amsterdam, Mr. Breck visited it in search of men and women. He wrote:
+
+ "I saw the remains of a very fine cargo, consisting of
+ healthy, good-looking men, women and children, and I
+ purchased one German Swiss for Mrs. Ross and two French Swiss
+ for myself.... I gave for the woman seventy-six dollars,
+ which is her passage money, with a promise of twenty dollars
+ at the end of three years, if she serves me faithfully,
+ clothing and maintenance of course. The boy had paid
+ twenty-six guilders towards his passage money, which I have
+ agreed to give him at the end of three years; in addition to
+ which I paid fifty-three dollars and sixty cents for his
+ passage, and for two years he is to have six weeks' schooling
+ each year."
+
+It was like Mr. Breck to make the provision for schooling. He was an
+ardent friend of education in an age when too many were indifferent.
+In 1834, when the fortunes of a proposal for free schools in
+Pennsylvania were in doubt, he consented to become a member of the
+State Senate. There he bent every effort to secure the passage of a
+generous provision for common schools. On the first day of the session
+he moved successfully for the appointment of a Joint Committee on
+Education of the two Houses, "for the purpose of digesting a general
+system of education." Of this committee he was made chairman.
+
+After seven weeks of unremitting labor the bill incorporating the
+committee's report, a bill drafted by Mr. Breck, was introduced. In
+six weeks more it became a law, four votes only having been cast
+against it. Wickersham, in his "History of Education in Pennsylvania,"
+says that the passage of the bill was "the most important event
+connected with education in Pennsylvania--the first great victory for
+free schools."
+
+At the close of the session the author of the bill retired to
+Sweetbrier, in accordance with his intention to decline any further
+public honors. He felt that his work for the State and the Nation was
+done.
+
+
+ [Illustration: FATLANDS, NEAR PHOENIXVILLE, PENNA.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 187]
+
+XLI
+
+MILL GROVE AND FATLANDS, NEAR PHILADELPHIA
+
+THE HOMES OF JOHN J. AUDUBON AND OF HIS BRIDE, MARY BAKEWELL
+
+About two hundred years ago, there lived in France a poor fisherman
+named Audubon, who had nineteen daughters and two sons. One of the
+sons was sent away to make his fortune when he was twelve years of
+age. His entire patrimony was a shirt, a suit of clothes, a cane, and
+a blessing. For five years he was a sailor before the mast. Then he
+bought a boat. He prospered and bought other vessels. After many years
+he had large wealth, and was trading to the distant quarters of the
+earth.
+
+When he was an old man he paid a visit to America. In two widely
+separated places, attracted by the country, he bought land. One estate
+was on Perkiomen Creek, near Philadelphia; the other was in Louisiana.
+In Louisiana he spent much of his time; and there, on May 4, 1780,[2]
+his son, John James Audubon, was born.
+
+Commodore Audubon wanted his son to be a seaman, and he took him to
+France that he might be educated for the navy. But the boy's tastes
+were in another direction altogether. One of the teachers provided for
+him was an artist, who gave him lessons in drawing that were intended
+as a part of his training for the profession the father had chosen for
+him. But the boy put it to a use of his own. On his holidays he used
+to take a lunch into the country, and would return loaded down with
+all kinds of natural history specimens. These he would preserve in a
+cabinet of his own devising, and drawings of many of them would be
+made and treasured.
+
+Commodore Audubon was not pleased with his son's habits, and he
+thought he would give him something to do that would distract his
+mind. The estate in Pennsylvania needed a superintendent. So he sent
+the would-be naturalist to America, with instructions to look after
+the estate.
+
+But the wild woods about Philadelphia offered so many opportunities
+for tramping and nature investigation that the estate was neglected.
+The house on the estate, Mill Grove, which is still standing, is near
+the mouth of the Perkiomen. Along this pleasing stream he could
+ramble for hours, with his gun or his fishing rod or his collecting
+instruments. Before long the attic room which he occupied was a
+treasure house of birds and animals and natural-history specimens. He
+was his own taxidermist. He would do his work seated at a window that
+looks toward the Valley Forge country, where Washington spent the
+winter of 1777-78 with his faithful soldiers. The marks of his work
+are still to be seen on the old boards beneath the window. These
+boards came from the sawmill on the estate which gave the house its
+name.
+
+Here in this attic room the young naturalist dreamed of making
+careful, accurate drawings of all the birds of America. He knew that
+this would be a difficult matter, but he was not deterred by thought
+of hardship and poverty.
+
+While he was dreaming of what he would do for the world, something was
+happening in London that was to have an effect on his life. An
+official named Bakewell refused to be silent about a matter that the
+king felt should be forgotten. Bakewell was a conscientious man, and
+he did not feel that silence would be proper. The king rebuked him,
+and he resigned his office. At once he made up his mind to leave
+England and make a home in America, taking with him his wife and
+daughter.
+
+After many investigations, he found an estate near Philadelphia that
+pleased him--Fatlands, on the Schuylkill, near the Perkiomen, so named
+because every year the latter stream overflows and deposits rich
+sediment on the surrounding lands. The mansion house at Fatlands was
+built in 1774, and there Washington as well as the British commander
+had been entertained by the Quaker owner who felt that he could not
+show partiality. Here the English immigrant made his home.
+
+Of course Audubon heard of the coming of the strangers to the house
+across the road, not half a mile from his own quarters. But he did not
+go to call on them. He was French and they were English; he felt sure
+they would be undesirable acquaintances, and that he had better keep
+to the woods and follow his own pursuits, without reference to others.
+
+Then came a day when he was having a delightful stroll through the
+woods. He was carrying specimens of many kinds. A stranger, also a
+hunter, encountered him and made a remark about his burden that
+touched a responsive chord. Soon the two were on good terms. "You must
+come and see me," the stranger said. The invitation was accepted with
+alacrity. Then came the question, "Where do you live?" To his
+surprise, Audubon heard that this pleasing man was his new neighbor at
+Fatlands.
+
+Deciding that an Englishman was not so bad, after all, he made it
+convenient to call very soon. Then when he saw Mary Bakewell, the
+daughter of the house, he was sure he liked the English. She showed
+great sympathy for his pursuits, and he liked to talk with her about
+them. Before long she decided to help him in his great life work, the
+American ornithology.
+
+The marriage was postponed because of the death of Mrs. Bakewell, who
+pined away, homesick for her native England. But the time came when,
+on April 8, 1808, the two nature lovers became husband and wife. Then
+they began the long wanderings in the West and the South, the fruit
+of which was what has been called one of the most wonderful
+ornithological treatises ever made, Audubon's "Birds of America."
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Audubon floated down the Ohio River, spent a season in
+Kentucky and Missouri, had narrow escapes from the Indians, and
+finally found their way to Louisiana. There for a time the wife
+supported herself by teaching at the home of a planter. Friends and
+acquaintances thought the husband was a madman to continue his quest
+of birds when his family was in straitened circumstances. But Mrs.
+Audubon believed in him, urged him to go to Europe and study painting
+in oils, that he might be better equipped for the preparation of his
+bird plates. She secured a good situation as teacher at Bayou Sara,
+and was soon enjoying an income of three thousand dollars a year.
+
+Finally, with some of his own savings, as well as some of his wife's
+funds, he went to England, where he was well received. Plans were made
+to publish the bird plates, with descriptive matter, at one thousand
+dollars per set. He had to have one hundred advance subscribers. These
+he secured by personal solicitation.
+
+At last the work was issued. Cuvier called it "the most magnificent
+work that art ever raised to ornithology."
+
+Many years later, Audubon, after the death of his wife, returned to
+the scenes of his early life as a naturalist. "Here is where I met my
+dear Mary," he said, with glistening eyes, as he looked into one of
+the rooms of the old mansion.
+
+Mill Grove was built in 1762. Five years after Audubon's marriage the
+estate was bought by Samuel Wetherill, the grandfather of the present
+owner, W. H. Wetherill.
+
+Fatlands, which is one of the most beautiful old houses in the
+vicinity of Philadelphia, was built in 1774. During the Revolution it
+was occupied by a Quaker named Vaux, who entertained many officers of
+both armies. It is related that one day General Howe, the British
+commander, was entertained at breakfast, while Washington was in the
+house for tea the same evening.
+
+The house was rebuilt in 1843, on the old foundations, according to
+the original plan.
+
+
+ [Illustration: WAYNESBOROUGH, NEAR PAOLI, PENNA.
+ _Photo by H. C. Howland_
+ See page 192]
+
+XLII
+
+WAYNESBOROUGH, NEAR PAOLI, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+THE HOME OF "MAD ANTHONY" WAYNE
+
+Captain Isaac Wayne, who commanded a company at the Battle of the
+Boyne, came from Ireland to Pennsylvania in 1722. Two years later he
+bought sixteen acres of land in Chester County and built
+Waynesborough.
+
+His son Isaac, who was a captain in the French and Indian War,
+enlarged the mansion in 1765. While a wing was added in 1812, it
+presents much the same appearance to-day as it did at the time Anthony
+Wayne left it to go to war with General Washington, even to the
+crooked hood above the entrance door. The present owner, William
+Wayne, is as unwilling as were his ancestors to have this hood
+straightened.
+
+On the front of the house is a tablet which reads:
+
+ The Home of General Anthony Wayne,
+ Born in this House, January 1, 1745.
+ Died at Erie, Pennsylvania, December 15, 1796.
+ A Leader of the American Revolution in
+ Pennsylvania and a soldier distinguished
+ for his
+ Services at Brandywine, Germantown,
+ Valley Forge,
+ Monmouth, Stony Point, and Yorktown.
+ Subdued the Indians of Ohio, 1794.
+ Commander-in-Chief of the
+ United States Army 1792-1796.
+ Marked by the Chester County Historical
+ Society.
+
+To this record the statement might have been added that General
+Lafayette visited the home of his old commander when he was in the
+United States in 1824. Reverently the General bowed his head in
+Wayne's favorite sitting-room, to the right of the entrance hall,
+where nothing had been disturbed since the death of the patriot. The
+furnishings and ornaments of the room are the same to-day as then.
+
+Anthony Wayne was a delegate to several of the conventions which took
+the preliminary steps leading to the Revolutionary War. In 1775 he was
+a member of the Committee of Safety, and in the same year he organized
+a regiment of "minute men" in Chester County.
+
+His first active service was as colonel with troops sent to Canada in
+January, 1776, and from November, 1776, to April, 1777, as commander
+of twenty-five hundred men at Ticonderoga. "It was my business to
+prevent a junction of the enemy's armies and ... to keep at bay their
+whole Canadian force," he wrote in a private letter.
+
+Here, in the midst of difficulties with soldiers who wanted to desert,
+he heard that the British were threatening Waynesborough. But, like a
+true soldier, he stuck to his work, and urged his wife to be brave.
+"Should you be necessitated to leave East-town, I doubt not but you'll
+meet with hospitality in the back parts of the Province," he wrote to
+her.
+
+His fidelity and resourcefulness were recognized in February, 1777, by
+a commission as brigadier general. Washington, who was then in New
+Jersey, wrote to him a little later, saying that his presence with him
+was "materially needed," to guard the country between West Point and
+Philadelphia. And when the British fleet sailed out of New York
+Harbor, Washington sent him to Chester, to organize the militia of
+Pennsylvania. A few weeks later he was in charge of a division at
+Brandywine. Historians say that his steadfastness on the left
+prevented the advance of Knyphausen, and saved the right from entire
+destruction.
+
+Less than a week later, within a mile of his own house, he was
+surprised by the enemy near Paoli, in consequence, it is said, of the
+act of an inn-keeper who betrayed Wayne's presence to the British. The
+result was the only defeat of his brilliant career. Eighty of his men
+were killed. The engagement has been called "the Paoli Massacre,"
+because of the conduct of the victors. Wayne escaped. A squad of
+soldiers searched for him at Waynesborough. When they could not find
+him in the house, they thrust their bayonets into the great boxwood
+bush that is still to be seen in the rear of the mansion.
+
+Because some said that the General was responsible for the defeat, he
+demanded a court-martial. The court-martial was held soon after, and
+he was acquitted with the highest honor, and was declared to be "an
+active, brave, and vigilant officer."
+
+Washington's letters and orderly book are full of references to Wayne.
+He was a trusted commander, and his advice was followed many times. He
+it was who first proposed that the army should "hut" during the winter
+of 1776-77, some twenty miles from Philadelphia. He was always eager
+to do his Commander's bidding. On one occasion, when he was in
+Philadelphia, on his way to greet his family, he was met by a fast
+rider who handed him a despatch in which Washington said, "I request
+that you join the army as soon as you can."
+
+During his long absence from Waynesborough his wife Polly and his
+children were continually in his thoughts. Once he wrote:
+
+ "I am not a little anxious about the education of our girl
+ and boy. It is full time that Peggy should be put to dancing
+ school. How does she improve in her writing and reading? Does
+ Isaac take learning freely? Has he become fond of school?"
+
+Just before the storming of Stony Point, he prepared for death,
+sending to a friend a letter which was not to be opened until the
+author was dead. The letter said:
+
+ "I know that your friendship will induce you to attend to the
+ education of my little son and daughter. I fear that their
+ mother will not survive this stroke. Do go to her."
+
+On the way up the mount he was grievously wounded and fell senseless.
+Soon he roused himself and cried, "Lead me forward.... Let me die in
+the fort." Several hours later he was able to send word to Washington,
+"The fort and garrison are ours."
+
+In this spirit he served through the war. And when the action was won
+he continued to fight for his country. On February 6, 1796, Claypool's
+_Daily American Advertiser_ told of his return from his successful
+campaign against the Indians of Ohio:
+
+ "Four miles from the city, he was met by the entire Troop of
+ Philadelphia Light Horse, and escorted by them to town. On
+ his crossing the Schuylkill, a salute of fifteen guns was
+ fired from the Centre-square, by a party of Artillery. He was
+ ushered into the city by the ringing of bells and other
+ demonstrations of joy."
+
+
+ [Illustration: MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM, PENNA.
+ _Photo by Rev. A. D. Therelar, Bethlehem_
+ See page 196]
+
+XLIII
+
+THE MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA
+
+A RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY WHOSE FOUNDERS WERE TRUE PATRIOTS
+
+The Unitas Fratrum or Church of the Brethren arose in the fifteenth
+century in Bohemia and Moravia. In 1727 intolerance led its leaders to
+begin to plan an emigration to America. A colony was sent to
+Pennsylvania in 1734, while a second colony went to Georgia in 1735.
+Late in the year 1740 the remnant of the emigrants to Georgia joined
+forces with the Pennsylvania contingent, and settled on five thousand
+acres of land in the "Forks of the Delaware," as the locality just
+within the confluence of the Delaware River and the Lehigh or "West
+Fork of the Delaware" was called. The object of the settlers was to
+preach to the Indians, and they began at once to win the confidence of
+the Delawares.
+
+The first house was built in 1741. This was twenty by forty feet, one
+story high, with sleeping quarters for a number of persons in the
+attic under the steep pitched roof. The cattle were kept in a portion
+of the house partitioned off for them. The common room in which they
+lived was also the place of worship for more than a year. The site of
+this house is marked by a memorial stone, which was put in place in
+1892.
+
+The foundation for the Gemeinhaus, or Community House, was laid in
+September. For many years this was to serve as home and hospice, manse
+and church, administration office, academy, dispensary, and town-hall.
+As "The House on the Lehigh," it became known through all the
+countryside.
+
+The event of the year 1741 was the coming of Count Zinzendorf. The
+Community House was not yet finished, but two rooms in the second
+story were hurriedly prepared for the guest.
+
+No name had yet been given to the settlement, but on Christmas Eve,
+after Zinzendorf had celebrated the Holy Communion in the building,
+the only fitting name suggested itself. Bishop Levering of the
+Moravian Church tells the story:
+
+ "This humble sanctuary, with beasts of the stall sharing its
+ roof, brought the circumstances of the Saviour's birth
+ vividly before their imagination.... Acting upon an impulse,
+ the Count rose and led the way into the part of the building
+ in which the cattle were kept, while he began to sing the
+ quaintly pretty words of a German Epiphany hymn which
+ combined Christmas thoughts and missionary thoughts.... Its
+ language expressed well the feeling of the hour.... The
+ little town of Bethlehem was hailed, its boon to mankind was
+ lauded.... With this episode a thought came to one and
+ another which gave rise to a perpetual memorial of the
+ occasion.... By general consent the name of the ancient town
+ of David was adopted and the place was called Bethlehem."
+
+The chapel of the Gemeinhaus was used by the congregation for nine
+years. During this period many of the Indians were baptised there. In
+1752 and again in 1753 councils were held here with the
+representatives of the Nanticoke and Shawnee Indians from the Wyoming
+Valley.
+
+The second place of worship was an extension of the Gemeinhaus,
+completed in 1751. Here congregations gathered for fifty-five years.
+Here the gospel was preached by some of the most eminent ministers of
+colonial days, while the records show that famous visitors sat in the
+pews. Among them were Governor John Penn; Generals Washington,
+Amherst, Gage, Gates, and Lafayette; John Hancock, Henry Laurence,
+Samuel and John Adams, Richard Henry Lee, and many other delegates to
+the Continental Congress.
+
+During the Revolution there were no more earnest patriots than the
+members of the Moravian Community at Bethlehem. At one time the Single
+Brethren's House was used for eight months as a hospital, and no
+charge was made, though in 1779 a bill for repairs was sent which
+amounted to $358.
+
+A letter from David Rittenhouse, received on September 16, 1778,
+caused great excitement, for he told of the despatch to Bethlehem of
+all the military stores of Washington's army, carried in seven hundred
+wagons. This was done because Washington's army had been compelled to
+fall back on Philadelphia. It was also thought wise to send the bells
+of Christ Church and of Independence Hall to Allentown, by way of
+Bethlehem. The wagon on which Independence Bell was loaded broke down
+on descending the hill in front of the hospital, and had to be
+unloaded while repairs were being made.
+
+The most distinguished patient cared for in Bethlehem was the Marquis
+de Lafayette, who was brought from Brandywine, and was nursed by
+Sister Liesel Beckel.
+
+Twenty years after the close of the war it was decided that the time
+had come for the building of a permanent church. The first estimate
+was made in 1802. At that time it was thought that the total cost
+would be $11,000. "It is interesting to note how very modern they were
+in underestimating the probable cost of a church," Bishop Levering
+says. The actual cost, including the organ, was more than five times
+the estimate.
+
+The excavation for the building was made in March, 1803, by volunteer
+laborers, to whom the residents of the Sisters' House furnished lunch.
+The work was completed in two weeks. Then the great foundation walls
+were laid, six feet thick.
+
+For the services of consecration, held from May 18 to May 26, 1806,
+six thousand people gathered in the village of five hundred
+inhabitants. On the first day, "at five o'clock in the morning the
+jubilant note of trombones, trumpets, and other wind instruments from
+the belfry of the church broke the stillness of the awaking village
+with a musical announcement of the festival day."
+
+The Moravian Community at Bethlehem has grown. But those who worship
+in the old church are animated by the same missionary enthusiasm that
+characterized those who founded the institution so long ago.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] A building to the east of Independence Hall was completed in 1791.
+In this building, which was the Philadelphia City Hall until 1854, the
+Supreme Court of the United States held its first session, February 7,
+1791.
+
+In 1813 the arcades connecting the main building with the wings were
+removed, and new buildings were erected which connected Independence
+Hall with the corner buildings.
+
+In 1816 the city of Philadelphia became the owner of the whole
+property.
+
+[2] This date and place were generally accepted until 1917, when
+Francis Hobart Herrick published proof that Audubon was born in Santo
+Domingo in 1785.
+
+
+
+
+FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND DIXON LINE
+
+ _Afar, through the mellow hazes
+ Where the dreams of June are stayed,
+ The hills, in their vanishing mazes,
+ Carry the flush, and fade!
+ Southward they fall, and reach
+ To the bay and the ocean beach,
+ Where the soft, half-Syrian air
+ Blows from the Chesapeake's
+ Inlets, coves, and creeks
+ On the fields of Delaware!
+ And the rosy lakes of flowers,
+ That here alone are ours,
+ Spread into seas that pour
+ Billow and spray of pink,
+ Even to the blue wave's brink,
+ All down the Eastern Shore!_
+
+ BAYARD TAYLOR.
+
+
+
+
+FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND DIXON LINE
+
+
+XLIV
+
+HISTORIC LANDMARKS AT NEW CASTLE, DELAWARE
+
+THE FIRST LANDING PLACE OF WILLIAM PENN
+
+How many students of United States history would be able to answer the
+question, "What town has had at least seven different names and has
+been under the flags of four different countries?"
+
+There is such a town, and but one--New Castle, Delaware. The Swedes
+laid it out in 1631, and called it New Stockholm. In 1651 the Dutch
+built a fort there, and called it Fort Kasimir. Sandhoec was a second
+Dutch name. When the Dutch West India Company ceded it to the city of
+Amsterdam it was named New Amstel. After 1675 the English took a hand
+in naming the village. Grape Wine Point, Delaware Town, and, at
+length, New Castle were the last names assigned to the seaport that,
+within a generation, boasted twenty-five hundred inhabitants.
+
+The site of Fort Kasimir was long ago covered by the Delaware. A
+quaint house, still occupied, is the only survival from the Dutch
+period. But it would be difficult to find a town of four thousand
+inhabitants which is so rich in buildings and traditions that go back
+to the earliest English occupation.
+
+Many of the buildings and traditions centre about the old Market
+Square, in the centre of the town, only a few hundred feet from the
+Delaware. This square dates from the days of Petrus Stuyvesant, in
+1658. At one end of the square is the old stone-paved courthouse,
+which has been in use since 1672. To this building William Penn was
+welcomed, as a tablet on the outer wall relates:
+
+ "On the 28th Day of October, 1682, William Penn, the Great
+ Proprietor, on His First Landing in America, Here Proclaimed
+ His Government and Received from the Commissioner of the Duke
+ of York the Key of the Fort, the Turf, Twig, and Water, as
+ Symbols of His Possession."
+
+From the steps of the courthouse, as a centre, was surveyed the
+twelve-mile circle whose arc was to be the northern line of Delaware,
+according to the royal grant made to Penn. This arc forms the curious
+circular boundary, unlike any other boundary in the United States.
+
+ [Illustration: IMMANUEL CHURCH, NEWCASTLE, DEL.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 204]
+
+In the rear of the courthouse, though still on the green Market
+Square, is old Emmanuel Protestant Episcopal Church, which was
+organized in 1689, though the building now occupied was begun in 1703.
+This cruciform structure is the oldest church of English building on
+the Delaware, and services have been held here continuously since
+1706, when it was completed. Queen Anne gave to the church a "Pulpit
+and Altar Cloath, with a Box of Glass." A memorial tablet on the wall
+tells of the first rector, Rev. George Ross, who came as a missionary
+from England in 1703, and served for fifty years. His son, also George
+Ross, was one of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence.
+His daughter Gertrude married George Read, another of the Signers. The
+tomb of George Read is in the rear of the church.
+
+ [Illustration: DOORWAY OF PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, NEW CASTLE, DEL.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 205]
+
+Across the street from the Market Square is the Presbyterian church,
+whose first building, erected in 1707, is still in use as a part of
+its ecclesiastical plant. The pastor and many of the members of this
+church had a prominent part in the War of the Revolution.
+
+The visitor who crosses from one of these churches to the other is
+attracted by a stone pyramid, on the edge of the Market Square, whose
+story is told by a tablet:
+
+ "These stones were sleepers in the New Castle and Frenchtown
+ Railroad, completed in 1831, the first railroad in Delaware,
+ and one of the first in the United States."
+
+ [Illustration: DOORWAY OF RODNEY HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DEL.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_]
+
+ [Illustration: DOORWAY OF STEWART HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DEL.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_]
+
+The fire of 1824 which burned a large part of New Castle destroyed
+many of the old houses, but there remain enough to make the town a
+Mecca for those who delight in studying things that are old. Most of
+these houses are on the square, or are within a short distance of it.
+All are remarkable for the beautiful entrance doorways and wonderfully
+carved interior woodwork. Artists from all parts of the country turn
+to these houses for inspiration in their work.
+
+ [Illustration: AMSTEL HOUSE, NEWCASTLE, DEL.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 205]
+
+The Amstel House, the home of Henry Hanby Hay, is the oldest of these;
+it was probably built about 1730. One of its earliest owners was
+Nicholas Van Dyke, who was a major of militia during the Revolution,
+and later served six years in the Continental Congress. For three
+years he was Governor of Delaware. During his residence in this house
+it was called "The Corner." So, at least, it was referred to by
+Kensey Johns in a love-letter to comely Anne Van Dyke, written during
+the cold winter of 1784:
+
+ "This evening I visited 'the Corner.' Soon after I went in
+ Mrs. V. says, 'Well, Mr. Johns, what say you to a ride below
+ with me, and bringing Miss Nancy up?' After an hour passed, I
+ recovered myself and answered in the negative, that my
+ business would not permit of it--Your papa discovered by his
+ countenance the lightest satisfaction at my refusal; this
+ approbation of his afforded me great pleasure. The more I
+ regard your happiness, the more desirous I am by assiduity
+ and attention to business to establish a character which will
+ give me consequence and importance in life. I wish to see you
+ more than words express.
+
+ "Mrs. B. says she wants you to come up very much; she asked
+ me to use my influence to persuade you. All I can say is,
+ that if your Grand Mama's indisposition will admit of it, and
+ your inclination prompts you to come, it will much contribute
+ to my happiness, even if I should only see you now and then
+ for a few moments. My fingers are so cold I can scarce hold
+ my pen, therefore adieu. Be assured that I never cease to be,
+
+ "Yours most affectionately,
+
+ "KENSEY JOHNS."
+
+ [Illustration: DOORWAY OF AMSTEL HOUSE, NEWCASTLE, DEL.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 205]
+
+On a pane of glass in the guest chamber of the old house some one long
+ago scratched with a diamond a message that sounds as if it came from
+the heart of the lover:
+
+ "Around her head ye angels constant Vigil keep,
+ And guard fair innocence her balmy sleep."
+
+Three months after Kensey Johns wrote the ardent letter to Anne Van
+Dyke, the day after the wedding, April 30, 1784, George Washington
+came to the Corner, and there was a reception in his honor and that
+of the bride and groom. The Father of his Country received the guests
+standing before an old fireplace whose hearthstone has been lettered
+in memory of the event.
+
+A few years later Kensey Johns, then Chief Justice of Maryland, built
+near by a beautiful colonial mansion where he entertained many of the
+leading men of the nation.
+
+Kensey Johns' predecessor as Chief Justice was George Read, the
+Signer. His house, an old record says, stood so near the Delaware,
+which is here two and a half miles wide, that when the tide was high
+one wheel of a carriage passing in the street in front of it was in
+the water, and in violent storms the waves were dashed against the
+building. The house was in the midst of a wonderfully beautiful
+garden. This garden is still one of the sights of the town, though the
+house was destroyed in the fire of 1824.
+
+ [Illustration: DOORWAY OF READ HOUSE, NEW CASTLE, DEL.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 207]
+
+George Read, the Signer's son, in 1801, built a house in the corner of
+the garden, which was saved from the fire by a carpet laid on the roof
+and kept thoroughly wet until the danger was past. This Georgian house
+is a marvel of beauty, both inside and out. The hand-carved moldings,
+mantels, and arches bring to the house visitors from far and near.
+Miss Hatty Smith, the present owner, delights to show the place to all
+who are interested.
+
+ [Illustration: HALL OF READ HOUSE, NEWCASTLE, DEL.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 207]
+
+In the early days New Castle was on the King's Road from Philadelphia
+to Baltimore. Washington passed this way when on his journeys.
+Lafayette visited the town in 1824. The house built by Nicholas Van
+Dyke, son of the owner of the Corner, received him for the marriage
+of Charles I. Du Pont and Dorcas M. Van Dyke. It is recorded that on
+this occasion he gave the bride away.
+
+Caesar Rodney, too, passed through the town frequently, notably when he
+made the famous ride in July, 1776, that helped to save the
+Declaration of Independence; here he rested after the first stage of
+his historic journey.
+
+The name of George Thomson, secretary of Congress during the
+Revolution, is also enrolled in the list of the worthies who visited
+the town. In 1740 his father, when on his way from Ireland to America
+with his three sons, died on shipboard. The captain appropriated the
+meagre possessions of the family and set the boys ashore at New
+Castle, penniless. George was sheltered by a butcher who was so
+delighted with him that he decided to bring him up to the trade.
+George was terrified when he overheard the man's plan; he did not
+intend to be a butcher. So he stole out of the town between dark and
+daylight and made his way to surroundings where the way was opened
+that led him to usefulness and fame.
+
+
+ [Illustration: RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DEL.
+ _Photo by R. C. Holmes_
+ See page 208]
+
+XLV
+
+THE RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DELAWARE
+
+A BOYHOOD HAUNT OF CAESAR RODNEY, THE SIGNER
+
+On the Green in Dover, Delaware, is one of the most striking houses of
+the quaint old town--the Ridgely house. The date of its erection is
+not certain, but it is an interesting fact that on one of the bricks
+is the date 1728. Originally there were but two rooms in the house;
+subsequent enlargements have been so harmonious that one who sees the
+place from the Green must pause to admire. Admiration turns to delight
+when the interior of the house is examined. The old-fashioned garden
+at the rear intensifies delight.
+
+Dr. Charles Greenburg Ridgely became owner of the property in 1769.
+The house was a gift from his father, Nicholas Ridgely. The second of
+the wives who lived here with Dr. Ridgely was Ann, the daughter of
+Squire William Moore of Moore Hall, near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania,
+whose determined advocacy of armed preparation for defence against a
+threatened Indian attack once aroused the indignation of the
+Pennsylvania Assembly, most of whose members were Friends.
+
+The Ridgely house was famous throughout Delaware as the resort of
+patriots. Dr. Ridgely was six times a member of the Provincial
+Assembly, and was also an active member of the Constitutional
+Convention of Delaware in 1776.
+
+During the days when patriotic feelings were beginning to run high,
+Caesar Rodney, the ward of Dr. Ridgely's father, was often an inmate of
+the Ridgely house. Caesar was born near Dover in 1728. At Dover he
+received most of his education. Some twenty years after the little
+town saw so much of him he became famous because of his vital service
+to the Colonies, as a member of the Continental Congress in
+Philadelphia. "He was the most active, and was by odds the leading man
+in the State in espousing the American cause," Henry C. Conrad once
+said to the Sons of Delaware. In the course of his address Mr. Conrad
+told the thrilling story of Caesar Rodney's most spectacular service.
+
+On July 1, 1776, when the vote was taken in the Committee of the Whole
+of the Continental Congress as to the framing and proclaiming of the
+Declaration of Independence, ten of the thirteen Colonies voted yes.
+"Pennsylvania had seven delegates, four of whom were opposed to it,
+and three in favor of it. Delaware had two members present, McKean and
+Read. Rodney was absent. McKean was in favor of, and Read against the
+Declaration. McKean, appreciating that it was most important, for the
+sentiment it would create, that the Declaration of Independence should
+be proclaimed by the unanimous vote of the thirteen Colonies, sent for
+Rodney, who was at that time at one of his farms near Dover. Rodney
+came post-haste, and he arrived just in time to save the day, and cast
+the vote of Delaware in favor of the Declaration.
+
+McKean, writing of the event years afterward to Caesar A. Rodney, a
+nephew of Caesar Rodney, said:
+
+ "I sent an express, at my own private expense, for your
+ honored uncle, the remaining member from Delaware, whom I met
+ at the State House door, in his boots and spurs, as the
+ members were assembling. After a friendly salutation, without
+ a word in the business, we went into the hall of Congress
+ together, and found we were among the latest. Proceedings
+ immediately commenced, and after a few minutes the great
+ question was put. When the vote of Delaware was called, your
+ uncle arose and said: 'As I believe the voice of my
+ constituents and of all sensible and honest men is in favor
+ of independence, and my own judgment coincides with theirs, I
+ vote for independence.'"
+
+Since Pennsylvania also voted in favor of the Declaration, it was
+adopted unanimously.
+
+Caesar Rodney was Governor of Delaware from 1778 to 1781. On April 8,
+1784, the State Council, of which he was presiding officer, met at his
+house near Dover, because he was too ill to go to Dover. Less than
+three months later he died.
+
+A monument marks his last resting-place in Christ Episcopal churchyard
+in Dover.
+
+
+XLVI
+
+REHOBOTH CHURCH ON THE POCOMOKE, MARYLAND
+
+THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA
+
+The Pocomoke River rises in southern Delaware, forms a part of the
+eastern boundary of Somerset County, Maryland, and empties into
+Pocomoke Sound, an inlet of Chesapeake Bay. On the banks of this
+stream, not far from the mouth, Colonel William Stevens, a native of
+Buckinghamshire, England, located in 1665, taking out a patent on what
+he called the Rehoboth plantation, the name being chosen from Genesis
+26:22. "And he called the name of it Rehoboth. And he said, For now
+the Lord hath made room for us, and we shall be fruitful in this
+land." When Somerset County was organized he was made Judge of the
+County Court. He also became a member of "His Lordship's Councill,"
+and was one of the Deputy Lieutenants of the Province.
+
+As the years passed many followed Colonel Stevens to Somerset County,
+in search of religious freedom. Scotch, Scotch-Irish, French, and
+Quakers were represented in the village that was known at first as
+Pocomoke Town, though later it was called Rehoboth. Many of these
+settlers were Presbyterians, who had lost their property through
+persecution.
+
+In 1672 the Grand Jury, encouraged by Judge Stevens, asked Rev. Robert
+Maddux to preach at four points in the county. One of these points was
+the plantation house at Rehoboth. The next year George Fox, the
+Quaker, was in the community. He also preached in his famous "leather
+breeches" at Colonel Stevens' plantation, to a great congregation of
+several thousand whites and Indians. A Quaker monthly meeting
+followed.
+
+The number of Presbyterians increased to such an extent that in 1680
+Colonel Stevens asked the Presbytery of Laggan in Ireland for a godly
+minister to gather the band of exiles into a church. Francis Makemie
+was sent as a result. Soon Rehoboth Church was organized by him, as
+well as a number of other churches in the neighborhood. The exact date
+of the beginning of Rehoboth Church is uncertain, but it is probable
+that the first building was erected about 1683.
+
+For some years Makemie travelled from place to place, preaching and
+organizing churches as he went, but from 1699 to 1708, except in 1704
+and 1705, when he visited Europe, he lived in the neighborhood and
+preached at Rehoboth whenever he was at home.
+
+When it became necessary to erect a new church building, he decided to
+have this on his own land, because of Maryland's intolerant laws. This
+building, which is still in use, dates from 1706, the year when its
+builder assisted in organizing the first Presbytery of the
+Presbyterian Church at Philadelphia.
+
+Makemie's name will ever be connected with the struggle for religious
+liberty. He had a certificate from the court that permitted him to
+preach in the Province of Maryland, but he had many trying experiences
+in spite of this fact. His congregation groaned under the necessity of
+paying taxes to support the rectors of three neighboring parishes.
+
+The greatest trial was not in Maryland, but in New York, where he
+spent a portion of 1706 and 1707. His experiences there should be
+familiar to all who are interested in the struggle for religious
+liberty in America.
+
+The story is told in a curious document written by Makemie himself,
+which was printed in New York in 1707, under the title "A Particular
+Narrative of the Imprisonment of two Non-Conformist Ministers; and
+Prosecution & Tryal of one of them, for Preaching one Sermon in the
+city of New-York. By a Learner of Law and Lover of Liberty."
+
+The warrant for the arrest of the "criminal" was addressed to Thomas
+Cordale, Esqr., High-Sheriff of Queens County on Long-Island, or his
+Deputy, and was signed by Lord Cornbury. It read:
+
+ "Whereas I am informed, that one Mackennan, and one Hampton,
+ two Presbyterian Preachers, who lately came to this City,
+ have taken upon them to Preach in a Private House, without
+ having obtained My Licence for so doing, which is directly
+ contrary to the known Laws of England, and being likewise
+ informed, that they are gone into Long-Island, with intent
+ there to spread their Pernicious Doctrines and Principles, to
+ the great disturbance of the Order by Law established by the
+ Government of this province. You are therefore hereby
+ Required and Commanded, to take into your Custody the Bodies
+ of the said Mackennan and Hampton, and then to bring them
+ with all convenient speed before me, at Fort-Anne, in
+ New-York."
+
+When brought before Lord Cornbury, Makemie said: "We have Liberty from
+an Act of Parliament, made the first year of the Reign of King William
+and Queen Mary, which gave us Liberty, with which Law we have
+complied."
+
+But Lord Cornbury replied: "No one shall Preach in my Government
+without my Licence.... That Law does not extend to the American
+Plantations, but only to England.... I know, for I was at Making
+thereof.... That Act of Parliament was made against Strowling
+Preachers, and you are such, and shall not Preach in my Government."
+
+Makemie again challenged Lord Cornbury to show "any Pernicious
+Doctrine in the Confession of Faith of the Presbyterian Church." Later
+he refused to give "Bail and Security to Preach no more."
+
+"Then you must go to Gaol," his Lordship said.
+
+On January 23 another warrant was given to the High Sheriff of New
+York. He was told "to safely keep till further orders" the prisoners
+committed to him.
+
+From the prison Makemie sent a petition asking to know the charge, and
+demanding a speedy trial. Later the prisoner was released on habeas
+corpus proceedings.
+
+At the trial, where Makemie conducted his own defence, he read Chapter
+23 of the Westminster Confession of Faith, as a complete reply to the
+charge that he believed what incited the people to disregard the
+authority of the king.
+
+The jury brought in a verdict of "not guilty," but Makemie was obliged
+to pay the costs, including the fees of the Court Prosecutor, which
+amounted to twelve pounds. The total cost of the trial, including the
+expense of a trip from his home in Maryland, made necessary by a
+recess in the trial, was more than eighty pounds.
+
+A few months later Makemie died. It was felt by those who knew him
+that the trying experiences at New York hastened his end.
+
+He had not lived in vain. His struggles for religious liberty were to
+bear rich fruit before many years.
+
+Henry van Dyke wrote a sonnet to the memory of Francis Makemie, which
+was read on May 14, 1908, when the monument to the memory of the
+pioneer was unveiled:
+
+ "To thee, plain hero of a rugged race,
+ We bring a meed of praise too long delayed!
+ Thy fearless word and faithful work have made
+ Of God's Republic a firmer resting-place
+ In this New World: for thou hast preached the grace
+ And power of Christ in many a forest glade,
+ Teaching the truth that leaves men unafraid
+ Of frowning tyranny or death's dark face.
+
+ "Oh, who can tell how much we owe to thee,
+ Makemie, and to labor such as thine,
+ For all that makes America the shrine
+ Of faith untrammelled and of conscience free?
+ Stand here, grey stone, and consecrate the sod
+ Where rests this brave Scotch-Irish man of God."
+
+
+ [Illustration: DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, MD.
+ _Photo by James F. Hughes Company, Baltimore_
+ See page 216]
+
+XLVII
+
+DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, MARYLAND
+
+WHOSE OWNER WAS THE LAST SURVIVING SIGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF
+INDEPENDENCE
+
+It is true that when Charles Carroll was about to sign his name to the
+Declaration of Independence he added the words, "of Carrollton," but
+the story that he added the words there that he might be distinguished
+from a second Charles Carroll is an error; he had been writing his
+name thus since 1765. It would have been just as true a description if
+he had used the name of another of the numerous Carroll estates,
+Doughoregan Manor, but the designation he chose was simpler. At any
+rate he could not spell it in so many ways as the name of the family
+estate where he lived and died. Letters written by him at different
+periods show such diverse spellings as "Doeheragen," "Doohoragen,"
+"Dooheragon," and "Dougheragen," before he settled down to
+"Doughoregan."
+
+Doughoregan Manor, which was named for one of the O'Carroll estates in
+Ireland, is one of the most ancient family seats in Maryland. In 1688
+Charles Carroll, I, came over from England. He became a large landed
+proprietor, in part as a result of his appeal to the king of England
+for a part in the estate of the O'Carrolls of King's County, Ireland.
+The king satisfied the claim by offering him 60,000 acres of land in
+the Colonies. His heir was Charles Carroll, II, who was born in 1702.
+Fifteen years later Doughoregan Manor was built, and twenty-seven
+years later Charles Carroll, II, and his brother Daniel sold sixty
+acres of land which became the site of old Baltimore.
+
+Charles Carroll, II, divided his time between Doughoregan Manor and
+the Carroll Mansion in Annapolis, his town house. Here was born, in
+1737, Charles Carroll, III, the Signer. Most of the education of this
+heir to the vast estate of Charles Carroll, II, was secured in France.
+He was in Paris when his father wrote to him, in 1764, telling him of
+the large property that was to come to him. After speaking of this in
+detail, he concluded:
+
+ "On my death I am willing to add my Manor of Doughoregan,
+ 10,000 acres, and also 1,425 Acres called Chance adjacent
+ thereto, on the bulk of which my negroes are settled. As you
+ are my only child, you will, of course, have all the residue
+ of my estate at my death."
+
+When the estate of his father finally came into his hands, Charles
+Carroll, III, was the richest man in Maryland. That he knew how to
+handle such a large property he showed by a letter which he wrote to
+his son, Charles Carroll, IV, on July 10, 1801:
+
+ "He who postpones till to-morrow what can and ought to be
+ done to-day, will never thrive in this world. It was not by
+ procrastination this estate was acquired, but by activity,
+ thought, perseverance, and economy, and by the same means it
+ must be preserved and prevented from melting away."
+
+But while the owner of Doughoregan Manor was careful, he was not
+penurious. He kept open house to his numerous friends, of whom George
+Washington was one. In one of the rooms of the Manor Washington sat
+to Gilbert Stuart for his portrait.
+
+Both Mr. Carroll's property and his services were at his country's
+call. From the days of the Stamp Act to the close of the Revolution
+there was no more ardent patriot than he. He served as a member of the
+Continental Congress, was for three months with Washington at Valley
+Forge, by appointment of Congress, was later United States Senator,
+and was a leader in business as well as in political affairs. With
+Washington he was a member from the beginning of the Potomac Canal
+Company, which later was merged into the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
+Company.
+
+After the Revolution he spent most of his time at Doughoregan Manor,
+where he completed the remarkable three-hundred-foot facade by the
+addition of the chapel which has been used by the family for more than
+a century.
+
+One by one the sons and daughters went out from the house, carrying
+the Carroll name or the Carroll training into many sections of
+Maryland and Virginia. Perhaps the most interesting marriage was that
+of Charles Carroll, IV, who was mentioned by Washington in his diary
+for 1798:
+
+ "March 27--Mr. Charles Carroll, Jr. ... came to dinner.
+
+ "March 28--Mr. Carroll went away after breakfast."
+
+William Spohn Baker, in "Washington after the Revolution," after
+quoting these extracts from the diary, says:
+
+ "The visit of young Mr. Carroll having given rise at
+ Annapolis to a rumor that it was made with the intention
+ of paying his addresses to Nelly Custis, her brother wrote
+ to the General in allusion to it, saying, 'I think it a most
+ desirable match, and wish that it may take place with all my
+ heart.' In reply, under date of April 15, Washington wrote,
+ 'Young Mr. Carroll came here about a fortnight ago to dinner,
+ and left on next morning after breakfast. If his object was
+ such as you say has been reported, it was not declared here;
+ and therefore, the less is said upon the subject,
+ particularly by your sister's friends, the more prudent it
+ will be, until the subject develops itself more.'
+
+ "But youthful alliances are not always made at the nod of
+ Dame Rumor, nor are they always controlled by the wishes of
+ relatives. Nelly Custis married, February 22, 1799, at Mount
+ Vernon, Laurence Lewis, a nephew of Washington; and Charles
+ Carroll, Junior, found, in the following year, a bride at
+ Philadelphia, Harriet, a daughter of Benjamin Chew" [of
+ Cliveden].
+
+A delightful picture of life at the Manor was given by Adam Hodgson,
+an English visitor, who wrote from Baltimore on July 13, 1820:
+
+ "I have lately been paying some very agreeable visits at the
+ country seats of some of my acquaintances in the
+ neighborhood.... The other morning I set out, at four
+ o'clock, with General H, on a visit to a most agreeable
+ family, who reside at a large Manor, about seventeen miles
+ distant. We arrived about seven o'clock, and the family soon
+ afterward assembled to breakfast. It consisted of several
+ friends from France, Canada, and Washington, and the children
+ and grandchildren of my host, a venerable patriarch, nearly
+ eighty-five (83) years of age, and one of the four survivors
+ of those who signed the Declaration of Independence.... After
+ breakfasting the following morning, the ladies played for us
+ on the harp; and in the evening, I set out on horseback, to
+ return hither, not without a feeling of regret, that I had
+ probably taken a final leave of my hospitable friend, who,
+ although still an expert horseman, seldom goes beyond the
+ limits of his manor...."
+
+The other three surviving Signers died first, so that when Charles
+Carroll of Carrollton followed on November 14, 1832, the last Signer
+was gone. Among his last words were these:
+
+ "I have lived to my ninety-sixth year; I have enjoyed
+ continued health, I have been blessed with great wealth,
+ prosperity, and most of the good things which this world can
+ bestow--public approbation, esteem, applause; but what I now
+ look back on with the greatest satisfaction to myself is,
+ that I have practiced the duties of my religion."
+
+He was buried under the pavement of the chapel at the Manor.
+
+The present occupants of Doughoregan are Mr. and Mrs. Charles Carroll,
+who followed Governor John Lee Carroll, after his death in 1911.
+
+
+ [Illustration: UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MD.
+ _Photo by M. M. Carter, Annapolis_
+ See page 220]
+
+XLVIII
+
+THE UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND
+
+WHERE, AS A BOY, THE AUTHOR OF "THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER" WAS A
+FREQUENT VISITOR
+
+When Colonel James Wolfe was campaigning in Scotland in 1748 to 1753,
+one of the surgeons in his command was Upton Scott, a young Irishman
+from County Antrim. At that time began a friendship between the two
+men that continued through life.
+
+Another friend made at this time by the young surgeon was Horatio
+Sharpe. In 1753, when Sharpe planned to go to America, Dr. Scott
+decided to go with him, though it was not easy to think of resigning
+his commission, for this would mean the severance of pleasant
+relations with his colonel. When Wolfe said good-bye to his comrade he
+gave him a pair of pistols as a remembrance. These are still treasured
+by descendants of the surgeon.
+
+From 1754 to 1769 Horatio Sharpe was Proprietary Governor of Maryland,
+and Dr. Scott was his companion and physician. The young surgeon was
+popular among the young people whom he met at Annapolis, the colonial
+capital.
+
+In 1760, when he persuaded Elizabeth Ross, the daughter of John Ross,
+the Register of the Land Office of Maryland, to become his bride, he
+built for her the stately house in Annapolis, Maryland, which is now
+occupied by the Sisters of Notre Dame. The new house, with its
+charming doorway and wonderful hall carvings, was well worth the
+attention even of one who had spent her girlhood at Belvoir, a quaint
+mansion of great beauty, six miles from Annapolis.
+
+Governor Sharpe was a welcome visitor at the Scott house until the
+time of his death in 1789, when he appointed his friend, the owner,
+one of his executors. Governor Robert Eden, the last of the
+Proprietary Governors, who served from 1769 to 1774, was at times
+almost a member of the Scott household.
+
+Governor Eden was looked upon with favor by the patriots in Maryland
+because he was always moderate and advised the repeal of the tax on
+tea. In 1776 he went to England, but in 1784 he returned to Maryland
+to look after the estate of Mrs. Eden, who was Caroline Calvert,
+sister of Lord Baltimore; by the terms of the treaty of 1783 he was
+entitled to this property. While in Annapolis he was the guest of Dr.
+Scott. There, in the room now used by the Sisters of Notre Dame as a
+chapel, he died.
+
+But probably the most famous visitor to the Scott mansion was Francis
+Scott Key, who was the grandson of Mrs. Scott's sister, Ann Arnold
+Ross Key of Belvoir. When he was a boy he was often in Annapolis. His
+college training was received at St. John's in the old town, and in
+later life he frequently turned his steps to the house of his
+great-aunt and listened to the stories of Dr. Scott that helped to
+train him in the patriotism that was responsible, a few years later,
+for the composition of the "Star-Spangled Banner."
+
+Many garbled stories have been told of the circumstances that led to
+the writing of this song that has stirred the hearts of millions. The
+true story, and in many respects the simplest, was told by Key himself
+to his brother-in-law, R. R. Taney, who was later Chief Justice of the
+Supreme Court. In 1865, when the "Poems of the Late Francis Scott Key,
+Esq.," were published, the volume contained the story as related by
+Judge Taney.
+
+In 1814, the main body of the British invaders passed through Upper
+Marlboro, Maryland. Many of the officers made their headquarters at
+the home of Dr. William Beanes, a physician whom the whole town loved.
+When some of the stragglers from the army began to plunder the house,
+Dr. Beanes put himself at the head of a small body of citizens and
+pursued these stragglers. When the British officers heard of this, Dr.
+Beanes was seized and treated, not with kindness as a prisoner of
+war, but with great indignity. Key, as an intimate friend of the
+doctor, and a lawyer, was asked by the townsmen to intercede for the
+prisoner. When application was made to President Madison for help, he
+arranged to send Key to the British fleet, under a flag of truce, on a
+government vessel, in company with John S. Skinner, a government
+agent.
+
+For a week or ten days no word came from the expedition. The people
+were alarmed for the safety of Key and his companion.
+
+The bearers of the flag of truce found the fleet at the mouth of the
+Potomac. They were received courteously until they told their
+business. The British commander spoke harshly of Dr. Beanes, but
+fortunately Mr. Skinner had letters from the British officers who had
+received kindness at the doctor's hands. General Ross finally agreed
+that, solely as a recognition of this kindness, the prisoner would be
+released. But he told the Americans that they could not leave the
+fleet for some days. They were therefore taken to the frigate
+_Surprise_, where they were under guard. They understood that an
+immediate attack on Baltimore was contemplated, and that they were
+being restrained that they might not warn the city of the plans of the
+enemy.
+
+That night Fort McHenry was attacked. The Admiral had boasted that the
+works would be carried in a few hours, and that the city would then
+fall. So, from the deck of the _Surprise_, Key and his companion
+watched and listened anxiously all night. Every time a shell was
+fired, they waited breathlessly for the explosion they feared might
+follow. "While the bombardment continued, it was sufficient proof that
+the fort had not surrendered. But it suddenly ceased some time before
+day.... They paced the deck for the remainder of the night in fearful
+suspense.... As soon as it dawned, and before it was light enough to
+see objects at a distance, their glances were turned to the fort,
+uncertain what they should see there, the Stars and Stripes, or the
+flag of the enemy. At length the light came, and they saw that 'our
+flag was still there.'"
+
+A little later they saw the approach of boats loaded with wounded
+British soldiers. Then Key took an envelope and wrote many of the
+lines of the song, and while he was on the boat that carried him to
+shore he completed the first rough draft. That night, at the hotel, he
+rewrote the poem. Next day he showed it to Judge Nicholson, who was so
+delighted with it that the author was encouraged to send it to a
+printer, by the hand of Captain Benjamin Eades. Captain Eades took the
+first handbill that came from the press and carried it to the old
+tavern next the Holliday Street Theatre. There the words were sung for
+the first time, to the tune "Anacreon in Heaven," the tune Key had
+indicated on his copy.
+
+Long before the author's death in 1843 the song had won its place in
+the affections of the people. He wrote many other poems, and some of
+them have become popular hymns. At the memorial service conducted for
+him in Christ Church, Cincinnati, by his friend and former pastor,
+Rev. J. T. Brooke, the congregation was asked to sing Key's own hymn,
+beginning:
+
+ "Lord, with glowing heart I'd praise thee,
+ For the bliss thy love bestows;
+ For the pardoning grace that saves me,
+ And the peace that from it flows.
+
+ Help, O Lord, my weak endeavor;
+ This dull soul to rapture raise;
+ Thou must light the flame, or never
+ Can my love be warmed to praise."
+
+Dr. Scott, in whose Annapolis home Key had spent so many happy days,
+died in 1814, the year of the composition of "The Star-Spangled
+Banner." Mrs. Scott lived until 1819.
+
+
+XLIX
+
+THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON
+
+THE BEGINNINGS OF WASHINGTON CITY, AND THE STORY OF THE HOME OF
+CONGRESS
+
+The selection of parts of Virginia and Maryland as the site of the
+Federal District in which the National Capital was to be located was
+made only after many years of discussion.
+
+In 1779 some of the members of Congress talked of buying a few square
+miles near Princeton, New Jersey, as a site for the government's
+permanent home. Four years later, the trustees of Kingston, New York,
+sought to interest Congress in that location. In 1783 Annapolis,
+Maryland, offered the State House and public circle to "the Honorable
+Congress" for their use. Burlington, New Jersey, also entered the
+lists, while in June, 1783, Virginia offered the town of Williamsburg
+to Congress and proposed to "present the palace, the capitol, and all
+the public buildings and 300 acres of land adjoining the said city,
+together with a sum of money not exceeding 100,000 pounds, this state
+currency to be expended in erecting thirteen hotels for the use of
+the delegates in Congress."
+
+In October, 1784, Congress decided to place the capital near Trenton,
+New Jersey. Later it was decided to have a second capital on the
+Potomac, Congress to alternate between the two locations.
+
+Neither Congress nor the country was satisfied with this solution of
+the difficulty. After years of discussion, in September, 1789, one
+house of Congress fixed on the Falls of the Susquehanna in
+Pennsylvania as the permanent site. The Senate amended their proposal
+by suggesting Germantown, Pennsylvania.
+
+This action was reconsidered and a long dispute followed. Finally, in
+1790, the site on the Potomac was selected, and Congress was ready to
+provide for the building of "a palace in the woods."
+
+President Washington and Vice-President Adams disagreed as to the
+location of the Capitol building. John Adams wished to see it the
+centre of a quadrangle of other public buildings, but Washington urged
+that Congress should meet in a building at a distance from the
+President's house and all other public buildings, that the lawmakers
+might not be annoyed by the executive officers.
+
+The invitation to architects to present plans for the Capitol was made
+in March, 1792, five hundred dollars being promised for the best plan.
+None of the sixteen designs submitted were approved. Later two men,
+Stephen L. Hallet and Dr. William Thornton, offered such good plans
+that it was not easy to decide between them. The difficulty was solved
+by acceptance of Thornton's design and the engagement of Hallet as
+supervising architect at a salary of two thousand dollars a year.
+This arrangement was not satisfactory; it became necessary to replace
+Hallet first by George Hadfield, then by James Hoban, the architect of
+the White House. Under his charge the north wing was completed in
+1800.
+
+The proceeds from the sale of lots in the new city proved woefully
+inadequate for the expenses of the building. Congress authorized a
+loan of eight hundred thousand dollars, but this loan could not be
+disposed of until Maryland agreed to take two-thirds of the amount, on
+condition that the commissioners in charge of the work add their
+personal guarantee to the government's promise to pay.
+
+Congress was called to hold its first meeting in the Capitol north
+wing on November 17, 1800. A few months earlier the government
+archives had been moved from New York. These were packed in ten or
+twelve boxes, and were shipped on a packet boat, by sea. The arrival
+of the vessel was greeted by the three thousand citizens of
+Washington, who rang bells, cheered, and fired an old cannon in
+celebration of the event.
+
+At that time the foundation for the dome had been laid, and the walls
+of the south wing had been begun. Later a temporary brick building was
+erected for the House, on a portion of the site of the south wing. The
+legislators called the building "The Oven."
+
+The south wing was completed under the guidance of Benjamin Henry
+Latrobe, who also reconstructed the north wing and connected the two
+wings by a wooden bridge. That the building was far from satisfactory
+is evident from an article in the _National Intelligencer_ of December
+2, 1813, which spoke with disgust of the wooden passageway as well as
+of the piles of debris on every hand.
+
+In less than a year after the printing of the criticism, conditions
+were far worse, for the British troops came to Washington on August
+24, 1814. They piled furniture in the hall of the House, and set fire
+to it. The wooden bridge that connected the wings burned like tinder.
+In a little while nothing was left but the walls. "The appearance of
+the ruins was perfectly terrifying," Architect Latrobe wrote.
+
+Thus was fulfilled in a striking way the prophecy made by John
+Randolph when he pleaded with Congress not to make war on Great
+Britain, "All the causes urged for this war will be forgotten in your
+treaty of peace, and possibly this Capitol may be reduced to ashes."
+
+The next session of Congress was held in the Union Pacific Hotel, but
+by December, 1815, there was ready a three-story building, erected by
+popular subscription, which Congress used for three years, paying for
+it an annual rental of $1,650. This was called "The Brick Capitol."
+
+Of course efforts were made to remove the Capital to another location,
+but Congress made appropriation for the reconstruction of the Capitol
+on the old site. Work was begun almost at once, and was continued
+until 1830, when the wings had been rebuilt as well as the rotunda and
+centre structure. In general appearance the building was the same as
+before the fire, but marble instead of sandstone was used for
+colonnades and staircases and floors. The beautiful capitals of the
+marble pillars were carved in Italy or prepared by workmen brought
+from Italy.
+
+During the latter part of this period the rotunda was used for all
+sorts of exhibitions. Once a panorama of Paris was shown there, an
+admission fee of fifty cents being charged. Exhibits of manufactured
+goods were made in this "no man's land," over which nobody seemed to
+have jurisdiction. In 1827 a congressman spoke in the House of the
+fact that "triangles of steel to take the place of bells, stoves, stew
+pans, pianos, mouse traps, and watch ribbons were marked with prices
+and sundry good bargains were driven." The general public felt that
+they had a right even to the hall of the House; frequently popular
+meetings were held there.
+
+The present dome surmounting the rotunda is not the dome first
+planned. For Latrobe's dome, which he did not build, a higher dome was
+substituted by Bulfinch. The present dome is the work of Thomas U.
+Walter, the designer of Girard College, Philadelphia, whose plans for
+the completion of the Capitol were approved in 1851. The burning of
+the western front of the centre building in December, 1851, proved a
+blessing in disguise, for Walter was able to rebuild the section in
+perfect harmony with the other portions. The House first occupied its
+present quarters on December 16, 1857, but the Senate was not able to
+take possession of its new hall until January 4, 1859.
+
+The great structure was finished in 1865, work having been carried on
+throughout the Civil War. Though they knew that there would be delay
+in receiving payment for their work, the contractors insisted on
+continuing and completing what is one of the most harmonious public
+buildings in the world.
+
+The patriotic contractors had their reward, for the building was
+ready to receive the body of President Lincoln when, on April 19,
+1865, after the services in the White House, the casket was placed on
+a catafalque under the dome of the rotunda, that the people of the
+country whose destinies he had guided through four years of civil war
+might gather there to do him honor.
+
+
+L
+
+THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON
+
+THE HOME OF EVERY PRESIDENT SINCE WASHINGTON
+
+When, in 1792, James Hoban suggested to the commission appointed to
+supervise the erection of public buildings at Washington that the
+Executive Mansion be modelled after the palace of the Duke of Leinster
+in Dublin, his proposition was accepted, and he was given a premium of
+five hundred dollars for the plan. More, he was engaged, at the same
+amount per year, to take charge of the builders.
+
+No time was lost in laying the corner stone. The ceremony was
+performed on October 13, 1792, and operations were pushed with such
+speed that the building was completed ten years later!
+
+In November, 1800, six months after the transfer of the government
+offices from Philadelphia to Washington, Mrs. Adams joined President
+Adams at the White House. She had a hard time getting there. A few
+days after her arrival she wrote to her daughter:
+
+ "I arrived here on Sunday last, and without meeting any
+ accident worth noticing, except losing ourselves when we
+ left Baltimore, and going eight or nine miles on the
+ Frederick road, by which means we were obliged to go the
+ other eight miles through woods, where we wandered for two
+ hours, without finding a guide, or the path. Fortunately, a
+ straggling black came up with us, and we engaged him as a
+ guide to extricate us out of our difficulty; but woods are
+ all you see, from Baltimore until you reach the city, which
+ is only so in name. Here and there is a small cot, without a
+ glass window, interspersed amongst the forests, through which
+ you travel miles without seeing any human being. In the city
+ there are buildings enough, if they were compact and
+ furnished, to accommodate Congress and those attached to it;
+ but as they are, and scattered as they are, I see no great
+ comfort for them."
+
+Mrs. Adams found no great comfort in the White House, either. "To
+assist us in this great castle," she wrote, "and render less
+attendance necessary, bells are wholly wanting, not one single one
+being hung through the whole house, and promises are all you can
+obtain.... If they will put me up some bells, and let me have wood
+enough to keep fires, I design to be pleased.... But, surrounded with
+forests, can you believe that wood is not to be had, because people
+cannot be found to cut and cart it.... The house is made habitable,
+but there is not a single apartment finished.... We have not the least
+fence, yard, or other convenience, without, and the great, unfinished
+audience-room I make a drying room of, to hang up the clothes in. The
+principal stairs are not up, and will not be this winter."
+
+The building itself was in good condition, though the surroundings
+were far from prepossessing, when it was burned by the British in
+1814. President and Mrs. Madison moved to the Octagon House, and spent
+more than a year in this comfortable winter home of Colonel John
+Tayloe.
+
+The cost of rebuilding and refurnishing the Executive Mansion was
+about three hundred thousand dollars. The work was begun in 1814, and
+in September, 1817, the building was so far completed that President
+Monroe was able to take up his quarters there in some degree of
+comfort, though the floor in the East Room had not yet been laid and
+some of the walls were still without plastering. On January 1, 1818,
+the first New Year's reception was held there. "It was gratifying to
+be able to salute the President of the United States with the
+compliments of the season in his appropriate residence," the _National
+Intelligencer_ said. It may be added that the editor called the
+building "the President's House." The title, "the White House," was
+not yet in common use.
+
+For many years the successive occupants of the building were subject
+to all sorts of criticism. Mrs. Monroe refused both to make first
+calls and to return calls. President Monroe bought foreign-made
+furnishings! John Quincy Adams actually introduced a billiard table,
+and the use of public money to buy "a gaming table" was bitterly
+attacked! (Of course the purchase was made with personal funds.) Mrs.
+Adams was cold and haughty! When President Van Buren left Washington
+he took with him the gold spoons and the gilt dessert service that had
+attracted attention! But these were private property.
+
+However, most criticisms like these have been inspired by pride in the
+President and his household, and a pardonable feeling of possession in
+them and the White House.
+
+Until within recent years the President's offices were in the east end
+of the White House. A pleasing description of these offices has come
+down from Isaac N. Arnold, who thus spoke of the quarters of President
+Lincoln:
+
+ "The furniture of the room consisted of a large oak table,
+ covered with cloth extending north and south, and it was
+ round this table that the Cabinet sat when it held its
+ meetings. Near the end of the table and between the windows
+ was another table, on the west side of which the President
+ sat, in a large arm-chair, and at this table he wrote. A tall
+ desk, with pigeon holes for paper, stood against the south
+ wall. The only books usually found in this room were the
+ Bible, the United States Statutes, and a copy of Shakespeare.
+ There were a few chairs and two plain hair-covered sofas.
+ There were two or three map frames, from which hung military
+ maps, on which the positions and movements of the armies were
+ traced. There was an old and discolored engraving of General
+ Jackson over the mantel and a later photograph of John
+ Bright. Doors open into this room from the room of the
+ secretary and from the outside hall, running east and west
+ across the house. A bell-cord within reach of his hand
+ extended to the secretary's office. A messenger sat at the
+ door opening from the hall, and took in the cards and names
+ of visitors."
+
+During the time of President Roosevelt, outside Executive offices were
+built, and rooms that had long been needed for the personal uses of
+the President's household were released. The change has increased
+patriotic pride in the White House, one of the simplest mansions
+provided for the rulers of the nations.
+
+
+ [Illustration: THE STAIRWAY, OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
+ _From the Monograph on the Octagon House,
+ Issued by the American Institute of Architects_]
+
+LI
+
+THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON
+
+IN WHICH DOLLY MADISON LAVISHED HOSPITALITY IN 1814
+
+John Tayloe, the wealthiest man in the Virginia of the late eighteenth
+century, had his summer home at Mt. Airy. His plantation, the largest
+in the State, was worked by more than five hundred slaves.
+
+When he wanted a winter home, he thought of building at Philadelphia.
+But George Washington, eager to secure him as a resident of the young
+Federal City on the Potomac, asked him to consider the erection of a
+house there. So Mr. Tayloe made an investigation of Washington as a
+site for a residence, bought a lot for one thousand dollars, and in
+1798 commissioned Dr. William Thornton to make the plans for a
+palatial house. During the construction of the building Washington
+several times rode by and from the saddle inspected the progress of
+the work.
+
+Thornton was at the time a well-known man, though he had been born in
+the West Indies and was for many years a resident there. After
+receiving his education in Europe, he lived for several years in the
+United States. During this period he was a partner of John Fitch in
+the building and trial of the steamboat that for a time ran
+successfully on the Delaware River, more than twenty years before
+Fulton built the _Clermont_. He was himself something of an inventor;
+he secured a number of patents for a device to move a vessel by
+applying steam to a wheel at the side of the hull.
+
+He had returned to the West Indies when he read that a prize was to be
+given for the best plan submitted for the Capitol to be built at
+Washington. At once he wrote for particulars, and in due time he
+presented his plans. He was then living in the United States. The
+plans were considered the best that had been offered. Jefferson said
+that they "captivated the eyes and judgment of all," while Washington
+spoke of their "grandeur, simplicity, and convenience." While these
+plans were later modified by others, certain features of the Capitol
+as it appears to-day are to be traced directly to Dr. Thornton's
+plans.
+
+At the time of the award he was but thirty-one years old, and had
+already won a place as a physician, an inventor, and a man of science.
+He was a friend of Benjamin Franklin, and had received the prize
+offered for the design for the new building of the Library Company of
+Philadelphia, in which Franklin was especially interested. Later he
+was awarded a gold medal by the American Philosophical Society for a
+paper in which he outlined the method of the oral teaching of deaf and
+dumb children which is still in use in many institutions.
+
+ [Illustration: OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
+ _Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company
+ from the Monograph on the Octagon House
+ by the American Institute of Architects_
+ See page 234]
+
+The building planned by Dr. Thornton for Mr. Tayloe, at the northeast
+corner of New York Avenue and Eighteenth Street, was completed in
+1801. At the time it was the best house in Washington. At once, as the
+Octagon House, it became famous for the lavish hospitality of its
+owner.
+
+The next stirring period in the history of the Octagon House was the
+later years of the second war with Great Britain. On the night of
+August 24, 1814, when the British Army entered the city, the French
+minister, M. Serurier, looked from his window and saw soldiers
+bearing torches going toward the White House. Quickly he sent a
+messenger to General Ross and asked that his residence be spared. The
+messenger found General Ross in the Blue Room, where he was collecting
+furniture for a bonfire. Assured that "the king's house" would be
+respected, he returned to the minister.
+
+Dr. Thornton, who was at the time superintendent of the patent office,
+succeeded in persuading Colonel Jones to spare that building, on the
+ground that it was a museum of the Arts, and that its destruction
+would be a loss to all the world.
+
+Among the public buildings destroyed was the White House. Mr. Tayloe
+at once offered the Octagon House to President Madison. On September
+9, 1814, the _National Intelligencer_ announced, "The President will
+occupy Colonel Tayloe's large house, which was lately occupied by the
+French minister." For more than a year the house was known as the
+Executive Annex.
+
+Rufus Rockwell Wilson, in "Washington, the Capital City," tells how
+the mansion looked at this time:
+
+ "Its circular entrance hall, marble tiled, was heated by two
+ picturesque stoves placed in small recesses in the wall.
+ Another hall beyond opened into a spacious and lovely garden
+ surrounded by a high brick wall after the English fashion. To
+ the right was a handsome drawing room with a fine mantel,
+ before which Mrs. Madison was accustomed to stand to receive
+ her guests. To the left was a dining-room of equal size and
+ beauty. A circular room over the hall, with windows to the
+ floor and a handsome fireplace, was President Madison's
+ office. Here he received his Cabinet officers and other men
+ of note, listening to their opinions and reports on the
+ progress of the war; and here, also, on a quaintly carved
+ table, he signed, February 18, 1815, the proclamation of the
+ Treaty of Ghent, which ended the contest with England."
+
+The story of this table's history is interesting. From the Octagon
+House it went to John Ogle Ferneaux, of King George County, Virginia.
+He kept it until October 30, 1897, when it was sold to Mrs. A. H.
+Voorhies, of 2011 California Street, San Francisco. When the fire that
+succeeded the earthquake of 1906 approached the house, the table was
+taken away hurriedly. Mrs. Voorhies says, "We wrapped sheets around
+the circular part of the table, and in part of the journey, it went
+turning round as a wheel to a place of safety." The San Francisco
+chapter of the Institute of Architects purchased it for $1,000, and
+sent it to Washington, December 1, 1911.
+
+It is said that on the day the message came to the Octagon House that
+peace had been declared, Miss Sally Coles, who was Mrs. Madison's
+cousin, called from the head of the stairs, "Peace! Peace!" One who
+was a guest at the time gave a lively account of the scene in the
+house:
+
+ "Late in the afternoon came thundering down Pennsylvania
+ Avenue a coach and four foaming steeds, in which was the
+ bearer of the good news. Cheers followed the carriage as it
+ sped on its way to the residence of the President. Soon after
+ nightfall, members of Congress and others deeply interested
+ in the event presented themselves at the President's House,
+ the doors of which stood open. When the writer of this
+ entered the drawing room at about eight o'clock, it was
+ crowded to its full capacity. Mrs. Madison--(the President
+ being with the Cabinet)--doing the honors of the occasion;
+ and what a happy scene it was!"
+
+Mr. Tayloe occupied the Octagon at intervals until his death in 1828.
+Mrs. Tayloe lived until 1855. By this time the neighborhood had
+changed, and the property deteriorated. In 1865 it was occupied as a
+girls' school. From 1866 to 1879 it was the hydrographic office of the
+Navy Department. Later it became a dwelling and studio. From 1885 to
+1889 it was in the hands of a caretaker, and deteriorated rapidly. At
+the last eight or ten families of colored people lived within the
+storied walls.
+
+The Institute of American Architects leased the property in 1899 and
+later purchased the house for $30,000. It is now one of the sights of
+Washington. A tablet fixed to the wall relates the main facts of its
+history.
+
+
+
+
+SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE CAVALIERS
+
+ _I love the stately southern mansions with their tall white
+ columns,
+ They look through avenues of trees, over fields where the cotton
+ is growing;
+ I can see the flutter of white frocks along their shady porches,
+ Music and laughter float from the windows, the yards are full of
+ hounds and horses.
+ Long since the riders have ridden away, yet the houses have not
+ forgotten,
+ They are proud of their name and place, and their doors are always
+ open,
+ For the thing they remember best is the pride of their ancient
+ hospitality._
+
+ HENRY VAN DYKE.
+
+
+
+
+SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE CAVALIERS
+
+
+ [Illustration: MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA, REAR VIEW
+ _Photo by E. C. Hall_
+ See page 241]
+
+LII
+
+MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA
+
+SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON
+
+George Washington was twenty years old when he became the owner of the
+Mount Vernon estate on the Potomac, in accordance with the provisions
+of the will of Laurence Washington, his half-brother. At that time the
+house contained but eight rooms and an attic, four rooms on each
+floor. There were twenty-five hundred acres in the farm.
+
+As a boy Washington had tramped over every acre of the estate. When he
+was sixteen he made a plot of the region around Mt. Vernon. The
+original of the survey made at that time may be seen in the Library of
+Congress at Washington.
+
+The young owner looked forward to years of quiet on his estate, but he
+was frequently called away from home for service in the militia of
+Virginia. In spite of these absences, however, he managed to make the
+acres surrounding the mansion give a good account of themselves.
+
+When he responded to the call of the Colonies and became
+Commander-in-Chief of the army, he turned his back on Mt. Vernon with
+great reluctance, and for six years hardly saw the place he loved.
+But when the independence of the Colonies had been won he returned
+home, in the hope that he might be permitted to remain there in
+obscurity, farming his land and entertaining his friends in the house
+on the Potomac.
+
+That he might have more room for his friends, he enlarged the house.
+On July 5, 1784, he wrote to his friend, William Rumney of Alexandria,
+asking him to inquire into the terms on which "a House Joiner and
+Bricklayer" might be engaged for two or three years. To the house,
+which dated from 1744, he made additions until it was three times as
+large as when he inherited the property. The alterations were
+completed in 1785. The completed house was ninety-six feet long, and
+thirty feet deep, with a piazza fifteen feet wide. The building
+material was wood, cut in imitation of stone.
+
+While these alterations were in progress a visitor to Mt. Vernon was
+Charles Vardo, an Englishman. When he returned home he wrote an
+account of his visit, in which said:
+
+ "I crossed the river from Maryland into Virginia, near to the
+ renowned General Washington's, where I had the honor to spend
+ some time, and was kindly entertained with that worthy
+ family. As to the General, if we may judge by the
+ countenance, he is what the world says of him, a shrewd,
+ good-natured, plain, humane man, about fifty-five years of
+ age, and seems to wear well, being healthful and active,
+ straight, well made, and about six feet high. He keeps a good
+ table, which is always open to those of a genteel
+ appearance....
+
+ "The General's house is rather warm, snug, convenient and
+ useful, than ornamental. The size is what ought to suit a man
+ of about two or three thousand a year in England. The
+ out-offices are good and seem to be not long built; and he
+ was making more offices at each wing to the front of the
+ house, which added more to ornament than to real use. The
+ situation is high, and commands a beautiful prospect of the
+ river which parts Virginia and Maryland, but in other
+ respects the situation seems to be out of the world, being
+ chiefly surrounded by woods, and far from any great road or
+ thoroughfare.... The General's lady is a hearty, comely,
+ discreet, affable woman, some few years older than
+ himself.... The General's house is open to poor travellers as
+ well as rich, he gives diet and lodging to all that come that
+ way, which indeed cannot be many, without they go out of
+ their way on purpose...."
+
+A visitor of January 19, 1785, was Elkanah Watson. In his diary
+Washington wrote simply that Mr. Watson came in and stayed all night;
+and that he went away after breakfast next morning. But Mr. Watson had
+a fuller account to give:
+
+ "I found him at table with Mrs. Washington and his private
+ family, and was received in the native dignity and with that
+ urbanity so peculiarly combined in the character of a soldier
+ and eminent private gentleman. He soon put me at ease.... The
+ first evening I spent under the wing of his hospitality, we
+ sat a full hour at table by ourselves, without the least
+ interruption, after the family had retired. I was extremely
+ oppressed by a severe cold and excessive coughing, contracted
+ by the exposure of a harsh winter journey. He pressed me to
+ use some remedies, but I declined doing so. As usual after
+ retiring, my coughing increased. When some time had elapsed,
+ the door of my room was gently opened, and on drawing my
+ bed-curtains, to my utter astonishment, I beheld Washington
+ himself, standing at my bedside, with a bowl of hot tea in
+ his hand."
+
+The following May Rev. Thomas Coke and Bishop Francis Asbury were
+welcomed to Mt. Vernon. "The General's seat is very elegant," Mr. Coke
+wrote. "He is quite the plain, country-Gentleman." After dinner the
+visitors presented to their host a petition for the emancipation of
+the Negroes, "entreating his signature, if the eminence of his station
+did not render it inexpedient for him to sign any petition."
+Washington told his guests that he was "of their sentiments, and had
+signified his thoughts on the subject to most of the great men of the
+State; that he did not see it proper to sign the petition, but if the
+Assembly took it into consideration, would signify his sentiments to
+the Assembly by a letter."
+
+An attractive picture of the General was given by Richard Henry Lee
+after a visit to Mt. Vernon in November, 1785:
+
+ "When I was first introduced to him he was neatly dressed in
+ a plain blue coat, white Casimer waistcoat, and black
+ breeches and Boots, as he came from his farm. After having
+ sat with us some time he retired.... Later he came in again,
+ with his hair neatly powdered, a clean shirt on, a new plain
+ drab Coat, white waistcoat and white silk stockings."
+
+John Hunter, who was with Colonel Lee, added his impression:
+
+ "The style of his house is very elegant, something like the
+ Prince de Conde's at Chantilly, near Paris, only not quite so
+ large; but it's a pity he did not build a new one at once, as
+ it has cost him nearly as much as repairing his old one....
+ It's astonishing what a number of small houses the General
+ has upon his Estate for his different Workmen and Negroes
+ to live in. He has everything within himself--Carpenters,
+ Bricklayers, Brewers, Blacksmiths, Bakers, etc., etc., and
+ even has a well assorted store for the use of his family and
+ servants."
+
+While the repairs were still in progress, the ship _Mary_ arrived at
+Alexandria, having a consignment for Washington from Samuel Vaughan, a
+great admirer in London. This was a chimney-piece, wrought in Italy
+from pure white and sienite marble, for the use of Mr. Vaughan. When
+the mantel reached England the owner learned of the improvements then
+in progress at Mt. Vernon. Without unpacking the mantel he sent it on
+to America. When Washington received word of the arrival of the gift,
+he wrote, "By the number of cases, however, I greatly fear it is too
+elegant and costly for my room and republican style of living."
+Nevertheless the mantel was installed in the mansion and became a
+great delight to the household.
+
+Washington's days at Mt. Vernon were interrupted by the renewed call
+of his country. For much of the time for eight years he was compelled
+to be absent, and when, at length, the opportunity came to resume the
+free life on his estate, he had less than three years left. But these
+years were crowded full of hospitality in the mansion and of joyous
+work on the estate, and when, on December 14, 1799, he died as a
+result of a cold caught while riding on the estate, he left it to his
+"dearly beloved wife, Martha Washington."
+
+For many years Mt. Vernon continued its hospitable career. Then came
+years of neglect, when the mansion was falling into ruins. But in
+1853-56 Miss Ann Pamela Cunningham of South Carolina appealed to the
+women of the nation, and succeeded in organizing an association that
+took over the estate, restored it to its original condition, furnished
+it with Washington relics gathered from far and near, and opened it
+for the visits of the reverent visitors to the city of Washington, who
+continue their journey sixteen miles down the Potomac that they may
+look on the scene that brought joy to the heart of the Father of his
+Country.
+
+
+ [Illustration: ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA
+ _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+ See page 246]
+
+LIII
+
+ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA
+
+FROM WHICH ROBERT E. LEE WENT TO BATTLE FOR THE SOUTH
+
+After the death of George Washington the Mt. Vernon family was
+gradually broken up, one after another going elsewhere for a home.
+George Washington Parke Custis, Washington's adopted son, and grandson
+of Martha Washington, decided to build a home on a hill overlooking
+the Potomac, opposite Washington City. There were eleven hundred acres
+in the estate of which Arlington, the mansion he built in 1802, was
+the central feature.
+
+It has been said that the stately house is an adaptation of the Doric
+temple at Paestum, near Naples. The roof of the great portico rests on
+eight massive columns. The rooms within are of a size in keeping with
+the magnificent portal.
+
+Perhaps the plan was too ambitious for the Custis fortune. At any rate
+the rooms on the south side of the hall were not completed. But it
+was a famous house, nevertheless. Guests were many. They delighted to
+look from the portico across the Potomac to Washington, where they
+could see the government buildings slowly taking shape.
+
+One of the favored guests was Robert E. Lee. His frequent visits led
+to his marriage, in 1831, to Mr. Custis' daughter. At this time Lee
+was a lieutenant in the United States Army. Mrs. Lee remained at
+Arlington, waiting for the husband whose military duties enabled him
+to spend only brief seasons with her and the growing family there.
+
+During the years before the war visitors to the Capital City thronged
+to Arlington. Some of them were interested in the many Washington
+relics in the house. Chief among these was the bed on which Washington
+died. Others came to the picnic grounds at Arlington Spring, which Mr.
+Custis had opened for the pleasure of the people, building for the use
+of all comers a great dining-hall, a dancing pavilion, and a kitchen.
+
+One of these visitors told his impressions of Arlington:
+
+ "In front of the mansion, sloping toward the Potomac, is a
+ fine park of two hundred acres, dotted with groves of oak and
+ chestnut and clumps of evergreens; and behind it is a dark
+ old forest, with patriarchal trees bearing many centennial
+ honors, and covering six hundred acres of hill and dale.
+ Through a portion of this is a sinuous avenue leading up to
+ the mansion."
+
+At the time of the secession of Virginia, Robert E. Lee was a colonel.
+Duty seemed clear to him. It was not easy for him to take up arms
+against the United States Government, but he considered himself first
+of all a citizen of his native State. To respond to the call of the
+Confederacy meant ruin. His beautiful home, he feared, would be
+destroyed. But he did not hesitate. A desire to retain possession of
+his slaves had nothing to do with his decision. His own slaves had
+already been freed, and provision had been made in the will of Mrs.
+Lee's father that all his slaves should be freed in 1862.
+
+When, in 1865, General Lee was urged to prolong the conflict by
+guerilla warfare, he said: "No, that would not do. It must be
+remembered that we are Christian people. We have fought the fight as
+long and as well as we know how. We have been defeated. For us as a
+Christian people there is but one course to pursue. We must accept the
+situation. These men must go home and plant a crop, and we must
+proceed to build up our country on a new basis."
+
+But he could not return to Arlington. The government had taken
+possession of the estate for a National Cemetery. For a time he lived
+in obscurity on a little farm. Then he became President of Washington
+College, later Washington and Lee University. With his family he lived
+on the campus at Lexington, Virginia, and there he died, October 12,
+1870.
+
+In the meantime the National Cemetery at Arlington was becoming a
+pilgrimage point for patriotic Americans. The slopes of the beautiful
+lawn were covered with graves. The stately white mansion, with its
+eight great pillars and its walls of stucco seemed a fitting
+background for the ranks of little white tombstones.
+
+For years the title to the property was in dispute. In 1864 the United
+States bought it for $26,800, when it was sold at auction for
+delinquent taxes. In 1882 the Supreme Court decided that G. W. C. Lee,
+son of General Lee, was entitled to the property, and the following
+year the government paid him $150,000 for eleven hundred acres,
+including the mansion.
+
+
+ [Illustration: CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VA.
+ Photo by H. P. Cook
+ See page 249]
+
+LIV
+
+CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON HAD A PEW "AT THE UPPER PART OF THE CHURCH"
+
+George Washington was chosen one of the vestrymen of Fairfax parish in
+1764, when this was formed by the division of Truro parish, although
+he was already a vestryman in Pohick Church at Truro.
+
+The records of the new parish show that in 1766 it was decided to
+build Christ Church at Alexandria, and a second church at the Falls of
+the Potomac instead of the old church there. The members of the parish
+were asked to pay thirty-one thousand pounds of tobacco for the
+purpose of construction.
+
+James Wren, the architect of Christ Church, is said to have been a
+descendant of Sir Christopher Wren. While the building was well
+designed, no one ever thought of it as a masterpiece. But it has
+answered the purposes of the worshipper for more than a century and a
+half, and it promises to last at least a hundred and fifty years more.
+
+The original contract called for the expenditure of L600. Colonel John
+Carlisle, who was bondsman for the contractor, James Parsons, in
+1772, agreed to complete the building on payment of L220 additional,
+since Parsons failed to fulfil his agreement.
+
+The church was built of brick, and was sixty by fifty feet long. The
+work was carefully done, but the structure was ready for the vestry to
+take possession early in 1773.
+
+At the first sale of pews, of which there were fifty in all,
+Washington paid L36 10 s. for pew number five. He had already made a
+generous gift toward the building fund, but asked the privilege of
+giving the brass chandelier which still hangs from the ceiling.
+
+When the Church and State were separated in Virginia, after the
+Revolution, Washington subscribed five pounds a year to the rector's
+salary. By act of the legislature the glebe lands of churches in the
+State were confiscated, but, through the influence of Washington and
+Charles Lee, Christ Church "and one other" (probably Falls Church)
+were allowed to retain their lands.
+
+Many changes have been made in the building. The gallery was added in
+1787, that twenty-five pews might be provided for the growing
+congregation. The west aisle was built in 1811, and the next year the
+chimneys were built, for stoves were placed in the church at that
+time. The bell was hung in 1816. The pews were later divided,
+including that which Washington occupied, but this pew has since been
+restored to its original condition. Since 1891 the high pulpit and
+sounding board have been replaced as they were at first.
+
+Washington's diary tells of his attendance at service on Sunday, June
+2, 1799. Perhaps it was of this Sunday a visitor to Alexandria wrote
+in a letter to a friend, which was quoted in "The Religious Opinions
+and Character of George Washington," published in 1836. The writer
+said:
+
+ "In the summer of 1799 I was in Alexandria on a visit to the
+ family of Mr. H.... Whilst there, I expressed a wish to see
+ General Washington, as I had never enjoyed that pleasure. My
+ friend ... observed: 'You will certainly see him on Sunday,
+ as he is never absent from church when he can get there; and
+ as he often dines with us, we will ask him on that day, when
+ you will have a better opportunity of seeing him.'
+ Accordingly, we all repaired to church on Sunday.... General
+ Washington ... walked to his pew, at the upper part of the
+ church, and demeaned himself throughout the service of the
+ day with that gravity and propriety becoming the place and
+ his own high character. After the services were concluded, we
+ waited for him at the door, for his pew being near the pulpit
+ he was among the last that came out--when Mrs. H. invited him
+ to dine with us. He declined, however, the invitation,
+ observing, as he looked at the sky, that he thought there
+ were appearances of a thunderstorm in the afternoon, and he
+ believed he would return home to dinner."
+
+
+ [Illustration: MARY WASHINGTON'S HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG, VA.
+ _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+ See page 251]
+
+LV
+
+THE MARY WASHINGTON HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG, VIRGINIA
+
+WHERE WASHINGTON'S MOTHER SPENT HER LAST YEARS
+
+The first property mentioned in connection with the name of Mary Ball,
+who became the mother of George Washington, was on the tract of four
+hundred acres "in ye freshes of Rappa-h-n River," bequeathed to her in
+her father's will before she was six years old. Her father, Colonel
+Joseph Ball of Epping Forest, Lancaster County, thought he was about
+to die, but he lived some years longer.
+
+Ten years later an unknown writer spoke of Mary Ball in pleasing
+terms:
+
+ "WmsBurg, ye 7th of Octr, 1722.
+
+ "Dear Sukey, Madam Ball of Lancaster and her sweet Molly have
+ gone Hom. Mama thinks Molly the Comliest Maiden She Knows.
+ She is about 16 yrs old, is taller than Me, is verry
+ Sensable, Modest and Loving. Her Hair is like unto Flax, Her
+ Eyes are the color of Yours, and her Chekes are like May
+ blossoms. I wish You could see Her."
+
+This "Belle of the Northern Neck," as she came to be called, continued
+her conquests of young and old until, at twenty-two, an orphan, she
+left Epping Forest to live with her brother, Joseph Ball, at
+"Stratford-by-bow, Nigh London." There, on March 6, 1730, she became
+the second wife of Augustine Washington, the second son of Laurence
+Washington, who was visiting England at the time.
+
+Less than two years later, at Wakefield, on the Potomac, in
+Westmoreland County, Virginia, George Washington was born. He was not
+three years old when the mansion was burned.
+
+The new home was at Pine Grove, in Stafford County, on the
+Rappahannock River, opposite Fredericksburg. For eight years the
+family circle was unbroken, but on April 12, 1743, Augustine
+Washington died. Laurence Washington, Mary Washington's stepson, then
+became the owner of Mt. Vernon, while to George Washington was
+bequeathed Pine Grove, though the estate was to be managed by Mrs.
+Washington until the son became twenty-one.
+
+With wonderful skill Mrs. Washington directed the plantation and with
+firm purpose she devoted herself to the care of her five fatherless
+children.
+
+A picture of this capable woman at this period was recorded by
+Laurence Washington, a nephew of George Washington's father. He wrote:
+
+ "I was often there [at Pine Grove] with George, his playmate,
+ schoolmate, and young man's companion. Of the mother, I was
+ more afraid than of my own parents; she awed me in the midst
+ of her kindness; and even now, when time has whitened my
+ locks and I am the grandfather of a second generation, I
+ could not behold that majestic woman without feelings it is
+ impossible to describe."
+
+The death, in 1752, of Laurence Washington of Mt. Vernon made George
+Washington the owner of that property. Thereafter the twenty-five
+hundred acre estate became known as the home of the eldest son, while
+Mrs. Washington remained at Pine Grove with her younger children.
+
+Only a few months later he stopped to see his mother, as he was on his
+way to the West to carry out a commission laid upon him by Governor
+Dinwiddie. As Mrs. Washington bade her son good-bye, she urged him to
+"remember that God only is our sure trust." Then she added, "To Him I
+commend you."
+
+Her words were remembered. In 1755, when General Braddock asked
+Colonel Washington to accompany him to Fort Pitt, Mrs. Washington
+hurried to Mt. Vernon and urged him not to go. He considered her
+objections, but said:
+
+ "The God to whom you commended me, madam, when I set out on a
+ more perilous errand, defended me from all harm, and I trust
+ He will do so now; do you?"
+
+One by one the children left Pine Grove. In 1750 Betty Washington was
+married to Colonel Fielding Lewis, who built for her the stately house
+Kenmore, not far from her mother's home, but across the river, on the
+edge of Fredericksburg. This house is still among the show places of
+the old town.
+
+In the early days of the Revolution Colonel and Mrs. Lewis tried to
+persuade Mrs. Washington that she was getting too old to live alone at
+Pine Grove, and urged her to make her home at Kenmore. At the same
+time Colonel Lewis offered to take over the management of the
+plantation. To both entreaties she turned a deaf ear; she said she
+felt entirely competent to take care of herself, and she would manage
+her own farm.
+
+However, she consented to make her home in a house purchased for her
+in Fredericksburg, because "George thought it best." The dutiful son
+had time to help in the flitting to the new home before he hurried to
+the North. He was not to see her again for seven long years.
+
+A member of the family described later the days of waiting when Mary
+Washington directed her household in the preparation of clothes,
+provisions, and other comforts for the General and his associates:
+"During the trying years when her son was leading the Continental
+forces, the mother was watching and praying, following him with
+anxious eyes," the story is told. "But to the messenger who brought
+tidings, whether of victory or defeat, she turned a calm face,
+whatever tremor of feeling it might mask, and to her daughter she
+said, chiding her for undue excitement, 'The sister of the commanding
+general should be an example of fortitude and faith.'"
+
+It was November 11, 1781, when the victorious commander next saw
+Fredericksburg, on his way to Philadelphia from Yorktown. George
+Washington Parke Custis has described the meeting with his mother:
+
+ "She was alone, her aged hands employed in the works of
+ domestic industry, when the good news was announced, and it
+ was told that the victor was awaiting at the threshold. She
+ bade him welcome by a warm embrace, and by the
+ well-remembered and endearing name of George.... She inquired
+ as to his health, for she marked the lines which mighty cares
+ and toils had made in his manly countenance, and she spoke
+ much of old times and old friends, but of his glory not one
+ word."
+
+When the Peace Ball was given in Fredericksburg she was an honored
+guest. Her son walked with her into the gaily decorated ballroom. She
+remained for a time, but after a while, from the seat where she had
+watched the dance, she called him to her side. When she was near she
+said, "Come, George, it is time for old folks to be at home."
+
+Lafayette visited Fredericksburg in 1784, that he might pay his
+respects to Mrs. Washington. He found her in her garden, dressed in a
+short linsey skirt, working among her flowers. After his visit he
+declared, "I have seen the only Roman matron living at this day."
+
+She still went frequently to her plantation across the river, but as
+she became more feeble her son gave her a phaeton in which she could
+cross the ferry in comfort. Her great-granddaughter has written of her
+appearance when she rolled in the phaeton down the village street:
+
+ "In summer she wore a dark straw hat with broad brim and low
+ crown, tied under her chin with black ribbon strings; but in
+ winter a warm hood was substituted, and she was wrapped in
+ the purple cloth cloak lined with silk shang (a present from
+ her son George) that is described in the bequests of her
+ will. In her hand she carried her gold-headed cane, which
+ feeble health now rendered necessary as a support."
+
+One of the last visits paid by George Washington to his mother was on
+March 7, 1789. A Fredericksburg paper of March 12 said, "The object of
+his Excellency's visit was probably to take leave of his aged mother,
+sister, and friends, previous to his departure for the new Congress,
+over the councils of which, the united voice of America has called him
+to preside." On March 11 Washington's account book shows that the
+expenses of the trip were L1.8.0. He also noted that he advanced to
+his mother at the time "6 Guineas."
+
+At New York, on September 1, 1789, President Washington was dining
+with friends when a messenger brought word of the death of Mrs.
+Washington. The notice of her death, as given in the _Gazette of the
+United States_, on September 9, read:
+
+ "Fredericksburg, Virginia, August 27, 1789--On Tuesday, the
+ 25th inst. died at her home in this town, Mrs. Mary
+ Washington, aged 83 years, the venerable mother of the
+ illustrious President of the United States, after a long and
+ painful indisposition, which she bore with uncommon
+ patience. Though a pious tear of duty, affection, and esteem
+ is due to the memory of so revered a character, yet our grief
+ must be greatly alleviated from the consideration that she is
+ relieved from the pitiable infirmities attendant on an
+ extreme old age.--It is usual when virtuous and conspicuous
+ persons quit this terrestrial abode, to publish an elaborate
+ panegyric on their characters--suffice it to say, she
+ conducted herself through this transitory life with virtue,
+ prudence, and Christianity, worthy the mother of the grandest
+ Hero that ever adorned the annals of history."
+
+ "O may kind heaven, propitious to our fate,
+ Extend THAT HERO'S to her lengthen'd date;
+ Through the long period, healthy, active, sage;
+ Nor know the sad infirmities of age."
+
+The house in Fredericksburg which was occupied after 1775 by Mrs.
+Washington, is now the property of the Association for the
+Preservation of Virginian Antiquities.
+
+
+LVI
+
+GREENWAY AND SHERWOOD FOREST, VIRGINIA
+
+TWO OF THE HOMES OF JOHN TYLER
+
+A little girl was responsible for the fact that John Tyler, who became
+the tenth president of the United States, was born, not at Marlie, but
+at Greenway. Marlie was the name chosen by Judge John Tyler for his
+James River estate, but his young daughter, Anne Contesse, as soon as
+she began to talk, insisted on calling it "Greenway," "because the
+grass grows so green there."
+
+The fact that Anne's name displaced that chosen by her father is an
+indication of his great love for children. Greenway was "a bird's nest
+full of young," but at various times he added to his own flock one or
+another of twenty-one children, of whom he was made guardian, all of
+whom he guided through childhood to earnest manhood and womanhood.
+
+These children must have enjoyed roaming about the estate, for,
+according to Judge Tyler's description, it was a delightful place. He
+said of it:
+
+ "Greenway contains five hundred acres, well improved. On it
+ is a genteel, well-furnished dwelling-house, containing six
+ rooms, all wainscoted, chair-board high, with fine dry
+ cellars the full length of the house, which is 56 feet; also
+ every other building which a reasonable person could wish or
+ desire, to wit: a handsome study, storehouse, kitchen,
+ laundry, dairy, meat-house, spring-house, and an ice-house
+ within the curtelage; a barn 40 by 34 feet, two granaries,
+ two carriage houses, 20 stalls for horses, a quarter for
+ house servants; a handsome pigeon-house, well stocked; and
+ several other houses for slaves; a well of water (so
+ excellent that I can drink with delight after returning from
+ a mountain circuit), a large, fertile garden, abounding with
+ a great variety of shrubs, herbs, and beautiful flowers, well
+ enclosed. The buildings new and well covered with shingles."
+
+On this attractive estate John Tyler was born on March 29, 1790. He
+was a slender, delicate-looking lad, but he was not afraid to stand up
+for himself when he felt he was being abused. His first schoolmaster,
+a Mr. McMurdo, who taught across the road from Greenway, thought that
+it was impossible to teach well unless the rod was in daily use. "It
+was a wonder that he did not whip all the sense out of his scholars,"
+John said once, years later. But one day the boys rebelled. "John and
+some of the larger boys tripped him up, and began to tie his hands and
+feet," the Tyler family biographer tells the story. "McMurdo scuffled
+bravely, but upon little William Tyler, the smallest boy in school,
+throwing himself upon him, he exclaimed, in imitation of the great
+Roman, '_Et tu, Brute!_' and ceased to resist. The boys firmly secured
+him, locked him up in the schoolhouse, and left with cheers of triumph
+and derision."
+
+Hours later the schoolmaster was released by a passing traveller, who
+heard his cries. At once the enraged man hastened to Judge Tyler and
+told his story. "But the Judge, born and bred in the Revolutionary
+school, hated tyranny in any shape, and as he drew himself up to his
+full stature, he ... replied, in the language of Virginia's motto,
+_'Sic Semper Tyrannis_.'"
+
+At the age of twelve John entered the grammar school of William and
+Mary College at Williamsburg. There he had a good time, and he made a
+creditable showing in his classes. Yet that he did not advance in at
+least one study is evident from a letter written by his father in
+1807. He said:
+
+ "I can't help telling you how much I am mortified to find no
+ improvement in your handwriting; neither do you construct
+ your lines straight, which makes your letters look too
+ abominable. It is an easy thing to correct this fault, and
+ unless you do so, how can you be fit for law business?"
+
+Some years later, when Judge Tyler was Governor of Virginia, he
+announced impressively to John that Thomas Jefferson would be among
+the dinner guests on a certain day. "Be sure you have a good dinner,"
+the Governor added; for John was at the time in charge of the
+establishment. The future President asked himself, "What is the best
+thing for dinner?" "Plum pudding!" was the answer.
+
+The appointed time came. The company was seated at table. The first
+course was served. Then came a long wait.
+
+ "Suddenly a door flew open, and a negro servant appeared,
+ bearing, with both hands raised high above his head, a
+ smoking dish of plum pudding. Making a grand flourish, the
+ servant deposited it before Governor Tyler. Scarcely had he
+ withdrawn before another door flew open, and an attendant,
+ dressed exactly like the first, was seen bringing another
+ plum pudding, equally hot, which at a grave nod from John, he
+ placed before Mr. Jefferson. The Governor, who expected a
+ little more variety, turned to his son, who sat surveying the
+ puddings with tender interest, and exclaimed, in accents of
+ astonishment, 'Two plum puddings, John, two plum puddings!
+ Why, this is rather extraordinary!' 'Yes, sir,' said the
+ enterprising major domo, 'it is extraordinary; but' (and here
+ he rose and bowed deferentially to Mr. Jefferson) 'it is an
+ extraordinary occasion.'"
+
+In 1813, John Tyler married Letitia Christian. They did not make their
+home at Greenway, however. On the death of Judge Tyler the old house
+was sold, but it became the property of John Tyler in 1821. There he
+retired for the season of rest which he sorely needed after his
+strenuous years as a member of the House of Delegates, and
+Representative in Congress. During the intervals of his service as
+Governor and United States Senator he resided at the old home, but in
+1829 he sold the property, and removed to Gloucester County, to an
+estate which he took for debt. Eighteen years later, at the close of
+his presidential term, he returned, with his bride, the second Mrs.
+Tyler, to the county where he was born, having bought an estate of
+twelve hundred acres, three miles from Greenway, on the north side of
+the James, opposite Brandon. He tore down the old house on the estate,
+and built a house on the same plan, which, with its connected
+out-buildings, was more than two hundred feet long. He called his
+place "Sherwood Forest," with grim humor; for was he not an outlaw, in
+the opinion of the Whigs, just as really as was Robin Hood?
+
+Not long after the beginning of life at Sherwood Forest he was
+appointed overseer of the road on which his estate was located. Some
+claimed that this appointment was secured by the Whigs to humiliate
+him. But he refused to be humiliated. Instead he determined to be a
+good overseer and make the road the best in the State. All the men in
+the township were called, and they were kept at work day after day,
+as, according to law, he had a right to keep them. But it was harvest
+time, and the wheat was dead ripe. "The smiles that lately illuminated
+the countenances of the Whigs turned to dismay. The august justice who
+had made the appointment repaired to Mr. Tyler's house, and
+represented to him the state of things. Mr. Tyler replied that the law
+made it his duty to put the road in good order, and to keep it so. The
+Whigs expostulated. Mr. Tyler was firm. Then the justice begged him to
+resign, and let the hands go home. The ex-President said, 'Offices
+are hard to obtain in these times, and having no assurance that I can
+ever get another, I cannot think, under the circumstances, of
+resigning.'"
+
+One of the statesman's valued companions during these early years at
+Sherwood Forest was "General," the old horse which he had owned for
+many years. At length the horse died, and was buried in the grave at
+Sherwood Forest. On a wooden slab at the head of the grave the owner
+wrote:
+
+ "Here lieth the bones of my old horse, General, who served
+ his master faithfully for twenty-seven years, and never
+ blundered but once--would that his master could say the
+ same!"
+
+The last years of John Tyler's life witnessed the return of his
+popularity. Enemies became friends, and all rejoiced to do him honor.
+He was called to a number of honorable posts, and he was about to take
+his seat as a member of the House of Representatives of the
+Confederate Congress when he died, in Richmond, on January 18, 1862.
+
+
+ [Illustration: HANOVER COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA
+ _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+ See page 262]
+
+LVII
+
+TWO HISTORIC COURTHOUSES OF VIRGINIA
+
+OLD DOMINION COUNTY BUILDINGS AT HANOVER AND WILLIAMSBURG
+
+A momentous announcement appeared in the Williamsburg, Virginia,
+_Gazette_ on March 16, 1769:
+
+ "The Common Hall having this day determined to build a
+ commodious brick court-house in this city and having
+ appointed us to agree with and undertake to build the same,
+ we do hereby give notice that we shall meet at Mr. Hay's (the
+ Raleigh Tavern) on Tuesday, the 4th of April, to let the
+ building thereof; we are also appointed to dispose of the
+ present court-house, and the ground on which the same stands.
+ James Cock, John Carter, James Carter, John Tazewell."
+
+The building displaced by the new structure was erected in 1716 by
+William Levington, and was given to the city in 1745 by "the Gentlemen
+subscribers for the Play House."
+
+The stone steps on the new building, which are still in use, were
+brought from England in 1772. A copy of the letter in which William
+Wilson acknowledged their receipt is in a letter book preserved in the
+library of the Episcopal Seminary, near Alexandria.
+
+During the Revolution, the patriots were called together, from time to
+time, by the bell in the picturesque tower. It was fitting, then, that
+when American independence was celebrated at Williamsburg, on May 1,
+1783, the Courthouse was made the rallying place for the people. On
+receipt of official notice from Governor Benjamin Harrison that the
+treaty of peace had been signed, the mayor of Williamsburg prepared an
+"Order of the Procession on the Great Day," which closed with the
+following direction:
+
+ "The Citizens to be Conveyed on Thursday, at 1 o'clock at the
+ Court-House by a Bellman.
+
+ "After the convention of citizens they are to make
+ proclamation at the C: House, after which the Bells at the
+ Church, College, & Capitol are to ring in peal.
+
+ "From the Ct House the Citizens are to proceed to the
+ College, and make proclamation at that place, from whence
+ they are to proceed to the Capitol and make proclamation
+ there and from thence Proceed to the Raleigh (Tavern) & pass
+ the rest of the day."
+
+A frequent visitor to the Williamsburg Courthouse was the brilliant
+lawyer Patrick Henry, whose reputation as an orator was made long
+before he delivered his "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech at
+St. John's Church, Richmond.
+
+Some years before the Williamsburg Courthouse was erected, this orator
+made his first public speech, at Hanover Courthouse, a building that
+dates from 1735, in the celebrated suit of the clergy demanding the
+payment of their stipends in tobacco, according to law. In consequence
+of a short crop the price had increased, and they insisted that it was
+their right to have the advantage of the increase. Their case had been
+tried once and won. The attorney of the people thereupon withdrew, and
+Henry was engaged to appear for them in court.
+
+When the case was called, Rev. Patrick Henry was present, to the
+regret of his nephew. The lawyer sought his uncle and said that he
+feared he would be too much overawed by his presence to do his duty to
+his clients, and added that he would be compelled to say some "very
+hard things of the clergy." The minister thereupon entered his
+carriage, and drove away.
+
+William Wirt describes the scene at the opening of the case:
+
+ "On the bench sat more than twenty clergymen, the most
+ learned men in the Colony, and the most capable, as well as
+ the severest critics before whom it was possible for him to
+ have made his debut. The Court House was crowded with an
+ overwhelming multitude, and surrounded with an immense and
+ anxious throng, who, not finding room to enter, were
+ endeavoring to listen without, in the deepest attention. But
+ there was something still more awfully disconcerting than all
+ this; for in the chair of the presiding magistrate, sat no
+ other person than his own father....
+
+ "And now came on the first trial of Patrick Henry's strength.
+ No one had ever heard him speak, and curiosity was on tiptoe.
+ He rose very awkwardly, and faltered much in his exordium.
+ The people hung their heads at so unpromising a commencement;
+ the clergy were observed to exchange sly looks with each
+ other, and the father is described as having almost sunk with
+ confusion, from his seat. But these feelings were of short
+ duration, and soon gave place to others, of a very different
+ character.... The spirit of his genius awakened all his
+ features.... His action became graceful, bold, and
+ commanding; and in the tones of his voice, but more
+ especially in his emphasis, there was a peculiar charm, a
+ magic, of which any one who ever heard him will speak as soon
+ as he is named, but of which no one can give any adequate
+ description....
+
+ "The people, whose countenances had fallen as he arose, had
+ heard but very few sentences before they began to look up;
+ then to look at each other with surprise, as if doubting the
+ evidence of their own senses.... In less than twenty minutes,
+ they might be seen in every part of the house, on every
+ bench, in every window, stooping forward from their stands,
+ in deathlike silence.... The mockery of the clergy was soon
+ turned into alarm; their triumph into confusion and despair;
+ and at one burst of his rapid and overwhelming invective,
+ they fled from the bench in precipitation and terror. As for
+ the father, such was his surprise, such his amazement, such
+ his rapture, that, forgetting where he was, and the character
+ which he was filling, tears of ecstasy streamed down his
+ cheeks without the power or inclination to restrain them."
+
+The case was won. As soon as the verdict was announced the people
+seized the orator at the bar and bore him out of the courthouse. Then,
+raising him on their shoulders, they carried him about the yard.
+
+
+ [Illustration: ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND, VA.
+ _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+ See page 266]
+
+LVIII
+
+ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND
+
+WHERE PATRICK HENRY SAID, "GIVE ME LIBERTY, OR GIVE ME DEATH"
+
+In 1611 Sir Thomas Dale founded his town of Henricopolis, the second
+established settlement in Virginia. It was named in honor of Prince
+Henry, the eldest son of James I. A church was soon after built. The
+bounds of Henrico parish, to which it belonged, were quite large until
+1634, when the parish was made to include the present Chesterfield,
+Powhatan, and Goochland counties.
+
+Soon after the marriage of Pocahontas she moved to the plantation of
+her husband, John Rolfe, near Henricopolis, and they were both members
+of Henrico parish until they left Virginia.
+
+The written records of Henrico parish begin with 1730. At that time
+the principal church of the parish was on Curle's plantation, on the
+north side of the James, some miles below the present city of
+Richmond. Curle's church disappeared during the Civil War. The bowl of
+the baptismal font in St. John's Church, Richmond, is a relic of the
+old church. This was removed from the cellar of a house where it had
+been in use for beating hominy.
+
+Steps were taken in 1737 to build the present St. John's Church,
+because of the increase of population in Richmond. The first action
+was recorded as follows:
+
+ "At a Vestry held at Curls Church for Henrico parish ye 8th
+ day of October Anno Dom. 1737 for laying ye parish Levey--
+
+ "The Vestry do agree to build a Church on the most convenient
+ place at or near Thomas Williamsons in this parish to be
+ Sixty feet in Length and Twenty-five in Breadth and fourteen
+ feet pitch to be finished in a plain Manner After the Moddle
+ of Curls Church. And it is ordered that the Clerk do Set up
+ Advertisements of the particular parts of the Said Building
+ and of the time and place of undertaking the Same.... It is
+ ordered that the Collector do receive of every Tithable
+ person in this parish five pounds of Tobacco after the Usual
+ deduction to be apply'd towards building the New Church at
+ Williamsons."
+
+At a later meeting the location and the dimensions of the church were
+changed. Richmond was decided on, and it was stated that "Richard
+Randolph Gent undertakes the Said Building and engages to finish the
+Same by the Tenth day of June, which Shall be in the year of our Lord
+1741; for which the Vestry agrees to pay him the Sum of L317 10s.
+Current Money to be paid by the amount of the Sale of Twenty thousand
+pounds of Tob'o Annually to be Levyd on the parish and Sold here for
+Money till the whole payment be compleat."
+
+There is no record of the completion of the building, but probably it
+was finished at the appointed time. Since that date various additions
+have been made, yet it is possible to trace the lines of the original
+structure. The original pews are still in use, though they have been
+lowered. The hinges of the pew doors are handwrought. The wainscoting
+and the window sashes are those first put in. The original
+weather-boarding is still in place. It is fastened by nails whose
+heads are half an inch broad.
+
+For the new church there were imported from England:
+
+ "One Parsons Surples, a Pulpit Cushen and Cloth, two cloths
+ for Reading Desks, a Communion Table Cloth, and a Dozen of
+ Cushens--to be of good Purple Cloth, and the Surples good
+ Hollond, also Large Bible and four large Prayer Books."
+
+An entry in the vestry book on December 17, 1773, shows that the
+rector, Mr. Selden, received as salary 17,150 pounds of tobacco, worth
+L125. The clerk of the parish received 1,789 pounds of tobacco, or L13
+10s., the sexton had 536 pounds, or L3.10s.7d.
+
+Selden was chaplain of the Virginia Convention which met in the church
+March 20, 1775. At the closing session of this convention Patrick
+Henry "flashed the electric spark, which exploded the country in
+revolution," as Burton says in his history of Henrico Parish. This was
+the speech that closed:
+
+ "Gentlemen may cry peace, peace, but there is no peace. The
+ war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the
+ north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms!
+ Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand here idle?
+ What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life
+ so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price
+ of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God. I know not
+ what course others may take, but as for me, Give me liberty,
+ or give me death."
+
+Dr. Burton says that the orator "stood, according to tradition, near
+the present corner of the east transept and the nave, or more exactly,
+in pew 47, in the east aisle of the nave.... He faced the eastern wall
+of the transept, where were the two windows. In the more northern of
+these stood Colonel Edward Carrington. He broke the silence that
+followed the orator's burning words with the exclamation, 'Right here
+I wish to be buried!'"
+
+When the British took possession of Richmond in 1781, St. John's
+Church became a barracks for Arnold's men. And some of them stood on
+the spot where Patrick Henry spoke the words that had such large part
+in stirring up the people to drive all British soldiers from the
+Colonies.
+
+After the close of the war the diocese of Virginia was reorganized in
+the building, and plans were laid to overcome the difficulties that
+would soon come through the loss of the property of the Protestant
+Episcopal Church, which led Edmund Randolph, later Governor of
+Virginia and Secretary of State in Washington's Cabinet, to speak the
+famous words:
+
+ "Of what is the Church now possessed? Nothing but the glebes
+ and your affections."
+
+That the affections of the people are a better dependence than rich
+endowments in money has been shown by the later history of the church,
+the parish, and the diocese.
+
+
+ [Illustration: NELSON HOUSE, YORKTOWN, VA.
+ _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+ See page 270]
+
+LIX
+
+THE NELSON HOUSE AND THE MOORE HOUSE, YORKTOWN, VIRGINIA
+
+MADE MEMORABLE BY THE BATTLE OF YORKTOWN AND THE SURRENDER OF
+CORNWALLIS
+
+One day in 1740 a baby a little more than one year old, whose name was
+Thomas Nelson, stood by the side of his father, William Nelson, as the
+father was about to lay the foundation of his new home in York,
+Virginia. The babe had been stationed there that the brick for the
+corner might be placed in the little hands; then it could be said in
+later years that the babe had helped in the exercises of the day. The
+little fellow became a Signer of the Declaration of Independence, a
+General in the Revolutionary War, and Governor of Virginia.
+
+William Nelson was a merchant, who had invested his savings in land
+and had become quite wealthy. When his son was fourteen years old he
+was able to send him to Cambridge, England, to be educated. Nine years
+later the young man married Lucy Grymes of Brandon, and took up his
+residence in the house whose foundation he had helped to lay.
+
+For many years the home of the young people was noted for the
+hospitality shown there. Whenever the owner could leave his guests, he
+rode to his plantation near town. He kept a pack of hounds, which were
+frequently employed in fox hunting.
+
+When discontent against England became pronounced, he was a leader of
+the patriots. He was a member of the House of Burgesses of 1774 which
+was dissolved by Lord Dunmore because of the passage of a resolution
+against the Boston Port Bill, and he was one of the eighty-nine men
+who met next day at a tavern and took action that led to the first
+Continental Congress.
+
+On July 17, when the Convention of Virginia delegates gathered in
+Richmond decided to raise three regiments for home defence, Patrick
+Henry was named as commander of the first while Nelson was put in
+charge of the second.
+
+He was among the patriots who sat in the Continental Congress of 1775,
+1776, and 1777, and his name was signed to the Declaration of
+Independence. On August 16, 1777, he retired from public service
+because of failing health, but when, a little later, the Governor of
+Virginia, fearing the approach of the British fleet, asked him to
+serve as brigadier general and commander-in-chief of the forces of the
+State, he agreed, on condition that he be excused from accepting
+payment for his services.
+
+During the siege of Yorktown he was at the head of the militia. The
+sketch of his life as given by Sanderson in the "Biography of the
+Signers," says: "During the siege, observing his own house uninjured
+by the artillery of the American batteries he inquired the cause. A
+respect for his property, was assigned. Nelson ... requested that the
+artillerists would not spare his house more than any other, especially
+as he knew it to be occupied by the principal officers of the British
+Army. Two pieces were accordingly pointed against it. The first shot
+went through the house and killed two ... officers.... Other balls
+soon dislodged the hostile tenants." It is said that Nelson gave ten
+guineas reward to the man who fired the first shot.
+
+Again Thomas Nelson responded to the call of his State when in June,
+1781, he became Governor, succeeding Thomas Jefferson. Four months
+after the beginning of his term as chief executive of the State,
+George Washington, in general orders, said:
+
+ "The General would be guilty of the highest ingratitude, a
+ crime of which he hopes he shall never be accused, if he
+ forgot to return his sincere acknowledgments to his
+ excellency governor Nelson, for the succours which he
+ received from him and the militia under his command, to whose
+ activity, emulation, and bravery, the highest praises are
+ due. The magnitude of the acquisition will be ample
+ compensation for the difficulties and dangers which they met
+ with so much firmness and patriotism."
+
+Nelson's term as Governor was shortened by ill health. In November,
+1781, he was compelled to resign.
+
+But he was not permitted to rest. Attacks were made on him for certain
+courses taken during his term as Governor. When he asked and was given
+permission to defend himself before the State delegates, he was
+triumphantly acquitted of all blame. On December 31, 1781, this action
+was recorded:
+
+ "An act to indemnify THOMAS NELSON, JUNIOR, Esquire, late
+ governor of this commonwealth, and to legalize certain acts
+ of his administration. Whereas, upon examination, it appears
+ that previous to and during the siege of York, Thomas Nelson,
+ Esquire, late governor of this commonwealth, was compelled by
+ the peculiar circumstances of the state and army, to perform
+ many acts of government without the advice of the council of
+ state, for the purpose of procuring subsistence for the
+ allied army under the command of his excellency general
+ Washington; be it enacted that all such acts of government,
+ evidently productive of general good, and warranted by
+ necessity, be judged and held of the same validity, and the
+ like proceedings be had on them as if they had been executed
+ by and with the advice of the council, and with all the
+ formality prescribed by law. And be it enacted that the said
+ Thomas Nelson, jr., Esquire, be and he hereby is in the
+ fullest manner indemnified and exonerated from all penalties
+ and dangers which might have accrued to him from the same."
+
+Nelson lived more than seven years after this act approving his
+emergency actions. But three years were spent in comparative poverty.
+Most of his property was sold to satisfy the debts incurred by paying
+two regiments out of his own pocket, and by going security, with the
+State, for two million dollars needed to carry on the war. Sanderson
+says of these acts of generosity:
+
+ "He had spent a princely fortune in his country's service;
+ his horses had been taken from the plough, and sent to drag
+ the munitions of war; his granaries had been thrown open to a
+ starving soldiery, and his ample purse had been drained to
+ its last dollar, when the credit of Virginia could not bring
+ a sixpence into her treasury. Yet it was the widow of this
+ man who, beyond eighty years of age, blind, infirm, and poor,
+ had yet to learn whether republics can be grateful."
+
+On the simple gravestone in Yorktown, erected to the memory of the
+patriot, is this eloquent inscription:
+
+ Thomas Nelson,
+ Governor of Virginia.
+ He Gave All for Liberty.
+
+Not far from the grave is another historic house that should be named
+with the Nelson house. This is the Moore house, on Temple farm, then
+less than a mile from Yorktown. In this house, which was built in
+1713, the terms of the surrender of Cornwallis were drawn up. It was
+once the summer home of the colonial governor, Alexander Spottswood.
+
+
+LX
+
+THE JOHN MARSHALL HOUSE, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
+
+WHERE THE CHIEF JUSTICE CARED FOR HIS WIFE AND ENTERTAINED HIS FRIENDS
+
+An old book, "Richmond in By Gone Days," says that John Marshall was
+noted in Richmond for his unpretending manner. "His dress was plain
+even to negligence. He marketed for himself and might be seen at an
+early hour returning home with a pair of fowls, or a basket of eggs in
+his hand, not with ostentatious humility, but for mere convenience."
+
+It is related by Flanders that Marshall "was one morning strolling
+through the streets of Richmond, attired in a plain linen roundabout
+and shorts, with his hat under his arm, from which he was eating
+cherries, when he stopped in the porch of the Eagle Hotel, indulged in
+some little pleasantry with the landlord, and then passed on." Just
+then a man from the country, who wished a lawyer to appear for him in
+court, was referred by the landlord to Marshall, as the best advocate
+he could have, but the countryman declined to have anything to do with
+the careless young man. In court he asked the clerk for a lawyer, and
+was once more recommended to take John Marshall. Again he refused.
+Just then a dignified old man in powdered wig and black coat entered.
+He was at once engaged, on his appearance. After a time the
+inferiority of the black-coated lawyer was so apparent that the
+countryman sought Marshall, told him of the mistake he had made, said
+that he had left but five dollars of the one hundred dollars he had
+set aside for lawyers' fees, and asked Marshall if he would assist on
+the case. The lawyer laughingly agreed.
+
+In 1781, when Marshall was twenty-five years old, he walked from
+Virginia to Philadelphia, to be inoculated for smallpox. "He walked at
+the rate of thirty-five miles a day. On his arrival, such was his
+shabby appearance, that he was refused admission into one of the
+hotels; his long beard, and worn-out garments, probably suggesting the
+idea that his purse was not adequate to his entertainment. And this in
+the city which had seen much of the young man's heroic services during
+the Revolution!"
+
+Before the close of the war, while visiting his father, Colonel
+Marshall, who was the commanding officer at Yorktown, Virginia, he met
+Mary Willis Ambler, a daughter of Jacqueline Ambler, the treasurer of
+Virginia. "She was just fourteen years of age at the time, and it is
+stated to have been a case of love at first sight." Even when Marshall
+called to see her he was not prepossessing in appearance, yet he was
+well received, "notwithstanding his slouched hat, and negligent and
+awkward dress," for his amiable manners, fine talents, and especially
+his love for poetry, which he read to them with deep pathos, led them
+to forget his dress.
+
+The young people were married on January 3, 1783. After paying the fee
+of the minister, the groom's sole remaining fortune was a guinea!
+
+Mrs. Marshall was for many years a nervous invalid. Bishop Meade says,
+"The least noise was sometimes agony to her whole frame, and his
+perpetual endeavor was to keep the house and yard and out-houses from
+the slightest cause of distressing her; walking himself at times about
+the house and yard without shoes." The attitude of the people of
+Richmond to the husband and wife is shown by the fact that "on one
+occasion, when she was in her most distressing state, the town
+authorities manifested their great respect for him and sympathy for
+her, by having either the town clock or town bell muffled."
+
+On his marriage John Marshall took his wife to one of the best houses
+then available in the village of Richmond, a two-room frame building.
+In 1789 he bought two acres of ground on Shockoe Hill, and here, in
+1793, he built a nine-room brick house. One of the rooms was a large
+apartment, in which he gave his famous "lawyer dinners."
+
+When Marshall was not in Washington, he lived in this comfortable
+house, which was near the home of his father-in-law. He had also a
+farm a few miles from Richmond. Bishop Meade says that one morning,
+between daybreak and sunrise, he met Marshall on horseback. He had a
+bag of clover seed lying before him, which he was carrying to his
+farm.
+
+An English traveller who spent a week in Richmond in 1835 gave his
+impression of the Richmond home:
+
+ "The house is small, and more humble in appearance than those
+ of the average of successful lawyers and merchants. I called
+ there three times upon him; there is no bell to the door.
+ Once I turned the handle of it and walked in unannounced; on
+ the other two occasions he had seen me coming, and had lifted
+ the latch and received me at the door, although he was at the
+ time suffering from severe contusions received in the stage
+ while travelling on the road from Fredericksburg to
+ Richmond."
+
+Chief Justice Marshall frequently attended the Monumental Church. The
+narrow pews troubled him, for he was quite tall. "Not finding room
+enough for his whole body within the pew, he used to take his seat
+nearest the door of his pew, and, throwing it open, let his legs
+stretch a little into the aisle."
+
+The death of his wife was a great grief to him. "Never can I cease to
+feel the loss and to deplore it," he wrote on December 25, 1832, the
+anniversary of her death. "Grief for her is too sacred ever to be
+profaned on this day, which shall be, during my existence, marked by a
+recollection of her virtues."
+
+He survived Mrs. Marshall less than five years. In June, 1835, he went
+to Dr. Physic in Philadelphia, seeking relief for a disability that
+had been aggravated by the road accident of which the English visitor
+wrote, as already quoted. There he died, July 6, 1835. On July 4 he
+wrote the inscription which he wished placed above his grave:
+
+ "John Marshall, son of Thomas and Mary Marshall, was born on
+ the 24th of September, 1755, intermarried with Mary Willis
+ Ambler the 3rd of January, 1783, departed this life the ----
+ day of ---- 18 ---- ."
+
+The Marshall house is now in possession of the Society for the
+Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, having been purchased a few
+years ago from the Misses Harvie, the granddaughters of Chief Justice
+Marshall. They had lived in the house until they sold it to the city
+of Richmond.
+
+
+ [Illustration: WESTOVER ON THE JAMES, VIRGINIA
+ _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+ See page 278]
+
+LXI
+
+FIVE OLD HOUSES OF TIDEWATER, VIRGINIA
+
+SABINE HALL, WESTOVER, SHIRLEY, BRANDON, AND CARTER'S GROVE
+
+The five houses mentioned briefly in this chapter are noteworthy, not
+only because of their beauty, but because the stories of those who
+lived in them show how the leading families of old Virginia
+intermarried until the various relationships became a puzzle that
+delights the genealogist.
+
+On the Rappahannock, in Richmond County, Virginia, Landon Carter, son
+of Robert ("King") Carter, the ancestor of the Carter family of
+Virginia, built Sabine Hall in 1730. He was a great lover of the works
+of Horace, and it was quite natural that he should adopt for his
+mansion the name of the Roman poet's Sabine Farm.
+
+Until his death in 1778 he was a recognized leader in both Church and
+State. Robert A. Lancaster quotes an unnamed writer who says that he
+was "a high-minded public servant and a finished scholar, indulging a
+taste for science and a love for letters," and was considered "one of
+the most notable of the pre-Revolutionary statesmen of the Colony,"
+and was "looked up to by the younger generation as a Nestor among his
+compatriots." He was a friend of Washington, and received many letters
+from him, some of which have been preserved.
+
+Landon Carter's second wife was Maria Byrd, of Westover. Her portrait,
+as well as those of the other two wives, the husband and "King"
+Carter, are hanging to-day on the walls of Sabine Hall. The estate of
+four thousand acres descended to his son by his third marriage with
+Elizabeth Beale, Robert Wormeley Carter, who was a member of the
+Virginia Assembly. The property is still in the possession of the
+descendants of the original owner.
+
+Westover, where Landon Carter courted Maria Byrd, is on the James in
+Charles City County, not far south of Sabine Hall. The mansion was
+built in the same year as Sabine Hall, 1730, by William Byrd, II,
+whose father came from England about 1674.
+
+William Byrd, of Westover, was famous as a literary man and as a
+statesman. At one time he was President of His Majesty's Council. But
+perhaps his greatest fame came to him because he was the father of
+Evelyn Byrd, who was a reigning belle. When, at the age of eighteen,
+she was presented at Court, it was reported that the king of England
+complimented her by saying he was glad Virginia could produce such
+"beautiful Byrds."
+
+Evelyn's brother, William Byrd, III, was the heir of the estate. He
+married Elizabeth Hill Carter, of Shirley, a neighboring estate. He
+was a member of the Virginia Council and attained distinction by his
+service as a colonel in the French and Indian War.
+
+During the siege of Yorktown some of the French officers made frequent
+visits to Westover. One of them, Marquis de Chastellux, said that
+this was the most beautiful place in America.
+
+Two armies have halted at Westover. In April, 1781, Cornwallis passed
+that way, and, during the Civil War McClellan's army camped on the
+grounds. A war-time picture shows something of the havoc wrought by
+the soldiers.
+
+When Elizabeth Hill Carter, of Shirley, came to Westover, she gave up
+one beautiful home for another. Her father's Charles City County
+mansion was probably built late in the seventeenth century, though the
+exact date is not known. One of the estate's claims to distinction is
+that it has never been offered for sale. Colonel Edward Hill, the
+builder, Colonel Edward Hill, II, his son, and Colonel Edward Hill,
+III, his grandson, were leaders in the life of the county. At the
+death of Colonel Hill, III, his sister, Elizabeth Hill, became heir to
+the estate. She married John Carter, of Corotoman, son of Robert
+("King") Carter, who was Secretary of the Colony. It was his daughter
+who married William Byrd, III, of Westover. Her brother, Charles
+Carter, who was a patriot of prominence, was the father-in-law of
+Light Horse Harry Lee, and the grandfather of General Robert E. Lee.
+
+Carter's Grove, another seat of the Carter family, is also on the
+James, in Charles City County, not far from Shirley. The builder was
+Carter Burwell, and the house dates from 1751. The work was done by
+slaves, under the direction of a foreman who received L140 for his
+work. In the construction of the house 25,000 feet of lumber, 40,000
+shingles, 15,000 laths, and 460,000 bricks were used. The total cost
+was only L500.
+
+Carter Burwell was the son of Elizabeth, daughter of Robert ("King")
+Carter, who married Colonel Nathaniel Burwell.
+
+Across the James, in Prince George County, is Brandon, whose builder
+was Nathaniel Harrison. The house dates from early in the eighteenth
+century. His son, also Nathaniel Harrison, married, as his second
+wife, Lucy the daughter of Robert ("King") Carter of Corotoman.
+Benjamin Harrison, the son by the first wife, Mary Digges, married
+Evelyn Taylor Byrd, of Westover. When she went to Brandon she took
+with her the Byrd portraits, which are to-day one of the attractions
+of the mansion.
+
+Brandon has always been in the possession of descendants of the
+original owner.
+
+
+ [Illustration: GUNSTON HALL ON THE POTOMAC, VIRGINIA
+ _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+ See page 281]
+
+LXII
+
+GUNSTON HALL, VIRGINIA
+
+THE HOME OF GEORGE MASON, "THE PEN OF THE REVOLUTION IN VIRGINIA"
+
+Four miles from Mt. Vernon, on the Potomac, is the well-preserved
+mansion, Gunston Hall, built in 1758 by George Mason, the
+great-grandson of George Mason, who fled to America after the Battle
+of Worcester, where he was in arms against the king of England. The
+first mention of the name of this George Mason occurs in the Virginia
+patent of land which he secured in March, 1655.
+
+George Washington and George Mason were not only near neighbors, but
+they were warm friends. Frequently Washington drove to Gunston Hall
+for a talk with Mason; or sometimes he floated down the stream in his
+four-oared gig, manned by his own slaves. Sometimes the men roamed
+together through the woods or the fields; on one of these walks they
+sought to define the boundaries between their estates.
+
+Gifts of various kinds passed back and forth between the two manors;
+one day in 1785, when Mason was driven from Mt. Vernon in Washington's
+carriage, he sent back by the driver some young shoots of the Persian
+jessamine and Guelder rose.
+
+A few days later a hogshead of cider was broached at Gunston Hall, and
+a liberal sample was sent to Washington. A note dated "9th November,
+1785," addressed to Washington, begins, "The bearer waits on you with
+a side of venison (the first we have killed this season), which I beg
+your acceptance of."
+
+At one time both Washington and Mason were members of the vestry of
+Truro parish. Washington's list of the vestrymen shows that his friend
+was elected by two hundred and eighty-two votes, while he himself
+received but fifty-one votes.
+
+Mason was as often at Mt. Vernon as Washington was at Gunston Hall.
+After a visit made on Christmas Day, 1783, one of the other guests,
+Miss Lewis, of Fredericksburg, wrote:
+
+ "Among the most notable of the callers was Mr. George Mason,
+ of Gunston Hall, who was on his way home from Alexandria, and
+ who brought a charming granddaughter with him.... He is said
+ to be one of the greatest statesmen and wisest men in
+ Virginia. We had heard much of him and were delighted to look
+ in his face, hear him speak, and take his hand, which he
+ offered in a courtly manner. He is slight in figure, but
+ not tall, and has a grand head and clear gray eyes."
+
+To the home of George Mason other men of note delighted to come. In
+the guest room Jefferson and Richard Henry Lee, as well as Washington,
+slept more than once. Patrick Henry, too, was a welcome visitor at
+Gunston Hall. George Mason had as high an opinion of the orator as
+Patrick Henry had of the statesman. "He is by far the most powerful
+speaker I ever heard," Mason once said of Henry; "every word he says
+not only engages but commands the attention; and your passions are no
+longer your own when he addresses them. But his eloquence is the
+smallest part of his merit. He is in my opinion the first man upon
+this continent, as well in abilities as public virtues, and had he
+lived in Rome about the time of the first Punic War, when the Roman
+people had arrived at their meridian glory and their virtue not
+tarnished, Mr. Henry's talents must have put him at the head of that
+glorious commonwealth."
+
+The orator returned the compliment by calling Mason one of the two
+greatest statesmen he ever knew.
+
+George Mason's statesmanlike vision was seen in 1766, when he warned
+the British public of the results that would follow coercion. "Three
+millions of people driven to desperation are not an object of
+contempt," he wrote. Again he proved a good prophet when he wrote to
+George Washington, on April 2, 1776, after the General took possession
+of Boston:
+
+ "I congratulate you most heartily upon this glorious and
+ important event--an event which will render George
+ Washington's name immortal in the annals of America, endear
+ his memory to the latest posterity, and entitle him to those
+ thanks which heaven appointed as the reward of public
+ virtue."
+
+Mason was of a retiring disposition, and he would have preferred to
+remain at home. But he was forced into the councils of the Virginia
+Convention, and during his service there he prepared the marvellous
+Bill of Rights which was later made a part of the Constitution of that
+State and was the model for similar documents in many other States. He
+was also the author of the Constitution of Virginia, and the designer
+of the State seal. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention in
+Philadelphia, where he proved himself "the champion of the State and
+the author of the doctrine of State Rights." Because the Constitution
+as finally drafted by the convention contained so many provisions that
+he felt were dangerous, he refused to sign the document, "declaring
+that he would sooner chop off his right hand than put it to the
+Constitution" whose provisions he could not approve.
+
+After the Constitutional Convention for more than four years the
+statesman lived quietly at Gunston Hall. When he died in October,
+1792, he asked to be buried by the side of his first wife, whose death
+in 1773 had been a grievous blow to him. Over her tomb he had
+inscribed:
+
+ "Once She was all that cheers and sweetens Life;
+ The tender Mother, Daughter, Friend and Wife:
+ Once She was all that makes Mankind adore;
+ Now view the Marble, and be vain no more."
+
+No monument was ever raised over his own grave. A grandson planned to
+set a stone inscribed to "The Author of the Bill of Rights and the
+Constitution of Virginia," but he was unable to do as he wished.
+
+Gunston Hall still stands, though it has passed through many hands
+since the death of him whom George Esten Cooke called "one of the most
+remarkable men, not only of his Country, and of his epoch, but of all
+Countries and all time."
+
+
+ [Illustration: WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING, LEXINGTON, VA.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 285]
+
+LXIII
+
+THE WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING, LEXINGTON, VIRGINIA
+
+HOW GEORGE WASHINGTON SOLVED A DELICATE PROBLEM
+
+Even before the treaty of peace with Great Britain was signed, George
+Washington was making plans for the development of the West. He was
+especially impressed with the possibilities of the Potomac and James
+rivers, if improved by canals, as a means of communication with the
+Ohio. Companies were organized to the work. In both enterprises he was
+a stockholder. On August 13, 1785, he wrote to Edmund Randolph:
+
+ "The great object for the accomplishment of which I wish to
+ see the inland navigation of the River Potomack and James
+ improved and extended is to connect the western territory
+ with the Atlantic states.... I have already subscribed five
+ shares to the Potomack navigation; and enclosed I give you a
+ power to put my name down for five shares to that of James
+ River."
+
+In 1785 Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, wrote to Washington that
+the General Assembly of the State had voted to give him one hundred
+shares in the James River Company, "it being their wish, in
+particular, that those great works of improvement, which, both as
+springing from the liberty which he has been so instrumental in
+establishing, and as encouraged by his patronage, will be durable
+monuments of his glory, may be made monuments also of the gratitude of
+his country."
+
+Washington replied that he could not accept money for his services to
+his country. Then he added: "But if it should please the General
+Assembly to permit me to turn the destination of the fund vested in
+me, from my private emolument, to objects of a public nature, it will
+be my study in selecting these to prove the sincerity of my gratitude
+for the honor conferred on me, by preferring such as may appear most
+subservient to the enlightened and patriotic views of the
+legislature."
+
+Of course the legislature granted the desired permission, indicating
+that the gifts might be made either during Washington's life, or by
+bequest.
+
+Some years passed before Washington fixed on a proper recipient for
+the canal shares. In 1798, however, he gave them to the trustees of
+Liberty Academy, at Lexington, Virginia, which had been incorporated
+in 1782. In recognition of the gift the trustees asked the legislature
+to change the name of the school to Washington Academy. In 1813 the
+name was once more changed to Washington College.
+
+This, the first large gift received by the institution, is still
+yielding an income of three thousand dollars. During many times of
+crisis the income provided in this way has been of signal use to the
+institution, notably in 1824, when the Washington College building was
+begun. This structure is two hundred and fifty feet long, is built of
+brick, and each of its three porticoes is supported by white colonial
+columns.
+
+For more than seventy-five years after Washington turned over the
+canal shares, the institution's sole endowment amounted to only about
+one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. The seventy thousand dollars
+added to the canal shares came from sources that were influenced by
+Washington's confidence in the institution.
+
+The beginning of the larger life of the college was the election of
+General Robert E. Lee as president. The keynote of his five years of
+service was sounded in the letter which he wrote to the trustees on
+receiving notification of his election. He feared that, in view of his
+military history, he might cause harm to the college. He was never
+greater than when he said:
+
+ "I think it is the duty of every citizen, in the present
+ condition of the country, to do all in his power to aid in
+ the restoration of peace and harmony, and in no way to oppose
+ the policy of the State or General Government directed to
+ that object. It is particularly incumbent upon those charged
+ with the instruction of the young to set them an example of
+ submission to authority, and I would not consent to be the
+ cause of animadversion on the College."
+
+Following the death of General Lee, which came after five years of
+remarkable development under his leadership, the name of Washington
+College was changed to Washington and Lee University, that it might
+continue forever a memorial to its two greatest benefactors.
+
+
+ [Illustration: BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, VA.
+ _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+ See page 288]
+
+LXIV
+
+BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA
+
+"THE COURT CHURCH OF COLONIAL VIRGINIA"
+
+Jamestown was the capital of Virginia until 1699. Then Williamsburg
+became the seat of government. Six years earlier the latter town had
+taken on some importance because of the founding there of William and
+Mary College, and for more than sixty years efforts had been made to
+persuade the people to make their homes in the place. The records of
+the Colony show that in 1632 rewards were offered to those who would
+locate in what seemed a promising situation for a town.
+
+The date of the building of the first church in Williamsburg is not
+known. The first entry in the vestry book of Bruton parish was made in
+April, 1674, but the parish dates from 1658. In that year Harrop and
+Middle Plantation parishes were united, though the new parish was not
+called Bruton for some time. The name was given because Sir James
+Ludwell, who afterward left a legacy of twenty pounds to the parish,
+was born in Bruton, England.
+
+A building (that it was not the first is shown by the mention in the
+records of the Old Church) was completed in 1683, and the first
+service was held on January 6, 1684. The cost was "L150 sterling and
+sixty thousand pounds of good sound, marketable sweet, scented
+Tobacco." The minister, "Mr. Rowland Jones," was "paid annually ye
+sum of sixteen thousand, six hundred and sixty pounds of Tobacco and
+Caske."
+
+The removal of the capital to Williamsburg brought so many new people
+to town that the church became too small for the congregation. In 1701
+the parish records show that there was talk of a new building.
+
+On October 1, 1706, the vestry decided to levy a tax of twenty
+thousand pounds of Tobacco as a beginning of the building fund. Four
+years later the members of the vestry made known their hope that the
+House of Burgesses would assist in the expense, which, they thought,
+would be about five hundred pounds. To the Burgesses a message was
+sent indicating that the vestry "do not doubt in the least but the
+House of Burgesses would show their Pious and Generous Spirits by
+their Liberall Donation towards soe Necessary and good a worke and
+that they would assure them to the best of their Judgment they would
+appropriate the same according to the true Intent thereof."
+
+The Burgesses offered "to take Care of the wings and intervening
+parts," if the vestry would build the ends of the church. They also
+agreed to build the pews for the Governor, the Council, and
+themselves. With their help, the building was completed and occupied
+in 1715. The tower was added in 1769.
+
+Rev. James Blair, who was minister of Bruton parish at the time of the
+erection of the new building, had been instrumental in organizing
+William and Mary College. The early history of that institution is
+bound up with that of the church. Some of the most notable conflicts
+between Church and State in the old Colony took place during the years
+of Mr. Blair's activity. He died in 1743, after serving the church as
+minister for thirty-three years, William and Mary College as
+President for fifty years, and the Colony as Commissioner for
+fifty-three years.
+
+Among the famous names on the vestry rolls are those of Henry Tyler,
+great-great-grandfather of President Tyler, who was first mentioned on
+"The Seaventh day of April, 1694," and George Wythe, one of the
+Signers of the Declaration of Independence. Patrick Henry, and George
+Washington later worshipped with the congregation.
+
+When Virginia was about to go to war with Great Britain, the House of
+Burgesses, on May 24, 1774, ordered that "the members of the House do
+attend in their places, at the hour of ten in the morning, on the
+first day of June next, in order to proceed with the Speaker and the
+mace, to the church," for fasting, humiliation, and prayer. During the
+Revolution the members of the church were noted for their loyalty to
+the Colonies.
+
+To-day the building is about as it was during the troubled days of the
+war. No change has been made in the exterior, but in 1839 the interior
+was changed in many important particulars. In 1905, however, it was
+restored as before. The pulpit was put in the old place. The canopy
+and curtain which had long stood above the pew of Governor Spotswood,
+were found and again put in position. King Edward VII gave the new
+pulpit Bible, and President Roosevelt provided the lectern.
+
+
+LXV
+
+WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA
+
+THE ALMA MATER OF THOMAS JEFFERSON, JAMES MONROE, AND JOHN TYLER
+
+Three years before John Harvard left a legacy for the founding of the
+college that bears his name, the first bequest for public education
+made by a resident of Virginia was recorded, though this was used for
+a secondary school, rather than for a college.
+
+The project of a college, proposed in 1617 and 1618 by the London
+Company, and in 1619 at the first session of the General Assembly,
+languished until 1685, when Rev. James Blair came to the Colony as a
+missionary and settled in Henrico County, where it had been proposed
+to found the college sixty-eight years earlier. For five years he
+brooded over the need of a college and in 1690 he made to a convention
+at Jamestown "Severall Propositions for a free school and college, to
+be humbly presented to the consideration of the next general
+assembly." Later, by authority of the Assembly, Dr. Blair appealed to
+the Merchants of London, "especially such as traffick with Virginia,"
+and three thousand pounds were pledged.
+
+On the occasion of Dr. Blair's visit to England in 1691, he had an
+audience with King William, at which he presented the petition for "a
+charter to erect a free school and college." The king replied, "Sir, I
+am glad that the Colony is upon so good a design, and will promote it
+to the best of my power." Queen Mary also showed her interest in the
+college.
+
+To the endowment in lands and taxes provided by royal order, Dr. Blair
+secured an appreciable addition in an ingenious manner. Learning that,
+some time before his arrival, the authorities had promised forgiveness
+to pirates who, before a set day, should confess their crimes and give
+up a portion of their booty, and that three famous pirates had come in
+after the appointed day, so that they were arrested, he visited them
+in jail and offered to use his influence in their behalf, if they
+would consent to give to the college a portion of their booty. They
+gladly agreed; Dr. Blair's efforts were successful, and they were
+given their liberty together with their treasure, minus the promised
+gift to the Virginia College. Another much larger gift was secured
+from the executor of an estate which held money devised indefinitely
+for "pious and charitable uses." The income from this portion of the
+endowment was to be used "to keep as many Indian children in meat,
+drink, washing, clothes, medicine, books and education, from the first
+beginning of letters till they should be ready to receive orders and
+be sent abroad to convert the Indians."
+
+In connection with the charter for "the College of William and Mary,"
+which was dated February 8, 1693, authority was given to use the seal
+described as follows: "On a green field a college building of silver,
+with a golden sun, showing half its orb, rising above it." This is
+said to be the sole instance of a college, either English or American,
+which has a seal of such high origin.
+
+Sir Christopher Wren, the designer of St. Paul's Cathedral, made the
+plan for the original building, which was to be two stories and a half
+high, one hundred and thirty-six feet long, and forty feet wide, and
+with two wings sixty feet long and twenty-five feet wide. In 1697 it
+was reported to the governor of the province that the front and north
+side of the proposed rectangle had been completed at Williamsburg, and
+that funds were exhausted. The walls were more than three feet thick
+at the base, and contained 840,000 bricks, the product of a brickyard
+nearby.
+
+For some years subscriptions were paid slowly, and interest in the
+college languished, but conditions improved when King William sent to
+Governor Nicholson a proclamation urging him "Yt you call upon ye
+persons yt have promised to contribute towards ye maintenance of ye
+sd college, to pay in full the severall Contributions."
+
+The first of the disasters that have visited the main building came in
+1705, when the interior was burned. The college was rebuilt on the old
+walls, as was the case after the fire of 1859. Thus, after much more
+than two hundred years, the venerable building looks almost as it did
+when the first students entered its doors. A number of other
+structures have been erected since, including the Brafferton building
+in 1723, the house now occupied by the president, which dates from
+1732, and the chapel, begun in 1729. Interest must always centre about
+the central structure, however.
+
+During the Revolution the president was James Madison, second cousin
+of the future President of the United States. The president's house
+was occupied by Cornwallis in 1781. After his surrender French
+officers lived there. During their occupancy the house was badly
+damaged by fire, but it was repaired at the expense of the French
+Army.
+
+Three events of the years of the war are of special moment in the
+history of higher education in America. On December 5, 1776, the Phi
+Beta Kappa Society, the first intercollegiate fraternity in the United
+States, was organized. On December 4, 1779, the college was made a
+university, the first in the country, and the same year marked the
+beginning of the Honor System of college government which worked such
+a revolution in other colleges more than a century later. When Thomas
+Jefferson, who was a student at William and Mary in 1760-62, founded
+the University of Virginia, the Honor System was successfully
+inaugurated in the new institution.
+
+Other famous men who have been connected with William and Mary
+included George Washington, who was chancellor in 1794; Chief Justice
+John Marshall, student in 1779; Secretary of State Edmund Randolph,
+student in 1766; James Monroe, student in 1775. John Tyler was also
+educated there. It is a remarkable fact that the presidents who are
+responsible for adding to the original territory of the country
+Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and most of the western territory, were
+products of William and Mary.
+
+
+ [Illustration: MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, VA.
+ _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+ See page 294]
+
+LXVI
+
+THE MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
+
+ON THE SITE OF A THEATRE WHOSE BURNING MOVED THE ENTIRE COUNTRY
+
+ "Last night the playhouse in this city was crowded with an
+ unusual audience. There could not have been less than 600
+ persons in the house. Just before the conclusion of the
+ play, the scenery caught fire, and in a few minutes the whole
+ building was wrapt in flames. It is already ascertained that
+ 61 persons were devoured by that most terrific element. The
+ Editor of this paper was in the house when the
+ ever-to-be-remembered, deplorable accident occurred. He is
+ informed that the scenery took fire in the back part of the
+ house, by raising of a chandelier; that the boy, who was
+ ordered by some of the players to raise it, stated, that if
+ he did so, the scenery would take fire, when he was commanded
+ in a peremptory manner, to hoist it. The boy obeyed, and the
+ fire was instantly communicated to the scenery."
+
+This story the editor of the Richmond (Virginia) _American Standard_
+told in the columns of his paper on Friday, December 27, 1811. He
+added the fact that among those who perished were the Governor of the
+State, as well as many of the leaders in the business and social life
+of the city.
+
+By order of the city council the remains of the victims were buried on
+the site of the burned building, which was bought for the purpose. At
+the same time it was ordered that "no person or persons should be
+permitted for and during the time of four months ... to exhibit any
+public show or spectacle ... within the city."
+
+By ordinance it was also decreed that a monument should be erected on
+the site. Later it was suggested that there should be built there, by
+public subscription, "an edifice to be set apart and consecrated for
+the worship of God," and that this should be the monument.
+
+Accordingly, on August 1, 1812, the corner stone of the Monumental
+Church was laid, the lot having been purchased by the city for $5,000.
+The building was consecrated as a Protestant Episcopal church in May,
+1814. In April, 1815, the subscribers to the fund for the building,
+who had organized under the title, "The Association for building a
+Church on Shockoe Hill," were notified that one-half of their
+subscription money would be returned to them on application at the
+Bank of Virginia.
+
+In the middle of the front or main porch of the church a white marble
+monument was erected to the memory of the victims of the fire.
+
+To the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal church, which
+assembled in Philadelphia on May 18, 1814, report was made that "a
+magnificent church has sprung up in Richmond from the ashes of the
+Theatre; it has the patronage and support of men of the greatest
+talents and highest rank in Virginia."
+
+Among the communicants of the Monumental Church have been numbered
+many of the most prominent men in the Virginia capital, and men famous
+in the early history of the country were attendants from time to time.
+In February, 1824, General Lafayette worshipped in the building.
+
+
+LXVII
+
+MONTPELIER, ORANGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA
+
+THE LIFELONG HOME OF JAMES MADISON
+
+James Madison was born at the residence of his mother's parents, at
+Port Conway, Prince George County, Virginia, but before long he was
+taken to his father's house, Montpelier, which was the first brick
+house built in Orange County. And Montpelier continued to be his home
+to the day of his death. Much of his life was spent in Washington, but
+his heart was always turning to the old Virginia plantation where he
+had spent his boyhood, and he took advantage of every possible
+opportunity to go there for a longer or shorter visit.
+
+The distance to Shadwell, where Thomas Jefferson lived as a boy, was
+only thirty miles, but these two who were to have such a large place
+in the early history of America, did not meet until Madison was
+seventeen years old. Then lost time was made up. For many years the
+road between Montpelier and the home of Jefferson became quite
+familiar to the friends.
+
+In the years before he went to college Madison roamed at will over the
+twenty-five hundred acres of the Montpelier estate. He walked and
+rode, he hunted and fished, he learned to take delight in the quiet
+scenery of that beautiful Blue Ridge country. His tutor, who lived on
+the estate, was his companion on his expeditions.
+
+It was probably due to this outdoor life that his health was so much
+better in Virginia than it was at the College of New Jersey (Princeton
+College). Soon after he graduated in 1771 he returned to Montpelier,
+somewhat broken by reason of overwork and lack of exercise. To a
+college friend in Philadelphia he wrote rather pessimistically:
+
+ "I am too tired and infirm now to look for extraordinary
+ things in this world, for I think my sensations for many
+ months have intimated to me not to expect a long or a healthy
+ life, though it may be better for me after some time; but I
+ hardly dare expect it, and therefore have little spirit or
+ elasticity to set about anything that is difficult in
+ acquiring and useless in possessing after one has exchanged
+ time for eternity."
+
+He was right in thinking that he was not to have a healthy life, but
+he was wrong in thinking it was to be neither long nor eventful. For
+more than sixty years after he wrote the letter from which quotation
+has been made, he was energetic and devoted in the service of his
+country. In May, 1776, he entered the Virginia Convention, thus
+beginning the career that led him to eight years in the White House.
+And after he retired from the Presidency much of his time and thought
+was given to the affairs of the nation. During all these years the
+thought of his Virginia home gave him new strength in the midst of his
+tasks.
+
+That home meant more to him than ever when, in September, 1794, he
+entered the doors of Montpelier with his bride, Dorothy Todd, the
+young Philadelphia widow whom he had married at Harewood, Virginia.
+
+The estate was still the property of Mr. Madison's father, and both
+his father and mother continued to live there. Before long the house
+was enlarged. The rooms so long occupied by the old people were made a
+part of the new mansion.
+
+The two families lived together in perfect harmony. The father lived
+to see his son President of the United States, and the mother was
+ninety-eight when she died. William O. Stoddard, in his "Life of James
+Madison," says that "she kept up the old-fashioned ways of
+housekeeping; waited upon by her servants who grew old and faded away
+with her. She divided her time between her Bible and her knitting, all
+undisturbed by the modern hours, the changed customs, or the elegant
+hospitality of the mansion house itself. She was a central point in
+the life of her distinguished son, and the object of his most devoted
+care to the end of her days."
+
+For Mr. and Mrs. Madison, real life at Montpelier began in 1817, after
+the close of the stirring period in the White House. They did not have
+much opportunity to be alone, for guests delighted to come to them,
+and they liked to have others with them, yet they managed to secure a
+wonderful amount of joy out of the years spent "within a squirrel's
+jump of heaven," to use Dolly Madison's expressive phrase.
+
+Among the guests were intimate friends like Jefferson, who was almost
+a member of the family. Lafayette, too, found his way to the estate,
+while Harriet Martineau told in her "Recollections" of her pleasant
+sojourn there. Frequently strangers who were on the way to the
+Virginia Hot Springs took the five-mile detour merely to reach
+Montpelier, and they were always made welcome.
+
+The dining-room was large, but there were sometimes so many guests
+that the table had to be set out of doors. Mr. Madison wrote in 1820
+of one such occasion: "Yesterday we had ninety persons to dine with us
+at our table, fixed on the lawn, under a large arbor.... Half a dozen
+only staid all night."
+
+After a visit to her parents that was broken into by the presence of
+guests, a daughter of the house complained to her husband that she had
+not been able to pass one sociable moment with her father. His reply
+was sympathetic: "Nobody can ever have felt so severely as myself the
+prostration of family society from the circumstances you mention....
+But there is no remedy. The present manners and ways of our country
+are laws we cannot repeal. They are altering by degrees, and you will
+live to see the hospitality of the country reduced to the visiting
+hours of the day, and the family left to tranquillity in the evening."
+
+When the steward saw that Madison would not curb these guests, he
+began to cut down on the fodder for the horses, but when the
+hospitable host learned of this he gave orders that there should be no
+further attempts of this sort. He realized that he was living beyond
+his income, but he saw no help for it. He longed for more time in his
+library or for riding or walking about the estate.
+
+The time came when walks had to be taken on the veranda; health was
+failing rapidly. He was not able to oversee the farm as he had long
+been accustomed to do, but depended on others. In 1835 Mrs. Madison
+wrote to her daughter: "My days are devoted to nursing and comforting
+my sick patient, who walks only from the bed in which he breakfasts to
+another." Still later she wrote: "I never leave my husband more than a
+few minutes at a time, and have not left the enclosure around our
+house for the last eight months."
+
+When the owner of Montpelier died, on June 28, 1836, he was buried in
+the cemetery on the estate. Mrs. Madison spent a few lonely years in
+the old home, but the property was finally sold to satisfy the debts
+of her wayward son, Payne Todd. She was sometimes in actual want
+before she died, but Congress provided for her relief by buying for
+twenty-five thousand dollars the Madison letters and other papers.
+
+She lived until July 12, 1849, and her body was finally laid by the
+side of that of her husband.
+
+William Dupont, the present owner of Montpelier, has enlarged the
+house by the addition of a second story to the wings. So the house
+that was built in 1760 by James Madison, Sr., and was enlarged by
+James Madison, Jr., has entered on a new era of hospitality.
+
+
+LXVIII
+
+OAK HILL, LOUDOUN COUNTY, VIRGINIA
+
+THE HOME OF JAMES MONROE'S OLD AGE
+
+James Monroe, at twenty-eight, wrote from New York to Thomas
+Jefferson, with whom he had studied law:
+
+ "I shall leave this about the 1st of October for
+ Virginia--Fredericksburg. Believe me, I have not relinquished
+ the prospect of being your neighbor. The house for which I
+ have requested a plan may possibly be erected near
+ Monticello; to fix there, and to have yourself in particular,
+ with what friends we may collect around, for society is my
+ chief object; or rather, the only one which promises to me,
+ with the connection I have formed, real and substantial
+ pleasure; if, indeed, by the name of pleasure it may be
+ called."
+
+The "connection" of which the future President wrote was his marriage
+to Miss Eliza Kortwright of New York. Of this he had spoken in an
+earlier letter to Jefferson:
+
+ "You will be surprised to hear that I have formed the most
+ interesting connection in human life with a young lady in
+ this town, as you know my plan was to visit you before I
+ settled myself, but having formed an attachment to this
+ young lady ... I have found that I must relinquish all other
+ objects not connected with her."
+
+Monroe was not permitted to practice law long. As United States
+Senator, diplomat, Governor, Cabinet officer, and President, his time
+was so fully occupied that no one but a man of his fine physique and
+endurance could have stood the strain. Once, during the War of 1812,
+according to his friend, Judge E. R. Watson, when the burden of three
+of the departments of the government rested on him--State, Treasury,
+and War--he did not undress himself for ten days and nights, and was
+in the saddle the greater part of the time.
+
+After some years he bought an estate in Loudoun County, Virginia, to
+which he retired for a brief rest whenever this was possible. For a
+time the old dormer-windowed house on the property satisfied him, but
+during his presidential term he built Oak Hill, the house for which
+Jefferson had prepared the plans. It is said that the nails used in
+its construction were manufactured on the Jefferson estate.
+
+The house--which was named Oak Hill because of the oaks on the lawn,
+planted by the owner himself, one for each State of the Union--has
+been described by Major R. W. N. Noland as follows:
+
+ "The building was superintended by Mr. William Benton, an
+ Englishman, who occupied the mixed relation to Mr. Monroe of
+ steward, counsellor and friend. The house is built of brick
+ in a most substantial manner, and handsomely finished; it is,
+ perhaps, about 90 x 50 feet, three stories (including
+ basement), and has a wide portico, fronting south, with
+ massive Doric columns thirty feet high, and is surrounded by
+ a grove of magnificent oaks covering several acres. While the
+ location is not as commanding as many others in that section,
+ being in lower Loudoun where the rolling character of the
+ Piedmont region begins to lose itself in the flat lands of
+ tide water, the house in two directions commands an
+ attractive and somewhat extensive view, but on the other side
+ it is hemmed in by mountains, for the local names of which,
+ 'Bull Run' and 'Nigger Mountain,' it is to be hoped the late
+ President is in no wise responsible.... The little stream
+ that washes the confines of the Oak Hill estate once bore the
+ Indian name Gohongarestaw (the River of Swans), and is now
+ called Goose Creek."
+
+After the expiration of his second term as President Monroe made Oak
+Hill his permanent home, though sometimes he was with his daughter,
+Mrs. Gouverneur, in New York.
+
+One who was a member of the household during a part of the six years
+of the life in Virginia said that he "looked perhaps older than he
+was, his face being strongly marked with the lines of anxiety and
+care."
+
+There were many guests at Oak Hill, among these being Madison and
+Jefferson. Monroe, in turn, was frequently at Monticello and
+Montpelier. His office as Regent of the University of Virginia also
+brought him into frequent touch with his two predecessors in the
+presidency, for they were fellow-members on the Board.
+
+Whenever weather and guests permitted he was accustomed to ride about
+the estate and through the countryside both morning and evening. One
+day, when he was seventy-two, his horse fell on him, and his right
+wrist was sprained so badly that for a time he could not write to his
+friends, as he had delighted to do. Thus he was able to sympathize
+with Madison when a letter came from Montpelier a few months later:
+
+ "In explanation of my microscopic writing, I must remark that
+ the older I grow the more my stiffening fingers make smaller
+ letters, as my feet take shorter steps, the progress in both
+ cases being, at the same time, more fatiguing as well as more
+ slow."
+
+Monroe's last years of life were saddened by financial difficulties,
+though even these brought gleams of joy, because of the fidelity of
+his friends. Lafayette, who visited Oak Hill in 1825, wrote later to
+his friend a most delicately worded offer of assistance, indicating
+that he felt it was his right to offer this, since Monroe, when
+minister to France, had exerted himself to bring about the release of
+Lafayette, then a prisoner at Olmuetz, and had ministered to the wants
+of Madame Lafayette.
+
+A measure of relief came when Congress voted to repay, in part, the
+extraordinary expense incurred by the statesman during his diplomatic
+career, but not before he had advertised Oak Hill for sale and had
+planned to go to New York to live near his daughter. The estate was
+later withdrawn from the market, but the plan to go to New York was
+carried out: he did not see how he could remain after the death of
+Mrs. Monroe, which took place in 1830.
+
+He did not stay long in New York. On July 4, 1831, he died.
+Twenty-seven years later, on the one hundredth anniversary of his
+birth, his body was taken to Richmond for burial. There, in his native
+State, rest the remains of him of whom Thomas Jefferson said, "He is
+a man whose soul might be turned inside out without discovering a
+blemish to the world."
+
+
+LXIX
+
+RED HILL, CHARLOTTE COUNTY, VIRGINIA
+
+WHERE PATRICK HENRY SPENT HIS LAST YEARS
+
+Patrick Henry was only fifty-eight years old when he retired for rest
+and the enjoyment of family life to his 2,920-acre estate, Red Hill,
+in the Staunton Valley, thirty-eight miles southeast of Lynchburg.
+Just before he made this move he wrote to his daughter Betsy, "I must
+give out the law, and plague myself no more with business, sitting
+down with what I have. For it will be sufficient employment to see
+after my little flock."
+
+He had served his country well for thirty years, as member of the
+House of Burgesses, as Speaker of the first Continental Congress in
+Philadelphia in 1774, in the Virginia Convention of 1775 where he made
+his most famous speech, and as Governor of Virginia from 1776 to 1779
+and again from 1784 to 1786. He had well earned the rest he hoped to
+find. Washington asked him to become Secretary of State and, later,
+Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. John Adams nominated him as
+minister to France. But he resisted all these efforts to draw him from
+his retirement.
+
+The house at Red Hill was a simple story and a half structure, to
+which the owner soon added a shed kitchen, solely because he "wished
+to hear the patter of the rain on the roof." This original portion of
+the house has been retained intact by later occupants, who have made
+additions with rare appreciation of what is fitting. The central
+portion was built by the son of the orator, John Henry. The box hedges
+in which the sage of Red Hill took such delight have been retained and
+extended.
+
+George Morgan, in "The True Patrick Henry," says that this life in
+retirement "might be designated as a patriarchal life, if it were not
+for the fact that the cradle was still rocking at Red Hill." Henry's
+letters were full of references to his children. Once he wrote to his
+daughter Betsy, "I have the satisfaction to inform you that we are
+well, except Johnny, Christian, and Patrick, and they are recovering
+fast now." And again, "I have great cause of thankfulness for the
+health I enjoy, and for that of your mamma and all the children.... We
+have another son, named Winston."
+
+William Wirt, in his "Life of Patrick Henry," written in 1817, said,
+"His visitors have not infrequently caught him lying on the floor,
+with a group of these little ones, climbing over him in every
+direction, or dancing around him with obstreperous mirth to the tune
+of his violin, while the only contest seemed to be who should make the
+most noise."
+
+That there were many visitors who had the opportunity to see such
+contests as these is evident from a paragraph in "Homes of American
+Statesmen":
+
+ "His home was usually filled with friends, its dependences
+ with their retinue and horses. But crowds, besides, came and
+ went; all were received with cordiality.... Those who lived
+ near always came to breakfast, when all were welcomed and
+ made full. The larder never seemed to get lean. Breakfast
+ over, creature comforts, such as might console the belated
+ for the loss, were promptly set forth on side-tables in the
+ wide entrance-hall.... Meanwhile, the master saw and welcomed
+ all with the kindliest attention, asked of their household,
+ listened to their affairs, gave them his view, contented all.
+ These audiences seldom ceased before noon, or the early
+ dinner. To this a remaining party of twenty or thirty often
+ sat down.... The dinner ended, he betook himself to his
+ studies until supper, after which he again gave himself up to
+ enjoyment."
+
+Not only was he a total abstainer, but as he grew older he came to
+detest the odor of tobacco; so there were certain refreshments that
+were never offered to the guests at Red Hill.
+
+During the closing years of his life he spent hours over the Bible.
+Every morning he would take his seat in the dining-room, with the big
+family Bible open before him. Once he said to a visitor, "This book is
+worth all the books that ever were printed, and it has been my
+misfortune that I never found time to read it with the proper
+attention and feeling till lately. I trust in the mercy of heaven that
+it is not too late."
+
+To Betsy, a daughter by his first marriage, he wrote in 1796:
+
+ "Some good people think I am no Christian. This thought gives
+ me much more pain than the appellation of tory; because I
+ think religion of infinitely higher importance than politics,
+ and I find much cause to reproach myself that I have lived so
+ long and have given no decided and public proof of my being a
+ Christian. But, indeed, my dear child, there is a character
+ which I prize far above all this world has or can boast. And
+ amongst all the handsome things I hear said of you, what
+ gives me the greatest pleasure is, to be told of your piety
+ and steady virtue."
+
+As, one by one, the older children grew up and went out from Red Hill
+to homes of their own, they were urged to read the Bible. Dorothea was
+the first to be married. Then came Martha Catherine, who, at
+seventeen, fell in love with the hero who rescued her when she fell
+from a boat into the water. Sarah married Robert, the brother of the
+poet Thomas Campbell. It is said that at one time the poet was engaged
+to come to Red Hill as tutor for the younger children of the family,
+but was unable to keep his promise.
+
+Because of the constant pleas that were made that he give up his quiet
+life and reenter politics, Henry Clay wrote, in 1796:
+
+ "I shall never more appear in a public character, unless some
+ unlooked-for circumstance shall demand from me a transient
+ effort.... I see with concern our old Commander-in-chief most
+ abusively treated--nor are his long and great services
+ remembered, as any apology for his mistakes in an office to
+ which he was totally unaccustomed. If he, whose character as
+ our leader during the whole war was above all praise, is so
+ roughly treated in his old age, what may be expected by men
+ of the common standard of character?"
+
+He kept his resolution. A few months after writing this message, when
+notified that he had been elected Governor of Virginia, for a third
+term, he wrote, "My declining years warn me of my inability."
+
+But in January, 1799, came an appeal from Washington himself that he
+would present himself as a candidate "if not for Congress, which you
+may think would take you too long from home, as a candidate for
+Representative in the General Assembly of the Commonwealth." The
+reasons were given: "Your insight of character and influence in the
+House of Representatives would be a bulwark against such dangerous
+sentiments as are delivered there at present. It would be a rallying
+point for the timid, and an attraction of the wavering. In a word, I
+conceive it to be of immense importance at this crisis that you should
+be there, and I would fain hope that all minor considerations will be
+made to yield to the measure."
+
+Though Henry knew that he had little strength left, he responded to
+the appeal. On County Court day, the first Monday in March, he
+presented himself before the people at Charlotte as a candidate for
+Representative. How they flocked about him!
+
+A Hampdon-Sidney student, Henry Miller, who heard him that day, said
+afterward:
+
+ "He was very infirm, and seated in a chair conversing with
+ some friends who were pouring in from all the surrounding
+ country to hear him. At length he rose with difficulty, and
+ stood, somewhat bowed with age and weakness. His face was
+ almost colorless. His countenance was careworn, and when he
+ commenced his exordium, his voice was slightly cracked and
+ tremulous. But in a few minutes a wonderful transformation of
+ the whole man occurred, as he warmed with his theme. He stood
+ erect; his eyes beamed with a light that was almost
+ supernatural, his features glowed with the hues and fires of
+ youth; and his voice rang clear and melodious, with the
+ intonations of some great musical instrument whose notes
+ filled the area, and fell distinctly and delightfully upon
+ the ears of the most distant of the thousands gathered before
+ him."
+
+Near the close of this effective address he said:
+
+ "You can never exchange the present government, but for a
+ monarchy. If the administration have done wrong, let us all
+ go wrong together, rather than split into factions, which
+ must destroy that union upon which our existence hangs. Let
+ us preserve our strength for the French, the English, the
+ German, or whoever else shall dare to invade our territory,
+ and not exhaust it in civil commotion and intestine wars."
+
+After the conclusion of the oration, Henry went back to Red Hill, and
+never left it again. In April he was triumphantly elected, but he was
+unable to take his seat.
+
+On June 6, 1799, he was near death. When the physician offered him a
+vial of mercury, at the same time telling him that the remedy might
+prolong his life a little while, or it might be fatal, he drew over
+his eyes a silken cap which he usually wore, and, holding the vial in
+his hands, made "a simple childlike prayer for his family, for his
+country, and for his own soul. Afterwards in perfect calm he swallowed
+the medicine."
+
+His last word was to his physician, commending the Christian religion,
+which was so real a benefit to a man about to die.
+
+Patrick Henry and his wife lie side by side in the rear garden of Red
+Hill. "His fame his best epitaph" is the simple inscription on the
+stone above the patriot.
+
+
+ [Illustration: POHICK CHURCH, VIRGINIA
+ _Photo furnished by Aymar Embury, II_
+ See page 311]
+
+LXX
+
+POHICK CHURCH, TRURO PARISH, VIRGINIA
+
+THE HOME CHURCH OF GEORGE WASHINGTON
+
+Both Truro parish and George Washington were born in 1732, and
+Washington's connection with Truro Church began in 1735, when his
+father, Augustine Washington, became a vestryman, and it continued
+throughout his life, though during his later years, when services were
+seldom held there, he went to Christ Church at Alexandria.
+
+When Washington was a boy he had to make a round trip of eighteen
+miles, frequently over extremely rough roads, when he wished to attend
+services. Yet he was a faithful attendant, at all seasons.
+
+A number of the early rectors of Truro were welcome guests at Mt.
+Vernon. One of these, Charles Green, was a physician as well as a
+minister, as appears from the record that he was called to prescribe
+for Washington in 1757, when the young campaigner was so seriously
+ill, in consequence of hardships suffered on his western trip, that he
+said he had "too much reason to apprehend an approaching decay."
+
+Five years after this illness Washington was elected a member of the
+vestry of the parish, and he was re-elected many times. His record for
+attendance was unusual, in spite of his many outside engagements.
+During the years from 1763 to 1774 thirty-one vestry meetings were
+held. He was absent from eight of these, once on account of sickness,
+twice because he was attending the House of Burgesses, and at least
+three times because he was out of the county. For a few months, in
+1765, he did not serve, because, on the division of Truro parish, Mt.
+Vernon was thrown over the line into the new Fairfax parish. At once
+the new parish made him a member of its vestry, but when, in response
+to a petition which Washington helped to present, the House of
+Burgesses changed the parish line so that Mt. Vernon was once more in
+Truro parish, he resumed his service in the old church. There he
+maintained his connection with an official body noted for the fact
+that, at one time or another, it had eleven members in the House of
+Burgesses, two members in His Majesty's Council for Virginia, as well
+as the author of the Virginia Bill of Rights and the Constitution of
+the State of Virginia, George Mason.
+
+When it was decided that a new church building was needed, Washington
+was instrumental in settling the inevitable discussion as to site that
+followed. He made a map of the parish, showing where each communicant
+lived, and recommended that the building be placed at the centre of
+the parish, as shown by the map. His suggestion was adopted, and a
+site two miles nearer Mt. Vernon was chosen.
+
+For the new church Washington himself drew the plan. He was also
+active in letting the plan and overseeing the building operation. At
+an auction of pews, held in 1772, when the church was ready for use,
+he bought Number 28, next the communion table, for L10, while he paid
+L13 10s. for pew 30. Evidently he was thoughtful for the guests who
+frequently rode with him to service, either in the coach, or in the
+chaise that followed, or on horseback. When the Mt. Vernon contingent
+came to church there was usually quite a procession.
+
+Under date October 2, 1785, the diary of Washington tells of one of
+these processions, as well as of an interesting event that followed:
+
+ "Went with Fanny Bassett, Burwell, Bassett, Doctr Stuart, G.
+ A. Washington, Mr. Shaw and Nellie Custis to Pohick Church to
+ hear a Mr. Thompson preach, who returned with me to
+ Dinner.... After we were in Bed (about Eleven o'clock in the
+ Evening) Mr Houdon, sent from Paris by Doctr Franklin and
+ Mr Jefferson to take my Bust, in behalf of the State of
+ Virginia ... arrived."
+
+For many years Pohick Church was practically deserted, but there is
+evidence that services were held here in 1802. Davies, an Englishman,
+in his "Four Years in America," wrote:
+
+ "About four miles from Occoquon is Pohick. Thither I rode on
+ Sunday and joined the Congregation of Parson Weims, who was
+ cheerful in his mien that he might win me to religion. A
+ Virginia churchyard on Sunday is more like a race-course than
+ a cemetery; the women come in carriages and the men on horses
+ which they tie to the trees. The church bell was suspended
+ from a tree. I was confounded to hear 'steed threaten steed
+ with dreadful neigh,' nor was I less astounded at the
+ rattling of carriage-wheels, the cracking of whips, and the
+ vociferation of the gentlemen to the negroes who attended
+ them; but the discourse of Parson Weims calmed every
+ perturbation, for he preached the great doctrines of
+ Salvation as one who has experienced their power; about half
+ the congregation were negroes."
+
+This Parson Weems was no other than the author of Weems' "Life of
+Washington," a readable but inaccurate biography that had a great
+vogue seventy-five years ago.
+
+For many years Truro Church was desolate, and relic hunters made spoil
+of the furnishings. But since 1876 it has been open for services once
+more.
+
+
+ [Illustration: MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VA.
+ _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+ See page 314]
+
+LXXI
+
+MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VIRGINIA
+
+THE PLANTATION HOME OF COLONEL JOHN TAYLOE
+
+The purchase for L500 of three thousand acres of productive land in
+Charles County, on the Potomac, gave a big boost to the fortunes of
+the Tayloe family of Virginia. This shrewd purchase was made by
+Colonel John Tayloe, the son of William Tayloe (or Taylor) who came
+from England in the seventeenth century. William Tayloe was a member
+of the House of Burgesses in 1710. His son John became a member of the
+Colonial Council in 1732, while his son John, who was born in 1721,
+also had the honor of serving in the Council under Lord Dunmore, as
+well as in the first Republican Council, during the administration of
+Patrick Henry. He married the sister of Governor George Plater of
+Maryland. Of his eight daughters one married Richard Lightfoot Lee, a
+Signer of the Declaration of Independence, while another married
+Colonel William Augustine Washington, a nephew of George Washington,
+by whom he was educated.
+
+Colonel John Tayloe, the father of three daughters, was the builder
+of Mount Airy, which was for many years the most superb mansion in
+Virginia, and was so different from all other mansions that it
+attracted many visitors, even in the days when transit was difficult.
+Its twenty-five spacious rooms afforded generous accommodation for the
+guests who were eager to accept the invitations of Colonel and Mrs.
+Tayloe. Among the entertainments provided for these guests by the
+thoughtful hosts were concerts by a band made up entirely of slaves
+who had been instructed by their master. On occasion this band was
+taken to the town house at Williamsburg, the capital of the State.
+
+The letters of Washington show that the builder of Mount Airy was an
+ardent patriot, and his friend and associate. These two men were joint
+executors of the estate of one of the Lees. From his headquarters in
+the Craigie House at Cambridge the General wrote to Mount Airy a
+letter about the estate, asking Tayloe to become sole executor.
+
+The varied interests of Colonel Tayloe were indicated by his
+remarkable will, which asked, among other things, that one part of his
+estate in Prince William County, Virginia, and Baltimore County,
+Maryland, be kept intact and worked for the making of pig iron. Not
+only did he own a number of other plantations, but he was a large
+shipowner, and reaped unusual profits from trade.
+
+Perhaps the best known owner of Mount Airy was John Tayloe, III, who
+was born in 1771, and was the only son in a family of twelve. He was
+educated at Eton and Cambridge, England. Before going abroad he had
+learned patriotism from his father, and on his return he was ready to
+administer his estate for the benefit of the country as well as his
+own family. When his inheritance was turned over to him the income was
+sixty thousand dollars. Within a few years he increased this to
+seventy-five thousand dollars. His father's iron- and ship-building
+interests were conserved and enlarged. His master ship-builder at
+Occoquon was his slave Reuben.
+
+During his residence at Mount Airy the splendor of the mansion was
+increased. Among his guests were men who had stood shoulder to
+shoulder with Washington during the Revolution, and those who later
+became prominent as associates of Hamilton, Jay, Marshall, and
+Pinckney. He married the daughter of Governor Ogle of Maryland, and
+had fifteen children.
+
+The memorial by one of his sons, Benjamin Ogle Tayloe, says that "his
+manners were refined and elegant. He was distinguished for his nice
+sense of honor, and a scrupulous regard to his word at all times. His
+wife was esteemed for sincerity and kindness of heart, graceful and
+dignified manners, and true and unaffected piety."
+
+He took time for the services of his country. As Captain of Dragoons
+he went to Western Pennsylvania, to help put down the whiskey
+insurrection. When President Adams made him a Major of Dragoons,
+General Washington wrote to him a warm letter of congratulation, but
+Tayloe hesitated to accept the commission. He had just been elected as
+a Federalist to the Virginia Senate, and he feared, as he wrote to
+Washington, that if he resigned his seat the place would be filled by
+an opponent of the administration. On February 12, 1799, Washington
+replied that he was inclined to believe his civil service would be
+more important than military service, but he asked that decision be
+delayed until they could have a personal interview. Later, on the
+breaking out of the War of 1812, he was made commander of the cavalry
+of the District of Columbia, and saw active service.
+
+Washington's friendship led him to make his winter home in the
+District of Columbia. In 1801 he occupied the Octagon House, then the
+finest private residence in the city. When the British burned the
+White House he was at Mount Airy. At once he sent a mounted messenger
+to President Madison, offering the use of the Octagon as the temporary
+Executive Mansion.
+
+His establishment at Mount Airy was maintained in remarkable splendor.
+His household and equipages were the talk of the neighborhood. A lover
+of fine horseflesh, he was the owner of some of the swiftest animals
+of his day.
+
+The eldest son, John Tayloe, inherited his father's ardor for public
+service. He was engaged brilliantly in the battles of the
+_Constitution_ with the _Guerriere_, and with the _Cyano_ and the
+_Levant_. After the action his native State gave him a sword, and he
+was promoted to a lieutenancy. Though he was captured by the British,
+he lived to return to Mount Airy, where he died in 1824. His father
+died four years later, while his mother lived until 1855.
+
+Mount Airy has always been in the hands of a Tayloe. It is now in
+possession of the family of the late Henry Tayloe.
+
+
+LXXII
+
+TWO OF VIRGINIA'S OLDEST CHURCH BUILDINGS
+
+ST. LUKE'S, IN SMITHFIELD, AND ST. PETER'S, IN NEW KENT COUNTY
+
+Captain Smith in 1607 wrote of his discovery of the Indian kingdom of
+Warrosquoyacke. Soon settlers were attracted to its fertile lands.
+Twenty-seven years later the more than five hundred residents were
+organized into Isle of Wight County.
+
+In 1632, the ancient brick church near Smithfield was built. The
+tradition fixing this date was established in 1887, when the date 1632
+was read in some bricks that fell from the walls.
+
+The builder of the staunch church was Joseph Bridger, who was
+Counsellor of State to Charles II. He is buried not far from the
+church, and on his tomb is the inscription: "He dyed April 15 Anno
+Domini 1688 Aged 58 years. Mournfully leaving his wife, three sons and
+four daughters."
+
+The oldest vestry book dates from 1727, for the first book was
+destroyed at the time of General Arnold's expedition made to Isle of
+Wight County, in the effort to capture General Parker, of the
+Continental Army. Fortunately, however, a few other records were
+saved. An entry in 1727 spoke of "The Old Brick Church"; evidently the
+name St. Luke's was of later origin.
+
+The architectural beauty of the old building is described in a
+pleasing manner by Aymar Embury, II, the well-known New York
+architect, in his "Early American Churches":
+
+ "The building is an extremely picturesque brick church,
+ reminiscent not of the Renaissance work then becoming
+ dominant in England, but of the older Gothic; it is not at
+ all unlike many of the small English parish churches of the
+ sixteenth century, when the Gothic style was really extinct,
+ although its superficial characteristics, the buttresses and
+ the pointed arch, still obtained. The stepped gable at the
+ chancel end of the church is an unusual feature in English
+ architecture.... The tower is the only part of the building
+ which shows the Renaissance influence."
+
+When the building was some two hundred years old it began to fall into
+disrepair; the people preferred to attend the church in Smithfield.
+Bishop Meade wrote his "Old Churches and Families of Virginia" at the
+time when the old church was most dilapidated. He said:
+
+ "Its thick walls and high tower, like that of some English
+ castle, are still firm, and promise to be for a long time to
+ come. The windows, doors, and all the interior, are gone. It
+ is said that the eastern window--twenty-five feet high--was
+ of stained glass. This venerable building stands not far from
+ the main road leading from Smithfield to Suffolk, in an open
+ tract of woodland. The trees for some distance round it are
+ large and tall and the foliage dense, so that but little of
+ the light of the sun is thrown upon it. The pillars which
+ strengthen the walls, and which are wide at the base,
+ tapering toward the eaves of the house by stair-steps, have
+ somewhat mouldered, so as to allow various shrubs and small
+ trees to root themselves therein."
+
+For nearly fifty years the church was closed. But in 1884 Rev. David
+Barr, who was in charge of a church nearby, began to raise funds for
+the reconstruction of the building. He persisted in spite of many
+discouragements. When matters looked darkest a man who signed himself
+"A Virginian" made the following appeal:
+
+ "There is still some plastering to be done in the tower, and
+ the pews are to be made or bought. The church cannot be
+ completed until the money is raised. Can no generous giver be
+ found who will contribute the money necessary to bring the
+ east window from London?... For sixty odd years the church
+ has stood there silent, without a service, facing and defying
+ storms and decay, appealing in its desolation to every
+ sentiment of the State, of the Church and of the Nation
+ against abandonment and desertion, and now in its half
+ completed condition, feeling the touch of revival and
+ restoration, it pleads more imploringly still for just enough
+ money to complete the repairs and to enable it once more to
+ enter upon its life of activity, and to utter again with
+ renewed joyousness the ancient but long suppressed voice of
+ prayer and of thanksgiving. Shall it appeal in vain?"
+
+The appeal was not in vain. The church was completed. Twelve beautiful
+memorial windows were put in place. These bore the names of George
+Washington, Joseph Bridger, the architect of the church, Robert E.
+Lee, Rev. William Hubbard, the first rector, Sir Walter Raleigh, John
+Rolfe, Captain John Smith, Bishops Madison, Moore, Meade, and Johns,
+and Dr. Blair, whose connection with Bruton Church and William and
+Mary College is told in another chapter of this volume.
+
+A building that is similar and yet in many respects quite different is
+in New Kent County, about as far above Williamsburg as Smithfield is
+below that university town. This is St. Peter's Church. It is thought
+that the parish dates from 1654, though the present building was not
+begun until 1701. The minute which tells of the first plan for the
+structure is dated August 13, 1700:
+
+ "Whereas, the Lower Church of this Parish is very much out of
+ Repair and Standeth very inconvenient for most of the
+ inhabitants of the said parish; Therefore ordered that as
+ soon as conveniently may be a new Church of Brick Sixty feet
+ long and twenty fower feet wide in the clear and fourteen
+ feet pitch with a Gallery Sixteen feet long be built and
+ Erected upon the Main Roade, by the School House near Thomas
+ Jackson's; and the Clerk is ordered to give a copy of this
+ order to Capt. Nich. Merewether who is Requested to show the
+ same to Will Hughes and desire him to draw a Draft of said
+ Church and to bee at the next vestry."
+
+The cost of the new church was one hundred and forty-six thousand
+pounds of tobacco. This included the main building only, for the
+belfry was not built until 1722.
+
+Rev. David Mossom, who was rector of the church from 1727 to 1767, was
+the minister who married General Washington, at the White House, as
+the home of his bride was called, a few miles from St. Peter's Church.
+The story is told of this eccentric minister that on one occasion,
+having quarrelled with his clerk, he rebuked him from the pulpit. The
+latter avenged himself by giving out to the congregation the psalm in
+which were these lines:
+
+ "With restless and ungovern'd rage
+ Why do the heathen storm?
+ Why in such rash attempts engage
+ As they can ne'er perform?"
+
+The epitaph on the tomb of Mr. Mossom in St. Peter's churchyard states
+that he was the first native American admitted to the office of
+Presbyter in the Church of England.
+
+
+LXXIII
+
+MONTICELLO, NEAR CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA
+
+THE HOME OF THOMAS JEFFERSON
+
+"Oh, my young master, they were all burnt, but ah! we saved your
+fiddle!"
+
+So the negro servant replied to Thomas Jefferson who, on returning
+from a trip, learning that his home at Shadwell had been burned, asked
+after his books. To the negro's mind the fiddle was the most important
+thing in the house.
+
+Fortunately the new mansion, Monticello, near Charlotte, which he had
+designed, was so nearly completed that he was able to take up his
+residence there. Two years later he led into the new house his bride,
+Martha Skelton, a widow of twenty-three.
+
+Before the marriage Jefferson, in accordance with the Virginia law, in
+company with Francis Eppes, entered into a license bond, of which the
+following is a copy:
+
+ "Know all men by these presents that we Thomas Jefferson and
+ Francis Eppes are held and firmly bound to the sovereign lord
+ the king his heirs and successors in the sum of fifty pounds
+ current money of Virginia, to the paiment of which well and
+ truly to be made we bind ourselves jointly and severally, our
+ joint and several heirs, executors and administrators, in
+ witness whereof we have hereto set our hands and seals this
+ twenty-third day of December in the year of our Lord one
+ thousand seven hundred and seventy one. The condition of the
+ above obligation is such that if there be no lawful cause to
+ obstruct a marriage intended to be had and solemnized between
+ the above bound Thomas Jefferson and Martha Skelton of the
+ County of Charles County, widow, for which a license is
+ desired, then this obligation is to be null and void,
+ otherwise the same is in full force."
+
+Edward Bacon, who was overseer at Monticello for twenty years,
+described the estate in vivid words:
+
+ "Monticello is quite a high mountain, in the shape of a
+ sugar-loaf. A winding road led up to the mansion. On the very
+ top of the mountain the forest trees were cut down, and ten
+ acres were cleared and levelled.... I know every room in that
+ house. Under the house and the terrace that surrounded it,
+ were the cisterns, ice-house, cellar, kitchen, and rooms for
+ all sorts of purposes. His servants' rooms were on one
+ side.... There were no negro and other out-houses around the
+ mansion, as you generally see on plantations. The grounds
+ around the house were beautifully ornamented with flowers and
+ shrubbery.... Back of the house was a beautiful lawn of two
+ or three acres, where his grandchildren used to play.
+
+ "His garden was on the side of the mountain. I had it built
+ while he was President. It took a great deal of labor. We had
+ to blow out the rocks for the walls for the different
+ terraces, and then make the soil.... I used to send a servant
+ to Washington with a great many fine things for his table,
+ and he would send back the cart loaded with shrubbery."
+
+Jefferson spent most of his time on his estate until his death in
+1826, except when he was called away for the service of his country.
+
+Nine years after the beginning of the happy married life in Monticello
+there was a panic among the servants because of the approach of the
+British. Because Jefferson was Governor of Virginia, it was thought
+that of course the mansion would be pillaged. Mrs. Jefferson was put
+in the carriage and sent to a place of safety, while Mr. Jefferson
+remained at home, collecting his most valuable papers. Later he
+followed his family. But when the soldiers reached the estate, the
+first inquiry of the leader of the party was for the master of the
+house. When he learned that Jefferson had escaped, he asked for the
+owner's private rooms, and, on being shown the door which led to them,
+he turned the key in the lock and ordered that nothing in the house
+should be touched. This, it was explained, was in strict accordance
+with the orders that had been given by General Tarleton; their sole
+duty was to seize the Governor.
+
+A year later, when the Marquis de Chastellux, a nobleman from France,
+visited Monticello, he was charmed with the house of which Mr.
+Jefferson was the architect, and often one of the workmen. He said it
+was "rather elegant, and in the Italian taste, though not without
+fault; it consists of one large square pavilion, the entrance of which
+is by two porticoes, ornamented with pillars. The ground floor
+consists of a very large lofty saloon, which is to be decorated
+entirely in the antique style; above it is a library of the same
+size; two small wings, with only a ground floor and attic story, are
+joined to this pavilion, and communicate with the kitchen, offices,
+etc., which will form a kind of basement story, over which runs a
+terrace."
+
+Another attractive picture was given by the Duc de la
+Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, after his visit to Monticello in 1796. He
+noted the fact that Jefferson owned five thousand acres, of which but
+eleven hundred were cultivated.
+
+"I found him in the midst of the harvest," he wrote, "from which the
+scorching heat of the sun does not prevent his attendance.... Every
+article is made on his farm: his negroes are cabinet makers,
+carpenters, masons, bricklayers, smiths, etc. The children he employs
+in a nail factory, which yields already a considerable profit.... His
+superior mind directs the management of his domestic concerns with the
+same abilities, activity and regularity which he evinced in the
+conduct of public affairs."
+
+Long absence from home and lavish hospitality wrecked the Jefferson
+fortune, and when the owner of Monticello finally returned home after
+his eight years as President, he was compelled to curtail his
+expenses. But still he made guests welcome. It is said that at times
+there were as many as fifty guests in the house at one time. One of
+those who sought the Sage of Monticello in 1817 was Lieutenant Francis
+Hall, who wrote of his veneration as he looked on "the man who drew up
+the Declaration of American Independence, who shared in the Councils
+by which her freedom was established, when the unbought voices of his
+fellow-citizens called to the exercise of a dignity from which his
+own moderation impelled him, when such an example was most salutary,
+to withdraw; and who, while he dedicates the evening of his glorious
+days to the pursuits of science and literature, shuns none of the
+humble duties of private life; but, having filled a seat higher than
+that of kings, succeeds with graceful dignity to that of the good
+neighbor, and becomes the friendly adviser, lawyer, physician, and
+even gardener of his vicinity."
+
+July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of
+Independence, was the day of Jefferson's death. The sale of his estate
+was sufficient to pay all his debts. To his daughter who was thus made
+homeless, the legislatures of South Carolina and Virginia each voted
+as a gift $10,000.
+
+On the stone placed over the grave of the Sage of Monticello was
+carved the inscription which he himself had asked for: "Here was
+buried Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of American
+Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, and
+Father of the University of Virginia."
+
+
+ [Illustration: UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.
+ _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+ See page 326]
+
+LXXIV
+
+THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA AT CHARLOTTESVILLE
+
+THE CHILD OF THOMAS JEFFERSON'S OLD AGE
+
+When Thomas Jefferson retired from the Presidency he was surrounded at
+Monticello by his daughter, her husband, and eleven grandchildren.
+Daily association with the young people made him more anxious than
+ever to carry out a plan that was the growth of years. He wanted to
+see other children as happy as were those in his own home, and he felt
+that the one thing he could do to increase their happiness would be to
+see that the State made provision for their education.
+
+During the remainder of his life he never lost sight of his project.
+While he did not live to see his system of common schools established
+in Virginia, it was his joy to see the University of Virginia grow
+under his hands from an academy to a college and then to a university.
+From 1817 he labored for State appropriations for the school. A friend
+in the State Senate assisted him nobly. The reader of the published
+volume of the correspondence between the two men, a volume of 528
+pages, will see how untiring was the labor that had its reward when
+the appropriation of funds made sure the founding of the university.
+Three hundred thousand dollars were provided for construction, as well
+as $15,000 a year for maintenance.
+
+Jefferson himself drew the plans for the buildings and superintended
+the construction. Sarah N. Randolph, in "The Domestic Life of Thomas
+Jefferson," says that "the architectural plan and form of government
+and instruction for this institution afforded congenial occupation for
+his declining years.... While the buildings were being erected, his
+visits to them were daily; and from the northeast corner of the
+terrace at Monticello he frequently watched the workmen engaged on
+them, through a telescope which is still [1871] preserved in the
+library of the University."
+
+Edmund Bacon, the overseer at Monticello, gave to Hamilton W. Pierson,
+the author of "Jefferson at Monticello," a humorous account of the
+early days of the project:
+
+ "The act of the Legislature made it the duty of the
+ Commissioners to establish the University within one mile of
+ the Court House at Charlottesville. They advertised for
+ proposals for a site. Three men offered sites. The
+ Commissioners had a meeting at Monticello, and then went and
+ looked at all these sites. After they had made their
+ examination, Mr. Jefferson sent me to each of them, to
+ request them to send by me their price, which was to be
+ sealed up. Lewis and Craven each asked $17 per acre, and
+ Perry, $12. That was a mighty big price in those days....
+ They took Perry's forty acres, at $12 per acre. It was a poor
+ old turned-out field, though it was finely situated. Mr.
+ Jefferson wrote the deed himself. Afterwards Mr. Jefferson
+ bought a large tract near it. It had a great deal of timber
+ and rock on it, which was used in building the University.
+
+ "My next instruction was to get ten able-bodied hands to
+ commence the work.... Mr. Jefferson started from Monticello
+ to lay off the foundation, and see the work commenced. An
+ Irishman named Dinsmore, and I, went along with him. As we
+ passed through Charlottesville, I ... got a ball of twine,
+ and Dinsmore found some shingles and made some pegs.... Mr.
+ Jefferson looked over the ground some time, and then stuck
+ down a peg.... He carried one end of the line, and I the
+ other, in laying off the foundation of the University. He had
+ a little ruler in his pocket that he always carried with him,
+ and with this he measured off the ground, and laid off the
+ entire foundation, and then set the men at work."
+
+This foot-rule was shown to Dr. Pierson by Mr. Bacon, who explained
+how he secured it:
+
+ "Mr. Jefferson and I were once going along the bank of the
+ canal, and in crawling through some bushes and vines, it
+ [the ruler] fell out of his pocket and slid down the bank
+ into the river. Some time after that, when the water had
+ fallen, I went and found it, and carried it to Mr. Jefferson.
+ He told me I ... could keep it.... When I die, that rule can
+ be found locked up in that drawer.
+
+ "After the foundations were nearly completed, they had a
+ great time laying the corner-stone. The old field was covered
+ with carriages and people. There was an immense crowd there.
+ Mr. Monroe laid the corner-stone. He was President at that
+ time.... He held the instruments, and pronounced it square. I
+ can see Mr. Jefferson's white head just as he stood there and
+ looked on.
+
+ "After this he rode there from Monticello every day while the
+ University was building, unless the weather was very
+ stormy.... He looked after all the materials, and would not
+ allow any poor materials to go into the building if he could
+ help it."
+
+A letter from Jefferson to John Adams, written on October 12, 1823,
+spoke of the "hoary winter of age." "Against this _tedium vitae_," he
+said, "I am fortunately mounted on a hobby, which, indeed, I should
+have better managed some thirty or forty years ago; but whose easy
+amble is still sufficient to give exercise and amusement to an
+octogenary rider. This is the establishment of a University, on a
+scale more comprehensive, and in a country more healthy and central
+than our old William and Mary, which these obstacles have long kept in
+a state of languor and inefficiency."
+
+In designing the buildings Jefferson acknowledged his indebtedness to
+Palladio, who guided him in his adaptation of Roman forms. The visitor
+who is familiar with Rome is reminded of the baths of Diocletian, the
+baths of Caracalla, and the temple of Fortuna Virilis, while a
+reduction of the Pantheon, with a rotunda, is the central feature of
+the group.
+
+The University was opened in March, 1825. Forty students were in
+attendance, though at the beginning of the second year the number was
+increased to one hundred and seventy-seven.
+
+The central feature of the collection of buildings, the wonderful
+Rotunda, was badly injured in the fire of 1895 which destroyed the
+Annex. The Rotunda was soon rebuilt according to Jefferson's original
+plan, and the group of buildings is more beautiful than ever.
+
+
+
+
+SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH
+
+ _The long, grey moss that softly swings
+ In solemn grandeur from the trees,
+ Like mournful funeral draperies,--
+ A brown-winged bird that never sings._
+
+ ALBERT BIGELOW PAINE.
+
+ _O Magnet-South! O glistening perfumed South! my South!
+ O quick mettle, rich blood, impulse and love! good and evil! O all
+ dear to me!
+ O dear to me my birth-things--all moving things and the trees
+ where I was born--the grains, plants, rivers,
+ Dear to me my own slow sluggish rivers where they flow, distant,
+ over flats of silvery sands or through swamps._
+
+ _O the cotton plant! the growing fields of rice, sugar, hemp!
+ The cactus guarded with thorns, the laurel-tree with large white
+ flowers,
+ The range afar, the richness and barrenness, the old woods charged
+ with mistletoe and trailing moss,
+ The piney odor and the gloom, the awful natural stillness (here in
+ these dense swamps the freebooter carries his gun, and the
+ fugitive has his conceal'd hut;)_
+
+ The mocking bird, the American mimic, singing all the forenoon,
+ singing through the moonlit night,
+ The humming bird, the wild turkey, the raccoon, the opossum;
+ A Kentucky corn-field, the tall, graceful, long-leav'd corn,
+ slender, flapping, bright green, with tassels, with beautiful
+ ears each well-sheath'd in its husk;
+ O my heart! O tender and fierce pangs, I can stand them not, I
+ will depart;
+ O to be a Virginian where I grew up! O to be a Carolinian!
+ O longings irrepressible! O I will go back to old Tennessee and
+ never wander more.
+
+ WALT WHITMAN.
+
+
+
+
+SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH
+
+
+LXXV
+
+THREE OLD CHURCHES IN CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+ST. MICHAEL'S, ST. PHILIP'S, AND THE HUGUENOT CHURCH, RELICS OF
+COLONIAL DAYS
+
+The oldest church building in Charleston, South Carolina, St.
+Michael's Protestant Episcopal Church, is a relic of three wars. At
+the beginning of the Revolution the rector and the vestry disagreed;
+the rector was a loyalist and most of the members were patriots.
+Accordingly the rector resigned. Later the beautiful tower, which is
+unlike any other church tower in America, was painted black, lest it
+become a guiding beacon to the British fleet. Unfortunately the black
+tower against the blue sky proved a better guide than a white tower
+would have been.
+
+The clear-toned bells, which were cast in London in 1757, were taken
+from the tower when the British evacuated the city in 1782, and were
+sold in London as spoils of war. Fortunately a Mr. Ryhiner, once a
+merchant in Charleston, learned of this, bought them, and sent them to
+Charleston as a business venture.
+
+When the bells were landed on the wharf from the brig _Lightning_, on
+November 20, 1783--according to Johnson's "Traditions of
+Charleston"--"the overjoyed citizens took possession, and hurried them
+up to the church and into the steeple, without thinking that they
+might be violating a private right." In June, 1785, Mr. Ryhiner asked
+for payment for the bells. Later a subscription was ordered to pay the
+merchant.
+
+During the British occupation of the city horses were stabled in the
+church, and the lead roof was removed, for use in bullet making.
+
+In 1811 and 1812 the church figured in the second war with Great
+Britain. The vestry, whose patriotism was as great as ever, opened the
+building more than once for meetings of the citizens who wished to
+consider what they could do to help their country in the impending
+conflict.
+
+During the Civil War the bells were taken to Columbia, to be cast into
+cannon. Fortunately they were not used for this purpose, but during
+Sherman's march to the sea they were burned and broken into small
+pieces. A friend of the church in London, on learning of the disaster,
+searched records of the bell-founders till he learned who had cast the
+bells. These records told the proportions of metal used and the sizes
+of the bells. Then the Londoner wrote to Charleston and asked that the
+fragments be sent to him. When these were received in London they were
+recast in the original moulds, which were discovered by an old
+employee. The cost of recasting the bells and restoring them to their
+places in the steeple was $7,723, of which sum the City Council
+contributed $3,000; $2,200, the charge made for import duty, was later
+returned to the church by special Act of Congress.
+
+For nearly twenty years after the receipt of these new-old bells,
+they were used to sound fire-alarms, as well as for calling to the
+services of the church.
+
+The venerable building has suffered from fire, wind, and earthquake,
+as well as from war. In 1825 a cyclone damaged the spire and the roof,
+and in 1886 earthquake cracked the walls, destroyed a portion of the
+tower, and did so much further damage that a Charleston paper spoke of
+it as the "saddest wreck of all." At first it was feared that the
+building would have to be demolished, but repairs were found to be
+possible at a cost of $15,000.
+
+The structure dates from 1752, when Governor Glenn of South Carolina
+laid the corner stone. The cost was $32,775.87.
+
+St. Michael's parish was set off in 1751 from St. Philip's parish. The
+first St. Philip's Church was burned in 1681 or 1682. A second church
+was opened in 1723. This famous building survived until 1835, in spite
+of wars and fires. The building was saved during the fire of 1796 by a
+slave who climbed to the tower and threw to the ground a burning
+brand. As a reward the vestry purchased his freedom. But during the
+great fire of February 15, 1835, the edifice was destroyed.
+
+The old church had been so much a part of the life of the city and was
+so thoroughly identified with the history of the country, that the
+citizens rejoiced when the decision was reached to rebuild it in
+practically every detail like the original, with the addition of a
+chancel and spire.
+
+Older than either St. Philip's or St. Michael's, as an organization,
+is the Huguenot Church of Charleston. The early records of the
+congregation were destroyed in the fire of 1740, though the building
+was saved. This first building was blown up during the fire of 1796,
+in a vain effort to stay the progress of the conflagration. A second
+building followed in 1800, and the present building was erected in
+1828, when English displaced the French language in the services.
+
+Many of the early members became famous in history. The tablets
+erected to their memory are so numerous that the Huguenot Church might
+well dispute with St. Philip's Church the title, "The Westminster of
+South Carolina."
+
+
+ [Illustration: PRINGLE HOUSE, CHARLESTON, S. C.
+ _Photo by H. P. Cook_
+ See page 336]
+
+LXXVI
+
+THE HOUSE OF REBECCA MOTTE, CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+THE SPARTAN MATRON WHO HELPED BURN HER OWN PROPERTY
+
+Charleston, South Carolina, was only about thirty years old when the
+Englishman, Robert Brewton, and the Huguenot exile, John de la Motte,
+took up their residence there. In 1758 Robert Brewton's daughter
+Rebecca married Jacob Motte, grandson of the Huguenot.
+
+Three daughters came to the Motte home, and the family lived quietly
+until the outbreak of the Revolution. In 1775 Mrs. Motte's brother,
+Miles Brewton, sailed for England with his family, intending to leave
+them with relatives there while he returned to Charleston for the
+service of his country. But the vessel was lost, and was never
+heard from again. His Charleston house on King Street, which was built
+about 1765, became the property of his sister.
+
+When the war broke out, Mrs. Motte, knowing that it was impossible for
+her husband to become a soldier because of his failing health, decided
+to do her part for her country. Fortifications were to be built, and
+many laborers were needed, so she sent to her plantation for all the
+able-bodied men; these she placed at the disposal of those in charge
+of the work of defence.
+
+She had her reward when, first in 1776, and again in 1779, the British
+forces were unable to secure possession of the town. The third
+attempt, made by Sir Henry Clinton in 1780, was successful. For nearly
+three years the town was in the enemy's control. The Motte house was
+made headquarters by Clinton and his staff. The Mottes were crowded
+into a small room, while the British lived in comfort in the large
+apartments. Mrs. Motte divided her time between her invalid husband,
+her timid daughters, and the invaders. It was her custom to preside at
+the long dinner table, but the young ladies were never allowed to
+appear in the presence of the officers.
+
+A reminder of the presence of the unwelcome guests is still to be seen on
+the marble mantel in one of the rooms--a caricature of Clinton scratched
+on the polished surface, evidently with a diamond point. In the same
+room the women of Charleston--who were accustomed to go about the
+streets in mourning, during the period of the occupation--presented a
+petition to Lord Rawdon, asking for the pardon of Isaac Hayne, a
+patriot who had been condemned for some infraction of the regulations
+of the invaders. Their petition for clemency was in vain, though it
+was emphasized by the presence of Hayne's two little children.
+
+After the death of Mr. Motte, in January, 1781, Mrs. Motte and her
+daughters secured permission to leave Charleston that they might
+return to the family plantation on the Congaree, thirty or forty miles
+from Columbia. They were disappointed in their desire to be alone, for
+it was not long till the English decided to build on the estate one of
+their long line of military stations. Earthworks were thrown up around
+the house, which became known as Fort Motte. Again the family were
+crowded into a few rooms, while officers occupied the remainder.
+
+After a time Mrs. Motte was asked to retire to a small house on the
+plantation, a rough structure, covered with weather-boards,
+unplastered and only partially lined. At first it seemed that there
+was no place here to conceal the silverware brought from Fort Motte.
+How the difficulty was solved has been told in "Worthy Women of Our
+First Century":
+
+ "Some one suggested that the unfinished state of the walls of
+ their sitting-room afforded a convenient hiding place; and
+ they set to work to avail themselves of it. Nailing tacks in
+ the vacancy between the outer and inner boarding, and tying
+ strings around the various pieces of silver, they hung them
+ along the inner wall. Shortly afterwards a band of marauders
+ did actually invade the premises; and one more audacious than
+ the others jumped on a chair and thrust his bayonet into the
+ hollow wall, saying he would soon find what they had come in
+ search of; but, rapping all along on the floor within the
+ wall, he did not once strike against anything to reward bad
+ perseverance."
+
+After a time General Marion and Colonel Lee led up troops for the
+siege of Fort Motte. Fearing that British reinforcements were on the
+way, they decided they must make an attack at once. The best way
+seemed to be to set fire to the main building. The American leaders,
+knowing that this was the home of Mrs. Motte, took counsel with her.
+"Do not hesitate a moment," was the prompt reply of the patriotic
+woman. Then she added, "I will give you something to facilitate the
+destruction." So saying, she handed to General Lee a quiver of arrows
+from the East Indies which, so she had been told by the ship captain
+who brought them to Charleston, would set on fire any wood against
+which they were thrown.
+
+Two of the arrows were fired from a gun without result, but the third
+set fire to the shingles of the house. The efforts of the garrison to
+extinguish the flames were in vain, and before long the fortress was
+surrendered to the patriots. In later years, when Mrs. Motte was
+praised for her part in the siege, she was accustomed to say, "Too
+much has been made of a thing that any American woman would have
+done."
+
+After the war Mrs. Motte returned to the house in Charleston. The
+daughters married, and numerous grandchildren played in the rooms
+where the British officers lived during the occupation of Charleston.
+The youngest of these granddaughters lived in the house in 1876, when
+the story of Rebecca Motte was written for the Women's Centennial
+Executive Committee.
+
+During her last years in the old mansion, Mrs. Motte was proudly
+pointed out to visitors to the city. One of her great-grandchildren
+said that at the time "she was rather under-sized and slender, with a
+pale face, blue eyes, and grey hair that curled slightly under a
+high-crowned ruffled mob-cap. She always wore a square white
+neckerchief pinned down in front, tight sleeves reaching only to the
+elbow, with black silk mittens on her hands and arms; a full skirt
+with huge pockets, and at her waist a silver chain, from which hung
+her pin-cushion and scissors and a peculiarly bright bunch of keys."
+
+The body of this gracious patriot was buried in old St. Philip's
+Church, another of the Revolutionary landmarks of the Palmetto City.
+
+The mansion which she made famous should be called the Brewton House,
+or the Motte House. But a Motte married an Alston, and an Alston
+married a Pringle, and so many families of the latter name have been
+associated with the place that their name is popularly given to it.
+
+
+ [Illustration: INDEPENDENT PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SAVANNAH, GA.
+ _Photo furnished by Rev. Rockwell S. Brank, Savannah_
+ See page 340]
+
+LXXVII
+
+THE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, SAVANNAH, GEORGIA
+
+FOR WHICH KING GEORGE II MADE A LAND GRANT
+
+When George II, of his "special Grace, certain knowledge and meer
+motion," gave a deed for a lot in Savannah, "in our province of
+Georgia," he declared that it was "for the use and benefit of such of
+our loving subjects ... as are or shall be professors of the Doctrines
+of the Church of Scotland, agreeable to the Westminster Confession of
+Faith." The further stipulation was made that the annual rent, if
+demanded, should be "one pepper corn."
+
+The date of the grant was January 16, 1756, and within the three years
+allowed for the erection of the building a brick structure was ready
+for the use of the Independent Presbyterian Church. The church was
+independent in fact as well as in name. There was at first no
+presbytery in Georgia with which it could unite, and when a presbytery
+was organized, this independent relation continued.
+
+The first pastor was Rev. John Joachim Zubly, who came to the Colonies
+from Switzerland. He remained with the church until 1778, and became a
+prominent figure among the patriots of the early years of the
+Revolution. When the first Provincial Congress of Georgia met in
+Savannah, July 4, 1775, it adjourned, immediately after organization,
+to the Independent Church, where Dr. Zubly preached a sermon for which
+he received the public thanks of Congress.
+
+_The London Magazine_ for January, 1776, contained an impassioned
+appeal for the Colonies, which was signed by Dr. Zubly. The editor
+stated that the communication was printed at the request of "an old
+correspondent," who signed himself "O." It is supposed that this
+correspondent was General James E. Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia.
+A few months later Dr. Zubly went to Philadelphia, as a member of the
+second Continental Congress. He had also been a member of the first
+Congress in 1774.
+
+During the siege of Savannah by the British the church building was
+badly injured by British cannon, in spite of the fact that it was used
+as a hospital. Later the British used the church as barracks. A
+visitor who entered the city in 1784 said that he found the church in
+a ruinous condition. It was promptly repaired, however, and services
+were resumed.
+
+But there was another pastor in the pulpit. In 1778 Dr. Zubly
+resigned, probably because, for some strange reason, he deserted the
+Colonies and made known his allegiance to Great Britain.
+
+Fire destroyed the original building in 1796, and a fine new church
+was built. Twenty-one years later the rapidly increasing congregation
+made necessary a much larger structure. The new church was modelled
+after St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, London, and more than two years were
+required for its construction. The cost was $96,108.67-1/2, a large sum
+for that day in a town of ten thousand people. Although the middle
+aisle was eleven feet wide and each of the side aisles four and a half
+feet wide, there were seatings for 1,350 people. The beautifully
+proportioned steeple was 223 feet high. The day after the dedication a
+local paper said that "for grandeur of design and nature of execution,
+we presume this church is not surpassed by any in the United States."
+Many architectural writers have told rapturously of the wonders of
+this building.
+
+President James Monroe and his suite, as well as many other
+distinguished visitors, were reverent worshippers in the church on the
+day of dedication.
+
+Lowell Mason, who was organist of the church from 1815 to 1827,
+composed the popular melody to which Bishop Heber's missionary hymn,
+"From Greenland's Icy Mountains," is usually sung. This melody was
+first played by him for the Sunday school of the church, whose
+organization dates from 1804.
+
+Dr. S. K. Axson, the grandfather of Ellen Axson, the first wife of
+President Woodrow Wilson, was pastor of the church from 1857 to 1889.
+The Wilson marriage ceremony was performed by Dr. Axson in the manse
+of the church.
+
+All Savannah mourned when, on April 6, 1889, firebrands tossed by the
+wind lodged on a cornice of the graceful steeple, too high to be
+reached. Soon the old church was in ruins. But the city resolved that
+the historic church must be restored. A new building was erected which
+is an exact reproduction of the former church. To it, as to its
+predecessors, ecclesiastical architects go on pilgrimage as a part of
+their education.
+
+One of the old customs still continued in the church is the assembling
+of the communicants at a table which is laid the entire length of the
+broad aisle, as well as in the transept aisle.
+
+
+ [Illustration: THE CABILDO, NEW ORLEANS, LA.
+ _Photo by Ph. B. Wallace_
+ See page 343]
+
+LXXVIII
+
+THE CABILDO OF NEW ORLEANS
+
+WHICH SAW THE TRANSFER OF LOUISIANA TO THE UNITED STATES
+
+When Count Alejandro O'Reilly, Irish Lieutenant-General of Spain,
+entered New Orleans on July 24, 1769, he came as the avenger of the
+disorders that followed the transfer of Louisiana to Spain by the
+Treaty of Paris. After putting to death some of the leaders in the
+revolt, he reorganized the civil government. Among other innovations
+he instituted the Cabildo as the law-making body for the province, to
+take the place of the French superior council. The meeting place was
+a building on the Place d'Armes. In this square, on the coming of
+O'Reilly, the flag of France had been displaced by that of Spain as
+Aubrey said, "Gentlemen, by order of the King, my master, I absolve
+you from your oath of fidelity and obedience to his most Christian
+majesty." The Spanish and French officers then had gone together to
+the cathedral, next door to the meeting place of the Cabildo.
+
+The original building occupied by the Cabildo was destroyed in the
+fire of 1788, when, in less than five hours, eight hundred and sixteen
+buildings were burned. The loss, amounting to three million dollars,
+was a blessing in disguise, for it cleared the ground for the
+reconstruction of the city under the leadership of Don Andres
+Almonaster y Roxas, who was a member of the Cabildo. He had become
+rich since his arrival with the Spaniards, and he had a vision of a
+city glorified through his wealth.
+
+First he built a schoolhouse, a church, and a hospital. On one side of
+the church he built a convent; on the other side he erected a new town
+hall, the Cabildo. The walls--which are as sturdy to-day as in
+1795--are of brick, half the thickness of the ordinary brick. Shell
+lime was used for the mortar. Originally the Cabildo was two stories
+in height, with a flat roof; the mansard roof was added in 1851. At
+the same time the open arches of the second story loggia that
+corresponded to the arcade on the ground floor were closed, that there
+might be more room for offices.
+
+For eight years more the Cabildo continued its sessions under Spanish
+rule. Then came the news that Louisiana had been transferred by Spain
+to France. Great preparations were made for the ceremonies that were
+to accompany the lowering of the Spanish flag and the raising of the
+French colors in the square before the Cabildo. Then the prefect
+Laussat was thunderstruck by the coming of word that Napoleon had
+appointed a Commission not only to receive the colony from Spain but
+also to give it into the hands of the United States, to whom the vast
+territory had been sold.
+
+The first transfer took place on November 30, 1803. The official
+document was signed in the Sala Capitular, the hall where the Cabildo
+met, and was read from the centre gallery. Then the tricolor of France
+replaced the flag of Spain.
+
+December 20, 1803, was the date of the transfer to the United States.
+The American Commission met the French Commission in the Sala
+Capitular of the Hotel de Ville, or City Hall, as the French called
+the Cabildo. Governor Claiborne received the keys of the city, and the
+tricolor on the flagstaff gave way to the Stars and Stripes. A vast
+company of citizens watched the ceremonies, listened to the addresses,
+and looked at the American troops in the square, as well as at the
+French soldiers who were to have no further power in the province.
+
+Grace King, in "New Orleans, the Place and the People," tells what
+followed:
+
+ "When, twenty-one days before, the French flag was flung to
+ the breeze, for its last brief reign in Louisiana, a band of
+ fifty old soldiers formed themselves into a guard of honor,
+ which was to act as a kind of death watch to their national
+ colors. They stood now at the foot of the staff and received
+ in their arms the Tricolor as it descended, and while the
+ Americans were rending the air with their shouts, they
+ marched silently away, their sergeant bearing it at their
+ head. All uncovered before it; the American troops, as they
+ passed, presented arms to it. It was carried to the
+ government house, and left in the hands of Laussat."
+
+During the years since that momentous transfer the Cabildo has
+continued to be the centre of historical interest in New Orleans. In
+1825 Lafayette was quartered here. In 1901 President McKinley was
+received in the building. In 1903 the Centennial of the Louisiana
+Purchase was observed in the Sala Capitular, which had been for many
+years the meeting place of the State Supreme Court. The great hall is
+almost as it was when the Cabildo of Don Almonaster met there.
+
+Since 1910 the Cabildo, in common with the Presbytere, the old Civil
+District Court, a building of nearly the same age and appearance,
+located on the other side of the Cathedral, has been the Louisiana
+State Museum. The curios are shown in a large hall on the ground
+floor. Among these is the flag used by General Jackson at the battle
+of New Orleans.
+
+From this hall of relics a door leads to a courtyard, which is lined
+by tiers of gloomy cells. Stocks and other reminders of the old
+Spanish days are in evidence.
+
+The old Place d'Armes is now called Jackson Square. On either side are
+the Pontalba buildings, which were erected by the daughter of Don
+Andres Almonaster y Roxas, who inherited millions from her generous
+father. On the spot where the Stars and Stripes were raised in 1803 is
+the statue to General Jackson, the victor of the battle of New
+Orleans, to which the same public-spirited woman was a large
+contributor.
+
+The tomb of Don Andres is shown in the Cathedral he gave to the
+people, by the side of the Cabildo which he built for the city he
+loved.
+
+
+LXXIX
+
+THE ALAMO, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
+
+"THERMOPYLAE HAD HER MESSENGER OF DEFEAT: THE ALAMO HAD NONE"
+
+Early in the eighteenth century the Spaniards built in Texas, then a
+part of Mexico, a number of staunch structures that were designed to
+serve not only as chapels but also as fortresses. The mission that at
+length became known as the Alamo was first built on the Rio Grande in
+1710, and during the next forty-seven years was rebuilt four times in
+a new location, before it was given a final resting-place at San
+Antonio, on the banks of the Alazan River. There it was called Alamo,
+or Poplar Church. Though the Alamo was begun in 1744, it was not
+completed until 1757.
+
+For nearly eighty years there was nothing specially notable about the
+building. Then came the events that made the name famous.
+
+In 1832 Sam Houston was sent to Texas by President Jackson to arrange
+treaties with the Indians for the protection of settlers on the
+border. Just at this time settlers in Texas, which was then a part of
+the state of Coahuila, were seeking equal privileges with the other
+Mexican states. Most of the settlers had come from the United States,
+and they hoped that in time Texas might become a part of that
+country.
+
+On February 13, 1833, Houston wrote to President Jackson that the time
+was ripe for getting hold of the country. Less than three months later
+he was asked to serve as a delegate to a constitutional convention,
+which demanded from Mexico the organization of the territory into
+states, and was made the chairman of the committee which drew up for
+the proposed states a constitution based on that of the United States.
+Stephen F. Austin, who has been called "The Father of Texas," went to
+Mexico City with the petition. But he was imprisoned, and the request
+of Texas was denied by Santa Anna, president of Mexico.
+
+Later, when the colonists attempted to defend themselves against the
+Indians and other lawbreakers, the demand was made that they give up
+their arms.
+
+The organization of a provincial government followed in 1834, and
+Houston was chosen commander-in-chief of the army. The brief war with
+Mexico was marked by a number of heroic events, chief of which was the
+defence of the Alamo, where a small force of Texans resisted more than
+ten times the number of Mexicans.
+
+When the army of Santa Anna approached San Antonio, on February 22,
+1836, one hundred and forty-five men, under the leadership of Colonel
+James Bowie and Lieutenant-Colonel William B. Travis, retired within
+the church fortress. For nearly two weeks these heroic men defended
+themselves, and the enemy did not gain entrance until every one of
+them was killed.
+
+The details of the heroic struggle were not known until 1860, when
+Captain R. M. Potter printed an account in the San Antonio _Herald_,
+in which he had patiently pieced together the reports that came to him
+through those whom he regarded most dependable among the besiegers,
+and from one who was an officer in the garrison until within a few
+days of the assault.
+
+Within the walls a well had been dug on the very day the Mexican Army
+entered the town. Thus a plentiful supply of water supplemented the
+store of meat and corn for the defenders.
+
+A message sent out by Colonel Travis on the night of March 3 told of
+the events of the first days of the siege:
+
+ "With a hundred and forty-five men I have held this place ten
+ days against a force variously estimated from 1,500 to 6,000,
+ and I shall continue to hold it till I get relief from my
+ countrymen, or I will perish in the attempt. We have had a
+ shower of bombs and cannon-balls continually falling among us
+ the whole time, yet none of us have fallen."
+
+Santa Anna led a final assault on March 6. Scaling ladders, axes, and
+fascines were to be in the hands of designated men. Five columns were
+to approach the wall just at daybreak.
+
+At the first onset Colonel Travis was killed and breaches were made in
+the walls. The outer walls and batteries were abandoned, and the
+defenders retired to the different rooms within.
+
+ "From the doors, windows, and loopholes of the several rooms
+ around the area the crack of the rifle and the hiss of the
+ bullet came fierce and fast; as fast the enemy fell and
+ recoiled in his first efforts to charge. The gun beside which
+ Travis fell was now turned against the buildings, as were
+ also some others, and shot after shot was sent crashing
+ through the doors and barricades of the several rooms. Each
+ ball was followed by a storm of musketry and a charge; and
+ thus room after room was carried at the point of the bayonet,
+ when all within them had died fighting to the last. The
+ struggle was made up of a number of separate and desperate
+ combats, often hand to hand, between squads of the garrison
+ and bodies of the enemy. The bloodiest spot about the fort
+ was the long barrack and the ground in front of it, where the
+ enemy fell in heaps."
+
+David Crockett was among those who were killed in one of the rooms. He
+had joined the defenders a few days before the beginning of the siege.
+
+The chapel was the last point taken. "Once the enemy in possession of
+the large area, the guns could be turned to fire into the door of the
+church, only from fifty to a hundred yards off. The inmates of the
+last stronghold fought to the last, and continued to fire down from
+the upper works after the enemy occupied the floor. Towards the close
+of the struggle Lieutenant Dickenson, with his child in his arms, or,
+as some accounts say, tied to his back, leaped from the east embrasure
+of the chapel, and both were shot in the act. Of those he left behind
+him the bayonet soon gleaned what the bullet had left; and in the
+upper part of that edifice the last defender must have fallen."
+
+This final assault lasted only thirty minutes. In that time the
+defenders of Texas won immortal fame. Four days before, the Republic
+of Texas had been proclaimed. Those who fell in the Alamo were hailed
+the heroes of the struggle. "Remember the Alamo!" was the battle cry
+of the war for independence that was waged until the Mexican Army was
+routed at San Jacinto, April 21, 1836.
+
+On the capitol grounds at Austin, Texas, stands a monument to the
+heroes of the Alamo, with the inscription: "Thermopylae had her
+messenger of defeat; the Alamo had none."
+
+
+ [Illustration: THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENN.
+ _Photo by Wiles, Nashville_
+ See page 351]
+
+LXXX
+
+THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
+
+ANDREW JACKSON'S RETREAT IN THE INTERVALS OF HIS PUBLIC SERVICE
+
+Andrew Jackson was a pioneer. From North Carolina he crossed the
+mountains to what was then the Western District. He was a lawyer, but
+he wanted to be a farmer also. His first land purchase was made in
+1791. This land was lost in the effort to pay the debts of another.
+
+The second effort at farming was more successful. This was begun in
+1804, when he bought a tract of some twenty-eight thousand acres, six
+thousand acres of which he retained permanently as the Hermitage
+plantation. From the beginning he showed that he had a genius for
+farming. Crops were large, and his wealth grew rapidly, until he
+became the wealthiest man in all that country. After a few years he
+became famous as a breeder of race horses. He owned a track of his own
+not far from the mansion.
+
+For fifteen years Mr. and Mrs. Jackson lived in a log cabin. But they
+maintained a large establishment. They had their slaves, and they
+drove in a carriage drawn by four horses. And they entertained
+royally. Jackson's biographer, James Parton, tells of a Nashville lady
+who said that she had often been at the Hermitage "when there were in
+each of the four available rooms not a guest merely, but a family,
+while the young men and solitary travellers who chanced to drop in
+disposed themselves on the piazza, or any other shelter about the
+house."
+
+The log house was still the plantation-house when General Jackson's
+neighbors gathered to welcome him home as the victor of New Orleans.
+In the response he gave to their greeting he made a prophecy:
+
+ "Years will continue to develop our inherent qualities,
+ until, from being the youngest and the weakest, we shall
+ become the most powerful nation in the universe."
+
+General Jackson was popular with all in the neighborhood of the
+plantation. To his slaves he was a hero. To his wife he was devoted.
+Parton says that he always treated her as if she was his pride and
+glory. And words can faintly describe her devotion to him. She also
+was popular among the servants; her treatment of them was courteous in
+the extreme. A visitor to the Hermitage told of being present at the
+hour of evening devotions. Just before these began the wife of the
+overseer came into the room. Mrs. Jackson rose and made room for her
+on the sofa. One of the guests expressed her surprise to a lady
+sitting next her. "That is the way here," the lady whispered, "and if
+she had not done it, the General would."
+
+Peter Cartwright, the famous pioneer preacher, told in his
+Autobiography an incident that revealed the General's nature.
+Cartwright was preaching, when the pastor of a church, who was with
+him in the pulpit, leaned forward and whispered, "General Jackson has
+just come in." The outspoken preacher replied, so that every one could
+hear: "What is that if General Jackson has come in? In the eyes of God
+he is no bigger than any other man!" After the service Jackson told
+Mr. Cartwright of his hearty approval of the sentiment.
+
+That there might be more room for entertaining passing strangers like
+Mr. Cartwright, as well as hosts of friends, Jackson began to build
+The Hermitage in 1819, of brick made on the plantation. When this
+house was burned in 1836, a new house was built on the old foundation,
+and with the same general plan. The building has the rather unusual
+length of 104 feet. Six pillars support the roof in front and in rear.
+
+Between the building of the first house and its successor came most of
+Jackson's political career. During this period also was the visit of
+General Lafayette. On this occasion the Frenchman, recognizing the
+pair of pistols which he had given to Washington in 1778, said that he
+had a real satisfaction in finding them in the hands of one so worthy
+of possessing them. "Yes, I believe myself to be worthy of them,"
+Jackson began his reply, in words that seemed far less modest than the
+conclusion proved them; for he added: "if not for what I have done, at
+least for what I wished to do, for my country."
+
+The Hermitage never seemed the same place to Jackson after the death
+of his wife, on December 22, 1828, only a few days after his first
+election to the presidency.
+
+Two years after his final return from Washington, after attending
+service at the little Presbyterian church on the estate, he begged the
+pastor, Dr. Edgar, to return home with him. The pastor was unable to
+accept, but promised to be on hand early in the morning. All night the
+General read and prayed. Next morning, when Dr. Edgar came, he asked
+to be admitted to the Church.
+
+Parton says that from this time to the end of his life "General
+Jackson spent most of his leisure hours in reading the Bible,
+Biblical commentaries, and the hymn-book, which last he always
+pronounced in the old-fashioned way, _hime_-book. The work known as
+'Scott's Bible' was his chief delight; he read it through twice before
+he died. Nightly he read prayers in the presence of his family and
+household servants."
+
+Soon after he united with the Church, the congregation wished to
+choose him to the office of elder. "No," he said, "I am too young in
+the Church for such an office. My countrymen have given me high
+honors, but I should esteem the office of ruling elder in the Church
+of Christ a far higher honor than any I have ever received."
+
+For six years he continued to be an unofficial member of the church.
+Then, on June 8, 1845, he said to those who had gathered about his
+death-bed: "I am my God's. I belong to Him. I go but a short time
+before you, and I want to meet you all, white and black, in heaven."
+
+Less than two months before his death, when the President and
+Directors of the National Institute proposed that an imported
+sarcophagus in their possession be set apart for his last
+resting-place, he declined, because he wished to lie by the side of
+his wife, in the garden of The Hermitage.
+
+Until 1888 Andrew Jackson, Jr., and after his death, his widow
+occupied the house, during the last thirty-two years of this period as
+caretakers for the State, which had bought the property for $48,000.
+Since 1889 the mansion and twenty-five acres of ground have been cared
+for by the Ladies' Hermitage Association.
+
+
+ [Illustration: ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KY.
+ _Photo by E. C. Hall_
+ See page 355]
+
+LXXXI
+
+ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY
+
+THE HOME OF HENRY CLAY FOR FORTY-SIX YEARS
+
+Henry Clay's mother, having married Captain Henry Watkins, moved from
+Hanover, Virginia, to Woodford County, Kentucky, in 1792. As soon as
+the future statesman was admitted to practice in the Virginia Court of
+Appeals, he decided to follow her. Accordingly, in November, 1797, he
+became a resident of Lexington. Three years later the _Kentucke
+Gazette_, the first paper published west of the mountains, told of "an
+eloquent oration" that was "delivered by Henry Clay, Esquire."
+
+The year before the young lawyer received this flattering notice he
+married Lavinia Hart, of Lexington. Seven years were spent in rented
+quarters, but in 1806 he purchased an estate about a mile and a half
+from town.
+
+Clay took the keenest pleasure in the estate. Once he wrote to a
+friend:
+
+ "I am in one respect better off than Moses. He died in sight
+ of and without reaching the Promised Land. I occupy as good a
+ farm as any he would have found had he reached it, and
+ 'Ashland' has been acquired not by hereditary descent but by
+ my own labor."
+
+However, it was only at intervals that the proud owner was able to
+enjoy Ashland. After 1803 the longest period of residence was six
+years, and this was toward the close of his life.
+
+The management of the property was largely in the hands of Mrs. Clay,
+and the prosperity of the plantation was proof of her capability. From
+Washington he wrote frequently of things he would like to see done. He
+was especially interested in blooded stock which he secured in the
+East and abroad. Once he wrote proudly of the fact that there were on
+the estate specimens of "the Maltese ass, the Arabian horse, the
+Merino and Saxe Merino sheep, the English Hereford and Durham cattle,
+the goat, the mule and the hog." His race horses were famous, and he
+delighted to handle them himself. He also liked to feed the pigs, even
+when he was an old man.
+
+There were many slaves at Ashland, and they were all attached to their
+master. His will provided for their emancipation, under wise
+conditions. Once, when a friend bequeathed him twenty-five slaves, he
+sent them to Liberia, by way of New Orleans.
+
+Harriet Martineau, who visited Ashland in 1835, told of her pleasant
+impression of the place and its owner:
+
+ "I stayed some weeks in the house of a wealthy landowner in
+ Kentucky. Our days were passed in great luxury, and the
+ hottest of them very idly. The house was in the midst of
+ grounds gay with verdure and flowers, in the opening month of
+ June, and our favorite seats were the steps of the hall, and
+ chairs under the trees. From there we could watch the play of
+ the children on the grass plot, and some of the drolleries of
+ the little negroes.... There were thirty-three horses in the
+ stables, and we roved about the neighboring country
+ accordingly...."
+
+As the years passed visitors flocked to Ashland in ever-increasing
+numbers. Many of them were politicians, but more were plain people
+who were devoted to Clay and could not understand why the country
+refused to elect him President. In 1844, during his longest period of
+continuous residence at Ashland, he received word of the disappointing
+result of the election. After a few days, when he was walking on the
+turnpike near the house, he was startled by a woman who, on passing
+him, burst into tears. When he asked her why she wept, she said:
+
+ "I have lost my father, my husband, and my children, and
+ passed through other painful trials; but all of them together
+ have not given me so much sorrow as the late disappointment
+ of your friends."
+
+A story is also told of a bride and groom who visited Ashland on the
+day the news of defeat was received. The journey was continued down
+the Mississippi River. On the boat the groom was taken seriously ill.
+The physician who was called to attend him was puzzled to define the
+ailment until the bride said that the cause was the defeat of Henry
+Clay. The old doctor threw his arms about the patient's neck and
+cried, "There is no cure for a complaint like that."
+
+The sting of defeat was forgotten one day in 1845. Mr. Clay was in his
+bank in Lexington, prepared to pay a part of the indebtedness that had
+all but swamped him, so that he felt he might have to sacrifice
+Ashland. The bank told him that about $50,000 had been deposited in
+the bank by his friends from all parts of the country, enough to pay
+all his debts. He never knew the names of the generous friends who had
+made possible the retention of the property.
+
+He thought he was to spend the remainder of his days at home, and
+that he would die there in peace. One day he said, in an address in
+Lexington, "I felt like an old stag which has been long coursed by the
+hunters and the hounds, through brakes and briars, and over distant
+plains, and has at last returned to his ancient lair to lay himself
+down and die."
+
+Again in 1848 he tasted defeat, though on this occasion it was in the
+nominating convention, not in the election. In the trying days that
+followed he was sustained by his Christian faith. He had been baptized
+in the parlor at Ashland on June 22, 1847. The reality of his
+religious convictions was seen one day by what he said to a company of
+friends who had been talking in a despairing manner of the future of
+the country. Pointing to the Bible on the table, he said, "Gentlemen,
+I do not know anything but that Book which can reconcile us to such
+events."
+
+In 1849 Clay was sent to the United States Senate because the
+legislature of Kentucky felt that he was needed to help in the
+solution of questions raised by the Mexican War. He spent three years
+in Washington, then died in the midst of his work. After a journey
+that showed what a place he had won in the hearts of the people, his
+body was taken to Lexington. The catafalque lay in state in Ashland
+over one night. Next day the body was buried near Lexington.
+
+His son, James B. Clay, who purchased the estate at auction, tore down
+the house because of its weakened foundations, but rebuilt it of the
+same materials, on the old site, and on almost the identical plans.
+Both outside and inside the mansion has practically the appearance of
+the original.
+
+Before the Civil War Ashland was purchased by the State College, but
+in 1882 it became the property of Major Henry Clay McDowell, whose
+widow lived there for many years. She was the daughter of Henry Clay,
+Jr., whose death at the Battle of Buena Vista was a sore blow to one
+who was always a fond father.
+
+
+ [Illustration: SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, KY
+ _Photo by Miss M. E. Sacre, Stanford, Ky._
+ See page 359]
+
+LXXXII
+
+SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, KENTUCKY
+
+THE HOME OF THE MAN WHO KILLED TECUMSEH
+
+"Then, Billy, if I was you, I would go and see!"
+
+Thus replied Esther Whitley of Augusta, Virginia, to her husband
+William Whitley, when, early in 1775, he had told her that he had a
+fine report of Kentucky, and that he thought they could get their
+living in the frontier settlements with less hard work than was
+required in Virginia.
+
+Whitley took his wife at her word. Two days later, with axe and plow
+and gun and kettle, he was on his way over the mountains. Daniel Boone
+had not yet marked out the Wilderness Road that was to become the
+great highway of emigration from Virginia to Kentucky. At first his
+only companion was his brother-in-law, George Clark, but on the way
+seven others joined the party.
+
+During the next six years he was one of the trusted pioneers at
+Boonesborough and Harrod's Fort, two stations on the Wilderness Road.
+When he had a house ready for his wife, he returned to Virginia, and
+brought her to Kentucky. It is said that she was the third white woman
+to cross the Cumberland Mountains, Mrs. Daniel Boone and her daughter
+being the first and second. The claim has been made that their
+daughter, Louisa, who was born in Boonesborough, was the first white
+child born in the present limits of Kentucky.
+
+Louisa was perhaps four years old when Whitley removed to the vicinity
+of Crab Orchard, the famous assembling place for parties about to take
+the dangerous journey back to Virginia. Two miles from the settlement
+he built Whitley's Fort. In 1788 he felt able to build for his growing
+family the first brick house in Kentucky. The brick were brought from
+Virginia, and the man who laid the brick was given a farm of five
+hundred acres for his services. The windows were placed high above the
+ground to prevent the Indians from shooting in at the occupants. The
+window-glass was carried across the mountains in pack-saddles. The
+stairway had twenty-one steps, and on these steps were carved the
+heads of thirteen eagles to represent the original thirteen Colonies.
+The doors were made of wood, elaborately carved, and were in two
+layers, a heavy sheet of iron being placed between these. The old-time
+leather hinges are still in use.
+
+The owner laid out on his property the first race track in Kentucky,
+and he called his house Sportsman's Hall. In its walls scores of
+settlers found refuge in time of danger. Famous men sat with Mr. and
+Mrs. Whitley at their hospitable table, among these being Daniel
+Boone, George Rogers Clark, and General Harrison.
+
+Until his death at the battle of the Thames in 1813 Whitley was one of
+the chief defenders of the settlers against the Indians. On his
+powder horn he cut the lines:
+
+ William Whitley, I am your horne,
+ The truth I love, a lie I scorne,
+ Fill me with the best of powder,
+ I'll make your rifle crack the louder.
+
+ See how the dread, terrifick ball
+ Makes Indians blench at Toreys fall,
+ You with powder I'll supply
+ For to defend your liberty.
+
+One day in 1785 a messenger came to Whitley's Fort with the tidings
+that Indians had captured a mother and her babe, after killing three
+older children. Mr. Whitley was not at home, but Mrs. Whitley sent for
+him. In the meantime she collected a company of twenty rescuers. On
+his return Whitley placed himself at their head, pursued the Indians,
+and rescued the prisoners.
+
+The title Colonel was given to Whitley in 1794, when he commanded the
+Nickerjack expedition against the Tennessee Indians, who had been
+conducting foraging expeditions into Kentucky. The march was conducted
+with such secrecy and despatch that the enemy were taken by surprise,
+and were completely routed.
+
+The last of his campaigns took place in Canada against the British,
+French, and Indians in 1813. Many claim that before he received his
+mortal wound in the battle of the Thames, he fired the shot that
+killed Tecumseh, the chief who had given so much trouble to the
+settlers of Kentucky and Indiana. Others say that the shot was fired
+by a Colonel Johnson.
+
+The body of the Indian fighter rests in an unknown grave hundreds of
+miles from the territory he helped to wrest from the Indians, but the
+brick house he built near Crab Orchard is still one of the historic
+buildings of Kentucky.
+
+
+ [Illustration: WHITE HAVEN, ST. LOUIS
+ _Photo furnished by Albert Wenzlick_
+ See page 362]
+
+LXXXIII
+
+WHITE HAVEN, NEAR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
+
+WHERE ULYSSES S. GRANT COURTED JULIA DENT
+
+Immediately after Ulysses Simpson Grant graduated from West Point, he
+was sent to Jefferson Barracks, at St. Louis. His military duties were
+not so arduous that he was unable to accept the invitation of Fred
+Dent, a former roommate at West Point, to go with him to the Dent
+homestead on the Gravois Road, four miles from the Barracks.
+
+The young second lieutenant did not have to be urged to repeat his
+visit. In fact he went so often that the road between the Barracks and
+the Dent farm became as familiar to him as his old haunts on the banks
+of the Hudson. He did not meet Julia Dent at first, for she was absent
+at school, but he found enough attraction in a sister to make him a
+frequent visitor.
+
+Then came the eventful day when he met seventeen-year-old Julia. The
+courtship was by no means a long-drawn-out affair; the young people
+were engaged before Grant was ordered to the Mexican border, though
+the fact was not announced until his return to St. Louis in May, 1845.
+The marriage took place in August, 1848, after the close of the
+Mexican War.
+
+For some years Mrs. Grant was a soldier's wife. Grant took her with
+him to Detroit, but he left her at her old home in St. Louis when he
+was transferred to the Pacific Coast. In 1853 he accepted a commission
+as captain, which he soon resigned, determining to return to the East.
+Several unfortunate speculations had left him without funds, and he
+was indebted to a friend in San Francisco for transportation.
+
+"I rejoined my family to find in it a son whom I had never seen, born
+while I was on the Isthmus of Panama," Grant said in his "Personal
+Memoirs." "I was now to commence, at the age of thirty-two, a new
+struggle for our support. My wife had a farm near St. Louis, to which
+we went, but I had no means to stock it. A house had to be built also.
+I worked very hard, never losing a day because of bad weather, and
+accomplished the object in a moderate way."
+
+After working as a farm laborer for a time, he built a cabin on sixty
+acres given to Mrs. Grant by her father. "Hardscrabble," as he called
+the four-room log house, was the home of the Grant family for several
+years. This cabin, which was on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase
+Exposition at St. Louis, and White Haven, must both be counted homes
+of the family at this period. Fred, Nellie, and Jesse Grant were all
+born in White Haven.
+
+Ready money was scarce, but the father of a growing family felt the
+necessity of providing for their wants. "If nothing else could be done
+I would load a cord of wood on a wagon and take it to the city for
+sale," he wrote in his Memoirs. "I managed to keep along very well
+until 1858, when I was attacked by fever and ague. I had suffered very
+severely and for a long time from the disease while a boy in Ohio. It
+lasted now over a year, and, while it did not keep me in the house,
+it did interfere greatly with the amount of work I was able to
+perform. In the fall of 1858 I sold out my stock, crops and farming
+utensils at auction, and gave up farming."
+
+The family remained at White Haven for a time, and Grant tried to make
+a living in the real estate business. His partner was a cousin of Mrs.
+Grant. The income of the business was not sufficient for two families,
+so he soon gave up the attempt. "He doesn't seem to be just calculated
+for business, but an honester, more generous man never lived," was the
+remark of one who knew him at this time.
+
+In the meantime he had taken his family to St. Louis. He made one
+further attempt to support them there. Learning that there was a
+vacancy in the office of county engineer, he applied for the position,
+but the appointment was to be made by the members of the county court,
+and he did not have sufficient influence to secure it. So the move to
+Galena, Illinois, in May, 1860, became necessary. There, in the
+leather business, he earned but eight hundred dollars a year. And he
+had a family of six to feed.
+
+A year later he responded to the call of President Lincoln, and began
+the army service that made him famous.
+
+White Haven was built in 1808 by Captain John Long, who had won his
+title during the Revolution. Later the house and three hundred acres
+of the original farm were sold to Frederick Dent, who, at one period,
+had ninety slaves in the slave quarters still to be seen at the rear
+of the house.
+
+Through Mrs. Grant the entire property came into the possession of
+General Grant. At the time of the failure of Grant & Ward, the farm
+was pledged to William H. Vanderbilt, who sold it to Captain Fuller H.
+Conn of St. Louis. Captain Conn disposed of it in a number of parcels.
+One of these, containing fifteen acres and the old homestead, was
+purchased by Albert Wenzlick, who makes his summer home in the house
+where Ulysses S. Grant met Julia Dent.
+
+
+
+
+EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO NEW ENGLAND
+
+ _In verdurous tumult far away
+ The prairie billows gleam,
+ Upon their crests in blessing rests
+ The noontide's gracious beam.
+ Low quivering vapors steaming dim
+ The level splendors break
+ Where languid lilies deck the rim
+ Of some land-circled lake._
+
+ _Far in the east like low-hung clouds
+ The waving woodlands lie;
+ Far in the west the glowing plain
+ Melts warmly in the sky.
+ No accent wounds the reverent air,
+ No footprint dints the sod,--
+ Lone in the light the prairie lies,
+ Wrapt in a dream of God._
+
+ JOHN HAY.
+
+
+
+
+EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO NEW ENGLAND
+
+
+ [Illustration: ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD, ILL.
+ _Photo by E. C. Hall_
+ See page 369]
+
+LXXXIV
+
+THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS
+
+FROM WHICH PRESIDENT-ELECT LINCOLN WENT TO WASHINGTON IN 1861
+
+When Abraham Lincoln entered Springfield, in 1837, he did not own a
+house; in fact he did not own much of anything. Joshua Speed is quoted
+by Ida Tarbell thus:
+
+ "He had ridden into town on a borrowed horse, with no earthly
+ property save a pair of saddle-bags containing a few
+ clothes.... Lincoln came into the store with his saddle-bags
+ on his arm. He said he wanted to buy the furniture for a
+ single bed. The mattress, blankets, sheets, coverlid, and
+ pillow ... would cost seventeen dollars. He said that perhaps
+ was cheap enough; but small as the price was, he was unable
+ to pay it. But if I would credit him till Christmas, and his
+ experiment as a lawyer was a success, he would pay then,
+ saying in the saddest tone, 'If I fail in this I do not know
+ that I can ever pay you.'"
+
+The storekeeper thereupon proposed that the young lawyer should share
+his own room above the store. Lincoln promptly accepted, went
+upstairs, and in a moment was down again. With dry humor he said:
+"Well, Speed, I am moved."
+
+Lincoln longed for better quarters, however, because he wanted to be
+married. He watched with interest the new buildings that were going
+up, probably reflecting sadly that none of them were for him. In his
+discouragement he wrote to Miss Mary Owen of New Salem, to whom he had
+said something about coming to live with him in Springfield:
+
+ "You would have to be poor, without the means of hiding your
+ poverty. Do you believe you could bear that patiently?
+ Whatever woman may cast her lot with mine, should any ever do
+ so, it is my intention to do all in my power to make her
+ happy and contented. And there is nothing I can imagine that
+ would make me more unhappy than to fail in the effort. I know
+ I should be much happier with you than the way I am, provided
+ I saw no sign of discontent in you."
+
+Miss Owen declined to go to Springfield, because she felt that Lincoln
+was "deficient in those little links which make up the chain of a
+woman's happiness."
+
+Five years later, on November 4, 1842, Lincoln married Miss Mary Todd,
+a member of a prominent Kentucky family, who had come to Springfield
+in 1839 to live with her sister, Mrs. Ninian W. Edwards. The house in
+which she spent the three years before her marriage was one of the
+handsomest in the town, and was a centre of social gayety. Mr. and
+Mrs. Edwards opposed the marriage to the poor and plebeian lawyer;
+they urged the folly of exchanging a cultured home for the
+surroundings to which Lincoln would take her. But she knew her own
+mind, and she went with Lincoln to the home he provided for her.
+
+The character of the accommodations to which he took his bride is
+revealed by a letter written in May, 1843: "We are not keeping house,
+but boarding at the Globe Tavern.... Boarding only costs four dollars
+a week."
+
+But the day came when the young statesman was able to open for Mrs.
+Lincoln the door of their own modest one-story house. Later a second
+story was added under the direction of his wife, most of the work
+being done while he was away from home, riding the circuit.
+
+J. G. Holland's pleasing picture of life in the home during the years
+from 1850 to 1860 should be remembered:
+
+ "It was to him a time of rest, of reading, of social
+ happiness, and of professional prosperity. He was already a
+ father, and took an almost unbounded delight in his children.
+ The most that he could say to any rebel in his household was,
+ 'You break my heart, when you act like this.' A young man
+ bred in Springfield speaks of a vision that has clung to his
+ memory very vividly.... His way to school led by the lawyer's
+ door. On almost any fair summer morning he could find Mr.
+ Lincoln on the sidewalk in front of his house, drawing a
+ child backward and forward, in a child's gig. Without hat or
+ coat, and wearing a pair of rough shoes, his hands behind him
+ holding on to the tongue of the gig, and his tall form bent
+ forward to accommodate himself to the service, he paced up
+ and down the walk forgetful of everything around him. The
+ young man says he remembers wondering how so rough and plain
+ a man should live in so respectable a house."
+
+Once Lincoln was sitting on the porch when three-year-old Willie
+escaped from the bathtub, ran out cf the house and the gate, up the
+street, and into a field. There his father caught him, and carried
+him home on his shoulder.
+
+The children liked to ride on his shoulder, and they clambered for the
+position. If they could not get there, they contented themselves with
+hanging to his coat tails. One day a neighbor heard the boys crying,
+and asked what was the matter. "Just what's the matter with the whole
+world," was Lincoln's reply. "I've got three walnuts, and each wants
+two."
+
+During the last day of the Republican Convention of 1860, which was in
+session in Chicago, Lincoln was in the office of the Springfield
+_Journal_, receiving word of the progress of events. A messenger came
+in and said to him, "The Convention has made a nomination, and Mr.
+Seward is--the second man on the list!" After reading the telegram,
+and receiving the congratulations of all in the office, Lincoln spoke
+of the little woman on Eighth Street who had some interest in the
+matter, and said he would go home and tell her the news.
+
+When the news became generally known, the citizens followed him to the
+house on Eighth Street. In the evening, after a meeting in the State
+House, the Republicans present marched to the Lincoln home. The
+nominee made a speech, and invited as many as could get in to enter
+the house. "After the fourth of March we will give you a larger
+house," came the laughing response.
+
+Next day Lincoln was in a quandary. Some of his friends had sent him a
+present of wines and other liquors, that he might be able to give what
+they thought would be appropriate refreshment to the Committee sent
+from Chicago to notify the nominee. Before the formal notification,
+Lincoln asked the members what he should do with the wine. J. G.
+Holland says that "the chairman at once advised him to return the
+gift, and to offer no stimulants to his guests."
+
+A few years later, when he had closed the house which he was never to
+enter again, he said to his friends, who had gathered at the train to
+say good-bye:
+
+ "My friends: no one, not in my situation, can appreciate my
+ feeling of sadness at this parting. To this place, and the
+ kindness of these people, I owe everything. Here I have lived
+ a quarter of a century, and have passed from a young to an
+ old man. Here my children have been born, and one is buried.
+ I now leave, not knowing when or whether ever I may return,
+ with a task before me greater than that which rested upon
+ Washington. Without the assistance of that Divine Being who
+ ever attended him, I cannot succeed. With that assistance I
+ cannot fail. Trusting in Him, who can go with me, and remain
+ with you, and be everywhere for good, let us confidently hope
+ that all will yet be well. To His care commending you, as I
+ hope in your prayers you will commend me, I bid you an
+ affectionate farewell."
+
+When the body of the martyred President was brought back to
+Springfield on May 3, 1865, it was not taken to the old home on Eighth
+Street, but to the State Capitol, and from there to Oak Ridge
+Cemetery.
+
+The house is now the property of the State of Illinois, the gift of
+Robert T. Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln's son.
+
+
+ [Illustration: WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON'S HOUSE, VINCENNES, IND.
+ _Photo furnished by Frank H. Curtis, Vincennes_
+ See page 376]
+
+LXXXV
+
+THE GOVERNOR'S PALACE AT VINCENNES, INDIANA
+
+WHERE "OLD TIPPECANOE" WELCOMED HIS GUESTS
+
+William Henry Harrison, son of Benjamin Harrison, one of the signers
+of the Declaration of Independence, was a ward of Robert Morris. The
+great financier opposed the young man's purpose to enlist in the Ohio
+campaign against the Indians that followed the war of the Revolution,
+but when young Harrison applied directly to Washington he was
+appointed ensign and sent to the front. This was in 1791, and the new
+ensign was but nineteen years old.
+
+Gallant conduct during a campaign of four years under General Anthony
+Wayne brought to him promotion to a captaincy, the favor of his
+general, and the command of Fort Washington, at what is now
+Cincinnati, Ohio.
+
+This post was resigned in 1798, when there seemed no further prospect of
+active service. Thereupon Washington appointed the twenty-four-year-old
+captain Secretary of the Northwestern Territory and _ex officio_
+Lieutenant Governor. When, in 1800, the Northwestern Territory was
+divided, he was nominated by Thomas Jefferson Governor of Indiana
+Territory, including what is now Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,
+Wisconsin, and Iowa.
+
+Vincennes, one of the three white settlements in all this vast
+territory, became the seat of government. As Fort Sackville Vincennes
+had been made famous during the Revolution by the brilliant exploit
+of George Rogers Clarke, who took it from the British after an
+approach across Illinois and through the flooded valley of the Wabash,
+for which he will ever be remembered by a grateful country.
+
+For thirteen years he was the autocrat in his remote outpost. To him
+were committed, in company with the Judge, all legislative powers; he
+was commander-in-chief of the militia, and he had the power of
+treaty-making with the Indians. His signature became a valid title to
+lands in the Indian country. His care of the interests committed to
+him was so satisfactory that the legislature of Indiana asked for his
+reappointment. He was especially successful in dealing with the
+Indians. The victory at Tippecanoe became a rallying cry when, in
+1839, he was nominated for the Presidency.
+
+One of the most notable events of his career as Governor took place
+before his house at Vincennes. The Indian warrior Tecumseh, claiming
+that lands ceded by other tribes belonged to his own tribe, threatened
+vengeance on any who should attempt to settle on these lands. General
+Harrison sent for him, promising to give him a careful hearing and
+full justice. Accordingly, in August, 1810, Tecumseh came to
+Vincennes, accompanied by several hundred warriors. The meeting of the
+Governor and the Indians took place in front of the official
+residence. At one point in the conference, Tecumseh, being angry, gave
+a signal to his warriors, who seized their knives, tomahawks, and war
+clubs and sprang to their feet.
+
+The Governor rose calmly from his armchair, drew his sword, and faced
+the savage. His bearing overawed the Indians, and when he told
+Tecumseh that he could have no further conference with such a bad
+man, the chief and his supporters returned to their camp.
+
+The house that looked down on this scene was probably the first house
+of burned brick built west of the Alleghenies. It was erected in 1804,
+at a cost of about twenty thousand dollars.
+
+The walls of the basement are twenty-four inches thick; the upper
+walls are eighteen inches thick. The outer walls are of hard red
+brick. The doors, sash, mantels, and stairs are of black walnut, and
+are said to have been made in Pittsburgh.
+
+The basement contains the dining-room, the kitchen, in which hangs the
+old-fashioned crane, a storeroom in which the supplies of powder and
+arms were kept, and four servants' bedrooms. At one side of the large
+cellar is the entrance to a tunnel which led to the banks of the
+Wabash, some six hundred feet distant. This was built, so tradition
+says, that the Governor and his family, if too closely pressed by
+Indians, might escape to the river and continue their flight in
+canoes. This would be useful also for the carrying in of water and
+food during a siege.
+
+On the first floor a commodious hallway communicates on the left with
+the Council Chamber, where notable visitors were received. This was
+also the chamber of early territorial lawmakers. Here, in 1805, by
+Rev. Thomas Clelland, was preached the first Presbyterian sermon in
+what is now the State of Indiana.
+
+In the shutter of a room facing the rear is the mark of a bullet
+which, it is said, was fired by an Indian who was attempting the life
+of the Governor, while that official was walking the floor with his
+little son in his arms.
+
+To-day the house is cut off from the city by railroad tracks and is
+surrounded by factories. Until 1916 it was owned by the Vincennes
+Water Company, which proposed to raze it to the ground, that they
+might have room for extension. Learning of this purpose, six members
+of the Francis Vigo Chapter of the Daughters of the American
+Revolution begged the City Council to buy the house and preserve it.
+When the Council announced that the way was not open to do this, a
+number of patriotic women, led by Mrs. Frank W. Curtis, raised the sum
+necessary for the purchase of the property.
+
+Under the direction of the Francis Vigo Chapter, the house has been
+restored, and opened for visitors. It is the intention to maintain it
+for the inspiration of those who visit Vincennes to look on the scene
+of the wise labors of the first Governor of the Indian Territory.
+
+
+ [Illustration: RUFUS PUTNAM'S HOUSE, MARIETTA, O.
+ _Photo furnished by Miss Willia D. Cotton, Marietta_
+ See page 377]
+
+LXXXVI
+
+THE HOUSE OF GENERAL RUFUS PUTNAM, MARIETTA, OHIO
+
+THE MAN WHO LED THE FIRST PERMANENT SETTLERS TO OHIO
+
+In 1775 General Washington decided that he must fortify Dorchester
+Heights, Boston, if he was to force the British to leave the country.
+But how was he to do this? The ground was frozen to a depth of
+eighteen inches, and the enemy's cannon commanded the coveted
+position. Lieutenant Colonel Putnam told the General that the
+seemingly impossible task could be performed. Washington was dubious,
+but he had learned that Colonel Putnam was to be counted on. One
+night, after dark, the work was begun, and before daylight it was so
+far completed that the surprised enemy were compelled to retire.
+
+In recognition of services like this, Colonel Putnam was made a
+brigadier general. A reward even greater was his; he won the lasting
+friendship of Washington.
+
+Eight years after the fortification of Dorchester Heights, two hundred
+and eighty-three officers asked Congress for a grant of land in the
+western country. General Putnam forwarded the petition to Washington,
+and urged that it be granted, in order that "the country between Lake
+Erie and the Ohio might be filled with inhabitants, and the faithful
+subjects of the United States so established on the waters of the Ohio
+and on the lakes as to banish forever the idea of our western
+territory falling under the dominion of any European power."
+
+Action by Congress was delayed. On June 2, 1784, Washington wrote to
+Putnam:
+
+ "I wish it was in my power to give you a more favorable
+ account of the officers' petition for lands on the Ohio and
+ its water, than I am about to do.... For surely if justice
+ and gratitude to the army, and general policy of the Union
+ were to govern in the case, there would not be the smallest
+ interruption in granting the request."
+
+Putnam did not lose heart. His next step, taken in January, 1786, was
+to call a meeting of officers and soldiers and others to form an Ohio
+Company. The meeting was held at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern, in
+Boston, March 1, 1786, and the Ohio Company of Associates was duly
+formed. It was agreed to raise a fund to purchase from Congress, for
+purposes of settlement, the western lands which Congress had been
+asked to give them.
+
+On July 27, 1787, a tract of 1,500,000 acres on the Ohio River,
+between the Scioto and the Muskingum rivers, was sold to the Company
+at sixty-six and two-thirds cents per acre. Half the amount was paid
+down. When, later, it became impossible to pay the remainder, Congress
+gave a measure of relief.
+
+The first emigrants to go to the new lands set out from Danvers,
+Massachusetts, December 1, 1787, under the guidance of General Rufus
+Putnam, while a second party started from Hartford, Connecticut,
+January 1, 1788. The first party of twenty-two men followed the Indian
+trail over the Allegheny Mountains and reached the Youghiogheny River,
+on January 23, 1788, while the second party of twenty-eight men,
+making better time, joined them on February 14. Then a barge, called
+the _Mayflower_, was built, forty-six feet long and twelve feet wide.
+A cabin was provided for the women of the party, and an awning was
+stretched. The men propelled the boat with ten oars.
+
+On April 1 the voyage to the Ohio was begun, and on April 7 the party
+reached the mouth of the Muskingum. The barge was moored to the bank,
+opposite Fort Harmar. Thus came the Massachusetts pioneers to the town
+of which Washington wrote later: "No colony in America was ever
+settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced
+at Muskingum. Information, property, and strength will be its
+characteristics. I know many of the settlers personally, and there
+never were men better calculated to promote the welfare of such a
+community."
+
+Here the pioneers laid out the town of Marietta among the famous
+Indian mounds, naming it in honor of Marie Antoinette of France. The
+greatest mound of all was made the central feature of Marie Antoinette
+Square. This mound is thirty feet high, while the circular base is 375
+feet in circumference. It is surrounded by a moat fifteen feet wide
+and five feet deep. Beyond the moat is a parapet twenty feet thick and
+385 feet in circumference. This square was leased to General Putnam
+for twelve years, on condition that he "surround the whole square with
+mulberry trees with an elm at each corner." The base of the mound was
+to be encircled with weeping willows, and evergreens were to be placed
+on the mound. The parapet was to be surrounded with trees, the square
+was to be seeded down to grass, and the whole was to be enclosed with
+a post and rail fence. This effort to create a park at the very
+beginning was an unusual feature of this pioneer experience.
+
+An enclosure of logs, with a log fort at each corner, was built for
+protection against the Indians. Between the corner forts were the
+cabins occupied by the various families. The forts and the enclosure
+were named the Campus Martius. One of the early houses built within
+this stockade became the home of General Putnam.
+
+Marie Antoinette Square soon became known as Mound Square. General
+Putnam turned over his lease to the town, which set the property aside
+as a cemetery. Many of the settlers had died during two epidemics of
+smallpox, and there was need of a cemetery nearer the town than the
+ground set aside at the beginning.
+
+It is claimed that more officers of the Revolution have been buried in
+the Mound Cemetery than in any other cemetery in the country. There
+were twelve colonels, twelve majors, and twenty-two captains among
+the Marietta pioneers. When General Lafayette was in Marietta in
+1825, the list was read to him, and he said: "I knew them all. I saw
+them at Brandywine, Yorktown, and Rhode Island. They were the bravest
+of the brave."
+
+Over Putnam's grave is the following inscription:
+
+ Gen. Rufus Putnam
+ A Revolutionary Officer
+ And the leader of the
+ Colony which made the
+ First settlement in the
+ Territory of the Northwest.
+ Born April 9, 1738
+ Died May 4, 1824.
+
+The house occupied by "the Father of Ohio," as he has been called, is
+preserved as a historical monument. In 1917 the Daughters of the
+American Revolution and Marietta succeeded in persuading the Ohio
+Legislature to pass a bill making provision for its repair and care.
+
+
+LXXXVII
+
+MONUMENT PLACE, ELM GROVE, WEST VIRGINIA
+
+THE PLANTATION HOME OF TWO MAKERS OF HISTORY
+
+At Shepherdstown, the oldest town in what is now West Virginia, Moses
+Shepherd was born on November 11, 1763. His grandfather had founded
+the town.
+
+When Moses was about seven years old his father, Colonel Shepherd,
+removed his large family to his plantation between Big Wheeling and
+Little Creek, which is now included within the limits of Elm Grove. On
+the banks of the creek he built Fort Shepherd, that the settlers for
+miles around might have a place of refuge from the Indians. Of this
+fort Colonel Shepherd was in command till it was destroyed by the
+Indians in 1777. The family was hastily removed to Fort Henry, nearer
+the present site of Wheeling. There they were hard pressed by the
+Indians. Moses, along with other children, assisted in the defence by
+moulding bullets and carrying ammunition.
+
+Word went out to the neighboring strongholds of the endangered
+settlers at Fort Henry. Captain John Boggs, then at Catfish Camp (now
+Washington, Pennsylvania), hurried to the assistance of Colonel
+Shepherd with forty armed men. With him was his daughter, Lydia, who
+took her place with Moses and the other young people as an assistant
+to the defenders.
+
+She was there when Molly Scott made her sally from the fort in search
+of shot, and she saw the heroine bring it in in her apron. She
+witnessed also the attempt of Major Samuel McColloch to enter the fort
+at the head of a squad of men which he had brought from Fort Van
+Meter, a few miles away. With joy she saw the men enter the gate of
+the fort, and her heart was in her mouth when she saw that McColloch,
+who was her cousin, was unable to follow because the Indians had
+managed to get between him and the gate. At last the gate was closed,
+lest the Indians gain entrance, and the gallant Major was left to his
+fate.
+
+The Indians thought they could capture him easily. They hemmed him on
+Wheeling Hill, on three sides. On the fourth side was a rocky
+precipice almost sheer, covered with growth of trees and bushes. But
+the savages were not to have such an easy victory after all, for Major
+McColloch urged his horse over the brow of the steep hill, and, to the
+astonishment of all, slipped, slid, and fell to the bottom, where the
+way across the creek and to safety was comparatively easy.
+
+The Indians were finally driven away, but not until Moses Shepherd had
+made the acquaintance of Lydia Boggs, his companion in service at the
+fort. They were married later. In 1798, after the death of Colonel
+David Shepherd, Colonel Moses Shepherd took her to the palatial new
+home built on the site of the second Fort Shepherd, near the banks of
+Wheeling Creek. This house, which was called at first the Shepherd
+Mansion or the Stone House, later became known as the Monument Place.
+
+The story of the third name, which still persists, is interesting.
+When, during Jefferson's administration, certain farsighted statesmen
+advocated the building of a National Highway which should connect
+Washington with Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, Colonel Shepherd became
+one of the earnest and influential advocates of the road. He was a
+friend of Henry Clay, to whose indefatigable advocacy of the road was
+due much of the success of the venture. Clay was frequently a guest of
+the Shepherds, and in the stately stone house he talked with them
+about the difficulties, progress, and final triumph.
+
+When the road was an accomplished fact Colonel and Mrs. Shepherd
+caused to be built on the lawn a stone monument dedicated to their
+friend, in appreciation of his service. The monument, whose
+inscriptions have become illegible, is in plain sight from the
+Cumberland Road, or, as it came to be called, the National Road, just
+before it makes a sharp turn to cross the sturdy stone bridge over
+Little Wheeling Creek. Possibly this was one of the bridges Colonel
+Shepherd constructed. At any rate he was a contractor for a section of
+the road, and several bridges were erected by him.
+
+Along the Cumberland Road, which was the great highway between the
+East and the West, travelled home-seekers outward bound and business
+men and politicians to whom Washington beckoned irresistibly. Among
+the regular travellers at this and later periods were Andrew Jackson,
+William Henry Harrison, General Houston, James K. Polk, and others who
+made it a point never to pass the Shepherd Mansion without stopping.
+One of the early politicians who frequented the house, attracted there
+by Mrs. Shepherd, said: "She had a powerful intellect in her younger
+days. Many of our caucuses were held in her drawing-room. She could
+keep a secret better than most women, but her love of sarcasm and
+intrigue kept her from being very effective."
+
+Mrs. Shepherd, in fun, had criticisms to offer of some of her
+visitors. Once she spoke of Burton, Clay, and Webster as "those young
+men, promising, but crude, crude."
+
+She was accustomed to go every winter with her husband to Washington,
+where she would spend a few months during the season. They always
+travelled in a coach and four and they lived in great style at the
+Capital. There she was sought for her beauty, for her eccentricities,
+and her familiarity with private political life.
+
+Colonel Shepherd died in 1832. In 1833 Mrs. Shepherd married General
+Daniel Cruger, a New York Congressman, who spent the last years of
+his life in West Virginia.
+
+After the General's death in 1843 Mrs. Cruger lived at Monument Place,
+receiving visitors as of old, and increasing in the eccentricities
+that kept any one from being her warm admirer. Always she proved
+herself an unusual woman. "If fate had placed her in the compressed
+centre of a court, instead of in the inconsequent hurly-burly of a
+republic, she would have made for herself a great place in history,"
+Mrs. Rebecca Harding Davis once wrote of her.
+
+She was still managing a large plantation during the Civil War, when a
+visitor dropped in to see her who has left the following picture of
+what she saw:
+
+ "We saw a well-built house of dressed stone, very large and
+ solid, with the usual detached kitchen and long row of 'negro
+ quarters.' ...
+
+ "Mrs. Cruger's age was told by the skin of face and hands,
+ which were like crumpled parchment, but the lips were firm
+ and the eyes, deep set in wrinkled lids, were still dark and
+ keen. She was then one hundred years old.
+
+ "We went up to see the ball-room, which was across the whole
+ front of the house, with many windows and a handsome carved
+ marble mantel at each end, and deep closets on both sides of
+ these fire-places.
+
+ "Like Queen Elizabeth, Mrs. Cruger would seem to have kept
+ all her fine clothes. The whole walls were hung thick with
+ dresses of silk and satin and velvet pelisses trimmed with
+ fur; braided riding-habits; mantles of damasked black silk;
+ band-boxes piled from floor to ceiling full of wonderful
+ bonnets, some of tremendous size, fine large leghorn straw,
+ costing from fifty to one hundred dollars; also veils that
+ would reach to the knee of fine old English lace; gold and
+ silver ruching; and fine embroidered cashmere turbans, a
+ perfect museum of fashion from 1800 to 1840."
+
+To another visitor Mrs. Cruger explained that it had long been her
+custom to put aside each year two gowns made in the fashion of that
+year.
+
+In her old age she liked to be alone. Frequently she would send every
+one from the house that she might bathe at night. Once her physician
+urged her to keep her maid near her. "Why?" she asked; "because I am
+afraid? afraid of what? of death? Death will not come to me for twenty
+years yet." She was then ninety years old, and she lived to be nearly
+one hundred and two. She is buried, by the side of her two husbands,
+in Old Stone Church Cemetery on the hill above Elm Grove. A rough
+monument carries inscriptions to the memory of the three pioneers
+whose lives, as has been pointed out by a local historian, "covered
+the Indian War, the Colonial Period, the War of the American
+Revolution, the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the Civil War."
+
+
+LXXXVIII
+
+THE CASTLE AT FORT NIAGARA, NEW YORK
+
+THE OLDEST BUILDING IN THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, WEST OF THE MOHAWK
+
+"The story of Fort Niagara is peculiarly the story of the fur trade
+and the strife for commercial monopoly," Frank H. Severance of the
+Buffalo Historical Society said in an address delivered at the fort in
+1896; "and it is, too, in considerable measure, the story of our
+neighbor, the magnificent colony of Canada.... It is a story replete
+with incidents of battle and siege, of Indian cruelty, of patriot
+captivity, of white men's duplicity, of famine, disease, and
+death,--of all the varied forms of misery and wretchedness of a
+frontier post, which we in days of ease are wont to call picturesque
+and romantic. It is a story without a dull page, and it is two and a
+half centuries long.... I cannot better tell the story ... then to
+symbolize Fort Niagara as a beaver skin, held by an Indian, a
+Frenchman, an Englishman, and a Dutchman, each of the last three
+trying to pull it away from the others (the poor Dutchman early bowled
+over in the scuffle), and each European equally eager to placate the
+Indian with fine words, with prayers, or with brandy, or to stick a
+knife into his white brother's back."
+
+The story begins in 1669, with the first efforts of the French to
+secure possession of the Niagara country. It includes also the romance
+of the building of the _Griffon_, the first vessel on the Great Lakes,
+and the episode of the early fortification of the late seventeenth
+century. But it was not until 1726, the year of the building of the
+stone castle near the mouth of the Niagara River, that the fort had
+its real beginning. The French felt compelled to build the fort
+because the activity of the English was interfering with their own fur
+trade with the Indians, and their plan to build Fort Oswego would
+increase the difficulty. No time was to be lost; Governor Joncaire
+felt that he could not wait for the approval of the authorities at
+home. To these latter he sent word that he must build a fortress, and
+he asked for an appropriation; to the Indians he declared that he
+wished to have a mere trading station. His real purpose was indicated
+when he wrote to France that the building "will not have the
+appearance of a fort, so that no offence will be given to the
+Iroquois, who have been unwilling to allow any there, but it will
+answer the purpose of a fort just as well."
+
+The first step was the construction of two barques for use on Lake
+Ontario, to carry stone and timber for the building, and later, to
+cruise on the lake and intercept traders bound for Oswego.
+
+After the construction of the barques had been begun, the consent of
+the five Iroquois nations was secured. Longueuil promised them that it
+would be to them "a House of Peace" down to the third generation and
+farther. To Gaspard Chaussegros de Lery, engineer, was committed the
+building of the structure. He determined to make it fireproof.
+"Instead of wooden partitions I have built heavy walls, and paved all
+the floors with flat stone," he wrote in a report sent to France. The
+loft was paved with flat stones "on a floor full of good oak joists,
+upon which cannon may be placed above the structure."
+
+The trade with the Indians at the completed stone house on the Niagara
+increased. So did the activities of the English. Governor Burnet of
+New York craftily persuaded the Onondaga Indians that their interests
+had been endangered by the building of the French fort, since it
+penned them up from their chief hunting-place, and was therefore
+contrary to the Treaty of Utrecht; they agreed with him that the
+Iroquois had no right to the territory, which was really the property
+of the Senecas, and they asked the Governor to appeal to King George
+to protect them in their right.
+
+Therefore the suggestion was made that they "submit and give up all
+their hunting country to the King," and sign a deed for it.
+Accordingly Seneca, Cayuga, and Onondaga sachems deeded to the English
+a sixty-mile strip along the south shore of Lake Ontario, which
+included the Niagara frontier, the Niagara River being the western
+boundary.
+
+"From this time on the 'stone house' was on British soil; but it was
+yet to take the new owner a generation to dispossess the obnoxious
+tenant," Frank H. Severance writes in "An Old Frontier of France."
+
+The story of the next thirty years is a story of plots and
+counter-plots, of expeditions threatened and actual, of disappointing
+campaigns, of imprisonment and cruelty and death. More than once
+Indians promised the English that the house at Niagara should be
+razed. Spies reported that the defences at the castle were in bad
+shape; "'tis certain that, should the English once attack it, 'tis
+theirs," one report ran. "I am informed that the fort is so
+dilapidated that 'tis impossible to put a pin in it without causing it
+to crumble; stanchions have been obliged to be set up against it to
+support it." Another report disclosed that if the cannon were fired
+the walls would crumble.
+
+But the French were not ready to give up. They felt that Fort Niagara
+was the key to the Ohio Valley, which they wished to control. They
+strengthened the defences of the fort. The defeat of Braddock at Fort
+Du Quesne and the strange decision of General Shirley to stop at
+Oswego instead of continuing with his force to Niagara, gave the
+French a new lease of life.
+
+In 1759 came the end of French rule. General Prideaux's expedition
+from New York began the siege of the fort early in July, and after
+several weeks it capitulated. Until 1796 the English flag floated
+above the "castle." The commander of this post, like the commanders of
+six other forts, refused on various pretexts to surrender to America,
+in spite of the terms of the treaty of 1783. Attempts were made to
+secure possession, but none of them were successful, and it was not
+until 1794 that Great Britain agreed to evacuate Niagara and the other
+forts still held, "on or before the 1st of June, 1796."
+
+Seventeen years later, in 1813, the British flag again replaced the
+Stars and Stripes over the historic building, but the fort was
+restored to the United States in 1815. Since that time it has been a
+part of the army post that has been more important because of its
+history than for any other reason.
+
+The Daughters of the War of 1812 have placed a suitable tablet on the
+Old Castle, and are interested in the proposition that has been made
+to turn the venerable edifice into an international museum, which
+shall commemorate the one hundred years of peace between Great Britain
+and America.
+
+In 1917 the eyes of the nation were once more turned on the fort by
+Lake Ontario, for it was made a training ground for officers who were
+to be sent to the battle front in France and Belgium. The castle,
+nearly two hundred years old, and strong as ever, again witnessed the
+gathering of patriots, and the spot that had echoed to the tread of
+French who had yielded to the English, of English who had driven out
+the French, and of Americans who had driven out the English, became
+the parade ground of Americans who were making ready to stand side by
+side with French and English for the freedom of the world.
+
+
+ [Illustration: THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, N. Y.
+ _Photo furnished by Hon. Martin H. Glynn, Albany_
+ See page 391]
+
+LXXXIX
+
+THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, NEW YORK
+
+THE RALLYING PLACE OF THE CONSTITUTIONALISTS
+
+When Catherine Van Rensselaer married Philip Schuyler, on September
+17, 1755, he was a soldier who had been engaged in the campaign
+against the French at Crown Point. She was glad when he resigned, in
+1756, but he returned to army life in 1758 and at intervals for more
+than twenty years he continued his military service. Two days after
+the Battle of Bunker Hill Congress made him a major-general. During
+his three years in the army of the Colonies, he was the subject of
+continual abuse on the part of those who felt that he had conducted
+carelessly his expedition to Canada and the campaign against Burgoyne.
+He was able to stand up against the public clamor because Washington
+had confidence in him and because he was twice given a clean bill of
+health by a court of inquiry.
+
+During this season of misunderstanding he was sustained by his wife,
+who was a remarkable assistant both in his home and in public affairs.
+During the years when he was frequently incapacitated by gout she
+carried on much of his work for him, and so enabled him to maintain
+his place in the councils of the nation.
+
+It was in 1760 that Mrs. Schuyler first showed her great executive
+ability. While her husband was absent in England, where he had been
+sent by General Bradstreet, she superintended the erection of a new
+house, a spacious mansion of yellow brick that is to-day as staunch
+as when it was built.
+
+From the beginning the Schuyler mansion, the home of the first citizen
+of Albany, was noted because of the boundless hospitality of its
+mistress. All were welcomed who sought its doors. One notable company
+was made up of nine Catawba warriors from South Carolina, who were on
+their way to ratify a covenant with the Six Nations at the close of
+the Cherokee War. They were met at the wharf by Major Schuyler and
+taken directly to the house.
+
+Among the visitors to Albany in 1776 were three Commissioners
+appointed by Congress to visit the Army of the North, one of whom,
+Benjamin Franklin, was so wearied by the journey from Philadelphia
+that he was sincerely grateful for Mrs. Schuyler's care. One of the
+Commissioners said later of General Schuyler, "He lives in pretty
+style, and has two daughters, Betsey and Peggy, lively, agreeable
+gals." He was delighted to learn that the motto of Philip Schuyler and
+his household was, "As for me and my house, we will serve our
+country."
+
+Another of the fortunate men who were privileged to be in the house
+for a season was Tench Tilghman, an aide-de-camp of General
+Washington. He wrote in his journal of "Miss Ann Schuyler, a very
+Pretty Young Lady. A brunette with dark eyes, and a countenance
+animated and sparkling, as I am told she is." Later he met "Miss
+Betsey, the General's 2nd Daughter." "I was prepossessed in favor of
+the Young Lady the moment I saw her," he said. "A Brunette with the
+most good natured dark lovely eyes I ever saw, which threw a beam of
+good temper and Benevolence over her entire countenance. Mr.
+Livingstone informed me that I was not mistaken in my Conjecture for
+she was the finest tempered Girl in the World."
+
+Tench Tilghman was to renew the acquaintance in 1779, when Betsey and
+her parents spent a few months in Morristown, New Jersey. Alexander
+Hamilton also was there, and he secured Betsey's promise to be his
+bride.
+
+The marriage took place at the Albany homestead on December 14, 1780.
+A few months later the young husband, having resigned from the army,
+was studying law in Albany and was a welcome addition to the Schuyler
+household.
+
+Two years after the wedding came one of the incidents that has made
+the mansion famous. Because of the General's influence with the Indian
+allies of the British, a number of attempts were made to capture him;
+the British wished to put him where he could not interfere with their
+plans. One summer day, when Mrs. Carter, Mrs. Hamilton's sister
+Margaret, was in the house with her baby Philip, a party of Tories,
+Canadians, and Indians surrounded the house and forced an entrance.
+Mary Gay Humphreys, in "Catherine Schuyler," tells what followed:
+
+ "The house was guarded by six men. Their guns were in the
+ hall, the guards being outside and the relief asleep. Lest
+ the small Philip be tempted to play with the guns his mother
+ had them removed. The alarm was given by a servant. The
+ guards rushed for their guns, but they were gone. The family
+ fled upstairs, but Margaret, remembering the baby in the
+ cradle below, ran back, seized the baby, and when she was
+ halfway up the flight, an Indian flung his tomahawk at her
+ head, which, missing her, buried itself in the wood, and
+ left its historic mark to the present time."
+
+After the attack on the mansion Washington wrote to General Schuyler,
+begging him to strengthen his guard. The following year the
+Commander-in-chief was a guest at the mansion, while in 1784 he spent
+the night there, after an evening consultation with Schuyler, while
+Mrs. Washington visited with her friend Mrs. Schuyler.
+
+Lafayette, Count de Rochambeau, Baron Steuben, Charles Carroll of
+Carrollton, John Jay, and Aaron Burr had a taste of the delights of
+life at the mansion. The latter was destined to defeat General
+Schuyler for reelection to the Senate, as he was to be in turn
+defeated by the General. The British General Burgoyne and his staff
+also were entertained in the mansion, after General Schuyler's victory
+at Saratoga, and this in spite of the fact that much of the General's
+property had been destroyed by Burgoyne's order.
+
+For many years the house was famous as the meeting place of the
+friends of the young nation. Frequent conferences were held in the
+library on the proposed constitution. It is said that many sections of
+the document were written there by Hamilton, and the steps of the
+campaign for the ratification of the document were outlined within the
+historic walls. When, at last, the victory was complete, General
+Schuyler and Alexander Hamilton walked at the head of the gay
+procession that hailed the news with joy. The whole town was
+illuminated, but the most brilliantly lighted building was the old
+mansion.
+
+During the years that followed General Schuyler's health failed
+gradually, and he became more than ever dependent on his wife. When
+she died, in 1803, he did not know what to do without her. To
+Hamilton he wrote:
+
+ "My trial has been severe. I shall attempt to sustain it with
+ fortitude. I hope I have succeeded in a degree, but after
+ giving and receiving for nearly a half a century, a series of
+ mutual evidences of affection and friendship which increased
+ as we advanced in life, the shock was great and sensibly
+ felt, to be thus suddenly deprived of a beloved wife, the
+ Mother of my children, and the soothing companion of my
+ declining years. But I kiss the rod with humility. The Being
+ that inflicted the stroke will enable me to sustain the
+ smart, and progressively restore peace to my wounded heart,
+ and will make you and Eliza and my other children the
+ instruments of my Consolation...."
+
+General Schuyler died in November, 1804, four months after the duel
+with Burr in which Hamilton was slain.
+
+The mansion in which he spent so many happy years was long an orphan
+asylum, but in 1911 it was purchased by the State. On October 17,
+1917, it was dedicated as a State Monument.
+
+
+ [Illustration: WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, N. H.
+ _Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company_
+ See page 395]
+
+XC
+
+THE WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE
+
+THE SCENE OF THE ROMANCE OF LADY WENTWORTH
+
+When, in 1750, Governor Benning Wentworth began to rebuild for his
+mansion at Little Harbor, two miles from the business centre of
+Portsmouth a farm-house which dated from the latter part of the
+sixteenth century, he thought more of comfort than of architecture.
+Evidently those who later added to the house thought as little of
+architecture as the original builder; the product became such a
+strange conglomeration of wings and "L's" that it is difficult to see
+which is the original portion. Once the house contained fifty-two
+rooms, but a portion has been torn away, and the structure as it
+stands is not quite so spacious, though still large enough for a
+hotel. Even the cellar is tremendous, for Governor Wentworth provided
+there a place for his horses, to be used in time of danger. Thirty
+animals could be accommodated there.
+
+Many of the rooms are small, but some are of impressive size, notably
+the Council Chamber, where meetings that helped to make history were
+held, and the billiard room, where the owner and his associates were
+accustomed to go when the strain of business became too great.
+
+Longfellow thus describes the house:
+
+ "It was a pleasant mansion, an abode
+ Near and yet hidden from the great high-road,
+ Sequestered among trees, a noble pile,
+ Baronial and colonial in its style;
+ Gables and dormer-windows everywhere,
+ And stacks of chimneys rising high in air--
+ Pandaean pipes, on which all winds that blew
+ Made mournful music the whole winter through.
+ Within, unwonted splendors met the eye,
+ Panels, and floors of oak, and tapestry;
+ Carved chimney-pieces, where on brazen dogs
+ Revelled and roared the Christmas fire of logs;
+ Doors opening into darkness unawares,
+ Mysterious passages, and flights of stairs,
+ And on the walls, in heavy gilded frames,
+ The ancestral Wentworths with Old-Scripture names."
+
+While Governor Wentworth was an important figure during the days
+preceding the Revolution, the mansion is celebrated not so much
+because of his political service as because of the romance of his
+second marriage.
+
+Martha Hilton, the heroine of the romance, was "a careless, laughing,
+bare-footed girl." One day a neighbor saw her, in a short dress,
+carrying a pail of water in the street. "You, Pat! You, Pat! Why do
+you go looking so? You should be ashamed to be seen in the street!"
+was the shocked comment. But the answer was not what the neighbor
+expected. "No matter how I look, I shall ride in my chariot yet,
+Marm."
+
+The story of what followed is told by Charles W. Brewster, a historian
+of old Portsmouth:
+
+ "Martha Hilton afterwards left home, and went to live in the
+ Governor's mansion at Little Harbor, doing the work of the
+ kitchen, and keeping the house in order, much to the
+ Governor's satisfaction.... The Governor has invited a dinner
+ party, and with many other guests, in his cocked hat comes
+ the beloved Rev. Arthur Brown, of the Episcopal church. The
+ dinner is served up in a style becoming the Governor's
+ table.... There is a whisper from the Governor to a
+ messenger, and at his summons Martha Hilton comes in from
+ that door on the west of the parlor, and, with blushing
+ countenance, stands in front of the fireplace. She seems
+ heedless of the fire--she does not appear to have brought
+ anything in, nor does she seem to be looking for anything to
+ carry out--there she stands! a damsel of twenty summers--for
+ what, no visitor can tell.
+
+ "The Governor, bleached by the frosts of sixty winters,
+ rises. 'Mr. Brown, I wish you to marry me.' 'To whom?' asks
+ his pastor, in wondering surprise. 'To this lady,' was the
+ reply. The rector stood confounded. The Governor became
+ imperative. 'As the Governor of New Hampshire I command you
+ to marry me!' The ceremony was then duly performed, and from
+ that time Martha Hilton became Lady Wentworth."
+
+Longfellow's record of the incident is given in the poem, "Lady
+Wentworth":
+
+ "The years came and ... the years went, seven in all,
+ And all these years had Martha Hilton served
+ In the Great House, not wholly unobserved:
+ By day, by night, the silver crescent grew,
+ Though hidden by clouds, the light still shining through;
+ A maid of all work, whether coarse or fine,
+ A servant who made service seem divine!
+ Through her each room was fair to look upon;
+ The mirrors glistened, and the brasses shone,
+ The very knocker at the outer door,
+ If she but passed, was brighter than before."
+
+Then came the strange marriage scene:
+
+ "Can this be Martha Hilton? It must be!
+ Yes, Martha Hilton, and no other she!
+ Dowered with the beauty of her twenty years,
+ How ladylike, how queenlike she appears;
+ The pale, thin crescent of the days gone by
+ Is Dian now in all her majesty!
+ Yet scarce a guest perceived that she was there
+ Until the Governor, rising from his chair,
+ Played slightly with his ruffles, then looked down
+ And said unto the Reverend Arthur Brown:
+ 'This is my birthday: it shall likewise be
+ My wedding-day, and you shall marry me!'"
+
+Governor Wentworth died in 1770, three years after the coming to
+America of Michael Wentworth, a retired colonel in the British Army.
+Mrs. Wentworth married him, and he became the second lord of the
+mansion. During his residence there Washington was welcomed to the
+house, one day in 1789.
+
+Martha Wentworth, the only daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Michael Wentworth,
+married Sir John Wentworth, an Englishman, and they lived in the old
+house until 1816, when the property passed to a family of another
+name.
+
+ [Illustration: WARNER HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, N. H.
+ _Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company_
+ See page 395]
+
+There are a number of houses in Portsmouth which tell of the ancient
+glories of different branches of the Wentworth family. Perhaps the
+most famous is the Warner house, which was begun in 1718 by Captain
+Archibald Macpheadris, and was finished in 1723, at a cost of L6,000.
+Mrs. Macpheadris was Sarah Wentworth, one of the sixteen children of
+Lieutenant Governor John Wentworth, and sister of Governor Benning
+Wentworth. Their daughter, Mary, married Hon. Jonathan Warner, who was
+the next occupant of the house. The property is known by his name,
+rather than that of the builder--perhaps because it is so much easier
+to pronounce! The house is now occupied by Miss Eva Sherburne, a
+descendant of the original owner.
+
+The Warner house has a lightning rod, which was put up in 1762, under
+the personal supervision of Benjamin Franklin. It is said that this
+was the first lightning rod erected in New Hampshire.
+
+
+ [Illustration: _Photo Copyright by Detroit Photographic Company_
+ WADSWORTH-LONGFELLOW HOUSE, PORTLAND, ME.
+ See page 400]
+
+XCI
+
+THE WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW HOUSE, PORTLAND, MAINE
+
+WHERE HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW SPENT HIS BOYHOOD
+
+ _The old house by the linden
+ Stood silent in the shade,
+ And on the gravelled pathway
+ The light and shadow played._
+
+ _I saw the nursery windows
+ Wide open to the air;
+ But the faces of the children,
+ They were no longer there._
+
+ _The large Newfoundland house-dog
+ Was standing by the door;
+ He looked for his little playmates
+ Who would return no more._
+
+ _They walked not under the linden,
+ They played not in the hall;
+ But shadow and silence, and sadness
+ Were hanging over all._
+
+ _The birds sang in the branches,
+ With sweet familiar tone;
+ But the voices of the children
+ Will be heard in dreams alone!_
+
+ _And the boy that walked beside me,
+ He could not understand
+ Why close in mine, ah! closer,
+ I pressed his little hand!_
+
+When Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote these lines perhaps he was
+thinking of the home of his boyhood in Portland, which his
+grandfather, General Peleg Wadsworth, built in 1785.
+
+The house was the wonder of the town, for it was the first brick
+building erected there. The brick had been brought from Virginia.
+Originally there were but two stories; the third story was added when
+the future poet was eight years old.
+
+Longfellow was born in the house at the corner of Fourth and Hancock
+streets, but he was only eight months old when he was carried within
+the inviting front doors of the Wadsworth house, and the mansion was
+home to him for at least thirty-five years.
+
+He was only five years old when he declared that he wanted to be a
+soldier and fight for his country. The War of 1812 was then in
+progress. His aunt wrote one day, "Our little Henry is ready to march;
+he had his gun prepared and his head powdered a week ago."
+
+But, agreeing with his parents that school was a better place for him
+than the army, he began his studies when he was five years old. A year
+later his teacher gave him a certificate which read:
+
+ "Master Henry Longfellow is one of the best boys we have in
+ school. He spells and reads very well. He also can add and
+ multiply numbers. His conduct last quarter was very correct
+ and amiable."
+
+Life in the Longfellow home was delightful. Samuel Longfellow, the
+poet's brother, has given a pleasing picture:
+
+ "In the evenings the children gathered with their books and
+ slates round the table in the family sitting room. The
+ silence would be broken for a minute by the long, mysterious
+ blast of a horn announcing the arrival in town of the evening
+ mail, then the rattle of its passing wheels, then silence
+ again, save the singing of the wood fire. Studies over, there
+ would be games till bedtime. If these became too noisy, or
+ the father had brought home his law papers from the office,
+ enjoining strictest quiet, then there was flight to another
+ room--perhaps, in winter, to the kitchen, where hung the
+ crane over the coals in the broad old fireplace, upon whose
+ iron back a fish forever baked in effigy.
+
+ "When bedtime came, it was hard to leave the warm fire to go
+ up into the unwarmed bedrooms; still harder next morning to
+ get up out of the comfortable feather beds and break the ice
+ in the pitchers for washing. But hardship made hardihood. In
+ summer it was pleasant enough to look out from the upper
+ windows; those of the boys' room looked out over the Cove and
+ the farms and woodlands toward Mount Washington, full in view
+ on the western horizon; while the eastern chambers commanded
+ a then unobstructed view of the bay, White Head, Port
+ Prebble, and the lighthouse on Cape Elizabeth."
+
+One day in 1820, when the family was gathered about the fire, Henry
+was on tiptoe with eager excitement. He had written a poem and had
+sent it to The Portland _Gazette_. Would it be in the paper which his
+father had in his hand as he seated himself before the fire?
+Robertson, in his life of the poet, has described those anxious
+moments:
+
+ "How carefully his father unfolded the damp sheet, and how
+ carefully he dried it at the fire ere beginning to read it!
+ And how much foreign news there seemed to be in it! At last
+ Henry and a sympathetic sister who shared his secret,
+ obtained a peep over their parent's shoulder--and the poem
+ was there!"
+
+There are sixteen rooms in the old house. In Henry's day these rooms
+were heated by eight fireplaces, which consumed thirty cords of wood
+during the long winter. On the first floor are the great living-room,
+the kitchen with its old fireplace, and the den, once the dining-room.
+On the desk still shown in this room Longfellow wrote, in 1841, "The
+Rainy Day," whose opening lines are:
+
+ "The day is cold, and dark, and dreary,
+ It rains, and the wind is never weary;
+ The vine still clings to the mouldering wall,
+ But at every gust the dead leaves fall,
+ And the day is dark and dreary."
+
+Into the ground floor rooms have been gathered many relics of the days
+when the poet was a boy. The four rooms of the second floor are also
+full of mementoes. But the most interesting part of the house is the
+third story, where there are seven rooms. To this floor the four
+children made their way on summer nights when the long hours of
+daylight invited them to stay up longer, and on winter evenings, when
+the fire downstairs seemed far more inviting than the cold floors and
+the colder sheets.
+
+One of these rooms is pointed out as the poet's chamber. Here he wrote
+many of his earlier poems. Among these was "The Lighthouse." In this
+he described sights in which he delighted, sights the lighthouse daily
+witnessed:
+
+ "And the great ships sail outward and return
+ Bending and bowing o'er the billowing swell,
+ And ever joyful as they see it burn,
+ They wave their silent welcome and farewell.
+
+ "'Sail on,' it says, 'sail on, ye stately ships!
+ And with your floating bridge the ocean span;
+ Be mine to guard the light from all eclipse,
+ Be yours to bring man nearer unto man.'"
+
+During the years after 1843, when Longfellow bought the Craigie House
+at Cambridge, his thoughts turned back with longing to the old home
+and the old town, and he wrote:
+
+ "Often I think of the beautiful town
+ That is seated by the sea;
+ Often in thought go up and down
+ The pleasant streets of the dear old town,
+ And my youth comes back to me."
+
+For nineteen years after the poet's death his sister Ann, Mrs. Pierce,
+lived in the old home. When she died, in 1901, she deeded it to the
+Maine Historical Society, that the place might be made a permanent
+memorial of the life of The Children's Poet.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+ Adams, Life of. By John Quincy Adams and Charles Francis
+ Adams. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+ Biographies of the Signers of the Declaration of
+ Independence. By John Sanderson and Robert Waln, Jr. R. W.
+ Pomeroy, Philadelphia, 1827.
+
+ Breck, Samuel, Recollections of. Edited by Horace E. Scudder.
+ Porter & Coates, Philadelphia.
+
+ Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, Life of. By Kate Mason
+ Rowland. George P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
+
+ Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution. By J. T. Headley.
+ Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1864.
+
+ Chief Justices, Life and Times of the. By Flanders. J. B.
+ Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+ Clay, Henry. By Thomas Hart Clay. George W. Jacobs & Company,
+ Philadelphia.
+
+ Colonial Homes of Philadelphia and Its Neighborhood. By
+ Eberlein and Lippincott. J. B. Lippincott Company,
+ Philadelphia.
+
+ Colonial Mansions of Maryland and Delaware. By J. M. Hammond.
+ J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+ Country Homes of Famous Americans. By O. B. Capen. Doubleday,
+ Page & Company, New York.
+
+ Early American Churches. By Aymar Embury, II. Doubleday, Page
+ & Company, New York.
+
+ Early Ecclesiastical Affairs in New Castle, Delaware. By
+ Thomas Holcomb. Wilmington, 1890.
+
+ First American, The; His Homes and His Households. By Leila
+ Herbert. Harper & Brothers, New York.
+
+ Hamilton, Alexander, Intimate Life of. By Allan McLane
+ Hamilton. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
+
+ Hawthorne, Study of. By George Parsons Lathrop. Houghton,
+ Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+ Hearths and Homes of Old Lynn. By Nathan Mortimer Hawkes.
+
+ Henry, Patrick, Life of. By William Wirt. New York, 1834.
+
+ Historic Buildings of America. By Esther Singleton. Dodd,
+ Mead & Company, New York.
+
+ Historic Churches of America. By Nellie Urner Wallington.
+ Duffield & Company, New York.
+
+ Historic Churches of America. H. L. Everett, Philadelphia.
+
+ Historic Homes of New England. By Mary H. Northend. Little,
+ Brown & Company, Boston.
+
+ Historic Houses of New Jersey. By W. Jay Mills. Duffield &
+ Company, New York.
+
+ Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia. By T. A.
+ Westcott. Walter H. Barr, Philadelphia.
+
+ Historic Virginia Homes and Churches. By Robert A. Lancaster,
+ Jr. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+ History of Kentucky. By Collins. Covington, 1878.
+
+ History of the National Capital. By W. B. Bryan. Macmillan &
+ Company, New York.
+
+ Homes of American Statesmen. George P. Putnam's Sons, New
+ York.
+
+ Jefferson, Thomas, Domestic Life of. By Sarah N. Randolph.
+ Harper & Brothers, New York.
+
+ Jefferson at Monticello. By Hamilton W. Pierson, D. D.
+ Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
+
+ Lincoln, Abraham, by Ida M. Tarbell. Doubleday, Page &
+ Company, New York.
+
+ Lincoln, Abraham, Life of. By J. G. Holland. Springfield,
+ Mass., 1866.
+
+ Lowell, James Russell, and His Friends. By Edward Everett
+ Hale. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+ Madison, Dolly. By Maud Welch Goodwin. Charles Scribner's
+ Sons, New York.
+
+ Madison, Dolly, Memoirs and Letters of. Edited by her
+ Grandniece. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+ Mason, George, Life of. By Kate Mason Rowland. George P.
+ Putnam's Sons, New York.
+
+ New Orleans, the Place and the People. By Grace King. J. B.
+ Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+ Octagon, The. By Glenn Brown, American Institute of
+ Architects, Washington.
+
+ Old Boston Days and Ways. By Mary Caroline Crawford. Little,
+ Brown & Company, Boston.
+
+ Old Churches and Families of Virginia. By Bishop Meade. J. B.
+ Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+ Old Frontier of France, An. By Frank H. Severance. Dodd, Mead
+ & Company, New York.
+
+ Old Roads from the Heart of New York. By Sarah Comstock.
+ George P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
+
+ Old Roads out of Philadelphia. By John T. Faris. J. B.
+ Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+ Old Trails on the Niagara Frontier. By Frank H. Severance.
+ Buffalo, New York.
+
+ Penn, William, The True. By Sidney George Fisher. J. B.
+ Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+ Presidents, Lives of the. By W. O. Stoddard. F. A. Stokes
+ Company, New York.
+
+ Princeton. By Varnum Lansing Collins. Oxford University
+ Press, New York.
+
+ Rambles about Portsmouth. By Charles W. Brewster. Portsmouth,
+ 1873.
+
+ Read, George, of Delaware, Life and Correspondence of. By
+ William Thompson Read. J. B. Lippincott Company,
+ Philadelphia.
+
+ Revere, Colonel Paul, Life of. By Elbridge H. Goss. J. G.
+ Cupples, Boston.
+
+ Romantic Days in Old Boston. By Mary Caroline Crawford.
+ Little, Brown & Company, Boston.
+
+ Schuyler, Catherine. By Mary Gay Humphreys. Charles
+ Scribner's Sons, New York.
+
+ Story of the Bronx. By Stephen Jenkins. George P. Putnam's
+ Sons, New York.
+
+ Tayloe, Benjamin Ogle, a Biography. By Priestley Prentis.
+ Washington, 1872.
+
+ Thames, Battle of, The. By Colonel Bennett H. Young. Filson
+ Club Publications, Louisville, Kentucky.
+
+ Tylers, Letters and Times of the. By Lyman G. Tyler. Whittet
+ & Shepperson, Richmond.
+
+ Washington after the Revolution. By William Spohn Baker. J.
+ B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+ Washington, the Capitol City. By Rufus Rockwell Wilson. J. B.
+ Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+ Washington, Mary, Story of. By Marian Harland. Houghton,
+ Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+ West Virginia Historical Magazine, January, 1903.
+
+ Whittier, John Greenleaf. By Thomas Wentworth Higginson.
+ Macmillan & Company, New York.
+
+ Where American Independence Began. By Daniel Munro Wilson.
+ Houghton, Mifflin Company, Boston.
+
+ Williamsburg, the Old Colonial Capital. By Lyman Gordon
+ Tyler. Whittet & Shepperson, Richmond.
+
+ Worthy Women of the Last Century. By Mrs. O. J. Wister and
+ Miss Agnes Irwin. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+ Abraham Lincoln House, Springfield, Illinois, 369
+
+ Acrostic, 23
+
+ Adams House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 44
+
+ Adams, Abigail, 20, 48, 230
+
+ Adams, John, 20, 24, 25, 44, 45, 47, 52, 150, 160, 226, 230, 305,
+ 329
+
+ Adams, John Quincy, 45, 47, 48, 232
+
+ Adams, Samuel, 20, 26, 27
+
+ Alamo, the, San Antonio, Texas, 347
+
+ Alamo, battle of the, 348
+
+ Alcott, Bronson, 64
+
+ American Revolution, Daughters of the, 125, 377, 381
+
+ _American Standard_, Richmond, Virginia, 295
+
+ Amesbury, Massachusetts, 56
+
+ Amstel House, New Castle, Delaware, 205
+
+ Andros, Governor, 19, 34, 35
+
+ Annapolis, Maryland, 226
+
+ Arlington, Virginia, 246
+
+ Asbury, Bishop Francis, 244
+
+ Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky, 355
+
+ Aubrey, William, 148
+
+ Audubon, John James, 187
+
+
+ Bakewell, Mary, 190
+
+ Bell, Mary, mother of George Washington, 251
+
+ Bells of St. Philip's, romance of the, 334
+
+ Bennet-Boardman House, Saugus, Massachusetts, 69
+
+ Bennet, Samuel, 70
+
+ Berrian, John, 137
+
+ Biglow Papers, 38
+
+ Bill of Rights, Virginia's, 284
+
+ "Birds of America," Audubon's preparation for, 190
+
+ Blair, Rev. James, 289, 291
+
+ Boardman, Abijah, 71
+
+ Boone, Daniel, 360
+
+ Boonesborough, Kentucky, 360
+
+ Boston, Brattle Street meeting, 29
+ fire of 1761, 30
+ _Gazette_, 30
+ Massacre, 19, 31
+ _News Letter_, 28
+ North Church, 27
+ North Square, 28
+ Old South Church, 31
+ Port Bill, 25, 73, 271
+ Tea Party, 24, 31, 34, 37, 68, 73
+
+ Boudinot, Elias, 43, 120
+
+ Braddock, General, 115, 253
+
+ Braintree, Massachusetts, 46
+
+ Brandon, Virginia, 281
+
+ Breck, Samuel, 183
+
+ Brewton, Miles, 336
+
+ Brick Capitol, the, 228
+
+ British at Monticello, 324
+
+ Broadhearth, Saugus, Massachusetts, 69
+
+ Broadstreet, Simon, 69
+
+ Brown, Richard, 82
+
+ Brown University, 83
+
+ Bruton Parish, Virginia, 288
+
+ Budden, Captain, 165
+
+ Bunker Hill, 26, 68
+
+ Burgoyne, General, 34, 179, 391
+
+ Burlington, New Jersey, 226
+
+ Burr, Aaron, 90, 131, 394
+
+ Byrd, Evelyn, 279
+
+
+ Cabildo, New Orleans, Louisiana, 343
+
+ Cabot, Arthur, 37
+
+ Caldwell, New Jersey, church at, 119
+
+ Caldwell, Rev. James, 119
+
+ Cambridge, Massachusetts, 36, 73
+
+ Campfield House, Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+
+ Canonicus, 81
+
+ Capitol at Washington, 225
+
+ Carleton, Sir Guy, 108, 110
+
+ Carpenters' Company of the City and County of Philadelphia, 149
+
+ Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, 149
+
+ Carroll, Charles, 216
+
+ Carter, Elizabeth Hill, 279
+
+ Carter, Landon, 278
+
+ Carter's Grove, Virginia, 280
+
+ Cartwright, Peter, 352
+
+ Castle at Fort Niagara, New York, 386
+
+ Chaplains: James Caldwell, 139
+ George Duffield, 160
+
+ Charles River, 27
+
+ Charleston, Massachusetts, 27
+
+ Chastellux, Marquis de, 107, 279, 324
+
+ Chew, Benjamin, Jr., 159
+
+ Chew, Joseph, 93
+
+ Chew, Samuel, 156
+
+ Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia, 249
+
+ Christ Church, Philadelphia, 153, 199
+
+ Christmas, the first, at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 197
+
+ Church furnishings, primitive, 95, 121
+
+ Churches: Old North, Boston, 27, 32;
+ Old South, Boston, 20, 24, 32;
+ King's Chapel, Boston, 32;
+ West, Boston, 37
+ Old South, Newburyport, Massachusetts, 75
+ First Baptist, Providence, Rhode Island, 80
+ St. Paul's Chapel, New York, 95
+ St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London, 95
+ Trinity Church, New York, 96
+ Caldwell, New Jersey, 119
+ Old Tennent, Freehold, New Jersey, 122
+ Springfield Meeting House, New Jersey, 138
+ St. Peter's, Philadelphia, 153
+ Christ Church Philadelphia, 153
+ Old Pine Street, Philadelphia, 159
+ Norriton Presbyterian, 172
+ Moravian at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 196
+ Emmanuel, New Castle, Delaware, 204
+ Presbyterian, New Castle, Delaware, 205
+ Rehoboth, Delaware, 211
+ Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia, 277, 294
+ Pohick, Virginia, 249, 311
+ St. John's, Richmond, 264
+ Bruton Parish, Virginia, 288
+ Monumental, Richmond, Virginia, 277, 294
+ Pohick Church, Virginia, 311
+ St. Luke's, Smithfield, Virginia, 318
+ St. Peter's, New Kent County, Virginia, 318
+ St. Michael's, Charleston, S. C., 333
+ Huguenot, Charleston, South Carolina, 333
+ St. Philip's, Charleston, South Carolina, 333, 340
+ Independent, Savannah, Georgia, 340
+ Old Stone Church, Elm Grove, West Virginia, 386
+
+ Clark, George Rogers, 360
+
+ Clay, Henry, 308, 355, 383
+
+ _Clermont_, the, 234
+
+ Cleveland, Stephen Grover, 122
+
+ Clinton, General George, 107
+
+ Clinton, Sir Henry, 337
+
+ Cliveden, Germantown, Philadelphia, 156
+
+ Clock on Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 166
+
+ Coddington, William, 49
+
+ College of New Jersey, 130, 297
+
+ College Customs at Nassau Hall, 130
+
+ Collins, Varnum Lansing, 130
+
+ Colonial Dames of Massachusetts, 53
+
+ Concord, Massachusetts, 26, 27
+
+ Congress at Princeton, New Jersey, 133
+
+ Constitutional Convention of 1787, 168
+
+ Continental Congress, 83, 93, 150
+
+ Conway Cabal, 182
+
+ Cordale, Thomas, 213
+
+ Cornwallis, Lord, 134, 293
+
+ Council of Safety, Philadelphia, 172, 193
+
+ Courtship of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, 128
+
+ Crab Orchard, Kentucky, 360
+
+ Craigie, Andrew, 41
+
+ Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 40, 403
+
+ Crockett, David, 350
+
+ Crown Point, 23
+
+ Cumberland Road, 384
+
+ Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 245
+
+ Curtis, George William, 64
+
+ Custis, George Washington Parke, 246, 255
+
+ Custis, Nelly, 219
+
+
+ _Daily Advertiser_, New York, 87
+
+ _Daily American Advertiser_, Philadelphia, 196
+
+ _Dartmouth_, ship, 24
+
+ Daughters of the American Revolution, 90, 377, 381
+
+ Daughters of the War of 1812, 390
+
+ Decatur, Stephen, 154
+
+ Declaration of Independence, 37, 48, 132, 167, 216, 325
+
+ Dent, Fred, 362
+
+ Desecration of Carpenters' Hall, 152
+
+ Desecration of the Capitol, 229
+
+ Dexter, Thomas, 69
+
+ Diaries:
+ of John Tudor, 19
+ of Albigence Waldo, 182
+ of George Washington, 21, 89, 218, 313
+ of John Adams, 45
+ of Robert Breck, 184
+ of Tench Tilghman, 392
+
+ Dix, Dr. Morgan, 96
+
+ Dorchester Heights, Massachusetts, 68
+
+ Doughoregan Manor, Maryland, 216
+
+ Dowry of pine-tree shillings, 50
+
+ Duche, Rev. Jacob, 150, 154
+
+ Duffield, Rev. George, 160
+
+ Dunlap, William, 137
+
+ Du Ponceau, Peter S., 176
+
+ Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts, 56
+
+ Duston, Hannah, 56
+
+ Duston, Thomas, 56
+
+
+ East India Company, 31
+
+ Eden, Governor Robert, 221
+
+ Edwards, Jonathan, 75
+
+ Elizabeth Town, New Jersey, 120, 139
+
+ Elmwood, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 36
+
+ Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 33
+
+ Emlen House, Pennsylvania, 178
+
+ Emmanuel Church, Newcastle, Delaware, 204
+
+ Everett, Edward, 41
+
+ Expenses in raising the Tower of the State House, Philadelphia,
+ 164
+
+
+ Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, 148
+
+ Faneuil, Andrew, 28
+
+ Faneuil, Peter, 28, 35
+
+ Faneuil Hall, Boston, 20, 28, 30, 31, 34
+
+ Fatlands, near Philadelphia, 187
+
+ Federal District, location of the, 226
+
+ Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts, 54
+
+ First Baptist Church, Providence, Rhode Island, 80
+
+ Fitch, John, 234
+
+ Flag, American, 89
+
+ Flag, first American in British waters, 78
+
+ Flint, Ruth, 54
+
+ Flynt, Tutor, 51
+
+ Ford Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+
+ Forks of the Delaware, 196
+
+ Fort Washington, New York City, 89
+
+ Fort William and Mary, 26
+
+ Fox, George, 212
+
+ Franklin, Benjamin, 34, 52, 97, 115, 172, 235, 392, 399
+
+ Fraunces, Samuel, 98
+
+ Fraunces' Tavern, New York, 97
+
+ Freeman, Rev. James, 36
+
+ "From Greenland's Icy Mountains," 342
+
+
+ Gage, General, 37, 43
+
+ Gano, Rev. Stephen, 83
+
+ Garrison, William Lloyd, 22, 55
+
+ _Gazette_, Boston, 30
+
+ _Gazette_, Essex, 25
+
+ _Gazette_, New York, 95, 99
+
+ _Gazette of the United States_, 256
+
+ _Gazette_, Portland, Maine, 402
+
+ _Gazette_, Williamsburg, Virginia, 262
+
+ Germantown, battle of, 157, 180
+
+ Germantown, Pennsylvania, 226
+
+ Gerry, Elbridge, 37, 73
+
+ Girard College, Philadelphia, 229
+
+ Glover, Colonel, 42
+
+ Grant, Ulysses S., 362
+
+ Green, General, 42
+
+ Greenway, Virginia, 257
+
+ _Griffon_, building of the, 387
+
+ Gunston Hall, Virginia, 281
+
+
+ Hale, Edward Everett, 37
+
+ Hallet, Stephen L., 226
+
+ Hamilton, Alexander, 100, 127, 393
+
+ Hamilton, Allan MacLane, 101
+
+ Hancock, John, 20, 24, 26, 27, 34, 45, 52, 53
+
+ Hanover Court House, Virginia, 262
+
+ "Hardscrabble," St. Louis, Missouri, 363
+
+ Harlem Heights, battle of, 88
+
+ Harmar, Fort, 379
+
+ Harrison, Benjamin, 263, 281
+
+ Harrison Mansion, the, Vincennes, Indiana, 374
+
+ Harrison, William Henry, 360, 374
+
+ Harte, Bret, 140
+
+ Harvard College, 38
+
+ Hasbrouck, Jonathan, 107
+
+ Haverhill Historical Society, 60
+
+ Haverhill, Massachusetts, 56
+
+ Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 40, 61
+
+ Hay, Henry Hanby, 205
+
+ Headquarters: Washington's at Roger Morris House, New York, 88
+ Washington's at Richmond Hill, New York, 99
+ Washington's at Van Cortlandt House, New York, 105
+ Washington's at Newburgh, New York, 107.
+ Washington's at Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+ Washington's at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, 134
+ Washington's at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, 137
+ Washington's at Valley Forge, 174
+ Washington's at Pennypacker's Mills, Dawesfield, and Emlen
+ House, 178
+
+ Heijt, Hans Joest, 178
+
+ Henricopolis, Virginia, 266
+
+ Henry, Patrick, 264, 266, 268, 271, 283, 285, 290, 305, 309, 314
+
+ Henry, William, 179
+
+ _Herald_, the San Antonio, Texas, 348
+
+ Hermitage, The, Nashville, Tennessee, 351
+
+ Hoban, James, architect of White House, 227, 230
+
+ Hodgson, Adam, 219.
+
+ Hollyman, Ezekiel, 81
+
+ Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 52, 53
+
+ Honor System, the, in William and Mary College, 294
+
+ Hospitality: at Montpelier, Virginia, 299
+ at Oak Hill, Virginia, 303
+ at Red Hill, Virginia, 306
+ at Mount Airy, Virginia, 315
+ at Monticello, 325
+ at The Hermitage, 353
+ at Ashland, Kentucky, 357
+ at the Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, 394
+
+ Hough, Atherton, 50
+
+ House of Seven Gables, 41
+
+ Houses: Paul Revere's, Boston, Massachusetts, 23
+ Elmwood, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 36
+ Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 40, 403
+ Adams House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 44
+ Quincy Mansion, Quincy, Massachusetts, 49
+ Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts, 54
+ Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts, 56
+ The Old Manse, Concord, Massachusetts, 61
+ The Wayside, Concord, Massachusetts, 61
+ Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts, 66
+ Bennet-Boardman, Saugus, Massachusetts, 69
+ Broadhearth, Saugus, Massachusetts, 69
+ Jeremiah Lee House, Marblehead, Massachusetts, 72
+ Morris-Jumel House, New York City, 87
+ Philipse Manor, Yonkers, New York, 91, 105
+ The Grange, New York City, 100
+ Van Cortlandt, New York City, 105
+ Hasbrouck, Newburgh, New York, 106
+ Franklin Palace, Perth Amboy, New Jersey, 115
+ Ford Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+ Campfield, Morristown, New Jersey, 126
+ Morven, the Mercer House and Washington's Headquarters at Rocky
+ Hill, New Jersey, 134
+ Letitia Penn, Philadelphia, 145
+ Pennsbury Manor, Pennsylvania, 147
+ Cliveden, Germantown, Pennsylvania, 156
+ David Rittenhouse, Philadelphia, 170
+ Isaac Potts, at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 175
+ Pennypacker's Mills, Pennsylvania, 178
+ Dawesfield, Pennsylvania, 178
+ Sweetbrier, Philadelphia, 183
+ Mill Grove, Pennsylvania, 187
+ Fatlands, Pennsylvania, 187
+ Waynesborough, Paoli, Pennsylvania, 192
+ Amstel, New Castle, Delaware, 205
+ George Read's, New Castle, Delaware, 207
+ Ridgely, Dover, Delaware, 208
+ Doughoregan Manor, Maryland, 216
+ Upton Scott, Annapolis, Maryland, 220
+ White House, Washington, 230, 236
+ Octagon, Washington, 231, 234, 236, 317
+ Mt. Airy, Virginia, 234, 314
+ Mt. Vernon, Virginia, 241
+ Arlington, Virginia, 246
+ Mary Washington's, Fredericksburg, Virginia, 251
+ Pine Grove, Virginia, 253
+ Kenmore, Virginia, 253
+ Greenway, Virginia, 257
+ Sherwood Forest, Virginia, 257
+ Nelson, Yorktown, Virginia, 270
+ Moore House, Yorktown, Virginia, 270
+ John Marshall's, Richmond, Virginia, 274
+ Sabine Hall, Virginia, 278
+ Westover, Virginia, 278
+ Shirley, Virginia, 280
+ Carter's Grove, Virginia, 280
+ Brandon, Virginia, 281
+ Gunston Hall, Virginia, 281
+ Montpelier, Virginia, 296
+ Shadwell, Virginia, 297, 322
+ Oak Hill, Virginia, 301
+ Red Hill, Virginia, 305
+ Monticello, Virginia, 322
+ Rebecca Motte's, Charleston, South Carolina, 336
+ Pringle House, Charleston, 336
+ Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee, 351
+ Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky, 355
+ Whitley's Station, Kentucky, 359
+ White Haven, St. Louis, Missouri, 362
+ "Hardscrabble," St. Louis, Missouri, 363
+ Abraham Lincoln's, Springfield, Illinois, 369
+ Harrison Mansion, Vincennes, Indiana, 374
+ Rufus Putnam's House, Marietta, Ohio, 377
+ Monument Place, Elm Grove, West Virginia, 381
+ Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, 391
+ Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 395
+ Warner House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 399
+ Longfellow House, Portland, Maine, 400
+
+ Houston, Sam, 347
+
+ Hovey, Dr. H. C., 77
+
+ Howe, Lord, 95, 192
+
+ Huguenot Church, Charleston, South Carolina, 335
+
+ Hull, Hannah, 50
+
+ Hutchinson, Ann, 50
+
+
+ Independence Bell, 169, 199
+
+ Independence, The Declaration of, 20
+
+ Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 151, 162
+
+ Independent Church, Savannah, Georgia, 340
+
+ Indians, attacked by the, 58, 361, 382
+
+ Institute of American Architects, 238
+
+
+ Jackson, Andrew, 233, 347, 351
+
+ James River Canal Company, 285
+
+ Jamestown, Virginia, 288
+
+ Jay, John, 98
+
+ Jefferson, Thomas, 170, 173, 260, 272, 294, 297, 299, 301, 322,
+ 326
+
+ Jeremiah Lee House, Marblehead, Massachusetts, 72
+
+ John Marshall's House, Richmond, Virginia, 274
+
+ Johns, Kensey, 206
+
+ Johnson, Nicholas, 78
+
+ _Journal and General Advertiser_, New York, 95
+
+ _Journal_, Springfield, Illinois, 372
+
+ Jumel-Burr, Madam, 90
+
+ Jumel, Stephen, 90
+
+
+ Kasimir, Fort, Delaware, 203
+
+ Kenmore, Virginia, 253
+
+ Kent, Chancellor, 103
+
+ _Kentucke Gazette_, 355
+
+ Key, Francis Scott, 222
+
+ Kidd, Captain, 92
+
+ King, Washington asked to become, 108
+
+ King's Chapel, Boston, 32
+
+ Kingston, New York, 226
+
+ Knyphausen, General, 138, 194
+
+
+ Lafayette, Marquis de, 107, 193, 199, 256, 296, 299, 304, 346,
+ 353, 381
+
+ Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, 227
+
+ Leader, Richard, 69
+
+ Lee, Jeremiah, 72
+
+ Lee, Richard Henry, 124, 244
+
+ Lee, Robert E., 246, 280, 287
+
+ "Lehigh, House on the," 197
+
+ Letitia Penn House, Philadelphia, 145
+
+ Lexington, battle of, 78, 166
+
+ Lexington, Massachusetts, 26, 27, 73
+
+ _Liberator, The_, 22
+
+ Liberty Bell, 169, 199
+
+ Lidgett, Mrs. Elizabeth, 67
+
+ _Lightning_, ship, 333
+
+ Lincoln, Abraham, 230, 233, 369, 371, 372
+
+ _Little Pilgrim, The_ newspaper, 54
+
+ Livingston, Robert R., 98
+
+ Logan, James, 148
+
+ Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 40, 396, 400
+
+ Longfellow, Mrs. Henry Wadsworth, 41
+
+ Lossing, Benson J., 152
+
+ Lottery for church building purposes, 159
+
+ Louisiana, 191
+
+ Louisiana Purchase, 294
+
+ Louisiana transferred to the United States, 344
+
+ Lowell, General Charles Russell, 38
+
+ Lowell, James Jackson, 38
+
+ Lowell, James Russell, 36, 37
+
+ Lowell, Maria, 38
+
+ Lowell, Rev. Charles, 37
+
+ Lowly office after the Presidency, 261
+
+ Loyalists' houses confiscated, 89
+
+ Lunt, Ezra, 78
+
+
+ Maddox, Rev. Robert, 212
+
+ Madison, James, 37, 223, 236, 296
+
+ Makemie, Frances, 212
+
+ Mantonomi, 81
+
+ Marblehead, Massachusetts, 72
+
+ Marietta, Ohio, 377
+
+ Marion, General, 337
+
+ Marriages: Mary Philipse and Roger Morris, 93
+ Rev. William Tennent and Mrs. Noble, 123
+ Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, 129
+ William Penn and Guli Springett, 145
+ William Penn and Hannah Callowhill, 147
+ William Aubrey and Letitia Penn, 148
+ John James Audubon and Mary Bakewell, 190
+ Kensey Johns and Anne Van Dyke, 206
+ Charles J. Du Pont and Dorcas M. Van Dyke, 208
+ Upton Scott and Elizabeth Ross, 221
+ Robert E. Lee and Miss Custis, 247
+ Augustine Washington and Mary Ball, 252
+ John Rolfe and Pocahontas, 266
+ John Tyler and Letitia Christian, 260
+ Thomas Nelson and Lucy Grymes, 270
+ James Madison and Dorothy Todd, 298
+ James Madison and Eliza Kortwright, 301
+ George Washington and Martha Custis, 321
+ Thomas Jefferson and Martha Skelton, 322
+ Jacob Motte and Rebecca Brewton, 336
+ Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Axson, 343
+ Henry Clay and Lavinia Hart, 355
+ Ulysses S. Grant and Julia Dent, 362
+ Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd, 370
+ Moses Shepherd and Lydia Boggs, 383
+ Philip Schuyler and Catherine Van Rensselaer, 393
+ Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, 393
+ Governor Wentworth and Martha Hilton, 397
+ Michael Wentworth and Mrs. Martha Wentworth, 399
+
+ Marshall, Chief Justice, 169, 274, 294
+
+ Martineau, Harriet, 299, 356
+
+ _Mary_, ship, 245
+
+ Mary Washington House, Fredericksburg, Virginia, 251
+
+ Mason and Dixon line, 171
+
+ Mason, George, 281, 312
+
+ Mason, Lowell, 342
+
+ Massachusetts Bay Colony, 28
+
+ Massacre, Boston, 19, 31
+
+ Massasoit, 80
+
+ Mather, Cotton, 58
+
+ Mather, Increase, 32
+
+ _Mayflower_, Putnam's barge on the Ohio, 379
+
+ McColloch's leap, 382
+
+ McKinley, William, 346
+
+ Meade, Bishop, 276, 319
+
+ Medford, Massachusetts, 27, 66
+
+ Mercer, General, 135
+
+ Mercer House, Princeton, New Jersey, 134
+
+ _Mercury_, New York, 87
+
+ Mill Grove, near Philadelphia, 187
+
+ Monmouth, battle of, 123
+
+ Monroe, James, 232, 294, 301, 342
+
+ Montgomery, General, 97
+
+ Monticello, Virginia, 322
+
+ Montpelier, Virginia, 296
+
+ Monument Place, Elm Grove, West Virginia, 381
+
+ Monumental Church, Richmond, Virginia, 277, 294
+
+ Moore House, Yorktown, Virginia, 270, 274
+
+ Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 196
+
+ Morris, Gouverneur, 98, 103
+
+ Morris-Jumel House, New York City, 87, 94
+
+ Morris, Robert, 184
+
+ Morris, Roger, 87, 93
+
+ Morven, Princeton, New Jersey, 134
+
+ "Mosses from an Old Manse," 63
+
+ Mount Airy, Virginia, 234, 314
+
+ Mount Vernon, Virginia, 109, 241
+
+ Munitions, Revolutionary, 173
+
+
+ Nantes, Edict of, 28
+
+ Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jersey, 130
+
+ _National Intelligencer_, Washington, 236
+
+ National Pike, 384
+
+ Nelson House, Yorktown, Virginia, 270
+
+ Nelson, Thomas, 270
+
+ Newark, New Jersey, 130
+
+ Newburyport, Massachusetts, 55, 75
+
+ New Castle, Delaware, 145, 203
+
+ New England Antiquities, Society for the Preservation of, 71
+
+ New Orleans, battle of, 346
+
+ Newspapers: _Liberator_, 22
+ Essex _Gazette_, 25
+ Boston _News Letter_, 28
+ Boston _Gazette_, 30
+ _Little Pilgrim, The_, 54
+ New York _Mercury_, 87
+ New York _Daily Advertiser_, 87
+ New York _Gazette_, 95, 99
+ New York _Journal and General Advertiser_, 95
+ Philadelphia _Pennsylvania Packet_, 97
+ _Pennsylvania Evening Post_, 155, 173
+ _Pennsylvania Gazette_, 164
+ _Daily American Advertiser_, Philadelphia, 196
+ _National Intelligencer_, Washington, 227, 236
+ _Gazette of the United States_, 256
+ Williamsburg _Gazette_, 262
+ _American Standard_, Richmond, Virginia, 295
+ San Antonio _Herald_, 348
+ _Kentucke Gazette_, 355
+ Springfield _Journal_, 372
+ Portland _Gazette_, 402
+
+ Nicola, Lewis, tries to tempt Washington, 108
+
+ Norriton, Pennsylvania, 170
+
+ Norriton Presbyterian Church, 172
+
+ North Church, Boston, 27
+
+ Northwestern Territory, 274
+
+ Nova Scotia, Franklin's land speculation in, 117
+
+ Noyes, Alfred, 136
+
+
+ Oak Hill, Virginia, 301
+
+ Octagon House, Washington, 231, 234, 236, 317
+
+ Oglethorpe, General James E., 341
+
+ Ohio Company, the, 378
+
+ Ohio River, floating down the, 190
+
+ Old Manse, the, Concord, Massachusetts, 61
+
+ Old Pine Street Church, Philadelphia, 159
+
+ Old North Church, Boston, 32
+
+ Old South Church, 20, 24, 31, 32
+
+ Old South Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts, 75
+
+ Old State House, Boston, 19
+
+ Old Tennent Church, Freehold, New Jersey, 122
+
+ Oliver, Thomas, 36
+
+ Ordway, Alfred A., 56
+
+ O'Reilly, Count Alejandro, 343
+
+ Orin, Azor, 73
+
+ "Oven, The," temporary Capitol, 227
+
+
+ Paoli Massacre, 181, 194
+
+ Parsons, Dr. Jonathan, 78
+
+ Patriot who destroyed their own houses: Thomas Nelson, 271;
+ Rebecca Motte, 339
+
+ Pauling, John, 178
+
+ Paul Revere's House, Boston, Massachusetts, 23
+
+ Peabody, Sophia, 62
+
+ Peace, signing of, in 1783, 110
+
+ Peale, Charles Wilson, 133, 154
+
+ Penn, Letitia, 146
+
+ Penn, Thomas and Richard, 153
+
+ Penn, William, 145, 162, 204
+
+ Pennsbury Manor, Pennsylvania, 147
+
+ _Pennsylvania Evening Post_, 155, 173
+
+ _Pennsylvania Gazette_, 164
+
+ _Pennsylvania Packet_, Philadelphia, 97
+
+ Pennypacker, Samuel W., 171
+
+ Penobscot expedition, 28
+
+ Persecution, religious, in New York, 213
+
+ Phi Beta Kappa Society, 294
+
+ Philadelphia, evacuation of, 177
+
+ Philadelphia, Paul Revere rides to, 25
+
+ Philipsburgh, Manor of, 92
+
+ Philipse, Colonel Frederick, 92
+
+ Philipse, Frederick, 91
+
+ Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, New York, 91
+
+ Philipse, Mary, 93
+
+ Pine Grove, Virginia, 253
+
+ Pine-tree shillings, dowry of, 50
+
+ Plum pudding, the best dinner, 260
+
+ Plymouth, New Hampshire, 66
+
+ Pohick Church, Virginia, 249, 311
+
+ Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 26, 395
+
+ Potomac Canal, 218, 285
+
+ Prayer at opening of First Continental Congress, 151
+
+ Prayer for the King, omitted, 154
+
+ President's pew: in St. Paul's Chapel, New York, 96
+ in St. Peter's, Philadelphia, 154
+ in Pohick Church, Virginia, 312
+
+ Princeton, battle of, 133, 135
+
+ Princeton University, 130
+
+ Pringle House, Charleston, South Carolina, 336
+
+ Providence, Rhode Island, 82
+
+ Putnam, William Lowell, 38
+
+ "Put Watts into them, boys," 140
+
+
+ Quincy, Dorothy, 52
+
+ Quincy, Edmund, 49, 51
+
+ Quincy, Edmund, III, 51
+
+ Quincy, Josiah, 53
+
+ Quincy, Judith, 50
+
+ Quincy Mansion, Quincy, Massachusetts, 49
+
+ Quincy, Massachusetts, 44
+
+ Quincy, Massachusetts Historical Society, 47
+
+
+ Randolph, Edmund, 269, 294
+
+ Randolph, John, 228
+
+ Read, George, 205
+
+ Red Bank, New Jersey, victory at, 181
+
+ Redemptioners, purchase of, 186
+
+ Red Hill, Virginia, 305
+
+ Revere, Paul, 23, 33, 53, 77
+
+ Rhode Island, 83
+
+ Ridgely, Dr. Charles Greenburg, 209
+
+ Rittenhouse, David, 198
+
+ Rittenhouse House, Philadelphia, 170
+
+ Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Duc de la, 325
+
+ Rodney, Caesar, 208, 209
+
+ Roosevelt, Theodore, 233, 290
+
+ Ross, George, 204
+
+ Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts, 66
+
+ Royall, Isaac, 67
+
+ Royall, William, 67
+
+ Rufus Putnam's House, Marietta, Ohio, 377
+
+ Rush, Dr. Benjamin, 163, 171
+
+
+ St. John's Church, Richmond, Virginia, 264, 266
+
+ St. Luke's Church, Smithfield, Virginia, 318
+
+ St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London, 82
+
+ St. Michael's Church, Charleston, South Carolina, 333
+
+ St. Peter's Church, New Kent County, Virginia, 318
+
+ St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, 153
+
+ St. Philip's Church, Charleston, South Carolina, 335, 340
+
+ Salem, Massachusetts, 80
+
+ Savannah, Georgia, Siege of, 341
+
+ Schools, free, beginnings of, in Pennsylvania, 186
+
+ Schuyler, Catherine, 393
+
+ Schuyler, Elizabeth, 100, 127
+
+ Schuyler, General Philip, 100, 126
+
+ Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, 391
+
+ Scott House, Annapolis, Maryland, 220
+
+ Scott, Molly, 382
+
+ Scott, Upton, 220
+
+ Servants, problem of, in early days, 185
+
+ Severance, Frank H., 386
+
+ Sewell, Judge Samuel, 50, 74
+
+ Shadwell, Virginia, 297, 322
+
+ Sharpe, Horatio, 221
+
+ Shepherd, Moses, 381
+
+ Sherwood Forest, Virginia, 257, 261
+
+ Shippen, Dr. William, Jr., 162
+
+ Ships: _Dartmouth_, 24
+ _Somerset_, 27
+ _Welcome_, 145
+ _John and Sarah_, 146
+ _Surprise_, 223
+ _Mary_, 245
+ _Constitution_ and _Guerriere_, _Cyano_ and _Levant_, 317
+ _Lightning_, 333
+
+ Shirley, Virginia, 280
+
+ Signers of the Declaration of Independence: John Witherspoon, 132
+ Benjamin Rush, 162
+ George Ross, 204
+ George Read, 205
+ Charles Carroll of Carrollton, 216
+ Thomas Nelson, 270
+ George Wythe, 290
+ Richard Lightfoot Lee, 314
+
+ Skippack, Pennsylvania, 180
+
+ Smith, Abigail, 46
+
+ Smith, Rev. William, 46
+
+ "Snow-Bound," 55
+
+ Society for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, 277
+
+ _Somerset_, ship, 27
+
+ Sons of the Revolution, 99
+
+ Springett, Guli, 145
+
+ Springfield, battle of, 141
+
+ Springfield Meeting House, New Jersey, 138
+
+ Stamp Act, 30, 46, 218
+
+ Star-Spangled Banner, story of the, 222
+
+ Stark, General John, 68
+
+ Stark, Molly, 68
+
+ State House Clock, Philadelphia, 172
+
+ State House Yard, Philadelphia, 163
+
+ Steuben, Baron, 176
+
+ Stevens, Colonel William, 211
+
+ Stockton, Mrs. Richard, 134
+
+ Stone Church, Elm Grove, West Virginia, 386
+
+ Stony Point, New York, 195
+
+ Stuart, Gilbert, 218
+
+ Stuyvesant, Petrus, 204
+
+ Sullivan, General, 43
+
+ Susquehanna, Falls of the, 226
+
+ Sweetbrier, Philadelphia, 183
+
+ Swett, Martha, 74
+
+ Symmes, Rev. Frank R., 123
+
+
+ Taney, Chief Justice R. R., 222
+
+ Tayloe, John, 232, 234, 314
+
+ Tea meetings, 31
+
+ Tecumseh, Indian chief, 375
+
+ Tennent, Rev. John, 123
+ Rev. William, 123
+
+ Texas, Republic of, 350
+
+ Thames, battle of the, 360
+
+ Theatre fire in Richmond, Virginia, 294
+
+ Thomson, George, 208
+
+ Thornton, Dr. William, 226, 234
+
+ Ticonderoga, 193
+
+ Tilghman, Tench, 127, 392
+
+ Tillinghast, Pardon, 81
+
+ Treaty of 1783, 133
+
+ Trenton, battle of, 135
+
+ Tudor, John, 19
+
+ Tyler, Henry, 290
+
+ Tyler, Judge John, 257, 258, 294
+
+
+ United States archives, removed to new Capitol at Washington, 227
+
+ University of Virginia, the, 326
+
+
+ Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 174, 182, 189, 195, 218
+
+ Vanarsdal, Rev. Jacob, 141
+
+ Van Buren, Martin, 232
+
+ Van Cortlandt, Jacobus, 105
+
+ Van Cortlandt Park, 104
+
+ Van der Donck, Jonkheer Adriaen, 91, 105
+
+ Van Dyke, Henry, 215
+
+ Van Dyke, Nicholas, 205
+
+ Vane, Sir Harry, 50
+
+ Vassall, John, 41
+
+ Vassall, Leonard, 48
+
+ Venus, transit of, 171
+
+ Vincennes, Indiana, 374
+
+
+ Waldo, Albigence, 182
+
+ Walker, Rachel, 23
+
+ Wallace Nutting Corporation, 70
+
+ Walter, Thomas U., 229
+
+ Ward, Samuel, 42
+
+ Warner House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 399
+
+ Warren, General, 26
+
+ Washington and Lee University, 248
+
+ Washington, burning of, in 1814, 184, 228, 231, 235, 317
+
+ Washington College, Lexington, Virginia, 285
+
+ Washington, George, 21, 31, 40, 72, 88, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 105,
+ 108, 110, 124, 133, 137, 139, 157, 173, 174, 178, 189, 192, 194,
+ 206, 218, 226, 234, 241, 246, 252, 256, 272, 281, 283, 285, 290,
+ 294, 305, 308, 311, 315, 316, 321, 374, 377, 378
+
+ Washington, Laurence, 241, 253
+
+ Washington, Mrs. George, 42, 127, 177, 245
+
+ Wayne, Captain Isaac, 192
+
+ Wayne, General Anthony, 107, 157, 192
+
+ Waynesborough, near Philadelphia, 192
+
+ Wayside, The, Concord, Massachusetts, 61
+
+ Weare, Meschech, 108
+
+ Webster, Daniel, 384
+
+ Weems, Parson, 313
+
+ Wentworth, Governor Benning, 395
+
+ Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 395
+
+ West Church, Boston, 37
+
+ Westover, Virginia, 278
+
+ West Point Military Academy, 100, 106, 362
+
+ Wheelwright, Rev. John, 50
+
+ Whitefield, Rev. George, 75
+
+ White Haven, St. Louis, Missouri, 362
+
+ White House, Washington, 230, 236
+
+ Whitemarsh, Pennsylvania, 181
+
+ Whitley's Station, Kentucky, 359
+
+ Whittier, John G., 54, 79
+
+ Whittier, Thomas, 54
+
+ Wilkinson, General, 158
+
+ William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia, 259, 289, 291
+
+ Williamsburg Court House, Virginia, 262
+
+ Williamsburg, Virginia, 289
+
+ Williams, Roger, 80
+
+ Wilson, Daniel Munro, 44, 47
+
+ Winthrop, Governor, 34, 66
+
+ Wirt, William, describes Patrick Henry's first public speech, 264
+
+ Witherspoon, John, 132
+
+ Wolfe, Colonel James, 220
+
+ Women's Centennial Executive Committee, 339
+
+ Wren, James, 249
+
+ Wren, Sir Christopher, 82, 292
+
+ Wythe, George, 290
+
+
+ Yonkers, New York, 88, 91
+
+ York, Pennsylvania, 174
+
+ Yorktown, Siege of, 271, 279
+
+
+ Zinzendorf, Count, 197
+
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+ Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have
+ been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+
+ Page 107: "1872" possibly should be 1782.
+ Page 309: "Hampdon Sidney" possibly should be "Hampden Sydney."
+
+ Various references to Newcastle or New Castle, Delaware have been
+ left as printed.
+
+ All illustrations except the frontispiece have been moved to their
+ references in the text.
+
+ Unmatched quotation marks were left as printed.
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 39068.txt or 39068.zip *******
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