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diff --git a/39068-h/39068-h.htm b/39068-h/39068-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e20cb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/39068-h/39068-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,18204 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Historic Shrines of America, by John T. (John Thomson) Faris</title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h4 {text-align: center; + clear: both; +} + +h2 {margin-top: 6em; + text-align: center; + clear: both; + font-size: 1.2em; +} + +h3 {text-align: center; + font-size: 1.1em;} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: left; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +.pagenum { + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +hr.l15 { + margin-left: 6em; + width: 15%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} +hr.l30 { + width: 30%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; +} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.index {margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + padding-left: 1em; + text-indent: -1em;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold; + margin-left: 15%; + margin-right: 15%; + text-align: center; + margin-bottom: 2em;} + +ul.none {list-style-type:none;} +.a1 {margin-top: 3em;} + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.flright {float: right;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +.poem {font-size: 95%; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%; + margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left; } +.poem .stanza { margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; } +.poem p { margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em; } +.poem p.i1 { margin-left: 1em; } +.poem p.i2 { margin-left: 2em; } +.poem p.i6 { margin-left: 6em; } + +.biblio p {padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em; } + +.i1 {margin-left: 1em;} +.i2 {margin-left: 2em;} +.i10 {margin-left: 10em;} +.o1 {margin-left: -.4em;} + +.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} +.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} +.p6 {margin-top: 6em;} + +.b13 {font-size:1.3em;} +.s08 {font-size:.8em;} +.s05 {font-size:.5em;} + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 90%; +} + +.cblockquot { + text-align: center; + font-size: 90%; +} + +.w450 {width: 450px;} +.w500 {width: 500px;} +.w250 {width: 250px;} +.w550 {width: 550px;} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + empty-cells: show; +} + +.tdchap {text-align: center; + padding-top: 2em; + padding-bottom: 1em;} +.tdI {text-align: center; + padding-bottom: 1em;} +.tdpr {text-align: left; + padding-right: 2em;} + +.tdr {text-align: right; + padding-right: 1em;} + +.tnbox {margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + margin-bottom: 8em; + margin-top: auto; + text-align: center; + border: 1px solid; + padding: 1em; + color: black; + background-color: #f6f2f2; + width: 25em;} + + hr.full { width: 100%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + pre {font-size: 85%;} + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Historic Shrines of America, by John T. (John +Thomson) Faris</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: Historic Shrines of America</p> +<p> Being the Story of One Hundred and Twenty Historic Buildings and the Pioneers Who Made Them Notable</p> +<p>Author: John T. (John Thomson) Faris</p> +<p>Release Date: March 6, 2012 [eBook #39068]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA***</p> +<p> </p> +<h4>E-text prepared by Melissa McDaniel<br /> + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> + from page images generously made available by<br /> + Internet Archive<br /> + (<a href="http://www.archive.org">http://www.archive.org</a>)</h4> +<p> </p> +<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive. See + <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/historicshrines00faririch"> + http://www.archive.org/details/historicshrines00faririch</a> + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> + + +<div class="figcenter"><a name="img_01" id="img_01"></a> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="364" height="600" alt="Cover" /> +</div> + +<p class="center b13 p6">Historic Shrines of America</p> +<hr /> + +<p class="center">BY JOHN T. FARIS</p> + +<div class="figcenter w450"><a name="img_02" id="img_02"></a> +<img src="images/i_002.jpg" width="409" height="600" alt="Independence Hall" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +INDEPENDENCE HALL, REAR VIEW, PHILADELPHIA</p> +</div> + +<h1 class="p6">HISTORIC SHRINES OF<br /> +AMERICA</h1> + +<p class="center">BEING THE STORY OF ONE HUNDRED<br /> +AND TWENTY HISTORIC BUILDINGS<br /> +AND THE PIONEERS WHO MADE<br /> +THEM NOTABLE</p> + +<p class="center">BY<br /> +<span class="b13">JOHN T. FARIS</span><br /> +<br /> +Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and Fellow of the<br /> +American Geographical Society<br /> +Author of "Real Stories from Our History," "Old Roads<br /> +Out of Philadelphia," etc.</p> + +<p class="center p2">ILLUSTRATED</p> + +<div class="figcenter p4"> +<img src="images/logo.jpg" width="73" height="72" alt="Printer's Logo" /> +</div> +<p class="center b13">NEW YORK<br /> +GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY</p> + +<p class="center p6"><i>Copyright, 1918,</i><br /> +<i>By George H. Doran Company</i></p> + +<p class="center p4"><i>Printed in the United States of America</i></p> + +<h2>FOREWORD</h2> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_V" id="Page_V">v</a></span>Circular tours have long been popular in England. +There was a time—as there will be a time +again—when American visitors felt that to make the +rounds of the cathedral towns or the historic castles or +the homes and haunts of great men and women, was a +necessary part of seeing the tight little island.</p> + +<p>"What a pity it is that we in America have no such +wealth of historic places," one returning tourist was +heard to remark. "Oh, of course, there are a few spots +like Independence Hall and Concord and Lexington," he +went on, "but there are not enough of them to make it +worth while to plan a tour such as those in which we +have taken delight in England."</p> + +<p>It was easy to point out to the traveler his mistake; +most Americans know that the country is rich +in places of historic interest. Just how rich it is they +may not realize until they make a serious study of the +landmarks of their own land, as does the European +tourist of the centers noted in his guidebook.</p> + +<p>In fact, there are in America so many houses, +churches, and other buildings having a vital connection +with our history that volumes would be required to tell +of them all. Even a brief record of the buildings +whose owners or occupants played a conspicuous part +in the early history of the country would fill a large +book.</p> + +<p>It is fascinating to learn of these houses and public +buildings and to delve into the biographies which tell +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_VI" id="Page_VI">vi</a></span> +what happened to the people who lived in them. Fiction +seems tame after connecting, for instance, the +story of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler +with the Ford Mansion and the Campfield House at +Morristown, New Jersey, then with the Schuyler Mansion +in Albany, New York, and The Grange in New +York City. The heart of the patriot burns with new +love for his country as he reads of Faneuil Hall and +the Old South Church and Carpenters' Hall. The story +of the Revolution is clothed with living interest when +Washington and his generals are followed to Valley +Forge and Newburgh and Cambridge and Morristown +and Princeton. Fresh appreciation of the sacrifice of +the pioneers comes from going with them into the garrison +houses of New England, along the Wilderness +Road in Kentucky, to the settlements on the Ohio, or +to the banks of the Wabash where more than one Indian +treaty was made.</p> + +<p>Next comes the keen pleasure of visiting the houses +and churches which, through the piecing together of +these facts, have become like familiar friends. The vacation +journey that includes a careful study of a few of +these buildings becomes a fascinating course in +patriotism.</p> + +<p>It is the purpose of the author of "Historic Shrines +of America" to tell just enough about each of one hundred +and twenty of these buildings of historic interest to +create a hunger for more; to present pictures sufficiently +attractive to make those who turn the pages of the +book determine to visit the places described; to arrange +the brief chapters in such sequence that it will be possible +for the reader to plan for successive vacations a +series of journeys through the centers where historic +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_VII" id="Page_VII">vii</a></span> +buildings may be found, and, in doing this, to pass by +so many structures of interest that the reader and the +tourist will have abundant opportunity to discover +houses and churches of which he will say, "I wonder +why this was not included."</p> + +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_IX" id="Page_IX">ix</a></span></p> + +<table summary="Table of Contents"> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"><span class="s08">CHAPTER</span></td> +<td> </td> +<td class="tdr"><span class="s08">PAGE</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdI" colspan="3" >ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">I</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Old State House, Boston, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">II</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Paul Revere's House, Boston, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">III</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Faneuil Hall, Boston, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">IV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Three Historic Churches of Boston</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">V</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Elmwood, Cambridge, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">VI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">VII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Adams Houses, Quincy, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">VIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Quincy Mansion, Quincy, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">IX</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">X</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Old Manse and the Wayside, Concord, +Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Broadhearth and the Bennet-Boardman House, +Saugus, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XIV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Colonel Jeremiah Lee House, Marblehead, +Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Old South Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XVI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The First Baptist Church, Providence, Rhode +Island</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdchap" colspan="3">TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND KNICKERBOCKERS +FLOURISHED</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">XVII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Morris-Jumel Mansion, New York City</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XVIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, New York</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_X" id="Page_X">x</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">XIX</td> +<td><span class="smcap">St. Paul's Chapel, New York City</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XX</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Fraunces' Tavern, New York City</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Grange, New York City</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Van Cortlandt House, New York City</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Hasbrouck House, Newburgh, New York</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdchap" colspan="3">THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH THE PATRIOTS</td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXIV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Franklin Palace, Perth Amboy, New Jersey</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Church at Caldwell, New Jersey</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXVI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Old Tennent Church, Freehold, New Jersey</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXVII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Ford Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXVIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jersey</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXIX</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Three Historic Houses at Princeton, New Jersey</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXX</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Springfield Meeting House, New Jersey</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdchap" colspan="3">FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">XXXI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Letitia Penn House, Philadelphia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXXII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXXIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXXIV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Cliveden, Germantown, Philadelphia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXXV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Old Pine Street Church, Philadelphia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXXVI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Independence Hall, Philadelphia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXXVII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The David Rittenhouse Home, near Philadelphia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXXVIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Headquarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XXXIX</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Three Headquarters of Washington</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XL</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Sweetbrier-on-the-Schuylkill, Philadelphia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XLI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Mill Grove and Fatlands, near Philadelphia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XLII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Waynesborough, near Paoli, Pennsylvania</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XLIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_196">196</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XI" id="Page_XI">xi</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdchap" colspan="3">FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND DIXON LINE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">XLIV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Historic Landmarks at New Castle, Delaware</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XLV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Ridgely House, Dover, Delaware</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XLVI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Rehoboth Church on the Pocomoke, Maryland</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XLVII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Doughoregan Manor, near Ellicott City, Maryland</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XLVIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Upton Scott House, Annapolis, Maryland</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XLIX</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Capitol at Washington</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">L</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The White House, Washington</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Octagon House, Washington</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdchap" colspan="3">SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE CAVALIERS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">LII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Mount Vernon, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Arlington, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LIV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Mary Washington House, Fredericksburg, +Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LVI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Greenway and Sherwood Forest, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LVII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Two Historic Courthouses of Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LVIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">St. John's Church, Richmond</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LIX</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Nelson House and the Moore House, Yorktown, +Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LX</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The John Marshall House, Richmond, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_274">274</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Five Old Houses of Tidewater, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Gunston Hall, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Washington College Building, Lexington, +Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXIV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Bruton Parish Church, Williamsburg, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">William and Mary College, Williamsburg, +Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXVI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Monumental Church, Richmond, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_294">294</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XII" id="Page_XII">xii</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXVII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXVIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Oak Hill, Loudoun County, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXIX</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Red Hill, Charlotte County, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXX</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Pohick Church, Truro Parish, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_314">314</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Two of Virginia's Oldest Church Buildings</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_322">322</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXIV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The University of Virginia at Charlottesville, +Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_326">326</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdchap" colspan="3">SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">LXXV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Three Old Churches in Charleston, South +Carolina</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXVI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The House of Rebecca Motte, Charleston, South +Carolina</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_336">336</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXVII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Independent Church, Savannah, Georgia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_340">340</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXVIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Cabildo of New Orleans</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXIX</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Alamo, San Antonio, Texas</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_347">347</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXX</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXXI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_355">355</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXXII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Sportsman's Hall, Whitley's Station, Kentucky</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_359">359</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXXIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">White Haven, near St. Louis, Missouri</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_362">362</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdchap" colspan="3">EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO NEW ENGLAND</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">LXXXIV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Abraham Lincoln House, Springfield, Illinois</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_369">369</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXXV</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Governor's Palace at Vincennes, Indiana</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_374">374</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXXVI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The House of General Rufus Putnam, Marietta, +Ohio</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_377">377</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXXVII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Monument Place, Elm Grove, West Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_381">381</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">LXXXVIII</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Castle at Fort Niagara, New York</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_386">386</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XIII" id="Page_XIII">xiii</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">LXXXIX</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_391">391</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XC</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_395">395</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdr">XCI</td> +<td><span class="smcap">The Wadsworth Longfellow House, Portland, Maine</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_400">400</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td> </td> +<td><span class="smcap">Bibliography</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_407">407</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td> </td> +<td><span class="smcap">Index</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_411">411</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XV" id="Page_XV">xv</a></span></p> + +<table summary="List of Illustrations"> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Independence Hall, Rear View, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><i><a href="#img_02">Frontispiece</a></i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="tdr s08">PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Old State House, Boston, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_3">25</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Paul Revere House, Boston, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_4">26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Hancock-Clarke House, Lexington, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_5">26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Old North Church, Boston, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_6">34</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Old South Church, Boston, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_7">35</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_8">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_9">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_10">49</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_11">49</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Broadhearth, Saugus, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_12">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Bennet-Boardman House, Saugus, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_13">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Old South Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_14">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Morris-Jumel House, New York City</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_15">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, New York</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_16">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Fraunces' Tavern, New York City</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_17">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Van Cortlandt House, New York City</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_18">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">The Franklin Palace, Perth Amboy, New Jersey</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_19">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Old Tennent Church, Freehold, New Jersey</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_20">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Nassau Hall and the First President's House, Princeton, +New Jersey</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_21">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Morven, Princeton, New Jersey</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_22">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Letitia Penn House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_23">146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_24">147</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XVI" id="Page_XVI">xvi</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Cliveden, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_25">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Third (Old Pine Street) Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_26">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">David Rittenhouse's House, Norriton, Pennsylvania</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_27">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Dawesfield, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_28">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Emlen House, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_29">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Fatlands, near Phoenixville, Pennsylvania</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_30">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Waynesborough, Paoli, Pennsylvania</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_31">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_32">180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Amstel House, New Castle, Delaware</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_37">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Doorway of Amstel House, New Castle, Delaware</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_38">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Hall of Read House, New Castle, Delaware</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_40">205</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Doorway of Rodney House, New Castle, Delaware</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_35">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Doorway of Stewart House, New Castle, Delaware</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_36">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Doorway of Read House, New Castle, Delaware</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_39">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Doorway of Presbyterian Church, New Castle, Delaware</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_34">206</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Immanuel Church, New Castle, Delaware</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_33">217</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Ridgely House, Dover, Delaware</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_41">218</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Doughoregan Manor, near Ellicott City, Maryland</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_42">218</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Upton Scott House, Annapolis, Maryland</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_43">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Octagon House, Washington, D. C.</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_45">233</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">The Stairway, Octagon House, Washington, D. C.</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_44">234</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Mount Vernon, Virginia, Rear View</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_46">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Arlington, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_47">244</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_48">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Mary Washington's House, Fredericksburg, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_49">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Hanover Court House, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_50">262</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">St. John's Church, Richmond, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_51">263</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Nelson House, Yorktown, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_52">263</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Westover on the James, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_53">282</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XVII" id="Page_XVII">xvii</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Gunston Hall on the Potomac, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_54">282</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Washington College Building, Lexington, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_55">283</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Bruton Parish Church, Williamsburg, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_56">283</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Monumental Church, Richmond, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_57">314</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Pohick Church, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_58">314</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_59">315</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_60">315</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Independent Presbyterian Church, Savannah, Georgia</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_62">336</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Pringle House, Charleston, South Carolina</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_61">337</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">The Cabildo, New Orleans, Louisiana</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_63">337</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">The Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_64">352</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_65">352</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Sportsman's Hall, Whitley's Station, Kentucky</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_66">353</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">White Haven, St. Louis, Missouri</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_67">353</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln's House, Springfield, Illinois</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_68">370</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">William Henry Harrison's House, Vincennes, Indiana</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_69">370</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Rufus Putnam's House, Marietta, Ohio</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_70">371</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">The Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_71">371</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_72">394</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Warner House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_73">394</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td><span class="smcap">Wadsworth Longfellow House, Portland, Maine</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#img_74">395</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h2>ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS</h2> + +<div class="poem p6"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>The riches of the Commonwealth</p> +<p>Are free, strong minds, and hearts of health;</p> +<p>And more to her than gold or grain,</p> +<p>The cunning hand and cultured brain.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>For well she keeps her ancient stock,</p> +<p>The stubborn strength of Pilgrim Rock;</p> +<p>And still maintains, with milder laws,</p> +<p>And clearer light, the Good Old Cause!</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Nor heeds the skeptic's puny hands,</p> +<p>While near her school the church-spire stands;</p> +<p>Nor fears the blinded bigot's rule,</p> +<p>While near her church-spire stands the school.</p> +</div> +<p class="i6">—<span class="smcap">John Greenleaf Whittier.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="center p6">ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w450"><a name="img_3" id="img_3"></a> +<img src="images/i_027.jpg" width="427" height="600" alt="Old State House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"><i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company, Boston</i></span><br /> +OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">I</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span></p> +<h3>THE OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON,<br /> +MASSACHUSETTS</h3> + +<p class="center">FROM WHOSE BALCONY THE DECLARATION OF<br /> +INDEPENDENCE WAS PROCLAIMED</p> + +<p>Thirty-three years after Captain John Smith sailed +into Boston Harbor, the first Town House was built. +This was in 1657. The second Town House, which was +built on the same site, was erected in 1712. In 1748 the +third Town House, later the Old State House, followed +the structure of 1712, the outer walls of the old building +being used in the new.</p> + +<p>Since 1689, when Governor Andros' tyranny was overthrown, +the old building has been in the thick of historic +events. How it figured in the Boston Massacre +was shown by John Tudor in his diary. He wrote: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span></p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"March, 1770. On Monday evening the 5th current, +a few Minutes after 9 o'clock a most horrid murder was +committed in King Street before the custom house Door +by 8 or 9 Soldiers under the Command of Capt. Thos +Preston of the Main Guard on the South side of the +Town House. This unhappy affair began by Some Boys +& young fellows throwing Snow Balls at the sentry +placed at the Custom house Door. On which 8 or 9 +Soldiers Came to his Assistance. Soon after a Number +of people collected, when the Capt commanded the Soldiers +to fire, which they did and 3 Men were Kil'd on +the Spot & several Mortaly Wounded, one of which died +next Morning.... Leut Governor Hutchinson, who +was Commander in Chiefe, was sent for & Came to the +Council Chamber, where some of the Magustrates attended. +The Governor desired the Multitude about 10 +O'Clock to sepperat & to go home peaceable & he would +do all in his power that Justice should be done &c. The +29 Regiment being then under Arms on the south side +of the Townhouse, but the people insisted that the Soldiers +should be ordered to their Barracks first before +they would sepperat. Which being done the people +sepperated aboute 1 O'Clock."</p> + +<p>Next day the people met in Faneuil Hall, and demanded +the immediate removal of the troops. The +demand being refused, they met again at Faneuil Hall, +but adjourned to Old South Church, since the larger +hall was required to accommodate the aroused citizens. +A new committee, headed by Samuel Adams, sought +Hutchinson in the Council Chamber of the Town House, +and secured his permission to remove the troops without +delay.</p> + +<p>The next event of note in the history of the old building +was the public reading there of the Declaration of +Independence on July 18, 1776, in accordance with the +message of John Hancock, President of the Continental +Congress, who asked that it be proclaimed "in such +a mode that the people may be impressed by it."</p> + +<p>Abigail Adams told in a letter to her husband, John +Adams, of the reading: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span></p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I went with the multitude to King street to hear +the Declaration Proclamation for Independence read + +and proclaimed.... Great attention was given to +every word.... Thus ends royal Authority in the +state."</p> + +<p>A British prisoner on parole, who was an invited +guest at the reading of the Declaration, wrote a detailed +narrative of the events of the day, in the Town +Hall, in which he said:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Exactly as the clock struck one, Colonel Crafts, +who occupied the chair, rose and, silence being obtained, +read aloud the declaration, which announced to the +world that the tie of allegiance and protection, which +had so long held Britain and her North American colonies +together, was forever separated. This being finished, +the gentlemen stood up, and each, repeating the +words as they were spoken by an officer, swore to uphold, +at the sacrifice of life, the rights of his country. +Meanwhile the town clerk read from the balcony the +Declaration of Independence to the crowd; at the close +of which, a Shout began in the hall, passed like an electric +spark to the streets, which rang with loud huzzas, +the slow and measured boom of Cannon, and the rattle +of musketry."</p> + +<p>Thirteen years later, when Washington visited Boston, +he passed through a triumphal arch to the State +House. In his diary he told of what followed his entrance +to the historic building: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span></p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Three cheers was given by a vast concourse of +people, Who, by this time, had assembled at the Arch—then +followed an ode composed in honor of the President; +and well sung by a band of select singers—After +this three cheers—followed by the different Professions +and Mechanics in the order they were drawn up, with +their colors, through a lane of the people which had +thronged about the arch under which they passed." +</p> + +<p>The ode sung that day was as follows:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"General Washington, the hero's come,</p> +<p>Each heart exulting hears the sound;</p> +<p>See, thousands their deliverer throng,</p> +<p>And shout his welcome all around.</p> +<p>Now in full chorus bursts the song,</p> +<p>And shout the deeds of Washington."</p> +</div> + +<p>The Old State House was near destruction in 1835, +as a result of the uproar that followed the attempt of +William Lloyd Garrison to make an abolition address +in the hall next door to the office of the <i>Liberator</i>, whose +editor he was. A furious crowd demanded his blood, +and he was persuaded to retire. Later the doors of +the <i>Liberator</i> office where he had taken refuge were +broken down, and, after a chase, the hunted man was +seized and dragged to the rear of the Old State House, +then used as the City Hall and Post-office. The mayor +rescued him from the mob, which was talking of hanging +him, and carried him into the State House. The +threats of the outwitted people became so loud that it +was feared the building would be destroyed and that +Garrison would be killed. As soon as possible, therefore, +he was spirited away to the Leverett Street jail.</p> + +<p>For many years, until 1882, the Old State House was +used for business purposes, after previous service as +Town House, City Hall, Court House, and State House. +It is now used as a historical museum by the Bostonian +Society.</p> + +<p>The historic halls within the building have the same +walls and ceilings as when the old house was erected +in 1748. For many years the exterior was covered with +unsightly paint, but this has been scraped off, and the +brick walls gleam red as in former days.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_4" id="img_4"></a> +<img src="images/i_028a.jpg" width="550" height="391" alt="Paul Revere House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"><i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company</i></span><br /> +PAUL REVERE HOUSE, BOSTON</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">II</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span></p> + +<h3>PAUL REVERE'S HOUSE, BOSTON,<br /> +MASSACHUSETTS</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE THE MERCURY OF THE REVOLUTION LIVED<br /> +AND TOILED</p> + +<table summary="Riddle"> +<tr> +<td>"<i>Take three fourths of a Paine that makes Traitors Confess</i></td> +<td>(RAC)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>With three parts of a place which the Wicked don't Bless</i></td> +<td>(HEL)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Joyne four sevenths of an Exercise which shop-keepers use</i></td> +<td>(WALK)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Add what Bad Men do, when they good actions refuse</i></td> +<td>(ER)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>These four added together with great care and Art</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Will point out the Fair One that is nearest my Heart.</i>"</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Thus wrote Paul Revere, the Boston goldsmith, on +the back of a bill to Mr. Benjamin Greene for "Gold +buttons," "Mending a Spoon," and "Two pr. of Silver +Shoe Buckles," which was made out one day in 1773 +in the old house in North Square, built in 1676. To +this house he planned to lead as his second wife Rachel +Walker; his eight children needed a mother's care, and +he wanted some one to share the joys and the burdens +of his life.</p> + +<p>Before his first marriage, in 1757, he had served as +a second lieutenant in a company of artillery, in the +expedition against Crown Point. Soldiering was succeeded +by work at his trade of goldsmith and silversmith, +learned from his father. He was a skilled engraver; +most of the silverware made in Boston at this period +testified to his ability. Later, when the rising patriotic +tide seemed to call for lithographs and broadsides, he +engraved these on copper with eager brain and active +hand. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span></p> + +<p>He began his patriotic work as a member of the secret +order The Sons of Liberty, which had organizations in +nearly all the colonies, held frequent meetings, and +laid plans for resisting the encroachments of Great +Britain. Once, when some three hundred of these Sons +dined at Dorchester, Paul Revere was present, as well +as Samuel Adams, John Adams, and John Hancock.</p> + +<p>It was necessary to have a trusted messenger to carry +tidings of moment from place to place, and Paul Revere +was one of those chosen for the purpose. His first important +ride was at the time of the destruction of the +tea in Boston harbor. He had a leading part in bringing +together the patriots who gathered on November 29, +1773, first at Faneuil Hall, then at Old South Meeting +House, to protest against the landing of the tea from +the ship <i>Dartmouth</i>, and he was one of the men who, +on December 16, in Indian disguise, threw £18,000 +worth of tea into the harbor. In preparation for the +rallying of the men of the tea party at the "Green +Dragon," the following ditty was composed:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"Rally Mohawks! bring out your axes,</p> +<p>And tell King George we'll pay no taxes</p> +<p class="i2">On his foreign tea.</p> +<p>His threats are vain, and vain to think</p> +<p>To force our girls and wives to drink</p> +<p class="i2">His vile Bohea!</p> +<p>Then rally boys, and hasten on</p> +<p>To meet our chief at the Green Dragon.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"Old Warren's there, and bold Revere,</p> +<p>With hands to do, and words to cheer,</p> +<p class="i2">For liberty and laws;</p> +<p>Our country's brave and free defenders</p> +<p>Shall ne'er be left by true North-Enders</p> +<p class="i2">Fighting Freedoms cause!</p> +<p>Then rally boys, and hasten on</p> +<p>To meet our chiefs at the Green Dragon."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> +Of the work done by the Mohawks on that December +night John Adams wrote on December 17, 1773, "This +Destruction of the Tea is so bold, so daring, so firm, +intrepid, and inflexible, and it must have so important +Consequences, and so lasting, that I can't but consider +it as an Epoch in History."</p> + +<p>The enactment of the Boston Port Bill was the cause +of Revere's next ride. A meeting of citizens in Boston +decided to ask the other colonies "to come into a joint +resolution to stop all importation from, and exportation +to, Great Britain and every part of the West Indies till +the act be repealed," in the thought that this would +"prove the salvation of North America and her +liberties."</p> + +<p>These resolutions were given to Paul Revere by the +selectmen of Boston, and he was urged to ride with all +speed to New York and Philadelphia. On May 30, +1774, the Essex <i>Gazette</i> told of the return of the messenger, +and announced, "Nothing can exceed the indignation +with which our brethren of Rhode Island, +Connecticut, New York and Philadelphia have received +this proof of Ministerial madness. They universally +declare their resolution to stand by us to the last +extremity."</p> + +<p>Four months later another ride to Philadelphia was +taken, to carry to the Continental Congress the Suffolk +Resolves. Six days only were taken for the journey. +When Congress learned of the protest in New England +against the principle "that Parliament had the right +to legislate for the colonies in all cases whatsoever," +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span> +there was no question that a new nation was ready for +birth. "I think I may assure you, that America will +make a point of supporting Boston to the utmost," +Samuel Adams wrote, the day after Revere's message +was read.</p> + +<p>Once more during the historic year 1774 the Boston +silversmith turned aside from his shop long enough +to ride to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, to give information +of the prohibition by Great Britain of further +importations of gunpowder, and to tell of the coming +of a large garrison to Fort William and Mary at Portsmouth. +The immediate result of the ride was the sending +of a party of four hundred patriots against the fort, +which surrendered at once. Little attention has been +paid to this event by historians, yet it was one of the +most potent of the events preceding the Revolution. +One hundred barrels of gunpowder were seized at the +fort, and this was a large part of the ammunition used +later at Bunker Hill.</p> + +<p>Then came April 18, 1775, the date of "that memorable +ride, not only the most brilliant, but the most +important single exploit in our national annals." The +Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety were +in session at Concord. General Warren had remained +in Boston to watch the movements of the British, and +Revere had been holding himself in readiness to carry +tidings as soon as there was anything of importance +to be told. Now word was to be sent to John Hancock +and Samuel Adams, who were at the residence of Rev. +Mr. Clarke at Lexington, "that a number of soldiers +were marching towards the bottom of the Common, +... and that it was thought they were the objects of +the movement." Revere had foreseen the necessity for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> +the ride, and, fearing that he might not be able to cross +the Charles River, or get over Boston Neck, had arranged +with patriots in Charleston that two "lanthorns" +would be shown in the North Church steeple +if the British went out by water, and one if they went +by land.</p> + +<p>On the night of April 18 Revere was rowed by two +friends across Charles River, passing almost under the +guns of the <i>Somerset</i>. After conferring with the +Charleston patriots, who had seen the signals, he secured +a horse, and started toward Lexington, proceeding +with extreme care, because he had been told that +ten mounted British officers had been seen going up the +road. Once he was chased by two British officers. At +Medford he awakened the captain of the minute men. +"After that I alarmed almost every house till I got to +Lexington," the patriot rider later told the story. +Messrs. Hancock and Adams were aroused. Then +Revere went on to Concord, accompanied by two others, +that the stores might be secured. Once more residents +by the roadside were awakened. He himself was soon +surrounded by four mounted British soldiers, but his +companions were able to proceed. After a time he was +released by his captors, and he made his way to the +Clarke house, where Hancock and Adams still were.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_5" id="img_5"></a> +<img src="images/i_028b.jpg" width="550" height="392" alt="Hancock-Clarke House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"><i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company</i></span><br /> +HANCOCK-CLARKE HOUSE, LEXINGTON, MASS.</p> +</div> + +<p>Thus the way was prepared for Concord and Lexington. +That the patriots were not taken by surprise, and +the stores at Concord taken, as the British had hoped, +was due to the courage and resourcefulness of Paul +Revere.</p> + +<p>Revere's rides as messenger did not end his services +to the colonists. In 1775 he engraved the plates and +printed the bills of the paper money of Massachusetts, +and later he built and operated a powder mill. He +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> +was made lieutenant-colonel of State artillery, and took +part in the unfortunate Penobscot expedition out of +which grew the charges of which he was triumphantly +acquitted by the court-martial held at his own request.</p> + +<p>The old house in North Square was the home of the +Revere family until about 1795.</p> + +<p class="center p6">III</p> + +<h3>FANEUIL HALL, BOSTON</h3> + +<p class="center">"THE CRADLE OF AMERICAN LIBERTY"</p> + +<p>Andrew Faneuil was one of the Huguenots who fled +from France as a result of the Edict of Nantes. By +way of Holland he came to Boston. It is a matter of +official record that on February 1, 1691, he was admitted +by the Governor and Council of the Massachusetts +Bay Colony.</p> + +<p>Within a few years the refugee was looked upon as +a leader both in the French church and in business. +Copies of invoices of merchandise consigned to him +show that he was a dealer in all kinds of supplies of +food, household furnishings, and dress goods.</p> + +<p>When he died, in 1738, the Boston <i>News Letter</i> said +that "1,100 persons of all Ranks, beside the Mourners," +followed the body to the grave. "And 'tis supposed +that as the Gentleman's fortune was the greatest of any +among us, so his funeral was the most generous and +expensive of any that has been known here."</p> + +<p>Peter Faneuil, the heir and successor to the fortune +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span> +and business of his uncle, was a shrewd business man +who knew how to make the most of his opportunities. +But he took time to think and plan for his fellow-townsmen. +He was disturbed because there was no adequate +public market in Boston, and he was not discouraged +by the fact that numerous attempts to establish such +a convenience had been received with hostility by the +people, especially the farmers, who felt that they would +have a better chance to sell from house to house on any +day than in a fixed place on a set day.</p> + +<p>His proposition to provide the market by gift to the +town stirred up a spirited controversy. At a town +meeting called to consider the proposition, held on +July 14, 1740, the attendance was so large that the +company adjourned to the Brattle Street Meeting +House.</p> + +<p>There the people set themselves to consider the +proposition of Peter Faneuil, who "hath been generously +pleased to offer at his own cost and charge to +erect and build a noble and complete structure or edifice +to be improved for a market, for the sole use, benefit +and advantage of the town, provided that the town of +Boston would pass a vote for the purpose, and lay the +same under such proper regulation as shall be thought +necessary, and constantly support it for the said use."</p> + +<p>The gift had a narrow escape from the 727 voters +who cast the ballots. The majority in favor of accepting +the market was only seven!</p> + +<p>The average giver would have been discouraged by +such a reception; but Peter Faneuil, on the contrary, +did more than he had proposed. When the selectmen +were told in August, 1742—seven months before Faneuil's +death—that the building was ready, there was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span> +not only a market house, but above it a hall for town +meetings and other gatherings. By action of the meeting +called to accept the building the hall over the market +was named Faneuil Hall.</p> + +<p>"I hope that what I have done will be of service +to the whole country," was the donor's response to this +graceful act.</p> + +<p>At once the Hall became a Boston institution. The +town offices were removed to the building, town meetings +were held there, and a series of public concerts was +given in it. The market, however, was not popular.</p> + +<p>The fire of January 13, 1761, destroyed the interior +of the building. The money for rebuilding was raised +by a lottery.</p> + +<p>Faneuil Hall began its career as a national institution +on August 27, 1765, when the voters, in mass meeting, +denounced the lawless acts of "Persons unknown" +by which they had shown their hatred of the iniquitous +Stamp Act. At a second meeting, held on September +12, the voters instructed their Representatives "as to +their conduct at this very alarming crisis."</p> + +<p>"The genuine Sons of Liberty" gathered in the Hall +March 18, 1767, that they might rejoice together because +of the repeal of the Stamp Act. The Boston +<i>Gazette</i> reported that "a large company of the principal +inhabitants crowded that spacious apartment, and +with loud huzzas, and repeated acclamations at each +of the twenty-five toasts, saluted the glorious and memorable +heroes of America, particularly those who distinguished +themselves in the cause of Liberty, which +was ever growing under the iron hand of oppression."</p> + +<p>What has been called "perhaps the most dramatic +scene in all history" was staged in this Cradle of Liberty +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> +on the day after the Boston Massacre, March 6, +1770. The crowd was so large that it was necessary +to adjourn to Old South before action could be taken +requesting the governor to withdraw the troops whose +presence had led to the massacre.</p> + +<p>Then came the tea meetings. The first of these was +held in the Hall on November 5, 1773. At this meeting +committees were appointed to wait on the several persons +to whom tea had been consigned by the East India +Company, "and in the name of the town to request +them from a regard to their character, and to the peace +and good order of the town, immediately to resign their +trust." The response made to these committees and +to subsequent tea meetings was unsatisfactory, and on +December 16 a number of disguised citizens gathered +at the waterfront and held the "Boston Tea Party."</p> + +<p>The occupation of Boston by the British interrupted +the Faneuil Hall town meetings, but soon after the +evacuation of the city the people turned their steps +thither for public gatherings of many sorts. Fortunately +the building had not been seriously injured. +When Washington entered the city he spoke with feeling +of the safety of the structure that had meant so +much to the people.</p> + +<p>It was fitting that, in the stirring days that preceded +the War of 1812, meetings to protest against the acts +of Great Britain should be held here. Historic gatherings +followed during this war, as also during the War +of 1861-65.</p> + +<p>Three times Faneuil Hall has been rebuilt since its +donor turned it over to his fellow-citizens. The first +reconstruction came after the fire. In 1806 the building +was enlarged and improved. Again in 1898 it was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span> +completely rebuilt and made fireproof, though, wherever +possible, original materials were used. While it is +much larger than in the early days, the general appearance +is so similar that the structure would be recognized +by such an ardent lover of the early structure as +Lafayette, who, when he was in Boston in 1824, said:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"May Faneuil Hall ever stand, a monument to teach +the world that resistance to oppression is a duty, and +will under true republican institutions become a +blessing."</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w450"><a name="img_6" id="img_6"></a> +<img src="images/i_039.jpg" width="447" height="600" alt="Old North Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="s05 flright"><i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company</i></span><br /> +OLD NORTH CHURCH, BOSTON</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">IV</p> + +<h3>THREE HISTORIC CHURCHES OF BOSTON</h3> + +<p class="center">THE STORY OF OLD NORTH, OLD SOUTH, AND KING'S CHAPEL</p> + +<p>The First Church of Boston would have been large +enough for all its members for many years longer than +they worshipped together, if they had been of one mind +politically. But the differences that separated people +in England in the troublous days of Charles I were +repeated in Boston. For this reason some of the members +of the First Church thought they would be better +off by themselves, and in 1650 they organized the Second +Church. Later the church became known as North +Church, by reason of its location. As it grew older +the name Old North was applied to it.</p> + +<p>From its organization Old North became known as +the church of spirited reformers, a real school for +patriots. Increase Mather, one of its early pastors, +was responsible for developing and directing the peculiar +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span> +genius of its organization. At the time of the +Revolution the British officers spoke of the church as +"a nest of traitors."</p> + +<p>Many mass meetings to protest against the acts of +Great Britain were held in this church. The corporation +used it for a time as a fire house and a public +arsenal, and when signals were given by the direction +of Paul Revere on the night of his famous ride the lanterns +were hung in the steeple of Old North.</p> + +<p>The original building of 1652 was burned in 1673. +The second building was also burned, but by the British, +who tore it down and used it for firewood during +the cold winter of the occupation of the city.</p> + +<p>After the destruction of the building the members of +New Brick Church, an offshoot of Old North, invited +the congregation to worship with them. The invitation +was accepted, and soon the congregations came together, +under the name Old North. The building occupied ever +since by the reunited congregation was erected in 1723. +Ralph Waldo Emerson served as pastor and conducted +services in this structure.</p> + +<p>In 1669 there were many earnest people who felt that +the teachings of the older church were not liberal +enough for them, and they decided to have a church +after their own heart. They felt that all who had been +baptized might be citizens of the town; they were unwilling +to be associated longer with those who insisted, +as the General Synod of Massachusetts recommended, +that all citizens must be church members, as formerly. +So permission to organize was asked of the other +churches. On their refusal appeal was taken to the +Governor. The next appeal, to the selectmen of Boston, +was successful.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w500"><a name="img_7" id="img_7"></a> +<img src="images/i_040.jpg" width="472" height="600" alt="Old South Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"><i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company</i></span><br /> +OLD SOUTH CHURCH, BOSTON</p> +</div> + +<p>The new church, which was called the South Meeting +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span> +House, was built on the site of Governor Winthrop's +house. In 1717 the people began to call the church +"The Old South," to distinguish it from another church +which was still further south.</p> + +<p>In 1685 Governor Andros insisted that the Old South +building should be used for the Church of England +service, as well as for the services of the owners of the +building. For two years Churchmen and Congregationalists +occupied it harmoniously at different hours +on Sunday.</p> + +<p>On a Fast Day in 1696 Judge Sewall stood up before +the congregation while they heard him read his prayer +for the forgiveness of God and his fellow-citizens for +any possible guilt he had incurred in the witchcraft +trials.</p> + +<p>Ten years later, on the day he was born, January 17, +1706, Benjamin Franklin was baptized in the church, +though not in the present building.</p> + +<p>The building made famous by the series of town +meetings before and during the Revolution was erected +in 1730. When Faneuil Hall was too small to hold +the crowds that clamored for entrance, Old South was +pressed into use. On June 14, 1768, at one of these +meetings, a petition was sent to the Governor asking +that the British frigate be removed from the harbor. +John Hancock was chairman of this committee. The +Boston Tea Party followed a mass meeting held here.</p> + +<p>Burgoyne's cavalry used Old South Church as a riding +school. Pigs were kept in one of the pews, while +many of the furnishings were burned.</p> + +<p>Since March, 1776, when the church was repaired, +it has been little changed. Services were discontinued +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span> +in 1872. After the great fire the building was used +as a post-office.</p> + +<p>Five years later there was talk of destroying the +historic structure that the valuable lot might be used +for business purposes, but the efforts of patriotic women +were successful in preserving the relic. Since that time +it has been kept open as a museum.</p> + +<p>While Old North and Old South were organizations +expressing the will of the people, the third of the famous +churches of Boston was the expression of the will of +King James II of England. During more than sixty +years of the city's history there had been no congregation +of the Church of England; members of that body +were required to attend service in the existing parishes. +A minister and a commission sent from England to arrange +for the new church were received with scant +courtesy by the churches when request was made that +opportunity be given to hold Church of England services +in the building of one of them.</p> + +<p>Not satisfied with the offer of a room in the Town +House, Governor Andros demanded that Old South +make arrangements to accommodate the new body. On +the refusal of the trustees to do as the Governor wished, +the sexton of the church was one day ordered to ring +the bell and open the doors for the Governor and his +staff, and those who might wish to attend with them. +Then the trustees submitted to the inevitable.</p> + +<p>This was in 1687. The first chapel was built for the +new congregation in 1689, on land appropriated for +the purpose, since no one would convey a site willingly. +This building was enlarged in 1710. The present striking +structure dates from 1749-53. Peter Faneuil was +treasurer of the committee that raised the necessary +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> +funds. The expense was but £2,500, though granite +from the new Quincy quarry was used. The colonnade +surrounding the tower was not built until 1790.</p> + +<p>King's Chapel, as the new church building came to +be called, was known as the abode of loyalists, just as +Old North and Old South were famous as the haunts +of patriotic worshippers. The presence on the walls +of the insignia of royalty and varied heraldic devices +seriously disturbed the minds of those who felt that +a house of worship should have no such furnishings.</p> + +<p>During the Revolution the building was respected +by the British as well as by the citizens of the town. +When the war was over, the congregation of Old South +was invited to use the chapel because their own church +needed extensive repairs in consequence of the use the +British had made of it.</p> + +<p>Since 1787 King's Chapel has been a Unitarian +church. The change was made under the leadership +of Rev. James Freeman.</p> + +<p class="center p6">V</p> + +<h3>ELMWOOD, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL WAS BORN, AND<br /> +WHERE HE DIED</p> + +<p>When Thomas Oliver, Lieutenant Governor and +president of George III's provincial council, built his +house in Cambridge about 1767, he did not dream that +within nine years he would have to abandon it because +of his allegiance to the same George III. But so it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span> +proved. He was a Tory, and his neighbors would not +suffer him to remain among them. On September 2, +1774, he wrote his resignation of the offices he held, +adding the statement, "My house at Cambridge being +surrounded by five thousand people, in compliance with +their command, I sign my name." At his request, made +to General Gage and the admiral of the English fleet, +troops were not sent to Cambridge, according to plan. +"But for Thomas Oliver's intercession," Edward Everett +Hale says, "Elmwood would have been the battle-ground +of the First Encounters."</p> + +<p>After his summary departure the house was used as +a hospital by the Continental Army. When the government +sold it at auction it became the property first +of Arthur Cabot, then of Elbridge Gerry, a Signer of +the Declaration of Independence, Governor of Massachusetts +from 1810 to 1812, and Vice-President under +Madison.</p> + +<p>The next occupant was Rev. Charles Lowell, pastor +of the West Church of Boston. He bought the property +just in time to make it ready for his son, James Russell +Lowell, who was born February 22, 1819.</p> + +<p>As a boy James never wearied of rambling over the +old house and the ten acres of ground, all that was left +of the original ninety-five acres. Many of his poems +contain references to the memories of these early years. +"The First Snowfall," "Music," and "A Year's Life" +are, in part, autobiographical. Lines on "The Power +of Music" told of the days when he was his father's +companion in the chaise, on the way to make a Sunday +exchange of pulpits with a neighboring minister:</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span></p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"When, with feuds like Ghibelline and Guelf,</p> +<p>Each parish did its music for itself,</p> +<p>A parson's son, through tree-arched country ways,</p> +<p>I rode exchange oft in dear old days,</p> +<p>Ere yet the boys forgot, with reverent eye,</p> +<p>To doff their hats as the black coat went by,</p> +<p>Ere skirts expanding in their apogee</p> +<p>Turned girls to bells without the second e;</p> +<p>Still in my teens, I felt the varied woes</p> +<p>Of volunteers, each singing as he chose,</p> +<p>Till much experience left me no desire</p> +<p>To learn new species of the village choir."</p> +</div> + +<p>Life at Elmwood was interrupted by college days, +but he returned to the Cambridge house with his wife, +Maria Lowell. The oldest children were born here. +Here, too, came the first great sorrow of the parents, +the death of their first born. At that time Mrs. Lowell +found comfort in writing "The Alpine Sheep," a +poem that has helped many parents in a like time of +bereavement.</p> + +<p>The next great sorrow came during the Civil War, +when the death from wounds was announced first of +General Charles Russell Lowell, then of James Jackson +Lowell, and finally of William Lowell Putnam, all beloved +nephews. In the Biglow Papers, Second Series, +the poet referred to these three soldiers. Leslie Stephen +called the lines "the most pathetic that he ever wrote" +in which he spoke of the three likely lads,</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"Whose comin' step ther' 's ears thet won't,</p> +<p>No, not lifelong, leave off awaitin'."</p> +</div> + +<p>During the closing year of the war, one of the students +who attended his lectures on Dante at Harvard +College wrote of a visit to his preceptor: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I found the serene possessor of Elmwood in good +spirits, ate a Graham biscuit and drank some delicious +milk with him and his wife, then enjoyed a very pleasant +conversation. He read some of Shakspeare's sonnets, +to make me think better of them, and succeeded.... +He gave me a very welcome copy of Macaulay's +essays and poems, and the little visit was another oasis +in school life's dearth of home sociability. Mabel, his +only child, was not there at supper, but came home +some time after: 'salute your progenitor!' and the +answer was a daughter's kiss."</p> + +<p>After spending years abroad, part of the time as +Minister to Spain, then as Minister to England, Lowell +returned to Elmwood. To a friend who congratulated +him on being at home again, he said, "Yes, it is very +nice here; but the old house is full of ghosts." His +cousin, as quoted by Dr. Hale, says of these closing six +years of the poet's life:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"The house was haunted by sad memories, but at +least he was once more among his books. The library, +which filled the two rooms on the ground floor to the +left of the front door, had been constantly growing, and +during his stay in Europe he had bought rare works +with the intention of leaving them to Harvard College. +Here he would sit when sad or unwell and read Calderon, +the 'Nightingale in the Study,' whom he always +found a solace. Except for occasional attacks of the +gout, his life had been singularly free from sickness, +but he had been at home only a few months when he +was taken ill, and, after the struggle of a strong man +to keep up as long as possible, he was forced to go to +bed. In a few days his condition became so serious +that the physician feared he would not live; but he +rallied, and, although too weak to go to England, as +he had planned, he appeared to be comparatively well. +When taken sick, he had been preparing a new edition +of his works, the only full collection that had ever been +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span> +made, and he had the satisfaction of publishing it soon +after his recovery. This was the last literary work he +was destined to do, and it rounded off fittingly his career +as a man of letters."</p> + +<p>He died in August, 1891, when he was seventy-two +years old.</p> + +<p>Elmwood remains in the possession of the Lowell +heirs. The ten acres of the poet's boyhood days have +been reduced to two or three, but the house is much the +same as when the poet lived in it.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_8" id="img_8"></a> +<img src="images/i_055a.jpg" width="550" height="396" alt="Craigie House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace, Philadelphia</i></span><br /> +CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">VI</p> + +<h3>THE CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE,<br /> +MASSACHUSETTS</h3> + +<p class="center">MADE FAMOUS BY GEORGE WASHINGTON AND<br /> +HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"<i>Somewhat back from the village street</i></p> +<p><i>Stands the old-fashioned country seat.</i></p> +<p><i>Across its antique portico</i></p> +<p><i>Tall poplar-trees their shadows throw;</i></p> +<p><i>And from its station in the hall</i></p> +<p><i>An ancient timepiece says to all,—</i></p> +<p class="i2"><i>'Forever, never!</i></p> +<p class="i2"><i>Never—forever.'"</i></p> +</div> + +<p>The clock of which Longfellow wrote stood on the +stair-landing of the old Craigie House, Cambridge, +Massachusetts, which he bought in 1843, after having +occupied it a number of years. Here he wrote the +majority of his poems. Here, one June day, Nathaniel +Hawthorne dined with the poet. In the course of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span> +conversation, the author of "The House of Seven +Gables" told Longfellow the heart-moving story of the +Acadian maiden who was separated from her lover by +the cruel mandate of the conquerors of Acadia, and +here the poem was written that told the story. Here +were spent days of gladness with friends who delighted +to enter the hospitable door. Here the poet rejoiced +in his home with the children of whom he wrote in +"The Children's Hour":</p> +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"Between the dark and the daylight,</p> +<p>When the night is beginning to lower,</p> +<p>Comes a pause in the day's occupations,</p> +<p>That is known as the Children's Hour."</p> +</div> + +<p>And here, one sad day in July, 1861, Mrs. Longfellow +was so severely burned that she died the next +day. This great sorrow bore rich fruit for those who +loved the poet. "Above the grave the strong man +sowed his thoughts, and they ripened like the corn in +autumn," one of his biographers has said.</p> + +<p>The house was named for Andrew Craigie, who became +the owner of the property in 1793. He had given +valuable service during the Revolutionary War, acting +as an "apothecary-general" in the Continental Army. +He was a man of wealth, and his home was the popular +resort for people of note from all parts of the country. +During his later years he lost all his money, and his +widow was compelled to rent rooms to Harvard students. +In this way Edward Everett became a resident +of the house.</p> + +<p>The builder of the mansion was John Vassall. In +1760, when he occupied the house, it was surrounded +by a park of one hundred and fifty acres. Soon after +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span> +the beginning of the war he went to Boston, and later +he removed to England, for his sympathies were with +the Crown. Accordingly, in 1778, the property was +declared forfeited to the State.</p> + +<p>But the estate really became public property three +years before this, when a regiment, under the command +of Colonel Glover, pitched its tents in the park. In +July, 1775, Washington made the house his headquarters, +remaining until April 4, 1776.</p> + +<p>During these months the house was a busy place. +Officers gathered here both for business and for pleasure. +Military conferences and court-martials were held +in the large room in the second story which was later +used by Longfellow as a study. Dinners and entertainments +were frequent; these provided a needed safety +valve during the weeks of anxious waiting near the +British line. Mrs. Washington was a visitor here, thus +giving to her husband the taste of home life which he +was unwilling to take during the Revolution by making +a visit to his estate at Mt. Vernon.</p> + +<p>On one of the early days of the Commander-in-Chief's +occupancy of the house, he wrote this entry in his carefully-kept +account book:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"July 15, 1775, Paid for cleaning the House which +was provided for my Quarters, and which had been +occupied by the Marblehead regiment, £2 10s. 9d."</p> + +<p>The day before this entry was made General Green +wrote to Samuel Ward: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span></p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"His Excellency, General Washington, has arrived +amongst us, universally admired. Joy was visible in +every countenance, and it seemed as if the spirit of +conquest breathed through the whole army. I hope I + +shall be taught, to copy his example, and to prefer the +love of liberty, in this time of public danger to all the +soft pleasures of domestic life, and support ourselves +with manly fortitude amidst all the dangers and hardships +that attend a state of war. And I doubt not, +under the General's wise direction, we shall establish +such excellent order and strictness of discipline as to +invite victory to attend him wherever he goes."</p> + +<p>A council of war was held in the upstairs room on +August 3, 1775. After this council General Sullivan +wrote to the New Hampshire Committee of Safety:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"To our great surprise, discovered that we had not +powder enough to furnish half a pound a man, exclusive +of what the people have in their homes and +cartridge boxes. The General was so struck that he +did not utter a word for half an hour."</p> + +<p>Further hints of the serious straits caused by the +lack of ammunition were contained in a letter of Elias +Boudinot. He said that at the time there were fourteen +miles of line to guard, so that Washington did not dare +fire an Evening or Morning Gun. "In this situation +one of the Committee of Safety for Massachusetts ... +deserted and went over to General Gage, and discovered +our poverty to him. The fact was so incredible, +that General Gage treated it as a stratagem of war, +and the informant as a Spy, or coming with the express +purpose of deceiving him & drawing his Army into a +Snare, by which means we were saved from having our +Quarters beaten up...."</p> + +<p>The strange inactivity of the British in the face of +the unpreparedness of the Continental troops was remarked +in a letter written to Congress on January 4, +from Headquarters: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span></p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"It is not in the pages of history, perhaps, to furnish +a case like ours. To maintain a post within musket +shot of the enemy, for six months together, without +[powder], and at the same time to disband one army, +and recruit another, within that distance of twenty odd +British regiments, is more, probably, than was ever +attempted."</p> + +<p>To-day visitors are free to roam through the rooms +that echoed to the tread of Washington and his generals, +in which the children played in Longfellow's day, +and where the poet wrote so many of his messages that +have gone straight to the hearts of millions.</p> + +<p class="center p6">VII</p> + +<h3>THE ADAMS HOUSES, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE TWO PRESIDENTS WERE BORN</p> + +<p>John Adams was born and spent his boyhood in +a simple farmhouse near Braintree (now Quincy), +Massachusetts. It has been described as a "plain, +square, honest block of a house, widened by a lean-to, +and scarcely two stories high." This house, built in +1681, Daniel Munro Wilson says was "the veritable +roof-tree, under which was ushered into being the +earliest and strongest advocate of independence, the +leader whose clear intelligence was paramount in shaping +our free institutions, the founder of a line of statesmen, +legislators, diplomats, historians, whose patriotism +is a passion, and whose integrity is like the granite of +their native hills." +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span></p> + +<p>It is a remarkable fact that John Adams and John +Hancock, who stood shoulder to shoulder in the fight +for American independence, were born within a mile +of each other, on days only a little more than a year +apart. The baptismal records show that October 19, +1735, was the birthday of John Adams, while John +Hancock was born on January 12, 1737.</p> + +<p>From the modest home in Braintree John Adams +went to college. Later he taught school and studied +law. Soon after he returned home in 1758 he wrote +in his diary:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Rose at sunrise, unpitched a load of hay, and translated +two more leaves of Justinian."</p> + +<p>After the death of his father, in 1761, the burden +of the home fell on his shoulders, and in the same year +he was called to serve the country. His diary tells +of the call:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"In March, when I had no suspicion, I heard my +name pronounced (at town meeting) in a nomination +of surveyor of highways. I was very wroth, because +I knew better, but said nothing. My friend, Dr. Savil, +came to me and told me that he had nominated me to +prevent me from being nominated as a constable. +'For,' said the doctor, 'they make it a rule to compel +every man to serve either as constable or surveyor, or +to pay a fine.' Accordingly, I went to ploughing and +ditching."</p> + +<p>Thus John Adams showed the spirit of service that +later animated his son, John Quincy Adams, who, after +he had been President, became a representative in Congress, +and made answer to those who thought such an +office beneath his dignity, "An ex-President would not +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span> +be degraded by serving as a selectman in his town if +elected thereto by the people."</p> + +<p>During those early years the young lawyer had other +occupations than ditch-digging. The records of the +family show that he was assiduously courting Abigail +Smith, daughter of Rev. William Smith, minister in +Weymouth, near by. Probably he first met her in the +historic house, for she was a frequent visitor there.</p> + +<p>The marriage of the young people on October 25, +1764, excited much comment. In Puritan New England +the profession of the law was not a popular calling, +and many of the people thought Abigail Smith +was "throwing herself away." Parson Smith was equal +to the occasion; as he had helped his eldest daughter +out of a similar difficulty by preaching on the text, +"And Mary hath chosen that good part, which shall +not be taken away from her," so, on the Sunday after +Abigail's marriage, he announced the text, "For John +... came neither eating bread nor drinking wine; and +ye say, He hath a devil."</p> + +<p>The year of the marriage witnessed the beginning of +John Adams' fight for independence. For it was the +year of the iniquitous Stamp Act. In his diary he +wrote:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I drew up a petition to the selectmen of Braintree, +and procured it to be signed by a number of the respectable +inhabitants, to call a meeting of the town to +instruct their representatives in relation to the stamps."</p> + +<p>The following year, when a meeting was held in +Braintree to take action in consequence of the failure +of Great Britain to heed the protest against the Stamp +Act, he wrote: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span></p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I prepared a draught of instruction at home, and +carried them with me. The cause of the meeting was +explained at some length, and the state and danger of +the country pointed out. A committee was appointed +to prepare instructions, of which I was nominated as +one. My draught was unanimously adopted without +amendment, reported to the town, and accepted without +a dissenting voice.... They rang through the +state and were adopted in so many words ... by forty +towns, as instructions to their representatives."</p> + +<p>Less than two years later, on July 11, 1767, in the +town close by his own birthplace, to which John Adams +had taken his bride, John Quincy Adams was born. +The delights of the new home have been pictured in a +pleasing manner by Daniel Munro Wilson:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Elevated was life in this 'little hut,' but it was +real, genuine, beautifully domestic. The scene of it, +visible there now to any pious pilgrim, and reverently +preserved in many of its antique appointments by the +Quincy Historical Society, assists the imagination to +realize its noble simplicity. The dining-room or general +living room, with its wide open fireplace, is where +the young couple would most often pass their evenings, +and in winter would very likely occupy in measureless +content a single settle, roasting on one side and freezing +on the other. The kitchen, full of cheerful bustle, and +fragrant as the spice isles, how it would draw the children +as they grew up, the little John Quincy among +them! Here they could be near mother, and watch her +with absorbing attention as she superintended the cooking, +now hanging pots of savory meats on the crane, +and now drawing from the cavernous depths of the +brick oven the pies and baked beans and Indian puddings +and other delicacies of those days. We can more +easily imagine the home scene when we read these words +written by Mrs. Adams to her husband: 'Our son is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span> +much better than when you left home, and our daughter +rocks him to sleep with the song of "Come papa, come +home to brother Johnnie."' 'Johnnie' is the dignified +President and 'old man eloquent' that is to be."</p> + +<p>When it became evident that there must be Revolution, +the patriot Adams was compelled to leave his family +and go into the thick of the fight. He did not want +to go. "I should have thought myself the happiest +man in the world if I could have returned to my little +hut and forty acres, which my father left me in Braintree, +and lived on potatoes and sea-weed the rest of +my life. But I had taken a part, I had adopted a +system, I had encouraged my fellow citizens, and I +could not abandon them in conscience and in honor."</p> + +<p>From the old home Abigail Adams wrote him letters +that moved him to renewed efforts for his struggling +countrymen. In one of them she said, "You cannot +be, I know, nor do I wish to see you, an inactive spectator; +but if the sword be drawn, I bid adieu to all +domestic felicity, and look forward to that country +where there are neither wars nor rumors of war, in +a firm belief, that through the mercy of its King we +shall both rejoice there together."</p> + +<p>The wife rejoiced when her husband's ringing words +helped to carry the Declaration of Independence; she +urged him to make the trips to France which Congress +asked him to undertake; she encouraged him when he +was Vice-President and, later, President, and she made +home more than ever an abode of peace when, in 1801, +he returned to Braintree, to a house of Leonard Vassall, +built in 1731, which he bought in 1785.</p> + +<p>In this house husband and wife celebrated their +golden wedding, as John Quincy Adams was to celebrate +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span> +his golden wedding many years later. Here, for +many years, the son enjoyed being with the mother of +whom he once wrote:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"My mother was an angel upon earth. She was a +minister of blessings to all human beings within her +sphere of action.... She has been to me more than +a mother. She has been a spirit from above watching +over me for good, and contributing by my mere consciousness +of her existence to the comfort of my life.... +There is not a virtue that can abide in the +female heart but it was the ornament of hers."</p> + +<p>And in this house the mother died, on October 28, +1818. John Quincy Adams lived there until his death, +on July 4, 1826.</p> + +<p class="center p6">VIII</p> + +<h3>THE QUINCY MANSION, QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HOME OF THREE DOROTHY QUINCYS</p> + +<p>Among the settlers to whom Boston granted large +allotments of outlying lands were William Coddington +and Edmund Quincy. In 1635 they went, in company +with their associate settlers, to "the mount," which +became Braintree, now Quincy.</p> + +<p>By the side of a pleasant brook, under the shade of +spreading trees, Coddington built in 1636 his house of +four rooms. Downstairs was the kitchen and the living +room, while upstairs were two bedrooms. The upper +story overhung the lower in the old manner, and a +generous chimney, which afforded room for a large open +fireplace, dominated the whole. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span></p> + +<p>This house became the meeting place for a group of +seekers after religious liberty who were looked upon +with suspicion in Boston—Rev. John Wheelwright, Sir +Harry Vane, Atherton Hough, Ann Hutchinson, and +others. In consequence of their views the company +was soon broken up. Ann Hutchinson and Wheelwright +were banished, while Coddington would have +been banished if he had not gone hastily to Rhode +Island.</p> + +<p>Edmund Quincy, who succeeded to Coddington's +house, probably would have been banished if he had +not died before the decree could be pronounced. For +a season his widow, Judith, lived in the house, which, +from that time, became known as the Quincy Mansion. +With her were the children, Edmund and Judith. +Judith, who married at twenty, and became the mother +of Hannah (Betsy) Hull, whose dowry, when she became +the bride of Judge Samuel Sewell, was her weight +in pine-tree shillings, the gift of her father, the master +of the colony's mint. Florence Royce Davis has written +of the wedding:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"Then the great scales were brought, amid laughter and jest,</p> +<p class="i1">And Betsy was called to step in and be weighed;</p> +<p>But a silence fell over each wondering guest</p> +<p>When the mint-master opened a ponderous chest</p> +<p class="i1">And a fortune of shillings displayed.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"By handfuls the silver was poured in one side</p> +<p>Till it weighed from the floor blushing Betsy, the bride;</p> +<p>And the mint-master called: 'Prithee, Sewell, my son,</p> +<p>The horses are saddled, the wedding is done;</p> +<p>Behold the bride's portion; and know all your days</p> +<p>Your wife is well worth every shilling she weighs.'"</p> +</div> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span></p> + +<p>Edmund Quincy married at twenty-one, and became +the next occupant of the mansion. During his long +life there were welcomed to the hospitable roof many +of those whose words and deeds prepared the way for +the liberty that was to come to the country within a +century.</p> + +<p>The second of the Quincy line was a leader in the +town. At one time he was its representative in the +General Court, and as colonel of the Suffolk Regiment, +he was the first of a long list of colonels in the family. +But the day came when it was written of him, "Unkel +Quincy grows exceeding crazy," and in 1698 the second +Edmund yielded the house to Edmund the third.</p> + +<p>This Edmund also became a colonel and a representative +and, later, a judge of the Supreme Court. +His pastor said of him, "This great man was of a manly +Stature and Aspect, of a Strong Constitution and of +Good Courage, fitted for any Business of Life, to serve +God, his King and Country." Not only did he enlarge +the glory of the family, but, in 1706, he enlarged the +house, yet in such a way that the original Coddington +house could be clearly traced after the improvements +were finished. Judge Sewell, the cousin of the builder, +was one of the welcome occupants of the improved +house. On his way to Plymouth he stopped at "Braintry." +"I turned in to Cousin Quinsey," he said, "where +I had the pleasure to see God in his Providence shining +again upon the Persons and Affairs of the Family after +long distressing Sickness and Losses. Lodged in the +chamber next the Brooke." Later on another chamber +near the brook was provided for Mrs. Quincy's brother, +Tutor Flynt of Harvard, when he came that way for +rest and change. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span></p> + +<p>The oldest child of this generation was Edmund, +whose daughter, Dorothy Quincy, married John Hancock, +while the fourth child was Dorothy Quincy, the +great-grandmother of Oliver Wendell Holmes.</p> + +<p>The continuity of life at the mansion was sadly +broken when, within a year, the grandmother, the +mother, and the father died. The death of the latter +occurred in England, where he had gone on business +for the colony. When news came of the ending of +his life, the General Court of Massachusetts declared +that "he departed the delight of his own people, but +of none more than the Senate, who, as a testimony of +their love and gratitude, have ordered this epitaph to +be inscribed on his tomb in Bunhill Fields, London."</p> + +<p>For a year Dorothy Quincy remained in the house; +but on her marriage the place ceased for a time to be +the chief residence of a Quincy. Edmund was in business +in Boston. He resorted to the house for a season +now and then, but his Boston home remained his permanent +abiding place until after the birth of his daughter +Dorothy. Then failing fortune sent him back to the +ancestral home.</p> + +<p>During the next few years John Adams, Benjamin +Franklin, and John Hancock were favored visitors at +the mansion. John Hancock won Dorothy Quincy for +his bride, and family tradition says that preparations +were made for the wedding in the old home. "The +large north parlor was adorned with a new wall paper, +express from Paris, and appropriately figured with the +forms of Venus and Cupid in blue, and pendant wreaths +of flowers in red," writes the author of "Where American +Independence Began." But the approaching Revolution +interfered. The bridegroom hurried away to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span> +Boston and then to Lexington. Dorothy, under the care +of Mrs. Hancock, the mother of John Hancock, also +went to Lexington on April 18, 1775, the very day when +Paul Revere aroused the patriots, and Hancock was +once more compelled to flee for his life. Four months +later, at Fairfield, Connecticut, the lovers were married.</p> + +<p>The old mansion was never again the home of the +Quincys. Josiah, brother of Edmund the fourth, built +for himself in 1770 a beautiful home not far from the +family headquarters. Here he lived through the war. +Visitors to the house are shown on one of the windows +the record he made of the departure of the British from +Boston Harbor, scratched there when he saw the welcome +sight, on October 17, 1775.</p> + +<p>For much more than a century the house was in the +hands of other families, but, fortunately, it has come +under the control of the Colonial Dames of Massachusetts. +They have made it the historic monument it +deserves to be. The visitors who are privileged to +wander through the rooms hallowed by the presence +of men and women who helped to pave the way for +American independence read with hearty appreciation +the lines which Holmes addressed to the portrait of his +ancestress, "My Dorothy Q," as he called her:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"Grandmother's mother: her age, I guess</p> +<p>Thirteen summers, or something less;</p> +<p>Girlish bust, but womanly air;</p> +<p>Smooth, square forehead, with uprolled hair;</p> +<p>Lips that lover has never kissed,</p> +<p>Taper fingers and slender wrist;</p> +<p>Hanging sleeves of stiff brocade;</p> +<p>So they painted the little maid."</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_9" id="img_9"></a> +<img src="images/i_055b.jpg" width="550" height="416" alt="Fernside Farm" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company</i></span><br /> +FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASS.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">IX<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span></p> + +<h3>FERNSIDE FARM, HAVERHILL, MASSACHUSETTS</h3> + +<p class="center">THE BIRTHPLACE AND BOYHOOD HOME OF<br /> +JOHN G. WHITTIER</p> + +<p>The first house built by Thomas Whittier, the three-hundred-pound +ancestor of the poet Whittier, and first +representative of the family in America, was a little +log cabin. There he took his wife, Ruth Flint, and +there ten children were born. Five of them were boys, +and each of them was more than six feet tall.</p> + +<p>No wonder the log house grew too small for the +family. So, probably in 1688, he built a house whose +massive hewn beams were fifteen inches square, whose +kitchen was thirty feet long, with a fireplace eight feet +wide. The rooms clustered about a central chimney.</p> + +<p>In this house the poet was born December 17, 1807, +and here he spent the formative years of his life. When +he was twenty-seven years old he wrote for <i>The Little +Pilgrim</i> of Philadelphia a paper on "The Fish I Didn't +Catch." In this he described the home of his boyhood: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Our old homestead nestled under a long range of +hills which stretched off to the west. It was surrounded +by woods in all directions save to the southeast, where +a break in the leafy wall revealed a vista of low, green +meadows, picturesque with wooded islands and jutting +capes of upland. Through these, a small brook, noisy +enough as it foamed, rippled and laughed down its rocky +falls by our garden-side, wound, silently and scarcely +visible, to a still larger stream, known as the Country +Brook. This brook in its time, after doing duty at two +or three saw and grist mills, the clack of which we +could hear across the intervening woodlands, found its +way to the great river, and the river took it up and +bore it down to the great sea."</p> + +<p>Whittier's poems are full of references to the life on +the farm; many of his best verses had their inspiration +in memories of the past. For instance, the description +of the building of the fire in "Snow-Bound," a poem +which describes the life at the farm when he was twelve +years old, is a faithful picture of what took place in +the old kitchen every night of the long New England +winter, when</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"We piled, with care, our nightly stack</p> +<p>Of wood against the chimney back—</p> +<p>The oaken log, green, huge and thick,</p> +<p>And on its top the thick back-stick;</p> +<p>The knotty fore-stick laid apart,</p> +<p>And filled between with curious art.</p> +<p>The ragged brush; then, hovering near,</p> +<p>We watched the first red blaze appear,</p> +<p>Heard the sharp crackle, caught the gleam</p> +<p>On whitewashed wall and sagging beam,</p> +<p>Until the old, rude-fashioned room</p> +<p>Burst, flower-like, into rosy bloom."</p> +</div> + +<p>Young Whittier was a faithful worker on the farm. +One day, when he was nineteen years old, William Lloyd +Garrison, the young editor of a Newburyport newspaper, +to which Whittier had contributed a poem, found +him assisting in repairing a stone wall. The visitor +urged the father of the young poet to send him to school. +As a result of this visit Whittier entered the Academy +in Haverhill, with the understanding that he was to +earn his way. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span></p> + +<p>At intervals during the succeeding ten years the poet +returned to the old farm, but when he was thirty years +old the place was sold, the family went to Amesbury, +and he left soon afterward for Philadelphia, where he +was to edit an anti-slavery paper.</p> + +<p>All through life Whittier dreamed of buying back +the homestead. When he received a check for $1,000 +as the first proceeds from "Snow-Bound," he set the +sum aside as the beginning of a redemption fund.</p> + +<p>But the citizens of Haverhill, led by Alfred A. Ordway, +asked the privilege of buying the property themselves, +and making it a memorial to the poet. Whittier +died before the purchase was completed, but soon afterward +Fernside Farm, as the poet called it, was taken +over by Mr. Ordway. It is now in the hands of an +association that has restored it and keeps it open to +visitors whose hearts have been stirred by the work +of the Quaker poet.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_10" id="img_10"></a> +<img src="images/i_056a.jpg" width="550" height="403" alt="Duston Garrison House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by W. R. Merryman, Haverhill</i></span><br /> +DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL, MASS.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">X</p> + +<h3>THE DUSTON GARRISON HOUSE, HAVERHILL,<br /> +MASSACHUSETTS</h3> + +<p class="center">FROM WHICH HANNAH DUSTON WAS CARRIED AWAY<br /> +BY THE INDIANS</p> + +<p>The attention of visitors to Haverhill, Massachusetts, +is attracted to a great granite boulder set in a place of +honor in the old town. When they ask about it they +are told the story of Hannah Duston, heroine.</p> + +<p>Thomas and Hannah Duston were married in 1677, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span> +and at once built a humble house of imported brick on +the spot where the boulder now stands. Frequently +one of the bricks is uncovered on the site; those who +examine it marvel at the thought of the building material +brought across the sea.</p> + +<p>Later Thomas Duston uncovered deposits of clay near +his home which led him to make experiments in brick +making. He was so successful that his product was +in demand; villagers said that the Haverhill bricks +were fully as good as those brought from England.</p> + +<p>Strong building material was needed, for hostile Indians +were all about. In order to afford protection +against them, Mr. Duston determined to build a new +house, which should serve as a garrison in time of danger. +By the village authorities he was appointed +keeper of the garrison, as this commission shows:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"To Thomas Duston, upon the settlement of garrisons. +You being appointed master of the garrison at +your house, you are hereby in his Maj's name, required +to see that a good watch is kept at your garrison both +by night and by day by those persons hereafter named +who are to be under your command and inspection in +building or repairing your garrison, and if any person +refuse or neglect their duty, you are accordingly required +to make return of the same, under your hand to +the Committee of militia in Haverhill."</p> + +<p>The new house was well under way when this command +was given. As it is still standing, it is possible +to tell of its construction. A Haverhill writer says +that "white oak, which is to-day well preserved, was +used in its massive framework, and the floor and roof +timbers are put together with great wooden pins. In +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span> +early days the windows swung outward, and the +glass was very thick, and set into the frames with +lead."</p> + +<p>On March 15, 1697, the watching Indians decided +that their opportunity had come to attack the village. +They knew that if they waited for the completion of +the new garrison, there would be little chance of success. +So they struck at once.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span></p> + + +<p>The story of what followed was told by Cotton +Mather, in his "Magnalia Christi Americana," published +in London in 1702:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"On March 15, 1697, the Salvages made a Descent +upon the Skirts of Haverhil, Murdering and Captiving +about Thirty-nine Persons, and Burning about half a +Dozen Houses. In the Broil, one Hannah Dustan having +lain-in about a Week, attended with her Nurse, +Mary Neffe a Widow, a Body of terrible Indians drew +near unto the House where she lay, with Design to +carry on their Bloody Devastations. Her Husband +hastened from his Employment abroad unto the relief +of his Distressed Family; and first bidding Seven of +his Eight Children (which were from Two to Seventeen +Years of Age) to get away as fast as they could into +some Garrison in the Town, he went in to inform his +Wife of the horrible Distress come upon them. E'er +he could get up, the fierce Indians were got so near, +that utterly despairing to do her any Service, he ran +out after his Children.... He overtook his children +about Forty Rod from his Door, ... a party of Indians +came up with him; and now though they Fired +at him, and he Fired at them, yet he Manfully kept at +the Reer of his Little Army of Unarmed Children, while +they Marched off with the Pace of a Child of Five Years +Old; until, by the Singular Providence of God, he arrived +safe with them all unto a Place of Safety about +a Mile or two from his House....</p> + +<p>"The Nurse, trying to escape with the New-born Infant, +fell into the Hands of the Formidable Salvages; +and those furious Tawnies coming into the House, bid +poor Dustan to rise immediately....</p> + +<p>"Dustan (with her Nurse) ... travelled that Night +about a Dozen Miles, and then kept up with their New +Masters in a long Travel of an Hundred and Fifty +Miles....</p> + +<p>"The poor Women had nothing but Fervent Prayers +to make their Lives Comfortable or Tolerable, and by +being daily sent out upon Business, they had Opportunities +together and asunder to do like another Hannah, +in pouring out their Souls before the Lord."</p> + +<p>The Indians were "now Travelling with these Two +Captive Women, (and an English Youth taken from +Worcester a Year and half before,) unto a Rendezvous +of Salvages which they call a Town somewhere +beyond Penacook; and they still told, these poor Women, +that when they came to this Town they must be Stript, +and Scourg'd, and Run the Gantlet through the whole +Army of Indians. They said this was the Fashion +when the Captives first came to a Town;...</p> + +<p>"But on April 30, while they were yet, it may be, +about an Hundred and Fifty Miles from the Indian +Town, a little before break of Day, when the whole Crew +was in a Dead Sleep ... one of these Women took up +a Resolution to imitate the Action of Jael upon Sisera; +and being where she had not her own Life secured by +any Law unto her, she thought she was not forbidden +by any Law to take away the Life of the Murderers.... +She heartened the Nurse and the Youth to assist +her in this Enterprize; and all furnishing themselves +with Hatchets for the purpose, they struck such home +Blows upon the Heads of their Sleeping Oppressors, +that e'er they could any of them struggle into any +effectual resistance, at the Feet of those poor Prisoners, +they bow'd, they fell, they lay down; at their Feet they +bowed, they fell; where they bowed, there they fell +down Dead."</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span></p> + +<p>One old squaw and a boy of eleven escaped to the +forest. The scalps were not taken at first, but soon +Hannah Duston returned to the camp and gathered +the trophies, in order that she might claim the bounty +offered by the colony for the scalps of hostile Indians. +Then all the Indians' canoes were scuttled, their arms +were taken, and the party of three embarked.</p> + +<p>Day after day they paddled down the Merrimac, the +three taking turns in the unaccustomed labour. At +night they paused to rest. Cautiously a fire was kindled, +and food was cooked. Always they feared discovery +by the bands of Indians. Two slept, while a +third stood guard. But no Indians appeared.</p> + +<p>At last the home village was in sight. The wondering +villagers came out to see who the visitors could be. +Their astonishment and delight can be imagined.</p> + +<p>The General Assembly of Massachusetts voted Mrs. +Duston twenty-five pounds' reward, while a similar +amount was divided between Mrs. Neff and the boy +Samuel Lennardson. Later the governor of Maryland +sent Mrs. Duston a silver tankard.</p> + +<p>The Duston descendants, who hold a reunion every +year, prize these souvenirs. But most of all they prize +a letter (the original of which is in the possession of +the Haverhill Historical Society) written by Mrs. Duston +in 1723, in which she gave a wonderful testimony +to God's goodness to her and hers. This is the message +she gave to children and grandchildren: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I Desire to be thankful that I was born in a Land +of Light & Baptized when I was young and had a good +education by my Father, tho' I took but little notice +of it in the time of it—I am Thankful for my Captivity, +'twas the Comfortablest time that ever I had. In my +Affliction God made his Word Comfortable to me. I +remember ye 43 ps. ult. [probably meaning last part] +and those words came to my mind—ps. 118:17—I have +had a great Desire to Come to the Ordinance of the +Lord's Supper a Great while, but fearing I should give +offense and fearing my own Unworthiness has kept me +back. Reading a Book concerning X's Sufferings Did +much awaken me. In the 55th of Isa. beg [beginning] +We are invited to come: Hearing Mr. Moody preach +out of ye 3rd of Mal. 3 last verses it put me upon Consideration. +Ye 11th of Matt., ending, has been encouraging +to me—I have been resolving to offer my Self +from time to time ever since the Settlement of the present +Ministry. I was awakened by the first Sacraml +Sermon [Luke 14:17]. But Delays and fears prevailed +upon me: But I desire to Delay no longer, being Sensible +it is my Duty—I desire the Church to receive me +tho' it be the Eleventh hour; and pray for me that I +may honer God and receive the Salvation of My Soul.<br /> + +<span class="i2">"Hannah Duston, wife of Thomas. Ætat 67."</span></p> + +<p>Mrs. Duston lived in the old house at Haverhill for +many years after her remarkable escape.</p> + +<p class="center p6">XI</p> + +<h3>THE OLD MANSE AND THE WAYSIDE, CONCORD,<br /> +MASSACHUSETTS</h3> + +<p class="center">TWO HOUSES MADE FAMOUS BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE</p> + +<p>Nathaniel Hawthorne was thirty-eight years old before +he was able to begin the ideal life of Adam with +his Eve, to which he had looked forward for many +years.</p> + +<p>"I want a little piece of land that I can call my +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span> +own, big enough to stand upon, big enough to be buried +in," he said to a friend when he was thirty-four years +old. Lack of money delayed the realization, but it is +a curious fact that the marriage to Sophia Peabody +took place just after he had made up his mind that the +thousand dollars he had invested in the Emerson Brook +Farm experiment was gone forever.</p> + +<p>The marriage took place July 9, 1842, and housekeeping +was at once begun in the Old Manse at Concord, +which was built in 1765 by Emerson's grandfather. +But he was merely a renter; his dream of ownership +was to be delayed ten years longer. The great rooms +of the curious gambrel-roofed house were rather bare, +and there was a scarcity of everything except love, yet +the author and his bride found nothing but joy in the +retired garden and the dormer-windowed house.</p> + +<p>Hawthorne's own charming description of the house +and grounds is so attractive that the reader wishes to +visit them:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"Between two tall gateposts of rough-hewn stone +(the gate itself having fallen from its hinges at some +unknown epoch), we beheld the grey front of the old +parsonage terminating the vista of an avenue of black +ash trees. It was now a twelvemonth since the funeral +procession of the venerable clergyman, the last inhabitant, +had turned from that gateway toward the +village burying ground....</p> + +<p>"Nor, in truth, had the old manse ever been profaned +by a lay occupant until that memorable summer afternoon +when I entered it as my home. A priest had built +it; a priest had succeeded to it; other priestly owners +from time to time had dwelt in it; and children born +in the chambers had grown up to assume the priestly +character. It was awful to recollect how many sermons +must have been written there. The latest inhabitant +there—he by whose translation to paradise the dwelling +was left vacant—had penned nearly three thousand discourses.... +How often, no doubt, had he paced along +the avenue, attuning his meditations to sighs and gentle +murmurs, and deep and solemn peals of the wind among +the leafy tops of the trees!... I took shame to myself +for having been so long a writer of idle stories, and +ventured to hope that wisdom would descend upon me +with the falling leaves of the autumn, and that I should +light upon an intellectual treasure in the Old Manse +well worth those hoards of long-hidden gold which +people seek for in moss-grown houses."</p> +</div> + +<p>Two years after their marriage, Mrs. Hawthorne +wrote to her mother:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I have no time, as you may imagine. I am baby's +tire-woman, hand-maiden, and tender, as well as nursing +mother. My husband relieves me with her constantly, +and gets her to sleep beautifully.... The +other day, when my husband saw me contemplating +an appalling vacuum in his dressing-gown, he said he +was a man of the largest rents in the country, and it +was strange he had not more ready money.... But, +somehow or other, I do not care much, because we are +so happy."</p> + +<p>Hawthorne did much of his work in the rear room +where Emerson wrote. In the introduction to "Mosses +from an Old Manse" he said of this apartment:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"When I first saw the room, the walls were blackened +with the smoke of unnumbered years, and made still +blacker by the grim prints of Puritan ministers, that +hung around.... The rain pattered upon the roof and +the sky gloomed through the dirty garret windows while +I burrowed among the venerable books in search of any +living thought."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span>From his writing Hawthorne turned easily to wandering +in the garden or rowing on the river or helping +his wife about the house. "We had a most enchanting time +during Mary the cook's holiday sojourn in Boston," +Mrs. Hawthorne wrote at one time. "We remained in +our bower undisturbed by mortal creature. Mr. Hawthorne +took the new phases of housekeeper, and, with +that marvellous power of adaptation to circumstances +that he possesses, made everything go easily and well. +He rose betimes in the mornings and kindled fires in +the kitchen and breakfast room, and by the time I came +down the tea-kettle boiled and potatoes were baked and +rice cooked, and my lord sat with a book superintending."</p> + +<p>Poverty put an untimely end to life at the Old Manse. +The years from 1846 to 1852 were spent in Boston and +Salem. In 1852 Hawthorne was able to buy a dilapidated +old house at Concord, which he called The Wayside. +Here he remained until his appointment in 1853 +as American Consul at Liverpool, and to it he returned +after long wandering.</p> + +<p>The Wayside had been the home of Bronson Alcott. +Here Mr. and Mrs. Hawthorne made their second real +home. They rejoiced as, a little at a time, they were +able to improve the property, and they showed always +that they knew the secret of finding happiness in the +midst of privations.</p> + +<p>Hawthorne described his new abode for his friend, +George William Curtis:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"As for my old house, you will understand it better +after spending a day or two in it. Before Mr. Alcott +took it in hand, it was a mean-looking affair, with two +peaked gables; no suggestion about it and no venerableness, +although from the style of its architecture it seems +to have survived beyond its first century. He added +a porch in front, and a central peak, and a piazza at +each end, and painted it a rusty olive hue, and invested +the whole with a modest picturesqueness; all which improvements, +together with the situation at the foot of +a wooded hill, make it a place that one notices and remembers +for a few minutes after passing it....</p> + +<p>"The house stands within ten or fifteen feet of the +old Boston road (along which the British marched and +retreated), divided from it by a fence, and some trees +and shrubbery of Mr. Alcott's setting out. Wherefore +I have called it 'The Wayside,' which I think a better +name and more morally suggestive than that which, +as Mr. Alcott has since told me, he bestowed on it, +'The Hillside.' In front of the house, on the opposite +side of the road, I have eight acres of land,—the only +valuable portion of the place in a farmer's eye, and +which are capable of being made very fertile. On the +hither side, my territory extends some little distance +over the brow of the hill, and is absolutely good for +nothing, in a productive point of view, though very +good for many other purposes.</p> + +<p>"I know nothing of the history of the house, except +Thoreau's telling me that it was inhabited a generation +or two ago by a man who believed he should never die. +I believe, however, he is dead; at least, I hope so; else +he may probably appear and dispute my title to his +residence."</p> +</div> + +<p>In furnishing the house Mrs. Hawthorne took keen +pleasure in putting the best of everything in her husband's +study. She called it "the best room, the temple +of the Muses and the Delphic shrine."</p> + +<p>In these surroundings, supported by a wife who worshipped +him, Hawthorne wrote until the call came to +go to England. It was 1860 before he returned to The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span> +Wayside. There he hoped to end his life, but death +overtook him at Plymouth, New Hampshire, while he +was making a tour of New England with Franklin +Pierce. Mrs. Hawthorne survived him seven years.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_11" id="img_11"></a> +<img src="images/i_056b.jpg" width="550" height="400" alt="Royall House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASS.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XII</p> + +<h3>THE ROYALL HOUSE, MEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS</h3> + +<p class="center">FROM WHOSE ROOF MOLLY STARK SIGNALLED TO<br /> +HER HUSBAND</p> + +<p>One who is familiar with the old plantation houses +of Virginia is tempted to rub his eyes when he first +sees the Royall House at Medford, Massachusetts, for +this relic of Colonial days has the outbuildings, the +slave-quarters, and other characteristics of so many +Virginia houses. True, it has not the low wings and +the stately columns at the entrance, but the doorway +is so chaste and dignified that this is not felt to be a +lack. Those who enter the doorway and walk reverently +through the rooms of what has been called the +finest specimen of colonial architecture in the vicinity +of Boston, are filled anew with admiration for the +builders of another day who chose the finest white pine +for their work, and would not dream of scamping anywhere. +Evidently there was little need in those days +of the services of an inspector to see that the terms of +a contract were carried out.</p> + +<p>The history of the property goes back to 1631, when +Governor John Winthrop, the first governor of the +Massachusetts Bay Colony, who served for nineteen +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span> +years, secured a grant to the farm on which, within +six or seven years, the original dormer-windowed Royall +House was built. This was smaller than the present +house, but it was later incorporated in the present +stately mansion; one story was added, and the outer +wall was moved a few feet. Thus it is really a house +within a house.</p> + +<p>At the time of Governor Winthrop's ownership it +was called the Ten-Hill Farmhouse, because ten hills +could be seen from its windows. John Winthrop, Jr., +sold the place to Mrs. Elizabeth Lidgett. Lieutenant +Governor Usher married a Lidgett, and owned the estate +until he lost it through business reverses. The name +was not changed until 1732, when the house was bought +by Isaac Royall, a planter from Antigua, in the Leeward +Islands, a descendant of William Royall of Salem. +He paid £10,350 for the estate, which then consisted +of five hundred and four acres. It was he who +enlarged the house. For five years the neighbors +watched the transformation of the comfortable Ten-Hill +Farmhouse to the great Royall House, with its +enclosing wall, elm-bordered driveway, pleasing garden, +summerhouse, great barn, and rambling slave-quarters.</p> + +<p>Two generations of Royalls entertained lavishly here. +Among the guests were the most celebrated men of the +time, as well as many who were not so well known, for +all were welcome there. Many of these guests drove +up the driveway to the paved courtyard in their own +grand equipages. Some were brought in the four-horse +Royall chariot. But those who came on foot were +welcomed as heartily.</p> + +<p>Isaac Royall, II, was a Tory, and in 1775 he was +compelled to abandon the property. Thereupon Colonel, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> +later General, John Stark made it his headquarters. +The regiment which he had himself raised, and +whose wages he paid for a time from his own pocket, +was encamped near by. From the Royall house these +men and their intrepid leader went out to the Battle +of Bunker Hill.</p> + +<p>Under the direction of Molly Stark the house maintained +its reputation for hospitality, and she did her +best to make the place the abode of patriotism. On +the day when the British evacuated Boston she promised +her husband to signal to him from the roof the +movements of the enemy. Passing on with his soldiers +to Dorchester Heights, he anxiously awaited the news +sent to him by his faithful Molly.</p> + +<p>The Royall family regained possession of the property +in 1805. To-day it is owned by the Royall House +Association, which keeps it open to the visitors. These +come in large numbers to see relics of former days, +including what is said to be the only chest that survived +the Boston Tea Party, the sign of the Royall Oak +Tavern in Medford, which bears the marks of the bullets +of the soldiers who were on their way to the Battle of +Bunker Hill, the old furniture, the first fork used in +the Colony, and the furnishings of the quaint kitchen +fireplace, which dates from 1732.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_12" id="img_12"></a> +<img src="images/i_079a.jpg" width="550" height="399" alt="Broadhearth" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Wallace Nutting, Inc., Framingham Center, Mass</i></span><br /> +BROADHEARTH, SAUGUS, MASS.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XIII<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span></p> + +<h3>BROADHEARTH AND THE BENNET-BOARDMAN<br /> +HOUSE, SAUGUS, MASSACHUSETTS</h3> + +<p class="center">TWO REMARKABLE SPECIMENS OF THE OVERHANG HOUSE</p> + +<p>"Thomas Dexter of Lyn, yeoman," was the first +owner of much of the land on which Lynn, Massachusetts, +is built. Evidently he was land poor, for on +October 22, 1639, he "mortgaged his fearme in Lyn +... for two oxen & 2 bulls upon condition of payment +to Simon Broadstreet of Ipswich £90 the first day of +August, the next following with a reservation upon the +sale of the said fearme to give the said Dexter the overflow +above the debt and damages of the said £90."</p> + +<p>Six years later the Registry of Deeds at Salem told +of the sale, to Richard Leader, Gent, of England, of +a bit of the farm on which Governor Broadstreet held +a mortgage. Mr. Leader was the agent of "ye Company +of undertakers of ye Iron Works," and he thought +that Dexter had the best location for the purposes of +the company that proposed to start what proved to be +the first successful iron works in the Colonies. The +quaint story of the transaction was entered thus: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Thomas Dexter of Lyn in the County of Essex +ye[oman] for the sum of 40 £ st[erling] hath sowld +unto Richard Leder for ye use of ye Iron works all +that land, wch by reason of [a] damme now agreed to +be made, shall overflow and all sufficient ground for +a water course from the damme, to the works to be +erected, and alsoe all [the] land betwene the an[cient] +water course and the new extended flume or water +course togeather with five acres and an halfe of land +lying in the corn field most convenient for the Iron +Works and also tooe convenient cartwayes that is to +one on each side of the premises as by a deed indented +bearing date the twentie seaventh of January, 1645, +more at lardge apth."</p> + +<p>On the ground thus bought a sturdy house, Broadhearth, +was built in 1646. The second story overhung +the first story, after the manner of many English houses +of the period. The overhang is still in evidence, though +a veranda has hidden it except to the careful observer.</p> + +<p>The first product of the iron works, a kettle, was +made in 1642. This is still in existence. During more +than one hundred years neighboring colonists looked +to the foundry for their supplies of house hardware, +furnishings, and implements of iron. The site of the +foundry was opposite the house, while traces of the +pits from which the bog ore was dug are easily found +in the field at the rear. Remains of scoria and slag +are also pointed out to the visitor by employees of the +Wallace Nutting Corporation, which has restored the +house as nearly as possible to its original condition and +has placed in it furniture of the period. A caretaker +has been placed in charge who will copy for applicants +iron work in the house, or other old examples. Thus, +in a modest way, the Saugus Iron Works has been +reëstablished.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_13" id="img_13"></a> +<img src="images/i_079b.jpg" width="550" height="396" alt="Bennet-Boardman House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company</i></span><br /> +BENNET-BOARDMAN HOUSE, SAUGUS, MASS.</p> +</div> + +<p>Another specimen of the overhang house is not far +away. This is the house built some time between 1649 +and 1656 by Samuel Bennet, carpenter. It is famous +as the house that has been in two counties, Suffolk and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span> +Essex, and in four towns, Boston, Lynn, Chelsea, and +Saugus.</p> + +<p>That it was once in Boston was due to the narrow +strip of the territory of the city that stretched far out +in the country, somewhat after the manner of a portion +of a modern gerrymandered legislative district. When +the district was set off as Chelsea and Lynn, in response +to a petition of citizens who were inconvenienced by +their distance from town meetings, the boundaries between +Chelsea and Lynn were carelessly marked; one +line ran directly through the front door and the chimney +of the Bennet house. This mistake, which caused +annoyance and expense to those who occupied the house, +was not corrected for more than one hundred years. +Finally Abijah Boardman asked that he be relieved +of his double liability to Lynn and Chelsea, and in +1803, by Act of the General Court, the petition was +granted.</p> + +<p>Bennet, the builder of the house, figured more than +once in the courts. In 1644 the Grand Jury indicted +him as "a Common sleeper in time of exercise," and +he was fined 2s. 6d. In 1671 he brought suit against +the Iron Works Company for £400 for labor. In connection +with this suit John Paule, whose "constant +employment was to repair carts, coale carts, mine carts, +and other working materials" for the "tiemes" at the +iron works, testified that "my master Bennet did +yearly yearme a vast sum from said Iron Works, for +he commonly yearmed forty or fifty shillings a daye, +for he had five or six teemes goeing generally every +faire day."</p> + +<p>Bennets and Boardmans have held the house from +the beginning. The Society for the Preservation of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span> +New England Antiquities has interested itself in the +protection of the property.</p> + +<p class="center p6">XIV</p> + +<h3>THE COLONEL JEREMIAH LEE HOUSE,<br /> +MARBLEHEAD, MASSACHUSETTS</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HOME OF ONE OF THE EARLIEST MARTYRS TO THE +CAUSE OF THE COLONIES</p> + +<p>Marblehead was a comparatively insignificant port +when Jeremiah Lee came to town. At once he made +a place for himself among the humble fishermen and +other seafaring men of the place. He was a member +of the Board of Firewards in the town's first fire department, +and he served on important committees.</p> + +<p>When, in 1768, he built a wonderful mansion that +cost more than ten thousand pounds, the most wonderful +house in Massachusetts at the time, his townsmen +knew him well enough to understand that he was their +good friend, even if he did have much more money than +any of them.</p> + +<p>The Lee Mansion was a hospitable home. The Colonel +and his wife Martha entertained lavishly, not only +the people of the town but famous men from abroad. +In 1789 Washington was entertained in the house. But +it was one of the glories of the mansion that the humblest +mariner in the place was not slow to go there if +he wished to have a chat with the bluff owner or if he +desired to go to the quaint cupola from which it is +possible to look far out to sea. To this outlook Colonel +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span> +Lee himself often went, for his ships were sailing to +Marblehead from all parts of the world, and he was +as eager as any one to turn his eyes seaward.</p> + +<p>The house is sixty-four feet by forty-six feet, and the +walls are of brick, though they are covered with wooden +clapboards two feet by one and a half feet. There +are fifteen rooms, in addition to the great halls that +make the house seem like a palace.</p> + +<p>In these rooms the Colonel conferred with other +patriots as to the welfare of Massachusetts and all the +colonies. From the house he went out to the town +meetings where the men gathered to talk over the Boston +Port Bill and the Boston Tea Party and questions +of Taxation without Representation.</p> + +<p>He rejoiced to serve as a representative in the General +Court and on the Committee of Safety and Supplies +of the Province. He was chosen to represent the +town in the Continental Congress, and when he was +unable to go, Elbridge Gerry, who later became Vice-President +of the United States, was sent in his place +at the expense of the town.</p> + +<p>On the night of April 18, 1775, in company with +Elbridge Gerry and Azor Orin, who were members with +him of the Committee of Safety and Supplies, he was +attending a meeting at Weatherby's Black Horse Tavern +just outside of Cambridge. The meeting adjourned +so late that the three men decided to spend the night +at the tavern. The eight hundred British soldiers who +were on their way that night to Lexington learned of +the presence in Cambridge of the patriots. Some one +rushed to the tavern and roused them from slumber. +They did not even have time to put on their clothes, +but ran at once from the house and hid themselves at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span> +some distance from the tavern. When the disappointed +troops had gone on, the hunted men returned to their +room.</p> + +<p>Three weeks later Lee died as the result of the exposure. +He has been called one of the earliest martyrs +to the cause of the Colonies. Before he died he left +directions that five thousand pounds should be given +to the treasury of the provinces.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Lee, who was Martha Swett of Marblehead, +lived on in the mansion with those of her eight children +who had not gone already to homes of their own. +Under her guidance the hospitality for which the house +had become noted was maintained.</p> + +<p>Those who pass between the beautiful porch pillars +and enter the chaste colonial doorway are amazed at +the remarkable hallway and the stairs. The hall is +fifteen feet wide and extends the length of the house. +It is heavily wainscoted with mahogany. On the walls +hangs remarkable panelled paper whose designs, depicting +ancient architecture, are in keeping with the majestic +proportions of the place. The stairway is so +wide that four or five people can climb it abreast and +the balustrade and the spindles are of exquisite workmanship.</p> + +<p>The rear stairway is far more ornate than the best +stairway in most houses, and the rooms are in keeping +with the hall and the stairways.</p> + +<p>The cupola is one of the most striking features of +the house. Here six windows give a view that is worth +going far to see.</p> + +<p>When Mrs. Lee died, the property descended to her +son. Judge Samuel Sewell was a later owner. But +the day came when it was to be sold at auction. All +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span> +Marblehead feared that the historic place would be +destroyed. Fortunately the Marblehead Historical Society +was able to raise the fifty-five hundred dollars +needed to secure it.</p> + +<p>Since July 9, 1909, the Society has owned the mansion. +For six months of every year it is open to visitors +who throng to see the choice collection of china, portraits, +embroidery, and furniture that has been gathered +together by the Society.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w450"><a name="img_14" id="img_14"></a> +<img src="images/i_080.jpg" width="421" height="550" alt="Old South Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo Furnished by Rev. A. McDonald, Newburyport, Mass.</i></span><br /> +OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT, MASS.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XV</p> + +<h3>THE OLD SOUTH CHURCH, NEWBURYPORT,<br /> +MASSACHUSETTS</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE GEORGE WHITEFIELD, THE GREAT EVANGELIST,<br /> +IS BURIED</p> + +<p>More than one hundred years after the organization +of the First Church of Newburyport, Rev. George +Whitefield, then a young man of twenty-six, preached +in the community. "The Great Awakening," which +followed, spread all over New England, and more than +thirty thousand were converted. Whitefield, Jonathan +Edwards, the Tennents, and others led in the work that +had such wonderful results.</p> + +<p>Five years after Whitefield's visit to Newburyport +the Old South Church was organized, most of those +who became members having been converted under +Whitefield's preaching. The new church was actually +a Presbyterian church from the beginning, though it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span> +did not finally adopt the Presbyterian form of government +until 1802.</p> + +<p>The members of the new church were called "a misguided +band," and "new schemers." Their first pastor +was called a dissenting minister. Their protest against +these aspersions took the form of a petition to "The +King's Most Excellent Majesty," which was a prayer +for that "equal liberty of conscience in worshipping +God" that had already been granted to others. The +petition recited the desire of the people to be relieved +of taxation "for the support of ministers on whose +ministry they cannot in conscience attend," and stated +that, because of their refusal to pay what they felt were +unjust taxes, "honest and peaceable men have been +hauled away to prison to their great hurt and damage."</p> + +<p>When the petition was presented to the king by Mr. +Partridge, their agent, he declared that they were not +"a wild, friekish people," and cited as an argument +for relief from double taxation that, while they had +some wealthy members, there were among them "more +poor widows than all the other congregations in town +put together." He said those who protested against +double taxation had been "dragged about upon the +ground," dressed up in bear skins and worried, and +imprisoned.</p> + +<p>The protest did not bring relief at once; it was 1773 +before the General Court granted the plea of the members. +For more than twenty years more the town tried +to collect double taxes, but in 1795 the rights of the +members of Old South were conceded.</p> + +<p>The first building, erected in 1743, gave way in 1756 +to the structure still in use. Alterations made since +that time have not made any great change in its appearance, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span> +except in the tower, which was repaired in 1848, +because it was thought that the timber must be decaying. +However, to the surprise of the carpenters who +undertook the repairs, they were found as sound as ever. +A half-hour was required to saw through one of them!</p> + +<p>The bell in the new tower was cast by Paul Revere. +Surmounting the spire is a cock which was perched on +the original tower. When this tower, after the carpenters +had done all they could with their saws, was +pulled over by horses and oxen, the cock broke loose +and fell at some distance. The man who picked up +the figure was surprised to find that it was of solid +copper, instead of wood, as had been thought, and that +it weighed more than fifty pounds.</p> + +<p>In the original pews there was a central chair, surrounded +by seats hung on hinges. Over the pulpit was +a sounding board. At the head of the pulpit stair a +seat was provided for the sexton, that he might be on +hand to trim the candles during the evening service.</p> + +<p>The official history of the church, written by Dr. +H. C. Hovey, gives interesting facts concerning the +heating of the old building:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"For seventy years those who crowded this church +depended on footstoves altogether for warmth in winter; +while the minister preached in his ample cloak, +and wore gloves with a finger and thumb cut off to +enable him the better to turn the leaves. A law was +made allowing the sexton twenty cents for each footstove +that he had to fill before service and remove afterward. +A great sensation was made in 1819 by the +introduction of wood stoves at an outlay of $100. The +first day they were in place the people were so overcome +that some of them fainted away and were carried +out of the house; but they revived on learning that as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span> +yet no fire had been kindled in the new stoves. The +doors of the stoves opened into the ample vestibule, +where the custom continued of ranging the many footstoves +in a wide circle to be filled with live coals from +the stove."</p> + +<p>On the Sunday after the battle of Lexington Dr. +Jonathan Parsons made an appeal in the name of liberty. +After this Captain Ezra Lunt stepped into the +aisle and formed a company of sixty men, which is said +to have been the first company of volunteers to join +the Continental Army.</p> + +<p>Later Newburyport supplied a number of companies. +But the call came for still another company. "Day +after day the recruiting officers toiled in vain," Dr. +Hovey writes, "Finally the regiment was invited to +the Presbyterian church, where they were addressed +in such spirited and stirring words that once again a +number of this church stepped forth to take the covenant, +and in two hours after the benediction had been +spoken the entire company was raised."</p> + +<p>During the war twenty-two vessels and one thousand +men, from the towns of Newbury and Newburyport, +were lost at sea. The first American flag seen in British +waters, after the cessation of hostilities, was displayed +in the Thames by Nicholas Johnson of Newburyport, +captain of the <i>Compte de Grasse</i>.</p> + +<p>Among the treasures of the church is the Bible which +Whitefield used. The evangelist, who died Sunday, +September 30, 1770, is buried in the crypt under the +pulpit where he had planned to preach on the very day +of his death, as he had preached many times during +the years since the building of the church. To this +dark crypt thousands of reverent visitors have groped +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span> +their way. One, less reverent, removed an arm of the +skeleton and carried it to England as a relic. No one +knew what had become of it until, after the death of +the thief, it was returned to Newburyport, together +with a bust of Whitefield. This bust is also one of the +treasures of Old South.</p> + +<p>Those who love this old church at Newburyport delight +in the lines of John Greenleaf Whittier:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"Under the church of Federal Street,</p> +<p>Under the tread of its Sabbath feet,</p> +<p>Walled about by its basement stones,</p> +<p>Lie the marvellous preacher's bones.</p> +<p>No saintly honors to them are shown,</p> +<p>No sign nor miracle have they known;</p> +<p>But he who passes the ancient church</p> +<p>Stops in the shade of its belfry-porch,</p> +<p>And ponders the wonderful life of him</p> +<p>Who lies at rest in that charnel dim.</p> +<p>Long shall the traveller strain his eye</p> +<p>From the railroad car, as it plunges by,</p> +<p>And the vanishing town behind him search</p> +<p>For the slender spire of the Whitefield Church;</p> +<p>And feel for one moment the ghosts of trade</p> +<p>And fashion and folly and pleasure laid,</p> +<p>By the thought of that life of pure intent,</p> +<p>That voice of warning, yet eloquent,</p> +<p>Of one on the errands of angels sent.</p> +<p>Like the tide from the harbor-bar sets in.</p> +<p>And over a life of time and sense</p> +<p>The church-spires lift their vain defence,</p> +<p>As if to scatter the bolts of God</p> +<p>With the points of Calvin's thunder-rod,—</p> +<p>Still, as the gem of its civic crown,</p> +<p>Precious beyond the world's renown,</p> +<p>His memory hallows the ancient town!"</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p6">XVI<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, PROVIDENCE,<br /> +RHODE ISLAND</h3> + +<p class="center">THE OLDEST BAPTIST CHURCH IN AMERICA</p> + +<p>When Roger Williams, Welshman, left England for +America because he could not find in the Church of +England freedom to worship God according to his conscience, +he came to Salem, in the Massachusetts Bay +Colony. There he joined others who had sought America +for the same purpose, but to his disappointment +he found that his ideas of liberty of worship did not +agree with theirs, and he was once more adrift. On +October 9, 1635, the authorities of the Colony ordered +that he "shall depart out of this jurisdiction." He was +later given permission to remain until spring, on condition +that he make no attempt "to draw others to his +opinions."</p> + +<p>On the ground that he had broken the implied agreement, +the Governor, on January 11, 1636, sent for him +to go to Boston, from whence he was to be banished to +England. Williams sent word that he was ill and could +not come at the time. A force of men was sent to seize +him, but when they reached his house he had departed +already, turning his face toward the southern wilderness. +He was "sorely tossed for fourteen weeks in +a bitter winter season, not knowing what bread or bed +did mean."</p> + +<p>On April 30, 1636, he came to the country of the +Wampanoags, where the sachem Massasoit made him +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span> +a grant of land. Within a short time some of his friends +joined him, and primitive houses were built. Then +came word from the Governor of Massachusetts Bay +that he must go beyond the bounds of the Plymouth +Colony. Accordingly, with six others, he embarked in +canoes and sought for a location. When this was found +Canonicus and Mantonomi agreed to let the company +have lands, and soon the new settlement was made and +named Providence, in recognition of God's care of him +during his journey. Then others joined him and his +companions.</p> + +<p>Two years after the settlement of Providence twelve +of the citizens decided that they must have a church. +One of the company, Ezekiel Hollyman, baptized Roger +Williams and Williams baptized Hollyman and ten +others. The twelve then baptized were the original +members of the first church of Providence, Rhode +Island, the first Baptist church in America, and the +second in the world. Roger Williams was the first +pastor, but he withdrew before the close of the year +in which the church was organised. During the remaining +forty-five years of his life he remained in +Providence as a missionary among the Indians, whose +friendship he had won by his scrupulously careful and +honorable method of dealing with them.</p> + +<p>The church met in private houses or under the trees, +for more than sixty years. The first meeting house +was not erected until 1700. The builder was Pardon +Tillinghast, the sixth pastor of the church, who, like +his predecessors, served without salary. However, he +urged that the church should begin to pay its way, and +that his successor should receive a stipulated salary. +The Tillinghast building was in use for fifteen years +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span> +after it was deeded to the congregation, in 1711. The +deed, which is on record at the Providence City Hall, +calls the church a "Six-Principle church."</p> + +<p>The growth of the congregation called for a larger +building. This was erected in 1726 and was used until +1774. An old document gives an interesting side light +on the building of the meeting house. This is an account +of Richard Brown, dated May 30, 1726, which +reads:</p> +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +The account of what charge I have been at this day +as to the providing a dinner for the people that raised +the Baptist meeting-house at Providence (it being raised +this day,) is as followeth:</p> + +<table summary="Dinner Account"> +<tr> +<td>One fat sheep, which weighed forty-three lbs.</td> +<td class="tdr">£0,14,04</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>For roasting the said sheep, etc.</td> +<td class="tdr">8 </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>For one lb. butter</td> +<td class="tdr">1 </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>For two loaves of bread which weighed fifteen lbs.</td> +<td class="tdr">2 </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>For half a peck of peas</td> +<td class="tdr">1,03</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p>When the building was planned the Charitable Baptist +Society was incorporated, that it might hold title +to "a meeting-house for the public worship of Almighty +God, and to hold Commencement in." Nearly a third +of the £7,000 required for the new building was +raised by a lottery, authorized by the State. The architects +modelled the church after the popular St. Martins-in-the-Fields +in London, whose designer was James +Gibbs, a pupil of Sir Christopher Wren.</p> + +<p>In the two-hundred-foot spire was hung the bell made +in London, on which were inscribed the strange words:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"For freedom of conscience this town was first planted;</p> +<p>Persuasion, not force was used by the people:</p> +<p>This Church is the eldest, and has not recanted,</p> +<p>Enjoying and granting bell, temple, and steeple."</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span></p> + +<p>The pastor at the time the new church was first occupied, +on May 28, 1775, was president of Rhode Island +College, an institution which had been located in Providence +in 1773, in consequence of the generosity and +activity of the members of the church. The institution +later became Brown University. Every one of the +presidents of the college has been a member of the +First Church.</p> + +<p>A church whose building was dedicated "midway +between the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill" +should have a patriotic history. The story of Providence +during the Revolution shows that the members +were keenly alive to their opportunities. The first suggestion +for the Continental Congress came from Providence. +Rhode Island was the first State to declare for +independence. Pastor and people were ardent supporters +of these movements. Many soldiers were furnished +to the army by the congregation.</p> + +<p>Naturally, then, people would be interested in a man +like Stephen Gano, who became pastor in 1792. He +had been a surgeon in the Revolutionary Army, and had +been taken prisoner, put on board a prison-ship, and +bound in chains, which made scars that lasted for life. +His pastorate of thirty-six years was the longest in the +history of the church.</p> + +<p>The stately building erected in 1774 is still in use. +The gallery long set apart for the use of slaves has +given way to a square loft, the old pews have been displaced +by modern seats, and the lofty pulpit and sounding-board +have disappeared. Otherwise the church is +much as it was when the first congregation entered its +doors in 1775.</p> + +<h2>TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND +KNICKERBOCKERS FLOURISHED</h2> + +<div class="poem p6"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>Where nowadays the Battery lies,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>New York had just begun,</i></p> +<p><i>A new-born babe, to rub its eyes,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>In Sixteen Sixty-One.</i></p> +<p><i>They christened it Nieuw Amsterdam,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Those burghers grave and stately,</i></p> +<p><i>And so, with schnapps and smoke and psalm,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Lived out their lives sedately.</i></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>Two windmills topped their wooden wall,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>On stadthuys gazing down,</i></p> +<p><i>On fort, and cabbage-plots, and all</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>The quaintly gabled town;</i></p> +<p><i>These flapped their wings and shifted backs,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>As ancient scrolls determine,</i></p> +<p><i>To scare the savage Hackensacks,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Paumanks, and other vermin</i>.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>At night the loyal settlers lay</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Betwixt their feather-beds;</i></p> +<p><i>In hose and breeches walked by day,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>And smoked, and wagged their heads.</i></p> +<p><i>No changeful fashions came from France,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>The vrouwleins to bewilder;</i></p> +<p><i>No broad-brimmed burgher spent for pants</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>His every other guilder.</i></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>In petticoats of linsey red,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>And jackets neatly kept,</i></p> +<p><i>The vrouws their knitting-needles sped</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>And deftly spun and swept.</i></p> +<p><i>Few modern-school flirtations there</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Set wheels of scandal trundling,</i></p> +<p><i>But youths and maidens did their share</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Of staid, old-fashioned bundling.</i></p> +</div> +<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">Edmund Clarence Stedman.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="center p6">TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND KNICKERBOCKERS +FLOURISHED</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_15" id="img_15"></a> +<img src="images/i_107a.jpg" width="550" height="396" alt="Morris-Jumel House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company</i></span><br /> +MORRIS-JUMEL HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XVII<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE MORRIS-JUMEL MANSION, NEW YORK CITY</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE WASHINGTON ESCAPED FROM THE BRITISH BY A<br /> +FIFTEEN MINUTE MARGIN</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"A Pleasant situated Farm, on the Road leading to +King's Bridge, in the Township of Harlem, on York-Island, +containing about 100 acres, near 30 acres of +which is Wood-land, a fine piece of Meadow Ground, +and more easily be made: and commands the finest +Prospect in the whole Country: the Land runs from +River to River: there is Fishing, Oystering, and Claming +at either end...."</p> + +<p>When, in 1765, Roger Morris, whose city house was +at the corner of Whitehall and Stone streets, saw this +advertisement in the New York <i>Mercury</i>, he hungered +for the country. So he bought the offered land, and +by the summer of 1766 he had completed the sturdy +Georgian house that, after a century and a half, looks +down on the city that has grown to it and beyond it.</p> + +<p>In an advertisement published in 1792, in the New +York <i>Daily Advertiser</i>, a pleasing description of the +mansion of Roger Morris was given: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"On the premises is a large dwelling-house, built in +modern style and taste and elegance. It has ... a +large hall through the centre; a spacious dining room +on the right.... On the left is a handsome parlor +and a large back room.... On the second floor are +seven bedchambers ... On the upper floor are five +lodging rooms ... and at the top of the house is affixed +an electric conducter. Underneath the building +are a large, commodious kitchen and laundry and wine +cellar, storeroom, kitchen pantry, sleeping apartments +for servants, and a most complete dairy room...."</p> + +<p>For nine years Roger Morris and his family lived in +the mansion on the Heights. As a member of the +Legislative Council much of his time was given to the +interests of his fellow-citizens. But as time passed he +found himself out of sympathy with his neighbors. +They demanded war with Great Britain, and he felt +that he could not join the revolt. Accordingly, in 1775, +he sailed for England, leaving his large property in +the care of Mrs. Morris.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Morris kept the house open for a time, but +finally, taking her children with her, she went to her +sister-in-law at the Philipse Manor House at Yonkers.</p> + +<p>On September 14, 1776, General Washington decided +to abandon the city to the British. He planned to go +to Harlem, to the fortification prepared in anticipation +of just such an emergency. On September 15 he took +possession of the Roger Morris house as headquarters. +Two days later his Orderly Book shows the following +message, referring to the battle of Harlem Heights: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"The General most heartily thanks the troops commanded +yesterday by Major Leitch, who first advanced +upon the enemy, and the others who so resolutely supported +them. The behavior of yesterday was such a +contrast to that of some troops the day before [at +Kip's Bay] as must show what may be done when +Officers and Soldiers exert themselves."</p> + +<p>During the weeks when the mansion remained Washington's +headquarters the curious early flag of the colonists +waved above it. In the space now given to the +stars was the British Union Jack, while the thirteen +red and white stripes that were to become so familiar +completed the design. This flag the English called +"the Rebellious Stripes."</p> + +<p>On November 16, 1776, Washington was at Fort Lee, +on the New Jersey shore, opposite the present 160th +Street. Desiring to view from the Heights the British +operations in their attack on Fort Washington, he +crossed over to the Morris house. Fifteen minutes +after he left the Heights to return to New Jersey, fourteen +thousand British and Hessian troops took possession +of the Heights, the Morris Mansion, and Fort +Washington.</p> + +<p>The period of British occupation continued, at intervals, +until near the close of the war. Since the +owner was a Loyalist, the British Government paid +rent for it.</p> + +<p>After the Revolution the property was confiscated, +as appears from an entry in Washington's diary, dated +July 10, 1790: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Having formed a Party consisting of the Vice-President, +his lady, Son & Miss Smith; the Secretaries +of State, Treasury, & War, and the ladies of the two +latter; with all the Gentlemen of my family, Mrs. Lear +& the two Children, we visited the old position of Fort +Washington, and afterwards dined on a dinner provided +by a Mr. Mariner at the House lately Colo. Roger +Morris, but confiscated and in the occupation of a +common Farmer."</p> + +<p>For nearly thirty years after the Revolution the +stately old house was occupied as a farmhouse or as +a tavern. In 1810 it became the home of Stephen Jumel, +a wealthy New York merchant, whose widow, Madam +Jumel, later gave such wonderful entertainments in the +house that the whole city talked about her. After many +years of life alone in the mansion, in July, 1833, she +married Aaron Burr. He was then seventy-two years +old, while she was fifty-nine.</p> + +<p>Madam Jumel-Burr lived until July 16, 1865. During +her last years she was demented and did many +strange things. For a time she maintained an armed +garrison in the house, and she rode daily about the +grounds at the head of fifteen or twenty men.</p> + +<p>The mansion passed through a number of hands +until, in 1903, title to it was taken by the City of New +York, on payment of $235,000.</p> + +<p>For three years the vacant house was at the mercy +of souvenir hunters, but when, in 1906, it was turned +over to the Daughters of the American Revolution, to +be used as a Revolutionary Museum, twelve thousand +dollars were appropriated for repairs and restoration. +This amount was woefully inadequate, but it is hoped +that further appropriation will make complete restoration +possible.</p> + +<p>The spacious grounds that once belonged to the mansion +have been sold for building lots, but the house +looks down proudly as ever from its lofty site almost +opposite the intersection of Tenth Avenue and One +Hundred and Sixty-first Street with St. Nicholas +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span> +Avenue. The corner of its original dooryard is now +Roger Morris Park.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_16" id="img_16"></a> +<img src="images/i_107b.jpg" width="550" height="401" alt="Philipse Manor House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by A. V. Card, Yonkers</i></span><br /> +PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS, N. Y.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XVIII</p> + +<h3>THE PHILIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONKERS,<br /> +NEW YORK</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HOME OF MARY PHILIPSE, IN WHOM GEORGE<br /> +WASHINGTON WAS INTERESTED</p> + +<p>At first glance one would not think that the name +Yonkers was derived very directly from the name of +the first settlers of the region, de Jonkheer Adriaen +Van der Donck. When, in 1646, he secured a large +tract of land bounded by the Hudson, the Bronx, and +Spuyten Duyvil Creek, this was called "Colen Donck" +(Donck's Colony) or "De Jonkheer's" (the Young +Lord's). As the Dutch "j" is pronounced "y," the +transition from Jonkheers to Yonkers was easy.</p> + +<p>On September 29, 1672, after the death of the original +owner, 7,708 acres of the princely estate were sold to +three men, of whom Frederick Philipse (originally +Ffreric Vlypse) was one. A few years later Philipse +bought out the heirs of the other two purchasers, and +added to his holdings by further purchases from his +countrymen and from the Indians. On June 12, 1693, +he was permitted to call himself lord of the Manor of +Philipsburgh. From that day the carpenter from Friesland, +who had grown so rich that he was called "the +Dutch millionaire," lived in state in the house he had +begun in 1682. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span></p> + +<p>This lord of the manor became still more important +in consequence of the acceptance of his offer to build +a bridge over Spuyt-den-duyvil, or "Spiting Devil" +Creek, when the city declined to do so for lack of funds. +The deed given to him stated that he had "power and +authority to erect a bridge over the water or river commonly +called Spiten devil ferry or Paparimeno, and to +receive toll from all passengers and drovers of cattle +that shall pass thereon, according to rates hereinafter +mentioned." This bridge, which was called Kingsbridge, +was a great source of revenue until 1713, when +it was removed to the present site. Then tolls were +charged until 1759, or, nominally, until 1779.</p> + +<p>Part of the Manor House was used as a trading post. +Everything Philipse handled seemed to turn into gold. +All his ventures prospered. It was whispered that +some of these ventures were more than a little shady, +that he had dealings with pirates and shared in their +ill-gotten gains, and that he even went into partnership +with Captain Kidd when that once honest man became +the prince of the very pirates whom the Government +had commissioned him to apprehend. And Philipse, +as a member of the Governor's Council, had recommended +this Kidd as the best man for the job! It is +not strange that the lord of the manor felt constrained +to resign his seat in the council because of the popular +belief in the statement made by the Governor, that +"Kidd's missing treasures could be readily found if +the coffers of Frederick Philipse were searched."</p> + +<p>Colonel Frederick Philipse, the great-grandson of +Captain Kidd's partner, enlarged the Manor House to +its present proportions and appearance. He also was +prominent in the affairs of the Colony. He was a member +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span> +of the Provincial Assembly, and was chairman of +a meeting called on August 20, 1774, to select delegates +to the county convention which was to select a representative +to the First Continental Congress. Thus, +ostensibly, he was taking his place with those who were +crying out for the redress of grievances suffered at the +hands of Great Britain. Yet it was not long until it +was evident that he was openly arrayed with those who +declined to turn from their allegiance to the king.</p> + +<p>The most famous event that took place in the Philipse +Manor was the marriage, on January 28, 1758, of the +celebrated beauty, Mary Philipse, to Colonel Roger +Morris. A letter from Joseph Chew to George Washington, +dated July 13, 1757, shows that—in the opinion +of the writer, at least—the young Virginian soldier was +especially interested in Mary Philipse. In this letter, +which he wrote after his return from a visit to Mrs. +Beverly Robinson in New York, the sister of Mary +Philipse, he said: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I often had the Pleasure of Breakfasting with the +Charming Polly, Roger Morris was there (Don't be +startled) but not always, you know him he is a Lady's +man, always something to say, the Town talk't of it +as a sure & settled Affair. I can't say I think so and +that I much doubt it, but assure you had Little Acquaintance +with Mr. Morris and only slightly hinted +it to Miss Polly, but how can you be Excused to Continue +so long in Phila. I think I should have made a +kind of Flying March of it if it had been only to have +seen whether the Works were sufficient to withstand +a Vigorous Attack, you a soldier and a Lover, mind +I have been arguing for my own Interest now for had +you taken this method then I should have had the +Pleasure of seeing you—my Paper is almost full and +I am Convinced you will be heartily tyred in Reading +it—however will just add that I intend to set out to-morrow +for New York where I will not be wanting to +let Miss Polly know the Sincere Regard a Friend of +mine has for her—and I am sure if she had my Eyes +to see thro would Prefer him to all others."</p> + +<p>While it is true that George Washington went to +New York to see the charming Polly, there is no evidence +that he was especially interested in her.</p> + +<p>Colonel Morris later built for his bride the Morris-Jumel +Mansion, which is still standing near 160th +Street. Mrs. Morris frequently visited at the home of +her girlhood. The last visit was paid there during +Christmas week of 1776. Her father, who had been +taken to Middletown, Connecticut, because of his activities +on the side of the king, was allowed to go to his +home on parole.</p> + +<p>In 1779 the Manor House and lands were declared +forfeited because the owner refused to take the oath +of allegiance to the Colonies, and Frederick Philipse, +III, went to England.</p> + +<p>The property was sold in 1785. Until 1868 it was +in the hands of various purchasers. To-day the Manor +House is preserved as a relic of the days when Washington +visited the house, when loyalists were driven from +the doors, and when it was the centre of some of the +important movements against the British troops. +</p> + +<p class="center p6">XIX<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span></p> + +<h3>ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL, NEW YORK CITY</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE WASHINGTON ATTENDED SERVICE ON HIS FIRST<br /> +INAUGURATION DAY</p> + +<p>In the New York <i>Gazette</i> of May 14, 1764, appeared +this notice concerning St. Paul's Chapel:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"We are told that the Foundation Stone of the third +English Church which is about erecting in this City, +is to be laid this day. The church is to be 112 by 72 +feet."</p> + +<p>For two years those who passed the corner of Broadway +and Partition (Fulton) Street watched the progress +of the building. On October 30, 1766, it was ready +for the first service.</p> + +<p>On the opening day there was no steeple, no organ, +and no stove. But those who entered the doors were +abundantly satisfied with the work of the architect, +who is said to have been a Scotchman named McBean, +a pupil of Gibbs, the designer of St. Martins-in-the-Fields, +London, to which church the interior of St. +Paul's Chapel bears a marked resemblance. In the +account of the opening the New York <i>Journal and +General Advertiser</i> said that the new church was "one +of the most elegant edifices on the Continent."</p> + +<p>Between April 13, 1776, when Washington arrived +in New York, and September 15, 1776, when Lord Howe +occupied the city, the church was closed, since the rector +did not see his way to omit from the service the prayers +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span> +for the king. But when the British took possession of +New York the doors were opened once more. Until the +city was evacuated, November 25, 1783, Lord Howe and +many of his officers were regular attendants at St. +Paul's.</p> + +<p>Six days after the beginning of the British occupation +the church had a narrow escape from destruction. +A fire, which Howe declared was of incendiary origin, +burned four hundred of the four thousand homes in +New York. St. Paul's Chapel was in the centre of +the burnt district. Trinity Church was destroyed, and +St. Paul's was saved by the efforts of its rector, Dr. +Inglis. This was the first of five such narrow escapes. +The steeple was actually aflame during the conflagration +of 1797, but the building was saved. Three times +during the nineteenth century, in 1820, 1848, and 1865, +fire approached or passed by the chapel.</p> + +<p>Immediately after the first inauguration of Washington, +at the City Hall, he walked to St. Paul's to ask +God's blessing on the country and his administration. +During his residence in New York, until Trinity Church +was rebuilt, he was a regular attendant at the services. +From 1789 to 1791 his diary records the fact many +times, "Went to St. Paul's Chappel in the forenoon." +At first he used the pew built for the Governor of New +York, but later, when a President's pew was built, he +moved to this. Canopies covered both pews, while they +were further marked by the arms of the United States +and of New York.</p> + +<p>Dr. Morgan Dix, in his address at the Centennial +anniversary of the completion of the building, told of +an old man who had said to him that when he was a +boy he used to sit with other school-boys in the north +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span> +gallery, and from there he would watch the arrival of +the General and "Lady Washington" as they came up +Fair Street to the church, in a coach and four.</p> + +<p>In the same address Dr. Dix said: "The church remains, +substantially, such as it was in the first days; +alterations have been made in it, but they have not +changed its general appearance. For justness of proportion +and elegance of style, it still holds a leading +place among our city churches, and must be regarded +as a fine specimen of its particular school of architecture. +When it was built, the western end commanded +an uninterrupted view of the river and the Jersey shore, +for the waters of the Hudson then flowed up to the line +of Greenwich Street, all beyond is made land."</p> + +<p>In the portico of the old church is a monument to +General Montgomery, a member of St. Paul's parish, +who fell at Quebec, and is buried in the chapel. This +monument, which was sent from France by Benjamin +Franklin, had an adventurous career. The vessel in +which it was shipped was captured by the British, and +some time elapsed before it reached its destined place.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_17" id="img_17"></a> +<img src="images/i_108a.jpg" width="550" height="425" alt="Fraunces' Tavern" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company</i></span><br /> +FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XX</p> + +<h3>FRAUNCES' TAVERN, NEW YORK CITY</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE WASHINGTON TOOK LEAVE OF HIS SOLDIERS</p> + +<p>The subscribers of the <i>Pennsylvania Packet</i>, on the +morning of December 2, 1783, read the following pleasing +despatch from New York City, which was dated +November 26, 1783: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"Yesterday in the morning the American troops +marched from Haerlem, to the Bowery lanes. They +remained there until about one o'clock, when the British +troops left the fort in the Bowery, and the American +troops marched in and took possession of the city.—After +the troops had taken possession of the city, the +GENERAL and GOVERNOR made their public entry +in the following manner:—Their excellencies the general +and governor with their suites on horseback. The +lieutenant governor, and the members of the council +for the temporary government of the southern district, +four a-breast.—Major-general Knox, and the officers of +the army, eight a-breast.—Citizens on horseback, eight +a-breast.—The speaker of the assembly and citizens, on +foot, eight a-breast.</p> + +<p>"Their excellencies the governor and commander-in-chief +were escorted by a body of West Chester light +horse, under the command of Captain Delavan. The +procession proceeded down Queen [now Pearl] Street, +and through the Broad-way to Cape's Tavern. The governor +gave a public dinner at Fraunces' tavern; and +which the commander-in-chief, and other general officers +were present."</p> +</div> + +<p>The building which Washington made famous that +day was erected by Etienne de Lancey, probably in +1700. Samuel Fraunces purchased the place in 1762. +Soon it became one of the most popular taverns in New +York. Among its patrons were some of the leaders in +the Revolution, as well as many who were loyal to King +George. But Fraunces himself never wavered in his +allegiance to the Colonies.</p> + +<p>One of the clubs that met regularly at Fraunces' was +the Social Club, of which John Jay, Gouverneur Morris, +and Robert R. Livingston were members.</p> + +<p>During the occupation of New York by the British +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span> +the tavern did not have an opportunity to play a part +in the history of the country, though the daughter of +the proprietor, who was a tavern keeper at Washington's +Richmond Hill headquarters, made ineffective a plot to +poison the Commander-in-Chief.</p> + +<p>Ten days after Washington's triumphal entry into +the city, and the dinner at the tavern, one of the rooms +was the scene of a historic event of which Rivington's +<i>New York Gazette</i> told in these words:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"Last Thursday noon (December 4) the principal +officers of the army in town assembled at Fraunces' +tavern to take a final leave of their illustrious, gracious +and much loved comrade, General Washington. The +passions of human nature were never more tenderly +agitated than in this interesting and distressful scene. +His excellency, having filled a glass of wine, thus addressed +his brave fellow-soldiers:</p> + +<p>"'With an heart full of love and gratitude I now +take leave of you: I most devoutly wish that your latter +days may be as prosperous and happy as your former +ones have been glorious and honorable.'</p> + +<p>"These words produced extreme sensibility on both +sides; they were answered by warm expressions, and +fervent wishes, from the gentlemen of the army, whose +truly pathetic feelings it is not in our power to convey +to the reader. Soon after this scene was closed, his +excellency the Governor, the honorable the Council +and Citizens of the first distinction waited on the general +and in terms the most affectionate took their leave."</p> +</div> + +<p>Two years later Fraunces sold the tavern, but it retains +his name to this day. It is still at the corner of +Broad and Pearl streets. Many changes have been +made in the building, under the direction of the Sons +of the Revolution, and it will continue to attract visitors +as long as it stands. +</p> + +<p class="center p6">XXI<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE GRANGE, NEW YORK CITY</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE ALEXANDER HAMILTON SPENT HIS LAST YEARS</p> + +<p>After nineteen years of moving from house to house +and from city to city, Alexander Hamilton made up his +mind to have a home of his own. In 1780 he had taken +Elizabeth Schuyler from a mansion in Albany that was, +in its day, almost a palace; and in 1799 he felt that the +time had come to give her a home of corresponding +comfort.</p> + +<p>At this time he was commander-in-chief of the army +of the United States, a service that was made notable, +among other things, by his suggestion and preparation +of plans for the West Point Military Academy.</p> + +<p>The chosen site for the house, nine miles from Bowling +Green, was bounded by the present St. Nicholas +and Tenth Avenues and 141st and 145th streets. The +coach from New York to Albany afforded regular transportation +to the spot, though, of course, Hamilton had +his own equipage. When he planned the house he +thought his income of $12,000 would be ample to care +for the property. Accordingly he felt justified in offering +£800 for sixteen acres, one-half of which was to +be paid in cash, the balance within a year.</p> + +<p>The architect chosen was John McComb, the designer +of New York's old City Hall. Hamilton and his father-in-law, +General Schuyler, had a hand in the development +of the plans. In a letter to Hamilton, written +August 25, 1800, General Schuyler said: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span></p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"If the house is boarded on the outside, and the clapboards +put on, and filled on the inside with brick, I am +persuaded no water will pass to the brick. If the clapboards +are well painted, and filling in with brick will +be little if any more expensive than lath and plaister, +the former will prevent the nuisance occasioned by rats +and mice, to which you will be eternally exposed if lath +and plaister is made use of instead of brick."</p> + +<p>The mason's specifications, quoted by Allan MacLane +Hamilton, were as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"Proposal for finishing General Hamilton's Country +House—Viz.</p> + +<p>To build two Stacks of Chimneys to contain eight fire-places, +exclusive of those in Cellar Story.</p> + +<p>To fill in with brick all the outside walls of the 1st +and 2nd stories, also all the interior walls that Separate +the two Octagon Rooms—and the two rooms over them—from +the Hall and other Rooms in both Stories.</p> + +<p>To lath and plaster the side walls of 1st and 2nd +stories with two coats & set in white.</p> + +<p>To plaster the interior walls which separate the Octagon +Room in both Stories, to be finished white, or as +General Hamilton may chose.</p> + +<p>To lath and plaster all the other partitions in both +stories.</p> + +<p>To lath and plaster the Ceiling of the Cellar Story +throughout.</p> + +<p>To plaster the Sidewalls of Kitchen, Drawing Room, +Hall & passage, & to point & whitewash the Stone and +brick walls of the other part of Cellar Story. To Point +outside walls of Cellar Story and to fill in under the +Sills.</p> + +<p>To lay both Kitchen hearths with brick, placed edge +ways.</p> + +<p>To put a Strong Iron back in the Kitchen fire-place, +five feet long by 2½ 9" high. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span></p> + +<p>To Put another Iron back in the Drawing Room 3'—6" +by 2'—9".</p> + +<p>To place two Iron Cranes in the Kitchen fire Place—& +an Iron door for the oven mouth.</p> + +<p>The Rooms, Hall and Passage of the first Story to +have neat Stocco Cornices—Those of Octagon Rooms of +Best Kind (but not inriched).</p> + +<p>To put up the two setts of Italian Marble in the +Octagon Room, such as General Hamilton may choose—and +six setts of Stone Chimney pieces for the other +Rooms.</p> + +<p>The Four fireplaces in the two Octagon rooms & the +two rooms over them, to have Iron Backs and jambs, and +four fire places to have backs only.</p> + +<p>To lay the foundations for eight piers for the Piazza.</p> + +<p>Mr. McComb to find at his own expense all the Material +requisite for the afore described work and execute +it in a good & workmenlike manner for one thousand +Eight Hundred and Seventy five Dollars.</p> + +<p>General Hamilton to have all the Materials carted +and to have all the Carpenter work done at his expense—</p> + +<p>General Hamilton is to find the workmen their board +or to allow —— shillings per day for each days work in +thereof."</p> +</div> + +<p>One of the workmen on the house was paid $424.50 +for three and one-half years' work. Another laborer +was given $152.18 for sixteen months and twenty-seven +days, or ninepence per day. The cost of the house, complete, +was £1,550.</p> + +<p>The country place was a joy, both indoors and out. +The garden was especially attractive to Hamilton. In +a letter written from The Grange to a friend in South +Carolina, he said:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"A garden, you know, is a very usual refuge of a +disappointed politician. The melons in your country +are very fine. Will you have the goodness to send me +some seed, both of the water and musk melons?"</p> + +<p>Guests were numerous. Gouverneur Morris and +General Schuyler were often at The Grange. Chancellor +Kent, after a visit paid in April, 1804, wrote to +his wife:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I went with General Hamilton on Saturday, the +21st, and stayed till Sunday evening. There was a +furious and dreadful storm on Saturday night. It +blew almost a hurricane. His house stands high, and +was much exposed, and I am certain that in the second +story, where I slept, it rocked like a cradle. He never +appeared before so friendly and amiable. I was alone, +and he treated me with a minute attention that I did +not suppose he knew how to bestow. His manners were +also very delicate and chaste. His daughter, who is +nineteen years old, has a very uncommon simplicity and +modesty of deportment, and he appeared in his domestic +state the plain, modest, and affectionate father and +husband."</p> + +<p>The ideal life at The Grange continued only until +July 13, 1804. That morning Hamilton set out as if +for the office in the city as usual, without informing +Mrs. Hamilton of the impending duel with Aaron Burr. +At noon the wife was at the side of her husband, who +died next day.</p> + +<p>After his death there were put in her hands two +letters. In these he told of his purpose to permit his +antagonist to shoot him: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"The scruples of a Christian have determined me to +expose my own life to any extent rather than subject +myself to the guilt of taking the life of another. This +much increases my hazards, and redoubles my pangs for +you....</p> + +<p>"If it had been possible for me to have avoided the +interview, my love for you and my precious children +would have been alone a decisive motive. But it was +not possible, without sacrifices which would have rendered +me unworthy of your esteem."</p> +</div> + +<p>Mrs. Hamilton remained at The Grange as long as +possible, directing the men in the care of the estate and +caring for her children. But she could not afford to +keep a carriage, and the inaccessibleness of the estate +and the drain it made on her limited purse soon made +it necessary for her to rent a house in the city.</p> + +<p>Though friends proposed the raising of a fund that +would care for Mrs. Hamilton and the children, it does +not seem that there was any relief until 1816, when +Congress gave to Mrs. Hamilton back pay amounting +to ten thousand dollars.</p> + +<p>After The Grange was sold to pay debts, its career +was checkered. Some years ago it was moved to the +east side of Convent Avenue, and it then became the +schoolhouse of St. Luke's Episcopal Church.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_18" id="img_18"></a> +<img src="images/i_108b.jpg" width="550" height="394" alt="Van Cortlandt House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XXII</p> + +<h3>THE VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY</h3> + +<p class="center">AT THE EDGE OF THE MANHATTAN "NEUTRAL GROUND"</p> + +<p>In 1699 Jacobus Van Cortlandt bought the first fifty +acres of the ground now included in Van Cortlandt +Park, New York City, and for one hundred and ninety +years the property remained in the Van Cortlandt +family. Until fifty-three years before the first of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span> +Van Cortlandts acquired it, the Indians were the undisputed +possessors of the plot.</p> + +<p>Adriæn Van der Donck, the first settler to acquire +title, lived until his death in the <i>bouwerie</i> or farmhouse, +which he built on the shore of a brook. When +Jacobus Van Cortlandt built his <i>bouwerie</i> by the side +of the same brook, he dammed the water to make a +mill-pond, which is to-day the beautiful Van Cortlandt +lake. There he built a grist mill which remained in use +until 1889. Early visitors to the lake delighted to study +the ancient structure to which, during the Revolution, +both British and patriot soldiers resorted with their +grain. The mill was struck by lightning and destroyed +in 1901.</p> + +<p>The third house on the estate was built in 1748 by +Frederick the son of Jacobus, who acquired by the will +of his father the "farm, situate, lying, and being in a +place commonly called and known by the name of Little +or Lower Yonkers." This house, which was modelled +after the Philipse Manor House at Yonkers, is still in a +fine state of preservation. Since 1897, it has been used +as a public museum, in charge of the Colonial Dames of +the State of New York.</p> + +<p>The room fitted up as a museum was occupied by +General Washington on the occasion of his visit to the +house in 1783. This room is also pointed out as the +scene of the death of Captain Rowe of the Hessian +jaegers, who was severely wounded near the house. +When he realised that he could not recover, he sent in +haste for the young woman who had promised to marry +him, and he died in her arms.</p> + +<p>Other famous visitors were Rochambeau, Admiral +Digby, and William Henry, Duke of Clarence, who became +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span> +King William IV of England. Admiral Digby, +after his departure, sent to Augustus Van Cortlandt, +the owner of the house, two wooden vultures, which he +had captured from a Spanish privateer. These vultures +are now in the museum.</p> + +<p>The old house was the centre of important military +operations during the Revolution. Washington fortified +eight strategic spots in the vicinity of Kingsbridge, +and when he withdrew before the British occupied the +fortification, a number of Hessian jaegers were quartered +in the Van Cortlandt House. To the north of the +house was the neutral ground for which the two armies +continually struggled for possession. In 1781, when +Washington was about to withdraw his army to Yorktown, +he directed that camp-fires be lit on Vault Hill, +the site of the Van Cortlandt family vault. By this +stratagem he succeeded for a time in deceiving the +enemy as to his movements.</p> + +<p>Since the building of the Broadway subway Van Cortlandt +Park has been so easy of access that the number +of visitors to the historic spot has rapidly increased.</p> + +<p class="center p6">XXIII</p> + +<h3>THE HASBROUCK HOUSE, NEWBURGH,<br /> +NEW YORK</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE THE CLOSING DRAMA OF THE REVOLUTION<br /> +WAS STAGED</p> + +<p>During the entire period of the Revolution the country +about Newburgh was an important centre of military +operations. West Point was fortified in 1776, that the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span> +British might not be able to carry out their design of +separating New England from the middle colonies. +Many officers had their headquarters within a few miles +of these fortifications. Lafayette was at the Williams +House, three miles north of Newburgh, while Generals +Green, Gates, and Knox were at Vail's Gate, four miles +south of the town. General George Clinton was at +Little Britain, and General Anthony Wayne was in +Newburgh.</p> + +<p>Washington's first stay in the vicinity was at Vail's +Gate, New Windsor, in the winter of 1779-80. His +longest sojourn, however, was in the house which Jonathan +Hasbrouck built in 1750 and enlarged in 1770. +The best description of this substantial one-story stone +house at the time of Washington's residence there is +contained in the "Memoirs" of Marquis de Chastellux, +who was the guest of the Commander-in-chief on +December 6, <a name="e1872" id="e1872"></a>1872:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"The largest room in it, (which was the proprietor's +parlor for his family, and which General Washington +has converted into his dining-room) is in truth tolerably +spacious, but it has seven doors and only one window. +The chimney, or rather the chimney back, is against the +wall; so that there is in fact but one vent for the smoke, +and the fire is in the room itself. I found the company +assembled in a small room, which served by way of +parlor. At nine supper was served, and when the hour +of bed-time came, I found that the chamber, to which +the General conducted me, was the very parlor I speak +of, wherein he had made them place a camp bed...."</p> + +<p>The records of the months when Washington was an +occupant of the old Dutch house are among the most +interesting of the war. For instance, on May 10, 1782, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span> +there came tidings of the arrival in New York of Sir +Guy Carleton, the new British commander, who wrote +that he desired to tell of the king's idea of a possible +peace, and of the attitude of the House of Commons. +He closed his letter by saying, "If war must prevail, I +shall endeavor to render its miseries as light to the +people of this continent as the circumstances of such a +condition will possibly permit."</p> + +<p>Two days earlier Washington wrote a letter to +Meschech Weare in which he seems to have anticipated +and discredited Carleton's word of appeal:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"They are meant to amuse this country with a false +idea of peace, to draw us off from our connection with +France, and to lull us into a state of security and inactivity, +which having taken place, the ministry will be +left to prosecute the war in other parts of the world +with greater vigor and effect."</p> + +<p>In less than two weeks a tempter of an entirely different +sort approached Washington. Lewis Nicola, +colonel of the corps of invalids, wrote to tell of the +fact that the officers and soldiers were discontented because +they had not received their pay. Then he intimated +that he had no hope of the success of republican +institutions, but thought this country needed a ruler +like a king, though he might not be called king, owing +to the objection to that word. Yet he added, "I believe +strong arguments might be produced for admitting +the title of <span class="smcap">King</span>, which I conceive would be attended +with some material advantages."</p> + +<p>To this letter Washington sent prompt reply, on +May 22, 1782: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: With a mixture of great surprise and astonishment, +I have read with attention the sentiments you +have submitted to my perusal. Be assured, Sir, no +occurrence in the course of the war has given me more +painful sensations, than your information of there being +such ideas existing in the army, as you have expressed, +and I must view with abhorrence and reprehend with +severity. For the present the Communication of this +will rest in my own bosom, unless some further agitation +of the matter shall make a disclosure necessary.</p> + +<p>"I am much at a loss to conceive what part of my +conduct could have given encouragement to an address, +which to me seems big with the greatest mischiefs that +can befall my country. If I am not deceived in the +knowledge of myself, you could not have found a person +to whom your schemes are more disagreeable. At the +same time, in justice to my own feelings, I must add that +no man possesses a more sincere wish to see ample justice +done to the Army than I do, and so far as my +power and influence, in a constitutional way, extend, +they shall be employed to the utmost of my abilities to +effect it, should there be any occasion. Let me conjure +you then, if you have any regard for your country, concern +for yourself or respect for me, to banish these +thoughts from your mind, and never communicate, as +from yourself or any one else, a sentiment of the like +nature.</p> + +<p>"With esteem I am, sir, Your most obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="i10">"<span class="smcap">George Washington</span>."</p> +</div> + +<p>That Washington desired to be a simple resident on +his own estate at Mount Vernon instead of king of the +new country, was emphasized by a letter written on +June 15 to Archibald Cary:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I can truly say, that the first wish of my soul is to +return speedily into the bosom of that country which +gave me birth, and, in the sweet enjoyment of domestic +happiness and the company of a few friends, to end my +days in quiet, when I shall be called from this stage."</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span> +There was joy in the village on the banks of the +Hudson when, late in 1782, a letter came from Sir Guy +Carleton announcing that negotiations for a general +peace had already begun in Paris, and that the king +had decided to propose the independence of the thirteen +Provinces "in the first instance, instead of granting +it as a condition of a general treaty."</p> + +<p>In the long interval before the receipt of decisive +word concerning peace, the sagacity of Washington +was once more tested severely. There was still disaffection +among the officers and the men because they +had not been paid, and because Congress seemed to pay +no attention to their protests. Washington learned that +a call had been issued for a meeting of officers to be +held in New Windsor to consider taking matters into +their own hands and forcing Congress to act.</p> + +<p>Washington did not hesitate. He asked the officers +to meet him in the very building in which they had +planned to make their plans for revolt. Then he appealed +to their patriotism, urging them not to put a +stain on their noble service by hasty action. When he +had gone, the officers acted in a way that justified the +General's confidence. Unanimously they promised all +that had been asked of them, and voted to thank Washington +for his method of dealing with them.</p> + +<p>On March 19, 1783, four days after this action, Washington +acknowledged to Congress receipt of word that +the preliminary articles of peace had been signed on +November 30, and on April 18 he ordered the cessation +of hostilities, in accordance with the proclamation of +Congress.</p> + +<p>The Hasbrouck house was sold by the family to New +York State in 1849. For twenty-four years, by act of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span> +Assembly, the historic quarters were cared for by the +trustees of the village, and later by the city authorities. +In May, 1874, trustees appointed by the legislature took +over the property and have held it ever since, for the +benefit of the people.</p> + +<h2>THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH +THE PATRIOTS</h2> + +<div class="poem p6"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>See the ancient manse</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Meet its fate at last!</i></p> +<p><i>Time, in his advance,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Age nor honor knows;</i></p> +<p><i>Axe and broadaxe fall,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Lopping off the Past:</i></p> +<p><i>Hit with bar and maul,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Down the old house goes!</i></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>Sevenscore years it stood;</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Yes, they built it well,</i></p> +<p><i>Though they built of wood,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>When that house arose.</i></p> +<p><i>For its cross-beams square</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Oak and walnut fell;</i></p> +<p><i>Little worse for wear,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Down the old house goes!</i></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>On these oaken floors</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>High-shoed ladies trod;</i></p> +<p><i>Through those panelled doors</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Trailed their furbelows;</i></p> +<p><i>Long their day has ceased;</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Now, beneath the sod,</i></p> +<p><i>With the worms they feast,—</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Down the old house goes!</i></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>Many a bride has stood</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>In yon spacious room;</i></p> +<p><i>Here her hand was wooed</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Underneath the rose;</i></p> +<p><i>O'er that sill the dead</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Reached the family tomb;</i></p> +<p><i>All that were have fled,—</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Down the old house goes!</i></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>Once, in yonder hall,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Washington, they say,</i></p> +<p><i>Led the New Year's ball,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Stateliest of beaux;</i></p> +<p><i>O that minuet,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Maids and matrons gay!</i></p> +<p><i>Are there such sights yet?</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Down the old house goes!</i></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>Doorway high the box</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>In the grass-plot spreads;</i></p> +<p><i>It has borne its locks</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Through a thousand snows;</i></p> +<p><i>In an evil day,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>From those garden beds</i></p> +<p><i>Now 'tis hacked away,—</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Down the old house goes!</i></p> +</div> +<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">Edmund Clarence Stedman.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="center p6">THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH THE +PATRIOTS</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_19" id="img_19"></a> +<img src="images/i_134a.jpg" width="550" height="314" alt="The Franklin Palace" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo furnished by W. A. Little, D.D., Perth Amboy</i></span><br /> +THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY, N. J.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XXIV</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE FRANKLIN PALACE, PERTH AMBOY,<br /> +NEW JERSEY</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HOME OF THE SON OF WHOM BENJAMIN FRANKLIN<br /> +VAINLY TRIED TO MAKE A PATRIOT</p> + +<p>There was a time when Benjamin Franklin was proud +of his son William, and was glad to have his name +coupled with that of the young man.</p> + +<p>The first year of the father's service in the Pennsylvania +Assembly William was appointed clerk of that +body; this fact is mentioned with pride in the Autobiography.</p> + +<p>When General Braddock was sent from England to +America to oppose the union of the Colonies for defence, +"lest they should thereby grow too military and feel +their own strength," Franklin was sent by the Assembly +to Fredericktown, Maryland, to confer with the General. +"My son accompanied me on the journey," the +Autobiography says.</p> + +<p>At Braddock's request Franklin advertised at Lancaster, +Pennsylvania, for one hundred and fifty wagons +for the proposed expedition into the interior, and at the +close of the advertisement was the note, "My son, William +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span> +Franklin, is empowered to enter into like contracts +with any person in Cumberland County."</p> + +<p>Later, when the father was asked to secure financial +assistance for certain subalterns in Braddock's company, +he wrote to the Assembly, recommending that a +present of necessaries and refreshments be sent to those +officers. "My son, who had some experience of camp +life and of its wants, drew up a list for me which I +enclos'd in my letter," the father wrote.</p> + +<p>When, during the French and Indian War, the Governor +of Pennsylvania asked Franklin to take charge of +"our Northwestern frontier which was infested by the +enemy, and provide for the defence of the inhabitants +by raising troops and building a line of forts," he went +to the front with five hundred and sixty men. In the +Autobiography he wrote, "My son, who had in the preceding +war, been an officer in the army rais'd against +Canada, was my aid-de-camp, and of great use to me."</p> + +<p>And in 1771, when beginning his Autobiography, +Franklin addressed it "Dear Son," and spoke of the trip +the two had taken together to England, to make "enquiries +among the remains of my relations." Then he +added:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Imagining it may be equally agreeable to you to +know the circumstances of my life, many of which you +are yet unacquainted with, and expecting the enjoyment +of a week's uninterrupted leisure in my present country +retirement, I sit down to write them for you."</p> + +<p>Six years before the beginning of the Autobiography, +Franklin, in company with six other Philadelphians, +entered on a land speculation in Nova Scotia. Together +they bought two hundred thousand acres of land. There +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span> +they intended to found a colony. Two shiploads of emigrants +were taken to Monkton, the site of the proposed +colony, but most of the men settled on other land, +finding that this could be had practically for nothing. +Franklin's will later provided that William be given +an interest in the Nova Scotia property, and he explained +the gift by saying that this was "the only part +of his estate remaining under the sovereignty of the king +of Great Britain."</p> + +<p>What was the explanation of the father's changed +attitude to his son that led him to make his bequest in +such unpleasant terms?</p> + +<p>After William Franklin's return from the frontier, he +was appointed governor-in-chief of the Province of New +Jersey. A mansion was built for him in Perth Amboy +by the Lord Proprietor. Its construction required a +somewhat extended time, for it was a grand place; no +wonder it was called "The Palace." But in 1774 the +Governor took possession.</p> + +<p>Of course this was not the reason for the breach with +his father. Again Benjamin Franklin was proud of his +son, and of the lavish entertainments he made for his +associates.</p> + +<p>But the father began to shake his head when his son +became a favorite of the Tories in Perth Amboy who +had looked askance on his appointment, the year before. +He was told that William would himself remain +a loyalist when the break came with Great Britain, and +he was compelled to believe that there was serious +ground for the charge. He decided, however, to make a +supreme effort to rouse the Governor to the call of +patriotism. Accordingly, in 1775, he sought the +Palace and pleaded with William to forsake his Tory +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span> +associates, turn his back on the king who had turned +his back on the Colonies, and become a steadfast +defender of his country's rights.</p> + +<p>What a subject that interview would make for an +artist! Opposed to the luxury-loving governor, in the +house furnished for his satisfaction by the Tories with +whom he had chosen to ally himself, was the sturdy +figure of the sage of Pennsylvania, who was ready to +lay down his life in the defence of his country.</p> + +<p>It must have been a stirring interview. But it was +fruitless. Benjamin Franklin went back to Philadelphia +a disappointed man. His feelings were expressed +in the letter in which he said, "I am deserted by my +only son."</p> + +<p>Within a year Governor Franklin was practically a +prisoner in the Palace, in consequence of the discovery +that he was plotting against the Colonies. When he +persisted in courses that troubled Congress, he was arrested +and taken to Burlington. Mrs. Franklin fled to +New York, and the Palace was at the mercy of the +British. On several occasions the house was used as +headquarters by British generals, and soldiers made +their encampment on the grounds.</p> + +<p>Though the interior of the Palace was destroyed by +fire soon after the war, the house was restored, and it +still looks much as it did when Franklin, the patriot, +stood within its walls. For years it was used as a +hotel, and later as a private residence. In 1883 it was +made a Home for aged ministers of the Presbyterian +Church. To-day it is again used as a hotel. +</p> + +<p class="center p6">XXV<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE CHURCH AT CALDWELL, NEW JERSEY</h3> + +<p class="center">WITH GLIMPSES OF THE FIGHTING CHAPLAIN CALDWELL</p> + +<p>The trying days of the Revolution would not seem to +be a favorable time for the beginning of a church, +especially in the section of New Jersey which was so +often overrun by the soldiers of both armies. Yet it +was at this critical time that many of the people of +Horseneck (now Caldwell), New Jersey, near Montclair, +were looking forward to the organization of a +church and the building of a house of worship. Timbers +were in fact drawn and framed for church purposes, +but the war interfered with the completion of the project.</p> + +<p>The donation, in 1779, of ninety acres of wild land in +the centre of the settlement gave the prospective congregation +new heart. On this land a parsonage was +begun in 1782. The upper portion of this house, unplastered +and unceiled, was used for church purposes +until 1796.</p> + +<p>The final organization of the church dates from +December 3, 1784, when forty persons signed their +names to the following curious agreement: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"We Whose Names are Under writen Living at the +Place called Horse Neck, Being this Day to be Formed +or Embodied as a Church of <i>Jesus Christ</i>, Do Solemnly +Declare that as we do desire to be founded Only on the +Rock Christ Jesus, So we would not wish to Build on +this foundation, Wood Hay and Stubble, but Gold and +Silver and Precious Stones; and as it is our profested +Sentiments that a Visible Church of Christ, Consists of +Visible Believers with their Children, so no Adult Persons +ought to be Admitted as members but such as +Credibly profess True Faith in Jesus Christ, Love, +Obedience, and Subjection to Him, Holding the Fundamental +Doctrines of the Gospel, and who will Solemnly +Enter into Covenant to Walk Worthy such an Holy +Profession as we do this Day."</p> + +<p>The last survivor of those who signed this document +was General William Gould, who died February 12, +1847, in his ninetieth year. During the Revolution he +saw much active service, especially at the battles of +Springfield and Monmouth and the campaigns that preceded +and followed these conflicts.</p> + +<p>But the connection of the church with the Revolution +came rather through Rev. James Caldwell, who was +pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Elizabeth +Town. During the early years of the struggling congregation +he was their adviser and helper, and after his +death the name of the church was changed to Caldwell, +in his honor.</p> + +<p>Mr. Caldwell—who had among his parishioners in +Elizabeth Town William Livingston, the Governor of +the State, Elias Boudinot, Commissary General of +Prisons and President of Congress, Abraham Clark, one +of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, as +well as more than forty commissioned officers of the +Continental Army—was one of the famous chaplains of +the war, having been chosen in 1776 chaplain of the +regiment largely made up of his own members. Later +he was Assistant Commissary General.</p> + +<p>The British called him the "Fighting Chaplain," and +he was cordially hated because of his zeal for the cause +of the patriots. His life was always in danger, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span> +when he was able to spend a Sunday with his congregation +he would preach with his cavalry pistols on the +pulpit, while sentinels were stationed at the doors to +give warning.</p> + +<p>The enmity of the British led to the burning of the +chaplain's church, and the murder, a few months later, +of Mrs. Caldwell. While she was sitting in a rear +room at the house at Connecticutt Farms, where she +had been sent for safety, surrounded by her children, +a soldier thrust his musket through the window and +fired at her.</p> + +<p>Mr. Caldwell survived the war, in spite of the efforts +of the British to capture him, only to be murdered on +November 24, 1781, by a Continental soldier who was +thought to have been bribed by those whose enmity the +chaplain had earned during the conflict.</p> + +<p>The Elizabeth Town congregation succeeded in rebuilding +their church five years after it was destroyed, +but the delayed Caldwell church building was not ready +for its occupants until 1795. The timbers for the church +were hewed in the forest where the trees were felled and +were drawn by oxen to the site selected. Forty men +worked several days to raise the frame. Lime was made +from sea shells, which were hauled from Bergen, and +then burned in a kiln erected near the church lot.</p> + +<p>The interior of the building was plain. The pulpit, +"about the size of a hogshead," was built on a single +pillar, against the wall; above this was a sounding +board. The windows had neither blinds nor curtains, +and nothing was painted but the pulpit. The backs of +the pews were exactly perpendicular. Provision was +made regularly for the purchase of sand to freshen the +floors. This building was burned in 1872. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span></p> + +<p>The first pastor, Rev. Stephen Grover, received as +salary one hundred and fifty dollars a year, though this +sum was to be increased ten dollars a year until the total +was two hundred and fifty dollars. Of course the use +of the parsonage and land was given in addition.</p> + +<p>Mr. Grover was pastor for forty-six years, and his +successor was Rev. Richard F. Cleveland, to whose son, +born in the old manse at Caldwell,—which was purchased +in 1912 by the Grover Cleveland Birthplace +Memorial Association,—was given the name Stephen +Grover, in memory of the first pastor of the church. +Forty-seven years later Stephen Grover Cleveland became +President of the United States.</p> + +<p>For the first ten months of its history the Caldwell +church was Presbyterian, then it became Congregational, +but since 1831 it has been a Presbyterian body.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_20" id="img_20"></a> +<img src="images/i_134b.jpg" width="550" height="401" alt="Old Tennent Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Hall's Studio, Freehold</i></span><br /> +OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD, N. J.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XXVI</p> + +<h3>OLD TENNENT CHURCH, FREEHOLD,<br /> +NEW JERSEY</h3> + +<p class="center">ON THE BATTLE FIELD OF MONMOUTH</p> + +<p>One of the bas-reliefs on the monument commemorating +the decisive Battle of Monmouth, which has been +called the turning-point of the War for Independence, +represents the famous Molly Pitcher as she took the +place at the gun of her disabled husband. In the background +of the relief is the roof and steeple of Old Tennent, +the church near which the battle raged all day +long. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span></p> + +<p>Tennent Presbyterian Church was organized about +1692. The first building was probably built of logs. +The second structure, more ambitious, was planned in +1730. Twenty years later a third structure was demanded +by the growing congregation. This building, +which was twenty-seven years old at the time of the +battle of Monmouth, is still standing.</p> + +<p>The plan called for a building sixty feet long and +forty feet wide. The present pastor of the church, Rev. +Frank R. Symmes, in his story of the church, says of +the building:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"The sides were sheathed with long cedar shingles, +and fastened with nails patiently wrought out on an +anvil, and the interior was finished with beaded and +panelled Jersey pine.... The pulpit ... is placed +on the north side of the room, against the wall, with +narrow stairs leading up to it, closed in with a door. +The Bible desk is nine feet above the audience +floor, with a great sounding board overhanging the +whole.... Below the main pulpit a second desk +or sub-pulpit is built, where the precentor used to +stand.... The galleries extend along three sides of +the room."</p> + +<p>Among the early pastors of the church were Rev. John +Tennent and his brother, Rev. William Tennent, members +of a family famous in the early history of the Presbyterian +Church in New Jersey. In consequence of +their forty-seven years of service the church became +known as "Old Tennent."</p> + +<p>The story of the marriage of Rev. William Tennent +is a tradition in the congregation. In spite of his salary +of about one hundred pounds, and the use of the parsonage +farm, he became financially embarrassed. A friend +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span> +from New York who visited him when he was thirty-three +years old told him he ought to marry and suggested +a widow of his acquaintance. Mr. Tennent +agreed to the proposition that he go to New York in +company with his friend, and see if matters could not +be arranged. So, before noon next day, he was introduced +to Mrs. Noble. "He was much pleased with her +appearance," the story goes on, "and when left alone +with her, abruptly told her that he supposed her brother +had informed her of his errand; that neither his time +nor his inclination would suffer him to use much ceremony, +but that if she approved ... he would return on +Monday, be married, and immediately take her home." +Thus in one week she found herself mistress of his +house. She proved a most invaluable treasure to him.</p> + +<p>The year after the death of Mr. Tennent, on Sunday, +June 28, 1778, General Washington, at the head of about +six thousand men, hurried by Old Tennent. That +morning he had been at Englishtown where the sound +of cannon told him his advance forces under General +Lee were battling with the British. Washington was +about one hundred yards beyond the church door when +he met the first straggler who told him that Lee had +retreated before the British. A little further on the +Commander-in-chief met Lee. After rebuking him +sharply he hastened forward, and rallied the retreating +Continentals. The renewed battle continued until +evening when the British were driven back to a defensive +position. During the night they retired, to the +surprise of Washington, who hoped to renew the battle +in the morning. The victory snatched from defeat in +this, one of the most stubbornly contested and longest +battles of the war, gave new courage to the Colonies. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span></p> + +<p>During the battle wounded soldiers were carried to +the church, where members of the congregation tended +them, in what could not have been a very secure refuge, +since musket balls pierced the walls. An exhausted +American soldier, while trying to make his way to the +building, sat for rest on the grave of Sarah Mattison. +While he was there a cannon ball wounded him and +broke off a piece of the headstone. Watchers carried +him into the church where he was laid on one of the +pews. The stains of blood are still to be seen on the +board seat, while the marks of his hands were visible on +the book-rest of the pew until the wood was grained.</p> + +<p>A tablet has been placed on the front wall of the +church with this message:</p> + +<p class="cblockquot"> +1778-1901<br /> +In Grateful Remembrance<br /> +of Patriots Who, on Sabbath June 28, 1778,<br /> +Gained the Victory Which Was the Turning Point<br /> +Of the War for Independence,<br /> +And to Mark a Memorable Spot on<br /> +The Battlefield of Monmouth,<br /> +This Tablet is placed by Monmouth Chapter<br /> +Daughters of the American Revolution<br /> +September 26, 1901.</p> + +<p>Not far from the church is the monument commemorating +the battle itself. Spirited bronze reliefs on this +tell the story of some of the picturesque incidents of +the memorable struggle. +</p> + +<p class="center p6">XXVII<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE FORD MANSION, MORRISTOWN,<br /> +NEW JERSEY</h3> + +<p class="center">FROM WHICH ALEXANDER HAMILTON WENT COURTING</p> + +<p>New Jersey, which was the scene of so many battles +during the Revolution, was also the scene of what was +perhaps Washington's pleasantest winter during the +war. From December, 1799, to June, 1780, the Commander-in-chief +lived at the Ford Mansion with his +"family," as he was fond of calling Mrs. Washington +and his aides.</p> + +<p>During these months he was busily engaged in making +plans for the later successful conduct of the war, yet +he took time for those social relaxations which were a +needed relief from the anxious strain of the long conflict.</p> + +<p>Among those who helped to make that winter memorable +were Surgeon General John Cochrane and Mrs. +Cochrane, who occupied the Campfield House close by, +and General and Mrs. Philip Schuyler, who had come +down from Albany for a season at headquarters. Mrs. +Schuyler and Mrs. Cochrane were sisters. Elizabeth +Schuyler had come in advance of her parents, and for +a time was a guest at the Campfield House.</p> + +<p>Visitors from France were arriving from time to time, +bringing word of the alliance that was to mean so much +to the Colonies, and conferring as to methods of cooperation.</p> + +<p>In one wing of the Ford Mansion lived Mrs. Ford +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span> +and her son Timothy. In the rooms set apart for +the use of Washington's family eighteen people were +crowded. Two of these were Alexander Hamilton and +Tench Tilghman, both members of the General's staff.</p> + +<p>Though Mrs. Washington delighted to put on style, +on occasion, she could also be plain and simple. There +had been times during the war when she was not +ashamed to drive to headquarters in a coach and four. +But sometimes at Morristown she was in a different +mood—as, for instance, one day when a number of the +ladies of the neighborhood, dressed in their best, called +to pay their respects to her. To their surprise they +found her sitting in a speckled apron, knitting stockings. +If they were ill at ease at first, their state of mind can +be imagined when their hostess began to talk to them +of the need of care in their expenditures for their country's +sake. After telling them of a dress she had made +out of the carefully unravelled upholstery of a set of +chairs, she completed their consternation by saying:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"American ladies should be patterns of industry to +their countrywomen, because the separation from the +mother-country will dry up the source whence many of +our comforts have been derived. We must become independent +by our determination to do without what +we cannot make ourselves. While our husbands and +brothers are examples of patriotism, we must be +examples of thrift and economy."</p> + +<p>The coming of Elizabeth Schuyler to the Campfield +House was the signal for a spirited contest for her +favor between two of Washington's aides. Both Hamilton +and Tilghman had met her at her father's house +in Albany, and both called on her. But Hamilton +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span> +soon distanced his comrade in the race for her favor. +It was not long until everybody was watching developments. +Both of the young people were favorites. It +is related that even a young soldier on sentry duty late +one night was persuaded to a breach of military rules +by his interest in Hamilton's courtship. That night the +lover was on his way home after spending an evening +with his Betsey. Evidently the young man had been +thinking of anything but the countersign, for when he +was halted and asked to give the countersign words +he cudgelled his brain in vain. Then he whispered to +the sentry, "Tell me!" And the sentry did tell. +Whereupon Hamilton drew himself up before the soldier, +gravely gave the countersign, and passed on to +his quarters.</p> + +<p>There was no time for long courtship in those days +of quick movements in military circles. So, before long, +Hamilton was writing to Elizabeth Schuyler such cheering +letters as the following: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I would not have you imagine, Miss, that I write +you so often to gratify your wishes or please your +vanity, but merely to indulge myself, and to comply +with that restless property of my mind which will not +be happy unless I am doing something, in which you +are concerned. This may seem a very idle disposition +in a philosopher and a soldier; but I can plead illustrious +examples in my justification. Achilles liked to +have sacrificed Greece and his glory for a female captive; +and Anthony lost the world for a woman. I am +very sorry times are so changed as to oblige me to go +to antiquity for my apology, but I confess to the disgrace +of the present that I have not been able to find +as many who are as far gone as myself in their laudable +zeal of the fair sex. I suspect, however, that if others +knew the charms of my sweetheart as well as I do, I +should have a great number of competitors. I wish I +could give you an idea of her. You have no conception +of how sweet a girl she is. It is only in my heart that +her image is truly drawn. She has a comely form, and +a mind still more lovely; she is all goodness, the gentlest, +the dearest, the tenderest of her sex. Oh, Betsey, how +I love her!"</p> + +<p>Who could withstand such a lover? Elizabeth +Schuyler did not, and her father commended her judgment. +For he wrote to Hamilton:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"You cannot, my dear sir, be more happy at the connexion +you have made with my family than I am. +Until the child of a parent has made a judicious choice, +his heart is in critical anxiety; but this anxiety was +removed the moment I discovered on whom she had +placed her affection. I am pleased with every instance +of delicacy in those who are dear to me; and I think I +read your soul on that occasion you mention. I shall +therefore only entreat you to consider me as one who +wishes in every way to promote your happiness, and I +shall."</p> + +<p>The young people were married at the Schuyler homestead +in Albany on December 14, 1780.</p> + +<p>To-day the Ford Mansion where Hamilton dreamed +of a conquest in which the British had no part is owned +by the Washington Association of New Jersey, and is +open to visitors. The Campfield House is to be found +on a side street; it has been moved from its original +site. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_21" id="img_21"></a> +<img src="images/i_133a.jpg" width="550" height="376" alt="Nassau Hall" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by R. H. Rose and Son, Princeton</i></span><br /> +NASSAU HALL AND THE FIRST PRESIDENT'S HOUSE,<br /> +PRINCETON, N. J. </p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XXVIII<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span></p> + +<h3>NASSAU HALL, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE THE CONGRESS OF 1783 MET FOR FIVE MONTHS</p> + +<p>Where the College of New Jersey, as Princeton University +was officially known until 1896, erected its first +building at Princeton, the far-sighted trustees arranged +what was long ago the largest stone structure in the +Colonies. The records of early travellers on the road +between Philadelphia and New York tell of their amazement +at the wonderful building.</p> + +<p>In 1756 the college abandoned its rooms in the First +Presbyterian Church of Newark, New Jersey, and occupied +the ambitious quarters in Princeton, which had +cost about £2,900.</p> + +<p>Originally the halls extended from end to end of +Nassau Hall, a distance of one hundred and seventy-five +feet. These long, brick-paved halls afforded students +inclined to mischief wonderful opportunity to +make life miserable for the tutors who were charged +with their oversight. "Rolling heated cannon balls, to +tempt zealous but unwary tutors, was a perennial joy," +writes Varnum Lansing Collins, in his book, "Princeton." +Then he adds the statement that at a later epoch +there were wild scenes, "when a jackass or a calf was +dragged rebelliously up the narrow iron staircase, to be +pitted in frenzied races with the model locomotive purloined +from the college museum."</p> + +<p>There was no provision for lighting the long halls, so +the rollicking students were accustomed to fix candles to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span> +the walls with handfuls of mud. When a tutor was +heard approaching, the candles would be blown out and +he would be foiled in his attempt to identify the offenders. +Sometimes barricades of cordwood were built +hastily on the stairs or across the entrance to one of the +halls.</p> + +<p>In vain the authorities tried to correct these abuses +by the passage of strict regulations. "No jumping or +hollowing or any boisterous Noise shall be suffered, nor +walking in the gallery in the time of Study," was a +regulation which could be made known far more easily +than it could be enforced. Lest there be breaches of +decorum inside the rooms, tutors were directed to make +at least three trips a day to the quarters of the students, +to see that they were "diligent at the proper Business." +They were to announce their coming to a room "by a +stamp, which signal no scholar shall imitate on penalty +of five shillings." Should the occupant of the room refuse +to open the door, the tutor had authority to break +in. At a later date, students in Nassau Hall liked to +have double doors to their rooms, so that the obnoxious +tutor might be hindered in his efforts to force an entrance, +long enough to give them opportunity to hide +all evidence of wrongdoing.</p> + +<p>In 1760 a code of "orders and customs" was issued +by the authority of President Aaron Burr. One of the +most astounding directions in this code was that "Every +Freshman sent on an errand shall go and do it faithfully +and make quick return." Other rules, as indicated +in Mr. Collins' book, concerned deportment, and demanded +constant deference to superiors. "Students +are to keep their hats off 'about ten rods to the President +and about five to the tutors;' they must 'rise up +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span> +and make obeisance' when the President enters or +leaves the prayer hall, and when he mounts into the +pulpit on Sundays. When walking with a superior, an +inferior 'shall give him the highest place.' When first +coming into the presence of a superior, or speaking to +him, inferiors 'shall respect by pulling their Hats;' if +overtaking or meeting a superior on the stairs, he 'shall +stop, giving him the banister side;' when entering a +superior's, 'or even an equal's' room, they must knock; +if called or spoken to by a superior, they must 'give a +direct, pertinent answer concluding with sir;' they are +to treat strangers and townspeople 'with all proper +complaisance and good manners;' and they are forbidden +to address any one by a nickname."</p> + +<p>Evidently rules like these helped to make good +patriots, for Princeton students were among the most +sturdy adherents of the Colonists' cause. In September, +1770, the entire graduating class wore American cloth, +as a protest against Great Britain's unjust taxation +measures.</p> + +<p>In January, 1774, the students broke into the college +storeroom and carried the winter's supply of tea to a +bonfire in front of Nassau Hall. While the tea burned +the college bell tolled and the students—in the words +written home to a parent by one of them—made "many +spirited resolves."</p> + +<p>The spirited students were jubilant on the evening of +July 9, 1776, when the news of the Declaration of Independence +was read in Princeton. Nassau Hall was +illuminated and the whole town rejoiced that President +Witherspoon, as a member of the Continental Congress, +had been a signer of the document.</p> + +<p>In November, 1776, the students who had not enlisted +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span> +in the army were sent from the town just in time to +escape the British, who took possession of the building +and used it as barracks and hospital. Early in the +morning of January 3, 1777, the British held the building. +After the battle Washington's troops took possession, +but abandoned it almost at once. At evening +the British were once more in control. Soon they hurried +on to New Brunswick. The next occupants were +the soldiers of General Putnam, who found room here +for a hospital, a barracks, and a military prison. They +found that during the battle of Princeton a round shot +had struck the portrait of George II in the prayer hall.</p> + +<p>After the British left Princeton College classes were +continued in the President's house, and it was 1782 before +a serious attempt was made to reoccupy Nassau +Hall, which was found to be "mostly bare partition +walls and heaps of fallen plaster."</p> + +<p>A year later, when temporary repairs had been made, +the Continental Congress, which had been besieged by +a company of troops who were insistent in their demands +for overdue pay, made its way to Princeton. +From June to November the sessions were held in +Nassau Hall. Commencement day came during the +sessions and Congress sat, with Washington, on the +platform. On that occasion Washington gave fifty +pounds to the college. This sum was paid to Charles +Wilson Peale for a portrait of the donor, which was +placed in the frame from which the portrait of George +II had been shot more than seven years before.</p> + +<p>Congress was still in session at Nassau Hall when, in +October, the first authentic news came of the signing of +the Definitive Treaty of Peace with Great Britain.</p> + +<p>A few weeks later the college was left to its sedate +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span> +ways. Never since then has it witnessed such stirring +events. But the experiences of the years from 1776 to +1784 had made Nassau Hall one of the nation's picturesque +monuments.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_22" id="img_22"></a> +<img src="images/i_133b.jpg" width="550" height="385" alt="Morven" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by R. H. Rose and Son, Princeton</i></span><br /> +MORVEN, PRINCETON, N. J.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XXIX</p> + +<h3>THREE HISTORIC HOUSES AT PRINCETON,<br /> +NEW JERSEY</h3> + +<p class="center">MORVEN, THE MERCER HOUSE, AND WASHINGTON'S<br /> +ROCKY HILL HEADQUARTERS</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Sollemnity & Distress appeared almost on every +countenance, several students that had come 5 & 600 +miles & just got letters in college were now obliged +under every disadvantage to retire with their effects, +or leave them behind, which several through the impossibility +of getting a carriage at so Confused a time were +glad to do, & lose them all, as all hopes of continuing +longer in peace at Nassau were now taken away I began +to look out for some place where I might pursue my +studies & as Mr. G. Johnson had spoke to me to teach +his son I accordingly went there & agreed to stay with +him till spring."</p> + +<p>So wrote John Clark, one of the students at the College +of New Jersey, who, in 1776, was dismayed by the +threatened approach of Cornwallis and his army. He +was able to remove his effects in ample time, for he had +only a "Trunk & Desk." But there were others in the +peaceful village who were not so fortunate. One of +them was Mrs. Richard Stockton of Morven, a beautiful +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span> +home still standing not far from the college campus. +The activity of her husband in the interests of the +Colonies had angered the British, and they were not +slow to take advantage of the absence of the family by +pillaging the mansion and destroying many things it +contained. Fortunately Mrs. Stockton, before leaving +hurriedly for Freehold, had buried the family silver, +and this was not discovered, though Cornwallis and his +officers occupied the house as headquarters.</p> + +<p>Probably, while they were here, they talked gleefully +of what they called the collapse of the war. They felt +so sure that the war was over that Cornwallis was +already planning to return to England.</p> + +<p>Then came the surprise at Trenton, when nearly a +thousand Hessians of a total force of twelve hundred +were captured.</p> + +<p>Immediately Cornwallis, who had returned to New +York, hastened back to Princeton, where he left three +regiments and a company of cavalry. Then he hurried +on to Trenton. On the way he was harassed by Washington's +outposts, and the main force of the General +delayed his entrance into the town until nightfall. He +expected to renew the attack next morning, but during +the night Washington stole away toward Princeton. +Within two miles of Princeton the force of General +Mercer encountered the reserve troops of Cornwallis, +which were on their way to their commander's assistance. +Washington, hearing the sound of the conflict +that followed, hastened to the field in time to rally the +forces of Mercer, who had been wounded. The day was +saved, but General Mercer was lost; he died in the farmhouse +on the battle field to which he was carried. To +this day visitors are shown the stain made on the floor +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span> +by the blood of the dying man. Those who express +doubt as to the stain are not welcomed.</p> + +<p>Alfred Noyes has written of this conflict which meant +more to the struggling Colonies than some historians +have indicated. The reference in the first line of the +second stanza is to the tigers that crouch at the entrance +of Nassau Hall in Princeton:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1"><i>"Here Freedom stood by slaughtered friend and foe,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>And, ere the wrath paled or that sunset died,</i></p> +<p><i>Looked through the ages; then, with eyes aglow,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Laid them to wait that future, side by side.</i></p> +<hr class="l15" /> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"The dark bronze tigers crouch on either side</p> +<p class="i1">Where redcoats used to pass;</p> +<p>And round the bird-loved house where Mercer died,</p> +<p class="i1">And violets dusk the grass,</p> +<p>By Stony Brook that ran so red of old,</p> +<p class="i1">But sings of friendship now,</p> +<p>To feed the old enemy's harvest fifty-fold</p> +<p class="i1">The green earth takes the plow.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Through this May night, if one great ghost should stray</p> +<p class="i1">With deep remembering eyes,</p> +<p>Where that old meadow of battle smiles away</p> +<p class="i1">Its blood-stained memories,</p> +<p>If Washington should walk, where friend and foe</p> +<p class="i1">Sleep and forget the past,</p> +<p>Be sure his unquenched heart would leap to know</p> +<p class="i1">Their souls are linked at last."</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>After the battle came happier days for Princeton. +Morven was restored, and Washington was frequently +an honored guest within the walls, as have been many +of his successors in the White House. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span></p> + +<p>More than six years after the memorable battle of +Princeton, another house in the neighborhood received +him. When Congress convened in Nassau Hall, it +rented for Washington the Rocky Hill House, five miles +from the village, which was occupied by John Berrian, +Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. +This house, which was suitably furnished for the General, +was the last headquarters of the Revolution.</p> + +<p>While at the Berrian house, Washington sat to William +Dunlap for his portrait. In his "Arts of Design" +the artist, who at the time of which he wrote was eighteen +years old, said:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"My visits are now frequent to headquarters. The +only military in the neighborhood were the general's +suite and a corporal's guard whose tents were on the +green before the Berrian House, and the captain's +marquee nearly in front. The soldiers were New England +yeomen's sons, none older than twenty.... I was +quite at home in every respect at headquarters; to breakfast +and dine day after day with the general and Mrs. +Washington and members of Congress."</p> + +<p>It was Washington's custom to ride to Princeton, +mounted on a small roan horse. The saddle was "old +and crooked, with a short deep blue saddle cloth flowered, +with buff cloth at the edge, buckskin seat, the cloth +most below the skirt of the saddle at the side, double +skirts, crupper, surcingle, and breast straps, double +belted steel bridle and plated stirrup."</p> + +<p>The real closing scene in the Revolution was Washington's +farewell address to the army, which he wrote +in the southwest room of the second story. On Sunday, +November 2, from the second-story balcony, he read this +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span> +to the soldiers. Two days later orders of discharge were +issued to most of them.</p> + +<p>Fortunately the Berrian House has become the property +of "The Washington Headquarters Association of +Rocky Hill," and is open to the patriotic pilgrim.</p> + +<p class="center p6">XXX</p> + +<h3>THE SPRINGFIELD MEETING HOUSE,<br /> +NEW JERSEY</h3> + +<p class="center">WHOSE PSALM BOOKS FURNISHED WADDING FOR THE<br /> +CONTINENTAL GUNS</p> + +<p>"One pint of spring water when demanded on the +premises" was the strange payment stipulated by the +donor of one hundred acres of land given in 1751 to +the trustees of the First Presbyterian Church in Springfield, +New Jersey, to be for the use of the minister of +the parish. The church records do not state that the +rent has been paid regularly, but they do state that the +woodland enabled them for many years to furnish the +free firewood that was a part of the support promised +to every one of the early pastors.</p> + +<p>The first building occupied by the church was completed +in 1746. Fifteen years later the second building +was first occupied, and it continued to be the centre +of the community's religious life until November, 1778, +when it was needed for military stores. The church +was gladly given up to the army, and services were +held in the garret of the parsonage.</p> + +<p>The British under General Knyphausen, determined +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span> +to drive Washington and his men from the New Jersey +hills and to destroy his supplies, marched from Elizabeth +Town on June 23, 1780. There were five thousand +men, with fifteen or twenty pieces of artillery, in the +expedition. A few miles away, near Springfield, was a +small company of patriots, poorly equipped but ready +to die in the defence of their country.</p> + +<p>Warning of the approach of the enemy was given +to the Continentals by the firing of the eighteen-pounder +signal gun on Prospect Hill; twelve Continentals stationed +at the Cross Roads, after firing on the enemy, had +hurried to the hill. After firing the gun they lighted +the tar barrel on the signal pole.</p> + +<p>Instantly the members of the militia dropped their +scythes, seized their muskets, and hurried to quarters. +"There were no feathers in their caps, no gilt buttons +on their home-spun coats, nor flashing bayonets on their +old fowling pieces," the pastor of Springfield church +said in 1880, on the one hundredth anniversary of the +skirmish that followed, "but there was in their hearts +the resolute purpose to defend their homes and their +liberty at the price of their lives."</p> + +<p>The sturdy farmers joined forces with the regular +soldiers. For a time the battle was fierce. The enemy +were soon compelled to retreat, but not before they had +burned the village, including the church. Chaplain +James Caldwell was in the hottest of the fight. "Seeing +the fire of one of the companies slacking for want +of wadding, he galloped to the Presbyterian meeting +house nearby, and rushing in, ran from pew to pew, +filling his arms with hymn books," wrote Headley, in +"Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution." "Hastening +back with them into the battle, he scattered them +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span> +about in every direction, saying as he pitched one here +and another there, 'Now put Watts into them, boys.' +With a laugh and a cheer they pulled out the leaves, and +ramming home the charge did give the British Watts +with a will."</p> + +<p>The story has been attractively told by Bret Harte:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"... Stay one moment; you've heard</p> +<p>Of Caldwell, the parson, who once preached the Word</p> +<p>Down at Springfield? What, no? Come—that's bad; why, he had</p> +<p>All the Jerseys aflame! And they gave him the name</p> +<p>Of the 'rebel high priest.' He stuck in their gorge,</p> +<p>For he loved the Lord God—and he hated King George!</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"He had cause, you might say! When the Hessians that day</p> +<p>Marched up with Knyphausen, they stopped on their way</p> +<p>At the 'farm,' where his wife, with a child in her arms,</p> +<p>Sat alone in the house. How it happened none knew</p> +<p>But God—and that one of the hireling crew</p> +<p>Who fired the shot! Enough!—there she lay,</p> +<p>And Caldwell, the chaplain, her husband, away!</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"Did he preach—did he pray? Think of him as you stand</p> +<p>By the old church to-day—think of him and his band</p> +<p>Of military ploughboys! See the smoke and the heat</p> +<p>Of that reckless advance, of that straggling retreat!</p> +<p>Keep the ghost of that wife, foully slain, in your view—</p> +<p>And what could you, what should you, what would you do?</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"Why, just what he did! They were left in the lurch</p> +<p>For the want of more wadding. He ran to the church,</p> +<p>Broke down the door, stripped the pews, and dashed out in the road</p> +<p>With his arms full of hymn-books, and threw down his load</p> +<p>At their feet! Then above all the shouting and shots</p> +<p>Rang his voice, 'Put Watts into 'em! Boys, give 'em +Watts.'</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span></p> + +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"And they did. That is all. Grasses spring, flowers blow</p> +<p>Pretty much as they did ninety-three years ago.</p> +<p>You may dig anywhere and you'll turn up a ball—</p> +<p>But not always a hero like this—and that's all."</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The battle of Springfield is not named among the +important battles of the Revolution, but it had a special +meaning to the people of all that region, for it taught +them that the enemy, who had been harassing them for +months, was not invulnerable. From that day they took +fresh courage, and their courage increased when they +realized that the British would not come again to +trouble them.</p> + +<p>After the burning of the Springfield church, the +pastor, Rev. Jacob Vanarsdal, gathered his people in +the barn of the parsonage. Later the building was +ceiled and galleries were built.</p> + +<p>For ten years the barn was the home of the congregation, +but in 1791 the building was erected which is +in use to-day.</p> + +<h2>FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF +BROTHERLY LOVE</h2> + +<div class="poem p6"> +<p><i>In that delightful land which is washed by the Delaware's waters,</i></p> +<p><i>Guarding in sylvan shades the name of Penn the apostle,</i></p> +<p><i>Stands on the banks of its beautiful stream the city he founded.</i></p> +<p><i>There all the air is balm, and the peach is the emblem of beauty,</i></p> +<p><i>And the streets still re-echo the names of the trees of the forest,</i></p> +<p><i>As if they fain would appease the Dryads whose haunts they molested.</i></p> +<p><i>There from the troubled sea had Evangeline landed, an exile,</i></p> +<p><i>Finding among the children of Penn a home and a country.</i></p> +<p><i>There old Rene Leblanc had died; and when he departed,</i></p> +<p><i>Saw at his side only one of all his hundred descendants.</i></p> +<p><i>Something at least there was in the friendly streets of the city,</i></p> +<p><i>Something that spake to her heart, and made her no longer a stranger;</i></p> +<p><i>And her ear was pleased with the Thee and Thou of the Quakers,</i></p> +<p><i>For it recalled the past, the old Acadian country,</i></p> +<p><i>Where all men were equal, and all were brothers and sisters.</i></p> +<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</span>.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p6">FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF<br /> +BROTHERLY LOVE</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w450"><a name="img_23" id="img_23"></a> +<img src="images/i_161.jpg" width="427" height="550" alt="Letitia Penn House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XXXI</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE LETITIA PENN HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA</h3> + +<p class="center">WILLIAM PENN'S FIRST AMERICAN HOME</p> + +<p>When William Penn, English Quaker, met Guli +Springett, he fell in love with her at once. In 1672 +they were married.</p> + +<p>Ten years later when, as Proprietor of Pennsylvania, +Penn was about to sail in the <i>Welcome</i> for America, he +wrote a letter of which the following is a portion:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"My dear wife and children, my love, which neither +sea, nor land, nor death itself, can extinguish or lessen +toward you, most tenderly visits you with eternal embraces +and will abide with you for ever.... My dear +wife, remember thou wast the love of my youth and +the joy of my life, the most beloved as well as the most +worthy of all my earthly comfort, and the reason of +that love were more thy inward than thy outward excellencies, +which were yet many. God knows, and thou +knowest it, that it was a match of Providence's making, +and God's image in us both was the first thing and the +most amiable and engaging ornament in our eyes. Now +I am to leave thee, and that without knowing whether +I shall ever see thee more in this world."</p> + +<p>Penn landed at New Castle, Delaware, in October, +1682. He had already sent forward the plot of his new +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span> +country village; his cousin, Lieutenant Governor Markham, +had come to America in 1681, bringing with him +instructions for the beginning of the settlement. On +this plot there was evidence of his thought for his wife +and his daughter Letitia; two lots were set apart for +the family, on one of which he planned to build, while +the other he designed for Letitia.</p> + +<p>When he reached America, he found that, by some +mistake, Letitia's lot had been given to the Friends for +a meeting house. He was vexed, but nothing could be +done. So he decided that the lot reserved for his own +use should be made over to her. He did not carry out +his purpose for some time, however.</p> + +<p>For a time Penn remained at Upland (now Chester), +but in 1684, he went to Philadelphia to oversee the erection +of the houses for the settlers. His own house he +built on a large plot facing the Delaware River and +south of what is now Market Street. The house was +of brick, which was probably made nearby, though +many of the interior fittings had been brought from +England in the <i>John and Sarah</i> in 1681. It was the +first brick house in the new settlement, the first house +which had a cellar, and was built in accordance with +the request the Proprietor had made:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Let every house be placed, if the person pleases, in +the middle of the plat, as to breadth way of it, that so +there may be ground on each side for garden or orchard, +or fields, that it may be a green country town, which +will never be burnt and always wholesome."</p> + +<p>For a few months the Quaker kept bachelor's hall in +his new house. Then he went to England, intending to +return before long. Before his departure he arranged +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span> +that the house should be used in the public service. +Probably it was the gathering place for the Provincial +Council for many years. Thus it was the first state +house of Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>During the fourteen years' stay in England many misfortunes +came to Penn. He was accused of treason, and +his title to the American lands was taken away from +him. Later he was acquitted, and his lands were +returned.</p> + +<p>In 1692 Guli Penn died, and in 1696 Penn married +Hannah Callowhill. In 1699, when he returned to +America, he brought with him his wife and Letitia, +who was then about twenty-five years old.</p> + +<p>Evidently the old house was not good enough for the +ladies of the family. At any rate they occupied for a +time the "slate-roof house," one of the most pretentious +buildings in the Colony. When the manor, Pennsbury, +twenty miles up the Delaware, was completed, the +family was taken there. Great style was maintained at +the country estate in the woods. The house had cost +£5,000, and was "the most imposing house between the +Hudson and Potomac rivers."</p> + +<p>The Philadelphia house was transferred to Letitia +on "the 29th of the 1st month 1701." At once extravagant +Letitia tried to dispose of it. She succeeded in +selling a portion of the generous lot, but it was some +years before she was able to sell the whole.</p> + +<p>In the meantime the Proprietor felt that he must +return to England because of the threat of Parliament +to change the government of the American Colonies. +Mrs. Penn and Letitia, who did not like America, +pleaded to go with him. He thought he would be returning +soon, and he urged them to remain. They insisted. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span> +In a letter to James Logan he wrote: "I cannot +prevail on my wife to stay, and still less with <i>Tish</i>. +I know not what to do." Later he wrote: "The going +of my wife and Tish will add greatly to the expense.... +But they will not be denied."</p> + +<p>In 1702 Letitia married William Aubrey, who had all +of Penn's keenness and none of his genial qualities. +Almost from the day of the marriage both husband and +wife pestered Penn for money. Aubrey insisted on a +prompt payment of his wife's marriage portion. His +father-in-law was already beginning to feel the grip of +financial embarrassment that later brought him to the +verge of bankruptcy, but, on this occasion as well as +later, he felt compelled to yield to the insistent demands +of the grasping Aubrey.</p> + +<p>The only members of the Penn family who ever returned +to America were the children of the second wife, +to whom most of the property descended.</p> + +<p>The Letitia Penn House, as it came to be known, fell +on evil days. It was an eating house in 1800, and in +1824 it was the Rising Sun Inn. Later it was called +the Woolpack Hotel.</p> + +<p>In 1882 funds were raised by public subscription, and +the venerable house was taken down and rebuilt in +Fairmount Park. Visitors who enter the city by the +Pennsylvania Railroad from New York City may easily +see it from a right-hand car window, for it is the only +house in the corner of the park on the west side of the +river.</p> + +<p class="center p6">XXXII<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span></p> + +<h3>CARPENTERS' HALL, PHILADELPHIA</h3> + +<p class="center">CALLED BY BENSON J. LOSSING "THE TEMPLE OF FREEDOM"</p> + +<p>Philadelphia was but forty-two years old when a +number of builders in the growing town decided to +have a guild like the journeymen's guilds of London. +Accordingly they formed, in 1724, "The Carpenters' +Company of the City and County of Philadelphia," +whose object should be "to obtain instruction in the +science of architecture; to assist such of the members, +or the widows and children of members, as should be +by accident in need of support," as well as "the adoption +of such a system of measurements and prices that +every one concerned in a building may have the value +of his money, and every workman the worth of his +labor."</p> + +<p>At first the meetings were held here and there, probably +in taverns. In 1768 the Company decided to build +a home. A lot was secured on Chestnut Street, between +Third and Fourth streets, for which an annual ground +rent of "176 Spanish milled pieces of eight" was to be +paid. The sum of three hundred pounds necessary to +begin operations was subscribed in about a week.</p> + +<p>The Company's annual meeting of January 21, 1771, +was held within the walls, though the building was not +entirely completed until 1792.</p> + +<p>Three years after the opening of the hall came the +first event that linked the building with the history of +America. A general meeting of the people of Philadelphia +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span> +was held here to protest against the failure of +Governor Penn to convene the Assembly of the Colony. +A committee of three was appointed to wait on the +Speaker and ask him for "a positive answer as to +whether he would call the Assembly together or not."</p> + +<p>The Assembly was then called to meet on the "18th +day of the 6th month." Three days before the time +fixed, another meeting was held in Carpenters' Hall to +consider what measures for the welfare of the Colony +should be proposed to the Assembly. At this meeting +the necessity of holding "a general Congress of delegates +from all the Colonies" was voiced. Later the +Assembly approved of the idea of such a conference, and +a call was issued.</p> + +<p>On September 5, 1774, the delegates from eleven +provinces met in the City Tavern. Learning that the +Carpenters' Company had offered the hall for the use +of the Continental Congress, the delegates voted to inspect +the accommodations. John Adams, one of their +number, said after the visit: "They took a view of the +room and of the chamber, where there is an excellent +library. There is also a long entry, where gentlemen +may walk, and also a convenient chamber opposite to +the library. The general cry was that this was a good +room."</p> + +<p>When this First Continental Congress met, it was +decided that the session of the second day should be +opened with prayer. Rev. Jacob Duché of Christ +Church and St. Peter's was asked to be present and +conduct an opening service. This historic account of +the service was written by John Adams: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Next morning he appeared with his clerk and having +on his pontificals, and read several prayers in the +established form, and then read the Psalter for the +seventh day of September, which was the thirty-fifth +Psalm. You must remember that this was the next +morning after we had heard of the horrible cannonade +of Boston (the account proved to be an error). It +seemed as if heaven had ordered that Psalm to be read +on that morning. After this, Mr. Duché, unexpectedly +to everybody, struck out into extemporary prayer, which +filled the bosom of every man present. I must confess, +I never heard a better prayer, or one so well pronounced."</p> + +<p>In part, this prayer was as follows:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Be thou present, O God of wisdom! And direct the +councils of this honorable assembly, enable them to +settle things on the best and surest foundation, that the +scene of blood may be speedily closed, that order, harmony, +and peace may be effectually restored, and truth +and justice, religion and piety, prevail and flourish +amongst Thy people."</p> + +<p>On October 26 the Congress was dissolved. The second +Congress was called to meet on May 10, 1775, at +the State House, later known as Independence Hall.</p> + +<p>When the British took possession of the city in 1777, +a portion of the army was quartered in the building. +Officers and men alike borrowed books from the Library +Company of Philadelphia, which had quarters here, invariably +making deposits and paying for the use of +volumes taken in strict accordance with the rules.</p> + +<p>In 1778 the United States Commissary of Military +Stores began to occupy the lower story and cellar of the +building. From 1791 to 1821 various public organizations +sought quarters here, including the Bank of the +United States, the Bank of Pennsylvania, the United +States Land Office, and the United States Custom House. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span> +The Carpenters' Company therefore, in 1791, erected a +second building on this lot, which they occupied until +1857.</p> + +<p>When Benson J. Lossing visited the historic hall, on +November 27, 1848, he wrote of his great disappointment +because the banner of an auctioneer was on the front of +the building. He said:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I tried hard to perceive the apparition ... to be +a classic frieze, with rich historic trigliphs, but it would +not do.... What a desecration! Covering the façade +of the very Temple of Freedom with the placards of +grovelling Mammon! If sensibility is shocked with this +outward pollution, it is overwhelmed with indignant +shame on entering the hall where that august Assembly +of men—the godfathers of our Republic—convened to +stand as sponsors at the baptism of infant American +liberty—to find it filled with every species of merchandise, +and the walls which once echoed the eloquent words +of Henry, Lee, and the Adamses, reverberating with the +clatter of the auctioneer's voice and hammer. Is there +not patriotism strong enough in Philadelphia to enter +the temple, and 'cast out all them that buy and sell, +and overthrow the tables of the money-changers?'"</p> + +<p>At length the Carpenters' Company decided that the +time had come to do what the historian pleaded for. In +1857 they returned to the building, and since then they +have held their meetings within the walls consecrated +by the heroes of Revolutionary days. The rooms were +restored to their original condition, and relics and mementoes +of early days were put in place. The Hall has +ever since been open to visitors "who may wish to visit +the spot where Henry, Hancock, and Adams inspired the +delegates of the Colonies with nerve and the sinew for +the toils of war."</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w500"><a name="img_24" id="img_24"></a> +<img src="images/i_162.jpg" width="494" height="600" alt="St. Peter's Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +ST. PETER'S PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XXXIII +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span></p> + +<h3>ST. PETER'S CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA</h3> + +<p class="center">WHOSE BUILDING IS PRACTICALLY UNCHANGED AFTER<br /> +MORE THAN ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY YEARS</p> + +<p>There were but fifteen thousand people in Philadelphia +when, on March 19, 1753, the suggestion was made +to the vestry of Christ Church that a new church or +Chapel of Ease of Christ Church be built for the accommodation +of the people in the southern part of the city. +Thomas and Richard Penn gave a site for the building +of the new church, and on September 21, 1758, the +corner stone was laid. In 1761 the church was opened, +though it was not completed until March, 1763. To the +new organization was given the name St. Peter's, and it +was ordered by the vestry of Christ Church, "that the +said church ... in every respect whatever shall be upon +an equal footing with Christ Church, and be under the +same government with it."</p> + +<p>At the same time, in view of the gift of the site, it was +ordered that "the first and best pew in the said Church +shall be set apart forever for the accommodation of the +Honorable Proprietary's family."</p> + +<p>When the building was completed the building committee +reported that the cost was £4,765, 19 s. 6½ d. +Added to this report were statements that sound quite +modern. "The sudden rise in the prices of materials +and labor," and "the inability of some subscribers to +meet their engagements," had added to the burdens of +the committee. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span></p> + +<p>From the beginning prayers were read in the church +for the king and all the royal family, but on July 4, +1776, the vestry ordered that patriotic prayers be substituted. +While the British were in Philadelphia the +prayers for the king were renewed by order of Dr. +Duché, rector of Christ Church and St. Peter's. The +official history of St. Peter's refers to Dr. Duché, who +ordered this, in the following sentences:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"From an advocate of the Colonies, he became an advocate +of the King, and on the Sunday following the +occupation of Philadelphia by the British, he restored +the prayers for the King to the Liturgy. This compromise +with conditions availed him nothing, and he +was arrested for serving as chaplain to Congress after +the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. The +influence of his loyalist friends secured his speedy +release.... Not long afterward he went to England, +where he remained practically an exile for twelve years, +returning to Philadelphia several years before his death, +when, it is said, no truer American could have been +found in the City. He ... was buried in St. Peter's +Churchyard."</p> + +<p>During the occupation of the church by British +troops in 1777 the pews were burned for fuel, but the +building was never closed for lack of fuel or for any +other reason, until the late winter of 1917-18, when +coal could not be secured.</p> + +<p>The wooden fence that surrounded the property originally +was burned by the British for fuel, and the brick +wall that is now in place was built in 1784.</p> + +<p>Washington frequently occupied a pew in St. Peter's, +and many other men who were prominent in the early +history of the country worshipped here. The building +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span> +is practically as it was when they lived. "It is the same +church to which the colonists in their knee-breeches and +rich coats came to attend the first service in 1761," a +member of the vestry said in 1891. "The pulpit, reading +desk, and chancel rails were built in 1764, and the +present organ loft was put up over the chancel in 1789. +In all other respects the plain, austere interior of this +old church ... remains unchanged, the only relic in +Pennsylvania, and one of the very few in the country at +large, of the church in colonial days. Bishop De Lancey, +in his centennial sermon, preached September 4, +1861, said: 'We enter by the same doors—we tread the +same aisles—we kneel where they knelt—we sit where +they sat; the voice of prayer, instruction, and praise ascends +from the same desk from which it reached their +ears, in the privacy and seclusion of the same high, +strait unostentatious pews.'"</p> + +<p>In the crowded churchyard are the graves of many +colonial worthies as well as many leaders in the early +history of America. Stephen Decatur is buried here, +and Charles Wilson Peale, who painted a famous portrait +of Washington.</p> + +<p>The <i>Pennsylvania Evening Post</i> of January 18, 1777, +told of the burial of one of the patriots whose bodies +were laid here: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Yesterday the remains of Captain William Shippen, +who was killed at Princeton the third instant, gloriously +fighting for the liberty of his country, were interred in +St. Peter's Churchyard. His funeral was attended by +the Council of Safety, the members of Assembly, officers +of the army, a troop of Virginia light horse, and a great +number of inhabitants. This brave and unfortunate +man was in his twenty-seventh year, and has left a +widow and three children to lament the death of an +affectionate husband and a tender parent, his servants +a kind master, and his neighbors a sincere and obliging +friend."</p> + +<p>Captain Shippen, before joining Washington's army, +was captain of the privateer <i>Hancock</i>, which, between +July 1 and November 1, 1776, sent to American ports +ten prizes captured at sea.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_25" id="img_25"></a> +<img src="images/i_177a.jpg" width="550" height="399" alt="Cliveden" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +CLIVEDEN, PHILADELPHIA</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XXXIV</p> + +<h3>CLIVEDEN, GERMANTOWN, PHILADELPHIA</h3> + +<p class="center">ON THE FIELD OF THE BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN</p> + +<p>In the days before the Revolution there were many +residents of Philadelphia who had, in addition to a +sumptuous town house, a country house, to which they +could resort in the summer or at other times when they +wished relief from the cares of daily life. Germantown, +the straggling village five miles from the town of William +Penn, was one of the popular places for such establishments.</p> + +<p>Samuel Chew's town house was at Front and Dock +streets when he built Cliveden at Germantown in 1761. +At that time he was Attorney-General of Pennsylvania, +though in 1774 he became Chief-Justice of the Supreme +Court of Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>Both in Philadelphia and in Germantown he maintained +the hospitable traditions he had learned at Maidstone, +near Annapolis, where he was born, in 1722, of a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span> +family whose first American ancestor, John Chew, came +to Virginia a century earlier.</p> + +<p>During the days of the Continental Congress Judge +Chew seemed to sympathize with the colonists in their +protests against the aggression of Great Britain, but +when independence was proposed, he let it be known that +he was unwilling to act with the patriots. Accordingly +he was arrested by order of Congress, together with John +Penn, and when he refused to sign a parole, he was +banished from the State.</p> + +<p>During his absence the battle of Germantown was +fought. On October 3, 1777, the British forces were +disposed on nearly all sides of the Chew mansion. +Washington planned to attack these scattered forces by +four columns, which were to advance from as many directions. +General Wayne's column successfully opened +the attack at daybreak October 4, driving before him the +enemy encountered at Mount Airy. Colonel Musgrave +checked the retreat of the soldiers at Cliveden. With +six companies he took possession of the mansion, prepared +to defend themselves behind hastily barricaded +doors and windows. Wayne and the leaders who were +with him pushed on past the house, continuing the pursuit +of that portion of the enemy which had continued +its retreat; he did not know that he was leaving an +enemy in his rear. When Washington came to Cliveden, +he was surprised by the fire of the entrenched enemy. +After a hasty conference with others, it was decided not +to pass on, leaving a fortress behind. Cannon were +planted so as to command the door, but they were fired +without much effect.</p> + +<p>The next attempt was made by a young Frenchman +who asked others to carry hay from the barn and set +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span> +fire to the front door. Thinking they were doing as he +asked, he forced open a window and climbed on the +sill. From this position he was driven back, and he +found that he had not been supported by those on whom +he had counted.</p> + +<p>In the meantime the artillery fire continued, but with +little effect. General Wilkinson, who was present, +afterward wrote:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"The doors and shutters of the lower windows of +the mansion were shut and fastened, the fire of the +enemy being delivered from the iron gratings of the +cellars and the windows above, and it was closely beset +on all sides with small-arms and artillery, as is manifest +from the multiplicity of traces still visible from +musket-ball and grape-shot on the interior walls and +ceilings which appear to have entered through the doors +and windows in every direction; marks of cannon-ball +are also visible, in several places on the exterior of the +wall and through the roof, though one ball only appears +to have penetrated below the roof, and that by a window +in the passage of the second story. The artillery seem +to have made no impression on the walls of the house, +a few slight indentures only being observable, except +from one stroke in the rear, which started the wall."</p> + +<p>In a few minutes Washington, realizing that precious +time was being lost in the attack on the thick walls of +the house, ordered a regiment to remain behind to watch +Cliveden, while his main force hastened on.</p> + +<p>It has been claimed that this brief delay was responsible +for the defeat at Germantown. Wilkinson, on the +contrary, insists that this delay saved Washington's +army from annihilation, since he would otherwise have +hurried on in the thick fog until he was in contact with +the main body of the British army. The result, he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span> +thinks, would have been a far greater disaster than +actually overtook the American arms that day.</p> + +<p>The damage done to the house was so great that five +carpenters were busy for months making repairs. Evidently +Judge Chew was not satisfied with the result, +for in 1779 he sold Cliveden for $9,000, only to buy it +back again in 1787 for $25,000.</p> + +<p>The property descended to Benjamin Chew, Jr., +on the death of his father. During his occupancy of +Cliveden, Lafayette was a guest there in 1825.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_26" id="img_26"></a> +<img src="images/i_177b.jpg" width="550" height="400" alt="Old Pine Street Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +THIRD (OLD PINE STREET) PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, +PHILADELPHIA</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XXXV</p> + +<h3>OLD PINE STREET CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA</h3> + +<p class="center">WHOSE PASTOR INSPIRED JOHN ADAMS TO PLEAD FOR<br /> +INDEPENDENCE</p> + +<p>There were four thousand, seven hundred and seventy-four +houses in Philadelphia in 1767 when the Pine +Street Presbyterian Church, the third church of this +denomination in the city, was built. The subscription +paper, still in existence, shows that £1,078 "in money +or otherwise" was subscribed for the purpose. The +sum needed to complete the building was raised by a +lottery, which yielded £2,500. In the proceeds of the +lottery the Market Street Church and the Second +Church shared, £1,035 going to the Pine Street building.</p> + +<p>The original building was of but one story, with +gable ends. When alterations were made in 1837 the +top of the church was raised bodily, while a larger roof +was built over the old roof. The visitor who climbs to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span> +the loft is able to see the old walls and windows. The +floor was raised one step above the street level, and +was paved with brick.</p> + +<p>Rev. George Duffield, D.D., who was pastor from 1772 +to 1790, was a prominent figure during the Revolution. +He was chaplain of the Continental Congress and of the +Pennsylvania militia during the period of the war, and +he delivered fiery messages that stirred patriots to action. +John Adams, who was a member of the church, +called him a man of genius and eloquence. On May 17, +1776, after listening to a sermon in which Dr. Duffield +likened the conduct of George III to the Americans to +that of Pharaoh to the Israelites, and concluded that +God intended the liberation of the Americans, as He +had intended that of the Israelites, he wrote to his wife:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Is it not a saying of Moses, Who am I that I should +go in and out before this great people? When I consider +the great events which are passed, and those +greater which are rapidly advancing, and that I may +have been instrumental in touching some springs, and +turning some small wheels, which have had and will +have such effects, I feel an awe upon my mind, which +is not easily described. Great Britain has at last driven +America to the last step, complete separation from +her; a total, absolute independence...."</p> + +<p>Headley, in "Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution," +says: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"The patriots of the first Congress flocked to his +church, and John Adams and his compeers were often +his hearers.... In a discourse delivered before several +companies of the Pennsylvania militia and members +of Congress, four months before the Declaration +of Independence, he took bold and decided ground in +favor of that step, and pleaded his cause with sublime +eloquence, which afterwards made him so obnoxious to +the British that they placed a reward of fifty pounds +for his capture."</p> + +<p>Later on in the same sermon he prophesied:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Whilst sun and moon endure, America shall remain +a city of refuge for the whole earth, until she herself +shall play the tyrant, forget her destiny, disgrace her +freedom, and provoke her God."</p> + +<p>As chaplain of the Pennsylvania militia, Dr. Duffield +was frequently in camp, where "his visits were always +welcome, for the soldiers loved the eloquent, earnest, +fearless patriot."</p> + +<p>Headley gives this incident of the courageous chaplain's +work:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"When the enemy occupied Staten Island, and the +American forces were across the river on the Jersey +shore, he repaired to camp to spend the Sabbath. Assembling +a portion of the troops in an orchard, he +climbed into the forks of a tree and commenced religious +exercises. He gave out a hymn.... The British +on the island heard the sound of the singing, and +immediately directed some cannon to play on the +orchard, from whence it proceeded. Soon the heavy +shot came crashing through the branches, and went +singing overhead, arresting for a moment the voices that +were lifted in worship. Mr. Duffield ... proposed +that they should adjourn behind an adjacent hillock. +They did so, and continued their worship, while the +iron storm hurled harmlessly overhead."</p> + +<p>In spite of his almost constant service in the field, +Dr. Duffield was in Philadelphia among his people +every little while. The church records show that he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span> +baptized children every month during the Revolution, +except for the period of the British occupation of Philadelphia, +when the church was occupied as a hospital, +and more than one hundred Hessian soldiers were +buried in the churchyard.</p> + +<p>Another remarkable fact is that of the one hundred +and ten men who had signed the call to George Duffield +in 1771, sixty-seven served in the army during the war. +Colonel Thomas Robinson, whose portrait is in Independence +Hall, was a member of the church; Captain +John Steele, who was field officer on the day of the +surrender of Cornwallis, and Colonel William Linnard, +whose company attempted to keep the British from +crossing the Brandywine, were also members. Many +other officers and private soldiers were on the rolls; the +stones and vaults in the cemetery tell of many of them.</p> + +<p>One of the original trustees of Pine Street was Dr. +William Shippen, Jr., first Professor of Medicine in +America and Director General of all the hospitals during +the war. Benjamin Rush, Signer of the Declaration, +was an attendant at the services, and his mother +was a member.</p> + +<p class="center p6">XXXVI</p> + +<h3>INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE WAS BORN</p> + +<p>William Penn was a man of vision. When, in 1682, +Thomas Holme surveyed for him the site of Philadelphia, +the Quaker pioneer gave instruction that "the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span> +Centre Square," one mile from the Delaware, be set +apart for the public buildings of the city and colony.</p> + +<p>But for many years after the founding of the city, +Centre Square was far out in the country. During +these years temporary public buildings were provided +for official meetings, including the Assembly, but in +1728 steps were taken to erect a suitable public building +within reach of the people of the young city. +Ground was bought on Chestnut Street, between Fifth +and Sixth streets, and the State House was begun in +1730. The total cost of the building was $16,250. Two +wings were added in 1739 and 1740; these cost some +$12,000 more.</p> + +<p>Two years after the completion of the main building +the Pennsylvania Assembly passed an act in which this +statement was made:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"It is the true intent and meaning of these Presents, +that no part of the said ground lying to the southward +of the State House, as it is now built, be converted into +or made use of for erecting any sort of Building thereupon, +but that the said ground shall be enclosed and +remain a public open Green and Walks forever."</p> + +<p>Eighty years after the passage of the act an attempt +was made to divert the State House yard to other purposes. +In a curious old document, dated February 6, +1816, W. Rawle and Peter S. Duponceau made an argument +against this diversion, showing conclusively that +the State House Square had been "irrevocably devoted +to the purpose of an open and public walk." Thanks +to their efforts and the efforts of others who have labored +to the same end, the grounds are to-day, and +must forever remain, open to the use of the people. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span></p> + +<p>The first public function held in the new State House +was a banquet, given in the "long room," in the second +story. Of this Franklin's <i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i> of September +30, 1736, said:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Thursday last William Allen, Esq., Mayor of this +city for the past year, made a feast for his citizens at +the State House, to which all the strangers in town of +note were also invited. Those who are judges of such +things say that considering the delicacy of the viands, +the variety and excellency of the wines, the great number +of guests, and yet the easiness and order with which +the whole was conducted, it was the most grand, the +most elegant entertainment that has been made in these +parts of America."</p> + +<p>The builders were dilatory. It was 1736 before the +Assembly was able to hold its first session in the chamber +provided for it, and not until 1745 was the room +completed. Three years more passed before the apartment +intended for the Governor's Council was ready +for its occupants.</p> + +<p>In 1741 the tower was built, and on November 4 +Edmund Wooley sent to the Province of Pennsylvania +an interesting bill, "for expenses in raising the Tower +of the State House":</p> + +<table summary="Expenses in Raising Tower"> +<tr> +<td class="tdpr">95 loaves of Bread</td> +<td class="tdr">£0</td> +<td class="tdr">19</td> +<td class="tdr">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdpr">61¾ lb. Bacon, at 7d</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td class="tdr">14</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdpr">148½ lb. Beef at 3½d</td> +<td class="tdr">2 </td> +<td class="tdr">8</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdpr">Potatoes and Greens</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">7</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdpr">800 Limes at 4s</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td class="tdr">12</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdpr">1½ Barrels of Beer at 18s</td> +<td class="tdr">1 </td> +<td class="tdr">7</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdpr">44 lb. Mutton at 3½d</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">12</td> +<td class="tdr">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdpr">37¾ lb. Veal at 3½d</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">11</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdpr">30 lb. Venison at 2d</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">5</td> +<td class="tdr">0 +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + +<td class="tdpr">Turnips</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td class="tdr">6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdpr">Pepper and Mustard</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">1</td> +<td class="tdr">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdpr">2 Jugs and Candles, Pipes and Tobacco</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">6</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdpr">Butter 9s. 8d. Turkey 4s. 4 pair Fowls 9s</td> +<td class="tdr">1 </td> +<td class="tdr">2</td> +<td class="tdr">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdpr">¼ of a hundred of Flour</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">3</td> +<td class="tdr">6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdpr">Two former Hookings at getting on two<br /> +<span class="i1">Floors, and now for raising the Tower,</span><br /> +<span class="i1">Fire Wood, etc.</span></td> +<td class="tdr">3</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +<td class="tdr">0</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p>Provision was made in 1750 for the extension of the +tower for the accommodation of a bell, and on October +16, 1751, the Superintendent of the State House sent +a letter to the colonial agent in London. In this letter +he said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"We take the liberty to apply ourselves to thee to +get us a good bell, of about two thousand pounds weight, +the cost of which we presume may amount to about one +hundred pounds sterling, or, perhaps, with the charges, +something more.... Let the bell be cast by the best +workmen, and examined carefully before it is shipped, +with the following words well-shaped in large letters +round it, viz:—</p> + +<p>"'By order of the Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, +for the State House in the city of Philadelphia, +1752,'</p> + +<p>"And underneath,</p> + +<p>"'Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land to all +the inhabitants thereof—Levit. XXV. 10.'"</p> +</div> + +<p>When the new bell was hung it was cracked by a +stroke of the clapper. Isaac Norris wrote: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"We concluded to send it back by Captain Budden, +but he could not take it on board, upon which two ingenious +workmen undertook to cast it here, and I am +just now informed they have this day opened the Mould +and have got a good bell, which, I confess, pleases me +very much, that we should first venture upon and succeed +in the greatest bell cast, for aught I know, in +English America. The mould was finished in a very +masterly manner, and the letters, I am told, are better +than [on] the old one. When we broke up the metal, +our judges here generally agreed it was too high and +brittle, and cast several little bells out of it to try the +sound and strength, and fixed upon a mixture of an +ounce and a half of copper to one pound of the old bell, +and in this proportion we now have it."</p> + +<p>But when the bell was in place it was found to contain +too much copper, and Pass & Stow, the founders, +"were so teazed with the witticisms of the town," that +they begged to be allowed to recast it. In June, 1753, +this third bell was hung, and in the following September +the founders were paid £60 13s. 5d.</p> + +<p>In 1752 arrangements were made for a clock. The +works were placed in the middle of the main building, +immediately under the roof. These were connected by +rods, enclosed in pipes, with the hands on the dial +plates at either gable. Early views of the State House +show these dials. The cost of the clock, which included +care for six years, was £494 5s. 5½d.</p> + +<p>During the twenty years that followed the installation +of the clock and the bell the State House became +a civic centre of note; but not until the stirring events +that led up to the Revolution did it become of special +interest to other colonies than Pennsylvania. On April +25, 1775, the day after news came to Philadelphia of +the battles of Lexington and Concord, the great bell +sounded a call to arms that was the real beginning of +making the building a national shrine. In response +to the call eight thousand people gathered in the Yard +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span> +to consider measures of defence. On April 26 the +newspapers reported that "the company unanimously +agreed to associate for the purpose of defending with +arms their lives, liberty, and property, against all attempts +to deprive them of them." This determination +of the people was soon sanctioned by the Assembly, and +Pennsylvania prepared to raise its quota towards the +Army of the Revolution.</p> + +<p>On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress +met in the Assembly Chamber, and took action that +made inevitable the adoption of the Declaration of Independence +the next year. On Friday, June 7, 1776, +in the Eastern Room on the first floor of the State +House, Richard Henry Lee of Virginia introduced the +following:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of +right ought to be, free and independent States, that +they are absolved from all allegiance to the British +Crown and that all political connection between them +and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, +totally dissolved."</p> + +<p>At the same time the Pennsylvania Assembly was +considering, in the chamber upstairs, what instruction +to give to its delegates. When the Assembly adjourned +the Continental Congress removed to the upper room. +There, on July 2, the Virginian's motion was carried. +Later the Declaration itself was adopted, and on July +4, it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Resolved, that Copies of the Declaration be sent +to the several assemblies, conventions, and committees +or councils of safety, and to the several commanding +officers of the Continental troops; that it be proclaimed +in each of the United States and at the head of the +army."</p> + +<p>It was ordered that the Declaration be proclaimed +from the State House on Monday, July 8, 1776. On +that day the State House bell sounded its glad call; +for the first time did it indeed "proclaim liberty +throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." +And in the hearing of those who gathered in response +to its call the Declaration was read.</p> + +<p>From that day the State House has been known as +Independence Hall, while the State House Yard has +become Independence Square.</p> + +<p>The sittings of Congress in Independence Hall were +interrupted by the approach of the British. For five +months the building was used as a British prison and +hospital. But on July 2, 1778, Congress returned; the +building once more belonged to the nation.</p> + +<p>The building became more than ever a national shrine +when, in 1787, the Constitutional Convention met there. +On September 17, 1787, the votes of eleven States were +recorded in favor of the Constitution, and Benjamin +Franklin, looking toward a sun which was blazoned +on the President's chair, said of it to those near him, +"In the vicissitudes of hope and fear I was not able +to tell whether it was rising or setting; now I know +that it is the rising sun."</p> + +<p>In 1790, the Congress of the United States met in +the western portion of the buildings on the Square, +erected in 1785 for the Pennsylvania Assembly.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> This +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span> +building was, by that body, offered to Congress and +accepted for the term of ten years, until the Capital +should be removed to the shore of the Potomac.</p> + +<p>During these ten years, and for thirty-five years more, +the Liberty Bell continued to sound notes of joy and +of sorrow. On July 8, 1835, it was tolling for Chief +Justice Marshall. When the funeral procession was +on Chestnut Street, not far from Independence Hall, +the bell cracked. Since that day it has been mute.</p> + +<p>The passing years have brought many changes to +Independence Hall, as well as to the Liberty Bell. The +bell cannot be renewed, but the historic building and +the Square have been restored until they present essentially +the appearance of the days of 1776. The chief +difference is in the steeple. The present steeple was +built in 1828. It is much like the old steeple, but a +story higher.</p> + +<p>As the visitor passes from room to room of the venerable +building, and examines the relics and studies +the portraits of the great men who gathered there so +long ago, his heart is stirred to thankfulness to those +who dared to call a nation into being, and he cannot +but think that it is good to live for one's country.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_27" id="img_27"></a> +<img src="images/i_178a.jpg" width="550" height="398" alt="Rittenhouse Home" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +DAVID RITTENHOUSE'S HOUSE, NORRITON, PENNA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XXXVII<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE DAVID RITTENHOUSE HOME, NEAR<br /> +PHILADELPHIA</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HEADQUARTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S FRIEND<br /> +AND CO-LABORER</p> +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1"><i>"See the sage Rittenhouse with ardent eye</i></p> +<p><i>Lift the long tube and pierce the starry sky!</i></p> +<p><i>He marks what laws the eccentric wanderers bind,</i></p> +<p><i>Copies creation in his forming mind,</i></p> +<p><i>And bids beneath his hand in semblance rise</i></p> +<p><i>With mimic orbs the labors of the skies."</i></p> +</div> + +<p>This was Barlow's way of telling of the achievement +of David Rittenhouse, the colonial astronomer, in fashioning +the marvellous orrery, the mechanical representation +of the movements of the planetary system. +Thomas Jefferson's prose description was a little more +readable:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"A machine far surpassing in ingenuity of contrivance, +accuracy and utility anything of the kind +ever before constructed.... He has not indeed made +a world, but he has by imitation approached more its +Maker than any man who has lived from the creation +to this day."</p> + +<p>The father of the maker of the orrery was a paper +manufacturer near Germantown, but when David was +three years old he moved to a little farm in Norriton, +nineteen miles from Philadelphia, where, in 1749, he +built the stone house in which his son spent the rest +of his life.</p> + +<p>It was his purpose to make a farmer of David, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span> +he might have succeeded if he had not invested in a +few mathematical books. The twelve-year-old boy was +fascinated by these volumes. Samuel W. Pennypacker +has told the result:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"The handles of his plough, and even the fences +around the fields, he covered with mathematical calculations.... +At seventeen he made a wooden clock, and +afterward one in metal. Having thus tested his ability +in an art in which he had never received any instruction, +he secured from his somewhat reluctant father +money enough to buy in Philadelphia the necessary +tools, and after holding a shop by the roadside, set up +in business as a clock and mathematical instrument +maker."</p> + +<p>Dr. Benjamin Rush once said that "without library, +friends, or society, and with but two or three books, +he became, before he had reached his four-and-twentieth +year, the rival of two of the greatest mathematicians +of Europe."</p> + +<p>The skilled astronomer was soon called upon to render +a service to several of the Colonies. By means of +astronomical instruments he did such accurate work +in marking out the boundary between Delaware and +Pennsylvania that Mason and Dixon later accepted his +results, and he settled the dispute between New Jersey +and New York as to the point where the forty-first +degree of latitude touches the Hudson River. Perhaps, +however, the achievement that won for him greatest +fame was the observation, made in 1769, of the transit +of Venus. The importance of the observation is evident +from the facts that it provides the best means for +calculating the distance between the heavenly bodies, +which had never been satisfactorily made, and that the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span> +opportunity would not occur again for one hundred +and five years. After months of preparation, which +included the making of delicate instruments, Rittenhouse, +one of a committee of three appointed by the +American Philosophical Society, succeeded. In the +words of Pennypacker, "The first approximately accurate +results in the measurement of the spheres were +given to the world, not by the schooled and salaried +astronomers who watched from the magnificent royal +observatories of Europe, but by unpaid amateurs and +devotees to science in the youthful province of Pennsylvania."</p> + +<p>Benjamin Franklin found in him a kindred spirit, +and the Philadelphian was frequently a visitor at the +Norriton farmhouse. On Sunday the two friends often +went to the old Norriton Presbyterian Church, which +had been built on the corner of the Rittenhouse farm, +within sight of the house. This church, which probably +dates from 1698, is still standing in good repair.</p> + +<p>Some years after the successful observation of the +transit of Venus brought fame to the American astronomer, +he moved to Philadelphia. There, among other +duties, he had charge of the State House clock.</p> + +<p>At the beginning of the Revolution the Council of +Safety asked that he should "prepare moulds for the +casting of clock weights, and send them to some iron +furnace, and order a sufficient number to be immediately +made for the purpose of exchanging them with +the inhabitants of this city for their leaden clock +weights." The leaden weights were needed for bullets. +Later he was sent to survey the shores of the Delaware, +to choose the best points for fortifications.</p> + +<p>When he became Engineer of the Council of Safety +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span> +"he was called upon to arrange for casting cannon +of iron and brass, to view the site for the erection +of a Continental powder mill, to conduct experiments +for rifling cannon and muskets, to fix upon a method of +fastening a chain for the protection of the river, to +superintend the manufacture of saltpeter, and to locate +a magazine for military stores on the Wissahickon."</p> + +<p>This was but the beginning of service to Pennsylvania +during the Revolution. His activities were so +valuable to the Colonies that a Tory poet published in +the <i>Pennsylvania Evening Post</i> of December 2, 1777, +a verse addressed "To David Rittenhouse," of which +the first stanza read:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"Meddle not with state affairs,</p> +<p>Keep acquaintance with the stars;</p> +<p>Science, David, is thy line;</p> +<p>Warp not Nature's great design.</p> +<p>If thou to fame would'st rise."</p> +</div> + +<p>The following year Thomas Jefferson wrote to him:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"You should consider that the world has but one +Rittenhouse, and never had one before.... Are those +powers, then, which, being intended for the erudition +of the world, are, like light and air, the world's common +property, to be taken from their proper pursuit +to do the commonplace drudgery of governing a single +State?"</p> + +<p>To the call of the nation Rittenhouse responded in +April, 1792, when President Washington appointed him +the first Director of the Mint.</p> + +<p>His closing years were full of honors, but his +strength was declining rapidly; he had spent himself +so fully for his country that his power of resistance +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span> +was small. Just before he died, on June 26, 1796, he +said to a friend who had been writing to him, "You +make the way to God easier."</p> + +<p class="center p6">XXXVIII</p> + +<h3>THE HEADQUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE,<br /> +PENNSYLVANIA</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE WASHINGTON LIVED DURING THE<br /> +WINTER OF 1777-78</p> + +<p>A few rods from the beautiful Schuylkill River, at +Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, twenty-four miles from +Philadelphia, is the quaint stone house where Washington +spent nearly six months of the most trying year +of the Revolution.</p> + +<p>While the British troops were occupying Philadelphia +Congress was in session at York, Pennsylvania. +Valley Forge was accordingly a strategic location, for +from here it was comparatively simple to guard the +roads leading out of Philadelphia, and to prevent both +the exit of the British and the entrance of supplies +designed for the enemy.</p> + +<p>The eleven thousand men who marched to the site +selected for the camp were miserably equipped for a +winter in the open. Provisions were scarce, and clothing +and shoes were even more scarce. But the men +looked forward bravely to the months of exposure before +them.</p> + +<p>Washington did everything possible to provide for +their comfort. Realizing that the soldiers needed something +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span> +more than the tents in which they were living +at first, he gave orders that huts should be built for +them. The commanding officers of the regiments were +instructed to divide their soldiers into parties of twelve, +to see that each party had the necessary tools, and to +superintend the building of a hut for each group of +twelve soldiers, according to carefully stated dimensions. +A reward was offered to the party in each regiment +which should complete its hut in the quickest +and best manner. Since valuable time would be lost +in preparing boards for the roofs, he promised a second +sword to the officer or soldier who should devise a material +for this purpose cheaper and more quickly made +than boards.</p> + +<p>Some of the first huts were covered with leaves, but +it was necessary to provide a more lasting covering. +After a few weeks fairly acceptable quarters were provided +for the men, in spite of the scarcity of tools. +Colonel Pickering, on January 5, wrote to Mrs. Pickering, +"The huts are very warm and comfortable, being +very good log huts, pointed with clay, and the roof +made tight with the same."</p> + +<p>At first, Washington sought to encourage his soldiers +by assuring them that he would accept no better quarters +than could be given them; he would set the example +by passing the winter in a hut. But officers and men +alike urged that it would be unwise to risk his health +in this way, and he consented to seek quarters in a +near-by house. However, he refused to make himself +comfortable until the men were provided for.</p> + +<p>His headquarters were finally fixed in the two-story +stone house of Isaac Potts. There he met his officers, +received visitors, planned for the welfare of the army, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span> +and parried the attacks of those who could not understand +the difficulties of the situation. Once he wrote +to Congress: "Three days successively we have been +destitute of bread. Two days we have been entirely +without meat. The men must be supplied, or they +cannot be commanded."</p> + +<p>To the objections of those who thought that the army +should not be inactive during the winter weather, he +wrote:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I can assure these gentlemen, that it is a much +easier and less distressing thing to draw remonstrances +in a comfortable room by a good fireside, than to occupy +a cold, bleak hill, and sleep under frost and snow, without +clothes or blankets. However, although they seem +to have little pity for the naked and distressed soldiers, +I feel superabundantly for them, and, from my soul, +I pity those miseries which it is neither in my power +to relieve or prevent."</p> + +<p>The heavy hearts of Washington and his officers rejoiced +when, on February 23, 1778, Baron Steuben and +Peter S. Du Ponceau called at headquarters. Du Ponceau +wrote later:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I cannot describe the impression that the first sight +of that great man made upon me. I could not keep my +eyes from that imposing countenance—grave, yet not +severe; affable, without familiarity.... I have never +seen a picture that represents him to me as I saw him +at Valley Forge.... I had frequent opportunities of +seeing him, as it was my duty to accompany the Baron +when he dined with him, which was sometimes twice or +thrice in the same week. We visited him also in the +evening, when Mrs. Washington was at head-quarters. +We were in a manner domesticated in the family."</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span></p> + +<p>An order was sent from headquarters, dated March +28, that Baron Steuben be respected and obeyed as +Inspector General. The need of his services is revealed +by his description of the condition of the army when +he arrived in camp:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"The arms at Valley Forge were in a horrible condition, +covered with rust, half of them without bayonets, +many from which a single shot could not be fired. The +pouches were quite as bad as the arms. A great many +of the men had tin boxes instead of pouches, others had +cow-horns; and muskets, carbines, fowling-pieces, and +rifles were to be seen in the same company.... The +men were literally naked.... The officers who had +coats, had them of every color and make. I saw officers, +at a grand parade in Valley Forge, mounting +guard in a sort of dressing-gown, made of an old blanket +or woolen bed-cover...."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Washington joined the circle at headquarters +on February 10. She was not favorably impressed. +"The General's apartment is very small," she wrote. +"He has had a log cabin built to dine in, which has +made our quarters much more tolerable than they were +at first."</p> + +<p>The most joyful day at Valley Forge was May 7, +1778, when a fête was held to celebrate the conclusion +of the treaty of alliance between France and the United +States. After religious service, the army was reviewed, +and Washington dined in public with his officers. +"When the General took his leave, there was a universal +clap, with loud huzzas, which continued till he +had proceeded a quarter of a mile."</p> + +<p>On June 18 the glad tidings came to headquarters +that the British were evacuating Philadelphia. Next +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">178</a></span> +day the camp was left behind. Washington did not +see it again for nine years.</p> + +<p>In 1879 the Isaac Potts house was bought by the +Continental Memorial Association of Valley Forge. +And in 1893 the Pennsylvania Legislature created the +Valley Forge Park Commission, which has since acquired +the entire encampment, has laid it out as a park, +and has arranged for the erection of many monuments +and markers and a number of memorial structures. +But the house in which Washington lived must always +be the central feature of the grounds.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_28" id="img_28"></a> +<img src="images/i_178b.jpg" width="550" height="348" alt="Dawesfield" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. C. Howland, Philadelphia</i></span><br /> +DAWESFIELD, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XXXIX</p> + +<h3>THREE HEADQUARTERS OF WASHINGTON</h3> + +<p class="center">PENNYPACKER'S MILLS, DAWESFIELD, AND EMLEN HOUSE,<br /> +NEAR PHILADELPHIA</p> + +<p>During the closing months of 1777, one of the darkest +times of the Revolution, Washington made famous +by his occupancy three houses, all located within a few +miles of Philadelphia. The first of these, Pennypacker's +Mills, is the only building used by the Commander-in-Chief +during the war that is still in the hands of the +family that owned it when he was there.</p> + +<p>Pennypacker's Mills is delightfully situated in the +angle formed by the union of the two forks of the +Perkiomen, the largest tributary of the Schuylkill. +Hans Joest Heijt, who built the grist mill and house +on the land in 1720, sold the property in 1730 to John +Pauling. He was succeeded in 1757 by Peter Pannebecker. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span> +His son Samuel was the owner of the house +by the creek when, on September 26, 1777, Washington +reached the Mills.</p> + +<p>The orderly book of the following days and letters +written from the house shed light on the events of the +stay here.</p> + +<p>On the day he reached the Mills, Washington wrote +to William Henry at Lancaster:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"You are hereby authorized to impress all the Blankets, +Shoes, Stockings, and other Articles of Clothing +that can be spared by the Inhabitants of the County +of Lancaster, for the Use of the Continental Army, +paying for the same at reasonable Rates or giving +Certificates."</p> + +<p>The entry in the orderly book on September 28 read:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"The Commander-in-Chief has the happiness again +to congratulate the army on the success of the Americans +to the Northward. On the 19th inst. an engagement +took place between General Burgoyne's army and +the left wing of ours, under General Gates. The battle +began at 10 o'clock, and lasted till night—our troops +fighting with the greatest bravery, not giving an inch +of ground.... To celebrate this success the General +orders that at 4 o'clock this afternoon all the troops +be paraded and served with a gill of rum per man, and +that at the same time there be discharges of 13 pieces +of artillery from the park."</p> + +<p>On the same day there was a council of war. It was +found that there were in camp, fit for duty, 5,472 men. +The whole army in all the camps then contained about +eight thousand Continental troops and three thousand +militia. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span></p> + +<p>Next day Washington wrote:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I shall move the Army four or five miles lower +down to-day from whence we may reconnoitre and fix +upon a proper situation, at such distance from the +Enemy, as will entitle us to make an attack, should we +see a proper opening, or stand upon the defensive till +we obtain further reinforcements...."</p> + +<p>Later in the day the army marched to Skippack, +within about twenty-five miles of Philadelphia. The +next stage in the advance was Methacton Hill, and from +there the army began to move, on October 3, at seven +o'clock in the evening, to the attack on the British at +Germantown.</p> + +<p>After the battle of Germantown Washington wrote +to the President of Congress:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"In the midst of the most promising appearances, +when everything gave the most flattering hopes of victory, +the troops began suddenly to retreat, and entirely +left the field, in spite of every effort that could be made +to rally them."</p> + +<p>The Commander's marvellous ability to handle men +was shown by the entry made in his orderly book the +next day, when he was back at Pennypacker's Mills. +Instead of reprimanding the soldiers for their strange +retreat, he "returned thanks to the generals and other +officers and men concerned in the attack on the enemy's +left wing, for their spirit and bravery, shown in drawing +the enemy from field to field, and although ... they +finally retreated, they nevertheless see that the +enemy is not proof against a vigorous attack, and may +be put to flight when boldly pursued." +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">181</a></span></p> + +<p>The good results of this message were evident from +the letter of a soldier written from the Mills on October +6. He said:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Our excellent General Washington ... intends +soon to try another bout with them. All our men are +in good spirits and I think grow fonder of fighting the +more they have of it."</p> + +<p>To the joy of the soldiers the word was given on +October 8 to march toward Philadelphia. In three +short stages the army arrived, on October 21, at Whitpain, +where Washington took up his headquarters in +the house of James Morris, Dawesfield. From here +messages were sent that tied his men still closer to +him. On October 24 he issued a proclamation of full +pardon to deserters who should return before a specified +date, and next day he congratulated the troops on the +victory at Red Bank.</p> + +<p>The chief event of the stay at Dawesfield was the +court-martial convened October 30, to try Brigadier-General +Wayne, at his own request, on the charge that +his negligence was responsible for the defeat at Paoli, +September 20. The verdict was that "he did everything +that could be expected from an active, brave, and +vigilant officer, under the orders he then had."</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_29" id="img_29"></a> +<img src="images/i_197a.jpg" width="550" height="398" alt="Emlen House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +EMLEN HOUSE, NEAR PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.</p> +</div> + +<p>Three days after the trial the army moved to Whitemarsh, +near the junction of the Skippack and Bethlehem +roads. There Washington lived at Emlen House, +of which Lossing says, "At the time of the Revolution +it was a sort of baronial hall in size and character, +where its wealthy owner dispensed hospitality to all +who came under its roof."</p> + +<p>The house was modernized in 1854, but it still retains +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span> +many of the original features. Among these is +the moat at the side of the house.</p> + +<p>Washington followed the example of the owner of +the house by welcoming guests, in spite of the +handicaps mentioned in the orderly book on November +7:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Since ... the middle of September last, he [the +General] has been without his baggage, and on that +account is unable to receive company in the manner +he could wish. He nevertheless desires the Generals, +Field Officers and Brigadier-Major of the day, to dine +with him in the future, at three o'clock in the afternoon."</p> + +<p>It was from Emlen House that Washington gave the +first intimation that he knew of the infamous attempts +to discredit and displace him which later became known +as the "Conway Cabal." To General Conway himself +he wrote saying that he had heard of Conway's letter +to General Gates in which he had said, "Heaven has +been determined to save your country, or a weak +General and bad counsellors would have ruined +it."</p> + +<p>A few glimpses of the awful condition of privation +that were to prevail that winter at Valley Forge were +given on November 22:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"The Commander-in-Chief offers a reward of ten dollars +to any person, who shall, by nine o'clock on Monday +morning, produce the best substitute for shoes, made of +raw hide."</p> + +<p>The movement to Valley Forge was begun on December +1. The army went by way of "Sweeds" Ford +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span> +(Norristown), where, as the quaint diary of Albigence +Waldo says:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"A Bridge of Waggons made across the Schuylkill +last night consisted of 36 waggons, with a bridge of +Rails between each. Sun Set—We are order'd to march +over the River. The Army were 'till Sun Rise crossing +the River—some at the Waggon Bridge, & some at the +Raft Bridge below. Cold and Uncomfortable."</p> + +<p class="center p6">XL</p> + +<h3>SWEETBRIER-ON-THE-SCHUYLKILL,<br /> +PHILADELPHIA</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HOME OF THE FATHER OF THE FREE SCHOOLS<br /> +OF PENNSYLVANIA</p> + +<p>When Samuel Breck was fifty-eight years and six +months old—on January 17, 1830—he wrote:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"My residence has been ... for more than thirty +years ... on an estate belonging to me, situated on +the right bank of the Schuylkill, in the township of +Blockley, county of Philadelphia, and two miles from +the western part of the city. The mansion on this +estate I built in 1797. It is a fine stone house, rough +cast, fifty-three feet long, thirty-eight broad, and three +stories high, having out-buildings of every kind suitable +for elegance and comfort. The prospect consists of the +river, animated by its great trade, carried on in boats +of about thirty tons, drawn by horses; of a beautiful +sloping lawn, terminating at that river, now nearly four +hundred yards wide opposite the portico; of side-screen +woods; of gardens, green-house, etc. Sweetbrier is the +name of my villa."</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span></p> + +<p>Mr. Breck spent his boyhood in Boston, but his parents +removed to Philadelphia in 1792 to escape what +they felt was an unjust system of taxation. During +the first years of their residence in the city of William +Penn it had "a large society of elegant and fashionable +and stylish people," Mr. Breck said in his diary. +"Congress held its sessions in Philadelphia until the +year 1800, and gave to the city the style and tone of +a capital. All the distinguished emigrants from France +took up their abode there."</p> + +<p>Among the associates of the Brecks were some of +the leaders of the new nation. Samuel Breck was frequently +at the Robert Morris house, and later, during +the four years' imprisonment of Mr. Morris, he "visited +that great man in the Prune Street debtors' apartment, +and saw him in his ugly whitewashed vault."</p> + +<p>The diarist's comment was bitter: "In Rome or +Greece a thousand statesmen would have honored his +mighty services. In a monarchy ... he would have +been appropriately pensioned; in America, Republican +America, not a single voice was raised in Congress or +elsewhere in aid of him or his family."</p> + +<p>There is not a more striking passage in the diaries +than that written on August 27, 1814, during the second +war with England:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I was in town to-day ... at half past twelve +o'clock I went with an immense crowd to the post-office +to hear the news from the South. The postmaster +read it to us from a chamber window. It imported that +the navy-yard had been burnt (valued at from six to +eight millions of dollars) including the new frigate +<i>Essex</i>, sloop-of-war <i>Argus</i>, some old frigates, a vast +quantity of timber, from five to eight hundred large +guns, and many manufactories of cordage, etc., by our +people; that the President's House, Capitol, and other +important buildings had been destroyed, and all this +by a handful of men, say, six thousand!"</p> + +<p>The diary told also of some interesting experiences +at the mansion on the Schuylkill. In 1807 "a newly +invented iron grate calculated for coal" was installed +at Sweetbrier. After less than three weeks' trial Mr. +Breck wrote, "By my experiment in coal fuel I find +that one fireplace will burn from three to three and a +half bushels per week in hard weather and about two +and a half in moderate weather. This averages three +bushels for twenty-five weeks, the period of burning +fire in parlors." The coal cost forty-five cents a +bushel, and Mr. Breck decided that wood was a cheaper +fuel.</p> + +<p>Even in those early days city families had their +troubles with servants. "This is a crying evil, which +most families feel very sensibly at present," was Mr. +Breck's sorrowful statement. Fifteen years after this +entry was written, a bitter complaint was made: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">186</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"In my family, consisting of nine or ten persons, +the greatest abundance is provided; commonly seventy +pounds of fresh butcher's meat, poultry and fish a week, +and when I have company nearly twice as much; the +best and kindest treatment is given to the servants; +they are seldom visited by Mrs. Breck, and then always +in a spirit of courtesy; their wages are the highest +going, and uniformly paid to them when asked for; +yet during the last twelve months we have had seven +different cooks and five different waiters.... I pay, +for instance, to my cook one dollar and fifty cents, and +chambermaid one dollar and twenty-five cents per week; +to my gardener eleven dollars per month; to the waiter +ten dollars; to the farm servant ten dollars, etc., etc. +Now, if they remain steady (with meat three times +a day) for three or four years, they can lay by enough +to purchase two or three hundred acres of new land."</p> + +<p>On one occasion, learning that the ship <i>John</i> had +arrived from Amsterdam, Mr. Breck visited it in search +of men and women. He wrote:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I saw the remains of a very fine cargo, consisting +of healthy, good-looking men, women and children, and +I purchased one German Swiss for Mrs. Ross and two +French Swiss for myself.... I gave for the woman +seventy-six dollars, which is her passage money, with +a promise of twenty dollars at the end of three years, +if she serves me faithfully, clothing and maintenance +of course. The boy had paid twenty-six guilders towards +his passage money, which I have agreed to give +him at the end of three years; in addition to which I +paid fifty-three dollars and sixty cents for his passage, +and for two years he is to have six weeks' schooling +each year."</p> + +<p>It was like Mr. Breck to make the provision for +schooling. He was an ardent friend of education in +an age when too many were indifferent. In 1834, when +the fortunes of a proposal for free schools in Pennsylvania +were in doubt, he consented to become a member +of the State Senate. There he bent every effort to +secure the passage of a generous provision for common +schools. On the first day of the session he moved successfully +for the appointment of a Joint Committee +on Education of the two Houses, "for the purpose of +digesting a general system of education." Of this committee +he was made chairman. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span></p> + +<p>After seven weeks of unremitting labor the bill incorporating +the committee's report, a bill drafted by +Mr. Breck, was introduced. In six weeks more it became +a law, four votes only having been cast against +it. Wickersham, in his "History of Education in +Pennsylvania," says that the passage of the bill was +"the most important event connected with education +in Pennsylvania—the first great victory for free +schools."</p> + +<p>At the close of the session the author of the bill retired +to Sweetbrier, in accordance with his intention +to decline any further public honors. He felt that his +work for the State and the Nation was done.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_30" id="img_30"></a> +<img src="images/i_197b.jpg" width="550" height="393" alt="FATLANDS" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +FATLANDS, NEAR PHOENIXVILLE, PENNA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XLI</p> + +<h3>MILL GROVE AND FATLANDS, NEAR<br /> +PHILADELPHIA</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HOMES OF JOHN J. AUDUBON AND OF HIS BRIDE,<br /> +MARY BAKEWELL</p> + +<p>About two hundred years ago, there lived in France +a poor fisherman named Audubon, who had nineteen +daughters and two sons. One of the sons was sent +away to make his fortune when he was twelve years +of age. His entire patrimony was a shirt, a suit of +clothes, a cane, and a blessing. For five years he was +a sailor before the mast. Then he bought a boat. He +prospered and bought other vessels. After many years +he had large wealth, and was trading to the distant +quarters of the earth. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span></p> + +<p>When he was an old man he paid a visit to America. +In two widely separated places, attracted by the country, +he bought land. One estate was on Perkiomen +Creek, near Philadelphia; the other was in Louisiana. +In Louisiana he spent much of his time; and there, on +May 4, 1780,<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> his son, John James Audubon, was +born.</p> + +<p>Commodore Audubon wanted his son to be a seaman, +and he took him to France that he might be educated +for the navy. But the boy's tastes were in another +direction altogether. One of the teachers provided for +him was an artist, who gave him lessons in drawing +that were intended as a part of his training for the +profession the father had chosen for him. But the +boy put it to a use of his own. On his holidays he +used to take a lunch into the country, and would return +loaded down with all kinds of natural history specimens. +These he would preserve in a cabinet of his +own devising, and drawings of many of them would +be made and treasured.</p> + +<p>Commodore Audubon was not pleased with his son's +habits, and he thought he would give him something +to do that would distract his mind. The estate in +Pennsylvania needed a superintendent. So he sent the +would-be naturalist to America, with instructions to +look after the estate.</p> + +<p>But the wild woods about Philadelphia offered so +many opportunities for tramping and nature investigation +that the estate was neglected. The house on the +estate, Mill Grove, which is still standing, is near the +mouth of the Perkiomen. Along this pleasing stream +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">189</a></span> +he could ramble for hours, with his gun or his fishing +rod or his collecting instruments. Before long the +attic room which he occupied was a treasure house of +birds and animals and natural-history specimens. He +was his own taxidermist. He would do his work seated +at a window that looks toward the Valley Forge country, +where Washington spent the winter of 1777-78 +with his faithful soldiers. The marks of his work are +still to be seen on the old boards beneath the window. +These boards came from the sawmill on the estate which +gave the house its name.</p> + +<p>Here in this attic room the young naturalist dreamed +of making careful, accurate drawings of all the birds +of America. He knew that this would be a difficult +matter, but he was not deterred by thought of hardship +and poverty.</p> + +<p>While he was dreaming of what he would do for the +world, something was happening in London that was +to have an effect on his life. An official named Bakewell +refused to be silent about a matter that the king +felt should be forgotten. Bakewell was a conscientious +man, and he did not feel that silence would be proper. +The king rebuked him, and he resigned his office. At +once he made up his mind to leave England and make +a home in America, taking with him his wife and +daughter.</p> + +<p>After many investigations, he found an estate near +Philadelphia that pleased him—Fatlands, on the +Schuylkill, near the Perkiomen, so named because every +year the latter stream overflows and deposits rich sediment +on the surrounding lands. The mansion house +at Fatlands was built in 1774, and there Washington +as well as the British commander had been entertained +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span> +by the Quaker owner who felt that he could not show +partiality. Here the English immigrant made his +home.</p> + +<p>Of course Audubon heard of the coming of the +strangers to the house across the road, not half a mile +from his own quarters. But he did not go to call on +them. He was French and they were English; he felt +sure they would be undesirable acquaintances, and that +he had better keep to the woods and follow his own +pursuits, without reference to others.</p> + +<p>Then came a day when he was having a delightful +stroll through the woods. He was carrying specimens +of many kinds. A stranger, also a hunter, encountered +him and made a remark about his burden that touched +a responsive chord. Soon the two were on good terms. +"You must come and see me," the stranger said. The +invitation was accepted with alacrity. Then came the +question, "Where do you live?" To his surprise, +Audubon heard that this pleasing man was his new +neighbor at Fatlands.</p> + +<p>Deciding that an Englishman was not so bad, after +all, he made it convenient to call very soon. Then +when he saw Mary Bakewell, the daughter of the house, +he was sure he liked the English. She showed great +sympathy for his pursuits, and he liked to talk +with her about them. Before long she decided to +help him in his great life work, the American ornithology.</p> + +<p>The marriage was postponed because of the death +of Mrs. Bakewell, who pined away, homesick for her +native England. But the time came when, on April 8, +1808, the two nature lovers became husband and wife. +Then they began the long wanderings in the West and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span> +the South, the fruit of which was what has been called +one of the most wonderful ornithological treatises ever +made, Audubon's "Birds of America."</p> + +<p>Mr. and Mrs. Audubon floated down the Ohio River, +spent a season in Kentucky and Missouri, had narrow +escapes from the Indians, and finally found their way +to Louisiana. There for a time the wife supported +herself by teaching at the home of a planter. Friends +and acquaintances thought the husband was a madman +to continue his quest of birds when his family was in +straitened circumstances. But Mrs. Audubon believed +in him, urged him to go to Europe and study painting +in oils, that he might be better equipped for the +preparation of his bird plates. She secured a good +situation as teacher at Bayou Sara, and was soon +enjoying an income of three thousand dollars a +year.</p> + +<p>Finally, with some of his own savings, as well as +some of his wife's funds, he went to England, where +he was well received. Plans were made to publish the +bird plates, with descriptive matter, at one thousand +dollars per set. He had to have one hundred advance +subscribers. These he secured by personal solicitation.</p> + +<p>At last the work was issued. Cuvier called it "the +most magnificent work that art ever raised to ornithology."</p> + +<p>Many years later, Audubon, after the death of his +wife, returned to the scenes of his early life as a naturalist. +"Here is where I met my dear Mary," he said, +with glistening eyes, as he looked into one of the rooms +of the old mansion.</p> + +<p>Mill Grove was built in 1762. Five years after Audubon's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span> +marriage the estate was bought by Samuel Wetherill, +the grandfather of the present owner, W. H. +Wetherill.</p> + +<p>Fatlands, which is one of the most beautiful old +houses in the vicinity of Philadelphia, was built in +1774. During the Revolution it was occupied by a +Quaker named Vaux, who entertained many officers of +both armies. It is related that one day General Howe, +the British commander, was entertained at breakfast, +while Washington was in the house for tea the same +evening.</p> + +<p>The house was rebuilt in 1843, on the old foundations, +according to the original plan.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_31" id="img_31"></a> +<img src="images/i_198a.jpg" width="550" height="391" alt="Waynesborough" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. C. Howland</i></span><br /> +WAYNESBOROUGH, NEAR PAOLI, PENNA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XLII</p> + +<h3>WAYNESBOROUGH, NEAR PAOLI, PENNSYLVANIA</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HOME OF "MAD ANTHONY" WAYNE</p> + +<p>Captain Isaac Wayne, who commanded a company +at the Battle of the Boyne, came from Ireland to Pennsylvania +in 1722. Two years later he bought sixteen +acres of land in Chester County and built Waynesborough.</p> + +<p>His son Isaac, who was a captain in the French and +Indian War, enlarged the mansion in 1765. While a +wing was added in 1812, it presents much the same +appearance to-day as it did at the time Anthony Wayne +left it to go to war with General Washington, even to +the crooked hood above the entrance door. The present +owner, William Wayne, is as unwilling as were his +ancestors to have this hood straightened. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">193</a></span></p> + +<p>On the front of the house is a tablet which reads:</p> + +<p class="cblockquot"> + The Home of General Anthony Wayne,<br /> + Born in this House, January 1, 1745.<br /> +Died at Erie, Pennsylvania, December 15, 1796.<br /> + A Leader of the American Revolution in<br /> + Pennsylvania and a soldier distinguished<br /> + for his<br /> + Services at Brandywine, Germantown,<br /> + Valley Forge,<br /> + Monmouth, Stony Point, and Yorktown.<br /> + Subdued the Indians of Ohio, 1794.<br /> + Commander-in-Chief of the<br /> + United States Army 1792-1796.<br /> + Marked by the Chester County Historical<br /> + Society.</p> + +<p>To this record the statement might have been added +that General Lafayette visited the home of his old commander +when he was in the United States in 1824. +Reverently the General bowed his head in Wayne's +favorite sitting-room, to the right of the entrance hall, +where nothing had been disturbed since the death of +the patriot. The furnishings and ornaments of the +room are the same to-day as then.</p> + +<p>Anthony Wayne was a delegate to several of the +conventions which took the preliminary steps leading +to the Revolutionary War. In 1775 he was a member +of the Committee of Safety, and in the same year he +organized a regiment of "minute men" in Chester +County.</p> + +<p>His first active service was as colonel with troops +sent to Canada in January, 1776, and from November, +1776, to April, 1777, as commander of twenty-five hundred +men at Ticonderoga. "It was my business to prevent +a junction of the enemy's armies and ... to keep +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">194</a></span> +at bay their whole Canadian force," he wrote in a private +letter.</p> + +<p>Here, in the midst of difficulties with soldiers who +wanted to desert, he heard that the British were threatening +Waynesborough. But, like a true soldier, he +stuck to his work, and urged his wife to be brave. +"Should you be necessitated to leave East-town, I doubt +not but you'll meet with hospitality in the back parts +of the Province," he wrote to her.</p> + +<p>His fidelity and resourcefulness were recognized in +February, 1777, by a commission as brigadier general. +Washington, who was then in New Jersey, wrote to +him a little later, saying that his presence with him +was "materially needed," to guard the country between +West Point and Philadelphia. And when the British +fleet sailed out of New York Harbor, Washington sent +him to Chester, to organize the militia of Pennsylvania. +A few weeks later he was in charge of a division at +Brandywine. Historians say that his steadfastness on +the left prevented the advance of Knyphausen, and +saved the right from entire destruction.</p> + +<p>Less than a week later, within a mile of his own +house, he was surprised by the enemy near Paoli, in +consequence, it is said, of the act of an inn-keeper who +betrayed Wayne's presence to the British. The result +was the only defeat of his brilliant career. Eighty of +his men were killed. The engagement has been called +"the Paoli Massacre," because of the conduct of the +victors. Wayne escaped. A squad of soldiers searched +for him at Waynesborough. When they could not find +him in the house, they thrust their bayonets into the +great boxwood bush that is still to be seen in the rear +of the mansion. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span></p> + +<p>Because some said that the General was responsible +for the defeat, he demanded a court-martial. The court-martial +was held soon after, and he was acquitted with +the highest honor, and was declared to be "an active, +brave, and vigilant officer."</p> + +<p>Washington's letters and orderly book are full of +references to Wayne. He was a trusted commander, +and his advice was followed many times. He it was +who first proposed that the army should "hut" during +the winter of 1776-77, some twenty miles from Philadelphia. +He was always eager to do his Commander's +bidding. On one occasion, when he was in Philadelphia, +on his way to greet his family, he was met by a +fast rider who handed him a despatch in which Washington +said, "I request that you join the army as soon +as you can."</p> + +<p>During his long absence from Waynesborough his +wife Polly and his children were continually in his +thoughts. Once he wrote:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I am not a little anxious about the education of +our girl and boy. It is full time that Peggy should be +put to dancing school. How does she improve in her +writing and reading? Does Isaac take learning freely? +Has he become fond of school?"</p> + +<p>Just before the storming of Stony Point, he prepared +for death, sending to a friend a letter which was not +to be opened until the author was dead. The letter +said:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I know that your friendship will induce you to attend +to the education of my little son and daughter. +I fear that their mother will not survive this stroke. +Do go to her."</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span></p> + +<p>On the way up the mount he was grievously wounded +and fell senseless. Soon he roused himself and cried, +"Lead me forward.... Let me die in the fort." Several +hours later he was able to send word to Washington, +"The fort and garrison are ours."</p> + +<p>In this spirit he served through the war. And when +the action was won he continued to fight for his country. +On February 6, 1796, Claypool's <i>Daily American +Advertiser</i> told of his return from his successful campaign +against the Indians of Ohio:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Four miles from the city, he was met by the entire +Troop of Philadelphia Light Horse, and escorted by +them to town. On his crossing the Schuylkill, a salute +of fifteen guns was fired from the Centre-square, by a +party of Artillery. He was ushered into the city by +the ringing of bells and other demonstrations of joy."</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_32" id="img_32"></a> +<img src="images/i_198b.jpg" width="550" height="339" alt="Moravian Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Rev. A. D. Therelar, Bethlehem</i></span><br /> +MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM, PENNA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XLIII</p> + +<h3>THE MORAVIAN CHURCH, BETHLEHEM,<br /> +PENNSYLVANIA</h3> + +<p class="center">A RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY WHOSE FOUNDERS WERE<br /> +TRUE PATRIOTS</p> + +<p>The Unitas Fratrum or Church of the Brethren arose +in the fifteenth century in Bohemia and Moravia. In +1727 intolerance led its leaders to begin to plan an +emigration to America. A colony was sent to Pennsylvania +in 1734, while a second colony went to Georgia +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span> +in 1735. Late in the year 1740 the remnant of the +emigrants to Georgia joined forces with the Pennsylvania +contingent, and settled on five thousand acres of +land in the "Forks of the Delaware," as the locality +just within the confluence of the Delaware River and +the Lehigh or "West Fork of the Delaware" was called. +The object of the settlers was to preach to the Indians, +and they began at once to win the confidence of the +Delawares.</p> + +<p>The first house was built in 1741. This was twenty +by forty feet, one story high, with sleeping quarters +for a number of persons in the attic under the steep +pitched roof. The cattle were kept in a portion of +the house partitioned off for them. The common room +in which they lived was also the place of worship for +more than a year. The site of this house is marked +by a memorial stone, which was put in place in +1892.</p> + +<p>The foundation for the Gemeinhaus, or Community +House, was laid in September. For many years this +was to serve as home and hospice, manse and church, +administration office, academy, dispensary, and town-hall. +As "The House on the Lehigh," it became known +through all the countryside.</p> + +<p>The event of the year 1741 was the coming of Count +Zinzendorf. The Community House was not yet finished, +but two rooms in the second story were hurriedly +prepared for the guest.</p> + +<p>No name had yet been given to the settlement, but +on Christmas Eve, after Zinzendorf had celebrated the +Holy Communion in the building, the only fitting name +suggested itself. Bishop Levering of the Moravian +Church tells the story: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span></p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"This humble sanctuary, with beasts of the stall +sharing its roof, brought the circumstances of the +Saviour's birth vividly before their imagination.... +Acting upon an impulse, the Count rose and led the +way into the part of the building in which the cattle +were kept, while he began to sing the quaintly pretty +words of a German Epiphany hymn which combined +Christmas thoughts and missionary thoughts.... Its +language expressed well the feeling of the hour.... +The little town of Bethlehem was hailed, its boon to +mankind was lauded.... With this episode a thought +came to one and another which gave rise to a perpetual +memorial of the occasion.... By general consent the +name of the ancient town of David was adopted and +the place was called Bethlehem."</p> + +<p>The chapel of the Gemeinhaus was used by the congregation +for nine years. During this period many of +the Indians were baptised there. In 1752 and again +in 1753 councils were held here with the representatives +of the Nanticoke and Shawnee Indians from the +Wyoming Valley.</p> + +<p>The second place of worship was an extension of the +Gemeinhaus, completed in 1751. Here congregations +gathered for fifty-five years. Here the gospel was +preached by some of the most eminent ministers of +colonial days, while the records show that famous visitors +sat in the pews. Among them were Governor +John Penn; Generals Washington, Amherst, Gage, +Gates, and Lafayette; John Hancock, Henry Laurence, +Samuel and John Adams, Richard Henry Lee, and +many other delegates to the Continental Congress.</p> + +<p>During the Revolution there were no more earnest +patriots than the members of the Moravian Community +at Bethlehem. At one time the Single Brethren's House +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span> +was used for eight months as a hospital, and no charge +was made, though in 1779 a bill for repairs was sent +which amounted to $358.</p> + +<p>A letter from David Rittenhouse, received on September +16, 1778, caused great excitement, for he told +of the despatch to Bethlehem of all the military stores +of Washington's army, carried in seven hundred wagons. +This was done because Washington's army had +been compelled to fall back on Philadelphia. It was +also thought wise to send the bells of Christ Church +and of Independence Hall to Allentown, by way of +Bethlehem. The wagon on which Independence Bell +was loaded broke down on descending the hill in front +of the hospital, and had to be unloaded while repairs +were being made.</p> + +<p>The most distinguished patient cared for in Bethlehem +was the Marquis de Lafayette, who was brought +from Brandywine, and was nursed by Sister Liesel +Beckel.</p> + +<p>Twenty years after the close of the war it was decided +that the time had come for the building of a +permanent church. The first estimate was made in +1802. At that time it was thought that the total cost +would be $11,000. "It is interesting to note how very +modern they were in underestimating the probable cost +of a church," Bishop Levering says. The actual cost, +including the organ, was more than five times the estimate.</p> + +<p>The excavation for the building was made in March, +1803, by volunteer laborers, to whom the residents of +the Sisters' House furnished lunch. The work was completed +in two weeks. Then the great foundation walls +were laid, six feet thick. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span></p> + +<p>For the services of consecration, held from May 18 to +May 26, 1806, six thousand people gathered in the village +of five hundred inhabitants. On the first day, "at +five o'clock in the morning the jubilant note of trombones, +trumpets, and other wind instruments from the +belfry of the church broke the stillness of the awaking +village with a musical announcement of the festival +day."</p> + +<p>The Moravian Community at Bethlehem has grown. +But those who worship in the old church are animated +by the same missionary enthusiasm that characterized +those who founded the institution so long ago.</p> + +<h2>FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND +DIXON LINE</h2> + +<div class="poem p6"> +<p><i>Afar, through the mellow hazes</i></p> +<p><i>Where the dreams of June are stayed,</i></p> +<p><i>The hills, in their vanishing mazes,</i></p> +<p><i>Carry the flush, and fade!</i></p> +<p><i>Southward they fall, and reach</i></p> +<p><i>To the bay and the ocean beach,</i></p> +<p><i>Where the soft, half-Syrian air</i></p> +<p><i>Blows from the Chesapeake's</i></p> +<p><i>Inlets, coves, and creeks</i></p> +<p><i>On the fields of Delaware!</i></p> +<p><i>And the rosy lakes of flowers,</i></p> +<p><i>That here alone are ours,</i></p> +<p><i>Spread into seas that pour</i></p> +<p><i>Billow and spray of pink,</i></p> +<p><i>Even to the blue wave's brink,</i></p> +<p><i>All down the Eastern Shore!</i></p> +<p>* * * * * * * *</p> +<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">Bayard Taylor.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="center p6">FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND DIXON LINE</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span></p> + +<p class="center p2">XLIV</p> + +<h3>HISTORIC LANDMARKS AT NEW CASTLE,<br /> +DELAWARE</h3> + +<p class="center">THE FIRST LANDING PLACE OF WILLIAM PENN</p> + +<p>How many students of United States history would +be able to answer the question, "What town has had at +least seven different names and has been under the flags +of four different countries?"</p> + +<p>There is such a town, and but one—New Castle, Delaware. +The Swedes laid it out in 1631, and called it New +Stockholm. In 1651 the Dutch built a fort there, and +called it Fort Kasimir. Sandhoec was a second Dutch +name. When the Dutch West India Company ceded it +to the city of Amsterdam it was named New Amstel. +After 1675 the English took a hand in naming the village. +Grape Wine Point, Delaware Town, and, at +length, New Castle were the last names assigned to the +seaport that, within a generation, boasted twenty-five +hundred inhabitants.</p> + +<p>The site of Fort Kasimir was long ago covered by the +Delaware. A quaint house, still occupied, is the only +survival from the Dutch period. But it would be difficult +to find a town of four thousand inhabitants which +is so rich in buildings and traditions that go back to the +earliest English occupation. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">204</a></span></p> + +<p>Many of the buildings and traditions centre about the +old Market Square, in the centre of the town, only a +few hundred feet from the Delaware. This square dates +from the days of Petrus Stuyvesant, in 1658. At one +end of the square is the old stone-paved courthouse, +which has been in use since 1672. To this building +William Penn was welcomed, as a tablet on the outer +wall relates:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"On the 28th Day of October, 1682, William Penn, +the Great Proprietor, on His First Landing in America, +Here Proclaimed His Government and Received from +the Commissioner of the Duke of York the Key of the +Fort, the Turf, Twig, and Water, as Symbols of His +Possession."</p> + +<p>From the steps of the courthouse, as a centre, was +surveyed the twelve-mile circle whose arc was to be +the northern line of Delaware, according to the royal +grant made to Penn. This arc forms the curious circular +boundary, unlike any other boundary in the United +States.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w450"><a name="img_33" id="img_33"></a> +<img src="images/i_242.jpg" width="440" height="550" alt="Emmanuel Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +IMMANUEL CHURCH, NEWCASTLE, DEL.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the rear of the courthouse, though still on the +green Market Square, is old Emmanuel Protestant +Episcopal Church, which was organized in 1689, though +the building now occupied was begun in 1703. This +cruciform structure is the oldest church of English +building on the Delaware, and services have been held +here continuously since 1706, when it was completed. +Queen Anne gave to the church a "Pulpit and Altar +Cloath, with a Box of Glass." A memorial tablet on +the wall tells of the first rector, Rev. George Ross, who +came as a missionary from England in 1703, and served +for fifty years. His son, also George Ross, was one of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">205</a></span> +the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. His +daughter Gertrude married George Read, another of the +Signers. The tomb of George Read is in the rear of the +church.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w250"><a name="img_34" id="img_34"></a> +<img src="images/i_225d.jpg" width="225" height="333" alt="Presbyterian Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +DOORWAY OF PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, +NEW CASTLE, DEL.</p> +</div> + +<p>Across the street from the Market Square is the Presbyterian +church, whose first building, erected in 1707, +is still in use as a part of its ecclesiastical plant. The +pastor and many of the members of this church had a +prominent part in the War of the Revolution.</p> + +<p>The visitor who crosses from one of these churches to +the other is attracted by a stone pyramid, on the edge of +the Market Square, whose story is told by a tablet:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"These stones were sleepers in the New Castle and +Frenchtown Railroad, completed in 1831, the first railroad +in Delaware, and one of the first in the United +States."</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w250"><a name="img_35" id="img_35"></a> +<img src="images/i_225a.jpg" width="250" height="377" alt="Rodney House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +DOORWAY OF RODNEY HOUSE, +NEW CASTLE, DEL.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter w250"><a name="img_36" id="img_36"></a> +<img src="images/i_225b.jpg" width="250" height="375" alt="Stewart House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +DOORWAY OF STEWART HOUSE, +NEW CASTLE, DEL.</p> +</div> + +<p>The fire of 1824 which burned a large part of New +Castle destroyed many of the old houses, but there remain +enough to make the town a Mecca for those who +delight in studying things that are old. Most of these +houses are on the square, or are within a short distance +of it. All are remarkable for the beautiful entrance +doorways and wonderfully carved interior woodwork. +Artists from all parts of the country turn to these +houses for inspiration in their work.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_37" id="img_37"></a> +<img src="images/i_226a.jpg" width="550" height="389" alt="Amstel House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +AMSTEL HOUSE, NEWCASTLE, DEL.</p> +</div> + +<p>The Amstel House, the home of Henry Hanby Hay, +is the oldest of these; it was probably built about 1730. +One of its earliest owners was Nicholas Van Dyke, who +was a major of militia during the Revolution, and later +served six years in the Continental Congress. For three +years he was Governor of Delaware. During his residence +in this house it was called "The Corner." So, at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">206</a></span> +least, it was referred to by Kensey Johns in a love-letter +to comely Anne Van Dyke, written during the cold +winter of 1784:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"This evening I visited 'the Corner.' Soon after I +went in Mrs. V. says, 'Well, Mr. Johns, what say you +to a ride below with me, and bringing Miss Nancy up?' +After an hour passed, I recovered myself and answered +in the negative, that my business would not permit of +it—Your papa discovered by his countenance the lightest +satisfaction at my refusal; this approbation of his afforded +me great pleasure. The more I regard your +happiness, the more desirous I am by assiduity and +attention to business to establish a character which will +give me consequence and importance in life. I wish to +see you more than words express.</p> + +<p>"Mrs. B. says she wants you to come up very much; +she asked me to use my influence to persuade you. All +I can say is, that if your Grand Mama's indisposition +will admit of it, and your inclination prompts you to +come, it will much contribute to my happiness, even if +I should only see you now and then for a few moments. +My fingers are so cold I can scarce hold my pen, therefore +adieu. Be assured that I never cease to be,</p> + +<p class="i6">"Yours most affectionately,</p> + +<p class="i10">"<span class="smcap">Kensey Johns.</span>"</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w250"><a name="img_38" id="img_38"></a> +<img src="images/i_226b.jpg" width="250" height="363" alt="Doorway of Amstel House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +DOORWAY OF AMSTEL HOUSE, +NEWCASTLE, DEL.</p> +</div> + +<p>On a pane of glass in the guest chamber of the old +house some one long ago scratched with a diamond a +message that sounds as if it came from the heart of the +lover:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1"> +"Around her head ye angels constant Vigil keep,</p> +<p>And guard fair innocence her balmy sleep."</p> +</div> + +<p>Three months after Kensey Johns wrote the ardent +letter to Anne Van Dyke, the day after the wedding, +April 30, 1784, George Washington came to the Corner, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span> +and there was a reception in his honor and that of +the bride and groom. The Father of his Country +received the guests standing before an old fireplace +whose hearthstone has been lettered in memory of the +event.</p> + +<p>A few years later Kensey Johns, then Chief Justice +of Maryland, built near by a beautiful colonial mansion +where he entertained many of the leading men of the +nation.</p> + +<p>Kensey Johns' predecessor as Chief Justice was +George Read, the Signer. His house, an old record says, +stood so near the Delaware, which is here two and a half +miles wide, that when the tide was high one wheel of a +carriage passing in the street in front of it was in the +water, and in violent storms the waves were dashed +against the building. The house was in the midst of +a wonderfully beautiful garden. This garden is still +one of the sights of the town, though the house was +destroyed in the fire of 1824.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w250"><a name="img_39" id="img_39"></a> +<img src="images/i_225c.jpg" width="250" height="369" alt="Doorway of Read House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +DOORWAY OF READ HOUSE, +NEW CASTLE, DEL.</p> +</div> + +<p>George Read, the Signer's son, in 1801, built a house +in the corner of the garden, which was saved from the +fire by a carpet laid on the roof and kept thoroughly wet +until the danger was past. This Georgian house is a +marvel of beauty, both inside and out. The hand-carved +moldings, mantels, and arches bring to the house visitors +from far and near. Miss Hatty Smith, the present +owner, delights to show the place to all who are interested.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w250"><a name="img_40" id="img_40"></a> +<img src="images/i_226c.jpg" width="250" height="370" alt="Hall of Read House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +HALL OF READ HOUSE, +NEWCASTLE, DEL.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the early days New Castle was on the King's Road +from Philadelphia to Baltimore. Washington passed +this way when on his journeys. Lafayette visited the +town in 1824. The house built by Nicholas Van Dyke, +son of the owner of the Corner, received him for the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span> +marriage of Charles I. Du Pont and Dorcas M. Van +Dyke. It is recorded that on this occasion he gave the +bride away.</p> + +<p>Cæsar Rodney, too, passed through the town frequently, +notably when he made the famous ride in July, +1776, that helped to save the Declaration of Independence; +here he rested after the first stage of his historic +journey.</p> + +<p>The name of George Thomson, secretary of Congress +during the Revolution, is also enrolled in the list of the +worthies who visited the town. In 1740 his father, when +on his way from Ireland to America with his three +sons, died on shipboard. The captain appropriated the +meagre possessions of the family and set the boys ashore +at New Castle, penniless. George was sheltered by a +butcher who was so delighted with him that he decided +to bring him up to the trade. George was terrified +when he overheard the man's plan; he did not intend +to be a butcher. So he stole out of the town between +dark and daylight and made his way to surroundings +where the way was opened that led him to usefulness +and fame.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_41" id="img_41"></a> +<img src="images/i_241a.jpg" width="550" height="392" alt="Ridgely House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by R. C. Holmes</i></span><br /> +RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DEL.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XLV</p> + +<h3>THE RIDGELY HOUSE, DOVER, DELAWARE</h3> + +<p class="center">A BOYHOOD HAUNT OF CÆSAR RODNEY, THE SIGNER</p> + +<p>On the Green in Dover, Delaware, is one of the most +striking houses of the quaint old town—the Ridgely +house. The date of its erection is not certain, but it +is an interesting fact that on one of the bricks is the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">209</a></span> +date 1728. Originally there were but two rooms in the +house; subsequent enlargements have been so harmonious +that one who sees the place from the Green must +pause to admire. Admiration turns to delight when the +interior of the house is examined. The old-fashioned +garden at the rear intensifies delight.</p> + +<p>Dr. Charles Greenburg Ridgely became owner of the +property in 1769. The house was a gift from his father, +Nicholas Ridgely. The second of the wives who lived +here with Dr. Ridgely was Ann, the daughter of Squire +William Moore of Moore Hall, near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, +whose determined advocacy of armed preparation +for defence against a threatened Indian attack once +aroused the indignation of the Pennsylvania Assembly, +most of whose members were Friends.</p> + +<p>The Ridgely house was famous throughout Delaware +as the resort of patriots. Dr. Ridgely was six times a +member of the Provincial Assembly, and was also an +active member of the Constitutional Convention of +Delaware in 1776.</p> + +<p>During the days when patriotic feelings were beginning +to run high, Cæsar Rodney, the ward of Dr. +Ridgely's father, was often an inmate of the Ridgely +house. Cæsar was born near Dover in 1728. At Dover +he received most of his education. Some twenty years +after the little town saw so much of him he became +famous because of his vital service to the Colonies, as a +member of the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. +"He was the most active, and was by odds the leading +man in the State in espousing the American cause," +Henry C. Conrad once said to the Sons of Delaware. In +the course of his address Mr. Conrad told the thrilling +story of Cæsar Rodney's most spectacular service. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">210</a></span></p> + +<p>On July 1, 1776, when the vote was taken in the +Committee of the Whole of the Continental Congress +as to the framing and proclaiming of the Declaration of +Independence, ten of the thirteen Colonies voted yes. +"Pennsylvania had seven delegates, four of whom were +opposed to it, and three in favor of it. Delaware had +two members present, McKean and Read. Rodney was +absent. McKean was in favor of, and Read against +the Declaration. McKean, appreciating that it was +most important, for the sentiment it would create, that +the Declaration of Independence should be proclaimed +by the unanimous vote of the thirteen Colonies, sent for +Rodney, who was at that time at one of his farms near +Dover. Rodney came post-haste, and he arrived just in +time to save the day, and cast the vote of Delaware in +favor of the Declaration.</p> + +<p>McKean, writing of the event years afterward to +Cæsar A. Rodney, a nephew of Cæsar Rodney, said:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I sent an express, at my own private expense, for +your honored uncle, the remaining member from Delaware, +whom I met at the State House door, in his boots +and spurs, as the members were assembling. After a +friendly salutation, without a word in the business, we +went into the hall of Congress together, and found we +were among the latest. Proceedings immediately commenced, +and after a few minutes the great question was +put. When the vote of Delaware was called, your uncle +arose and said: 'As I believe the voice of my constituents +and of all sensible and honest men is in favor +of independence, and my own judgment coincides with +theirs, I vote for independence.'"</p> + +<p>Since Pennsylvania also voted in favor of the Declaration, +it was adopted unanimously. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">211</a></span></p> + +<p>Cæsar Rodney was Governor of Delaware from 1778 +to 1781. On April 8, 1784, the State Council, of which +he was presiding officer, met at his house near Dover, +because he was too ill to go to Dover. Less than three +months later he died.</p> + +<p>A monument marks his last resting-place in Christ +Episcopal churchyard in Dover.</p> + +<p class="center p6">XLVI</p> + +<h3>REHOBOTH CHURCH ON THE POCOMOKE, +MARYLAND</h3> + +<p class="center">THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA</p> + +<p>The Pocomoke River rises in southern Delaware, +forms a part of the eastern boundary of Somerset +County, Maryland, and empties into Pocomoke Sound, +an inlet of Chesapeake Bay. On the banks of this +stream, not far from the mouth, Colonel William +Stevens, a native of Buckinghamshire, England, located +in 1665, taking out a patent on what he called the Rehoboth +plantation, the name being chosen from Genesis +26:22. "And he called the name of it Rehoboth. And +he said, For now the Lord hath made room for us, and +we shall be fruitful in this land." When Somerset +County was organized he was made Judge of the County +Court. He also became a member of "His Lordship's +Councill," and was one of the Deputy Lieutenants of +the Province.</p> + +<p>As the years passed many followed Colonel Stevens +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span> +to Somerset County, in search of religious freedom. +Scotch, Scotch-Irish, French, and Quakers were represented +in the village that was known at first as Pocomoke +Town, though later it was called Rehoboth. Many +of these settlers were Presbyterians, who had lost their +property through persecution.</p> + +<p>In 1672 the Grand Jury, encouraged by Judge +Stevens, asked Rev. Robert Maddux to preach at four +points in the county. One of these points was the plantation +house at Rehoboth. The next year George Fox, +the Quaker, was in the community. He also preached +in his famous "leather breeches" at Colonel Stevens' +plantation, to a great congregation of several thousand +whites and Indians. A Quaker monthly meeting followed.</p> + +<p>The number of Presbyterians increased to such an +extent that in 1680 Colonel Stevens asked the Presbytery +of Laggan in Ireland for a godly minister to gather +the band of exiles into a church. Francis Makemie was +sent as a result. Soon Rehoboth Church was organized +by him, as well as a number of other churches in the +neighborhood. The exact date of the beginning of +Rehoboth Church is uncertain, but it is probable that +the first building was erected about 1683.</p> + +<p>For some years Makemie travelled from place to +place, preaching and organizing churches as he went, +but from 1699 to 1708, except in 1704 and 1705, when +he visited Europe, he lived in the neighborhood and +preached at Rehoboth whenever he was at home.</p> + +<p>When it became necessary to erect a new church building, +he decided to have this on his own land, because of +Maryland's intolerant laws. This building, which is +still in use, dates from 1706, the year when its builder +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">213</a></span> +assisted in organizing the first Presbytery of the Presbyterian +Church at Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Makemie's name will ever be connected with the +struggle for religious liberty. He had a certificate from +the court that permitted him to preach in the Province +of Maryland, but he had many trying experiences in +spite of this fact. His congregation groaned under the +necessity of paying taxes to support the rectors of three +neighboring parishes.</p> + +<p>The greatest trial was not in Maryland, but in New +York, where he spent a portion of 1706 and 1707. His +experiences there should be familiar to all who are interested +in the struggle for religious liberty in America.</p> + +<p>The story is told in a curious document written by +Makemie himself, which was printed in New York in +1707, under the title "A Particular Narrative of the +Imprisonment of two Non-Conformist Ministers; and +Prosecution & Tryal of one of them, for Preaching one +Sermon in the city of New-York. By a Learner of Law +and Lover of Liberty."</p> + +<p>The warrant for the arrest of the "criminal" was +addressed to Thomas Cordale, Esqr., High-Sheriff of +Queens County on Long-Island, or his Deputy, and was +signed by Lord Cornbury. It read:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">214</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Whereas I am informed, that one Mackennan, and +one Hampton, two Presbyterian Preachers, who lately +came to this City, have taken upon them to Preach in a +Private House, without having obtained My Licence for +so doing, which is directly contrary to the known Laws +of England, and being likewise informed, that they are +gone into Long-Island, with intent there to spread their +Pernicious Doctrines and Principles, to the great disturbance +of the Order by Law established by the Government +of this province. You are therefore hereby +Required and Commanded, to take into your Custody +the Bodies of the said Mackennan and Hampton, and +then to bring them with all convenient speed before me, +at Fort-Anne, in New-York."</p> + +<p>When brought before Lord Cornbury, Makemie said: +"We have Liberty from an Act of Parliament, made the +first year of the Reign of King William and Queen Mary, +which gave us Liberty, with which Law we have complied."</p> + +<p>But Lord Cornbury replied: "No one shall Preach in +my Government without my Licence.... That Law +does not extend to the American Plantations, but only +to England.... I know, for I was at Making thereof.... +That Act of Parliament was made against +Strowling Preachers, and you are such, and shall not +Preach in my Government."</p> + +<p>Makemie again challenged Lord Cornbury to show +"any Pernicious Doctrine in the Confession of Faith +of the Presbyterian Church." Later he refused to give +"Bail and Security to Preach no more."</p> + +<p>"Then you must go to Gaol," his Lordship said.</p> + +<p>On January 23 another warrant was given to the +High Sheriff of New York. He was told "to safely +keep till further orders" the prisoners committed to +him.</p> + +<p>From the prison Makemie sent a petition asking to +know the charge, and demanding a speedy trial. Later +the prisoner was released on habeas corpus proceedings.</p> + +<p>At the trial, where Makemie conducted his own defence, +he read Chapter 23 of the Westminster Confession +of Faith, as a complete reply to the charge that he believed +what incited the people to disregard the authority +of the king. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span></p> + +<p>The jury brought in a verdict of "not guilty," but +Makemie was obliged to pay the costs, including the +fees of the Court Prosecutor, which amounted to twelve +pounds. The total cost of the trial, including the expense +of a trip from his home in Maryland, made necessary +by a recess in the trial, was more than eighty +pounds.</p> + +<p>A few months later Makemie died. It was felt by +those who knew him that the trying experiences at New +York hastened his end.</p> + +<p>He had not lived in vain. His struggles for religious +liberty were to bear rich fruit before many years.</p> + +<p>Henry van Dyke wrote a sonnet to the memory of +Francis Makemie, which was read on May 14, 1908, +when the monument to the memory of the pioneer was +unveiled:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1"> +"To thee, plain hero of a rugged race,</p> +<p class="i1">We bring a meed of praise too long delayed!</p> +<p class="i1">Thy fearless word and faithful work have made</p> +<p>Of God's Republic a firmer resting-place</p> +<p>In this New World: for thou hast preached the grace</p> +<p class="i1">And power of Christ in many a forest glade,</p> +<p class="i1">Teaching the truth that leaves men unafraid</p> +<p>Of frowning tyranny or death's dark face.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>"Oh, who can tell how much we owe to thee,</p> +<p class="i1">Makemie, and to labor such as thine,</p> +<p class="i1">For all that makes America the shrine</p> +<p>Of faith untrammelled and of conscience free?</p> +<p>Stand here, grey stone, and consecrate the sod</p> +<p>Where rests this brave Scotch-Irish man of God."</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_42" id="img_42"></a> +<img src="images/i_241b.jpg" width="550" height="385" alt="Doughoregan Manor" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by James F. Hughes Company, Baltimore</i></span><br /> +DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, MD.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XLVII<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span></p> + +<h3>DOUGHOREGAN MANOR, NEAR ELLICOTT CITY, +MARYLAND</h3> + +<p class="center">WHOSE OWNER WAS THE LAST SURVIVING SIGNER OF THE +DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE</p> + +<p>It is true that when Charles Carroll was about to +sign his name to the Declaration of Independence he +added the words, "of Carrollton," but the story that he +added the words there that he might be distinguished +from a second Charles Carroll is an error; he had been +writing his name thus since 1765. It would have been +just as true a description if he had used the name of +another of the numerous Carroll estates, Doughoregan +Manor, but the designation he chose was simpler. At +any rate he could not spell it in so many ways as the +name of the family estate where he lived and died. Letters +written by him at different periods show such diverse +spellings as "Doeheragen," "Doohoragen," "Dooheragon," +and "Dougheragen," before he settled down +to "Doughoregan."</p> + +<p>Doughoregan Manor, which was named for one of +the O'Carroll estates in Ireland, is one of the most ancient +family seats in Maryland. In 1688 Charles Carroll, +I, came over from England. He became a large +landed proprietor, in part as a result of his appeal to +the king of England for a part in the estate of the +O'Carrolls of King's County, Ireland. The king satisfied +the claim by offering him 60,000 acres of land in +the Colonies. His heir was Charles Carroll, II, who +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">217</a></span> +was born in 1702. Fifteen years later Doughoregan +Manor was built, and twenty-seven years later Charles +Carroll, II, and his brother Daniel sold sixty acres of +land which became the site of old Baltimore.</p> + +<p>Charles Carroll, II, divided his time between Doughoregan +Manor and the Carroll Mansion in Annapolis, his +town house. Here was born, in 1737, Charles Carroll, +III, the Signer. Most of the education of this heir to +the vast estate of Charles Carroll, II, was secured in +France. He was in Paris when his father wrote to him, +in 1764, telling him of the large property that was to +come to him. After speaking of this in detail, he concluded:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"On my death I am willing to add my Manor of +Doughoregan, 10,000 acres, and also 1,425 Acres called +Chance adjacent thereto, on the bulk of which my negroes +are settled. As you are my only child, you will, +of course, have all the residue of my estate at my death."</p> + +<p>When the estate of his father finally came into his +hands, Charles Carroll, III, was the richest man in +Maryland. That he knew how to handle such a large +property he showed by a letter which he wrote to his +son, Charles Carroll, IV, on July 10, 1801:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"He who postpones till to-morrow what can and +ought to be done to-day, will never thrive in this world. +It was not by procrastination this estate was acquired, +but by activity, thought, perseverance, and economy, and +by the same means it must be preserved and prevented +from melting away."</p> + +<p>But while the owner of Doughoregan Manor was careful, +he was not penurious. He kept open house to his +numerous friends, of whom George Washington was one. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">218</a></span> +In one of the rooms of the Manor Washington sat to +Gilbert Stuart for his portrait.</p> + +<p>Both Mr. Carroll's property and his services were at +his country's call. From the days of the Stamp Act to +the close of the Revolution there was no more ardent +patriot than he. He served as a member of the Continental +Congress, was for three months with Washington +at Valley Forge, by appointment of Congress, was later +United States Senator, and was a leader in business as +well as in political affairs. With Washington he was +a member from the beginning of the Potomac Canal +Company, which later was merged into the Chesapeake +and Ohio Canal Company.</p> + +<p>After the Revolution he spent most of his time at +Doughoregan Manor, where he completed the remarkable +three-hundred-foot façade by the addition of the +chapel which has been used by the family for more than +a century.</p> + +<p>One by one the sons and daughters went out from +the house, carrying the Carroll name or the Carroll +training into many sections of Maryland and Virginia. +Perhaps the most interesting marriage was that of +Charles Carroll, IV, who was mentioned by Washington +in his diary for 1798:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +"March 27—Mr. Charles Carroll, Jr. ... came to +dinner.</p> + +<p>"March 28—Mr. Carroll went away after breakfast."</p> +</div> + +<p>William Spohn Baker, in "Washington after the +Revolution," after quoting these extracts from the +diary, says:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">219</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"The visit of young Mr. Carroll having given rise at +Annapolis to a rumor that it was made with the intention +of paying his addresses to Nelly Custis, her brother +wrote to the General in allusion to it, saying, 'I think +it a most desirable match, and wish that it may take +place with all my heart.' In reply, under date of April +15, Washington wrote, 'Young Mr. Carroll came here +about a fortnight ago to dinner, and left on next morning +after breakfast. If his object was such as you say +has been reported, it was not declared here; and therefore, +the less is said upon the subject, particularly by +your sister's friends, the more prudent it will be, until +the subject develops itself more.'</p> + +<p>"But youthful alliances are not always made at the +nod of Dame Rumor, nor are they always controlled by +the wishes of relatives. Nelly Custis married, February +22, 1799, at Mount Vernon, Laurence Lewis, a +nephew of Washington; and Charles Carroll, Junior, +found, in the following year, a bride at Philadelphia, +Harriet, a daughter of Benjamin Chew" [of Cliveden].</p> +</div> + +<p>A delightful picture of life at the Manor was given +by Adam Hodgson, an English visitor, who wrote from +Baltimore on July 13, 1820:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">220</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I have lately been paying some very agreeable visits +at the country seats of some of my acquaintances in +the neighborhood.... The other morning I set out, +at four o'clock, with General H, on a visit to a most +agreeable family, who reside at a large Manor, about +seventeen miles distant. We arrived about seven +o'clock, and the family soon afterward assembled to +breakfast. It consisted of several friends from France, +Canada, and Washington, and the children and grandchildren +of my host, a venerable patriarch, nearly eighty-five +(83) years of age, and one of the four survivors +of those who signed the Declaration of Independence.... +After breakfasting the following morning, the +ladies played for us on the harp; and in the evening, I +set out on horseback, to return hither, not without a +feeling of regret, that I had probably taken a final leave +of my hospitable friend, who, although still an expert +horseman, seldom goes beyond the limits of his +manor...."</p> + +<p>The other three surviving Signers died first, so that +when Charles Carroll of Carrollton followed on November +14, 1832, the last Signer was gone. Among his +last words were these:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I have lived to my ninety-sixth year; I have enjoyed +continued health, I have been blessed with great wealth, +prosperity, and most of the good things which this world +can bestow—public approbation, esteem, applause; but +what I now look back on with the greatest satisfaction +to myself is, that I have practiced the duties of my +religion."</p> + +<p>He was buried under the pavement of the chapel at +the Manor.</p> + +<p>The present occupants of Doughoregan are Mr. and +Mrs. Charles Carroll, who followed Governor John Lee +Carroll, after his death in 1911.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_43" id="img_43"></a> +<img src="images/i_260a.jpg" width="550" height="397" alt="Upton Scott House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by M. M. Carter, Annapolis</i></span><br /> +UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS, MD.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XLVIII</p> + +<h3>THE UPTON SCOTT HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS,<br /> +MARYLAND</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE, AS A BOY, THE AUTHOR OF "THE STAR-SPANGLED<br /> +BANNER" WAS A FREQUENT VISITOR</p> + +<p>When Colonel James Wolfe was campaigning in Scotland +in 1748 to 1753, one of the surgeons in his command +was Upton Scott, a young Irishman from County Antrim. +At that time began a friendship between the two +men that continued through life. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">221</a></span></p> + +<p>Another friend made at this time by the young surgeon +was Horatio Sharpe. In 1753, when Sharpe +planned to go to America, Dr. Scott decided to go with +him, though it was not easy to think of resigning his +commission, for this would mean the severance of pleasant +relations with his colonel. When Wolfe said good-bye +to his comrade he gave him a pair of pistols as a +remembrance. These are still treasured by descendants +of the surgeon.</p> + +<p>From 1754 to 1769 Horatio Sharpe was Proprietary +Governor of Maryland, and Dr. Scott was his companion +and physician. The young surgeon was popular among +the young people whom he met at Annapolis, the +colonial capital.</p> + +<p>In 1760, when he persuaded Elizabeth Ross, the +daughter of John Ross, the Register of the Land Office +of Maryland, to become his bride, he built for her the +stately house in Annapolis, Maryland, which is now +occupied by the Sisters of Notre Dame. The new house, +with its charming doorway and wonderful hall carvings, +was well worth the attention even of one who had spent +her girlhood at Belvoir, a quaint mansion of great +beauty, six miles from Annapolis.</p> + +<p>Governor Sharpe was a welcome visitor at the Scott +house until the time of his death in 1789, when he appointed +his friend, the owner, one of his executors. +Governor Robert Eden, the last of the Proprietary Governors, +who served from 1769 to 1774, was at times +almost a member of the Scott household.</p> + +<p>Governor Eden was looked upon with favor by the +patriots in Maryland because he was always moderate +and advised the repeal of the tax on tea. In 1776 he +went to England, but in 1784 he returned to Maryland +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">222</a></span> +to look after the estate of Mrs. Eden, who was Caroline +Calvert, sister of Lord Baltimore; by the terms of the +treaty of 1783 he was entitled to this property. While +in Annapolis he was the guest of Dr. Scott. There, in +the room now used by the Sisters of Notre Dame as a +chapel, he died.</p> + +<p>But probably the most famous visitor to the Scott +mansion was Francis Scott Key, who was the grandson +of Mrs. Scott's sister, Ann Arnold Ross Key of Belvoir. +When he was a boy he was often in Annapolis. His +college training was received at St. John's in the old +town, and in later life he frequently turned his steps +to the house of his great-aunt and listened to the stories +of Dr. Scott that helped to train him in the patriotism +that was responsible, a few years later, for the composition +of the "Star-Spangled Banner."</p> + +<p>Many garbled stories have been told of the circumstances +that led to the writing of this song that has +stirred the hearts of millions. The true story, and in +many respects the simplest, was told by Key himself to +his brother-in-law, R. R. Taney, who was later Chief +Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1865, when the +"Poems of the Late Francis Scott Key, Esq.," were published, +the volume contained the story as related by +Judge Taney.</p> + +<p>In 1814, the main body of the British invaders passed +through Upper Marlboro, Maryland. Many of the officers +made their headquarters at the home of Dr. William +Beanes, a physician whom the whole town loved. +When some of the stragglers from the army began to +plunder the house, Dr. Beanes put himself at the head +of a small body of citizens and pursued these stragglers. +When the British officers heard of this, Dr. Beanes was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span> +seized and treated, not with kindness as a prisoner of +war, but with great indignity. Key, as an intimate +friend of the doctor, and a lawyer, was asked by the +townsmen to intercede for the prisoner. When application +was made to President Madison for help, he arranged +to send Key to the British fleet, under a flag +of truce, on a government vessel, in company with John +S. Skinner, a government agent.</p> + +<p>For a week or ten days no word came from the expedition. +The people were alarmed for the safety of Key +and his companion.</p> + +<p>The bearers of the flag of truce found the fleet at the +mouth of the Potomac. They were received courteously +until they told their business. The British commander +spoke harshly of Dr. Beanes, but fortunately Mr. +Skinner had letters from the British officers who had +received kindness at the doctor's hands. General Ross +finally agreed that, solely as a recognition of this kindness, +the prisoner would be released. But he told the +Americans that they could not leave the fleet for some +days. They were therefore taken to the frigate <i>Surprise</i>, +where they were under guard. They understood +that an immediate attack on Baltimore was contemplated, +and that they were being restrained that they +might not warn the city of the plans of the enemy.</p> + +<p>That night Fort McHenry was attacked. The Admiral +had boasted that the works would be carried in +a few hours, and that the city would then fall. So, +from the deck of the <i>Surprise</i>, Key and his companion +watched and listened anxiously all night. Every time a +shell was fired, they waited breathlessly for the explosion +they feared might follow. "While the bombardment +continued, it was sufficient proof that the fort had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">224</a></span> +not surrendered. But it suddenly ceased some time +before day.... They paced the deck for the remainder +of the night in fearful suspense.... As soon as it +dawned, and before it was light enough to see objects at +a distance, their glances were turned to the fort, uncertain +what they should see there, the Stars and Stripes, +or the flag of the enemy. At length the light came, and +they saw that 'our flag was still there.'"</p> + +<p>A little later they saw the approach of boats loaded +with wounded British soldiers. Then Key took an envelope +and wrote many of the lines of the song, and +while he was on the boat that carried him to shore he +completed the first rough draft. That night, at the +hotel, he rewrote the poem. Next day he showed it to +Judge Nicholson, who was so delighted with it that the +author was encouraged to send it to a printer, by the +hand of Captain Benjamin Eades. Captain Eades +took the first handbill that came from the press and +carried it to the old tavern next the Holliday Street +Theatre. There the words were sung for the first time, +to the tune "Anacreon in Heaven," the tune Key had +indicated on his copy.</p> + +<p>Long before the author's death in 1843 the song had +won its place in the affections of the people. He wrote +many other poems, and some of them have become popular +hymns. At the memorial service conducted for him +in Christ Church, Cincinnati, by his friend and former +pastor, Rev. J. T. Brooke, the congregation was asked +to sing Key's own hymn, beginning:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"Lord, with glowing heart I'd praise thee,</p> +<p class="i1">For the bliss thy love bestows;</p> +<p>For the pardoning grace that saves me,</p> +<p class="i1">And the peace that from it flows.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>Help, O Lord, my weak endeavor;</p> +<p class="i1">This dull soul to rapture raise;</p> +<p>Thou must light the flame, or never</p> +<p class="i1">Can my love be warmed to praise."</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span></p> + +<p>Dr. Scott, in whose Annapolis home Key had spent +so many happy days, died in 1814, the year of the composition +of "The Star-Spangled Banner." Mrs. Scott +lived until 1819.</p> + +<p class="center p6">XLIX</p> + +<h3>THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON</h3> + +<p class="center">THE BEGINNINGS OF WASHINGTON CITY, AND THE<br /> +STORY OF THE HOME OF CONGRESS</p> + +<p>The selection of parts of Virginia and Maryland as +the site of the Federal District in which the National +Capital was to be located was made only after many +years of discussion.</p> + +<p>In 1779 some of the members of Congress talked of +buying a few square miles near Princeton, New Jersey, +as a site for the government's permanent home. Four +years later, the trustees of Kingston, New York, sought +to interest Congress in that location. In 1783 Annapolis, +Maryland, offered the State House and public +circle to "the Honorable Congress" for their use. +Burlington, New Jersey, also entered the lists, while +in June, 1783, Virginia offered the town of Williamsburg +to Congress and proposed to "present the palace, +the capitol, and all the public buildings and 300 acres +of land adjoining the said city, together with a sum +of money not exceeding 100,000 pounds, this state currency +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span> +to be expended in erecting thirteen hotels for the +use of the delegates in Congress."</p> + +<p>In October, 1784, Congress decided to place the capital +near Trenton, New Jersey. Later it was decided +to have a second capital on the Potomac, Congress to +alternate between the two locations.</p> + +<p>Neither Congress nor the country was satisfied with +this solution of the difficulty. After years of discussion, +in September, 1789, one house of Congress fixed +on the Falls of the Susquehanna in Pennsylvania as +the permanent site. The Senate amended their proposal +by suggesting Germantown, Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>This action was reconsidered and a long dispute followed. +Finally, in 1790, the site on the Potomac was +selected, and Congress was ready to provide for the +building of "a palace in the woods."</p> + +<p>President Washington and Vice-President Adams disagreed +as to the location of the Capitol building. John +Adams wished to see it the centre of a quadrangle of +other public buildings, but Washington urged that Congress +should meet in a building at a distance from the +President's house and all other public buildings, that +the lawmakers might not be annoyed by the executive +officers.</p> + +<p>The invitation to architects to present plans for the +Capitol was made in March, 1792, five hundred dollars +being promised for the best plan. None of the sixteen +designs submitted were approved. Later two men, +Stephen L. Hallet and Dr. William Thornton, offered +such good plans that it was not easy to decide between +them. The difficulty was solved by acceptance of +Thornton's design and the engagement of Hallet as +supervising architect at a salary of two thousand dollars +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">227</a></span> +a year. This arrangement was not satisfactory; it became +necessary to replace Hallet first by George Hadfield, +then by James Hoban, the architect of the White +House. Under his charge the north wing was completed +in 1800.</p> + +<p>The proceeds from the sale of lots in the new city +proved woefully inadequate for the expenses of the +building. Congress authorized a loan of eight hundred +thousand dollars, but this loan could not be disposed +of until Maryland agreed to take two-thirds of the +amount, on condition that the commissioners in charge +of the work add their personal guarantee to the government's +promise to pay.</p> + +<p>Congress was called to hold its first meeting in the +Capitol north wing on November 17, 1800. A few +months earlier the government archives had been moved +from New York. These were packed in ten or twelve +boxes, and were shipped on a packet boat, by sea. +The arrival of the vessel was greeted by the three +thousand citizens of Washington, who rang bells, +cheered, and fired an old cannon in celebration of the +event.</p> + +<p>At that time the foundation for the dome had been +laid, and the walls of the south wing had been begun. +Later a temporary brick building was erected for the +House, on a portion of the site of the south wing. The +legislators called the building "The Oven."</p> + +<p>The south wing was completed under the guidance +of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, who also reconstructed +the north wing and connected the two wings by a +wooden bridge. That the building was far from satisfactory +is evident from an article in the <i>National +Intelligencer</i> of December 2, 1813, which spoke with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">228</a></span> +disgust of the wooden passageway as well as of the +piles of débris on every hand.</p> + +<p>In less than a year after the printing of the criticism, +conditions were far worse, for the British troops came +to Washington on August 24, 1814. They piled furniture +in the hall of the House, and set fire to it. The +wooden bridge that connected the wings burned like +tinder. In a little while nothing was left but the walls. +"The appearance of the ruins was perfectly terrifying," +Architect Latrobe wrote.</p> + +<p>Thus was fulfilled in a striking way the prophecy +made by John Randolph when he pleaded with Congress +not to make war on Great Britain, "All the causes +urged for this war will be forgotten in your treaty of +peace, and possibly this Capitol may be reduced to +ashes."</p> + +<p>The next session of Congress was held in the Union +Pacific Hotel, but by December, 1815, there was ready +a three-story building, erected by popular subscription, +which Congress used for three years, paying for it an +annual rental of $1,650. This was called "The Brick +Capitol."</p> + +<p>Of course efforts were made to remove the Capital +to another location, but Congress made appropriation +for the reconstruction of the Capitol on the old site. +Work was begun almost at once, and was continued +until 1830, when the wings had been rebuilt as well as +the rotunda and centre structure. In general appearance +the building was the same as before the fire, but +marble instead of sandstone was used for colonnades +and staircases and floors. The beautiful capitals of the +marble pillars were carved in Italy or prepared by +workmen brought from Italy. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">229</a></span></p> + +<p>During the latter part of this period the rotunda +was used for all sorts of exhibitions. Once a panorama +of Paris was shown there, an admission fee of fifty +cents being charged. Exhibits of manufactured goods +were made in this "no man's land," over which nobody +seemed to have jurisdiction. In 1827 a congressman +spoke in the House of the fact that "triangles of steel +to take the place of bells, stoves, stew pans, pianos, +mouse traps, and watch ribbons were marked with +prices and sundry good bargains were driven." The +general public felt that they had a right even to the hall +of the House; frequently popular meetings were held +there.</p> + +<p>The present dome surmounting the rotunda is not the +dome first planned. For Latrobe's dome, which he did +not build, a higher dome was substituted by Bulfinch. +The present dome is the work of Thomas U. Walter, +the designer of Girard College, Philadelphia, whose +plans for the completion of the Capitol were approved +in 1851. The burning of the western front of the centre +building in December, 1851, proved a blessing in disguise, +for Walter was able to rebuild the section in +perfect harmony with the other portions. The House +first occupied its present quarters on December 16, +1857, but the Senate was not able to take possession +of its new hall until January 4, 1859.</p> + +<p>The great structure was finished in 1865, work having +been carried on throughout the Civil War. Though +they knew that there would be delay in receiving payment +for their work, the contractors insisted on continuing +and completing what is one of the most harmonious +public buildings in the world.</p> + +<p>The patriotic contractors had their reward, for the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">230</a></span> +building was ready to receive the body of President +Lincoln when, on April 19, 1865, after the services in +the White House, the casket was placed on a catafalque +under the dome of the rotunda, that the people of the +country whose destinies he had guided through four +years of civil war might gather there to do him honor.</p> + +<p class="center p6">L</p> + +<h3>THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HOME OF EVERY PRESIDENT SINCE WASHINGTON</p> + +<p>When, in 1792, James Hoban suggested to the commission +appointed to supervise the erection of public +buildings at Washington that the Executive Mansion +be modelled after the palace of the Duke of Leinster +in Dublin, his proposition was accepted, and he was +given a premium of five hundred dollars for the plan. +More, he was engaged, at the same amount per year, +to take charge of the builders.</p> + +<p>No time was lost in laying the corner stone. The +ceremony was performed on October 13, 1792, and +operations were pushed with such speed that the building +was completed ten years later!</p> + +<p>In November, 1800, six months after the transfer of +the government offices from Philadelphia to Washington, +Mrs. Adams joined President Adams at the White +House. She had a hard time getting there. A few +days after her arrival she wrote to her daughter: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">231</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I arrived here on Sunday last, and without meeting +any accident worth noticing, except losing ourselves +when we left Baltimore, and going eight or nine miles +on the Frederick road, by which means we were obliged +to go the other eight miles through woods, where we +wandered for two hours, without finding a guide, or +the path. Fortunately, a straggling black came up with +us, and we engaged him as a guide to extricate us out +of our difficulty; but woods are all you see, from Baltimore +until you reach the city, which is only so in name. +Here and there is a small cot, without a glass window, +interspersed amongst the forests, through which you +travel miles without seeing any human being. In the +city there are buildings enough, if they were compact +and furnished, to accommodate Congress and those attached +to it; but as they are, and scattered as they are, +I see no great comfort for them."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Adams found no great comfort in the White +House, either. "To assist us in this great castle," she +wrote, "and render less attendance necessary, bells are +wholly wanting, not one single one being hung through +the whole house, and promises are all you can obtain.... +If they will put me up some bells, and let me have +wood enough to keep fires, I design to be pleased.... +But, surrounded with forests, can you believe that wood +is not to be had, because people cannot be found to cut +and cart it.... The house is made habitable, but there +is not a single apartment finished.... We have not +the least fence, yard, or other convenience, without, and +the great, unfinished audience-room I make a drying +room of, to hang up the clothes in. The principal stairs +are not up, and will not be this winter."</p> + +<p>The building itself was in good condition, though the +surroundings were far from prepossessing, when it was +burned by the British in 1814. President and Mrs. +Madison moved to the Octagon House, and spent more +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">232</a></span> +than a year in this comfortable winter home of Colonel +John Tayloe.</p> + +<p>The cost of rebuilding and refurnishing the Executive +Mansion was about three hundred thousand dollars. +The work was begun in 1814, and in September, 1817, +the building was so far completed that President Monroe +was able to take up his quarters there in some degree +of comfort, though the floor in the East Room had not +yet been laid and some of the walls were still without +plastering. On January 1, 1818, the first New Year's +reception was held there. "It was gratifying to be +able to salute the President of the United States with +the compliments of the season in his appropriate residence," +the <i>National Intelligencer</i> said. It may be +added that the editor called the building "the President's +House." The title, "the White House," was +not yet in common use.</p> + +<p>For many years the successive occupants of the building +were subject to all sorts of criticism. Mrs. Monroe +refused both to make first calls and to return calls. +President Monroe bought foreign-made furnishings! +John Quincy Adams actually introduced a billiard table, +and the use of public money to buy "a gaming table" +was bitterly attacked! (Of course the purchase was +made with personal funds.) Mrs. Adams was cold and +haughty! When President Van Buren left Washington +he took with him the gold spoons and the gilt dessert +service that had attracted attention! But these were +private property.</p> + +<p>However, most criticisms like these have been inspired +by pride in the President and his household, and +a pardonable feeling of possession in them and the +White House. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">233</a></span></p> + +<p>Until within recent years the President's offices were +in the east end of the White House. A pleasing description +of these offices has come down from Isaac N. +Arnold, who thus spoke of the quarters of President +Lincoln:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"The furniture of the room consisted of a large oak +table, covered with cloth extending north and south, +and it was round this table that the Cabinet sat when +it held its meetings. Near the end of the table and between +the windows was another table, on the west side +of which the President sat, in a large arm-chair, and +at this table he wrote. A tall desk, with pigeon holes +for paper, stood against the south wall. The only books +usually found in this room were the Bible, the United +States Statutes, and a copy of Shakespeare. There +were a few chairs and two plain hair-covered sofas. +There were two or three map frames, from which hung +military maps, on which the positions and movements +of the armies were traced. There was an old and discolored +engraving of General Jackson over the mantel +and a later photograph of John Bright. Doors open +into this room from the room of the secretary and from +the outside hall, running east and west across the house. +A bell-cord within reach of his hand extended to the +secretary's office. A messenger sat at the door opening +from the hall, and took in the cards and names of +visitors."</p> + +<p>During the time of President Roosevelt, outside Executive +offices were built, and rooms that had long been +needed for the personal uses of the President's household +were released. The change has increased patriotic +pride in the White House, one of the simplest mansions +provided for the rulers of the nations. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w450"><a name="img_44" id="img_44"></a> +<img src="images/i_259.jpg" width="402" height="550" alt="Stairway, Octagon House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>From the Monograph on the Octagon House, +Issued by the American Institute of Architects</i></span><br /> +THE STAIRWAY, OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LI<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">234</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON</h3> + +<p class="center">IN WHICH DOLLY MADISON LAVISHED HOSPITALITY IN 1814</p> + +<p>John Tayloe, the wealthiest man in the Virginia of +the late eighteenth century, had his summer home at +Mt. Airy. His plantation, the largest in the State, was +worked by more than five hundred slaves.</p> + +<p>When he wanted a winter home, he thought of building +at Philadelphia. But George Washington, eager to +secure him as a resident of the young Federal City on +the Potomac, asked him to consider the erection of a +house there. So Mr. Tayloe made an investigation of +Washington as a site for a residence, bought a lot for +one thousand dollars, and in 1798 commissioned Dr. +William Thornton to make the plans for a palatial +house. During the construction of the building Washington +several times rode by and from the saddle inspected +the progress of the work.</p> + +<p>Thornton was at the time a well-known man, though +he had been born in the West Indies and was for many +years a resident there. After receiving his education +in Europe, he lived for several years in the United +States. During this period he was a partner of John +Fitch in the building and trial of the steamboat that +for a time ran successfully on the Delaware River, more +than twenty years before Fulton built the <i>Clermont</i>. +He was himself something of an inventor; he secured +a number of patents for a device to move a vessel by +applying steam to a wheel at the side of the hull.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">235</a></span></p> + +<p>He had returned to the West Indies when he read +that a prize was to be given for the best plan submitted +for the Capitol to be built at Washington. At once +he wrote for particulars, and in due time he presented +his plans. He was then living in the United States. +The plans were considered the best that had been offered. +Jefferson said that they "captivated the eyes +and judgment of all," while Washington spoke of their +"grandeur, simplicity, and convenience." While these +plans were later modified by others, certain features of +the Capitol as it appears to-day are to be traced directly +to Dr. Thornton's plans.</p> + +<p>At the time of the award he was but thirty-one years +old, and had already won a place as a physician, an +inventor, and a man of science. He was a friend of +Benjamin Franklin, and had received the prize offered +for the design for the new building of the Library +Company of Philadelphia, in which Franklin was especially +interested. Later he was awarded a gold medal +by the American Philosophical Society for a paper in +which he outlined the method of the oral teaching of +deaf and dumb children which is still in use in many +institutions.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_45" id="img_45"></a> +<img src="images/i_260b.jpg" width="550" height="392" alt="Octagon House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company +from the Monograph on the Octagon House +by the American Institute of Architects</i></span><br /> +OCTAGON HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.</p> +</div> + +<p>The building planned by Dr. Thornton for Mr. Tayloe, +at the northeast corner of New York Avenue and +Eighteenth Street, was completed in 1801. At the time +it was the best house in Washington. At once, as the +Octagon House, it became famous for the lavish hospitality +of its owner.</p> + +<p>The next stirring period in the history of the Octagon +House was the later years of the second war with Great +Britain. On the night of August 24, 1814, when the +British Army entered the city, the French minister, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">236</a></span> +M. Serurier, looked from his window and saw soldiers +bearing torches going toward the White House. +Quickly he sent a messenger to General Ross and asked +that his residence be spared. The messenger found +General Ross in the Blue Room, where he was collecting +furniture for a bonfire. Assured that "the king's +house" would be respected, he returned to the minister.</p> + +<p>Dr. Thornton, who was at the time superintendent +of the patent office, succeeded in persuading Colonel +Jones to spare that building, on the ground that it was +a museum of the Arts, and that its destruction would +be a loss to all the world.</p> + +<p>Among the public buildings destroyed was the White +House. Mr. Tayloe at once offered the Octagon House +to President Madison. On September 9, 1814, the +<i>National Intelligencer</i> announced, "The President will +occupy Colonel Tayloe's large house, which was lately +occupied by the French minister." For more than a +year the house was known as the Executive Annex.</p> + +<p>Rufus Rockwell Wilson, in "Washington, the Capital +City," tells how the mansion looked at this time: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">237</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Its circular entrance hall, marble tiled, was heated +by two picturesque stoves placed in small recesses in +the wall. Another hall beyond opened into a spacious +and lovely garden surrounded by a high brick wall after +the English fashion. To the right was a handsome +drawing room with a fine mantel, before which Mrs. +Madison was accustomed to stand to receive her guests. +To the left was a dining-room of equal size and beauty. +A circular room over the hall, with windows to the +floor and a handsome fireplace, was President Madison's +office. Here he received his Cabinet officers and other +men of note, listening to their opinions and reports on +the progress of the war; and here, also, on a quaintly +carved table, he signed, February 18, 1815, the proclamation +of the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the contest +with England."</p> + +<p>The story of this table's history is interesting. From +the Octagon House it went to John Ogle Ferneaux, of +King George County, Virginia. He kept it until October +30, 1897, when it was sold to Mrs. A. H. Voorhies, +of 2011 California Street, San Francisco. When the +fire that succeeded the earthquake of 1906 approached +the house, the table was taken away hurriedly. Mrs. +Voorhies says, "We wrapped sheets around the circular +part of the table, and in part of the journey, it +went turning round as a wheel to a place of safety." +The San Francisco chapter of the Institute of Architects +purchased it for $1,000, and sent it to Washington, +December 1, 1911.</p> + +<p>It is said that on the day the message came to the +Octagon House that peace had been declared, Miss Sally +Coles, who was Mrs. Madison's cousin, called from the +head of the stairs, "Peace! Peace!" One who was a +guest at the time gave a lively account of the scene in +the house:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Late in the afternoon came thundering down Pennsylvania +Avenue a coach and four foaming steeds, in +which was the bearer of the good news. Cheers followed +the carriage as it sped on its way to the residence +of the President. Soon after nightfall, members of +Congress and others deeply interested in the event presented +themselves at the President's House, the doors +of which stood open. When the writer of this entered +the drawing room at about eight o'clock, it was crowded +to its full capacity. Mrs. Madison—(the President being +with the Cabinet)—doing the honors of the occasion; +and what a happy scene it was!"</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">238</a></span></p> + +<p>Mr. Tayloe occupied the Octagon at intervals until +his death in 1828. Mrs. Tayloe lived until 1855. By +this time the neighborhood had changed, and the property +deteriorated. In 1865 it was occupied as a girls' +school. From 1866 to 1879 it was the hydrographic +office of the Navy Department. Later it became a +dwelling and studio. From 1885 to 1889 it was in the +hands of a caretaker, and deteriorated rapidly. At the +last eight or ten families of colored people lived within +the storied walls.</p> + +<p>The Institute of American Architects leased the property +in 1899 and later purchased the house for $30,000. +It is now one of the sights of Washington. A tablet +fixed to the wall relates the main facts of its history. +</p> + +<h2>SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE +CAVALIERS</h2> +<div class="poem"> +<p><i>I love the stately southern mansions with their tall white columns,</i></p> +<p><i>They look through avenues of trees, over fields where the cotton is growing;</i></p> +<p><i>I can see the flutter of white frocks along their shady porches,</i></p> +<p><i>Music and laughter float from the windows, the yards are full of hounds and horses.</i></p> +<p><i>Long since the riders have ridden away, yet the houses have not forgotten,</i></p> +<p><i>They are proud of their name and place, and their doors are always open,</i></p> +<p><i>For the thing they remember best is the pride of their ancient hospitality.</i></p> +<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">Henry van Dyke</span>.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p6">SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE CAVALIERS</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_46" id="img_46"></a> +<img src="images/i_271a.jpg" width="550" height="365" alt="MOUNT VERNON" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by E. C. Hall</i></span><br /> +MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA, REAR VIEW</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LII</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">241</a></span></p> + +<h3>MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON</p> + +<p>George Washington was twenty years old when he +became the owner of the Mount Vernon estate on the +Potomac, in accordance with the provisions of the will +of Laurence Washington, his half-brother. At that +time the house contained but eight rooms and an attic, +four rooms on each floor. There were twenty-five hundred +acres in the farm.</p> + +<p>As a boy Washington had tramped over every acre +of the estate. When he was sixteen he made a plot +of the region around Mt. Vernon. The original of the +survey made at that time may be seen in the Library +of Congress at Washington.</p> + +<p>The young owner looked forward to years of quiet +on his estate, but he was frequently called away from +home for service in the militia of Virginia. In spite +of these absences, however, he managed to make the +acres surrounding the mansion give a good account of +themselves.</p> + +<p>When he responded to the call of the Colonies and +became Commander-in-Chief of the army, he turned his +back on Mt. Vernon with great reluctance, and for six +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">242</a></span> +years hardly saw the place he loved. But when the +independence of the Colonies had been won he returned +home, in the hope that he might be permitted to remain +there in obscurity, farming his land and entertaining +his friends in the house on the Potomac.</p> + +<p>That he might have more room for his friends, he +enlarged the house. On July 5, 1784, he wrote to his +friend, William Rumney of Alexandria, asking him to +inquire into the terms on which "a House Joiner and +Bricklayer" might be engaged for two or three years. +To the house, which dated from 1744, he made additions +until it was three times as large as when he inherited +the property. The alterations were completed in 1785. +The completed house was ninety-six feet long, and thirty +feet deep, with a piazza fifteen feet wide. The building +material was wood, cut in imitation of stone.</p> + +<p>While these alterations were in progress a visitor +to Mt. Vernon was Charles Vardo, an Englishman. +When he returned home he wrote an account of his visit, +in which said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"I crossed the river from Maryland into Virginia, +near to the renowned General Washington's, where I +had the honor to spend some time, and was kindly +entertained with that worthy family. As to the General, +if we may judge by the countenance, he is what +the world says of him, a shrewd, good-natured, plain, +humane man, about fifty-five years of age, and seems +to wear well, being healthful and active, straight, well +made, and about six feet high. He keeps a good table, +which is always open to those of a genteel appearance....</p> + +<p>"The General's house is rather warm, snug, convenient +and useful, than ornamental. The size is what +ought to suit a man of about two or three thousand +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">243</a></span> +a year in England. The out-offices are good and seem +to be not long built; and he was making more offices at +each wing to the front of the house, which added more +to ornament than to real use. The situation is high, +and commands a beautiful prospect of the river which +parts Virginia and Maryland, but in other respects the +situation seems to be out of the world, being chiefly +surrounded by woods, and far from any great road or +thoroughfare.... The General's lady is a hearty, +comely, discreet, affable woman, some few years older +than himself.... The General's house is open to poor +travellers as well as rich, he gives diet and lodging to +all that come that way, which indeed cannot be many, +without they go out of their way on purpose...."</p> +</div> + +<p>A visitor of January 19, 1785, was Elkanah Watson. +In his diary Washington wrote simply that Mr. Watson +came in and stayed all night; and that he went away +after breakfast next morning. But Mr. Watson had +a fuller account to give:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I found him at table with Mrs. Washington and his +private family, and was received in the native dignity +and with that urbanity so peculiarly combined in the +character of a soldier and eminent private gentleman. +He soon put me at ease.... The first evening I spent +under the wing of his hospitality, we sat a full hour +at table by ourselves, without the least interruption, +after the family had retired. I was extremely oppressed +by a severe cold and excessive coughing, contracted by +the exposure of a harsh winter journey. He pressed +me to use some remedies, but I declined doing so. As +usual after retiring, my coughing increased. When +some time had elapsed, the door of my room was gently +opened, and on drawing my bed-curtains, to my utter +astonishment, I beheld Washington himself, standing +at my bedside, with a bowl of hot tea in his hand."</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">244</a></span></p> + +<p>The following May Rev. Thomas Coke and Bishop +Francis Asbury were welcomed to Mt. Vernon. "The +General's seat is very elegant," Mr. Coke wrote. "He +is quite the plain, country-Gentleman." After dinner +the visitors presented to their host a petition for the +emancipation of the Negroes, "entreating his signature, +if the eminence of his station did not render it +inexpedient for him to sign any petition." Washington +told his guests that he was "of their sentiments, +and had signified his thoughts on the subject to most +of the great men of the State; that he did not see it +proper to sign the petition, but if the Assembly took +it into consideration, would signify his sentiments to +the Assembly by a letter."</p> + +<p>An attractive picture of the General was given by +Richard Henry Lee after a visit to Mt. Vernon in +November, 1785:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"When I was first introduced to him he was neatly +dressed in a plain blue coat, white Casimer waistcoat, +and black breeches and Boots, as he came from his +farm. After having sat with us some time he retired.... +Later he came in again, with his hair neatly powdered, +a clean shirt on, a new plain drab Coat, white +waistcoat and white silk stockings."</p> + +<p>John Hunter, who was with Colonel Lee, added his +impression: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">245</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"The style of his house is very elegant, something +like the Prince de Condé's at Chantilly, near Paris, only +not quite so large; but it's a pity he did not build a new +one at once, as it has cost him nearly as much as repairing +his old one.... It's astonishing what a number +of small houses the General has upon his Estate for +his different Workmen and Negroes to live in. He has +everything within himself—Carpenters, Bricklayers, +Brewers, Blacksmiths, Bakers, etc., etc., and even has +a well assorted store for the use of his family and +servants."</p> + +<p>While the repairs were still in progress, the ship +<i>Mary</i> arrived at Alexandria, having a consignment for +Washington from Samuel Vaughan, a great admirer +in London. This was a chimney-piece, wrought in Italy +from pure white and sienite marble, for the use of Mr. +Vaughan. When the mantel reached England the +owner learned of the improvements then in progress at +Mt. Vernon. Without unpacking the mantel he sent it +on to America. When Washington received word of the +arrival of the gift, he wrote, "By the number of cases, +however, I greatly fear it is too elegant and costly for +my room and republican style of living." Nevertheless +the mantel was installed in the mansion and became a +great delight to the household.</p> + +<p>Washington's days at Mt. Vernon were interrupted +by the renewed call of his country. For much of the +time for eight years he was compelled to be absent, and +when, at length, the opportunity came to resume the +free life on his estate, he had less than three years left. +But these years were crowded full of hospitality in the +mansion and of joyous work on the estate, and when, +on December 14, 1799, he died as a result of a cold +caught while riding on the estate, he left it to his +"dearly beloved wife, Martha Washington."</p> + +<p>For many years Mt. Vernon continued its hospitable +career. Then came years of neglect, when the mansion +was falling into ruins. But in 1853-56 Miss Ann +Pamela Cunningham of South Carolina appealed to the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">246</a></span> +women of the nation, and succeeded in organizing an +association that took over the estate, restored it to its +original condition, furnished it with Washington relics +gathered from far and near, and opened it for the visits +of the reverent visitors to the city of Washington, who +continue their journey sixteen miles down the Potomac +that they may look on the scene that brought joy to +the heart of the Father of his Country.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_47" id="img_47"></a> +<img src="images/i_271b.jpg" width="550" height="389" alt="Arlington" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br /> +ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LIII</p> + +<h3>ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">FROM WHICH ROBERT E. LEE WENT TO BATTLE FOR<br /> +THE SOUTH</p> + +<p>After the death of George Washington the Mt. Vernon +family was gradually broken up, one after another going +elsewhere for a home. George Washington Parke Custis, +Washington's adopted son, and grandson of Martha +Washington, decided to build a home on a hill overlooking +the Potomac, opposite Washington City. There +were eleven hundred acres in the estate of which Arlington, +the mansion he built in 1802, was the central +feature.</p> + +<p>It has been said that the stately house is an adaptation +of the Doric temple at Paestum, near Naples. The +roof of the great portico rests on eight massive columns. +The rooms within are of a size in keeping with the +magnificent portal.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the plan was too ambitious for the Custis +fortune. At any rate the rooms on the south side of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">247</a></span> +the hall were not completed. But it was a famous +house, nevertheless. Guests were many. They delighted +to look from the portico across the Potomac to +Washington, where they could see the government buildings +slowly taking shape.</p> + +<p>One of the favored guests was Robert E. Lee. His +frequent visits led to his marriage, in 1831, to Mr. +Custis' daughter. At this time Lee was a lieutenant +in the United States Army. Mrs. Lee remained at +Arlington, waiting for the husband whose military +duties enabled him to spend only brief seasons with +her and the growing family there.</p> + +<p>During the years before the war visitors to the Capital +City thronged to Arlington. Some of them were +interested in the many Washington relics in the house. +Chief among these was the bed on which Washington +died. Others came to the picnic grounds at Arlington +Spring, which Mr. Custis had opened for the pleasure +of the people, building for the use of all comers a great +dining-hall, a dancing pavilion, and a kitchen.</p> + +<p>One of these visitors told his impressions of Arlington:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"In front of the mansion, sloping toward the Potomac, +is a fine park of two hundred acres, dotted with +groves of oak and chestnut and clumps of evergreens; +and behind it is a dark old forest, with patriarchal +trees bearing many centennial honors, and covering six +hundred acres of hill and dale. Through a portion of +this is a sinuous avenue leading up to the mansion."</p> + +<p>At the time of the secession of Virginia, Robert E. +Lee was a colonel. Duty seemed clear to him. It was +not easy for him to take up arms against the United +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">248</a></span> +States Government, but he considered himself first of +all a citizen of his native State. To respond to the call +of the Confederacy meant ruin. His beautiful home, he +feared, would be destroyed. But he did not hesitate. +A desire to retain possession of his slaves had nothing +to do with his decision. His own slaves had already +been freed, and provision had been made in the will +of Mrs. Lee's father that all his slaves should be freed +in 1862.</p> + +<p>When, in 1865, General Lee was urged to prolong the +conflict by guerilla warfare, he said: "No, that would +not do. It must be remembered that we are Christian +people. We have fought the fight as long and as well +as we know how. We have been defeated. For us as a +Christian people there is but one course to pursue. We +must accept the situation. These men must go home and +plant a crop, and we must proceed to build up our +country on a new basis."</p> + +<p>But he could not return to Arlington. The government +had taken possession of the estate for a National +Cemetery. For a time he lived in obscurity on a little +farm. Then he became President of Washington College, +later Washington and Lee University. With his +family he lived on the campus at Lexington, Virginia, +and there he died, October 12, 1870.</p> + +<p>In the meantime the National Cemetery at Arlington +was becoming a pilgrimage point for patriotic Americans. +The slopes of the beautiful lawn were covered +with graves. The stately white mansion, with its eight +great pillars and its walls of stucco seemed a fitting +background for the ranks of little white tombstones.</p> + +<p>For years the title to the property was in dispute. +In 1864 the United States bought it for $26,800, when it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">249</a></span> +was sold at auction for delinquent taxes. In 1882 the +Supreme Court decided that G. W. C. Lee, son of General +Lee, was entitled to the property, and the following +year the government paid him $150,000 for eleven hundred +acres, including the mansion.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_48" id="img_48"></a> +<img src="images/i_272.jpg" width="550" height="547" alt="Christ Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br /> +CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LIV</p> + +<h3>CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE WASHINGTON HAD A PEW "AT THE UPPER PART<br /> +OF THE CHURCH"</p> + +<p>George Washington was chosen one of the vestrymen +of Fairfax parish in 1764, when this was formed by the +division of Truro parish, although he was already a +vestryman in Pohick Church at Truro.</p> + +<p>The records of the new parish show that in 1766 it +was decided to build Christ Church at Alexandria, and +a second church at the Falls of the Potomac instead of +the old church there. The members of the parish were +asked to pay thirty-one thousand pounds of tobacco for +the purpose of construction.</p> + +<p>James Wren, the architect of Christ Church, is said +to have been a descendant of Sir Christopher Wren. +While the building was well designed, no one ever +thought of it as a masterpiece. But it has answered the +purposes of the worshipper for more than a century and +a half, and it promises to last at least a hundred and +fifty years more.</p> + +<p>The original contract called for the expenditure of +£600. Colonel John Carlisle, who was bondsman for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">250</a></span> +the contractor, James Parsons, in 1772, agreed to complete +the building on payment of £220 additional, since +Parsons failed to fulfil his agreement.</p> + +<p>The church was built of brick, and was sixty by fifty +feet long. The work was carefully done, but the structure +was ready for the vestry to take possession early +in 1773.</p> + +<p>At the first sale of pews, of which there were fifty +in all, Washington paid £36 10 s. for pew number five. +He had already made a generous gift toward the building +fund, but asked the privilege of giving the brass +chandelier which still hangs from the ceiling.</p> + +<p>When the Church and State were separated in Virginia, +after the Revolution, Washington subscribed five +pounds a year to the rector's salary. By act of the legislature +the glebe lands of churches in the State were +confiscated, but, through the influence of Washington +and Charles Lee, Christ Church "and one other" (probably +Falls Church) were allowed to retain their lands.</p> + +<p>Many changes have been made in the building. The +gallery was added in 1787, that twenty-five pews might +be provided for the growing congregation. The west +aisle was built in 1811, and the next year the chimneys +were built, for stoves were placed in the church at +that time. The bell was hung in 1816. The pews were +later divided, including that which Washington occupied, +but this pew has since been restored to its original +condition. Since 1891 the high pulpit and sounding +board have been replaced as they were at first.</p> + +<p>Washington's diary tells of his attendance at service +on Sunday, June 2, 1799. Perhaps it was of this Sunday +a visitor to Alexandria wrote in a letter to a friend, +which was quoted in "The Religious Opinions and Character +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">251</a></span> +of George Washington," published in 1836. The +writer said:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"In the summer of 1799 I was in Alexandria on a +visit to the family of Mr. H.... Whilst there, I expressed +a wish to see General Washington, as I had +never enjoyed that pleasure. My friend ... observed: +'You will certainly see him on Sunday, as he is never +absent from church when he can get there; and as he +often dines with us, we will ask him on that day, when +you will have a better opportunity of seeing him.' Accordingly, +we all repaired to church on Sunday.... +General Washington ... walked to his pew, at the +upper part of the church, and demeaned himself throughout +the service of the day with that gravity and propriety +becoming the place and his own high character. +After the services were concluded, we waited for him +at the door, for his pew being near the pulpit he was +among the last that came out—when Mrs. H. invited +him to dine with us. He declined, however, the invitation, +observing, as he looked at the sky, that he thought +there were appearances of a thunderstorm in the afternoon, +and he believed he would return home to dinner."</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_49" id="img_49"></a> +<img src="images/i_291a.jpg" width="550" height="389" alt="Mary Washington House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br /> +MARY WASHINGTON'S HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG, VA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LV</p> + +<h3>THE MARY WASHINGTON HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG,<br /> +VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE WASHINGTON'S MOTHER SPENT HER LAST YEARS</p> + +<p>The first property mentioned in connection with the +name of Mary Ball, who became the mother of George +Washington, was on the tract of four hundred acres "in +ye freshes of Rappa-h-n River," bequeathed to her in her +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">252</a></span> +father's will before she was six years old. Her father, +Colonel Joseph Ball of Epping Forest, Lancaster +County, thought he was about to die, but he lived some +years longer.</p> + +<p>Ten years later an unknown writer spoke of Mary +Ball in pleasing terms:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="i10">"WmsBurg, y<sup>e</sup> 7th of Oct<sup>r</sup>, 1722.</p> + +<p>"Dear Sukey, Madam Ball of Lancaster and her +sweet Molly have gone Hom. Mama thinks Molly the +Comliest Maiden She Knows. She is about 16 yrs old, +is taller than Me, is verry Sensable, Modest and Loving. +Her Hair is like unto Flax, Her Eyes are the color of +Yours, and her Chekes are like May blossoms. I wish +You could see Her."</p> +</div> + +<p>This "Belle of the Northern Neck," as she came to be +called, continued her conquests of young and old until, +at twenty-two, an orphan, she left Epping Forest to live +with her brother, Joseph Ball, at "Stratford-by-bow, +Nigh London." There, on March 6, 1730, she became +the second wife of Augustine Washington, the second +son of Laurence Washington, who was visiting England +at the time.</p> + +<p>Less than two years later, at Wakefield, on the Potomac, +in Westmoreland County, Virginia, George Washington +was born. He was not three years old when the +mansion was burned.</p> + +<p>The new home was at Pine Grove, in Stafford County, +on the Rappahannock River, opposite Fredericksburg. +For eight years the family circle was unbroken, but +on April 12, 1743, Augustine Washington died. Laurence +Washington, Mary Washington's stepson, then became +the owner of Mt. Vernon, while to George Washington +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">253</a></span> +was bequeathed Pine Grove, though the estate +was to be managed by Mrs. Washington until the son +became twenty-one.</p> + +<p>With wonderful skill Mrs. Washington directed the +plantation and with firm purpose she devoted herself to +the care of her five fatherless children.</p> + +<p>A picture of this capable woman at this period was +recorded by Laurence Washington, a nephew of George +Washington's father. He wrote:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I was often there [at Pine Grove] with George, his +playmate, schoolmate, and young man's companion. Of +the mother, I was more afraid than of my own parents; +she awed me in the midst of her kindness; and even +now, when time has whitened my locks and I am the +grandfather of a second generation, I could not behold +that majestic woman without feelings it is impossible +to describe."</p> + +<p>The death, in 1752, of Laurence Washington of Mt. +Vernon made George Washington the owner of that +property. Thereafter the twenty-five hundred acre +estate became known as the home of the eldest son, while +Mrs. Washington remained at Pine Grove with her +younger children.</p> + +<p>Only a few months later he stopped to see his mother, +as he was on his way to the West to carry out a commission +laid upon him by Governor Dinwiddie. As +Mrs. Washington bade her son good-bye, she urged him +to "remember that God only is our sure trust." Then +she added, "To Him I commend you."</p> + +<p>Her words were remembered. In 1755, when General +Braddock asked Colonel Washington to accompany him +to Fort Pitt, Mrs. Washington hurried to Mt. Vernon +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">254</a></span> +and urged him not to go. He considered her objections, +but said:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"The God to whom you commended me, madam, when +I set out on a more perilous errand, defended me from +all harm, and I trust He will do so now; do you?"</p> + +<p>One by one the children left Pine Grove. In 1750 +Betty Washington was married to Colonel Fielding +Lewis, who built for her the stately house Kenmore, not +far from her mother's home, but across the river, on +the edge of Fredericksburg. This house is still among +the show places of the old town.</p> + +<p>In the early days of the Revolution Colonel and Mrs. +Lewis tried to persuade Mrs. Washington that she was +getting too old to live alone at Pine Grove, and urged +her to make her home at Kenmore. At the same time +Colonel Lewis offered to take over the management of +the plantation. To both entreaties she turned a deaf +ear; she said she felt entirely competent to take care of +herself, and she would manage her own farm.</p> + +<p>However, she consented to make her home in a house +purchased for her in Fredericksburg, because "George +thought it best." The dutiful son had time to help in +the flitting to the new home before he hurried to the +North. He was not to see her again for seven long +years.</p> + +<p>A member of the family described later the days of +waiting when Mary Washington directed her household +in the preparation of clothes, provisions, and other comforts +for the General and his associates: "During the +trying years when her son was leading the Continental +forces, the mother was watching and praying, following +him with anxious eyes," the story is told. "But to the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">255</a></span> +messenger who brought tidings, whether of victory or +defeat, she turned a calm face, whatever tremor of feeling +it might mask, and to her daughter she said, chiding +her for undue excitement, 'The sister of the commanding +general should be an example of fortitude and +faith.'"</p> + +<p>It was November 11, 1781, when the victorious commander +next saw Fredericksburg, on his way to Philadelphia +from Yorktown. George Washington Parke +Custis has described the meeting with his mother:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"She was alone, her aged hands employed in the +works of domestic industry, when the good news was announced, +and it was told that the victor was awaiting +at the threshold. She bade him welcome by a warm +embrace, and by the well-remembered and endearing +name of George.... She inquired as to his health, for +she marked the lines which mighty cares and toils had +made in his manly countenance, and she spoke much of +old times and old friends, but of his glory not one +word."</p> + +<p>When the Peace Ball was given in Fredericksburg +she was an honored guest. Her son walked with her +into the gaily decorated ballroom. She remained for a +time, but after a while, from the seat where she had +watched the dance, she called him to her side. When +she was near she said, "Come, George, it is time for old +folks to be at home."</p> + +<p>Lafayette visited Fredericksburg in 1784, that he +might pay his respects to Mrs. Washington. He found +her in her garden, dressed in a short linsey skirt, working +among her flowers. After his visit he declared, "I +have seen the only Roman matron living at this day."</p> + +<p>She still went frequently to her plantation across the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">256</a></span> +river, but as she became more feeble her son gave her +a phaeton in which she could cross the ferry in comfort. +Her great-granddaughter has written of her appearance +when she rolled in the phaeton down the village street:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"In summer she wore a dark straw hat with broad +brim and low crown, tied under her chin with black +ribbon strings; but in winter a warm hood was substituted, +and she was wrapped in the purple cloth cloak +lined with silk shang (a present from her son George) +that is described in the bequests of her will. In her +hand she carried her gold-headed cane, which feeble +health now rendered necessary as a support."</p> + +<p>One of the last visits paid by George Washington to +his mother was on March 7, 1789. A Fredericksburg +paper of March 12 said, "The object of his Excellency's +visit was probably to take leave of his aged mother, +sister, and friends, previous to his departure for the new +Congress, over the councils of which, the united voice of +America has called him to preside." On March 11 +Washington's account book shows that the expenses of +the trip were £1.8.0. He also noted that he advanced to +his mother at the time "6 Guineas."</p> + +<p>At New York, on September 1, 1789, President Washington +was dining with friends when a messenger +brought word of the death of Mrs. Washington. The +notice of her death, as given in the <i>Gazette of the United +States</i>, on September 9, read: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">257</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Fredericksburg, Virginia, August 27, 1789—On +Tuesday, the 25th inst. died at her home in this town, +Mrs. Mary Washington, aged 83 years, the venerable +mother of the illustrious President of the United States, +after a long and painful indisposition, which she bore +with uncommon patience. Though a pious tear of duty, +affection, and esteem is due to the memory of so revered +a character, yet our grief must be greatly alleviated from +the consideration that she is relieved from the pitiable +infirmities attendant on an extreme old age.—It is usual +when virtuous and conspicuous persons quit this terrestrial +abode, to publish an elaborate panegyric on their +characters—suffice it to say, she conducted herself +through this transitory life with virtue, prudence, and +Christianity, worthy the mother of the grandest Hero +that ever adorned the annals of history."</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"O may kind heaven, propitious to our fate,</p> +<p>Extend THAT HERO'S to her lengthen'd date;</p> +<p>Through the long period, healthy, active, sage;</p> +<p>Nor know the sad infirmities of age."</p> +</div> + +<p>The house in Fredericksburg which was occupied after +1775 by Mrs. Washington, is now the property of +the Association for the Preservation of Virginian +Antiquities.</p> + +<p class="center p6">LVI</p> + +<h3>GREENWAY AND SHERWOOD FOREST,<br /> +VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">TWO OF THE HOMES OF JOHN TYLER</p> + +<p>A little girl was responsible for the fact that John +Tyler, who became the tenth president of the United +States, was born, not at Marlie, but at Greenway. +Marlie was the name chosen by Judge John Tyler for +his James River estate, but his young daughter, Anne +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">258</a></span> +Contesse, as soon as she began to talk, insisted on calling +it "Greenway," "because the grass grows so green +there."</p> + +<p>The fact that Anne's name displaced that chosen by +her father is an indication of his great love for children. +Greenway was "a bird's nest full of young," but +at various times he added to his own flock one or another +of twenty-one children, of whom he was made guardian, +all of whom he guided through childhood to earnest manhood +and womanhood.</p> + +<p>These children must have enjoyed roaming about the +estate, for, according to Judge Tyler's description, it +was a delightful place. He said of it:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Greenway contains five hundred acres, well improved. +On it is a genteel, well-furnished dwelling-house, +containing six rooms, all wainscoted, chair-board +high, with fine dry cellars the full length of the house, +which is 56 feet; also every other building which a +reasonable person could wish or desire, to wit: a handsome +study, storehouse, kitchen, laundry, dairy, meat-house, +spring-house, and an ice-house within the curtelage; +a barn 40 by 34 feet, two granaries, two carriage +houses, 20 stalls for horses, a quarter for house servants; +a handsome pigeon-house, well stocked; and several +other houses for slaves; a well of water (so excellent +that I can drink with delight after returning from a +mountain circuit), a large, fertile garden, abounding +with a great variety of shrubs, herbs, and beautiful +flowers, well enclosed. The buildings new and well covered +with shingles."</p> + +<p>On this attractive estate John Tyler was born on +March 29, 1790. He was a slender, delicate-looking lad, +but he was not afraid to stand up for himself when he +felt he was being abused. His first schoolmaster, a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">259</a></span> +Mr. McMurdo, who taught across the road from Greenway, +thought that it was impossible to teach well unless +the rod was in daily use. "It was a wonder that he did +not whip all the sense out of his scholars," John said +once, years later. But one day the boys rebelled. +"John and some of the larger boys tripped him up, +and began to tie his hands and feet," the Tyler family +biographer tells the story. "McMurdo scuffled bravely, +but upon little William Tyler, the smallest boy in school, +throwing himself upon him, he exclaimed, in imitation +of the great Roman, '<i>Et tu, Brute!</i>' and ceased to resist. +The boys firmly secured him, locked him up in the +schoolhouse, and left with cheers of triumph and +derision."</p> + +<p>Hours later the schoolmaster was released by a passing +traveller, who heard his cries. At once the enraged +man hastened to Judge Tyler and told his story. "But +the Judge, born and bred in the Revolutionary school, +hated tyranny in any shape, and as he drew himself up +to his full stature, he ... replied, in the language of +Virginia's motto, <i>'Sic Semper Tyrannis</i>.'"</p> + +<p>At the age of twelve John entered the grammar school +of William and Mary College at Williamsburg. There +he had a good time, and he made a creditable showing in +his classes. Yet that he did not advance in at least one +study is evident from a letter written by his father in +1807. He said:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"I can't help telling you how much I am mortified to +find no improvement in your handwriting; neither do +you construct your lines straight, which makes your +letters look too abominable. It is an easy thing to +correct this fault, and unless you do so, how can you +be fit for law business?"</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">260</a></span></p> + +<p>Some years later, when Judge Tyler was Governor +of Virginia, he announced impressively to John that +Thomas Jefferson would be among the dinner guests on +a certain day. "Be sure you have a good dinner," the +Governor added; for John was at the time in charge of +the establishment. The future President asked himself, +"What is the best thing for dinner?" "Plum pudding!" +was the answer.</p> + +<p>The appointed time came. The company was seated +at table. The first course was served. Then came a +long wait.</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Suddenly a door flew open, and a negro servant +appeared, bearing, with both hands raised high above +his head, a smoking dish of plum pudding. Making a +grand flourish, the servant deposited it before Governor +Tyler. Scarcely had he withdrawn before another door +flew open, and an attendant, dressed exactly like the +first, was seen bringing another plum pudding, equally +hot, which at a grave nod from John, he placed before +Mr. Jefferson. The Governor, who expected a little +more variety, turned to his son, who sat surveying the +puddings with tender interest, and exclaimed, in accents +of astonishment, 'Two plum puddings, John, two plum +puddings! Why, this is rather extraordinary!' 'Yes, +sir,' said the enterprising major domo, 'it is extraordinary; +but' (and here he rose and bowed deferentially +to Mr. Jefferson) 'it is an extraordinary occasion.'"</p> + +<p>In 1813, John Tyler married Letitia Christian. +They did not make their home at Greenway, however. +On the death of Judge Tyler the old house was sold, but +it became the property of John Tyler in 1821. There +he retired for the season of rest which he sorely needed +after his strenuous years as a member of the House of +Delegates, and Representative in Congress. During the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">261</a></span> +intervals of his service as Governor and United States +Senator he resided at the old home, but in 1829 he sold +the property, and removed to Gloucester County, to an +estate which he took for debt. Eighteen years later, at +the close of his presidential term, he returned, with his +bride, the second Mrs. Tyler, to the county where he +was born, having bought an estate of twelve hundred +acres, three miles from Greenway, on the north side of +the James, opposite Brandon. He tore down the old +house on the estate, and built a house on the same plan, +which, with its connected out-buildings, was more than +two hundred feet long. He called his place "Sherwood +Forest," with grim humor; for was he not an outlaw, +in the opinion of the Whigs, just as really as was Robin +Hood?</p> + +<p>Not long after the beginning of life at Sherwood +Forest he was appointed overseer of the road on which +his estate was located. Some claimed that this appointment +was secured by the Whigs to humiliate him. But +he refused to be humiliated. Instead he determined to +be a good overseer and make the road the best in the +State. All the men in the township were called, and +they were kept at work day after day, as, according to +law, he had a right to keep them. But it was harvest +time, and the wheat was dead ripe. "The smiles that +lately illuminated the countenances of the Whigs turned +to dismay. The august justice who had made the appointment +repaired to Mr. Tyler's house, and represented +to him the state of things. Mr. Tyler replied that +the law made it his duty to put the road in good order, +and to keep it so. The Whigs expostulated. Mr. Tyler +was firm. Then the justice begged him to resign, and +let the hands go home. The ex-President said, 'Offices +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">262</a></span> +are hard to obtain in these times, and having no assurance +that I can ever get another, I cannot think, under +the circumstances, of resigning.'"</p> + +<p>One of the statesman's valued companions during +these early years at Sherwood Forest was "General," +the old horse which he had owned for many years. At +length the horse died, and was buried in the grave at +Sherwood Forest. On a wooden slab at the head of the +grave the owner wrote:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"Here lieth the bones of my old horse, General, who +served his master faithfully for twenty-seven years, and +never blundered but once—would that his master could +say the same!"</p> + +<p>The last years of John Tyler's life witnessed the return +of his popularity. Enemies became friends, and all +rejoiced to do him honor. He was called to a number +of honorable posts, and he was about to take his seat +as a member of the House of Representatives of the Confederate +Congress when he died, in Richmond, on January +18, 1862.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_50" id="img_50"></a> +<img src="images/i_291b.jpg" width="550" height="390" alt="Hanover Court House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br /> +HANOVER COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LVII</p> + +<h3>TWO HISTORIC COURTHOUSES OF VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">OLD DOMINION COUNTY BUILDINGS AT HANOVER AND<br /> +WILLIAMSBURG</p> + +<p>A momentous announcement appeared in the Williamsburg, +Virginia, <i>Gazette</i> on March 16, 1769: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">263</a></span> +</p> + +<p class="blockquot"> +"The Common Hall having this day determined to +build a commodious brick court-house in this city and +having appointed us to agree with and undertake to +build the same, we do hereby give notice that we shall +meet at Mr. Hay's (the Raleigh Tavern) on Tuesday, +the 4th of April, to let the building thereof; we are also +appointed to dispose of the present court-house, and the +ground on which the same stands. James Cock, John +Carter, James Carter, John Tazewell."</p> + +<p>The building displaced by the new structure was +erected in 1716 by William Levington, and was given +to the city in 1745 by "the Gentlemen subscribers for +the Play House."</p> + +<p>The stone steps on the new building, which are still +in use, were brought from England in 1772. A copy +of the letter in which William Wilson acknowledged +their receipt is in a letter book preserved in the library +of the Episcopal Seminary, near Alexandria.</p> + +<p>During the Revolution, the patriots were called together, +from time to time, by the bell in the picturesque +tower. It was fitting, then, that when American independence +was celebrated at Williamsburg, on May 1, +1783, the Courthouse was made the rallying place for +the people. On receipt of official notice from Governor +Benjamin Harrison that the treaty of peace had been +signed, the mayor of Williamsburg prepared an "Order +of the Procession on the Great Day," which closed with +the following direction:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"The Citizens to be Conveyed on Thursday, at 1 +o'clock at the Court-House by a Bellman.</p> + +<p>"After the convention of citizens they are to make +proclamation at the C: House, after which the Bells +at the Church, College, & Capitol are to ring in peal.</p> + +<p>"From the C<sup>t</sup> House the Citizens are to proceed to +the College, and make proclamation at that place, from +whence they are to proceed to the Capitol and make +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">264</a></span> +proclamation there and from thence Proceed to the +Raleigh (Tavern) & pass the rest of the day."</p> +</div> + +<p>A frequent visitor to the Williamsburg Courthouse +was the brilliant lawyer Patrick Henry, whose reputation +as an orator was made long before he delivered his +"Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech at St. +John's Church, Richmond.</p> + +<p>Some years before the Williamsburg Courthouse was +erected, this orator made his first public speech, at Hanover +Courthouse, a building that dates from 1735, in +the celebrated suit of the clergy demanding the payment +of their stipends in tobacco, according to law. In consequence +of a short crop the price had increased, and +they insisted that it was their right to have the advantage +of the increase. Their case had been tried once +and won. The attorney of the people thereupon withdrew, +and Henry was engaged to appear for them in +court.</p> + +<p>When the case was called, Rev. Patrick Henry was +present, to the regret of his nephew. The lawyer sought +his uncle and said that he feared he would be too much +overawed by his presence to do his duty to his clients, +and added that he would be compelled to say some +"very hard things of the clergy." The minister thereupon +entered his carriage, and drove away.</p> + +<p>William Wirt describes the scene at the opening of +the case: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">265</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"On the bench sat more than twenty clergymen, the +most learned men in the Colony, and the most capable, +as well as the severest critics before whom it was possible +for him to have made his début. The Court House +was crowded with an overwhelming multitude, and surrounded +with an immense and anxious throng, who, not +finding room to enter, were endeavoring to listen without, +in the deepest attention. But there was something +still more awfully disconcerting than all this; for in the +chair of the presiding magistrate, sat no other person +than his own father....</p> + +<p>"And now came on the first trial of Patrick Henry's +strength. No one had ever heard him speak, and curiosity +was on tiptoe. He rose very awkwardly, and faltered +much in his exordium. The people hung their +heads at so unpromising a commencement; the clergy +were observed to exchange sly looks with each other, and +the father is described as having almost sunk with confusion, +from his seat. But these feelings were of short +duration, and soon gave place to others, of a very different +character.... The spirit of his genius awakened +all his features.... His action became graceful, bold, +and commanding; and in the tones of his voice, but more +especially in his emphasis, there was a peculiar charm, +a magic, of which any one who ever heard him will +speak as soon as he is named, but of which no one can +give any adequate description....</p> + +<p>"The people, whose countenances had fallen as he +arose, had heard but very few sentences before they +began to look up; then to look at each other with surprise, +as if doubting the evidence of their own senses.... +In less than twenty minutes, they might be seen in +every part of the house, on every bench, in every window, +stooping forward from their stands, in deathlike silence.... +The mockery of the clergy was soon turned +into alarm; their triumph into confusion and despair; +and at one burst of his rapid and overwhelming invective, +they fled from the bench in precipitation and terror. +As for the father, such was his surprise, such his amazement, +such his rapture, that, forgetting where he was, +and the character which he was filling, tears of ecstasy +streamed down his cheeks without the power or inclination +to restrain them."</p> +</div> + +<p>The case was won. As soon as the verdict was announced +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">266</a></span> +the people seized the orator at the bar and bore +him out of the courthouse. Then, raising him on their +shoulders, they carried him about the yard.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_51" id="img_51"></a> +<img src="images/i_292a.jpg" width="550" height="395" alt="St. John's Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br /> +ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND, VA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LVIII</p> + +<h3>ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, RICHMOND</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE PATRICK HENRY SAID, "GIVE ME LIBERTY, OR<br /> +GIVE ME DEATH"</p> + +<p>In 1611 Sir Thomas Dale founded his town of Henricopolis, +the second established settlement in Virginia. +It was named in honor of Prince Henry, the eldest son +of James I. A church was soon after built. The +bounds of Henrico parish, to which it belonged, were +quite large until 1634, when the parish was made to +include the present Chesterfield, Powhatan, and Goochland +counties.</p> + +<p>Soon after the marriage of Pocahontas she moved to +the plantation of her husband, John Rolfe, near Henricopolis, +and they were both members of Henrico parish +until they left Virginia.</p> + +<p>The written records of Henrico parish begin with +1730. At that time the principal church of the parish +was on Curle's plantation, on the north side of the +James, some miles below the present city of Richmond. +Curle's church disappeared during the Civil War. The +bowl of the baptismal font in St. John's Church, Richmond, +is a relic of the old church. This was removed +from the cellar of a house where it had been in use for +beating hominy. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">267</a></span></p> + +<p>Steps were taken in 1737 to build the present St. +John's Church, because of the increase of population in +Richmond. The first action was recorded as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"At a Vestry held at Curls Church for Henrico parish +ye 8th day of October Anno Dom. 1737 for laying ye +parish Levey—</p> + +<p>"The Vestry do agree to build a Church on the most +convenient place at or near Thomas Williamsons in this +parish to be Sixty feet in Length and Twenty-five in +Breadth and fourteen feet pitch to be finished in a plain +Manner After the Moddle of Curls Church. And it is +ordered that the Clerk do Set up Advertisements of the +particular parts of the Said Building and of the time +and place of undertaking the Same.... It is ordered +that the Collector do receive of every Tithable person +in this parish five pounds of Tobacco after the Usual +deduction to be apply'd towards building the New +Church at Williamsons."</p> +</div> + +<p>At a later meeting the location and the dimensions of +the church were changed. Richmond was decided on, +and it was stated that "Richard Randolph Gent undertakes +the Said Building and engages to finish the Same +by the Tenth day of June, which Shall be in the year of +our Lord 1741; for which the Vestry agrees to pay him +the Sum of £317 10s. Current Money to be paid by the +amount of the Sale of Twenty thousand pounds of Tob'o +Annually to be Levyd on the parish and Sold here for +Money till the whole payment be compleat."</p> + +<p>There is no record of the completion of the building, +but probably it was finished at the appointed time. +Since that date various additions have been made, yet +it is possible to trace the lines of the original structure. +The original pews are still in use, though they have been +lowered. The hinges of the pew doors are handwrought. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">268</a></span> +The wainscoting and the window sashes are those first +put in. The original weather-boarding is still in place. +It is fastened by nails whose heads are half an inch +broad.</p> + +<p>For the new church there were imported from England:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"One Parsons Surples, a Pulpit Cushen and Cloth, +two cloths for Reading Desks, a Communion Table +Cloth, and a Dozen of Cushens—to be of good Purple +Cloth, and the Surples good Hollond, also Large Bible +and four large Prayer Books."</p> +</div> + +<p>An entry in the vestry book on December 17, 1773, +shows that the rector, Mr. Selden, received as salary +17,150 pounds of tobacco, worth £125. The clerk of the +parish received 1,789 pounds of tobacco, or £13 10s., the +sexton had 536 pounds, or £3.10s.7d.</p> + +<p>Selden was chaplain of the Virginia Convention which +met in the church March 20, 1775. At the closing session +of this convention Patrick Henry "flashed the electric +spark, which exploded the country in revolution," +as Burton says in his history of Henrico Parish. This +was the speech that closed:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Gentlemen may cry peace, peace, but there is no +peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that +sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash +of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the +field! Why stand here idle? What is it that gentlemen +wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or +peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains +and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God. I know not +what course others may take, but as for me, Give me +liberty, or give me death."</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">269</a></span></p> + +<p>Dr. Burton says that the orator "stood, according to +tradition, near the present corner of the east transept +and the nave, or more exactly, in pew 47, in the east +aisle of the nave.... He faced the eastern wall of the +transept, where were the two windows. In the more +northern of these stood Colonel Edward Carrington. +He broke the silence that followed the orator's burning +words with the exclamation, 'Right here I wish to be +buried!'"</p> + +<p>When the British took possession of Richmond in +1781, St. John's Church became a barracks for Arnold's +men. And some of them stood on the spot where +Patrick Henry spoke the words that had such large part +in stirring up the people to drive all British soldiers +from the Colonies.</p> + +<p>After the close of the war the diocese of Virginia was +reorganized in the building, and plans were laid to overcome +the difficulties that would soon come through the +loss of the property of the Protestant Episcopal Church, +which led Edmund Randolph, later Governor of Virginia +and Secretary of State in Washington's Cabinet, to +speak the famous words:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Of what is the Church now possessed? Nothing but +the glebes and your affections."</p> +</div> + +<p>That the affections of the people are a better dependence +than rich endowments in money has been shown +by the later history of the church, the parish, and the +diocese. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_52" id="img_52"></a> +<img src="images/i_292b.jpg" width="550" height="401" alt="Nelson House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br /> +NELSON HOUSE, YORKTOWN, VA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LIX<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">270</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE NELSON HOUSE AND THE MOORE HOUSE,<br /> +YORKTOWN, VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">MADE MEMORABLE BY THE BATTLE OF YORKTOWN AND THE<br /> +SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS</p> + +<p>One day in 1740 a baby a little more than one year +old, whose name was Thomas Nelson, stood by the side +of his father, William Nelson, as the father was about +to lay the foundation of his new home in York, Virginia. +The babe had been stationed there that the brick for the +corner might be placed in the little hands; then it could +be said in later years that the babe had helped in the +exercises of the day. The little fellow became a Signer +of the Declaration of Independence, a General in the +Revolutionary War, and Governor of Virginia.</p> + +<p>William Nelson was a merchant, who had invested his +savings in land and had become quite wealthy. When +his son was fourteen years old he was able to send him +to Cambridge, England, to be educated. Nine years +later the young man married Lucy Grymes of Brandon, +and took up his residence in the house whose foundation +he had helped to lay.</p> + +<p>For many years the home of the young people was +noted for the hospitality shown there. Whenever the +owner could leave his guests, he rode to his plantation +near town. He kept a pack of hounds, which were frequently +employed in fox hunting.</p> + +<p>When discontent against England became pronounced, +he was a leader of the patriots. He was a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">271</a></span> +member of the House of Burgesses of 1774 which was +dissolved by Lord Dunmore because of the passage of a +resolution against the Boston Port Bill, and he was one +of the eighty-nine men who met next day at a tavern and +took action that led to the first Continental Congress.</p> + +<p>On July 17, when the Convention of Virginia delegates +gathered in Richmond decided to raise three regiments +for home defence, Patrick Henry was named as +commander of the first while Nelson was put in charge +of the second.</p> + +<p>He was among the patriots who sat in the Continental +Congress of 1775, 1776, and 1777, and his name was +signed to the Declaration of Independence. On August +16, 1777, he retired from public service because of failing +health, but when, a little later, the Governor of Virginia, +fearing the approach of the British fleet, asked him to +serve as brigadier general and commander-in-chief of the +forces of the State, he agreed, on condition that he be +excused from accepting payment for his services.</p> + +<p>During the siege of Yorktown he was at the head of +the militia. The sketch of his life as given by Sanderson +in the "Biography of the Signers," says: "During +the siege, observing his own house uninjured by the artillery +of the American batteries he inquired the cause. A +respect for his property, was assigned. Nelson ... +requested that the artillerists would not spare his house +more than any other, especially as he knew it to be occupied +by the principal officers of the British Army. Two +pieces were accordingly pointed against it. The first +shot went through the house and killed two ... officers.... +Other balls soon dislodged the hostile +tenants." It is said that Nelson gave ten guineas +reward to the man who fired the first shot. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">272</a></span></p> + +<p>Again Thomas Nelson responded to the call of his +State when in June, 1781, he became Governor, succeeding +Thomas Jefferson. Four months after the beginning +of his term as chief executive of the State, George +Washington, in general orders, said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"The General would be guilty of the highest ingratitude, +a crime of which he hopes he shall never be +accused, if he forgot to return his sincere acknowledgments +to his excellency governor Nelson, for the succours +which he received from him and the militia under +his command, to whose activity, emulation, and bravery, +the highest praises are due. The magnitude of the +acquisition will be ample compensation for the difficulties +and dangers which they met with so much firmness +and patriotism."</p> +</div> + +<p>Nelson's term as Governor was shortened by ill health. +In November, 1781, he was compelled to resign.</p> + +<p>But he was not permitted to rest. Attacks were made +on him for certain courses taken during his term as +Governor. When he asked and was given permission to +defend himself before the State delegates, he was triumphantly +acquitted of all blame. On December 31, +1781, this action was recorded:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">273</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"An act to indemnify <span class="smcap">Thomas Nelson, Junior</span>, +Esquire, late governor of this commonwealth, and to +legalize certain acts of his administration. Whereas, +upon examination, it appears that previous to and during +the siege of York, Thomas Nelson, Esquire, late governor +of this commonwealth, was compelled by the peculiar +circumstances of the state and army, to perform +many acts of government without the advice of the council +of state, for the purpose of procuring subsistence for +the allied army under the command of his excellency +general Washington; be it enacted that all such acts of +government, evidently productive of general good, and +warranted by necessity, be judged and held of the same +validity, and the like proceedings be had on them as if +they had been executed by and with the advice of the +council, and with all the formality prescribed by law. +And be it enacted that the said Thomas Nelson, jr., +Esquire, be and he hereby is in the fullest manner indemnified +and exonerated from all penalties and dangers +which might have accrued to him from the same."</p> +</div> + +<p>Nelson lived more than seven years after this act +approving his emergency actions. But three years were +spent in comparative poverty. Most of his property was +sold to satisfy the debts incurred by paying two regiments +out of his own pocket, and by going security, with +the State, for two million dollars needed to carry on the +war. Sanderson says of these acts of generosity:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"He had spent a princely fortune in his country's +service; his horses had been taken from the plough, and +sent to drag the munitions of war; his granaries had +been thrown open to a starving soldiery, and his ample +purse had been drained to its last dollar, when the credit +of Virginia could not bring a sixpence into her treasury. +Yet it was the widow of this man who, beyond eighty +years of age, blind, infirm, and poor, had yet to learn +whether republics can be grateful."</p> +</div> + +<p>On the simple gravestone in Yorktown, erected to the +memory of the patriot, is this eloquent inscription:</p> + + +<p class="center">Thomas Nelson,<br /> +Governor of Virginia.<br /> +He Gave All for Liberty.</p> + + +<p>Not far from the grave is another historic house that +should be named with the Nelson house. This is the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">274</a></span> +Moore house, on Temple farm, then less than a mile from +Yorktown. In this house, which was built in 1713, the +terms of the surrender of Cornwallis were drawn up. +It was once the summer home of the colonial governor, +Alexander Spottswood.</p> + +<p class="center p6">LX</p> + +<h3>THE JOHN MARSHALL HOUSE, RICHMOND,<br /> +VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE THE CHIEF JUSTICE CARED FOR HIS WIFE AND<br /> +ENTERTAINED HIS FRIENDS</p> + +<p>An old book, "Richmond in By Gone Days," says that +John Marshall was noted in Richmond for his unpretending +manner. "His dress was plain even to negligence. +He marketed for himself and might be seen at +an early hour returning home with a pair of fowls, or +a basket of eggs in his hand, not with ostentatious humility, +but for mere convenience."</p> + +<p>It is related by Flanders that Marshall "was one +morning strolling through the streets of Richmond, attired +in a plain linen roundabout and shorts, with his +hat under his arm, from which he was eating cherries, +when he stopped in the porch of the Eagle Hotel, indulged +in some little pleasantry with the landlord, and +then passed on." Just then a man from the country, +who wished a lawyer to appear for him in court, was +referred by the landlord to Marshall, as the best advocate +he could have, but the countryman declined to have +anything to do with the careless young man. In court +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">275</a></span> +he asked the clerk for a lawyer, and was once more +recommended to take John Marshall. Again he refused. +Just then a dignified old man in powdered wig +and black coat entered. He was at once engaged, on +his appearance. After a time the inferiority of the +black-coated lawyer was so apparent that the countryman +sought Marshall, told him of the mistake he had +made, said that he had left but five dollars of the one +hundred dollars he had set aside for lawyers' fees, and +asked Marshall if he would assist on the case. The +lawyer laughingly agreed.</p> + +<p>In 1781, when Marshall was twenty-five years old, he +walked from Virginia to Philadelphia, to be inoculated +for smallpox. "He walked at the rate of thirty-five +miles a day. On his arrival, such was his shabby appearance, +that he was refused admission into one of +the hotels; his long beard, and worn-out garments, probably +suggesting the idea that his purse was not adequate +to his entertainment. And this in the city which had +seen much of the young man's heroic services during the +Revolution!"</p> + +<p>Before the close of the war, while visiting his father, +Colonel Marshall, who was the commanding officer at +Yorktown, Virginia, he met Mary Willis Ambler, a +daughter of Jacqueline Ambler, the treasurer of Virginia. +"She was just fourteen years of age at the time, +and it is stated to have been a case of love at first sight." +Even when Marshall called to see her he was not prepossessing +in appearance, yet he was well received, "notwithstanding +his slouched hat, and negligent and awkward +dress," for his amiable manners, fine talents, and +especially his love for poetry, which he read to them +with deep pathos, led them to forget his dress. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">276</a></span></p> + +<p>The young people were married on January 3, 1783. +After paying the fee of the minister, the groom's sole +remaining fortune was a guinea!</p> + +<p>Mrs. Marshall was for many years a nervous invalid. +Bishop Meade says, "The least noise was sometimes +agony to her whole frame, and his perpetual endeavor +was to keep the house and yard and out-houses from the +slightest cause of distressing her; walking himself at +times about the house and yard without shoes." The +attitude of the people of Richmond to the husband and +wife is shown by the fact that "on one occasion, when +she was in her most distressing state, the town authorities +manifested their great respect for him and sympathy +for her, by having either the town clock or town bell +muffled."</p> + +<p>On his marriage John Marshall took his wife to one +of the best houses then available in the village of Richmond, +a two-room frame building. In 1789 he bought +two acres of ground on Shockoe Hill, and here, in 1793, +he built a nine-room brick house. One of the rooms was +a large apartment, in which he gave his famous "lawyer +dinners."</p> + +<p>When Marshall was not in Washington, he lived in +this comfortable house, which was near the home of his +father-in-law. He had also a farm a few miles from +Richmond. Bishop Meade says that one morning, between +daybreak and sunrise, he met Marshall on horseback. +He had a bag of clover seed lying before him, +which he was carrying to his farm.</p> + +<p>An English traveller who spent a week in Richmond +in 1835 gave his impression of the Richmond home: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">277</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"The house is small, and more humble in appearance +than those of the average of successful lawyers and merchants. +I called there three times upon him; there is +no bell to the door. Once I turned the handle of it and +walked in unannounced; on the other two occasions he +had seen me coming, and had lifted the latch and received +me at the door, although he was at the time suffering +from severe contusions received in the stage while +travelling on the road from Fredericksburg to Richmond."</p> +</div> + +<p>Chief Justice Marshall frequently attended the Monumental +Church. The narrow pews troubled him, for he +was quite tall. "Not finding room enough for his whole +body within the pew, he used to take his seat nearest the +door of his pew, and, throwing it open, let his legs +stretch a little into the aisle."</p> + +<p>The death of his wife was a great grief to him. +"Never can I cease to feel the loss and to deplore it," +he wrote on December 25, 1832, the anniversary of her +death. "Grief for her is too sacred ever to be profaned +on this day, which shall be, during my existence, marked +by a recollection of her virtues."</p> + +<p>He survived Mrs. Marshall less than five years. In +June, 1835, he went to Dr. Physic in Philadelphia, seeking +relief for a disability that had been aggravated by +the road accident of which the English visitor wrote, as +already quoted. There he died, July 6, 1835. On July +4 he wrote the inscription which he wished placed above +his grave:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"John Marshall, son of Thomas and Mary Marshall, +was born on the 24th of September, 1755, intermarried +with Mary Willis Ambler the 3rd of January, 1783, departed +this life the —— day of —— 18 ——."</p> +</div> + +<p>The Marshall house is now in possession of the Society +for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, having +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">278</a></span> +been purchased a few years ago from the Misses Harvie, +the granddaughters of Chief Justice Marshall. They +had lived in the house until they sold it to the city of +Richmond.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_53" id="img_53"></a> +<img src="images/i_313a.jpg" width="550" height="404" alt="WESTOVER" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br /> +WESTOVER ON THE JAMES, VIRGINIA</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXI</p> + +<h3>FIVE OLD HOUSES OF TIDEWATER, VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">SABINE HALL, WESTOVER, SHIRLEY, BRANDON, AND<br /> +CARTER'S GROVE</p> + +<p>The five houses mentioned briefly in this chapter are +noteworthy, not only because of their beauty, but because +the stories of those who lived in them show how +the leading families of old Virginia intermarried until +the various relationships became a puzzle that delights +the genealogist.</p> + +<p>On the Rappahannock, in Richmond County, Virginia, +Landon Carter, son of Robert ("King") Carter, +the ancestor of the Carter family of Virginia, built +Sabine Hall in 1730. He was a great lover of the works +of Horace, and it was quite natural that he should adopt +for his mansion the name of the Roman poet's Sabine +Farm.</p> + +<p>Until his death in 1778 he was a recognized leader in +both Church and State. Robert A. Lancaster quotes an +unnamed writer who says that he was "a high-minded +public servant and a finished scholar, indulging a taste +for science and a love for letters," and was considered +"one of the most notable of the pre-Revolutionary statesmen +of the Colony," and was "looked up to by the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">279</a></span> +younger generation as a Nestor among his compatriots." +He was a friend of Washington, and received many letters +from him, some of which have been preserved.</p> + +<p>Landon Carter's second wife was Maria Byrd, of +Westover. Her portrait, as well as those of the other +two wives, the husband and "King" Carter, are hanging +to-day on the walls of Sabine Hall. The estate of four +thousand acres descended to his son by his third marriage +with Elizabeth Beale, Robert Wormeley Carter, +who was a member of the Virginia Assembly. The +property is still in the possession of the descendants of +the original owner.</p> + +<p>Westover, where Landon Carter courted Maria Byrd, +is on the James in Charles City County, not far south of +Sabine Hall. The mansion was built in the same year +as Sabine Hall, 1730, by William Byrd, II, whose father +came from England about 1674.</p> + +<p>William Byrd, of Westover, was famous as a literary +man and as a statesman. At one time he was President +of His Majesty's Council. But perhaps his greatest +fame came to him because he was the father of Evelyn +Byrd, who was a reigning belle. When, at the age of +eighteen, she was presented at Court, it was reported +that the king of England complimented her by saying +he was glad Virginia could produce such "beautiful +Byrds."</p> + +<p>Evelyn's brother, William Byrd, III, was the heir of +the estate. He married Elizabeth Hill Carter, of Shirley, +a neighboring estate. He was a member of the +Virginia Council and attained distinction by his service +as a colonel in the French and Indian War.</p> + +<p>During the siege of Yorktown some of the French officers +made frequent visits to Westover. One of them, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">280</a></span> +Marquis de Chastellux, said that this was the most beautiful +place in America.</p> + +<p>Two armies have halted at Westover. In April, 1781, +Cornwallis passed that way, and, during the Civil War +McClellan's army camped on the grounds. A war-time +picture shows something of the havoc wrought by the +soldiers.</p> + +<p>When Elizabeth Hill Carter, of Shirley, came to Westover, +she gave up one beautiful home for another. Her +father's Charles City County mansion was probably +built late in the seventeenth century, though the exact +date is not known. One of the estate's claims to distinction +is that it has never been offered for sale. Colonel +Edward Hill, the builder, Colonel Edward Hill, II, his +son, and Colonel Edward Hill, III, his grandson, were +leaders in the life of the county. At the death of +Colonel Hill, III, his sister, Elizabeth Hill, became heir +to the estate. She married John Carter, of Corotoman, +son of Robert ("King") Carter, who was Secretary of +the Colony. It was his daughter who married William +Byrd, III, of Westover. Her brother, Charles Carter, +who was a patriot of prominence, was the father-in-law +of Light Horse Harry Lee, and the grandfather of General +Robert E. Lee.</p> + +<p>Carter's Grove, another seat of the Carter family, is +also on the James, in Charles City County, not far from +Shirley. The builder was Carter Burwell, and the house +dates from 1751. The work was done by slaves, under +the direction of a foreman who received £140 for his +work. In the construction of the house 25,000 feet of +lumber, 40,000 shingles, 15,000 laths, and 460,000 bricks +were used. The total cost was only £500.</p> + +<p>Carter Burwell was the son of Elizabeth, daughter of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">281</a></span> +Robert ("King") Carter, who married Colonel Nathaniel +Burwell.</p> + +<p>Across the James, in Prince George County, is Brandon, +whose builder was Nathaniel Harrison. The +house dates from early in the eighteenth century. His +son, also Nathaniel Harrison, married, as his second +wife, Lucy the daughter of Robert ("King") Carter of +Corotoman. Benjamin Harrison, the son by the first +wife, Mary Digges, married Evelyn Taylor Byrd, of +Westover. When she went to Brandon she took with +her the Byrd portraits, which are to-day one of the attractions +of the mansion.</p> + +<p>Brandon has always been in the possession of descendants +of the original owner.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_54" id="img_54"></a> +<img src="images/i_313b.jpg" width="550" height="399" alt="Gunston Hall" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br /> +GUNSTON HALL ON THE POTOMAC, VIRGINIA</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXII</p> + +<h3>GUNSTON HALL, VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HOME OF GEORGE MASON, "THE PEN OF THE<br /> +REVOLUTION IN VIRGINIA"</p> + +<p>Four miles from Mt. Vernon, on the Potomac, is +the well-preserved mansion, Gunston Hall, built in 1758 +by George Mason, the great-grandson of George Mason, +who fled to America after the Battle of Worcester, where +he was in arms against the king of England. The first +mention of the name of this George Mason occurs in the +Virginia patent of land which he secured in March, 1655.</p> + +<p>George Washington and George Mason were not only +near neighbors, but they were warm friends. Frequently +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">282</a></span> +Washington drove to Gunston Hall for a talk +with Mason; or sometimes he floated down the stream +in his four-oared gig, manned by his own slaves. Sometimes +the men roamed together through the woods or +the fields; on one of these walks they sought to define +the boundaries between their estates.</p> + +<p>Gifts of various kinds passed back and forth between +the two manors; one day in 1785, when Mason +was driven from Mt. Vernon in Washington's carriage, +he sent back by the driver some young shoots of the Persian +jessamine and Guelder rose.</p> + +<p>A few days later a hogshead of cider was broached at +Gunston Hall, and a liberal sample was sent to Washington. +A note dated "9th November, 1785," addressed +to Washington, begins, "The bearer waits on you with +a side of venison (the first we have killed this season), +which I beg your acceptance of."</p> + +<p>At one time both Washington and Mason were members +of the vestry of Truro parish. Washington's list +of the vestrymen shows that his friend was elected by +two hundred and eighty-two votes, while he himself received +but fifty-one votes.</p> + +<p>Mason was as often at Mt. Vernon as Washington was +at Gunston Hall. After a visit made on Christmas Day, +1783, one of the other guests, Miss Lewis, of Fredericksburg, +wrote:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">283</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Among the most notable of the callers was Mr. +George Mason, of Gunston Hall, who was on his way +home from Alexandria, and who brought a charming +granddaughter with him.... He is said to be one +of the greatest statesmen and wisest men in Virginia. +We had heard much of him and were delighted to look +in his face, hear him speak, and take his hand, which he +offered in a courtly manner. He is slight in figure, but +not tall, and has a grand head and clear gray eyes."</p> +</div> + +<p>To the home of George Mason other men of note +delighted to come. In the guest room Jefferson and +Richard Henry Lee, as well as Washington, slept more +than once. Patrick Henry, too, was a welcome visitor +at Gunston Hall. George Mason had as high an opinion +of the orator as Patrick Henry had of the statesman. +"He is by far the most powerful speaker I ever +heard," Mason once said of Henry; "every word he +says not only engages but commands the attention; and +your passions are no longer your own when he addresses +them. But his eloquence is the smallest part of his +merit. He is in my opinion the first man upon this continent, +as well in abilities as public virtues, and had he +lived in Rome about the time of the first Punic War, +when the Roman people had arrived at their meridian +glory and their virtue not tarnished, Mr. Henry's talents +must have put him at the head of that glorious commonwealth."</p> + +<p>The orator returned the compliment by calling Mason +one of the two greatest statesmen he ever knew.</p> + +<p>George Mason's statesmanlike vision was seen in +1766, when he warned the British public of the results +that would follow coercion. "Three millions of people +driven to desperation are not an object of contempt," he +wrote. Again he proved a good prophet when he wrote +to George Washington, on April 2, 1776, after the General +took possession of Boston:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">284</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"I congratulate you most heartily upon this glorious +and important event—an event which will render George +Washington's name immortal in the annals of America, +endear his memory to the latest posterity, and entitle +him to those thanks which heaven appointed as the reward +of public virtue."</p> +</div> + +<p>Mason was of a retiring disposition, and he would +have preferred to remain at home. But he was forced +into the councils of the Virginia Convention, and during +his service there he prepared the marvellous Bill of +Rights which was later made a part of the Constitution +of that State and was the model for similar documents +in many other States. He was also the author of the +Constitution of Virginia, and the designer of the State +seal. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention +in Philadelphia, where he proved himself "the +champion of the State and the author of the doctrine +of State Rights." Because the Constitution as finally +drafted by the convention contained so many provisions +that he felt were dangerous, he refused to sign the document, +"declaring that he would sooner chop off his +right hand than put it to the Constitution" whose provisions +he could not approve.</p> + +<p>After the Constitutional Convention for more than +four years the statesman lived quietly at Gunston Hall. +When he died in October, 1792, he asked to be buried by +the side of his first wife, whose death in 1773 had been +a grievous blow to him. Over her tomb he had inscribed:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"Once She was all that cheers and sweetens Life;</p> +<p>The tender Mother, Daughter, Friend and Wife:</p> +<p>Once She was all that makes Mankind adore;</p> +<p>Now view the Marble, and be vain no more."</p> +</div> + +<p>No monument was ever raised over his own grave. A +grandson planned to set a stone inscribed to "The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">285</a></span> +Author of the Bill of Rights and the Constitution of +Virginia," but he was unable to do as he wished.</p> + +<p>Gunston Hall still stands, though it has passed +through many hands since the death of him whom +George Esten Cooke called "one of the most remarkable +men, not only of his Country, and of his epoch, but of +all Countries and all time."</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_55" id="img_55"></a> +<img src="images/i_314a.jpg" width="550" height="396" alt="Washington College" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING, LEXINGTON, VA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXIII</p> + +<h3>THE WASHINGTON COLLEGE BUILDING,<br /> +LEXINGTON, VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">HOW GEORGE WASHINGTON SOLVED A DELICATE PROBLEM</p> + +<p>Even before the treaty of peace with Great Britain +was signed, George Washington was making plans for +the development of the West. He was especially impressed +with the possibilities of the Potomac and James +rivers, if improved by canals, as a means of communication +with the Ohio. Companies were organized to the +work. In both enterprises he was a stockholder. On +August 13, 1785, he wrote to Edmund Randolph:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"The great object for the accomplishment of which +I wish to see the inland navigation of the River Potomack +and James improved and extended is to connect +the western territory with the Atlantic states.... I +have already subscribed five shares to the Potomack +navigation; and enclosed I give you a power to put my +name down for five shares to that of James River."</p> +</div> + +<p>In 1785 Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, wrote +to Washington that the General Assembly of the State +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">286</a></span> +had voted to give him one hundred shares in the James +River Company, "it being their wish, in particular, that +those great works of improvement, which, both as +springing from the liberty which he has been so instrumental +in establishing, and as encouraged by his patronage, +will be durable monuments of his glory, may be +made monuments also of the gratitude of his country."</p> + +<p>Washington replied that he could not accept money +for his services to his country. Then he added: "But +if it should please the General Assembly to permit me to +turn the destination of the fund vested in me, from my +private emolument, to objects of a public nature, it will +be my study in selecting these to prove the sincerity of +my gratitude for the honor conferred on me, by preferring +such as may appear most subservient to the enlightened +and patriotic views of the legislature."</p> + +<p>Of course the legislature granted the desired permission, +indicating that the gifts might be made either during +Washington's life, or by bequest.</p> + +<p>Some years passed before Washington fixed on a +proper recipient for the canal shares. In 1798, however, +he gave them to the trustees of Liberty Academy, +at Lexington, Virginia, which had been incorporated in +1782. In recognition of the gift the trustees asked the +legislature to change the name of the school to Washington +Academy. In 1813 the name was once more +changed to Washington College.</p> + +<p>This, the first large gift received by the institution, is +still yielding an income of three thousand dollars. During +many times of crisis the income provided in this way +has been of signal use to the institution, notably in +1824, when the Washington College building was begun. +This structure is two hundred and fifty feet long, is built +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">287</a></span> +of brick, and each of its three porticoes is supported by +white colonial columns.</p> + +<p>For more than seventy-five years after Washington +turned over the canal shares, the institution's sole endowment +amounted to only about one hundred and +twenty thousand dollars. The seventy thousand dollars +added to the canal shares came from sources that were +influenced by Washington's confidence in the institution.</p> + +<p>The beginning of the larger life of the college was +the election of General Robert E. Lee as president. The +keynote of his five years of service was sounded in the +letter which he wrote to the trustees on receiving notification +of his election. He feared that, in view of his +military history, he might cause harm to the college. +He was never greater than when he said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"I think it is the duty of every citizen, in the present +condition of the country, to do all in his power to aid +in the restoration of peace and harmony, and in no +way to oppose the policy of the State or General Government +directed to that object. It is particularly incumbent +upon those charged with the instruction of the +young to set them an example of submission to authority, +and I would not consent to be the cause of +animadversion on the College."</p> +</div> + +<p>Following the death of General Lee, which came after +five years of remarkable development under his leadership, +the name of Washington College was changed to +Washington and Lee University, that it might continue +forever a memorial to its two greatest benefactors.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_56" id="img_56"></a> +<img src="images/i_314b.jpg" width="550" height="393" alt="Bruton Parish Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br /> +BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG, VA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXIV<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">288</a></span></p> + +<h3>BRUTON PARISH CHURCH, WILLIAMSBURG,<br /> +VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">"THE COURT CHURCH OF COLONIAL VIRGINIA"</p> + +<p>Jamestown was the capital of Virginia until 1699. +Then Williamsburg became the seat of government. Six +years earlier the latter town had taken on some importance +because of the founding there of William and +Mary College, and for more than sixty years efforts had +been made to persuade the people to make their homes +in the place. The records of the Colony show that in +1632 rewards were offered to those who would locate +in what seemed a promising situation for a town.</p> + +<p>The date of the building of the first church in Williamsburg +is not known. The first entry in the vestry +book of Bruton parish was made in April, 1674, but the +parish dates from 1658. In that year Harrop and +Middle Plantation parishes were united, though the new +parish was not called Bruton for some time. The name +was given because Sir James Ludwell, who afterward +left a legacy of twenty pounds to the parish, was born +in Bruton, England.</p> + +<p>A building (that it was not the first is shown by the +mention in the records of the Old Church) was completed +in 1683, and the first service was held on January +6, 1684. The cost was "£150 sterling and sixty thousand +pounds of good sound, marketable sweet, scented +Tobacco." The minister, "Mr. Rowland Jones," was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">289</a></span> +"paid annually y<sup>e</sup> sum of sixteen thousand, six hundred +and sixty pounds of Tobacco and Caske."</p> + +<p>The removal of the capital to Williamsburg brought +so many new people to town that the church became too +small for the congregation. In 1701 the parish records +show that there was talk of a new building.</p> + +<p>On October 1, 1706, the vestry decided to levy a tax +of twenty thousand pounds of Tobacco as a beginning +of the building fund. Four years later the members of +the vestry made known their hope that the House of +Burgesses would assist in the expense, which, they +thought, would be about five hundred pounds. To the +Burgesses a message was sent indicating that the vestry +"do not doubt in the least but the House of Burgesses +would show their Pious and Generous Spirits by their +Liberall Donation towards soe Necessary and good a +worke and that they would assure them to the best of +their Judgment they would appropriate the same according +to the true Intent thereof."</p> + +<p>The Burgesses offered "to take Care of the wings and +intervening parts," if the vestry would build the ends +of the church. They also agreed to build the pews for +the Governor, the Council, and themselves. With their +help, the building was completed and occupied in 1715. +The tower was added in 1769.</p> + +<p>Rev. James Blair, who was minister of Bruton parish +at the time of the erection of the new building, had been +instrumental in organizing William and Mary College. +The early history of that institution is bound up with +that of the church. Some of the most notable conflicts +between Church and State in the old Colony took place +during the years of Mr. Blair's activity. He died in +1743, after serving the church as minister for thirty-three +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">290</a></span> +years, William and Mary College as President for +fifty years, and the Colony as Commissioner for fifty-three +years.</p> + +<p>Among the famous names on the vestry rolls are those +of Henry Tyler, great-great-grandfather of President +Tyler, who was first mentioned on "The Seaventh day +of April, 1694," and George Wythe, one of the Signers +of the Declaration of Independence. Patrick Henry, and +George Washington later worshipped with the congregation.</p> + +<p>When Virginia was about to go to war with Great +Britain, the House of Burgesses, on May 24, 1774, +ordered that "the members of the House do attend in +their places, at the hour of ten in the morning, on the +first day of June next, in order to proceed with the +Speaker and the mace, to the church," for fasting, humiliation, +and prayer. During the Revolution the members +of the church were noted for their loyalty to the +Colonies.</p> + +<p>To-day the building is about as it was during the +troubled days of the war. No change has been made in +the exterior, but in 1839 the interior was changed in +many important particulars. In 1905, however, it was +restored as before. The pulpit was put in the old place. +The canopy and curtain which had long stood above the +pew of Governor Spotswood, were found and again put +in position. King Edward VII gave the new pulpit +Bible, and President Roosevelt provided the lectern.</p> + +<p class="center p6">LXV<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">291</a></span></p> + +<h3>WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, WILLIAMSBURG, +VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">THE ALMA MATER OF THOMAS JEFFERSON, JAMES<br /> +MONROE, AND JOHN TYLER</p> + +<p>Three years before John Harvard left a legacy for +the founding of the college that bears his name, the +first bequest for public education made by a resident +of Virginia was recorded, though this was used for a +secondary school, rather than for a college.</p> + +<p>The project of a college, proposed in 1617 and 1618 +by the London Company, and in 1619 at the first session +of the General Assembly, languished until 1685, when +Rev. James Blair came to the Colony as a missionary +and settled in Henrico County, where it had been proposed +to found the college sixty-eight years earlier. For +five years he brooded over the need of a college and in +1690 he made to a convention at Jamestown "Severall +Propositions for a free school and college, to be humbly +presented to the consideration of the next general assembly." +Later, by authority of the Assembly, Dr. +Blair appealed to the Merchants of London, "especially +such as traffick with Virginia," and three thousand +pounds were pledged.</p> + +<p>On the occasion of Dr. Blair's visit to England in +1691, he had an audience with King William, at which +he presented the petition for "a charter to erect a free +school and college." The king replied, "Sir, I am glad +that the Colony is upon so good a design, and will promote +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">292</a></span> +it to the best of my power." Queen Mary also +showed her interest in the college.</p> + +<p>To the endowment in lands and taxes provided by +royal order, Dr. Blair secured an appreciable addition +in an ingenious manner. Learning that, some time before +his arrival, the authorities had promised forgiveness +to pirates who, before a set day, should confess their +crimes and give up a portion of their booty, and that +three famous pirates had come in after the appointed +day, so that they were arrested, he visited them in jail +and offered to use his influence in their behalf, if they +would consent to give to the college a portion of their +booty. They gladly agreed; Dr. Blair's efforts were successful, +and they were given their liberty together with +their treasure, minus the promised gift to the Virginia +College. Another much larger gift was secured from +the executor of an estate which held money devised indefinitely +for "pious and charitable uses." The income +from this portion of the endowment was to be used "to +keep as many Indian children in meat, drink, washing, +clothes, medicine, books and education, from the first +beginning of letters till they should be ready to receive +orders and be sent abroad to convert the Indians."</p> + +<p>In connection with the charter for "the College of +William and Mary," which was dated February 8, 1693, +authority was given to use the seal described as follows: +"On a green field a college building of silver, with a +golden sun, showing half its orb, rising above it." This +is said to be the sole instance of a college, either English +or American, which has a seal of such high origin.</p> + +<p>Sir Christopher Wren, the designer of St. Paul's +Cathedral, made the plan for the original building, +which was to be two stories and a half high, one hundred +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">293</a></span> +and thirty-six feet long, and forty feet wide, and +with two wings sixty feet long and twenty-five feet wide. +In 1697 it was reported to the governor of the province +that the front and north side of the proposed rectangle +had been completed at Williamsburg, and that funds +were exhausted. The walls were more than three feet +thick at the base, and contained 840,000 bricks, the product +of a brickyard nearby.</p> + +<p>For some years subscriptions were paid slowly, and +interest in the college languished, but conditions improved +when King William sent to Governor Nicholson +a proclamation urging him "Y<sup>t</sup> you call upon y<sup>e</sup> persons +y<sup>t</sup> have promised to contribute towards y<sup>e</sup> maintenance +of y<sup>e</sup> s<sup>d</sup> college, to pay in full the severall +Contributions."</p> + +<p>The first of the disasters that have visited the main +building came in 1705, when the interior was burned. +The college was rebuilt on the old walls, as was the case +after the fire of 1859. Thus, after much more than two +hundred years, the venerable building looks almost as it +did when the first students entered its doors. A number +of other structures have been erected since, including +the Brafferton building in 1723, the house now occupied +by the president, which dates from 1732, and the chapel, +begun in 1729. Interest must always centre about the +central structure, however.</p> + +<p>During the Revolution the president was James Madison, +second cousin of the future President of the United +States. The president's house was occupied by Cornwallis +in 1781. After his surrender French officers +lived there. During their occupancy the house was +badly damaged by fire, but it was repaired at the expense +of the French Army. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">294</a></span></p> + +<p>Three events of the years of the war are of special +moment in the history of higher education in America. +On December 5, 1776, the Phi Beta Kappa Society, the +first intercollegiate fraternity in the United States, was +organized. On December 4, 1779, the college was made +a university, the first in the country, and the same year +marked the beginning of the Honor System of college +government which worked such a revolution in other colleges +more than a century later. When Thomas Jefferson, +who was a student at William and Mary in 1760-62, +founded the University of Virginia, the Honor System +was successfully inaugurated in the new institution.</p> + +<p>Other famous men who have been connected with +William and Mary included George Washington, who +was chancellor in 1794; Chief Justice John Marshall, +student in 1779; Secretary of State Edmund Randolph, +student in 1766; James Monroe, student in 1775. John +Tyler was also educated there. It is a remarkable fact +that the presidents who are responsible for adding to +the original territory of the country Louisiana, Florida, +Texas, and most of the western territory, were products +of William and Mary.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_57" id="img_57"></a> +<img src="images/i_347a.jpg" width="550" height="338" alt="Monumental Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br /> +MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, VA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXVI</p> + +<h3>THE MONUMENTAL CHURCH, RICHMOND, +VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">ON THE SITE OF A THEATRE WHOSE BURNING MOVED +THE ENTIRE COUNTRY</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">295</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Last night the playhouse in this city was crowded +with an unusual audience. There could not have been +less than 600 persons in the house. Just before the conclusion +of the play, the scenery caught fire, and in a few +minutes the whole building was wrapt in flames. It is +already ascertained that 61 persons were devoured by +that most terrific element. The Editor of this paper +was in the house when the ever-to-be-remembered, deplorable +accident occurred. He is informed that the +scenery took fire in the back part of the house, by raising +of a chandelier; that the boy, who was ordered by some +of the players to raise it, stated, that if he did so, the +scenery would take fire, when he was commanded in a +peremptory manner, to hoist it. The boy obeyed, and +the fire was instantly communicated to the scenery."</p> +</div> + +<p>This story the editor of the Richmond (Virginia) +<i>American Standard</i> told in the columns of his paper on +Friday, December 27, 1811. He added the fact that +among those who perished were the Governor of the +State, as well as many of the leaders in the business +and social life of the city.</p> + +<p>By order of the city council the remains of the victims +were buried on the site of the burned building, which +was bought for the purpose. At the same time it was +ordered that "no person or persons should be permitted +for and during the time of four months ... to exhibit +any public show or spectacle ... within the city."</p> + +<p>By ordinance it was also decreed that a monument +should be erected on the site. Later it was suggested +that there should be built there, by public subscription, +"an edifice to be set apart and consecrated for the worship +of God," and that this should be the monument.</p> + +<p>Accordingly, on August 1, 1812, the corner stone of +the Monumental Church was laid, the lot having been +purchased by the city for $5,000. The building was +consecrated as a Protestant Episcopal church in May, +1814. In April, 1815, the subscribers to the fund for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">296</a></span> +the building, who had organized under the title, "The +Association for building a Church on Shockoe Hill," +were notified that one-half of their subscription money +would be returned to them on application at the Bank +of Virginia.</p> + +<p>In the middle of the front or main porch of the +church a white marble monument was erected to the +memory of the victims of the fire.</p> + +<p>To the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal +church, which assembled in Philadelphia on May +18, 1814, report was made that "a magnificent church +has sprung up in Richmond from the ashes of the Theatre; +it has the patronage and support of men of the +greatest talents and highest rank in Virginia."</p> + +<p>Among the communicants of the Monumental Church +have been numbered many of the most prominent men +in the Virginia capital, and men famous in the early +history of the country were attendants from time to +time. In February, 1824, General Lafayette worshipped +in the building.</p> + +<p class="center p6">LXVII</p> + +<h3>MONTPELIER, ORANGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">THE LIFELONG HOME OF JAMES MADISON</p> + +<p>James Madison was born at the residence of his +mother's parents, at Port Conway, Prince George +County, Virginia, but before long he was taken to his +father's house, Montpelier, which was the first brick +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">297</a></span> +house built in Orange County. And Montpelier continued +to be his home to the day of his death. Much +of his life was spent in Washington, but his heart was +always turning to the old Virginia plantation where +he had spent his boyhood, and he took advantage of +every possible opportunity to go there for a longer or +shorter visit.</p> + +<p>The distance to Shadwell, where Thomas Jefferson +lived as a boy, was only thirty miles, but these two who +were to have such a large place in the early history of +America, did not meet until Madison was seventeen +years old. Then lost time was made up. For many +years the road between Montpelier and the home of +Jefferson became quite familiar to the friends.</p> + +<p>In the years before he went to college Madison roamed +at will over the twenty-five hundred acres of the Montpelier +estate. He walked and rode, he hunted and +fished, he learned to take delight in the quiet scenery of +that beautiful Blue Ridge country. His tutor, who lived +on the estate, was his companion on his expeditions.</p> + +<p>It was probably due to this outdoor life that his +health was so much better in Virginia than it was at +the College of New Jersey (Princeton College). Soon +after he graduated in 1771 he returned to Montpelier, +somewhat broken by reason of overwork and lack of +exercise. To a college friend in Philadelphia he wrote +rather pessimistically:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">298</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"I am too tired and infirm now to look for extraordinary +things in this world, for I think my sensations for +many months have intimated to me not to expect a long +or a healthy life, though it may be better for me after +some time; but I hardly dare expect it, and therefore +have little spirit or elasticity to set about anything that +is difficult in acquiring and useless in possessing after +one has exchanged time for eternity."</p> +</div> + +<p>He was right in thinking that he was not to have a +healthy life, but he was wrong in thinking it was to +be neither long nor eventful. For more than sixty +years after he wrote the letter from which quotation +has been made, he was energetic and devoted in the +service of his country. In May, 1776, he entered the +Virginia Convention, thus beginning the career that led +him to eight years in the White House. And after he +retired from the Presidency much of his time and +thought was given to the affairs of the nation. During +all these years the thought of his Virginia home gave +him new strength in the midst of his tasks.</p> + +<p>That home meant more to him than ever when, in +September, 1794, he entered the doors of Montpelier +with his bride, Dorothy Todd, the young Philadelphia +widow whom he had married at Harewood, Virginia.</p> + +<p>The estate was still the property of Mr. Madison's +father, and both his father and mother continued to +live there. Before long the house was enlarged. The +rooms so long occupied by the old people were made +a part of the new mansion.</p> + +<p>The two families lived together in perfect harmony. +The father lived to see his son President of the United +States, and the mother was ninety-eight when she died. +William O. Stoddard, in his "Life of James Madison," +says that "she kept up the old-fashioned ways of housekeeping; +waited upon by her servants who grew old and +faded away with her. She divided her time between +her Bible and her knitting, all undisturbed by the modern +hours, the changed customs, or the elegant hospitality +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">299</a></span> +of the mansion house itself. She was a central +point in the life of her distinguished son, and the object +of his most devoted care to the end of her days."</p> + +<p>For Mr. and Mrs. Madison, real life at Montpelier +began in 1817, after the close of the stirring period in +the White House. They did not have much opportunity +to be alone, for guests delighted to come to them, and +they liked to have others with them, yet they managed +to secure a wonderful amount of joy out of the years +spent "within a squirrel's jump of heaven," to use +Dolly Madison's expressive phrase.</p> + +<p>Among the guests were intimate friends like Jefferson, +who was almost a member of the family. Lafayette, +too, found his way to the estate, while Harriet Martineau +told in her "Recollections" of her pleasant sojourn +there. Frequently strangers who were on the +way to the Virginia Hot Springs took the five-mile detour +merely to reach Montpelier, and they were always +made welcome.</p> + +<p>The dining-room was large, but there were sometimes +so many guests that the table had to be set out of doors. +Mr. Madison wrote in 1820 of one such occasion: +"Yesterday we had ninety persons to dine with us at +our table, fixed on the lawn, under a large arbor.... +Half a dozen only staid all night."</p> + +<p>After a visit to her parents that was broken into +by the presence of guests, a daughter of the house complained +to her husband that she had not been able to +pass one sociable moment with her father. His reply +was sympathetic: "Nobody can ever have felt so severely +as myself the prostration of family society from +the circumstances you mention.... But there is no +remedy. The present manners and ways of our country +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">300</a></span> +are laws we cannot repeal. They are altering by degrees, +and you will live to see the hospitality of the +country reduced to the visiting hours of the day, and +the family left to tranquillity in the evening."</p> + +<p>When the steward saw that Madison would not curb +these guests, he began to cut down on the fodder for +the horses, but when the hospitable host learned of this +he gave orders that there should be no further attempts +of this sort. He realized that he was living beyond +his income, but he saw no help for it. He longed for +more time in his library or for riding or walking about +the estate.</p> + +<p>The time came when walks had to be taken on the +veranda; health was failing rapidly. He was not able +to oversee the farm as he had long been accustomed to +do, but depended on others. In 1835 Mrs. Madison +wrote to her daughter: "My days are devoted to nursing +and comforting my sick patient, who walks only +from the bed in which he breakfasts to another." Still +later she wrote: "I never leave my husband more than +a few minutes at a time, and have not left the enclosure +around our house for the last eight months."</p> + +<p>When the owner of Montpelier died, on June 28, 1836, +he was buried in the cemetery on the estate. Mrs. +Madison spent a few lonely years in the old home, but +the property was finally sold to satisfy the debts of +her wayward son, Payne Todd. She was sometimes in +actual want before she died, but Congress provided for +her relief by buying for twenty-five thousand dollars +the Madison letters and other papers.</p> + +<p>She lived until July 12, 1849, and her body was +finally laid by the side of that of her husband.</p> + +<p>William Dupont, the present owner of Montpelier, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">301</a></span> +has enlarged the house by the addition of a second +story to the wings. So the house that was built in +1760 by James Madison, Sr., and was enlarged by +James Madison, Jr., has entered on a new era of +hospitality.</p> + +<p class="center p6">LXVIII</p> + +<h3>OAK HILL, LOUDOUN COUNTY, VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HOME OF JAMES MONROE'S OLD AGE</p> + +<p>James Monroe, at twenty-eight, wrote from New York +to Thomas Jefferson, with whom he had studied law:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"I shall leave this about the 1st of October for Virginia—Fredericksburg. +Believe me, I have not relinquished +the prospect of being your neighbor. The +house for which I have requested a plan may possibly +be erected near Monticello; to fix there, and to have +yourself in particular, with what friends we may collect +around, for society is my chief object; or rather, +the only one which promises to me, with the connection +I have formed, real and substantial pleasure; if, indeed, +by the name of pleasure it may be called."</p> +</div> + +<p>The "connection" of which the future President +wrote was his marriage to Miss Eliza Kortwright of +New York. Of this he had spoken in an earlier letter +to Jefferson:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">302</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"You will be surprised to hear that I have formed +the most interesting connection in human life with a +young lady in this town, as you know my plan was to +visit you before I settled myself, but having formed an +attachment to this young lady ... I have found that +I must relinquish all other objects not connected with +her."</p> +</div> + +<p>Monroe was not permitted to practice law long. As +United States Senator, diplomat, Governor, Cabinet +officer, and President, his time was so fully occupied +that no one but a man of his fine physique and endurance +could have stood the strain. Once, during the +War of 1812, according to his friend, Judge E. R. +Watson, when the burden of three of the departments +of the government rested on him—State, Treasury, and +War—he did not undress himself for ten days and +nights, and was in the saddle the greater part of the +time.</p> + +<p>After some years he bought an estate in Loudoun +County, Virginia, to which he retired for a brief rest +whenever this was possible. For a time the old dormer-windowed +house on the property satisfied him, but +during his presidential term he built Oak Hill, the +house for which Jefferson had prepared the plans. It +is said that the nails used in its construction were +manufactured on the Jefferson estate.</p> + +<p>The house—which was named Oak Hill because of +the oaks on the lawn, planted by the owner himself, +one for each State of the Union—has been described by +Major R. W. N. Noland as follows:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">303</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"The building was superintended by Mr. William +Benton, an Englishman, who occupied the mixed relation +to Mr. Monroe of steward, counsellor and friend. +The house is built of brick in a most substantial manner, +and handsomely finished; it is, perhaps, about +90 x 50 feet, three stories (including basement), and +has a wide portico, fronting south, with massive Doric +columns thirty feet high, and is surrounded by a grove +of magnificent oaks covering several acres. While the +location is not as commanding as many others in that +section, being in lower Loudoun where the rolling character +of the Piedmont region begins to lose itself in +the flat lands of tide water, the house in two directions +commands an attractive and somewhat extensive view, +but on the other side it is hemmed in by mountains, +for the local names of which, 'Bull Run' and 'Nigger +Mountain,' it is to be hoped the late President is in no +wise responsible.... The little stream that washes +the confines of the Oak Hill estate once bore the Indian +name Gohongarestaw (the River of Swans), and is now +called Goose Creek."</p> +</div> + +<p>After the expiration of his second term as President +Monroe made Oak Hill his permanent home, though +sometimes he was with his daughter, Mrs. Gouverneur, +in New York.</p> + +<p>One who was a member of the household during a +part of the six years of the life in Virginia said that +he "looked perhaps older than he was, his face being +strongly marked with the lines of anxiety and care."</p> + +<p>There were many guests at Oak Hill, among these +being Madison and Jefferson. Monroe, in turn, was +frequently at Monticello and Montpelier. His office +as Regent of the University of Virginia also brought +him into frequent touch with his two predecessors in +the presidency, for they were fellow-members on the +Board.</p> + +<p>Whenever weather and guests permitted he was accustomed +to ride about the estate and through the +countryside both morning and evening. One day, +when he was seventy-two, his horse fell on him, and +his right wrist was sprained so badly that for a time +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">304</a></span> +he could not write to his friends, as he had delighted +to do. Thus he was able to sympathize with Madison +when a letter came from Montpelier a few months later:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"In explanation of my microscopic writing, I must +remark that the older I grow the more my stiffening +fingers make smaller letters, as my feet take shorter +steps, the progress in both cases being, at the same +time, more fatiguing as well as more slow."</p> +</div> + +<p>Monroe's last years of life were saddened by financial +difficulties, though even these brought gleams of joy, +because of the fidelity of his friends. Lafayette, who +visited Oak Hill in 1825, wrote later to his friend a +most delicately worded offer of assistance, indicating +that he felt it was his right to offer this, since Monroe, +when minister to France, had exerted himself to bring +about the release of Lafayette, then a prisoner at +Olmütz, and had ministered to the wants of Madame +Lafayette.</p> + +<p>A measure of relief came when Congress voted to +repay, in part, the extraordinary expense incurred by +the statesman during his diplomatic career, but not +before he had advertised Oak Hill for sale and had +planned to go to New York to live near his daughter. +The estate was later withdrawn from the market, but +the plan to go to New York was carried out: he did +not see how he could remain after the death of Mrs. +Monroe, which took place in 1830.</p> + +<p>He did not stay long in New York. On July 4, 1831, +he died. Twenty-seven years later, on the one hundredth +anniversary of his birth, his body was taken +to Richmond for burial. There, in his native State, +rest the remains of him of whom Thomas Jefferson +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">305</a></span> +said, "He is a man whose soul might be turned inside +out without discovering a blemish to the world."</p> + +<p class="center p6">LXIX</p> + +<h3>RED HILL, CHARLOTTE COUNTY, VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE PATRICK HENRY SPENT HIS LAST YEARS</p> + +<p>Patrick Henry was only fifty-eight years old when +he retired for rest and the enjoyment of family life +to his 2,920-acre estate, Red Hill, in the Staunton Valley, +thirty-eight miles southeast of Lynchburg. Just +before he made this move he wrote to his daughter +Betsy, "I must give out the law, and plague myself +no more with business, sitting down with what I have. +For it will be sufficient employment to see after my +little flock."</p> + +<p>He had served his country well for thirty years, as +member of the House of Burgesses, as Speaker of the +first Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774, in +the Virginia Convention of 1775 where he made his +most famous speech, and as Governor of Virginia from +1776 to 1779 and again from 1784 to 1786. He had +well earned the rest he hoped to find. Washington +asked him to become Secretary of State and, later, +Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. John Adams +nominated him as minister to France. But he resisted +all these efforts to draw him from his retirement.</p> + +<p>The house at Red Hill was a simple story and a half +structure, to which the owner soon added a shed kitchen, +solely because he "wished to hear the patter of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">306</a></span> +rain on the roof." This original portion of the house +has been retained intact by later occupants, who have +made additions with rare appreciation of what is fitting. +The central portion was built by the son of the +orator, John Henry. The box hedges in which the sage +of Red Hill took such delight have been retained and +extended.</p> + +<p>George Morgan, in "The True Patrick Henry," says +that this life in retirement "might be designated as +a patriarchal life, if it were not for the fact that the +cradle was still rocking at Red Hill." Henry's letters +were full of references to his children. Once he wrote +to his daughter Betsy, "I have the satisfaction to inform +you that we are well, except Johnny, Christian, +and Patrick, and they are recovering fast now." And +again, "I have great cause of thankfulness for the +health I enjoy, and for that of your mamma and +all the children.... We have another son, named +Winston."</p> + +<p>William Wirt, in his "Life of Patrick Henry," written +in 1817, said, "His visitors have not infrequently +caught him lying on the floor, with a group of these +little ones, climbing over him in every direction, or +dancing around him with obstreperous mirth to the +tune of his violin, while the only contest seemed to be +who should make the most noise."</p> + +<p>That there were many visitors who had the opportunity +to see such contests as these is evident from a +paragraph in "Homes of American Statesmen":<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">307</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"His home was usually filled with friends, its dependences +with their retinue and horses. But crowds, +besides, came and went; all were received with cordiality.... +Those who lived near always came to breakfast, +when all were welcomed and made full. The +larder never seemed to get lean. Breakfast over, creature +comforts, such as might console the belated for the +loss, were promptly set forth on side-tables in the wide +entrance-hall.... Meanwhile, the master saw and +welcomed all with the kindliest attention, asked of their +household, listened to their affairs, gave them his view, +contented all. These audiences seldom ceased before +noon, or the early dinner. To this a remaining party +of twenty or thirty often sat down.... The dinner +ended, he betook himself to his studies until supper, +after which he again gave himself up to enjoyment."</p> +</div> + +<p>Not only was he a total abstainer, but as he grew +older he came to detest the odor of tobacco; so there +were certain refreshments that were never offered to +the guests at Red Hill.</p> + +<p>During the closing years of his life he spent hours +over the Bible. Every morning he would take his seat +in the dining-room, with the big family Bible open before +him. Once he said to a visitor, "This book is +worth all the books that ever were printed, and it has +been my misfortune that I never found time to read it +with the proper attention and feeling till lately. I +trust in the mercy of heaven that it is not too late."</p> + +<p>To Betsy, a daughter by his first marriage, he wrote +in 1796:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">308</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Some good people think I am no Christian. This +thought gives me much more pain than the appellation +of tory; because I think religion of infinitely higher +importance than politics, and I find much cause to reproach +myself that I have lived so long and have given +no decided and public proof of my being a Christian. +But, indeed, my dear child, there is a character which +I prize far above all this world has or can boast. And +amongst all the handsome things I hear said of you, +what gives me the greatest pleasure is, to be told of +your piety and steady virtue."</p> +</div> + +<p>As, one by one, the older children grew up and went +out from Red Hill to homes of their own, they were +urged to read the Bible. Dorothea was the first to be +married. Then came Martha Catherine, who, at seventeen, +fell in love with the hero who rescued her when +she fell from a boat into the water. Sarah married +Robert, the brother of the poet Thomas Campbell. It +is said that at one time the poet was engaged to come +to Red Hill as tutor for the younger children of the +family, but was unable to keep his promise.</p> + +<p>Because of the constant pleas that were made that +he give up his quiet life and reënter politics, Henry +Clay wrote, in 1796:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"I shall never more appear in a public character, +unless some unlooked-for circumstance shall demand +from me a transient effort.... I see with concern our +old Commander-in-chief most abusively treated—nor are +his long and great services remembered, as any apology +for his mistakes in an office to which he was totally +unaccustomed. If he, whose character as our leader +during the whole war was above all praise, is so roughly +treated in his old age, what may be expected by men +of the common standard of character?"</p> +</div> + +<p>He kept his resolution. A few months after writing +this message, when notified that he had been elected +Governor of Virginia, for a third term, he wrote, "My +declining years warn me of my inability."</p> + +<p>But in January, 1799, came an appeal from Washington +himself that he would present himself as a candidate +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">309</a></span> +"if not for Congress, which you may think would +take you too long from home, as a candidate for Representative +in the General Assembly of the Commonwealth." +The reasons were given: "Your insight of +character and influence in the House of Representatives +would be a bulwark against such dangerous sentiments +as are delivered there at present. It would be +a rallying point for the timid, and an attraction of the +wavering. In a word, I conceive it to be of immense +importance at this crisis that you should be there, and +I would fain hope that all minor considerations will +be made to yield to the measure."</p> + +<p>Though Henry knew that he had little strength left, +he responded to the appeal. On County Court day, +the first Monday in March, he presented himself before +the people at Charlotte as a candidate for Representative. +How they flocked about him!</p> + +<p>A <a name="Hampdon-Sidney" id="Hampdon-Sidney"></a>Hampdon-Sidney student, Henry Miller, who heard +him that day, said afterward:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"He was very infirm, and seated in a chair conversing +with some friends who were pouring in from +all the surrounding country to hear him. At length +he rose with difficulty, and stood, somewhat bowed with +age and weakness. His face was almost colorless. +His countenance was careworn, and when he commenced +his exordium, his voice was slightly cracked and +tremulous. But in a few minutes a wonderful transformation +of the whole man occurred, as he warmed +with his theme. He stood erect; his eyes beamed with +a light that was almost supernatural, his features +glowed with the hues and fires of youth; and his voice +rang clear and melodious, with the intonations of some +great musical instrument whose notes filled the area, +and fell distinctly and delightfully upon the ears of +the most distant of the thousands gathered before him."</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">310</a></span></p> + +<p>Near the close of this effective address he said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"You can never exchange the present government, +but for a monarchy. If the administration have done +wrong, let us all go wrong together, rather than split +into factions, which must destroy that union upon which +our existence hangs. Let us preserve our strength for +the French, the English, the German, or whoever else +shall dare to invade our territory, and not exhaust it +in civil commotion and intestine wars."</p> +</div> + +<p>After the conclusion of the oration, Henry went back +to Red Hill, and never left it again. In April he was +triumphantly elected, but he was unable to take his +seat.</p> + +<p>On June 6, 1799, he was near death. When the +physician offered him a vial of mercury, at the same +time telling him that the remedy might prolong his +life a little while, or it might be fatal, he drew over +his eyes a silken cap which he usually wore, and, holding +the vial in his hands, made "a simple childlike +prayer for his family, for his country, and for his own +soul. Afterwards in perfect calm he swallowed the +medicine."</p> + +<p>His last word was to his physician, commending the +Christian religion, which was so real a benefit to a man +about to die.</p> + +<p>Patrick Henry and his wife lie side by side in the +rear garden of Red Hill. "His fame his best epitaph" +is the simple inscription on the stone above the patriot.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_58" id="img_58"></a> +<img src="images/i_347b.jpg" width="550" height="396" alt="Pohick Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo furnished by Aymar Embury, II</i></span><br /> +POHICK CHURCH, VIRGINIA</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXX<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">311</a></span></p> + +<h3>POHICK CHURCH, TRURO PARISH, VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HOME CHURCH OF GEORGE WASHINGTON</p> + +<p>Both Truro parish and George Washington were +born in 1732, and Washington's connection with Truro +Church began in 1735, when his father, Augustine +Washington, became a vestryman, and it continued +throughout his life, though during his later years, when +services were seldom held there, he went to Christ +Church at Alexandria.</p> + +<p>When Washington was a boy he had to make a round +trip of eighteen miles, frequently over extremely rough +roads, when he wished to attend services. Yet he was +a faithful attendant, at all seasons.</p> + +<p>A number of the early rectors of Truro were welcome +guests at Mt. Vernon. One of these, Charles Green, +was a physician as well as a minister, as appears from +the record that he was called to prescribe for Washington +in 1757, when the young campaigner was so seriously +ill, in consequence of hardships suffered on his +western trip, that he said he had "too much reason to +apprehend an approaching decay."</p> + +<p>Five years after this illness Washington was elected +a member of the vestry of the parish, and he was re-elected +many times. His record for attendance was +unusual, in spite of his many outside engagements. +During the years from 1763 to 1774 thirty-one vestry +meetings were held. He was absent from eight of +these, once on account of sickness, twice because he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">312</a></span> +was attending the House of Burgesses, and at least +three times because he was out of the county. For +a few months, in 1765, he did not serve, because, on +the division of Truro parish, Mt. Vernon was thrown +over the line into the new Fairfax parish. At once the +new parish made him a member of its vestry, but when, +in response to a petition which Washington helped to +present, the House of Burgesses changed the parish line +so that Mt. Vernon was once more in Truro parish, +he resumed his service in the old church. There he +maintained his connection with an official body noted +for the fact that, at one time or another, it had eleven +members in the House of Burgesses, two members in +His Majesty's Council for Virginia, as well as the author +of the Virginia Bill of Rights and the Constitution of +the State of Virginia, George Mason.</p> + +<p>When it was decided that a new church building was +needed, Washington was instrumental in settling the +inevitable discussion as to site that followed. He made +a map of the parish, showing where each communicant +lived, and recommended that the building be placed +at the centre of the parish, as shown by the map. His +suggestion was adopted, and a site two miles nearer +Mt. Vernon was chosen.</p> + +<p>For the new church Washington himself drew the +plan. He was also active in letting the plan and overseeing +the building operation. At an auction of pews, +held in 1772, when the church was ready for use, he +bought Number 28, next the communion table, for £10, +while he paid £13 10s. for pew 30. Evidently he was +thoughtful for the guests who frequently rode with him +to service, either in the coach, or in the chaise that followed, +or on horseback. When the Mt. Vernon contingent +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">313</a></span> +came to church there was usually quite a procession.</p> + +<p>Under date October 2, 1785, the diary of Washington +tells of one of these processions, as well as of an interesting +event that followed:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Went with Fanny Bassett, Burwell, Bassett, Doct<sup>r</sup> +Stuart, G. A. Washington, Mr. Shaw and Nellie Custis +to Pohick Church to hear a M<sup>r</sup>. Thompson preach, who +returned with me to Dinner.... After we were in +Bed (about Eleven o'clock in the Evening) M<sup>r</sup> Houdon, +sent from Paris by Doct<sup>r</sup> Franklin and M<sup>r</sup> Jefferson +to take my Bust, in behalf of the State of Virginia ... arrived."</p> +</div> + +<p>For many years Pohick Church was practically deserted, +but there is evidence that services were held here +in 1802. Davies, an Englishman, in his "Four Years +in America," wrote:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"About four miles from Occoquon is Pohick. Thither +I rode on Sunday and joined the Congregation of Parson +Weims, who was cheerful in his mien that he might +win me to religion. A Virginia churchyard on Sunday +is more like a race-course than a cemetery; the women +come in carriages and the men on horses which they +tie to the trees. The church bell was suspended from +a tree. I was confounded to hear 'steed threaten steed +with dreadful neigh,' nor was I less astounded at the +rattling of carriage-wheels, the cracking of whips, and +the vociferation of the gentlemen to the negroes who +attended them; but the discourse of Parson Weims +calmed every perturbation, for he preached the great +doctrines of Salvation as one who has experienced their +power; about half the congregation were negroes."</p> +</div> + +<p>This Parson Weems was no other than the author of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">314</a></span> +Weems' "Life of Washington," a readable but inaccurate +biography that had a great vogue seventy-five +years ago.</p> + +<p>For many years Truro Church was desolate, and relic +hunters made spoil of the furnishings. But since 1876 +it has been open for services once more.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_59" id="img_59"></a> +<img src="images/i_348a.jpg" width="550" height="393" alt="MOUNT AIRY" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br /> +MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXXI</p> + +<h3>MOUNT AIRY, RICHMOND COUNTY, VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">THE PLANTATION HOME OF COLONEL JOHN TAYLOE</p> + +<p>The purchase for £500 of three thousand acres of +productive land in Charles County, on the Potomac, +gave a big boost to the fortunes of the Tayloe family +of Virginia. This shrewd purchase was made by Colonel +John Tayloe, the son of William Tayloe (or Taylor) +who came from England in the seventeenth century. +William Tayloe was a member of the House of Burgesses +in 1710. His son John became a member of +the Colonial Council in 1732, while his son John, who +was born in 1721, also had the honor of serving in +the Council under Lord Dunmore, as well as in the +first Republican Council, during the administration of +Patrick Henry. He married the sister of Governor +George Plater of Maryland. Of his eight daughters +one married Richard Lightfoot Lee, a Signer of the +Declaration of Independence, while another married +Colonel William Augustine Washington, a nephew of +George Washington, by whom he was educated.</p> + +<p>Colonel John Tayloe, the father of three daughters, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">315</a></span> +was the builder of Mount Airy, which was for many +years the most superb mansion in Virginia, and was +so different from all other mansions that it attracted +many visitors, even in the days when transit was difficult. +Its twenty-five spacious rooms afforded generous +accommodation for the guests who were eager to accept +the invitations of Colonel and Mrs. Tayloe. Among the +entertainments provided for these guests by the thoughtful +hosts were concerts by a band made up entirely of +slaves who had been instructed by their master. On +occasion this band was taken to the town house at +Williamsburg, the capital of the State.</p> + +<p>The letters of Washington show that the builder of +Mount Airy was an ardent patriot, and his friend and +associate. These two men were joint executors of the +estate of one of the Lees. From his headquarters in +the Craigie House at Cambridge the General wrote to +Mount Airy a letter about the estate, asking Tayloe to +become sole executor.</p> + +<p>The varied interests of Colonel Tayloe were indicated +by his remarkable will, which asked, among other +things, that one part of his estate in Prince William +County, Virginia, and Baltimore County, Maryland, be +kept intact and worked for the making of pig iron. +Not only did he own a number of other plantations, but +he was a large shipowner, and reaped unusual profits +from trade.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the best known owner of Mount Airy was +John Tayloe, III, who was born in 1771, and was the +only son in a family of twelve. He was educated at +Eton and Cambridge, England. Before going abroad +he had learned patriotism from his father, and on his +return he was ready to administer his estate for the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">316</a></span> +benefit of the country as well as his own family. When +his inheritance was turned over to him the income was +sixty thousand dollars. Within a few years he increased +this to seventy-five thousand dollars. His +father's iron- and ship-building interests were conserved +and enlarged. His master ship-builder at Occoquon +was his slave Reuben.</p> + +<p>During his residence at Mount Airy the splendor +of the mansion was increased. Among his guests were +men who had stood shoulder to shoulder with Washington +during the Revolution, and those who later became +prominent as associates of Hamilton, Jay, Marshall, +and Pinckney. He married the daughter of +Governor Ogle of Maryland, and had fifteen children.</p> + +<p>The memorial by one of his sons, Benjamin Ogle +Tayloe, says that "his manners were refined and elegant. +He was distinguished for his nice sense of +honor, and a scrupulous regard to his word at all times. +His wife was esteemed for sincerity and kindness of +heart, graceful and dignified manners, and true and +unaffected piety."</p> + +<p>He took time for the services of his country. As +Captain of Dragoons he went to Western Pennsylvania, +to help put down the whiskey insurrection. When +President Adams made him a Major of Dragoons, General +Washington wrote to him a warm letter of congratulation, +but Tayloe hesitated to accept the commission. +He had just been elected as a Federalist to +the Virginia Senate, and he feared, as he wrote to +Washington, that if he resigned his seat the place would +be filled by an opponent of the administration. On +February 12, 1799, Washington replied that he was +inclined to believe his civil service would be more important +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">317</a></span> +than military service, but he asked that decision +be delayed until they could have a personal +interview. Later, on the breaking out of the War of +1812, he was made commander of the cavalry of the +District of Columbia, and saw active service.</p> + +<p>Washington's friendship led him to make his winter +home in the District of Columbia. In 1801 he occupied +the Octagon House, then the finest private residence +in the city. When the British burned the White House +he was at Mount Airy. At once he sent a mounted +messenger to President Madison, offering the use of +the Octagon as the temporary Executive Mansion.</p> + +<p>His establishment at Mount Airy was maintained +in remarkable splendor. His household and equipages +were the talk of the neighborhood. A lover of fine +horseflesh, he was the owner of some of the swiftest +animals of his day.</p> + +<p>The eldest son, John Tayloe, inherited his father's +ardor for public service. He was engaged brilliantly +in the battles of the <i>Constitution</i> with the <i>Guerriere</i>, +and with the <i>Cyano</i> and the <i>Levant</i>. After the action +his native State gave him a sword, and he was promoted +to a lieutenancy. Though he was captured by +the British, he lived to return to Mount Airy, where +he died in 1824. His father died four years later, while +his mother lived until 1855.</p> + +<p>Mount Airy has always been in the hands of a Tayloe. +It is now in possession of the family of the late Henry +Tayloe.</p> + +<p class="center p6">LXXII +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">318</a></span></p> + +<h3>TWO OF VIRGINIA'S OLDEST CHURCH BUILDINGS</h3> + +<p class="center">ST. LUKE'S, IN SMITHFIELD, AND ST. PETER'S, IN<br /> +NEW KENT COUNTY</p> + +<p>Captain Smith in 1607 wrote of his discovery of the +Indian kingdom of Warrosquoyacke. Soon settlers +were attracted to its fertile lands. Twenty-seven years +later the more than five hundred residents were organized +into Isle of Wight County.</p> + +<p>In 1632, the ancient brick church near Smithfield +was built. The tradition fixing this date was established +in 1887, when the date 1632 was read in some +bricks that fell from the walls.</p> + +<p>The builder of the staunch church was Joseph Bridger, +who was Counsellor of State to Charles II. He is +buried not far from the church, and on his tomb is +the inscription: "He dyed April 15 Anno Domini 1688 +Aged 58 years. Mournfully leaving his wife, three +sons and four daughters."</p> + +<p>The oldest vestry book dates from 1727, for the first +book was destroyed at the time of General Arnold's +expedition made to Isle of Wight County, in the effort +to capture General Parker, of the Continental Army. +Fortunately, however, a few other records were saved. +An entry in 1727 spoke of "The Old Brick Church"; +evidently the name St. Luke's was of later origin.</p> + +<p>The architectural beauty of the old building is described +in a pleasing manner by Aymar Embury, II, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">319</a></span> +the well-known New York architect, in his "Early +American Churches":</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"The building is an extremely picturesque brick +church, reminiscent not of the Renaissance work then +becoming dominant in England, but of the older Gothic; +it is not at all unlike many of the small English parish +churches of the sixteenth century, when the Gothic style +was really extinct, although its superficial characteristics, +the buttresses and the pointed arch, still obtained. +The stepped gable at the chancel end of the +church is an unusual feature in English architecture.... +The tower is the only part of the building which +shows the Renaissance influence."</p> +</div> + +<p>When the building was some two hundred years old +it began to fall into disrepair; the people preferred to +attend the church in Smithfield. Bishop Meade wrote +his "Old Churches and Families of Virginia" at the +time when the old church was most dilapidated. He +said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Its thick walls and high tower, like that of some +English castle, are still firm, and promise to be for a +long time to come. The windows, doors, and all the +interior, are gone. It is said that the eastern window—twenty-five +feet high—was of stained glass. This venerable +building stands not far from the main road leading +from Smithfield to Suffolk, in an open tract of +woodland. The trees for some distance round it are +large and tall and the foliage dense, so that but little +of the light of the sun is thrown upon it. The pillars +which strengthen the walls, and which are wide at the +base, tapering toward the eaves of the house by stair-steps, +have somewhat mouldered, so as to allow various +shrubs and small trees to root themselves therein."</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">320</a></span></p> + +<p>For nearly fifty years the church was closed. But +in 1884 Rev. David Barr, who was in charge of a church +nearby, began to raise funds for the reconstruction +of the building. He persisted in spite of many discouragements. +When matters looked darkest a man +who signed himself "A Virginian" made the following +appeal:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"There is still some plastering to be done in the +tower, and the pews are to be made or bought. The +church cannot be completed until the money is raised. +Can no generous giver be found who will contribute the +money necessary to bring the east window from London?... +For sixty odd years the church has stood +there silent, without a service, facing and defying +storms and decay, appealing in its desolation to every +sentiment of the State, of the Church and of the Nation +against abandonment and desertion, and now in its +half completed condition, feeling the touch of revival +and restoration, it pleads more imploringly still for +just enough money to complete the repairs and to enable +it once more to enter upon its life of activity, and to +utter again with renewed joyousness the ancient but +long suppressed voice of prayer and of thanksgiving. +Shall it appeal in vain?"</p> +</div> + +<p>The appeal was not in vain. The church was completed. +Twelve beautiful memorial windows were put +in place. These bore the names of George Washington, +Joseph Bridger, the architect of the church, Robert E. +Lee, Rev. William Hubbard, the first rector, Sir Walter +Raleigh, John Rolfe, Captain John Smith, Bishops +Madison, Moore, Meade, and Johns, and Dr. Blair, +whose connection with Bruton Church and William +and Mary College is told in another chapter of this +volume. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">321</a></span></p> + +<p>A building that is similar and yet in many respects +quite different is in New Kent County, about as far +above Williamsburg as Smithfield is below that university +town. This is St. Peter's Church. It is thought +that the parish dates from 1654, though the present +building was not begun until 1701. The minute which +tells of the first plan for the structure is dated August +13, 1700:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Whereas, the Lower Church of this Parish is very +much out of Repair and Standeth very inconvenient +for most of the inhabitants of the said parish; Therefore +ordered that as soon as conveniently may be a new +Church of Brick Sixty feet long and twenty fower feet +wide in the clear and fourteen feet pitch with a Gallery +Sixteen feet long be built and Erected upon the Main +Roade, by the School House near Thomas Jackson's; +and the Clerk is ordered to give a copy of this order +to Capt. Nich. Merewether who is Requested to show +the same to Will Hughes and desire him to draw a +Draft of said Church and to bee at the next vestry."</p> +</div> + +<p>The cost of the new church was one hundred and +forty-six thousand pounds of tobacco. This included +the main building only, for the belfry was not built +until 1722.</p> + +<p>Rev. David Mossom, who was rector of the church +from 1727 to 1767, was the minister who married General +Washington, at the White House, as the home of +his bride was called, a few miles from St. Peter's +Church. The story is told of this eccentric minister +that on one occasion, having quarrelled with his clerk, +he rebuked him from the pulpit. The latter avenged +himself by giving out to the congregation the psalm in +which were these lines: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">322</a></span></p> +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1"> +"With restless and ungovern'd rage</p> +<p>Why do the heathen storm?</p> +<p>Why in such rash attempts engage</p> +<p>As they can ne'er perform?"</p> +</div> +<p>The epitaph on the tomb of Mr. Mossom in St. Peter's +churchyard states that he was the first native American +admitted to the office of Presbyter in the Church of +England.</p> + +<p class="center p6">LXXIII</p> + +<h3>MONTICELLO, NEAR CHARLOTTESVILLE,<br /> +VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HOME OF THOMAS JEFFERSON</p> + +<p>"Oh, my young master, they were all burnt, but ah! +we saved your fiddle!"</p> + +<p>So the negro servant replied to Thomas Jefferson +who, on returning from a trip, learning that his home +at Shadwell had been burned, asked after his books. +To the negro's mind the fiddle was the most important +thing in the house.</p> + +<p>Fortunately the new mansion, Monticello, near Charlotte, +which he had designed, was so nearly completed +that he was able to take up his residence there. Two +years later he led into the new house his bride, Martha +Skelton, a widow of twenty-three.</p> + +<p>Before the marriage Jefferson, in accordance with +the Virginia law, in company with Francis Eppes, entered +into a license bond, of which the following is a +copy: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">323</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Know all men by these presents that we Thomas +Jefferson and Francis Eppes are held and firmly bound +to the sovereign lord the king his heirs and successors +in the sum of fifty pounds current money of Virginia, +to the paiment of which well and truly to be made we +bind ourselves jointly and severally, our joint and several +heirs, executors and administrators, in witness +whereof we have hereto set our hands and seals this +twenty-third day of December in the year of our Lord +one thousand seven hundred and seventy one. The condition +of the above obligation is such that if there be +no lawful cause to obstruct a marriage intended to be +had and solemnized between the above bound Thomas +Jefferson and Martha Skelton of the County of Charles +County, widow, for which a license is desired, then this +obligation is to be null and void, otherwise the same +is in full force."</p> +</div> + +<p>Edward Bacon, who was overseer at Monticello for +twenty years, described the estate in vivid words:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Monticello is quite a high mountain, in the shape +of a sugar-loaf. A winding road led up to the mansion. +On the very top of the mountain the forest trees were +cut down, and ten acres were cleared and levelled.... +I know every room in that house. Under the house and +the terrace that surrounded it, were the cisterns, ice-house, +cellar, kitchen, and rooms for all sorts of purposes. +His servants' rooms were on one side.... +There were no negro and other out-houses around the +mansion, as you generally see on plantations. The +grounds around the house were beautifully ornamented +with flowers and shrubbery.... Back of the house was +a beautiful lawn of two or three acres, where his grandchildren +used to play.</p> + +<p>"His garden was on the side of the mountain. I had +it built while he was President. It took a great deal +of labor. We had to blow out the rocks for the walls +for the different terraces, and then make the soil.... +I used to send a servant to Washington with a great +many fine things for his table, and he would send back +the cart loaded with shrubbery."</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">324</a></span></p> +<p>Jefferson spent most of his time on his estate until +his death in 1826, except when he was called away for +the service of his country.</p> + +<p>Nine years after the beginning of the happy married +life in Monticello there was a panic among the servants +because of the approach of the British. Because Jefferson +was Governor of Virginia, it was thought that +of course the mansion would be pillaged. Mrs. Jefferson +was put in the carriage and sent to a place of +safety, while Mr. Jefferson remained at home, collecting +his most valuable papers. Later he followed his +family. But when the soldiers reached the estate, the +first inquiry of the leader of the party was for the +master of the house. When he learned that Jefferson +had escaped, he asked for the owner's private rooms, +and, on being shown the door which led to them, he +turned the key in the lock and ordered that nothing in +the house should be touched. This, it was explained, +was in strict accordance with the orders that had been +given by General Tarleton; their sole duty was to seize +the Governor.</p> + +<p>A year later, when the Marquis de Chastellux, a +nobleman from France, visited Monticello, he was +charmed with the house of which Mr. Jefferson was +the architect, and often one of the workmen. He said +it was "rather elegant, and in the Italian taste, though +not without fault; it consists of one large square pavilion, +the entrance of which is by two porticoes, ornamented +with pillars. The ground floor consists of a +very large lofty saloon, which is to be decorated entirely +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">325</a></span> +in the antique style; above it is a library of the same +size; two small wings, with only a ground floor and +attic story, are joined to this pavilion, and communicate +with the kitchen, offices, etc., which will form a +kind of basement story, over which runs a terrace."</p> + +<p>Another attractive picture was given by the Duc de +la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, after his visit to Monticello +in 1796. He noted the fact that Jefferson owned +five thousand acres, of which but eleven hundred were +cultivated.</p> + +<p>"I found him in the midst of the harvest," he wrote, +"from which the scorching heat of the sun does not +prevent his attendance.... Every article is made on +his farm: his negroes are cabinet makers, carpenters, +masons, bricklayers, smiths, etc. The children he employs +in a nail factory, which yields already a considerable +profit.... His superior mind directs the +management of his domestic concerns with the same +abilities, activity and regularity which he evinced in +the conduct of public affairs."</p> + +<p>Long absence from home and lavish hospitality +wrecked the Jefferson fortune, and when the owner of +Monticello finally returned home after his eight years +as President, he was compelled to curtail his expenses. +But still he made guests welcome. It is said that at +times there were as many as fifty guests in the house +at one time. One of those who sought the Sage of +Monticello in 1817 was Lieutenant Francis Hall, who +wrote of his veneration as he looked on "the man who +drew up the Declaration of American Independence, +who shared in the Councils by which her freedom was +established, when the unbought voices of his fellow-citizens +called to the exercise of a dignity from which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">326</a></span> +his own moderation impelled him, when such an example +was most salutary, to withdraw; and who, while +he dedicates the evening of his glorious days to the +pursuits of science and literature, shuns none of the +humble duties of private life; but, having filled a seat +higher than that of kings, succeeds with graceful dignity +to that of the good neighbor, and becomes the +friendly adviser, lawyer, physician, and even gardener +of his vicinity."</p> + +<p>July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration +of Independence, was the day of Jefferson's death. +The sale of his estate was sufficient to pay all his debts. +To his daughter who was thus made homeless, the legislatures +of South Carolina and Virginia each voted as +a gift $10,000.</p> + +<p>On the stone placed over the grave of the Sage of +Monticello was carved the inscription which he himself +had asked for: "Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, +author of the Declaration of American Independence, +of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, +and Father of the University of Virginia."</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_60" id="img_60"></a> +<img src="images/i_348b.jpg" width="550" height="394" alt="University of Virginia" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br /> +UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXXIV</p> + +<h3>THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA AT<br /> +CHARLOTTESVILLE</h3> + +<p class="center">THE CHILD OF THOMAS JEFFERSON'S OLD AGE</p> + +<p>When Thomas Jefferson retired from the Presidency +he was surrounded at Monticello by his daughter, her +husband, and eleven grandchildren. Daily association +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">327</a></span> +with the young people made him more anxious than +ever to carry out a plan that was the growth of years. +He wanted to see other children as happy as were those +in his own home, and he felt that the one thing he could +do to increase their happiness would be to see that the +State made provision for their education.</p> + +<p>During the remainder of his life he never lost sight +of his project. While he did not live to see his system +of common schools established in Virginia, it was his +joy to see the University of Virginia grow under his +hands from an academy to a college and then to a university. +From 1817 he labored for State appropriations +for the school. A friend in the State Senate assisted +him nobly. The reader of the published volume +of the correspondence between the two men, a volume +of 528 pages, will see how untiring was the labor that +had its reward when the appropriation of funds made +sure the founding of the university. Three hundred +thousand dollars were provided for construction, as +well as $15,000 a year for maintenance.</p> + +<p>Jefferson himself drew the plans for the buildings +and superintended the construction. Sarah N. Randolph, +in "The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson," +says that "the architectural plan and form of government +and instruction for this institution afforded congenial +occupation for his declining years.... While +the buildings were being erected, his visits to them were +daily; and from the northeast corner of the terrace at +Monticello he frequently watched the workmen engaged +on them, through a telescope which is still [1871] preserved +in the library of the University."</p> + +<p>Edmund Bacon, the overseer at Monticello, gave to +Hamilton W. Pierson, the author of "Jefferson at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">328</a></span> +Monticello," a humorous account of the early days of +the project:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"The act of the Legislature made it the duty of the +Commissioners to establish the University within one +mile of the Court House at Charlottesville. They advertised +for proposals for a site. Three men offered +sites. The Commissioners had a meeting at Monticello, +and then went and looked at all these sites. After they +had made their examination, Mr. Jefferson sent me to +each of them, to request them to send by me their price, +which was to be sealed up. Lewis and Craven each +asked $17 per acre, and Perry, $12. That was a mighty +big price in those days.... They took Perry's forty +acres, at $12 per acre. It was a poor old turned-out +field, though it was finely situated. Mr. Jefferson wrote +the deed himself. Afterwards Mr. Jefferson bought a +large tract near it. It had a great deal of timber and +rock on it, which was used in building the University.</p> + +<p>"My next instruction was to get ten able-bodied +hands to commence the work.... Mr. Jefferson +started from Monticello to lay off the foundation, and +see the work commenced. An Irishman named Dinsmore, +and I, went along with him. As we passed +through Charlottesville, I ... got a ball of twine, and +Dinsmore found some shingles and made some pegs.... +Mr. Jefferson looked over the ground some time, +and then stuck down a peg.... He carried one end +of the line, and I the other, in laying off the foundation +of the University. He had a little ruler in his pocket +that he always carried with him, and with this he +measured off the ground, and laid off the entire foundation, +and then set the men at work."</p> +</div> + +<p>This foot-rule was shown to Dr. Pierson by Mr. +Bacon, who explained how he secured it:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">329</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Mr. Jefferson and I were once going along the bank +of the canal, and in crawling through some bushes and +vines, it [the ruler] fell out of his pocket and slid down +the bank into the river. Some time after that, when +the water had fallen, I went and found it, and carried +it to Mr. Jefferson. He told me I ... could keep it.... +When I die, that rule can be found locked up in +that drawer.</p> + +<p>"After the foundations were nearly completed, they +had a great time laying the corner-stone. The old field +was covered with carriages and people. There was an +immense crowd there. Mr. Monroe laid the corner-stone. +He was President at that time.... He held +the instruments, and pronounced it square. I can see +Mr. Jefferson's white head just as he stood there and +looked on.</p> + +<p>"After this he rode there from Monticello every day +while the University was building, unless the weather +was very stormy.... He looked after all the materials, +and would not allow any poor materials to go +into the building if he could help it."</p> +</div> + +<p>A letter from Jefferson to John Adams, written on +October 12, 1823, spoke of the "hoary winter of age." +"Against this <i>tedium vitae</i>," he said, "I am fortunately +mounted on a hobby, which, indeed, I should have better +managed some thirty or forty years ago; but whose +easy amble is still sufficient to give exercise and amusement +to an octogenary rider. This is the establishment +of a University, on a scale more comprehensive, and +in a country more healthy and central than our old +William and Mary, which these obstacles have long +kept in a state of languor and inefficiency."</p> + +<p>In designing the buildings Jefferson acknowledged +his indebtedness to Palladio, who guided him in his +adaptation of Roman forms. The visitor who is familiar +with Rome is reminded of the baths of Diocletian, +the baths of Caracalla, and the temple of Fortuna +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">330</a></span> +Virilis, while a reduction of the Pantheon, with a rotunda, +is the central feature of the group.</p> + +<p>The University was opened in March, 1825. Forty +students were in attendance, though at the beginning +of the second year the number was increased to one +hundred and seventy-seven.</p> + +<p>The central feature of the collection of buildings, the +wonderful Rotunda, was badly injured in the fire of +1895 which destroyed the Annex. The Rotunda was +soon rebuilt according to Jefferson's original plan, and +the group of buildings is more beautiful than ever.</p> + +<h2>SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH</h2> +<div class="poem p6"> +<p><i>The long, grey moss that softly swings</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>In solemn grandeur from the trees,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Like mournful funeral draperies,—</i></p> +<p><i>A brown-winged bird that never sings.</i></p> +<p>* * * * * * * *</p> +<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">Albert Bigelow Paine</span>.</p> +</div> +<div class="poem p2"> +<p><i>O Magnet-South! O glistening perfumed South! my South!</i></p> +<p><i>O quick mettle, rich blood, impulse and love! good and evil! O all +dear to me!</i></p> +<p><i>O dear to me my birth-things—all moving things and the trees where +I was born—the grains, plants, rivers,</i></p> +<p><i>Dear to me my own slow sluggish rivers where they flow, distant, over +flats of silvery sands or through swamps.</i></p> +<p> * * * * * * * *</p> +<p><i>O the cotton plant! the growing fields of rice, sugar, hemp!</i></p> +<p><i>The cactus guarded with thorns, the laurel-tree with large white flowers,</i></p> +<p><i>The range afar, the richness and barrenness, the old woods charged with +mistletoe and trailing moss,</i></p> +<p><i>The piney odor and the gloom, the awful natural stillness (here in +these dense swamps the freebooter carries his gun, and the fugitive +has his conceal'd hut;)</i></p> +<p> * * * * * * * *</p> +<p><i>The mocking bird, the American mimic, singing all the forenoon, singing +through the moonlit night,</i></p> +<p><i>The humming bird, the wild turkey, the raccoon, the opossum;</i></p> +<p><i>A Kentucky corn-field, the tall, graceful, long-leav'd corn, slender, +flapping, bright green, with tassels, with beautiful ears each well-sheath'd +in its husk;</i></p> +<p><i>O my heart! O tender and fierce pangs, I can stand them not, I will +depart;</i></p> +<p><i>O to be a Virginian where I grew up! O to be a Carolinian!</i></p> +<p><i>O longings irrepressible! O I will go back to old Tennessee and never +wander more.</i></p> + +<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">Walt Whitman.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="center p6">SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">333</a></span></p> + +<p class="center p2">LXXV</p> + +<h3>THREE OLD CHURCHES IN CHARLESTON,<br /> +SOUTH CAROLINA</h3> + +<p class="center">ST. MICHAEL'S, ST. PHILIP'S, AND THE HUGUENOT CHURCH,<br /> +RELICS OF COLONIAL DAYS</p> + +<p>The oldest church building in Charleston, South Carolina, +St. Michael's Protestant Episcopal Church, is a +relic of three wars. At the beginning of the Revolution +the rector and the vestry disagreed; the rector was +a loyalist and most of the members were patriots. +Accordingly the rector resigned. Later the beautiful +tower, which is unlike any other church tower in America, +was painted black, lest it become a guiding beacon to +the British fleet. Unfortunately the black tower against +the blue sky proved a better guide than a white tower +would have been.</p> + +<p>The clear-toned bells, which were cast in London in +1757, were taken from the tower when the British evacuated +the city in 1782, and were sold in London as +spoils of war. Fortunately a Mr. Ryhiner, once a merchant +in Charleston, learned of this, bought them, and +sent them to Charleston as a business venture.</p> + +<p>When the bells were landed on the wharf from the +brig <i>Lightning</i>, on November 20, 1783—according to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">334</a></span> +Johnson's "Traditions of Charleston"—"the overjoyed +citizens took possession, and hurried them up to the +church and into the steeple, without thinking that they +might be violating a private right." In June, 1785, +Mr. Ryhiner asked for payment for the bells. Later +a subscription was ordered to pay the merchant.</p> + +<p>During the British occupation of the city horses were +stabled in the church, and the lead roof was removed, +for use in bullet making.</p> + +<p>In 1811 and 1812 the church figured in the second +war with Great Britain. The vestry, whose patriotism +was as great as ever, opened the building more than +once for meetings of the citizens who wished to consider +what they could do to help their country in the +impending conflict.</p> + +<p>During the Civil War the bells were taken to Columbia, +to be cast into cannon. Fortunately they were not +used for this purpose, but during Sherman's march to +the sea they were burned and broken into small pieces. +A friend of the church in London, on learning of the +disaster, searched records of the bell-founders till he +learned who had cast the bells. These records told the +proportions of metal used and the sizes of the bells. +Then the Londoner wrote to Charleston and asked that +the fragments be sent to him. When these were received +in London they were recast in the original +moulds, which were discovered by an old employee. +The cost of recasting the bells and restoring them to +their places in the steeple was $7,723, of which sum +the City Council contributed $3,000; $2,200, the charge +made for import duty, was later returned to the church +by special Act of Congress.</p> + +<p>For nearly twenty years after the receipt of these +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">335</a></span> +new-old bells, they were used to sound fire-alarms, as +well as for calling to the services of the church.</p> + +<p>The venerable building has suffered from fire, wind, +and earthquake, as well as from war. In 1825 a cyclone +damaged the spire and the roof, and in 1886 earthquake +cracked the walls, destroyed a portion of the tower, and +did so much further damage that a Charleston paper +spoke of it as the "saddest wreck of all." At first it +was feared that the building would have to be demolished, +but repairs were found to be possible at a cost +of $15,000.</p> + +<p>The structure dates from 1752, when Governor Glenn +of South Carolina laid the corner stone. The cost was +$32,775.87.</p> + +<p>St. Michael's parish was set off in 1751 from St. +Philip's parish. The first St. Philip's Church was +burned in 1681 or 1682. A second church was opened +in 1723. This famous building survived until 1835, in +spite of wars and fires. The building was saved during +the fire of 1796 by a slave who climbed to the tower +and threw to the ground a burning brand. As a reward +the vestry purchased his freedom. But during +the great fire of February 15, 1835, the edifice was +destroyed.</p> + +<p>The old church had been so much a part of the life +of the city and was so thoroughly identified with the +history of the country, that the citizens rejoiced when +the decision was reached to rebuild it in practically +every detail like the original, with the addition of a +chancel and spire.</p> + +<p>Older than either St. Philip's or St. Michael's, as an +organization, is the Huguenot Church of Charleston. +The early records of the congregation were destroyed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">336</a></span> +in the fire of 1740, though the building was saved. This +first building was blown up during the fire of 1796, in +a vain effort to stay the progress of the conflagration. +A second building followed in 1800, and the present +building was erected in 1828, when English displaced +the French language in the services.</p> + +<p>Many of the early members became famous in history. +The tablets erected to their memory are so numerous +that the Huguenot Church might well dispute with +St. Philip's Church the title, "The Westminster of +South Carolina."</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_61" id="img_61"></a> +<img src="images/i_372a.jpg" width="550" height="396" alt="Pringle House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by H. P. Cook</i></span><br /> +PRINGLE HOUSE, CHARLESTON, S. C.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXXVI</p> + +<h3>THE HOUSE OF REBECCA MOTTE, CHARLESTON,<br /> +SOUTH CAROLINA</h3> + +<p class="center">THE SPARTAN MATRON WHO HELPED BURN HER OWN<br /> +PROPERTY</p> + +<p>Charleston, South Carolina, was only about thirty +years old when the Englishman, Robert Brewton, and +the Huguenot exile, John de la Motte, took up their +residence there. In 1758 Robert Brewton's daughter +Rebecca married Jacob Motte, grandson of the +Huguenot.</p> + +<p>Three daughters came to the Motte home, and the +family lived quietly until the outbreak of the Revolution. +In 1775 Mrs. Motte's brother, Miles Brewton, +sailed for England with his family, intending to leave +them with relatives there while he returned to Charleston +for the service of his country. But the vessel was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">337</a></span> +lost, and was never heard from again. His Charleston +house on King Street, which was built about 1765, became +the property of his sister.</p> + +<p>When the war broke out, Mrs. Motte, knowing that +it was impossible for her husband to become a soldier +because of his failing health, decided to do her part +for her country. Fortifications were to be built, and +many laborers were needed, so she sent to her plantation +for all the able-bodied men; these she placed at +the disposal of those in charge of the work of defence.</p> + +<p>She had her reward when, first in 1776, and again +in 1779, the British forces were unable to secure possession +of the town. The third attempt, made by Sir +Henry Clinton in 1780, was successful. For nearly +three years the town was in the enemy's control. The +Motte house was made headquarters by Clinton and +his staff. The Mottes were crowded into a small room, +while the British lived in comfort in the large apartments. +Mrs. Motte divided her time between her invalid +husband, her timid daughters, and the invaders. +It was her custom to preside at the long dinner table, +but the young ladies were never allowed to appear in +the presence of the officers.</p> + +<p>A reminder of the presence of the unwelcome guests +is still to be seen on the marble mantel in one of the +rooms—a caricature of Clinton scratched on the polished +surface, evidently with a diamond point. In the +same room the women of Charleston—who were accustomed +to go about the streets in mourning, during the +period of the occupation—presented a petition to Lord +Rawdon, asking for the pardon of Isaac Hayne, a patriot +who had been condemned for some infraction of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">338</a></span> +the regulations of the invaders. Their petition for +clemency was in vain, though it was emphasized by the +presence of Hayne's two little children.</p> + +<p>After the death of Mr. Motte, in January, 1781, Mrs. +Motte and her daughters secured permission to leave +Charleston that they might return to the family plantation +on the Congaree, thirty or forty miles from Columbia. +They were disappointed in their desire to be alone, +for it was not long till the English decided to build +on the estate one of their long line of military stations. +Earthworks were thrown up around the house, which +became known as Fort Motte. Again the family were +crowded into a few rooms, while officers occupied the +remainder.</p> + +<p>After a time Mrs. Motte was asked to retire to a +small house on the plantation, a rough structure, covered +with weather-boards, unplastered and only partially +lined. At first it seemed that there was no place +here to conceal the silverware brought from Fort Motte. +How the difficulty was solved has been told in "Worthy +Women of Our First Century":</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Some one suggested that the unfinished state of the +walls of their sitting-room afforded a convenient hiding +place; and they set to work to avail themselves of it. +Nailing tacks in the vacancy between the outer and +inner boarding, and tying strings around the various +pieces of silver, they hung them along the inner wall. +Shortly afterwards a band of marauders did actually +invade the premises; and one more audacious than the +others jumped on a chair and thrust his bayonet into +the hollow wall, saying he would soon find what they +had come in search of; but, rapping all along on the +floor within the wall, he did not once strike against +anything to reward bad perseverance."</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">339</a></span></p> + +<p>After a time General Marion and Colonel Lee led +up troops for the siege of Fort Motte. Fearing that +British reinforcements were on the way, they decided +they must make an attack at once. The best way +seemed to be to set fire to the main building. The +American leaders, knowing that this was the home of +Mrs. Motte, took counsel with her. "Do not hesitate +a moment," was the prompt reply of the patriotic +woman. Then she added, "I will give you something +to facilitate the destruction." So saying, she handed +to General Lee a quiver of arrows from the East Indies +which, so she had been told by the ship captain who +brought them to Charleston, would set on fire any wood +against which they were thrown.</p> + +<p>Two of the arrows were fired from a gun without +result, but the third set fire to the shingles of the house. +The efforts of the garrison to extinguish the flames +were in vain, and before long the fortress was surrendered +to the patriots. In later years, when Mrs. Motte +was praised for her part in the siege, she was accustomed +to say, "Too much has been made of a thing +that any American woman would have done."</p> + +<p>After the war Mrs. Motte returned to the house in +Charleston. The daughters married, and numerous +grandchildren played in the rooms where the British +officers lived during the occupation of Charleston. The +youngest of these granddaughters lived in the house in +1876, when the story of Rebecca Motte was written for +the Women's Centennial Executive Committee.</p> + +<p>During her last years in the old mansion, Mrs. Motte +was proudly pointed out to visitors to the city. One +of her great-grandchildren said that at the time "she +was rather under-sized and slender, with a pale face, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">340</a></span> +blue eyes, and grey hair that curled slightly under a +high-crowned ruffled mob-cap. She always wore a +square white neckerchief pinned down in front, tight +sleeves reaching only to the elbow, with black silk mittens +on her hands and arms; a full skirt with huge +pockets, and at her waist a silver chain, from which +hung her pin-cushion and scissors and a peculiarly +bright bunch of keys."</p> + +<p>The body of this gracious patriot was buried in old +St. Philip's Church, another of the Revolutionary landmarks +of the Palmetto City.</p> + +<p>The mansion which she made famous should be called +the Brewton House, or the Motte House. But a Motte +married an Alston, and an Alston married a Pringle, +and so many families of the latter name have been associated +with the place that their name is popularly +given to it.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w450"><a name="img_62" id="img_62"></a> +<img src="images/i_371.jpg" width="449" height="600" alt="Independent Church" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo furnished by Rev. Rockwell S. Brank, Savannah</i></span><br /> +INDEPENDENT PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, SAVANNAH, GA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXXVII</p> + +<h3>THE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, SAVANNAH,<br /> +GEORGIA</h3> + +<p class="center">FOR WHICH KING GEORGE II MADE A LAND GRANT</p> + +<p>When George II, of his "special Grace, certain knowledge +and meer motion," gave a deed for a lot in Savannah, +"in our province of Georgia," he declared that it +was "for the use and benefit of such of our loving subjects ... +as are or shall be professors of the Doctrines +of the Church of Scotland, agreeable to the Westminster +Confession of Faith." The further stipulation was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">341</a></span> +made that the annual rent, if demanded, should be +"one pepper corn."</p> + +<p>The date of the grant was January 16, 1756, and +within the three years allowed for the erection of the +building a brick structure was ready for the use of the +Independent Presbyterian Church. The church was +independent in fact as well as in name. There was at +first no presbytery in Georgia with which it could unite, +and when a presbytery was organized, this independent +relation continued.</p> + +<p>The first pastor was Rev. John Joachim Zubly, who +came to the Colonies from Switzerland. He remained +with the church until 1778, and became a prominent +figure among the patriots of the early years of the +Revolution. When the first Provincial Congress of +Georgia met in Savannah, July 4, 1775, it adjourned, +immediately after organization, to the Independent +Church, where Dr. Zubly preached a sermon for which +he received the public thanks of Congress.</p> + +<p><i>The London Magazine</i> for January, 1776, contained +an impassioned appeal for the Colonies, which was +signed by Dr. Zubly. The editor stated that the communication +was printed at the request of "an old correspondent," +who signed himself "O." It is supposed +that this correspondent was General James E. Oglethorpe, +the founder of Georgia. A few months later +Dr. Zubly went to Philadelphia, as a member of the +second Continental Congress. He had also been a +member of the first Congress in 1774.</p> + +<p>During the siege of Savannah by the British the +church building was badly injured by British cannon, +in spite of the fact that it was used as a hospital. Later +the British used the church as barracks. A visitor who +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">342</a></span> +entered the city in 1784 said that he found the church +in a ruinous condition. It was promptly repaired, +however, and services were resumed.</p> + +<p>But there was another pastor in the pulpit. In 1778 +Dr. Zubly resigned, probably because, for some strange +reason, he deserted the Colonies and made known his +allegiance to Great Britain.</p> + +<p>Fire destroyed the original building in 1796, and a +fine new church was built. Twenty-one years later the +rapidly increasing congregation made necessary a much +larger structure. The new church was modelled after +St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, London, and more than two +years were required for its construction. The cost was +$96,108.67½, a large sum for that day in a town of ten +thousand people. Although the middle aisle was eleven +feet wide and each of the side aisles four and a half +feet wide, there were seatings for 1,350 people. The +beautifully proportioned steeple was 223 feet high. +The day after the dedication a local paper said that +"for grandeur of design and nature of execution, we +presume this church is not surpassed by any in the +United States." Many architectural writers have told +rapturously of the wonders of this building.</p> + +<p>President James Monroe and his suite, as well as +many other distinguished visitors, were reverent worshippers +in the church on the day of dedication.</p> + +<p>Lowell Mason, who was organist of the church from +1815 to 1827, composed the popular melody to which +Bishop Heber's missionary hymn, "From Greenland's +Icy Mountains," is usually sung. This melody was first +played by him for the Sunday school of the church, +whose organization dates from 1804.</p> + +<p>Dr. S. K. Axson, the grandfather of Ellen Axson, the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">343</a></span> +first wife of President Woodrow Wilson, was pastor of +the church from 1857 to 1889. The Wilson marriage +ceremony was performed by Dr. Axson in the manse +of the church.</p> + +<p>All Savannah mourned when, on April 6, 1889, firebrands +tossed by the wind lodged on a cornice of the +graceful steeple, too high to be reached. Soon the old +church was in ruins. But the city resolved that the +historic church must be restored. A new building was +erected which is an exact reproduction of the former +church. To it, as to its predecessors, ecclesiastical +architects go on pilgrimage as a part of their education.</p> + +<p>One of the old customs still continued in the church +is the assembling of the communicants at a table which +is laid the entire length of the broad aisle, as well as in +the transept aisle.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_63" id="img_63"></a> +<img src="images/i_372b.jpg" width="550" height="399" alt="The Cabildo" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Ph. B. Wallace</i></span><br /> +THE CABILDO, NEW ORLEANS, LA.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXXVIII</p> + +<h3>THE CABILDO OF NEW ORLEANS</h3> + +<p class="center">WHICH SAW THE TRANSFER OF LOUISIANA TO THE<br /> +UNITED STATES</p> + +<p>When Count Alejandro O'Reilly, Irish Lieutenant-General +of Spain, entered New Orleans on July 24, 1769, +he came as the avenger of the disorders that followed +the transfer of Louisiana to Spain by the Treaty of +Paris. After putting to death some of the leaders in +the revolt, he reorganized the civil government. Among +other innovations he instituted the Cabildo as the law-making +body for the province, to take the place of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">344</a></span> +French superior council. The meeting place was a +building on the Place d'Armes. In this square, on the +coming of O'Reilly, the flag of France had been displaced +by that of Spain as Aubrey said, "Gentlemen, by order +of the King, my master, I absolve you from your oath +of fidelity and obedience to his most Christian majesty." +The Spanish and French officers then had gone together +to the cathedral, next door to the meeting place of the +Cabildo.</p> + +<p>The original building occupied by the Cabildo was +destroyed in the fire of 1788, when, in less than five +hours, eight hundred and sixteen buildings were burned. +The loss, amounting to three million dollars, was a blessing +in disguise, for it cleared the ground for the reconstruction +of the city under the leadership of Don Andres +Almonaster y Roxas, who was a member of the Cabildo. +He had become rich since his arrival with the Spaniards, +and he had a vision of a city glorified through his +wealth.</p> + +<p>First he built a schoolhouse, a church, and a hospital. +On one side of the church he built a convent; on the +other side he erected a new town hall, the Cabildo. The +walls—which are as sturdy to-day as in 1795—are of +brick, half the thickness of the ordinary brick. Shell +lime was used for the mortar. Originally the Cabildo +was two stories in height, with a flat roof; the mansard +roof was added in 1851. At the same time the open +arches of the second story loggia that corresponded to +the arcade on the ground floor were closed, that there +might be more room for offices.</p> + +<p>For eight years more the Cabildo continued its sessions +under Spanish rule. Then came the news that +Louisiana had been transferred by Spain to France. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">345</a></span> +Great preparations were made for the ceremonies that +were to accompany the lowering of the Spanish flag and +the raising of the French colors in the square before +the Cabildo. Then the prefect Laussat was thunderstruck +by the coming of word that Napoleon had appointed +a Commission not only to receive the colony +from Spain but also to give it into the hands of the +United States, to whom the vast territory had been sold.</p> + +<p>The first transfer took place on November 30, 1803. +The official document was signed in the Sala Capitular, +the hall where the Cabildo met, and was read from the +centre gallery. Then the tricolor of France replaced +the flag of Spain.</p> + +<p>December 20, 1803, was the date of the transfer to +the United States. The American Commission met the +French Commission in the Sala Capitular of the Hôtel +de Ville, or City Hall, as the French called the Cabildo. +Governor Claiborne received the keys of the city, and +the tricolor on the flagstaff gave way to the Stars and +Stripes. A vast company of citizens watched the ceremonies, +listened to the addresses, and looked at the +American troops in the square, as well as at the French +soldiers who were to have no further power in the +province.</p> + +<p>Grace King, in "New Orleans, the Place and the +People," tells what followed:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">346</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"When, twenty-one days before, the French flag was +flung to the breeze, for its last brief reign in Louisiana, +a band of fifty old soldiers formed themselves into a +guard of honor, which was to act as a kind of death +watch to their national colors. They stood now at the +foot of the staff and received in their arms the Tricolor +as it descended, and while the Americans were rending +the air with their shouts, they marched silently away, +their sergeant bearing it at their head. All uncovered +before it; the American troops, as they passed, presented +arms to it. It was carried to the government house, +and left in the hands of Laussat."</p> +</div> + +<p>During the years since that momentous transfer the +Cabildo has continued to be the centre of historical interest +in New Orleans. In 1825 Lafayette was quartered +here. In 1901 President McKinley was received +in the building. In 1903 the Centennial of the Louisiana +Purchase was observed in the Sala Capitular, which had +been for many years the meeting place of the State Supreme +Court. The great hall is almost as it was when +the Cabildo of Don Almonaster met there.</p> + +<p>Since 1910 the Cabildo, in common with the Presbytere, +the old Civil District Court, a building of nearly +the same age and appearance, located on the other side +of the Cathedral, has been the Louisiana State Museum. +The curios are shown in a large hall on the ground floor. +Among these is the flag used by General Jackson at +the battle of New Orleans.</p> + +<p>From this hall of relics a door leads to a courtyard, +which is lined by tiers of gloomy cells. Stocks and +other reminders of the old Spanish days are in evidence.</p> + +<p>The old Place d'Armes is now called Jackson Square. +On either side are the Pontalba buildings, which were +erected by the daughter of Don Andres Almonaster y +Roxas, who inherited millions from her generous father. +On the spot where the Stars and Stripes were raised in +1803 is the statue to General Jackson, the victor of the +battle of New Orleans, to which the same public-spirited +woman was a large contributor.</p> + +<p>The tomb of Don Andres is shown in the Cathedral +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">347</a></span> +he gave to the people, by the side of the Cabildo which +he built for the city he loved.</p> + +<p class="center p6">LXXIX</p> + +<h3>THE ALAMO, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS</h3> + +<p class="center">"THERMOPYLÆ HAD HER MESSENGER OF DEFEAT:<br /> +THE ALAMO HAD NONE"</p> + +<p>Early in the eighteenth century the Spaniards built +in Texas, then a part of Mexico, a number of staunch +structures that were designed to serve not only as +chapels but also as fortresses. The mission that at +length became known as the Alamo was first built on +the Rio Grande in 1710, and during the next forty-seven +years was rebuilt four times in a new location, before it +was given a final resting-place at San Antonio, on the +banks of the Alazan River. There it was called Alamo, +or Poplar Church. Though the Alamo was begun in +1744, it was not completed until 1757.</p> + +<p>For nearly eighty years there was nothing specially +notable about the building. Then came the events that +made the name famous.</p> + +<p>In 1832 Sam Houston was sent to Texas by President +Jackson to arrange treaties with the Indians for the +protection of settlers on the border. Just at this time +settlers in Texas, which was then a part of the state of +Coahuila, were seeking equal privileges with the other +Mexican states. Most of the settlers had come from +the United States, and they hoped that in time Texas +might become a part of that country. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">348</a></span></p> + +<p>On February 13, 1833, Houston wrote to President +Jackson that the time was ripe for getting hold of the +country. Less than three months later he was asked +to serve as a delegate to a constitutional convention, +which demanded from Mexico the organization of the +territory into states, and was made the chairman of the +committee which drew up for the proposed states a +constitution based on that of the United States. Stephen +F. Austin, who has been called "The Father of +Texas," went to Mexico City with the petition. But he +was imprisoned, and the request of Texas was denied +by Santa Anna, president of Mexico.</p> + +<p>Later, when the colonists attempted to defend themselves +against the Indians and other lawbreakers, the +demand was made that they give up their arms.</p> + +<p>The organization of a provincial government followed +in 1834, and Houston was chosen commander-in-chief of +the army. The brief war with Mexico was marked by +a number of heroic events, chief of which was the defence +of the Alamo, where a small force of Texans resisted +more than ten times the number of Mexicans.</p> + +<p>When the army of Santa Anna approached San +Antonio, on February 22, 1836, one hundred and forty-five +men, under the leadership of Colonel James Bowie +and Lieutenant-Colonel William B. Travis, retired within +the church fortress. For nearly two weeks these +heroic men defended themselves, and the enemy did not +gain entrance until every one of them was killed.</p> + +<p>The details of the heroic struggle were not known +until 1860, when Captain R. M. Potter printed an account +in the San Antonio <i>Herald</i>, in which he had patiently +pieced together the reports that came to him +through those whom he regarded most dependable +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">349</a></span> +among the besiegers, and from one who was an officer +in the garrison until within a few days of the assault.</p> + +<p>Within the walls a well had been dug on the very +day the Mexican Army entered the town. Thus a plentiful +supply of water supplemented the store of meat +and corn for the defenders.</p> + +<p>A message sent out by Colonel Travis on the night of +March 3 told of the events of the first days of the siege:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"With a hundred and forty-five men I have held this +place ten days against a force variously estimated from +1,500 to 6,000, and I shall continue to hold it till I get +relief from my countrymen, or I will perish in the attempt. +We have had a shower of bombs and cannon-balls +continually falling among us the whole time, yet +none of us have fallen."</p> +</div> + +<p>Santa Anna led a final assault on March 6. Scaling +ladders, axes, and fascines were to be in the hands of +designated men. Five columns were to approach the +wall just at daybreak.</p> + +<p>At the first onset Colonel Travis was killed and +breaches were made in the walls. The outer walls and +batteries were abandoned, and the defenders retired to +the different rooms within.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">350</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"From the doors, windows, and loopholes of the several +rooms around the area the crack of the rifle and +the hiss of the bullet came fierce and fast; as fast the +enemy fell and recoiled in his first efforts to charge. +The gun beside which Travis fell was now turned against +the buildings, as were also some others, and shot after +shot was sent crashing through the doors and barricades +of the several rooms. Each ball was followed by a storm +of musketry and a charge; and thus room after room +was carried at the point of the bayonet, when all within +them had died fighting to the last. The struggle was +made up of a number of separate and desperate combats, +often hand to hand, between squads of the garrison and +bodies of the enemy. The bloodiest spot about the fort +was the long barrack and the ground in front of it, +where the enemy fell in heaps."</p> +</div> + +<p>David Crockett was among those who were killed in +one of the rooms. He had joined the defenders a few +days before the beginning of the siege.</p> + +<p>The chapel was the last point taken. "Once the +enemy in possession of the large area, the guns could be +turned to fire into the door of the church, only from fifty +to a hundred yards off. The inmates of the last stronghold +fought to the last, and continued to fire down from +the upper works after the enemy occupied the floor. +Towards the close of the struggle Lieutenant Dickenson, +with his child in his arms, or, as some accounts say, +tied to his back, leaped from the east embrasure of the +chapel, and both were shot in the act. Of those he left +behind him the bayonet soon gleaned what the bullet +had left; and in the upper part of that edifice the last +defender must have fallen."</p> + +<p>This final assault lasted only thirty minutes. In that +time the defenders of Texas won immortal fame. Four +days before, the Republic of Texas had been proclaimed. +Those who fell in the Alamo were hailed the heroes of +the struggle. "Remember the Alamo!" was the battle +cry of the war for independence that was waged until +the Mexican Army was routed at San Jacinto, April +21, 1836.</p> + +<p>On the capitol grounds at Austin, Texas, stands a +monument to the heroes of the Alamo, with the inscription: +"Thermopylæ had her messenger of defeat; the +Alamo had none."</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_64" id="img_64"></a> +<img src="images/i_389a.jpg" width="550" height="390" alt="The Hermitage" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Wiles, Nashville</i></span><br /> +THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENN.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXXX +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">351</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE HERMITAGE, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE</h3> + +<p class="center">ANDREW JACKSON'S RETREAT IN THE INTERVALS OF<br /> +HIS PUBLIC SERVICE</p> + +<p>Andrew Jackson was a pioneer. From North Carolina +he crossed the mountains to what was then the +Western District. He was a lawyer, but he wanted to +be a farmer also. His first land purchase was made +in 1791. This land was lost in the effort to pay the +debts of another.</p> + +<p>The second effort at farming was more successful. +This was begun in 1804, when he bought a tract of some +twenty-eight thousand acres, six thousand acres of +which he retained permanently as the Hermitage plantation. +From the beginning he showed that he had a +genius for farming. Crops were large, and his wealth +grew rapidly, until he became the wealthiest man in all +that country. After a few years he became famous as +a breeder of race horses. He owned a track of his own +not far from the mansion.</p> + +<p>For fifteen years Mr. and Mrs. Jackson lived in a +log cabin. But they maintained a large establishment. +They had their slaves, and they drove in a carriage +drawn by four horses. And they entertained royally. +Jackson's biographer, James Parton, tells of a Nashville +lady who said that she had often been at the Hermitage +"when there were in each of the four available +rooms not a guest merely, but a family, while the young +men and solitary travellers who chanced to drop in disposed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">352</a></span> +themselves on the piazza, or any other shelter +about the house."</p> + +<p>The log house was still the plantation-house when +General Jackson's neighbors gathered to welcome him +home as the victor of New Orleans. In the response he +gave to their greeting he made a prophecy:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Years will continue to develop our inherent qualities, +until, from being the youngest and the weakest, we +shall become the most powerful nation in the universe."</p> +</div> + +<p>General Jackson was popular with all in the neighborhood +of the plantation. To his slaves he was a hero. +To his wife he was devoted. Parton says that he always +treated her as if she was his pride and glory. And +words can faintly describe her devotion to him. She +also was popular among the servants; her treatment of +them was courteous in the extreme. A visitor to the +Hermitage told of being present at the hour of evening +devotions. Just before these began the wife of the overseer +came into the room. Mrs. Jackson rose and made +room for her on the sofa. One of the guests expressed +her surprise to a lady sitting next her. "That is the +way here," the lady whispered, "and if she had not done +it, the General would."</p> + +<p>Peter Cartwright, the famous pioneer preacher, told +in his Autobiography an incident that revealed the General's +nature. Cartwright was preaching, when the +pastor of a church, who was with him in the pulpit, +leaned forward and whispered, "General Jackson has +just come in." The outspoken preacher replied, so that +every one could hear: "What is that if General Jackson +has come in? In the eyes of God he is no bigger +than any other man!" After the service Jackson told +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">353</a></span> +Mr. Cartwright of his hearty approval of the sentiment.</p> + +<p>That there might be more room for entertaining passing +strangers like Mr. Cartwright, as well as hosts of +friends, Jackson began to build The Hermitage in 1819, +of brick made on the plantation. When this house was +burned in 1836, a new house was built on the old foundation, +and with the same general plan. The building +has the rather unusual length of 104 feet. Six pillars +support the roof in front and in rear.</p> + +<p>Between the building of the first house and its successor +came most of Jackson's political career. During +this period also was the visit of General Lafayette. On +this occasion the Frenchman, recognizing the pair of +pistols which he had given to Washington in 1778, said +that he had a real satisfaction in finding them in the +hands of one so worthy of possessing them. "Yes, I +believe myself to be worthy of them," Jackson began his +reply, in words that seemed far less modest than the +conclusion proved them; for he added: "if not for what +I have done, at least for what I wished to do, for my +country."</p> + +<p>The Hermitage never seemed the same place to Jackson +after the death of his wife, on December 22, 1828, +only a few days after his first election to the presidency.</p> + +<p>Two years after his final return from Washington, +after attending service at the little Presbyterian church +on the estate, he begged the pastor, Dr. Edgar, to return +home with him. The pastor was unable to accept, but +promised to be on hand early in the morning. All night +the General read and prayed. Next morning, when Dr. +Edgar came, he asked to be admitted to the Church.</p> + +<p>Parton says that from this time to the end of his life +"General Jackson spent most of his leisure hours in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">354</a></span> +reading the Bible, Biblical commentaries, and the hymn-book, +which last he always pronounced in the old-fashioned +way, <i>hime</i>-book. The work known as 'Scott's +Bible' was his chief delight; he read it through twice +before he died. Nightly he read prayers in the presence +of his family and household servants."</p> + +<p>Soon after he united with the Church, the congregation +wished to choose him to the office of elder. "No," +he said, "I am too young in the Church for such an +office. My countrymen have given me high honors, but +I should esteem the office of ruling elder in the Church +of Christ a far higher honor than any I have ever +received."</p> + +<p>For six years he continued to be an unofficial member +of the church. Then, on June 8, 1845, he said to those +who had gathered about his death-bed: "I am my God's. +I belong to Him. I go but a short time before you, and +I want to meet you all, white and black, in heaven."</p> + +<p>Less than two months before his death, when the +President and Directors of the National Institute proposed +that an imported sarcophagus in their possession +be set apart for his last resting-place, he declined, because +he wished to lie by the side of his wife, in the +garden of The Hermitage.</p> + +<p>Until 1888 Andrew Jackson, Jr., and after his death, +his widow occupied the house, during the last thirty-two +years of this period as caretakers for the State, +which had bought the property for $48,000. Since 1889 +the mansion and twenty-five acres of ground have been +cared for by the Ladies' Hermitage Association.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_65" id="img_65"></a> +<img src="images/i_389b.jpg" width="550" height="400" alt="Ashland" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by E. C. Hall</i></span><br /> +ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KY.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXXXI +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">355</a></span></p> + +<h3>ASHLAND, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HOME OF HENRY CLAY FOR FORTY-SIX YEARS</p> + +<p>Henry Clay's mother, having married Captain Henry +Watkins, moved from Hanover, Virginia, to Woodford +County, Kentucky, in 1792. As soon as the future +statesman was admitted to practice in the Virginia +Court of Appeals, he decided to follow her. Accordingly, +in November, 1797, he became a resident of Lexington. +Three years later the <i>Kentucke Gazette</i>, the +first paper published west of the mountains, told of "an +eloquent oration" that was "delivered by Henry Clay, +Esquire."</p> + +<p>The year before the young lawyer received this flattering +notice he married Lavinia Hart, of Lexington. +Seven years were spent in rented quarters, but in 1806 +he purchased an estate about a mile and a half from +town.</p> + +<p>Clay took the keenest pleasure in the estate. Once he +wrote to a friend:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"I am in one respect better off than Moses. He died +in sight of and without reaching the Promised Land. I +occupy as good a farm as any he would have found had +he reached it, and 'Ashland' has been acquired not by +hereditary descent but by my own labor."</p> +</div> +<p>However, it was only at intervals that the proud +owner was able to enjoy Ashland. After 1803 the +longest period of residence was six years, and this was +toward the close of his life. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">356</a></span></p> + +<p>The management of the property was largely in the +hands of Mrs. Clay, and the prosperity of the plantation +was proof of her capability. From Washington he +wrote frequently of things he would like to see done. +He was especially interested in blooded stock which he +secured in the East and abroad. Once he wrote proudly +of the fact that there were on the estate specimens of +"the Maltese ass, the Arabian horse, the Merino and +Saxe Merino sheep, the English Hereford and Durham +cattle, the goat, the mule and the hog." His race horses +were famous, and he delighted to handle them himself. +He also liked to feed the pigs, even when he was an old +man.</p> + +<p>There were many slaves at Ashland, and they were +all attached to their master. His will provided for their +emancipation, under wise conditions. Once, when a +friend bequeathed him twenty-five slaves, he sent them +to Liberia, by way of New Orleans.</p> + +<p>Harriet Martineau, who visited Ashland in 1835, told +of her pleasant impression of the place and its owner:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"I stayed some weeks in the house of a wealthy landowner +in Kentucky. Our days were passed in great luxury, +and the hottest of them very idly. The house was +in the midst of grounds gay with verdure and flowers, +in the opening month of June, and our favorite seats +were the steps of the hall, and chairs under the trees. +From there we could watch the play of the children on +the grass plot, and some of the drolleries of the little +negroes.... There were thirty-three horses in the +stables, and we roved about the neighboring country +accordingly...."</p> +</div> +<p>As the years passed visitors flocked to Ashland in +ever-increasing numbers. Many of them were politicians, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">357</a></span> +but more were plain people who were devoted to +Clay and could not understand why the country refused +to elect him President. In 1844, during his longest +period of continuous residence at Ashland, he received +word of the disappointing result of the election. After +a few days, when he was walking on the turnpike near +the house, he was startled by a woman who, on passing +him, burst into tears. When he asked her why she wept, +she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"I have lost my father, my husband, and my children, +and passed through other painful trials; but all of them +together have not given me so much sorrow as the late +disappointment of your friends."</p> +</div> + +<p>A story is also told of a bride and groom who visited +Ashland on the day the news of defeat was received. +The journey was continued down the Mississippi River. +On the boat the groom was taken seriously ill. The +physician who was called to attend him was puzzled to +define the ailment until the bride said that the cause +was the defeat of Henry Clay. The old doctor threw +his arms about the patient's neck and cried, "There is +no cure for a complaint like that."</p> + +<p>The sting of defeat was forgotten one day in 1845. +Mr. Clay was in his bank in Lexington, prepared to pay +a part of the indebtedness that had all but swamped +him, so that he felt he might have to sacrifice Ashland. +The bank told him that about $50,000 had been deposited +in the bank by his friends from all parts of the country, +enough to pay all his debts. He never knew the names +of the generous friends who had made possible the retention +of the property.</p> + +<p>He thought he was to spend the remainder of his days +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">358</a></span> +at home, and that he would die there in peace. One +day he said, in an address in Lexington, "I felt like an +old stag which has been long coursed by the hunters +and the hounds, through brakes and briars, and over +distant plains, and has at last returned to his ancient +lair to lay himself down and die."</p> + +<p>Again in 1848 he tasted defeat, though on this occasion +it was in the nominating convention, not in the +election. In the trying days that followed he was sustained +by his Christian faith. He had been baptized in +the parlor at Ashland on June 22, 1847. The reality +of his religious convictions was seen one day by what he +said to a company of friends who had been talking in a +despairing manner of the future of the country. Pointing +to the Bible on the table, he said, "Gentlemen, I +do not know anything but that Book which can reconcile +us to such events."</p> + +<p>In 1849 Clay was sent to the United States Senate +because the legislature of Kentucky felt that he was +needed to help in the solution of questions raised by the +Mexican War. He spent three years in Washington, +then died in the midst of his work. After a journey +that showed what a place he had won in the hearts of +the people, his body was taken to Lexington. The catafalque +lay in state in Ashland over one night. Next +day the body was buried near Lexington.</p> + +<p>His son, James B. Clay, who purchased the estate +at auction, tore down the house because of its weakened +foundations, but rebuilt it of the same materials, on the +old site, and on almost the identical plans. Both outside +and inside the mansion has practically the appearance +of the original.</p> + +<p>Before the Civil War Ashland was purchased by the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">359</a></span> +State College, but in 1882 it became the property of +Major Henry Clay McDowell, whose widow lived there +for many years. She was the daughter of Henry Clay, +Jr., whose death at the Battle of Buena Vista was a +sore blow to one who was always a fond father.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_66" id="img_66"></a> +<img src="images/i_390a.jpg" width="550" height="390" alt="Whitley's Station" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Miss M. E. Sacre, Stanford, Ky.</i></span><br /> +SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, KY</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXXXII</p> + +<h3>SPORTSMAN'S HALL, WHITLEY'S STATION, +KENTUCKY</h3> + +<p class="center">THE HOME OF THE MAN WHO KILLED TECUMSEH</p> + +<p>"Then, Billy, if I was you, I would go and see!"</p> + +<p>Thus replied Esther Whitley of Augusta, Virginia, +to her husband William Whitley, when, early in 1775, +he had told her that he had a fine report of Kentucky, +and that he thought they could get their living in the +frontier settlements with less hard work than was required +in Virginia.</p> + +<p>Whitley took his wife at her word. Two days later, +with axe and plow and gun and kettle, he was on his +way over the mountains. Daniel Boone had not yet +marked out the Wilderness Road that was to become +the great highway of emigration from Virginia to Kentucky. +At first his only companion was his brother-in-law, +George Clark, but on the way seven others joined +the party.</p> + +<p>During the next six years he was one of the trusted +pioneers at Boonesborough and Harrod's Fort, two stations +on the Wilderness Road. When he had a house +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">360</a></span> +ready for his wife, he returned to Virginia, and brought +her to Kentucky. It is said that she was the third white +woman to cross the Cumberland Mountains, Mrs. Daniel +Boone and her daughter being the first and second. The +claim has been made that their daughter, Louisa, who +was born in Boonesborough, was the first white child +born in the present limits of Kentucky.</p> + +<p>Louisa was perhaps four years old when Whitley removed +to the vicinity of Crab Orchard, the famous assembling +place for parties about to take the dangerous +journey back to Virginia. Two miles from the settlement +he built Whitley's Fort. In 1788 he felt able to +build for his growing family the first brick house in +Kentucky. The brick were brought from Virginia, and +the man who laid the brick was given a farm of five +hundred acres for his services. The windows were +placed high above the ground to prevent the Indians +from shooting in at the occupants. The window-glass +was carried across the mountains in pack-saddles. The +stairway had twenty-one steps, and on these steps were +carved the heads of thirteen eagles to represent the original +thirteen Colonies. The doors were made of wood, +elaborately carved, and were in two layers, a heavy sheet +of iron being placed between these. The old-time +leather hinges are still in use.</p> + +<p>The owner laid out on his property the first race track +in Kentucky, and he called his house Sportsman's Hall. +In its walls scores of settlers found refuge in time of +danger. Famous men sat with Mr. and Mrs. Whitley +at their hospitable table, among these being Daniel +Boone, George Rogers Clark, and General Harrison.</p> + +<p>Until his death at the battle of the Thames in 1813 +Whitley was one of the chief defenders of the settlers +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">361</a></span> +against the Indians. On his powder horn he cut the +lines:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>William Whitley, I am your horne,</p> +<p>The truth I love, a lie I scorne,</p> +<p>Fill me with the best of powder,</p> +<p>I'll make your rifle crack the louder.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>See how the dread, terrifick ball</p> +<p>Makes Indians blench at Toreys fall,</p> +<p>You with powder I'll supply</p> +<p>For to defend your liberty.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>One day in 1785 a messenger came to Whitley's Fort +with the tidings that Indians had captured a mother and +her babe, after killing three older children. Mr. Whitley +was not at home, but Mrs. Whitley sent for him. In +the meantime she collected a company of twenty rescuers. +On his return Whitley placed himself at their +head, pursued the Indians, and rescued the prisoners.</p> + +<p>The title Colonel was given to Whitley in 1794, when +he commanded the Nickerjack expedition against the +Tennessee Indians, who had been conducting foraging +expeditions into Kentucky. The march was conducted +with such secrecy and despatch that the enemy were +taken by surprise, and were completely routed.</p> + +<p>The last of his campaigns took place in Canada +against the British, French, and Indians in 1813. Many +claim that before he received his mortal wound in the +battle of the Thames, he fired the shot that killed Tecumseh, +the chief who had given so much trouble to the +settlers of Kentucky and Indiana. Others say that the +shot was fired by a Colonel Johnson.</p> + +<p>The body of the Indian fighter rests in an unknown +grave hundreds of miles from the territory he helped +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">362</a></span> +to wrest from the Indians, but the brick house he built +near Crab Orchard is still one of the historic buildings +of Kentucky.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_67" id="img_67"></a> +<img src="images/i_390b.jpg" width="550" height="370" alt="White Haven" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo furnished by Albert Wenzlick</i></span><br /> +WHITE HAVEN, ST. LOUIS</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXXXIII</p> + +<h3>WHITE HAVEN, NEAR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE ULYSSES S. GRANT COURTED JULIA DENT</p> + +<p>Immediately after Ulysses Simpson Grant graduated +from West Point, he was sent to Jefferson Barracks, at +St. Louis. His military duties were not so arduous +that he was unable to accept the invitation of Fred +Dent, a former roommate at West Point, to go with him +to the Dent homestead on the Gravois Road, four miles +from the Barracks.</p> + +<p>The young second lieutenant did not have to be urged +to repeat his visit. In fact he went so often that the +road between the Barracks and the Dent farm became +as familiar to him as his old haunts on the banks of the +Hudson. He did not meet Julia Dent at first, for she +was absent at school, but he found enough attraction in +a sister to make him a frequent visitor.</p> + +<p>Then came the eventful day when he met seventeen-year-old +Julia. The courtship was by no means a long-drawn-out +affair; the young people were engaged before +Grant was ordered to the Mexican border, though the +fact was not announced until his return to St. Louis in +May, 1845. The marriage took place in August, 1848, +after the close of the Mexican War.</p> + +<p>For some years Mrs. Grant was a soldier's wife. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">363</a></span> +Grant took her with him to Detroit, but he left her at +her old home in St. Louis when he was transferred to +the Pacific Coast. In 1853 he accepted a commission as +captain, which he soon resigned, determining to return +to the East. Several unfortunate speculations had left +him without funds, and he was indebted to a friend in +San Francisco for transportation.</p> + +<p>"I rejoined my family to find in it a son whom I had +never seen, born while I was on the Isthmus of +Panama," Grant said in his "Personal Memoirs." "I +was now to commence, at the age of thirty-two, a new +struggle for our support. My wife had a farm near St. +Louis, to which we went, but I had no means to stock it. +A house had to be built also. I worked very hard, never +losing a day because of bad weather, and accomplished +the object in a moderate way."</p> + +<p>After working as a farm laborer for a time, he built +a cabin on sixty acres given to Mrs. Grant by her father. +"Hardscrabble," as he called the four-room log house, +was the home of the Grant family for several years. +This cabin, which was on the grounds of the Louisiana +Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, and White Haven, +must both be counted homes of the family at this period. +Fred, Nellie, and Jesse Grant were all born in White +Haven.</p> + +<p>Ready money was scarce, but the father of a growing +family felt the necessity of providing for their wants. +"If nothing else could be done I would load a cord of +wood on a wagon and take it to the city for sale," he +wrote in his Memoirs. "I managed to keep along +very well until 1858, when I was attacked by fever and +ague. I had suffered very severely and for a long time +from the disease while a boy in Ohio. It lasted now +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">364</a></span> +over a year, and, while it did not keep me in the house, +it did interfere greatly with the amount of work I was +able to perform. In the fall of 1858 I sold out my stock, +crops and farming utensils at auction, and gave up +farming."</p> + +<p>The family remained at White Haven for a time, and +Grant tried to make a living in the real estate business. +His partner was a cousin of Mrs. Grant. The income of +the business was not sufficient for two families, so he +soon gave up the attempt. "He doesn't seem to be just +calculated for business, but an honester, more generous +man never lived," was the remark of one who knew him +at this time.</p> + +<p>In the meantime he had taken his family to St. Louis. +He made one further attempt to support them there. +Learning that there was a vacancy in the office of county +engineer, he applied for the position, but the appointment +was to be made by the members of the county +court, and he did not have sufficient influence to secure +it. So the move to Galena, Illinois, in May, 1860, became +necessary. There, in the leather business, he +earned but eight hundred dollars a year. And he had +a family of six to feed.</p> + +<p>A year later he responded to the call of President +Lincoln, and began the army service that made him +famous.</p> + +<p>White Haven was built in 1808 by Captain John +Long, who had won his title during the Revolution. +Later the house and three hundred acres of the original +farm were sold to Frederick Dent, who, at one period, +had ninety slaves in the slave quarters still to be seen +at the rear of the house.</p> + +<p>Through Mrs. Grant the entire property came into the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">365</a></span> +possession of General Grant. At the time of the failure +of Grant & Ward, the farm was pledged to William H. +Vanderbilt, who sold it to Captain Fuller H. Conn of +St. Louis. Captain Conn disposed of it in a number +of parcels. One of these, containing fifteen acres and +the old homestead, was purchased by Albert Wenzlick, +who makes his summer home in the house where Ulysses +S. Grant met Julia Dent.</p> + +<h2>EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO +NEW ENGLAND</h2> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>In verdurous tumult far away</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>The prairie billows gleam,</i></p> +<p><i>Upon their crests in blessing rests</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>The noontide's gracious beam.</i></p> +<p><i>Low quivering vapors steaming dim</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>The level splendors break</i></p> +<p><i>Where languid lilies deck the rim</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Of some land-circled lake.</i></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>Far in the east like low-hung clouds</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>The waving woodlands lie;</i></p> +<p><i>Far in the west the glowing plain</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Melts warmly in the sky.</i></p> +<p><i>No accent wounds the reverent air,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>No footprint dints the sod,—</i></p> +<p><i>Lone in the light the prairie lies,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Wrapt in a dream of God.</i></p> +</div> +<p class="i6"><span class="smcap">John Hay</span>.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p6">EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO NEW ENGLAND</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">369</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_68" id="img_68"></a> +<img src="images/i_409a.jpg" width="550" height="397" alt="Lincoln's House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by E. C. Hall</i></span><br /> +ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD, ILL.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXXXIV</p> + +<h3>THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD,<br /> +ILLINOIS</h3> + +<p class="center">FROM WHICH PRESIDENT-ELECT LINCOLN WENT TO<br /> +WASHINGTON IN 1861</p> + +<p>When Abraham Lincoln entered Springfield, in 1837, +he did not own a house; in fact he did not own much +of anything. Joshua Speed is quoted by Ida Tarbell +thus:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"He had ridden into town on a borrowed horse, with +no earthly property save a pair of saddle-bags containing +a few clothes.... Lincoln came into the store with +his saddle-bags on his arm. He said he wanted to buy +the furniture for a single bed. The mattress, blankets, +sheets, coverlid, and pillow ... would cost seventeen +dollars. He said that perhaps was cheap enough; but +small as the price was, he was unable to pay it. But if +I would credit him till Christmas, and his experiment +as a lawyer was a success, he would pay then, saying in +the saddest tone, 'If I fail in this I do not know that +I can ever pay you.'"</p> +</div> + +<p>The storekeeper thereupon proposed that the young +lawyer should share his own room above the store. Lincoln +promptly accepted, went upstairs, and in a moment +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">370</a></span> +was down again. With dry humor he said: "Well, +Speed, I am moved."</p> + +<p>Lincoln longed for better quarters, however, because +he wanted to be married. He watched with interest the +new buildings that were going up, probably reflecting +sadly that none of them were for him. In his discouragement +he wrote to Miss Mary Owen of New Salem, +to whom he had said something about coming to live +with him in Springfield:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"You would have to be poor, without the means of +hiding your poverty. Do you believe you could bear +that patiently? Whatever woman may cast her lot with +mine, should any ever do so, it is my intention to do all +in my power to make her happy and contented. And +there is nothing I can imagine that would make me more +unhappy than to fail in the effort. I know I should be +much happier with you than the way I am, provided I +saw no sign of discontent in you."</p> +</div> + +<p>Miss Owen declined to go to Springfield, because she +felt that Lincoln was "deficient in those little links +which make up the chain of a woman's happiness."</p> + +<p>Five years later, on November 4, 1842, Lincoln married +Miss Mary Todd, a member of a prominent Kentucky +family, who had come to Springfield in 1839 to +live with her sister, Mrs. Ninian W. Edwards. The +house in which she spent the three years before her marriage +was one of the handsomest in the town, and was +a centre of social gayety. Mr. and Mrs. Edwards opposed +the marriage to the poor and plebeian lawyer; +they urged the folly of exchanging a cultured home for +the surroundings to which Lincoln would take her. But +she knew her own mind, and she went with Lincoln to +the home he provided for her.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">371</a></span></p> + +<p>The character of the accommodations to which he took +his bride is revealed by a letter written in May, 1843: +"We are not keeping house, but boarding at the Globe +Tavern.... Boarding only costs four dollars a +week."</p> + +<p>But the day came when the young statesman was able +to open for Mrs. Lincoln the door of their own modest +one-story house. Later a second story was added under +the direction of his wife, most of the work being done +while he was away from home, riding the circuit.</p> + +<p>J. G. Holland's pleasing picture of life in the home +during the years from 1850 to 1860 should be remembered:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"It was to him a time of rest, of reading, of social +happiness, and of professional prosperity. He was already +a father, and took an almost unbounded delight in +his children. The most that he could say to any rebel +in his household was, 'You break my heart, when you +act like this.' A young man bred in Springfield speaks +of a vision that has clung to his memory very vividly.... His +way to school led by the lawyer's door. On +almost any fair summer morning he could find Mr. Lincoln +on the sidewalk in front of his house, drawing a +child backward and forward, in a child's gig. Without +hat or coat, and wearing a pair of rough shoes, his hands +behind him holding on to the tongue of the gig, and his +tall form bent forward to accommodate himself to the +service, he paced up and down the walk forgetful of +everything around him. The young man says he remembers +wondering how so rough and plain a man should +live in so respectable a house."</p> +</div> + +<p>Once Lincoln was sitting on the porch when three-year-old +Willie escaped from the bathtub, ran out cf the +house and the gate, up the street, and into a field. There +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">372</a></span> +his father caught him, and carried him home on his +shoulder.</p> + +<p>The children liked to ride on his shoulder, and they +clambered for the position. If they could not get there, +they contented themselves with hanging to his coat tails. +One day a neighbor heard the boys crying, and asked +what was the matter. "Just what's the matter with +the whole world," was Lincoln's reply. "I've got three +walnuts, and each wants two."</p> + +<p>During the last day of the Republican Convention of +1860, which was in session in Chicago, Lincoln was in +the office of the Springfield <i>Journal</i>, receiving word of +the progress of events. A messenger came in and said +to him, "The Convention has made a nomination, and +Mr. Seward is—the second man on the list!" After +reading the telegram, and receiving the congratulations +of all in the office, Lincoln spoke of the little woman on +Eighth Street who had some interest in the matter, and +said he would go home and tell her the news.</p> + +<p>When the news became generally known, the citizens +followed him to the house on Eighth Street. In the +evening, after a meeting in the State House, the Republicans +present marched to the Lincoln home. The +nominee made a speech, and invited as many as could +get in to enter the house. "After the fourth of March +we will give you a larger house," came the laughing +response.</p> + +<p>Next day Lincoln was in a quandary. Some of his +friends had sent him a present of wines and other +liquors, that he might be able to give what they thought +would be appropriate refreshment to the Committee sent +from Chicago to notify the nominee. Before the formal +notification, Lincoln asked the members what he should +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">373</a></span> +do with the wine. J. G. Holland says that "the chairman +at once advised him to return the gift, and to offer +no stimulants to his guests."</p> + +<p>A few years later, when he had closed the house which +he was never to enter again, he said to his friends, who +had gathered at the train to say good-bye:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"My friends: no one, not in my situation, can appreciate +my feeling of sadness at this parting. To this +place, and the kindness of these people, I owe everything. +Here I have lived a quarter of a century, and +have passed from a young to an old man. Here my children +have been born, and one is buried. I now leave, +not knowing when or whether ever I may return, with +a task before me greater than that which rested upon +Washington. Without the assistance of that Divine +Being who ever attended him, I cannot succeed. With +that assistance I cannot fail. Trusting in Him, who +can go with me, and remain with you, and be everywhere +for good, let us confidently hope that all will yet be well. +To His care commending you, as I hope in your prayers +you will commend me, I bid you an affectionate farewell."</p> +</div> + +<p>When the body of the martyred President was brought +back to Springfield on May 3, 1865, it was not taken to +the old home on Eighth Street, but to the State Capitol, +and from there to Oak Ridge Cemetery.</p> + +<p>The house is now the property of the State of Illinois, +the gift of Robert T. Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln's son. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_69" id="img_69"></a> +<img src="images/i_409b.jpg" width="550" height="395" alt="Harrison's House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo furnished by Frank H. Curtis, Vincennes</i></span><br /> +WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON'S HOUSE, VINCENNES, IND.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXXXV<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">374</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE GOVERNOR'S PALACE AT VINCENNES,<br /> +INDIANA</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE "OLD TIPPECANOE" WELCOMED HIS GUESTS</p> + +<p>William Henry Harrison, son of Benjamin Harrison, +one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, +was a ward of Robert Morris. The great financier opposed +the young man's purpose to enlist in the Ohio +campaign against the Indians that followed the war of +the Revolution, but when young Harrison applied directly +to Washington he was appointed ensign and sent +to the front. This was in 1791, and the new ensign was +but nineteen years old.</p> + +<p>Gallant conduct during a campaign of four years +under General Anthony Wayne brought to him promotion +to a captaincy, the favor of his general, and the +command of Fort Washington, at what is now Cincinnati, +Ohio.</p> + +<p>This post was resigned in 1798, when there seemed no +further prospect of active service. Thereupon Washington +appointed the twenty-four-year-old captain Secretary +of the Northwestern Territory and <i>ex officio</i> Lieutenant +Governor. When, in 1800, the Northwestern +Territory was divided, he was nominated by Thomas +Jefferson Governor of Indiana Territory, including what +is now Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa.</p> + +<p>Vincennes, one of the three white settlements in all +this vast territory, became the seat of government. As +Fort Sackville Vincennes had been made famous during +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">375</a></span> +the Revolution by the brilliant exploit of George Rogers +Clarke, who took it from the British after an approach +across Illinois and through the flooded valley of the +Wabash, for which he will ever be remembered by a +grateful country.</p> + +<p>For thirteen years he was the autocrat in his remote +outpost. To him were committed, in company with the +Judge, all legislative powers; he was commander-in-chief +of the militia, and he had the power of treaty-making +with the Indians. His signature became a valid +title to lands in the Indian country. His care of the +interests committed to him was so satisfactory that the +legislature of Indiana asked for his reappointment. He +was especially successful in dealing with the Indians. +The victory at Tippecanoe became a rallying cry when, +in 1839, he was nominated for the Presidency.</p> + +<p>One of the most notable events of his career as Governor +took place before his house at Vincennes. The +Indian warrior Tecumseh, claiming that lands ceded by +other tribes belonged to his own tribe, threatened vengeance +on any who should attempt to settle on these +lands. General Harrison sent for him, promising to +give him a careful hearing and full justice. Accordingly, +in August, 1810, Tecumseh came to Vincennes, +accompanied by several hundred warriors. The meeting +of the Governor and the Indians took place in front +of the official residence. At one point in the conference, +Tecumseh, being angry, gave a signal to his warriors, +who seized their knives, tomahawks, and war clubs and +sprang to their feet.</p> + +<p>The Governor rose calmly from his armchair, drew his +sword, and faced the savage. His bearing overawed the +Indians, and when he told Tecumseh that he could have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">376</a></span> +no further conference with such a bad man, the chief +and his supporters returned to their camp.</p> + +<p>The house that looked down on this scene was probably +the first house of burned brick built west of the +Alleghenies. It was erected in 1804, at a cost of about +twenty thousand dollars.</p> + +<p>The walls of the basement are twenty-four inches +thick; the upper walls are eighteen inches thick. The +outer walls are of hard red brick. The doors, sash, mantels, +and stairs are of black walnut, and are said to have +been made in Pittsburgh.</p> + +<p>The basement contains the dining-room, the kitchen, +in which hangs the old-fashioned crane, a storeroom in +which the supplies of powder and arms were kept, and +four servants' bedrooms. At one side of the large cellar +is the entrance to a tunnel which led to the banks of +the Wabash, some six hundred feet distant. This was +built, so tradition says, that the Governor and his family, +if too closely pressed by Indians, might escape to +the river and continue their flight in canoes. This +would be useful also for the carrying in of water and +food during a siege.</p> + +<p>On the first floor a commodious hallway communicates +on the left with the Council Chamber, where +notable visitors were received. This was also the chamber +of early territorial lawmakers. Here, in 1805, by +Rev. Thomas Clelland, was preached the first Presbyterian +sermon in what is now the State of Indiana.</p> + +<p>In the shutter of a room facing the rear is the mark +of a bullet which, it is said, was fired by an Indian who +was attempting the life of the Governor, while that official +was walking the floor with his little son in his +arms. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">377</a></span></p> + +<p>To-day the house is cut off from the city by railroad +tracks and is surrounded by factories. Until 1916 it +was owned by the Vincennes Water Company, which +proposed to raze it to the ground, that they might have +room for extension. Learning of this purpose, six members +of the Francis Vigo Chapter of the Daughters of +the American Revolution begged the City Council to +buy the house and preserve it. When the Council announced +that the way was not open to do this, a number +of patriotic women, led by Mrs. Frank W. Curtis, raised +the sum necessary for the purchase of the property.</p> + +<p>Under the direction of the Francis Vigo Chapter, the +house has been restored, and opened for visitors. It is +the intention to maintain it for the inspiration of those +who visit Vincennes to look on the scene of the wise +labors of the first Governor of the Indian Territory.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_70" id="img_70"></a> +<img src="images/i_410a.jpg" width="550" height="414" alt="Rufus Putnam's House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo furnished by Miss Willia D. Cotton, Marietta</i></span><br /> +RUFUS PUTNAM'S HOUSE, MARIETTA, O.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXXXVI</p> + +<h3>THE HOUSE OF GENERAL RUFUS PUTNAM,<br /> +MARIETTA, OHIO</h3> + +<p class="center">THE MAN WHO LED THE FIRST PERMANENT SETTLERS +TO OHIO</p> + +<p>In 1775 General Washington decided that he must +fortify Dorchester Heights, Boston, if he was to force +the British to leave the country. But how was he to do +this? The ground was frozen to a depth of eighteen +inches, and the enemy's cannon commanded the coveted +position. Lieutenant Colonel Putnam told the General +that the seemingly impossible task could be performed. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">378</a></span> +Washington was dubious, but he had learned that Colonel +Putnam was to be counted on. One night, after +dark, the work was begun, and before daylight it was so +far completed that the surprised enemy were compelled +to retire.</p> + +<p>In recognition of services like this, Colonel Putnam +was made a brigadier general. A reward even greater +was his; he won the lasting friendship of Washington.</p> + +<p>Eight years after the fortification of Dorchester +Heights, two hundred and eighty-three officers asked +Congress for a grant of land in the western country. +General Putnam forwarded the petition to Washington, +and urged that it be granted, in order that "the country +between Lake Erie and the Ohio might be filled with inhabitants, +and the faithful subjects of the United States +so established on the waters of the Ohio and on the lakes +as to banish forever the idea of our western territory +falling under the dominion of any European power."</p> + +<p>Action by Congress was delayed. On June 2, 1784, +Washington wrote to Putnam:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"I wish it was in my power to give you a more favorable +account of the officers' petition for lands on the +Ohio and its water, than I am about to do.... For +surely if justice and gratitude to the army, and general +policy of the Union were to govern in the case, there +would not be the smallest interruption in granting the +request."</p> +</div> + +<p>Putnam did not lose heart. His next step, taken in +January, 1786, was to call a meeting of officers and soldiers +and others to form an Ohio Company. The meeting +was held at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern, in Boston, +March 1, 1786, and the Ohio Company of Associates was +duly formed. It was agreed to raise a fund to purchase +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">379</a></span> +from Congress, for purposes of settlement, the western +lands which Congress had been asked to give them.</p> + +<p>On July 27, 1787, a tract of 1,500,000 acres on the +Ohio River, between the Scioto and the Muskingum +rivers, was sold to the Company at sixty-six and two-thirds +cents per acre. Half the amount was paid down. +When, later, it became impossible to pay the remainder, +Congress gave a measure of relief.</p> + +<p>The first emigrants to go to the new lands set out +from Danvers, Massachusetts, December 1, 1787, under +the guidance of General Rufus Putnam, while a second +party started from Hartford, Connecticut, January 1, +1788. The first party of twenty-two men followed the +Indian trail over the Allegheny Mountains and reached +the Youghiogheny River, on January 23, 1788, while +the second party of twenty-eight men, making better +time, joined them on February 14. Then a barge, +called the <i>Mayflower</i>, was built, forty-six feet long and +twelve feet wide. A cabin was provided for the women +of the party, and an awning was stretched. The men +propelled the boat with ten oars.</p> + +<p>On April 1 the voyage to the Ohio was begun, and on +April 7 the party reached the mouth of the Muskingum. +The barge was moored to the bank, opposite Fort Harmar. +Thus came the Massachusetts pioneers to the +town of which Washington wrote later: "No colony in +America was ever settled under such favorable auspices +as that which has just commenced at Muskingum. Information, +property, and strength will be its characteristics. +I know many of the settlers personally, and +there never were men better calculated to promote the +welfare of such a community."</p> + +<p>Here the pioneers laid out the town of Marietta +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">380</a></span> +among the famous Indian mounds, naming it in honor +of Marie Antoinette of France. The greatest mound of +all was made the central feature of Marie Antoinette +Square. This mound is thirty feet high, while the circular +base is 375 feet in circumference. It is surrounded +by a moat fifteen feet wide and five feet deep. Beyond +the moat is a parapet twenty feet thick and 385 feet in +circumference. This square was leased to General Putnam +for twelve years, on condition that he "surround +the whole square with mulberry trees with an elm at +each corner." The base of the mound was to be encircled +with weeping willows, and evergreens were to be placed +on the mound. The parapet was to be surrounded with +trees, the square was to be seeded down to grass, and +the whole was to be enclosed with a post and rail fence. +This effort to create a park at the very beginning was +an unusual feature of this pioneer experience.</p> + +<p>An enclosure of logs, with a log fort at each corner, +was built for protection against the Indians. Between +the corner forts were the cabins occupied by the various +families. The forts and the enclosure were named the +Campus Martius. One of the early houses built within +this stockade became the home of General Putnam.</p> + +<p>Marie Antoinette Square soon became known as +Mound Square. General Putnam turned over his lease +to the town, which set the property aside as a cemetery. +Many of the settlers had died during two epidemics of +smallpox, and there was need of a cemetery nearer the +town than the ground set aside at the beginning.</p> + +<p>It is claimed that more officers of the Revolution have +been buried in the Mound Cemetery than in any other +cemetery in the country. There were twelve colonels, +twelve majors, and twenty-two captains among the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">381</a></span> +Marietta pioneers. When General Lafayette was in +Marietta in 1825, the list was read to him, and he said: +"I knew them all. I saw them at Brandywine, Yorktown, +and Rhode Island. They were the bravest of the +brave."</p> + +<p>Over Putnam's grave is the following inscription:</p> + +<p class="cblockquot">Gen. Rufus Putnam<br /> +A Revolutionary Officer<br /> +And the leader of the<br /> +Colony which made the<br /> +First settlement in the<br /> +Territory of the Northwest.<br /> +Born April 9, 1738<br /> +Died May 4, 1824.</p> + +<p>The house occupied by "the Father of Ohio," as he +has been called, is preserved as a historical monument. +In 1917 the Daughters of the American Revolution and +Marietta succeeded in persuading the Ohio Legislature +to pass a bill making provision for its repair and care.</p> + +<p class="center p6">LXXXVII</p> + +<h3>MONUMENT PLACE, ELM GROVE, WEST VIRGINIA</h3> + +<p class="center">THE PLANTATION HOME OF TWO MAKERS OF HISTORY</p> + +<p>At Shepherdstown, the oldest town in what is now +West Virginia, Moses Shepherd was born on November +11, 1763. His grandfather had founded the town.</p> + +<p>When Moses was about seven years old his father, +Colonel Shepherd, removed his large family to his plantation +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">382</a></span> +between Big Wheeling and Little Creek, which is +now included within the limits of Elm Grove. On the +banks of the creek he built Fort Shepherd, that the +settlers for miles around might have a place of refuge +from the Indians. Of this fort Colonel Shepherd was +in command till it was destroyed by the Indians in 1777. +The family was hastily removed to Fort Henry, nearer +the present site of Wheeling. There they were hard +pressed by the Indians. Moses, along with other children, +assisted in the defence by moulding bullets and +carrying ammunition.</p> + +<p>Word went out to the neighboring strongholds of +the endangered settlers at Fort Henry. Captain John +Boggs, then at Catfish Camp (now Washington, Pennsylvania), +hurried to the assistance of Colonel Shepherd +with forty armed men. With him was his daughter, +Lydia, who took her place with Moses and the other +young people as an assistant to the defenders.</p> + +<p>She was there when Molly Scott made her sally from +the fort in search of shot, and she saw the heroine bring +it in in her apron. She witnessed also the attempt of +Major Samuel McColloch to enter the fort at the head +of a squad of men which he had brought from Fort Van +Meter, a few miles away. With joy she saw the men +enter the gate of the fort, and her heart was in her +mouth when she saw that McColloch, who was her +cousin, was unable to follow because the Indians had +managed to get between him and the gate. At last the +gate was closed, lest the Indians gain entrance, and the +gallant Major was left to his fate.</p> + +<p>The Indians thought they could capture him easily. +They hemmed him on Wheeling Hill, on three sides. On +the fourth side was a rocky precipice almost sheer, covered +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">383</a></span> +with growth of trees and bushes. But the savages +were not to have such an easy victory after all, for +Major McColloch urged his horse over the brow of the +steep hill, and, to the astonishment of all, slipped, slid, +and fell to the bottom, where the way across the creek +and to safety was comparatively easy.</p> + +<p>The Indians were finally driven away, but not until +Moses Shepherd had made the acquaintance of Lydia +Boggs, his companion in service at the fort. They were +married later. In 1798, after the death of Colonel +David Shepherd, Colonel Moses Shepherd took her to +the palatial new home built on the site of the second +Fort Shepherd, near the banks of Wheeling Creek. This +house, which was called at first the Shepherd Mansion +or the Stone House, later became known as the Monument +Place.</p> + +<p>The story of the third name, which still persists, is +interesting. When, during Jefferson's administration, +certain farsighted statesmen advocated the building of +a National Highway which should connect Washington +with Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, Colonel Shepherd became +one of the earnest and influential advocates of the +road. He was a friend of Henry Clay, to whose indefatigable +advocacy of the road was due much of the +success of the venture. Clay was frequently a guest of +the Shepherds, and in the stately stone house he talked +with them about the difficulties, progress, and final +triumph.</p> + +<p>When the road was an accomplished fact Colonel and +Mrs. Shepherd caused to be built on the lawn a stone +monument dedicated to their friend, in appreciation of +his service. The monument, whose inscriptions have +become illegible, is in plain sight from the Cumberland +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">384</a></span> +Road, or, as it came to be called, the National Road, +just before it makes a sharp turn to cross the sturdy +stone bridge over Little Wheeling Creek. Possibly this +was one of the bridges Colonel Shepherd constructed. +At any rate he was a contractor for a section of the +road, and several bridges were erected by him.</p> + +<p>Along the Cumberland Road, which was the great +highway between the East and the West, travelled home-seekers +outward bound and business men and politicians +to whom Washington beckoned irresistibly. Among the +regular travellers at this and later periods were Andrew +Jackson, William Henry Harrison, General Houston, +James K. Polk, and others who made it a point never to +pass the Shepherd Mansion without stopping. One of +the early politicians who frequented the house, attracted +there by Mrs. Shepherd, said: "She had a powerful intellect +in her younger days. Many of our caucuses were +held in her drawing-room. She could keep a secret +better than most women, but her love of sarcasm and +intrigue kept her from being very effective."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Shepherd, in fun, had criticisms to offer of some +of her visitors. Once she spoke of Burton, Clay, and +Webster as "those young men, promising, but crude, +crude."</p> + +<p>She was accustomed to go every winter with her husband +to Washington, where she would spend a few +months during the season. They always travelled in a +coach and four and they lived in great style at the +Capital. There she was sought for her beauty, for her +eccentricities, and her familiarity with private political +life.</p> + +<p>Colonel Shepherd died in 1832. In 1833 Mrs. Shepherd +married General Daniel Cruger, a New York Congressman, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">385</a></span> +who spent the last years of his life in West +Virginia.</p> + +<p>After the General's death in 1843 Mrs. Cruger lived +at Monument Place, receiving visitors as of old, and +increasing in the eccentricities that kept any one from +being her warm admirer. Always she proved herself an +unusual woman. "If fate had placed her in the compressed +centre of a court, instead of in the inconsequent +hurly-burly of a republic, she would have made +for herself a great place in history," Mrs. Rebecca +Harding Davis once wrote of her.</p> + +<p>She was still managing a large plantation during the +Civil War, when a visitor dropped in to see her who has +left the following picture of what she saw:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"We saw a well-built house of dressed stone, very +large and solid, with the usual detached kitchen and +long row of 'negro quarters.' ...</p> + +<p>"Mrs. Cruger's age was told by the skin of face and +hands, which were like crumpled parchment, but the lips +were firm and the eyes, deep set in wrinkled lids, were +still dark and keen. She was then one hundred years +old.</p> + +<p>"We went up to see the ball-room, which was across +the whole front of the house, with many windows and a +handsome carved marble mantel at each end, and deep +closets on both sides of these fire-places.</p> + +<p>"Like Queen Elizabeth, Mrs. Cruger would seem to +have kept all her fine clothes. The whole walls were +hung thick with dresses of silk and satin and velvet +pelisses trimmed with fur; braided riding-habits; +mantles of damasked black silk; band-boxes piled from +floor to ceiling full of wonderful bonnets, some of tremendous +size, fine large leghorn straw, costing from +fifty to one hundred dollars; also veils that would reach +to the knee of fine old English lace; gold and silver +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">386</a></span> +ruching; and fine embroidered cashmere turbans, a perfect +museum of fashion from 1800 to 1840."</p> +</div> + +<p>To another visitor Mrs. Cruger explained that it had +long been her custom to put aside each year two gowns +made in the fashion of that year.</p> + +<p>In her old age she liked to be alone. Frequently she +would send every one from the house that she might +bathe at night. Once her physician urged her to keep +her maid near her. "Why?" she asked; "because I am +afraid? afraid of what? of death? Death will not come +to me for twenty years yet." She was then ninety years +old, and she lived to be nearly one hundred and two. +She is buried, by the side of her two husbands, in Old +Stone Church Cemetery on the hill above Elm Grove. +A rough monument carries inscriptions to the memory +of the three pioneers whose lives, as has been pointed +out by a local historian, "covered the Indian War, the +Colonial Period, the War of the American Revolution, +the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the Civil War."</p> + +<p class="center p6">LXXXVIII</p> + +<h3>THE CASTLE AT FORT NIAGARA, NEW YORK</h3> + +<p class="center">THE OLDEST BUILDING IN THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES,<br /> +WEST OF THE MOHAWK</p> + +<p>"The story of Fort Niagara is peculiarly the story of +the fur trade and the strife for commercial monopoly," +Frank H. Severance of the Buffalo Historical Society +said in an address delivered at the fort in 1896; "and +it is, too, in considerable measure, the story of our +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">387</a></span> +neighbor, the magnificent colony of Canada.... It +is a story replete with incidents of battle and siege, of +Indian cruelty, of patriot captivity, of white men's duplicity, +of famine, disease, and death,—of all the varied +forms of misery and wretchedness of a frontier post, +which we in days of ease are wont to call picturesque +and romantic. It is a story without a dull page, and +it is two and a half centuries long.... I cannot better +tell the story ... then to symbolize Fort Niagara as +a beaver skin, held by an Indian, a Frenchman, an Englishman, +and a Dutchman, each of the last three trying +to pull it away from the others (the poor Dutchman +early bowled over in the scuffle), and each European +equally eager to placate the Indian with fine words, with +prayers, or with brandy, or to stick a knife into his +white brother's back."</p> + +<p>The story begins in 1669, with the first efforts of the +French to secure possession of the Niagara country. It +includes also the romance of the building of the <i>Griffon</i>, +the first vessel on the Great Lakes, and the episode of +the early fortification of the late seventeenth century. +But it was not until 1726, the year of the building of +the stone castle near the mouth of the Niagara River, +that the fort had its real beginning. The French felt +compelled to build the fort because the activity of the +English was interfering with their own fur trade with +the Indians, and their plan to build Fort Oswego would +increase the difficulty. No time was to be lost; Governor +Joncaire felt that he could not wait for the approval +of the authorities at home. To these latter he +sent word that he must build a fortress, and he asked +for an appropriation; to the Indians he declared that +he wished to have a mere trading station. His real purpose +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">388</a></span> +was indicated when he wrote to France that the +building "will not have the appearance of a fort, so that +no offence will be given to the Iroquois, who have been +unwilling to allow any there, but it will answer the +purpose of a fort just as well."</p> + +<p>The first step was the construction of two barques for +use on Lake Ontario, to carry stone and timber for the +building, and later, to cruise on the lake and intercept +traders bound for Oswego.</p> + +<p>After the construction of the barques had been begun, +the consent of the five Iroquois nations was secured. +Longueuil promised them that it would be to them "a +House of Peace" down to the third generation and +farther. To Gaspard Chaussegros de Léry, engineer, +was committed the building of the structure. He determined +to make it fireproof. "Instead of wooden partitions +I have built heavy walls, and paved all the floors +with flat stone," he wrote in a report sent to France. +The loft was paved with flat stones "on a floor full of +good oak joists, upon which cannon may be placed above +the structure."</p> + +<p>The trade with the Indians at the completed stone +house on the Niagara increased. So did the activities +of the English. Governor Burnet of New York craftily +persuaded the Onondaga Indians that their interests had +been endangered by the building of the French fort, +since it penned them up from their chief hunting-place, +and was therefore contrary to the Treaty of Utrecht; +they agreed with him that the Iroquois had no right to +the territory, which was really the property of the Senecas, +and they asked the Governor to appeal to King +George to protect them in their right.</p> + +<p>Therefore the suggestion was made that they "submit +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">389</a></span> +and give up all their hunting country to the King," and +sign a deed for it. Accordingly Seneca, Cayuga, and +Onondaga sachems deeded to the English a sixty-mile +strip along the south shore of Lake Ontario, which included +the Niagara frontier, the Niagara River being +the western boundary.</p> + +<p>"From this time on the 'stone house' was on British +soil; but it was yet to take the new owner a generation +to dispossess the obnoxious tenant," Frank H. Severance +writes in "An Old Frontier of France."</p> + +<p>The story of the next thirty years is a story of plots +and counter-plots, of expeditions threatened and actual, +of disappointing campaigns, of imprisonment and +cruelty and death. More than once Indians promised +the English that the house at Niagara should be razed. +Spies reported that the defences at the castle were in +bad shape; "'tis certain that, should the English once +attack it, 'tis theirs," one report ran. "I am informed +that the fort is so dilapidated that 'tis impossible to +put a pin in it without causing it to crumble; stanchions +have been obliged to be set up against it to support it." +Another report disclosed that if the cannon were fired +the walls would crumble.</p> + +<p>But the French were not ready to give up. They felt +that Fort Niagara was the key to the Ohio Valley, which +they wished to control. They strengthened the defences +of the fort. The defeat of Braddock at Fort Du Quesne +and the strange decision of General Shirley to stop at +Oswego instead of continuing with his force to Niagara, +gave the French a new lease of life.</p> + +<p>In 1759 came the end of French rule. General Prideaux's +expedition from New York began the siege of +the fort early in July, and after several weeks it capitulated. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">390</a></span> +Until 1796 the English flag floated above the +"castle." The commander of this post, like the commanders +of six other forts, refused on various pretexts +to surrender to America, in spite of the terms of the +treaty of 1783. Attempts were made to secure possession, +but none of them were successful, and it was not +until 1794 that Great Britain agreed to evacuate Niagara +and the other forts still held, "on or before the 1st +of June, 1796."</p> + +<p>Seventeen years later, in 1813, the British flag again +replaced the Stars and Stripes over the historic building, +but the fort was restored to the United States in 1815. +Since that time it has been a part of the army post that +has been more important because of its history than for +any other reason.</p> + +<p>The Daughters of the War of 1812 have placed a suitable +tablet on the Old Castle, and are interested in the +proposition that has been made to turn the venerable +edifice into an international museum, which shall commemorate +the one hundred years of peace between Great +Britain and America.</p> + +<p>In 1917 the eyes of the nation were once more turned +on the fort by Lake Ontario, for it was made a training +ground for officers who were to be sent to the battle +front in France and Belgium. The castle, nearly two +hundred years old, and strong as ever, again witnessed +the gathering of patriots, and the spot that had +echoed to the tread of French who had yielded to the +English, of English who had driven out the French, and +of Americans who had driven out the English, became +the parade ground of Americans who were making ready +to stand side by side with French and English for the +freedom of the world. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_71" id="img_71"></a> +<img src="images/i_410b.jpg" width="550" height="395" alt="Schuyler Mansion" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo furnished by Hon. Martin H. Glynn, Albany</i></span><br /> +THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, N. Y.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">LXXXIX<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">391</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE SCHUYLER MANSION, ALBANY, NEW YORK</h3> + +<p class="center">THE RALLYING PLACE OF THE CONSTITUTIONALISTS</p> + +<p>When Catherine Van Rensselaer married Philip +Schuyler, on September 17, 1755, he was a soldier who +had been engaged in the campaign against the French +at Crown Point. She was glad when he resigned, in +1756, but he returned to army life in 1758 and at intervals +for more than twenty years he continued his military +service. Two days after the Battle of Bunker Hill +Congress made him a major-general. During his three +years in the army of the Colonies, he was the subject of +continual abuse on the part of those who felt that he +had conducted carelessly his expedition to Canada and +the campaign against Burgoyne. He was able to stand +up against the public clamor because Washington had +confidence in him and because he was twice given a clean +bill of health by a court of inquiry.</p> + +<p>During this season of misunderstanding he was sustained +by his wife, who was a remarkable assistant both +in his home and in public affairs. During the years +when he was frequently incapacitated by gout she carried +on much of his work for him, and so enabled him to +maintain his place in the councils of the nation.</p> + +<p>It was in 1760 that Mrs. Schuyler first showed her +great executive ability. While her husband was absent +in England, where he had been sent by General Bradstreet, +she superintended the erection of a new house, a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">392</a></span> +spacious mansion of yellow brick that is to-day as +staunch as when it was built.</p> + +<p>From the beginning the Schuyler mansion, the home +of the first citizen of Albany, was noted because of the +boundless hospitality of its mistress. All were welcomed +who sought its doors. One notable company was +made up of nine Catawba warriors from South Carolina, +who were on their way to ratify a covenant with the Six +Nations at the close of the Cherokee War. They were +met at the wharf by Major Schuyler and taken directly +to the house.</p> + +<p>Among the visitors to Albany in 1776 were three +Commissioners appointed by Congress to visit the Army +of the North, one of whom, Benjamin Franklin, was so +wearied by the journey from Philadelphia that he was +sincerely grateful for Mrs. Schuyler's care. One of the +Commissioners said later of General Schuyler, "He lives +in pretty style, and has two daughters, Betsey and +Peggy, lively, agreeable gals." He was delighted to +learn that the motto of Philip Schuyler and his household +was, "As for me and my house, we will serve +our country."</p> + +<p>Another of the fortunate men who were privileged to +be in the house for a season was Tench Tilghman, an +aide-de-camp of General Washington. He wrote in his +journal of "Miss Ann Schuyler, a very Pretty Young +Lady. A brunette with dark eyes, and a countenance +animated and sparkling, as I am told she is." Later he +met "Miss Betsey, the General's 2nd Daughter." "I +was prepossessed in favor of the Young Lady the moment +I saw her," he said. "A Brunette with the most +good natured dark lovely eyes I ever saw, which threw +a beam of good temper and Benevolence over her entire +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">393</a></span> +countenance. Mr. Livingstone informed me that I was +not mistaken in my Conjecture for she was the finest +tempered Girl in the World."</p> + +<p>Tench Tilghman was to renew the acquaintance in +1779, when Betsey and her parents spent a few months +in Morristown, New Jersey. Alexander Hamilton also +was there, and he secured Betsey's promise to be his +bride.</p> + +<p>The marriage took place at the Albany homestead on +December 14, 1780. A few months later the young husband, +having resigned from the army, was studying law +in Albany and was a welcome addition to the Schuyler +household.</p> + +<p>Two years after the wedding came one of the incidents +that has made the mansion famous. Because of +the General's influence with the Indian allies of the +British, a number of attempts were made to capture +him; the British wished to put him where he could not +interfere with their plans. One summer day, when Mrs. +Carter, Mrs. Hamilton's sister Margaret, was in the +house with her baby Philip, a party of Tories, Canadians, +and Indians surrounded the house and forced +an entrance. Mary Gay Humphreys, in "Catherine +Schuyler," tells what followed:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">394</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"The house was guarded by six men. Their guns +were in the hall, the guards being outside and the relief +asleep. Lest the small Philip be tempted to play with +the guns his mother had them removed. The alarm was +given by a servant. The guards rushed for their guns, +but they were gone. The family fled upstairs, but Margaret, +remembering the baby in the cradle below, ran +back, seized the baby, and when she was halfway up the +flight, an Indian flung his tomahawk at her head, which, +missing her, buried itself in the wood, and left its historic +mark to the present time."</p> +</div> + +<p>After the attack on the mansion Washington wrote to +General Schuyler, begging him to strengthen his guard. +The following year the Commander-in-chief was a guest +at the mansion, while in 1784 he spent the night there, +after an evening consultation with Schuyler, while Mrs. +Washington visited with her friend Mrs. Schuyler.</p> + +<p>Lafayette, Count de Rochambeau, Baron Steuben, +Charles Carroll of Carrollton, John Jay, and Aaron +Burr had a taste of the delights of life at the mansion. +The latter was destined to defeat General Schuyler for +reëlection to the Senate, as he was to be in turn defeated +by the General. The British General Burgoyne +and his staff also were entertained in the mansion, after +General Schuyler's victory at Saratoga, and this in spite +of the fact that much of the General's property had been +destroyed by Burgoyne's order.</p> + +<p>For many years the house was famous as the meeting +place of the friends of the young nation. Frequent conferences +were held in the library on the proposed constitution. +It is said that many sections of the document +were written there by Hamilton, and the steps of the +campaign for the ratification of the document were outlined +within the historic walls. When, at last, the victory +was complete, General Schuyler and Alexander +Hamilton walked at the head of the gay procession that +hailed the news with joy. The whole town was illuminated, +but the most brilliantly lighted building was the +old mansion.</p> + +<p>During the years that followed General Schuyler's +health failed gradually, and he became more than ever +dependent on his wife. When she died, in 1803, he did +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">395</a></span> +not know what to do without her. To Hamilton he +wrote:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"My trial has been severe. I shall attempt to sustain +it with fortitude. I hope I have succeeded in a degree, +but after giving and receiving for nearly a half a century, +a series of mutual evidences of affection and +friendship which increased as we advanced in life, the +shock was great and sensibly felt, to be thus suddenly +deprived of a beloved wife, the Mother of my children, +and the soothing companion of my declining years. But +I kiss the rod with humility. The Being that inflicted +the stroke will enable me to sustain the smart, and +progressively restore peace to my wounded heart, and +will make you and Eliza and my other children the instruments +of my Consolation...."</p> +</div> + +<p>General Schuyler died in November, 1804, four +months after the duel with Burr in which Hamilton was +slain.</p> + +<p>The mansion in which he spent so many happy years +was long an orphan asylum, but in 1911 it was purchased +by the State. On October 17, 1917, it was dedicated +as a State Monument.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_72" id="img_72"></a> +<img src="images/i_435a.jpg" width="550" height="392" alt="Wentworth House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company</i></span><br /> +WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, N. H.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XC</p> + +<h3>THE WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH,<br /> +NEW HAMPSHIRE</h3> + +<p class="center">THE SCENE OF THE ROMANCE OF LADY WENTWORTH</p> + +<p>When, in 1750, Governor Benning Wentworth began +to rebuild for his mansion at Little Harbor, two miles +from the business centre of Portsmouth a farm-house +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">396</a></span> +which dated from the latter part of the sixteenth century, +he thought more of comfort than of architecture. +Evidently those who later added to the house thought as +little of architecture as the original builder; the product +became such a strange conglomeration of wings and +"L's" that it is difficult to see which is the original +portion. Once the house contained fifty-two rooms, but +a portion has been torn away, and the structure as it +stands is not quite so spacious, though still large enough +for a hotel. Even the cellar is tremendous, for Governor +Wentworth provided there a place for his horses, +to be used in time of danger. Thirty animals could be +accommodated there.</p> + +<p>Many of the rooms are small, but some are of impressive +size, notably the Council Chamber, where meetings +that helped to make history were held, and the billiard +room, where the owner and his associates were accustomed +to go when the strain of business became too +great.</p> + +<p>Longfellow thus describes the house:</p> +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"It was a pleasant mansion, an abode</p> +<p>Near and yet hidden from the great high-road,</p> +<p>Sequestered among trees, a noble pile,</p> +<p>Baronial and colonial in its style;</p> +<p>Gables and dormer-windows everywhere,</p> +<p>And stacks of chimneys rising high in air—</p> +<p>Pandæan pipes, on which all winds that blew</p> +<p>Made mournful music the whole winter through.</p> +<p>Within, unwonted splendors met the eye,</p> +<p>Panels, and floors of oak, and tapestry;</p> +<p>Carved chimney-pieces, where on brazen dogs</p> +<p>Revelled and roared the Christmas fire of logs;</p> +<p>Doors opening into darkness unawares,</p> +<p>Mysterious passages, and flights of stairs,</p> +<p>And on the walls, in heavy gilded frames,</p> +<p>The ancestral Wentworths with Old-Scripture names."</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">397</a></span></p> + +<p>While Governor Wentworth was an important figure +during the days preceding the Revolution, the mansion +is celebrated not so much because of his political service +as because of the romance of his second marriage.</p> + +<p>Martha Hilton, the heroine of the romance, was "a +careless, laughing, bare-footed girl." One day a neighbor +saw her, in a short dress, carrying a pail of water +in the street. "You, Pat! You, Pat! Why do you go +looking so? You should be ashamed to be seen in the +street!" was the shocked comment. But the answer +was not what the neighbor expected. "No matter how +I look, I shall ride in my chariot yet, Marm."</p> + +<p>The story of what followed is told by Charles W. +Brewster, a historian of old Portsmouth:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Martha Hilton afterwards left home, and went to +live in the Governor's mansion at Little Harbor, doing +the work of the kitchen, and keeping the house in order, +much to the Governor's satisfaction.... The Governor +has invited a dinner party, and with many other guests, +in his cocked hat comes the beloved Rev. Arthur Brown, +of the Episcopal church. The dinner is served up in a +style becoming the Governor's table.... There is a +whisper from the Governor to a messenger, and at his +summons Martha Hilton comes in from that door on +the west of the parlor, and, with blushing countenance, +stands in front of the fireplace. She seems heedless of +the fire—she does not appear to have brought anything +in, nor does she seem to be looking for anything to carry +out—there she stands! a damsel of twenty summers—for +what, no visitor can tell.</p> + +<p>"The Governor, bleached by the frosts of sixty +winters, rises. 'Mr. Brown, I wish you to marry me.' +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">398</a></span> +'To whom?' asks his pastor, in wondering surprise. +'To this lady,' was the reply. The rector stood confounded. +The Governor became imperative. 'As the +Governor of New Hampshire I command you to marry +me!' The ceremony was then duly performed, and +from that time Martha Hilton became Lady Wentworth."</p> +</div> + +<p>Longfellow's record of the incident is given in the +poem, "Lady Wentworth":</p> +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"The years came and ... the years went, seven in all,</p> +<p>And all these years had Martha Hilton served</p> +<p>In the Great House, not wholly unobserved:</p> +<p>By day, by night, the silver crescent grew,</p> +<p>Though hidden by clouds, the light still shining through;</p> +<p>A maid of all work, whether coarse or fine,</p> +<p>A servant who made service seem divine!</p> +<p>Through her each room was fair to look upon;</p> +<p>The mirrors glistened, and the brasses shone,</p> +<p>The very knocker at the outer door,</p> +<p>If she but passed, was brighter than before."</p> +</div> + +<p>Then came the strange marriage scene:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"Can this be Martha Hilton? It must be!</p> +<p>Yes, Martha Hilton, and no other she!</p> +<p>Dowered with the beauty of her twenty years,</p> +<p>How ladylike, how queenlike she appears;</p> +<p>The pale, thin crescent of the days gone by</p> +<p>Is Dian now in all her majesty!</p> +<p>Yet scarce a guest perceived that she was there</p> +<p>Until the Governor, rising from his chair,</p> +<p>Played slightly with his ruffles, then looked down</p> +<p>And said unto the Reverend Arthur Brown:</p> +<p>'This is my birthday: it shall likewise be</p> +<p>My wedding-day, and you shall marry me!'"</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">399</a></span></p> + +<p>Governor Wentworth died in 1770, three years after +the coming to America of Michael Wentworth, a retired +colonel in the British Army. Mrs. Wentworth married +him, and he became the second lord of the mansion. +During his residence there Washington was welcomed +to the house, one day in 1789.</p> + +<p>Martha Wentworth, the only daughter of Mr. and +Mrs. Michael Wentworth, married Sir John Wentworth, +an Englishman, and they lived in the old house until +1816, when the property passed to a family of another +name.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p2 w550"><a name="img_73" id="img_73"></a> +<img src="images/i_435b.jpg" width="550" height="428" alt="Warner House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo by Frank Cousins Art Company</i></span><br /> +WARNER HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, N. H.</p> +</div> + +<p>There are a number of houses in Portsmouth which +tell of the ancient glories of different branches of the +Wentworth family. Perhaps the most famous is the +Warner house, which was begun in 1718 by Captain +Archibald Macpheadris, and was finished in 1723, at a +cost of £6,000. Mrs. Macpheadris was Sarah Wentworth, +one of the sixteen children of Lieutenant Governor +John Wentworth, and sister of Governor Benning +Wentworth. Their daughter, Mary, married Hon. +Jonathan Warner, who was the next occupant of the +house. The property is known by his name, rather than +that of the builder—perhaps because it is so much easier +to pronounce! The house is now occupied by Miss Eva +Sherburne, a descendant of the original owner.</p> + +<p>The Warner house has a lightning rod, which was put +up in 1762, under the personal supervision of Benjamin +Franklin. It is said that this was the first lightning +rod erected in New Hampshire.</p> + +<div class="figcenter p6 w550"><a name="img_74" id="img_74"></a> +<img src="images/i_436.jpg" width="550" height="394" alt="Wadsworth-Longfellow House" /> +<p class="caption"><span class="flright s05"> +<i>Photo Copyright by Detroit Photographic Company</i></span><br /> +WADSWORTH-LONGFELLOW HOUSE, PORTLAND, ME.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center p2">XCI +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">400</a></span></p> + +<h3>THE WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW HOUSE,<br /> +PORTLAND, MAINE</h3> + +<p class="center">WHERE HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW SPENT<br /> +HIS BOYHOOD</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>The old house by the linden</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Stood silent in the shade,</i></p> +<p><i>And on the gravelled pathway</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>The light and shadow played.</i></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p><i>I saw the nursery windows</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Wide open to the air;</i></p> +<p><i>But the faces of the children,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>They were no longer there.</i></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> + +<p><i>The large Newfoundland house-dog</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Was standing by the door;</i></p> +<p><i>He looked for his little playmates</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Who would return no more.</i></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> + +<p><i>They walked not under the linden,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>They played not in the hall;</i></p> +<p><i>But shadow and silence, and sadness</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Were hanging over all.</i></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> + +<p><i>The birds sang in the branches,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>With sweet familiar tone;</i></p> +<p><i>But the voices of the children</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Will be heard in dreams alone!</i></p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> + +<p><i>And the boy that walked beside me,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>He could not understand</i></p> +<p><i>Why close in mine, ah! closer,</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>I pressed his little hand!</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<p>When Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote these +lines perhaps he was thinking of the home of his boyhood +in Portland, which his grandfather, General Peleg +Wadsworth, built in 1785.</p> + +<p>The house was the wonder of the town, for it was the +first brick building erected there. The brick had been +brought from Virginia. Originally there were but two +stories; the third story was added when the future poet +was eight years old.</p> + +<p>Longfellow was born in the house at the corner of +Fourth and Hancock streets, but he was only eight +months old when he was carried within the inviting +front doors of the Wadsworth house, and the mansion +was home to him for at least thirty-five years. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">401</a></span></p> + +<p>He was only five years old when he declared that he +wanted to be a soldier and fight for his country. The +War of 1812 was then in progress. His aunt wrote one +day, "Our little Henry is ready to march; he had his +gun prepared and his head powdered a week ago."</p> + +<p>But, agreeing with his parents that school was a +better place for him than the army, he began his studies +when he was five years old. A year later his teacher +gave him a certificate which read:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"Master Henry Longfellow is one of the best boys we +have in school. He spells and reads very well. He +also can add and multiply numbers. His conduct last +quarter was very correct and amiable."</p> +</div> + +<p>Life in the Longfellow home was delightful. Samuel +Longfellow, the poet's brother, has given a pleasing +picture:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"In the evenings the children gathered with their +books and slates round the table in the family sitting +room. The silence would be broken for a minute by +the long, mysterious blast of a horn announcing the +arrival in town of the evening mail, then the rattle of +its passing wheels, then silence again, save the singing +of the wood fire. Studies over, there would be games +till bedtime. If these became too noisy, or the father +had brought home his law papers from the office, enjoining +strictest quiet, then there was flight to another room—perhaps, +in winter, to the kitchen, where hung the +crane over the coals in the broad old fireplace, upon +whose iron back a fish forever baked in effigy.</p> + +<p>"When bedtime came, it was hard to leave the warm +fire to go up into the unwarmed bedrooms; still harder +next morning to get up out of the comfortable feather +beds and break the ice in the pitchers for washing. But +hardship made hardihood. In summer it was pleasant +enough to look out from the upper windows; those of +the boys' room looked out over the Cove and the farms +and woodlands toward Mount Washington, full in view +on the western horizon; while the eastern chambers +commanded a then unobstructed view of the bay, White +Head, Port Prebble, and the lighthouse on Cape Elizabeth."</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">402</a></span> +One day in 1820, when the family was gathered about +the fire, Henry was on tiptoe with eager excitement. He +had written a poem and had sent it to The Portland +<i>Gazette</i>. Would it be in the paper which his father +had in his hand as he seated himself before the fire? +Robertson, in his life of the poet, has described those +anxious moments:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +"How carefully his father unfolded the damp sheet, +and how carefully he dried it at the fire ere beginning +to read it! And how much foreign news there seemed +to be in it! At last Henry and a sympathetic sister who +shared his secret, obtained a peep over their parent's +shoulder—and the poem was there!"</p> +</div> + +<p>There are sixteen rooms in the old house. In Henry's +day these rooms were heated by eight fireplaces, which +consumed thirty cords of wood during the long winter. +On the first floor are the great living-room, the kitchen +with its old fireplace, and the den, once the dining-room. +On the desk still shown in this room Longfellow wrote, +in 1841, "The Rainy Day," whose opening lines are:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"The day is cold, and dark, and dreary,</p> +<p>It rains, and the wind is never weary;</p> +<p>The vine still clings to the mouldering wall,</p> +<p>But at every gust the dead leaves fall,</p> +<p class="i2">And the day is dark and dreary."</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">403</a></span></p> + +<p>Into the ground floor rooms have been gathered many +relics of the days when the poet was a boy. The four +rooms of the second floor are also full of mementoes. +But the most interesting part of the house is the third +story, where there are seven rooms. To this floor the +four children made their way on summer nights when +the long hours of daylight invited them to stay up +longer, and on winter evenings, when the fire downstairs +seemed far more inviting than the cold floors and the +colder sheets.</p> + +<p>One of these rooms is pointed out as the poet's chamber. +Here he wrote many of his earlier poems. Among +these was "The Lighthouse." In this he described +sights in which he delighted, sights the lighthouse daily +witnessed:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"And the great ships sail outward and return</p> +<p class="i1">Bending and bowing o'er the billowing swell,</p> +<p>And ever joyful as they see it burn,</p> +<p class="i1">They wave their silent welcome and farewell.</p> +</div> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="o1">"'Sail on,' it says, 'sail on, ye stately ships!</p> +<p class="i1">And with your floating bridge the ocean span;</p> +<p>Be mine to guard the light from all eclipse,</p> +<p class="i1">Be yours to bring man nearer unto man.'"</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p>During the years after 1843, when Longfellow bought +the Craigie House at Cambridge, his thoughts turned +back with longing to the old home and the old town, and +he wrote:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<p class="o1">"Often I think of the beautiful town</p> +<p class="i1">That is seated by the sea;</p> +<p>Often in thought go up and down</p> +<p class="i1">The pleasant streets of the dear old town,</p> +<p>And my youth comes back to me."</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">404</a></span></p> + +<p>For nineteen years after the poet's death his sister +Ann, Mrs. Pierce, lived in the old home. When she died, +in 1901, she deeded it to the Maine Historical Society, +that the place might be made a permanent memorial of +the life of The Children's Poet.</p> + +<h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">407</a></span></p> + +<div class="biblio"> + +<p class="p2">Adams, Life of. By John Quincy Adams and Charles Francis Adams. +J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Biographies of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. By +John Sanderson and Robert Waln, Jr. R. W. Pomeroy, Philadelphia, +1827.</p> + +<p>Breck, Samuel, Recollections of. Edited by Horace E. Scudder. Porter +& Coates, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, Life of. By Kate Mason Rowland. +George P. Putnam's Sons, New York.</p> + +<p>Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution. By J. T. Headley. Charles +Scribner's Sons, New York, 1864.</p> + +<p>Chief Justices, Life and Times of the. By Flanders. J. B. Lippincott +Company, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Clay, Henry. By Thomas Hart Clay. George W. Jacobs & Company, +Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Colonial Homes of Philadelphia and Its Neighborhood. By Eberlein +and Lippincott. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Colonial Mansions of Maryland and Delaware. By J. M. Hammond. +J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Country Homes of Famous Americans. By O. B. Capen. Doubleday, +Page & Company, New York.</p> + +<p>Early American Churches. By Aymar Embury, II. Doubleday, Page & +Company, New York.</p> + +<p>Early Ecclesiastical Affairs in New Castle, Delaware. By Thomas +Holcomb. Wilmington, 1890.</p> + +<p>First American, The; His Homes and His Households. By Leila Herbert. +Harper & Brothers, New York.</p> + +<p>Hamilton, Alexander, Intimate Life of. By Allan McLane Hamilton. +Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.</p> + +<p>Hawthorne, Study of. By George Parsons Lathrop. Houghton, Mifflin +Company, Boston.</p> + +<p>Hearths and Homes of Old Lynn. By Nathan Mortimer Hawkes.</p> + +<p>Henry, Patrick, Life of. By William Wirt. New York, 1834.</p> + +<p>Historic Buildings of America. By Esther Singleton. Dodd, Mead & +Company, New York.</p> + +<p>Historic Churches of America. By Nellie Urner Wallington. Duffield +& Company, New York.</p> + +<p>Historic Churches of America. H. L. Everett, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Historic Homes of New England. By Mary H. Northend. Little, +Brown & Company, Boston.</p> + +<p>Historic Houses of New Jersey. By W. Jay Mills. Duffield & Company, +New York.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">408</a></span></p> +<div class="biblio"> +<p>Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia. By T. A. Westcott. +Walter H. Barr, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Historic Virginia Homes and Churches. By Robert A. Lancaster, Jr. +J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>History of Kentucky. By Collins. Covington, 1878.</p> + +<p>History of the National Capital. By W. B. Bryan. Macmillan & Company, +New York.</p> + +<p>Homes of American Statesmen. George P. Putnam's Sons, New York.</p> + +<p>Jefferson, Thomas, Domestic Life of. By Sarah N. Randolph. Harper & +Brothers, New York.</p> + +<p>Jefferson at Monticello. By Hamilton W. Pierson, D. D. Charles +Scribner's Sons, New York.</p> + +<p>Lincoln, Abraham, by Ida M. Tarbell. Doubleday, Page & Company, +New York.</p> + +<p>Lincoln, Abraham, Life of. By J. G. Holland. Springfield, Mass., 1866.</p> + +<p>Lowell, James Russell, and His Friends. By Edward Everett Hale. +Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.</p> + +<p>Madison, Dolly. By Maud Welch Goodwin. Charles Scribner's Sons, +New York.</p> + +<p>Madison, Dolly, Memoirs and Letters of. Edited by her Grandniece. +Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.</p> + +<p>Mason, George, Life of. By Kate Mason Rowland. George P. Putnam's +Sons, New York.</p> + +<p>New Orleans, the Place and the People. By Grace King. J. B. Lippincott +Company, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Octagon, The. By Glenn Brown, American Institute of Architects, +Washington.</p> + +<p>Old Boston Days and Ways. By Mary Caroline Crawford. Little, +Brown & Company, Boston.</p> + +<p>Old Churches and Families of Virginia. By Bishop Meade. J. B. +Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Old Frontier of France, An. By Frank H. Severance. Dodd, Mead & +Company, New York.</p> + +<p>Old Roads from the Heart of New York. By Sarah Comstock. George +P. Putnam's Sons, New York.</p> + +<p>Old Roads out of Philadelphia. By John T. Faris. J. B. Lippincott +Company, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Old Trails on the Niagara Frontier. By Frank H. Severance. Buffalo, +New York.</p> + +<p>Penn, William, The True. By Sidney George Fisher. J. B. Lippincott +Company, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Presidents, Lives of the. By W. O. Stoddard. F. A. Stokes Company, +New York.</p> + +<p>Princeton. By Varnum Lansing Collins. Oxford University Press, +New York.</p> + +<p>Rambles about Portsmouth. By Charles W. Brewster. Portsmouth, +1873.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">409</a></span></p> +<div class="biblio"> +<p>Read, George, of Delaware, Life and Correspondence of. By William +Thompson Read. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Revere, Colonel Paul, Life of. By Elbridge H. Goss. J. G. Cupples, +Boston.</p> + +<p>Romantic Days in Old Boston. By Mary Caroline Crawford. Little, +Brown & Company, Boston.</p> + +<p>Schuyler, Catherine. By Mary Gay Humphreys. Charles Scribner's +Sons, New York.</p> + +<p>Story of the Bronx. By Stephen Jenkins. George P. Putnam's Sons, +New York.</p> + +<p>Tayloe, Benjamin Ogle, a Biography. By Priestley Prentis. Washington, +1872.</p> + +<p>Thames, Battle of, The. By Colonel Bennett H. Young. Filson Club +Publications, Louisville, Kentucky.</p> + +<p>Tylers, Letters and Times of the. By Lyman G. Tyler. Whittet & +Shepperson, Richmond.</p> + +<p>Washington after the Revolution. By William Spohn Baker. J. B. +Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Washington, the Capitol City. By Rufus Rockwell Wilson. J. B. +Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Washington, Mary, Story of. By Marian Harland. Houghton, Mifflin +Company, Boston.</p> + +<p>West Virginia Historical Magazine, January, 1903.</p> + +<p>Whittier, John Greenleaf. By Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Macmillan +& Company, New York.</p> + +<p>Where American Independence Began. By Daniel Munro Wilson. +Houghton, Mifflin Company, Boston.</p> + +<p>Williamsburg, the Old Colonial Capital. By Lyman Gordon Tyler. +Whittet & Shepperson, Richmond.</p> + +<p>Worthy Women of the Last Century. By Mrs. O. J. Wister and Miss +Agnes Irwin. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.</p> +</div> + +<h2>INDEX</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">411</a></span></p> +<div class="index"> +<ul class="none"> + +<li class="a1">Abraham Lincoln House, Springfield, Illinois, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li> + +<li>Acrostic, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li>Adams House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Adams, Abigail, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> + +<li>Adams, John, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a></li> + +<li>Adams, John Quincy, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> + +<li>Adams, Samuel, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Alamo, the, San Antonio, Texas, <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li> + +<li>Alamo, battle of the, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li> + +<li>Alcott, Bronson, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>American Revolution, Daughters of the, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li> + +<li><i>American Standard</i>, Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> + +<li>Amesbury, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Amstel House, New Castle, Delaware, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> + +<li>Andros, Governor, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Annapolis, Maryland, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> + +<li>Arlington, Virginia, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> + +<li>Asbury, Bishop Francis, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> + +<li>Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li> + +<li>Aubrey, William, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Audubon, John James, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Bakewell, Mary, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li>Bell, Mary, mother of George Washington, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li> + +<li>Bells of St. Philip's, romance of the, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li> + +<li>Bennet-Boardman House, Saugus, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Bennet, Samuel, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li>Berrian, John, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li>Biglow Papers, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li>Bill of Rights, Virginia's, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> + +<li>"Birds of America," Audubon's preparation for, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li>Blair, Rev. James, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> + +<li>Boardman, Abijah, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>Boone, Daniel, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li> + +<li>Boonesborough, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li> + +<li>Boston, Brattle Street meeting, <a href="#Page_29">29</a> +<ul class="none"> +<li>fire of 1761, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li><i>Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Massacre, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li><i>News Letter</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>North Church, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li>North Square, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>Old South Church, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Port Bill, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> +<li>Tea Party, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Boudinot, Elias, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li>Braddock, General, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> + +<li>Braintree, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Brandon, Virginia, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> + +<li>Breck, Samuel, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> + +<li>Brewton, Miles, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li> + +<li>Brick Capitol, the, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> + +<li>British at Monticello, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li> + +<li>Broadhearth, Saugus, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Broadstreet, Simon, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Brown, Richard, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Brown University, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Bruton Parish, Virginia, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> + +<li>Budden, Captain, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li>Bunker Hill, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Burgoyne, General, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li> + +<li>Burlington, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> + +<li>Burr, Aaron, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li> + +<li>Byrd, Evelyn, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Cabildo, New Orleans, Louisiana, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li> + +<li>Cabot, Arthur, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Caldwell, New Jersey, church at, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Caldwell, Rev. James, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li>Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Campfield House, Morristown, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_126">126</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">412</a></span></li> + +<li>Canonicus, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Capitol at Washington, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> + +<li>Carleton, Sir Guy, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Carpenters' Company of the City and County of Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li>Carroll, Charles, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> + +<li>Carter, Elizabeth Hill, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> + +<li>Carter, Landon, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> + +<li>Carter's Grove, Virginia, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> + +<li>Cartwright, Peter, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li> + +<li>Castle at Fort Niagara, New York, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li> + +<li>Chaplains: James Caldwell, <a href="#Page_139">139</a> +<ul class="none"> +<li>George Duffield, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Charles River, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Charleston, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Chastellux, Marquis de, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li> + +<li>Chew, Benjamin, Jr., <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li>Chew, Joseph, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> + +<li>Chew, Samuel, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> + +<li>Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> + +<li>Christ Church, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> + +<li>Christmas, the first, at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> + +<li>Church furnishings, primitive, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + +<li>Churches: Old North, Boston, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>; +<ul class="none"> +<li>Old South, Boston, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> +<li>King's Chapel, Boston, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> +<li>West, Boston, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li>Old South, Newburyport, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li>First Baptist, Providence, Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>St. Paul's Chapel, New York, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> +<li>St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> +<li>Trinity Church, New York, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Caldwell, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li>Old Tennent, Freehold, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Springfield Meeting House, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li>St. Peter's, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li>Christ Church Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li>Old Pine Street, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Norriton Presbyterian, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li>Moravian at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Emmanuel, New Castle, Delaware, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li>Presbyterian, New Castle, Delaware, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li>Rehoboth, Delaware, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> +<li>Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> +<li>Pohick, Virginia, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li> +<li>St. John's, Richmond, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> +<li>Bruton Parish, Virginia, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> +<li>Monumental, Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> +<li>Pohick Church, Virginia, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li> +<li>St. Luke's, Smithfield, Virginia, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> +<li>St. Peter's, New Kent County, Virginia, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> +<li>St. Michael's, Charleston, S. C., <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li> +<li>Huguenot, Charleston, South Carolina, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li> +<li>St. Philip's, Charleston, South Carolina, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li> +<li>Independent, Savannah, Georgia, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li> +<li>Old Stone Church, Elm Grove, West Virginia, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Clark, George Rogers, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li> + +<li>Clay, Henry, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li> + +<li><i>Clermont</i>, the, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> + +<li>Cleveland, Stephen Grover, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Clinton, General George, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Clinton, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li> + +<li>Cliveden, Germantown, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> + +<li>Clock on Independence Hall, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Coddington, William, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>College of New Jersey, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> + +<li>College Customs at Nassau Hall, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Collins, Varnum Lansing, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Colonial Dames of Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li>Concord, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Congress at Princeton, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li>Constitutional Convention of 1787, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +<li>Continental Congress, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li>Conway Cabal, <a href="#Page_182">182</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">413</a></span></li> + +<li>Cordale, Thomas, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> + +<li>Cornwallis, Lord, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> + +<li>Council of Safety, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> + +<li>Courtship of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li>Crab Orchard, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li> + +<li>Craigie, Andrew, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a></li> + +<li>Crockett, David, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li> + +<li>Crown Point, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li>Cumberland Road, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li> + +<li>Cunningham, Ann Pamela, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> + +<li>Curtis, George William, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li>Custis, George Washington Parke, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> + +<li>Custis, Nelly, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> + +<li class="a1"><i>Daily Advertiser</i>, New York, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li><i>Daily American Advertiser</i>, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> + +<li><i>Dartmouth</i>, ship, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li>Daughters of the American Revolution, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li> + +<li>Daughters of the War of 1812, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li> + +<li>Decatur, Stephen, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Declaration of Independence, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li> + +<li>Dent, Fred, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li> + +<li>Desecration of Carpenters' Hall, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li>Desecration of the Capitol, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> + +<li>Dexter, Thomas, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Diaries: +<ul class="none"> +<li>of John Tudor, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li>of Albigence Waldo, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>of George Washington, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li> +<li>of John Adams, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>of Robert Breck, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li>of Tench Tilghman, <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Dix, Dr. Morgan, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li>Dorchester Heights, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Doughoregan Manor, Maryland, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> + +<li>Dowry of pine-tree shillings, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Duché, Rev. Jacob, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Duffield, Rev. George, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> + +<li>Dunlap, William, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li>Du Ponceau, Peter S., <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Duston, Hannah, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Duston, Thomas, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="a1">East India Company, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Eden, Governor Robert, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> + +<li>Edwards, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Elizabeth Town, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + +<li>Elmwood, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Emerson, Ralph Waldo, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li>Emlen House, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Emmanuel Church, Newcastle, Delaware, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> + +<li>Everett, Edward, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Expenses in raising the Tower of the State House, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Faneuil, Andrew, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Faneuil, Peter, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li>Faneuil Hall, Boston, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li>Fatlands, near Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> + +<li>Federal District, location of the, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> + +<li>Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>First Baptist Church, Providence, Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li>Fitch, John, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> + +<li>Flag, American, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Flag, first American in British waters, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Flint, Ruth, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Flynt, Tutor, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Ford Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li>Forks of the Delaware, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> + +<li>Fort Washington, New York City, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Fort William and Mary, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Fox, George, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> + +<li>Franklin, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li> + +<li>Fraunces, Samuel, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Fraunces' Tavern, New York, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li>Freeman, Rev. James, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>"From Greenland's Icy Mountains," <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Gage, General, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">414</a></span></li> + +<li>Gano, Rev. Stephen, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Garrison, William Lloyd, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li><i>Gazette</i>, Boston, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li><i>Gazette</i>, Essex, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li><i>Gazette</i>, New York, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li><i>Gazette of the United States</i>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> + +<li><i>Gazette</i>, Portland, Maine, <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li> + +<li><i>Gazette</i>, Williamsburg, Virginia, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> + +<li>Germantown, battle of, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> + +<li>Germantown, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> + +<li>Gerry, Elbridge, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>Girard College, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> + +<li>Glover, Colonel, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li>Grant, Ulysses S., <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li> + +<li>Green, General, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li>Greenway, Virginia, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> + +<li><i>Griffon</i>, building of the, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></li> + +<li>Gunston Hall, Virginia, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Hale, Edward Everett, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Hallet, Stephen L., <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> + +<li>Hamilton, Alexander, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li> + +<li>Hamilton, Allan MacLane, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li>Hancock, John, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li>Hanover Court House, Virginia, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> + +<li>"Hardscrabble," St. Louis, Missouri, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li> + +<li>Harlem Heights, battle of, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li>Harmar, Fort, <a href="#Page_379">379</a></li> + +<li>Harrison, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> + +<li>Harrison Mansion, the, Vincennes, Indiana, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> + +<li>Harrison, William Henry, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> + +<li>Harte, Bret, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li>Harvard College, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li>Hasbrouck, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li>Haverhill Historical Society, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li>Haverhill, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>Hawthorne, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Hay, Henry Hanby, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> + +<li>Headquarters: Washington's at Roger Morris House, New York, <a href="#Page_88">88</a> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Washington's at Richmond Hill, New York, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Washington's at Van Cortlandt House, New York, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Washington's at Newburgh, New York, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> +<li>Washington's at Morristown, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Washington's at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li>Washington's at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li>Washington's at Valley Forge, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> +<li>Washington's at Pennypacker's Mills, Dawesfield, and Emlen House, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Heijt, Hans Joest, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Henricopolis, Virginia, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> + +<li>Henry, Patrick, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> + +<li>Henry, William, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> + +<li><i>Herald</i>, the San Antonio, Texas, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li> + +<li>Hermitage, The, Nashville, Tennessee, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li> + +<li>Hoban, James, architect of White House, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> + +<li>Hodgson, Adam, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> + +<li>Hollyman, Ezekiel, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Holmes, Oliver Wendell, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li>Honor System, the, in William and Mary College, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li>Hospitality: at Montpelier, Virginia, <a href="#Page_299">299</a> +<ul class="none"> +<li>at Oak Hill, Virginia, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li> +<li>at Red Hill, Virginia, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> +<li>at Mount Airy, Virginia, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li> +<li>at Monticello, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li> +<li>at The Hermitage, <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li> +<li>at Ashland, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li> +<li>at the Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Hough, Atherton, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>House of Seven Gables, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Houses: Paul Revere's, Boston, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_23">23</a> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Elmwood, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> +<li>Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a></li> +<li>Adams House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Quincy Mansion, Quincy, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_56">56</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">415</a></span></li> +<li>The Old Manse, Concord, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>The Wayside, Concord, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Bennet-Boardman, Saugus, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> +<li>Broadhearth, Saugus, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> +<li>Jeremiah Lee House, Marblehead, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> +<li>Morris-Jumel House, New York City, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Philipse Manor, Yonkers, New York, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>The Grange, New York City, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Van Cortlandt, New York City, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Hasbrouck, Newburgh, New York, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Franklin Palace, Perth Amboy, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li>Ford Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Campfield, Morristown, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Morven, the Mercer House and Washington's Headquarters at Rocky Hill, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li>Letitia Penn, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li>Pennsbury Manor, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Cliveden, Germantown, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>David Rittenhouse, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li>Isaac Potts, at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li>Pennypacker's Mills, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Dawesfield, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Sweetbrier, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li>Mill Grove, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Fatlands, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li>Waynesborough, Paoli, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Amstel, New Castle, Delaware, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li>George Read's, New Castle, Delaware, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li>Ridgely, Dover, Delaware, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +<li>Doughoregan Manor, Maryland, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li>Upton Scott, Annapolis, Maryland, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> +<li>White House, Washington, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> +<li>Octagon, Washington, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> +<li>Mt. Airy, Virginia, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> +<li>Mt. Vernon, Virginia, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> +<li>Arlington, Virginia, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> +<li>Mary Washington's, Fredericksburg, Virginia, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li> +<li>Pine Grove, Virginia, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> +<li>Kenmore, Virginia, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> +<li>Greenway, Virginia, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> +<li>Sherwood Forest, Virginia, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> +<li>Nelson, Yorktown, Virginia, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> +<li>Moore House, Yorktown, Virginia, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> +<li>John Marshall's, Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> +<li>Sabine Hall, Virginia, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> +<li>Westover, Virginia, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> +<li>Shirley, Virginia, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> +<li>Carter's Grove, Virginia, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> +<li>Brandon, Virginia, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> +<li>Gunston Hall, Virginia, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> +<li>Montpelier, Virginia, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> +<li>Shadwell, Virginia, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> +<li>Oak Hill, Virginia, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> +<li>Red Hill, Virginia, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li> +<li>Monticello, Virginia, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> +<li>Rebecca Motte's, Charleston, South Carolina, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li> +<li>Pringle House, Charleston, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li> +<li>Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li> +<li>Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li> +<li>Whitley's Station, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li> +<li>White Haven, St. Louis, Missouri, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li> +<li>"Hardscrabble," St. Louis, Missouri, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li> +<li>Abraham Lincoln's, Springfield, Illinois, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li> +<li>Harrison Mansion, Vincennes, Indiana, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> +<li>Rufus Putnam's House, Marietta, Ohio, <a href="#Page_377">377</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">416</a></span></li> +<li>Monument Place, Elm Grove, West Virginia, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li> +<li>Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li> +<li>Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li> +<li>Warner House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li> +<li>Longfellow House, Portland, Maine, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Houston, Sam, <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li> + +<li>Hovey, Dr. H. C., <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Howe, Lord, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> + +<li>Huguenot Church, Charleston, South Carolina, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li> + +<li>Hull, Hannah, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Hutchinson, Ann, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Independence Bell, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> + +<li>Independence, The Declaration of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li>Independence Hall, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Independent Church, Savannah, Georgia, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li> + +<li>Indians, attacked by the, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li> + +<li>Institute of American Architects, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Jackson, Andrew, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li> + +<li>James River Canal Company, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> + +<li>Jamestown, Virginia, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> + +<li>Jay, John, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> + +<li>Jeremiah Lee House, Marblehead, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>John Marshall's House, Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> + +<li>Johns, Kensey, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> + +<li>Johnson, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li><i>Journal and General Advertiser</i>, New York, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li><i>Journal</i>, Springfield, Illinois, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li> + +<li>Jumel-Burr, Madam, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li>Jumel, Stephen, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Kasimir, Fort, Delaware, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> + +<li>Kenmore, Virginia, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> + +<li>Kent, Chancellor, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li><i>Kentucke Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li> + +<li>Key, Francis Scott, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> + +<li>Kidd, Captain, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li>King, Washington asked to become, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>King's Chapel, Boston, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Kingston, New York, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> + +<li>Knyphausen, General, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Lafayette, Marquis de, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li> + +<li>Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> + +<li>Leader, Richard, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li>Lee, Jeremiah, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Lee, Richard Henry, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> + +<li>Lee, Robert E., <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> + +<li>"Lehigh, House on the," <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> + +<li>Letitia Penn House, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Lexington, battle of, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li>Lexington, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li><i>Liberator, The</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li>Liberty Bell, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> + +<li>Lidgett, Mrs. Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li><i>Lightning</i>, ship, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li> + +<li>Lincoln, Abraham, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li> + +<li><i>Little Pilgrim, The</i> newspaper, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Livingston, Robert R., <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li>Logan, James, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li>Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li> + +<li>Longfellow, Mrs. Henry Wadsworth, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Lossing, Benson J., <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li>Lottery for church building purposes, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li>Louisiana, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> + +<li>Louisiana Purchase, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li>Louisiana transferred to the United States, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li> + +<li>Lowell, General Charles Russell, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li>Lowell, James Jackson, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li>Lowell, James Russell, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Lowell, Maria, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li>Lowell, Rev. Charles, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Lowly office after the Presidency, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> + +<li>Loyalists' houses confiscated, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li>Lunt, Ezra, <a href="#Page_78">78</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">417</a></span></li> + +<li class="a1">Maddox, Rev. Robert, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> + +<li>Madison, James, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> + +<li>Makemie, Frances, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> + +<li>Mantonomi, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Marblehead, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li>Marietta, Ohio, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li> + +<li>Marion, General, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li> + +<li>Marriages: Mary Philipse and Roger Morris, <a href="#Page_93">93</a> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Rev. William Tennent and Mrs. Noble, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li>William Penn and Guli Springett, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li>William Penn and Hannah Callowhill, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>William Aubrey and Letitia Penn, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li>John James Audubon and Mary Bakewell, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li>Kensey Johns and Anne Van Dyke, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li>Charles J. Du Pont and Dorcas M. Van Dyke, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> +<li>Upton Scott and Elizabeth Ross, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> +<li>Robert E. Lee and Miss Custis, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> +<li>Augustine Washington and Mary Ball, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> +<li>John Rolfe and Pocahontas, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> +<li>John Tyler and Letitia Christian, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> +<li>Thomas Nelson and Lucy Grymes, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> +<li>James Madison and Dorothy Todd, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> +<li>James Madison and Eliza Kortwright, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> +<li>George Washington and Martha Custis, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li> +<li>Thomas Jefferson and Martha Skelton, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> +<li>Jacob Motte and Rebecca Brewton, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li> +<li>Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Axson, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li> +<li>Henry Clay and Lavinia Hart, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li> +<li>Ulysses S. Grant and Julia Dent, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li> +<li>Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li> +<li>Moses Shepherd and Lydia Boggs, <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li> +<li>Philip Schuyler and Catherine Van Rensselaer, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li> +<li>Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li> +<li>Governor Wentworth and Martha Hilton, <a href="#Page_397">397</a></li> +<li>Michael Wentworth and Mrs. Martha Wentworth, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Marshall, Chief Justice, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li>Martineau, Harriet, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li> + +<li><i>Mary</i>, ship, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> + +<li>Mary Washington House, Fredericksburg, Virginia, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li> + +<li>Mason and Dixon line, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li>Mason, George, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li> + +<li>Mason, Lowell, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li> + +<li>Massachusetts Bay Colony, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Massacre, Boston, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Massasoit, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li>Mather, Cotton, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li>Mather, Increase, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li><i>Mayflower</i>, Putnam's barge on the Ohio, <a href="#Page_379">379</a></li> + +<li>McColloch's leap, <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li> + +<li>McKinley, William, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li> + +<li>Meade, Bishop, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li> + +<li>Medford, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Mercer, General, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Mercer House, Princeton, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li><i>Mercury</i>, New York, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li>Mill Grove, near Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> + +<li>Monmouth, battle of, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + +<li>Monroe, James, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li> + +<li>Montgomery, General, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li>Monticello, Virginia, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> + +<li>Montpelier, Virginia, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> + +<li>Monument Place, Elm Grove, West Virginia, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li> + +<li>Monumental Church, Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li>Moore House, Yorktown, Virginia, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> + +<li>Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> + +<li>Morris, Gouverneur, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li>Morris-Jumel House, New York City, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">418</a></span></li> + +<li>Morris, Robert, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> + +<li>Morris, Roger, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> + +<li>Morven, Princeton, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li>"Mosses from an Old Manse," <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li>Mount Airy, Virginia, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> + +<li>Mount Vernon, Virginia, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> + +<li>Munitions, Revolutionary, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Nantes, Edict of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li><i>National Intelligencer</i>, Washington, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> + +<li>National Pike, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li> + +<li>Nelson House, Yorktown, Virginia, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> + +<li>Nelson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> + +<li>Newark, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Newburyport, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>New Castle, Delaware, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> + +<li>New England Antiquities, Society for the Preservation of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li>New Orleans, battle of, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li> + +<li>Newspapers: <i>Liberator</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Essex <i>Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li>Boston <i>News Letter</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>Boston <i>Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li><i>Little Pilgrim, The</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>New York <i>Mercury</i>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>New York <i>Daily Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>New York <i>Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>New York <i>Journal and General Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> +<li>Philadelphia <i>Pennsylvania Packet</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li><i>Pennsylvania Evening Post</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li><i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li><i>Daily American Advertiser</i>, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li><i>National Intelligencer</i>, Washington, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> +<li><i>Gazette of the United States</i>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> +<li>Williamsburg <i>Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> +<li><i>American Standard</i>, Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> +<li>San Antonio <i>Herald</i>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li> +<li><i>Kentucke Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li> +<li>Springfield <i>Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li> +<li>Portland <i>Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Nicola, Lewis, tries to tempt Washington, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Norriton, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Norriton Presbyterian Church, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + +<li>North Church, Boston, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Northwestern Territory, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> + +<li>Nova Scotia, Franklin's land speculation in, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li>Noyes, Alfred, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Oak Hill, Virginia, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> + +<li>Octagon House, Washington, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> + +<li>Oglethorpe, General James E., <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li> + +<li>Ohio Company, the, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li> + +<li>Ohio River, floating down the, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li>Old Manse, the, Concord, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Old Pine Street Church, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li>Old North Church, Boston, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Old South Church, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li>Old South Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>Old State House, Boston, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li>Old Tennent Church, Freehold, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li>Oliver, Thomas, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li>Ordway, Alfred A., <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li>O'Reilly, Count Alejandro, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li> + +<li>Orin, Azor, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li>"Oven, The," temporary Capitol, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Paoli Massacre, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + +<li>Parsons, Dr. Jonathan, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li>Patriot who destroyed their own houses: Thomas Nelson, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>; +<ul class="none"> +<li>Rebecca Motte, <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Pauling, John, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li>Paul Revere's House, Boston, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li>Peabody, Sophia, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li>Peace, signing of, in 1783, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li>Peale, Charles Wilson, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>Penn, Letitia, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li>Penn, Thomas and Richard, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> + +<li>Penn, William, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> + +<li>Pennsbury Manor, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li><i>Pennsylvania Evening Post</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> + +<li><i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">419</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Pennsylvania Packet</i>, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li>Pennypacker, Samuel W., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li>Penobscot expedition, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li>Persecution, religious, in New York, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> + +<li>Phi Beta Kappa Society, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li>Philadelphia, evacuation of, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li>Philadelphia, Paul Revere rides to, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li>Philipsburgh, Manor of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li>Philipse, Colonel Frederick, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li>Philipse, Frederick, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, New York, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>Philipse, Mary, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> + +<li>Pine Grove, Virginia, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> + +<li>Pine-tree shillings, dowry of, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Plum pudding, the best dinner, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> + +<li>Plymouth, New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Pohick Church, Virginia, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li> + +<li>Portsmouth, New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li> + +<li>Potomac Canal, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> + +<li>Prayer at opening of First Continental Congress, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> + +<li>Prayer for the King, omitted, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li>President's pew: in St. Paul's Chapel, New York, <a href="#Page_96">96</a> +<ul class="none"> +<li>in St. Peter's, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +<li>in Pohick Church, Virginia, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Princeton, battle of, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Princeton University, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li>Pringle House, Charleston, South Carolina, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li> + +<li>Providence, Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>Putnam, William Lowell, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li>"Put Watts into them, boys," <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Quincy, Dorothy, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li>Quincy, Edmund, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Quincy, Edmund, III, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li>Quincy, Josiah, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li>Quincy, Judith, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Quincy Mansion, Quincy, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li>Quincy, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li>Quincy, Massachusetts Historical Society, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Randolph, Edmund, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li>Randolph, John, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> + +<li>Read, George, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> + +<li>Red Bank, New Jersey, victory at, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> + +<li>Redemptioners, purchase of, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li>Red Hill, Virginia, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li> + +<li>Revere, Paul, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li>Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li>Ridgely, Dr. Charles Greenburg, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> + +<li>Rittenhouse, David, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li>Rittenhouse House, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li>Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Duc de la, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li> + +<li>Rodney, Cæsar, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> + +<li>Roosevelt, Theodore, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> + +<li>Ross, George, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> + +<li>Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Royall, Isaac, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Royall, William, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li>Rufus Putnam's House, Marietta, Ohio, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li> + +<li>Rush, Dr. Benjamin, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li class="a1">St. John's Church, Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> + +<li>St. Luke's Church, Smithfield, Virginia, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> + +<li>St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li>St. Michael's Church, Charleston, South Carolina, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li> + +<li>St. Peter's Church, New Kent County, Virginia, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> + +<li>St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> + +<li>St. Philip's Church, Charleston, South Carolina, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li> + +<li>Salem, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li>Savannah, Georgia, Siege of, <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li> + +<li>Schools, free, beginnings of, in Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li>Schuyler, Catherine, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li> + +<li>Schuyler, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li>Schuyler, General Philip, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li>Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li> + +<li>Scott House, Annapolis, Maryland, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> + +<li>Scott, Molly, <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li> + +<li>Scott, Upton, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> + +<li>Servants, problem of, in early days, <a href="#Page_185">185</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">420</a></span></li> + +<li>Severance, Frank H., <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li> + +<li>Sewell, Judge Samuel, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Shadwell, Virginia, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> + +<li>Sharpe, Horatio, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> + +<li>Shepherd, Moses, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li> + +<li>Sherwood Forest, Virginia, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> + +<li>Shippen, Dr. William, Jr., <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li>Ships: <i>Dartmouth</i>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a> +<ul class="none"> +<li><i>Somerset</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li><i>Welcome</i>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li><i>John and Sarah</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li><i>Surprise</i>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> +<li><i>Mary</i>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> +<li><i>Constitution</i> and <i>Guerriere</i>, <i>Cyano</i> and <i>Levant</i>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> +<li><i>Lightning</i>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Shirley, Virginia, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> + +<li>Signers of the Declaration of Independence: John Witherspoon, <a href="#Page_132">132</a> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Benjamin Rush, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li>George Ross, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li>George Read, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li>Charles Carroll of Carrollton, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> +<li>Thomas Nelson, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> +<li>George Wythe, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> +<li>Richard Lightfoot Lee, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Skippack, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> + +<li>Smith, Abigail, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>Smith, Rev. William, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li>"Snow-Bound," <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li>Society for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> + +<li><i>Somerset</i>, ship, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li>Sons of the Revolution, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> + +<li>Springett, Guli, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li>Springfield, battle of, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Springfield Meeting House, New Jersey, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li>Stamp Act, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li>Star-Spangled Banner, story of the, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> + +<li>Stark, General John, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>Stark, Molly, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li>State House Clock, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + +<li>State House Yard, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> + +<li>Steuben, Baron, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li>Stevens, Colonel William, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> + +<li>Stockton, Mrs. Richard, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li>Stone Church, Elm Grove, West Virginia, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li> + +<li>Stony Point, New York, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> + +<li>Stuart, Gilbert, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li>Stuyvesant, Petrus, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> + +<li>Sullivan, General, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li>Susquehanna, Falls of the, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> + +<li>Sweetbrier, Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> + +<li>Swett, Martha, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li>Symmes, Rev. Frank R., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Taney, Chief Justice R. R., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> + +<li>Tayloe, John, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> + +<li>Tea meetings, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li>Tecumseh, Indian chief, <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li> + +<li>Tennent, Rev. John, <a href="#Page_123">123</a> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Rev. William, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li>Texas, Republic of, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li> + +<li>Thames, battle of the, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li> + +<li>Theatre fire in Richmond, Virginia, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li>Thomson, George, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> + +<li>Thornton, Dr. William, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> + +<li>Ticonderoga, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> + +<li>Tilghman, Tench, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li> + +<li>Tillinghast, Pardon, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li>Treaty of 1783, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li>Trenton, battle of, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li>Tudor, John, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li>Tyler, Henry, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> + +<li>Tyler, Judge John, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li class="a1">United States archives, removed to new Capitol at Washington, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> + +<li>University of Virginia, the, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li>Vanarsdal, Rev. Jacob, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li>Van Buren, Martin, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> + +<li>Van Cortlandt, Jacobus, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Van Cortlandt Park, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li>Van der Donck, Jonkheer Adriaen, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li>Van Dyke, Henry, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> + +<li>Van Dyke, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> + +<li>Vane, Sir Harry, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Vassall, John, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li>Vassall, Leonard, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li>Venus, transit of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li>Vincennes, Indiana, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Waldo, Albigence, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> + +<li>Walker, Rachel, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li>Wallace Nutting Corporation, <a href="#Page_70">70</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">421</a></span></li> + +<li>Walter, Thomas U., <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> + +<li>Ward, Samuel, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li>Warner House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li> + +<li>Warren, General, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li>Washington and Lee University, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> + +<li>Washington, burning of, in 1814, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> + +<li>Washington College, Lexington, Virginia, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> + +<li>Washington, George, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li> + +<li>Washington, Laurence, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> + +<li>Washington, Mrs. George, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> + +<li>Wayne, Captain Isaac, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> + +<li>Wayne, General Anthony, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> + +<li>Waynesborough, near Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> + +<li>Wayside, The, Concord, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li>Weare, Meschech, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li>Webster, Daniel, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li> + +<li>Weems, Parson, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li> + +<li>Wentworth, Governor Benning, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li> + +<li>Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li> + +<li>West Church, Boston, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li>Westover, Virginia, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> + +<li>West Point Military Academy, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li> + +<li>Wheelwright, Rev. John, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li>Whitefield, Rev. George, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li>White Haven, St. Louis, Missouri, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li> + +<li>White House, Washington, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> + +<li>Whitemarsh, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> + +<li>Whitley's Station, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li> + +<li>Whittier, John G., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li>Whittier, Thomas, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li>Wilkinson, General, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li>William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> + +<li>Williamsburg Court House, Virginia, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> + +<li>Williamsburg, Virginia, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> + +<li>Williams, Roger, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li>Wilson, Daniel Munro, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li>Winthrop, Governor, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li>Wirt, William, describes Patrick Henry's first public speech, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> + +<li>Witherspoon, John, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li>Wolfe, Colonel James, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> + +<li>Women's Centennial Executive Committee, <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li> + +<li>Wren, James, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> + +<li>Wren, Sir Christopher, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> + +<li>Wythe, George, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Yonkers, New York, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li>York, Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> + +<li>Yorktown, Siege of, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> + +<li class="a1">Zinzendorf, Count, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> A building to the east of Independence Hall was completed in 1791. +In this building, which was the Philadelphia City Hall until 1854, the +Supreme Court of the United States held its first session, February 7, +1791.</p> + +<p class="footnote">In 1813 the arcades connecting the main building with the wings +were removed, and new buildings were erected which connected Independence +Hall with the corner buildings.</p> + +<p class="footnote">In 1816 the city of Philadelphia became the owner of the whole +property.</p> + +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>This date and place were generally accepted until 1917, when +Francis Hobart Herrick published proof that Audubon was born in +Santo Domingo in 1785.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="tnbox"> +<p class="center"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b></p> +<p>Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. +Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation in the original +document have been preserved. Unmatched quotation marks were left as printed.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#e1872">107</a>: "1872" possibly should be 1782.</p> +<p>Page <a href="#Hampdon-Sidney">309</a>: "Hampdon Sidney" possibly should be "Hampden Sydney."</p> + +<p>Various references to Newcastle or New Castle, Delaware have been left as printed.</p> + +<p>All illustrations except the frontispiece have been moved to their references in the text.</p> +</div> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 39068-h.txt or 39068-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/9/0/6/39068">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/0/6/39068</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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