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+Project Gutenberg's The Sun changes its position in space, by August Tischner
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Sun changes its position in space
+       therefore it cannot be regarded as being "in a condition of rest"
+
+Author: August Tischner
+
+Release Date: March 7, 2012 [EBook #39070]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUN CHANGES POSITION IN SPACE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Thorsten Kontowski, Paul Clark and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+[
+  Transcriber's Note:
+
+  Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+  possible, including inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation. Some
+  corrections of spelling and punctuation have been made. They are
+  listed at the end of the text.
+
+  Italic text has been marked with _underscores_.
+  Bold text has been marked with =equals signs=.
+  Text marked ^{thus} was superscripted.
+]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+ THE SUN
+
+ changes its position in space, therefore
+ it cannot be regarded as being
+ "in a condition of rest."
+
+ _Si concedimus, eos, qui corpora in mundi
+ spatio moveri eademque non moveri
+ posse dicunt, insulsa loqui, praesumere
+ non licet hominem astronomum talem
+ sententiam elocuturum utque eam demonstraret
+ operam daturum esse._
+
+ By
+ August Tischner.
+
+ Leipzig,
+ Gustav Fock.
+ 1883.
+
+
+ Dedicated
+ to all friends of Rational Astronomy.
+
+
+[Illustration: _Nicolaus Copernicus._
+
+_Terrae motor, solis stator._]
+
+     The system of Copernicus is the only possible system; it is the
+     eternal base of all astronomical progress, with this system the
+     science of Astronomy stands and falls, and without it we must give
+     up all explication as well as every scientifically founded
+     predication. Hence it is clear that an astronomer of the present
+     day cannot enter upon any other system, even by way of trial.
+
+            Dr. _J. H. Mädler_. Popul. Astr. 1861. p.p. 48. 54. 62.
+
+     _An army of philosophers will not suffice to change the nature of
+     an error and to convert it into truth. Ebn-Roshd (Averrhoës),
+     Arabian philosopher of the XII^{th} century._
+
+
+Astronomical science, at the present day insists upon the system of
+Copernicus, which, as is well known, is based upon the theory _of a
+fixed sun_, and remains convinced of the incontrovertible truth and
+importance of this system, even after it has become an incontestable
+fact, that the sun changes its position; endeavouring to explain away
+this discrepancy by the sophism, that the sun may be considered as _in a
+condition of rest_. But the smallest movement of the sun overthrows the
+entire fabric of Copernicus. Unless we take into account the
+observations, made for the last 3000 years, respecting the movement of
+the sun in space, it is impossible to comprehend the solar system and
+its movements. Theory must take notice of the phenomena of the sun's own
+movement and dare not cloak it under imaginary causes; for so long as
+the motion of the sun is ignored, it is impossible to know thoroughly
+the motion of the earth which follows it, and if the motion of the earth
+be not known, it is also impossible to know the motion of the other
+heavenly bodies, belonging to the solar system, as seen from the earth.
+In a word, the astronomical theory, as it is now generally accepted and
+believed to be the only and doubtless true, is wholly untenable,
+requiring _a total and essential_ reformation; astronomical authors
+cling to J. H. Mädler's assertion, that every body will understand the
+impossibility for an astronomer of our time to enter upon any other
+system even by way of trial.
+
+If this theory be converted into a _dogma_, stagnation must commence and
+all progress becomes impossible. In the history of science and its
+advance, we find that there have been at all times new theories
+propounded, which had often to be changed later on, or even set aside by
+others diametrically opposite. The principal circumstance which renders
+the system of Copernicus impossible, is that the orbits of the planets
+_are considered as closed curves around the sun_. This view has
+frequently been attacked; but it is maintained by astronomers, as it is
+requisite for the elucidation of the system. Still it is evident that if
+the centre of attraction moves forward the bodies attracted by it
+_cannot move around it_.
+
+Let us examine the system of Copernicus. Ptolemæus first introduced his
+system among the ancients. The earth was the fixed centre of the world
+and around it moved the moon, the sun, the planets and the stars. This
+system lasted for XV centuries.
+
+The Ptolemaic system was modified by Copernicus, and the system of
+Copernicus was simply the inversion of the Ptolemaic. The sun took the
+place of the earth. In the centre was a fixed point (earth or sun),
+around which the planets moved in larger or smaller orbits.
+
+The main feature of both systems is that one of the heavenly bodies is
+_stationary, in order that the others may travel round it_.
+
+Copernicus makes the sun _to be motionless_, and the scientific world
+bows before his authority. Then we have the recurrent curves, _closed
+orbits_ (or ellipses) with their axes and their _invariable plains_; for
+the planets _move round the centre of the fixed sun_.
+
+Whilst however learned men were striving with feverish ardour to confirm
+the system of Copernicus; whilst they were endeavouring to demonstrate
+in every possible way and by various means clearly, _that the sun is
+immoveable_: there came the discovery _that the sun moves_.
+
+The astronomers of the past century proved that the sun not only has the
+apparent motion, which every one sees; but that it also has a motion
+proper to itself. Herschel commenced defining the course and direction
+of it, and now-a-days no one doubts the truth of this fact, it being the
+general opinion that not only the sun moves itself, but that nothing at
+all in the world is in a state of rest. Astronomers, however, are of
+opinion that this discovery is of _no consequence whatever as regards
+the system of Copernicus, which is still considered by them to be the
+most correct of all and the only possible one_. For more than a century
+there has not been found a single astronomer or scientific man, to whom
+it has occurred _that the motion proper to the sun, might have, in some
+way or another, an influence on the present state of theoretical
+science_. They all seem to regard _this fact_ as an accident, involving
+no consequences and quite incapable of distracting them from their
+labours, which they continue to work in the same manner as is indicated
+in the system of Copernicus.
+
+If an advancing motion is admitted to be the motion proper to the sun,
+_the orbits traversed by the planets cannot be closed_.
+
+But the question may be asked: is it true that science contradicts
+itself in this way? We reply: Yes! astronomical _observation has
+overtaken theoretical or explicative science_. _Theory has stood
+still._
+
+In order to set their minds at rest, learned men explain what they wish
+to explain, and just as heavenly phenomena were accounted for according
+the systems of Ptolemæus, of Copernicus and of Tycho de Brahe, so too
+there will be no lack of good reasons to account for the motion proper
+to the sun; only history will tell us that the astronomers of the last
+but one decennium of the XIX^{th} century have taught by writing and
+speaking in their schools, that the sun is at the same time moving and
+not moving.
+
+A science which cannot make any use of this immense discovery, nor
+deduce any application from it, does not possess any vital power; it is
+a dead science, it is strangled by those whose duty is to keep it alive,
+to lead it onwards to perfection.
+
+Astronomers assert "_that the sun conducts its system with himself in
+mundane space_," but in the same breath they add: "_with reference
+however to the planets it may be regarded as in a state of rest_."
+
+Hence astronomers have discovered _a motion which is at rest_.
+
+If the sun is _not fixed_, the system of Copernicus falls to ground.
+Either the sun moves, or does not; a moving sun in a condition of rest,
+_is an impossibility_.
+
+If the sun moves, there is _no fixed centre_, there are _no closed or
+recurrent curves and no plains of orbits_. If these must be obtained at
+any price, the sun must be definitively fixed, it cannot be permitted
+_to move onwards and yet at the same time not to move_.
+
+The fact that the sun moves, cannot now be altered and cannot be any
+longer ignored; and if mathematicians and astronomers do notwithstanding
+assert, that the sun may with reference to its own planetary system be
+regarded as fixed, or in a condition of rest, in that the system moves
+as a whole without any change taking place in the relative position of
+the planets to each other, or in their relation to the sun; in fact
+without any alteration taking place in the _configuration_ of the
+system--we reply, this is one of those meaningless phrases, which should
+find no place in a scientific discussion. _A body which is in motion
+cannot be in any way regarded as being motionless_, it would be just as
+reasonable to say that a locomotive, dragging a train of carriages full
+of passengers, could with reference to the latter be regarded as
+motionless.
+
+The actual meaning of such an assertion is that the planets are attached
+to the sun in such a manner, that they can neither approach to, nor
+recede from it, but must follow it whithersoever it goes.
+
+We may in thought pursue a train of hypotheses and suppositions, but
+they do not thereby acquire reality; still, in a normal condition of the
+human intellect, it is impossible to conceive that any thing can exist
+and not exist at the same time.
+
+From this confusion of ideas, it might seem as if theoretical astronomy
+had got into an untenable position which is irreconcilable with science
+and ought therefore to endeavour to enter upon a better state, as soon
+as possible. _Theory ought therefore, either to have accepted as a fact,
+the motion proper to the sun with all its inevitable consequences, or
+else, to have denied this motion altogether._ But the astronomers ignore
+this alternative, they have decided, once for all and irrevocably _that
+the sun moves and that at the same time it shall be motionless_. In this
+manner science loses its reputation and all learnedly technical
+expressions and formulas are not sufficient to cover the weak part. _The
+sun cannot be rendered motionless_, and if astronomers and men of
+science of the present day continue to ignore this fact, they need not
+be surprised at the inevitable consequences of their own acts.
+
+The system of Copernicus presupposes the _fixity of the sun_, as a
+"conditio sine qua non." The most abstruse investigations into the
+"celestial mechanism" could not be made without this axiom be granted.
+The mathematician must have a fixed point, a fixed central point of
+action for his coordinates, he wants fixed invariable plains and closed
+curves, a radius vector describing plains, he wants axes and poles for
+the orbits, in order that they may describe certain figures in the
+heaven, and that the plains of the orbits may move,--one of the other.
+
+Naturally astronomers and men of science have never asked themselves the
+question, _how a heavenly body could be fixed in space_.
+
+When an astronomer asserts that the Copernician system is the only
+possible, he believes that it is impossible for the sun to have any
+motion of its own; when he at the same time asserts that all astronomy
+stands or falls with this system, he believes that no astronomical
+knowledge existed before the discovery of the Copernician system, and
+with the fall of the system all astronomical knowledge will cease to
+exist; he believes moreover true astronomy to be _that_, which men of
+science have imagined to be the truth regarding the heaven and the
+causes of the phenomena we see.
+
+If astronomers had merely presented their ideas and opinions to the
+world as such, and no more, no one could raise any objection; but they
+lay down their opinions in words and on paper as a _positive science_,
+they give their view as _incontroversible truths_, and _this fact_
+alters the situation, for we cannot admit that science is a mere barge
+to be taken in tow by the imagination.
+
+The fundamental axiom of astronomical theory, such as the Copernician
+system, Kepler's and Newton's laws, _are not derived from a knowledge of
+fact_, they are the opinions, views, ideas and suppositions of
+individuals, which have been adapted to the heaven, and as they were
+generally accepted, the question was never raised whether the opinions
+of an organic creature--however intelligent it might be--are really and
+truly that which we term penetrating behind the veil of nature and
+compelling it to yield up its secrets. The fact of no other ideas being
+at hand which seemed to be better, sufficed to transform these opinions
+into rules and to cause them to be accepted as the only admissible and
+correct truths.
+
+The opinions set forth by Copernicus, Kepler and Newton are designed by
+astronomers of the present day under the collective title of the
+Copernician system, and they believe that these three dogmas, systems
+and laws, distinct as they are from each other, proceed consequentially
+one from the other, that they mutually supplement each the other, and
+thus form a harmonious whole. That not one of these things rests upon
+actual observation or even probable and perceptible facts, and finally,
+that none of them can be observed or verified, but that they are all
+three creations of the imagination, must be clearly evident to any one
+who occupies himself at all with the study of nature and more especially
+with the study of the heavenly phenomena.
+
+When we say that astronomy is an earthly science, we mean to imply that
+the heaven and the phenomena there apparent cannot be studied otherwise
+than as seen from the earth. Therefore astronomy is not a heavenly
+science, it consists solely of such ideas as we are able to form, that
+which we see on the heaven.
+
+It is not astronomy that is grand, compared with the vast objects with
+which it deals it dwindles to insignificance, and we may say that to
+speak of it as being a science of the "heavenly mechanism," nay more of
+the "laws of the universe," is sheer nonsense. The _universe_ must be
+for us a mere term, which does not convey any tangible idea to our
+minds.
+
+As only a very small portion of the heavenly space and its contents is
+visible to our eyes, astronomy--whatever may be the magnifying power
+placed at its disposal--must be confined within the limits of our vision
+and can therefore be no more than a small fragment.
+
+In the positive sense of the word, astronomy is more especially a
+science of _observation_, which is its _only_, but real and successful
+power. It may be said that astronomy has raised observation to a
+science, and its immense importance becomes more and more prominent as
+the explicative science loses in value; which is the more easily
+accounted for by the fact that observation will finally bring about the
+overthrow of all untenable theories.
+
+We see the heaven as we fly along, the earth whirls us with itself
+through space, hence astronomy cannot make any drawing room experiment,
+it cannot reproduce any of the heavenly phenomena, it can do nothing but
+_observe_. If therefore the science of astronomy be more especially an
+observative science, that which it does not and cannot observe, must be
+for it as good as not existent. But astronomy may, in addition, be
+designated _the science of observation of the apparent things_, things
+as they seem to be, for it is unable to see or regard the heavenly
+phenomena otherwise than they present themselves to it. _Astronomy is
+not permitted to observe realities._
+
+If therefore _observation is itself a science_, it must necessarily _be
+the basis of theory_; observation may be set aside--which is what is
+actually done--in this way we may plod on, we may term our labour what
+we please; but whatever is produced in this way is not astronomy.
+
+But that glorious science whose sublime object is alone able to unfetter
+the mind of poor humanity--Astronomy--has a future before it. Any such
+as feel themselves called upon to study _seriously_ the phenomena of
+nature, may set about the task. _The sun is a sure guide._
+
+The great mass of astronomical observations are almost exclusively of
+European origin, those which in later times have been made in other
+parts of the earth, are of a special character--they refer for the most
+part to the stars and are not numerous enough to furnish any general
+view, but here the question is of establishing a universal astronomy
+available for the whole earth, which, founded on the actual type of the
+phenomena, will become the result of science.
+
+With respect to astronomical knowledge and its dissemination, the
+discovery and proving of this type of the phenomena is of the greatest
+importance, they must be found out not by calculation, but _by actual
+observation_. When discovered, a large number of important and still
+undecided problems will be advanced towards solution.
+
+It may be asked: how and where shall we however find this _original
+type_? and the earth itself supplies the answer by means of
+its--=Equator=. No observer, placed either north or south the equator,
+can see the two poles of the heaven at once, he cannot see the _whole
+heavenly sphere_; at the equator the entire splendour of the firmament
+passes before his eyes during the space of--12 hours.
+
+The _equator of the earth_ is always turned towards the sun, and it thus
+indicates the direction taken by our planet; therefore we must be able
+to find this type _at the equator_. Either it is there, or it is nowhere
+else, and it is indispensably necessary that astronomical observations
+made elsewhere should be repeated at the equator thus as it were
+confirmed.
+
+The erection of small, simple and detached observations along the line
+of the earth's equator, at certain distances from each other, and the
+subdivision of the work amongst the various observers, according the
+objects, would be of incalculable consequence, and would in the course
+of a few years shed more light upon astronomical knowledge than all that
+has hitherto been done at hap-hazard and without any plan. An
+international scientific society could take the matter in hand.
+Instruments of the most excellent kind are to be had in plenty, and
+there is no lack of young and intelligent men. Moreover, ever since 1874
+there has been established at Quito, the "Observatorio de Collegio
+Nacional," the director of which Mr. G. B. Menton might superintend the
+preliminary operations until such time as the work could be prosecuted
+with greater resources and according to a well considered plan. Such men
+as _Lick_, _Bischoffsheim_, _Remeis_ _etc._, who are willing to make
+sufficient sacrifices in order to establish this glorious science upon
+more solid foundations, which do not rest on an imaginary and untenable
+theory, _but on actual observation_, will surely be found. Success
+cannot be doubtful. Would not the Americans, who appreciate every
+thing on a grand scale and are not afraid of any expense in their
+undertakings, do all in their power to further and promote this splendid
+work?[1]
+
+If--as is well known--matters are not as they are assumed to be, to what
+purpose have been and are these laborious works prosecuted and the
+undying works written? If the imaginary is preferred to reality, we set
+up an imaginary science, without knowing anything about the heaven, and
+the science thus set up will become the plaything of fancy.
+
+If they inquire, why theory denies reality--_the motion of the sun_--we
+shall find that it is because it prefers the imaginary. _The sun in
+motion_ destroys the found illusions of the astronomers, this they will
+not submit to, their _untenable theory_ must continue to be looked upon
+as unadulteratest truth, and the consequence is that the manifestations
+of the grand and sublime Nature are put down as lies.
+
+This idea _of a fixed sun_ has taken such a firm hold of men's minds
+that there is no force in nature capable of exercising sufficient power
+to eradicate it, the sun may move as it pleases, and whilst the whither
+and rapidity of its motion are diligently studied, men's minds are
+occupied _with its fixity_, and these "investigations and inquiries" are
+prosecuted without any consequences being therefrom deduced. Directly a
+theory or a law is to be set up, the sun is at once _very firmly fixed_
+on--=ether=. Astronomical writers consider that they have done quite
+enough, when they have accorded honorable mention to the motion of the
+sun, _but their deductions, conclusions, theories, proofs and laws are
+all based on the immobility of the sun, according the system of
+Copernicus_.
+
+The idea _that the motion of the sun_ does not necessitate any
+alteration in the system of Copernicus leads us to the utmost absurdity.
+If the earth is to move in the _invariable plain of its recurrent and
+closed ellipse_, it stands to reason, it cannot follow the sun, and the
+"circulation around the centre" at once falls to the ground.
+
+It is a very remarkable fact, that the astronomers of the by-gone
+century could, and those of the present century can believe, such as
+Copernicus, Kepler and Newton, had they been aware of the motion of the
+sun, would have set up the same system, the same laws and theories, _as
+they based exclusively on the theory of its being immoveable_. This fact
+is one of which we are right to be ashamed.
+
+The astronomers hug themselves, with great complacency, with the
+idea--which gradually becomes a delicious certainly--that they have
+mapped out the heaven very well, and that any change in the arrangement
+is a thing not to be thought of. If therefore any one of their fellows
+should get up--which has sometimes occurred--and say: "it is high time
+that we should clear up the science and subject this untenable theory to
+a strict examination and test," the immense majority of facultists and
+authorities proclaim unanimously "=non possumus=," which is after all
+but a lingual verification of the first law of the nature[2].
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Why is it that the astronomers of the present day are unwilling to take
+into consideration and to study the consequences arising from the motion
+proper to the sun, with reference to its own system?
+
+Why is it that they are unwilling to recognise or rather to grasp
+properly and to explain the apperceivable phenomena, which the motion
+proper to the sun, as seen from the surface of the earth, must produce
+on the apparently hollow sphere of the heaven?
+
+     Monter d'une échoppe à un palais, c'est rare et beau; monter de
+     l'erreur à la vérité, c'est plus rare et c'est plus beau.
+
+                                                _Victor Hugo._
+
+     Il arrive fréquemment que la croyance universelle d'un siècle,
+     croyance dont il n'était donné à personne de s'affranchir à moins
+     d'un effort extraordinaire de génie et de courage, devient pour un
+     autre siècle une absurdité si palpable qu'on n'a plus qu'à
+     s'étonner qu'elle ait pu jamais prévaloir.
+
+                                                _N. Tschernychewsky._
+
+
+
+
+Litterature.
+
+
+  1. =Sta, sol, ne moveare.= _August Tischner._ Leipzig 1881-1882.
+     Gustav Fock.
+
+  2. =Grösse, Entfernung und Masse der Sonne.= _August Tischner._
+     Leipzig 1882. Gustav Fock.
+
+  3. =Die Sonne und die Astronomie.= _K. Nagy._ Leipzig 1866. F. A.
+     Brockhaus.
+
+  4. =Memoire sur le système solaire et sur l'explication des phénomènes
+     célestes.= _Charles Nagy._ Paris 1862. Leibner.
+
+  5. =Considération sur les comètes, éléments de Cométologie.= _Charles
+     Nagy._ Paris 1862. Leibner.
+
+  6. =Système solaire d'après la marche réelle du Soleil.= _E. G.
+     Fahrner._ Paris 2^{me} éd. 1869.
+
+  7. =Das wahre Sonnensystem.= Bewegung und Bahnen der Gestirne nach
+     einer neuen Auffassung über dieselben im Himmelsraume, und zwar
+     welche nicht in Ellipsen statt hat. _James Hermann Milberg._
+     München 1862.
+
+  8. =Die wahre Gestalt der Planeten- und Kometenbahnen.= _Friedrick
+     Carl Gustav Stieber._ Dresden 1864.
+
+  9. =Die Sonne bewegt sich.= Folgerungen aus dieser Lehre in Bezug auf
+     die Fixsterne und Planeten. _C. R.(ohrbach)._ Berlin 1852.
+
+ 10. =Ueber Veranschaulichungsmittel für mathematische Geographie.=
+     Erläuternde Beigabe zu neu construirten Veranschaulichungsapparaten
+     für Volksschulen und höhere Unterrichtsanstalten. _F. A.
+     Püschmann_, Seminaroberlehrer, Grimma.
+
+ 11. =Der Himmels-Mechanik gänzliche Reform auf Grund der inductiven
+     Logik= mit der strengberechtigten philosophischen und mathematischen
+     Nachweisung. _V. P. Kluk-Kluczycky._ 1880.
+
+  G. KREYSING, LEIPZIG.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Moreover, other, smaller detached observatories, might be erected on
+the east and west coasts of America and Africa, on the islands of
+Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands of Gilbert's
+archipelago and upon one of the Gallopagos islands, if it be considered
+worth the effort to acquire some real knowledge as to the movement in
+space of the leader of our planetary system and the bodies pertaining to
+it.
+
+[2] Inertia is the most simple and most natural (sic) law of nature
+which can be imagined. Laplace I p. 4.
+
+
+
+
+[
+  The following is a list of changes made to the original.
+  The first line is the original line, the second the changed one.
+
+  Copernicus makes the sun _to be motienless_,
+  Copernicus makes the sun _to be motionless_,
+
+  mauner as is indicated in the system of
+  manner as is indicated in the system of
+
+  ideas being at hand which seemed be to better,
+  ideas being at hand which seemed to be better,
+
+  power. If may be said that astronomy has
+  power. It may be said that astronomy has
+
+  upon to sludy _seriously_ the phenomena of
+  upon to study _seriously_ the phenomena of
+
+  for the whole earth, which, founded of the
+  for the whole earth, which, founded on the
+
+  and the subdivision of the work amangst the
+  and the subdivision of the work amongst the
+
+  If the imaginary is prefered to reality, we
+  If the imaginary is preferred to reality, we
+
+  Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands ol Gilbert's
+  Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands of Gilbert's
+
+  or rather to graph propery and to explain
+  or rather to grasp properly and to explain
+]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sun changes its position in space, by 
+August Tischner
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUN CHANGES POSITION IN SPACE ***
+
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+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Sun changes its position in space, therefore it cannot be regarded as being "in a condition of rest.", by August Tischner.
+    </title>
+    <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
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+
+body {
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+    margin-right: 10%;
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+
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+    margin: auto;
+    text-align: center;
+}
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+.footnotes        {border: dashed 1px;}
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+/* Transcriber's notes */
+.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA;
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The Sun changes its position in space, by August Tischner
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Sun changes its position in space
+       therefore it cannot be regarded as being "in a condition of rest"
+
+Author: August Tischner
+
+Release Date: March 7, 2012 [EBook #39070]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUN CHANGES POSITION IN SPACE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Thorsten Kontowski, Paul Clark and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<p>
+Transcriber's Note:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+possible, including inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation. Some
+corrections of spelling and punctuation have been made. They are
+listed at the end of the text.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 426px;">
+<a href="images/cover_full.jpg"><img src="images/cover.jpg" width="426" height="600" alt="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h1>THE SUN</h1>
+<p class="center">
+changes its position in space, therefore<br />
+it cannot be regarded as being<br />
+"in a condition of rest."</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>Si concedimus, eos, qui corpora in mundi<br />
+spatio moveri eademque non moveri<br />
+posse dicunt, insulsa loqui, praesumere<br />
+non licet hominem astronomum talem<br />
+sententiam elocuturum utque eam demonstraret<br />
+operam daturum esse.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">By<br />
+<b>August Tischner.</b></p>
+<p class="center">
+Leipzig,<br />
+Gustav Fock.<br />
+1883.
+</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Dedicated<br />
+to all friends of Rational Astronomy.<br />
+</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 489px;">
+<a href="images/copernicus_full.jpg"><img src="images/copernicus.jpg" width="489" height="600" alt="" /></a>
+<span class="caption"><i>Nicolaus Copernicus.</i><br />
+
+<i>Terrae motor, solis stator.</i></span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The system of Copernicus is the only
+possible system; it is the eternal base of all
+astronomical progress, with this system the
+science of Astronomy stands and falls, and without
+it we must give up all explication as well
+as every scientifically founded predication.
+Hence it is clear that an astronomer of the
+present day cannot enter upon any other system,
+even by way of trial.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="right">
+Dr. <i>J. H. Mädler</i>. Popul. Astr. 1861.<br />
+p.p. 48. 54. 62.<br />
+</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>An army of philosophers will not
+suffice to change the nature of
+an error and to convert it into
+truth. Ebn-Roshd (Averrhoës),
+Arabian philosopher of the XII<sup>th</sup>
+century.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>Astronomical science, at the present day
+insists upon the system of Copernicus, which,
+as is well known, is based upon the theory
+<i>of a fixed sun</i>, and remains convinced of the
+incontrovertible truth and importance of this
+system, even after it has become an incontestable
+fact, that the sun changes its position;
+endeavouring to explain away this discrepancy
+by the sophism, that the sun may be considered
+as <i>in a condition of rest</i>. But the
+smallest movement of the sun overthrows the
+entire fabric of Copernicus. Unless we take into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+account the observations, made for the last
+3000 years, respecting the movement of the
+sun in space, it is impossible to comprehend
+the solar system and its movements. Theory
+must take notice of the phenomena of the sun's
+own movement and dare not cloak it under
+imaginary causes; for so long as the motion
+of the sun is ignored, it is impossible to know
+thoroughly the motion of the earth which
+follows it, and if the motion of the earth be
+not known, it is also impossible to know the
+motion of the other heavenly bodies, belonging
+to the solar system, as seen from the earth.
+In a word, the astronomical theory, as it is
+now generally accepted and believed to be the
+only and doubtless true, is wholly untenable,
+requiring <i>a total and essential</i> reformation;
+astronomical authors cling to J. H. Mädler's
+assertion, that every body will understand the
+impossibility for an astronomer of our time
+to enter upon any other system even by way
+of trial.</p>
+
+<p>If this theory be converted into a <i>dogma</i>,
+stagnation must commence and all progress
+becomes impossible. In the history of science<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+and its advance, we find that there have been
+at all times new theories propounded, which
+had often to be changed later on, or even set
+aside by others diametrically opposite. The
+principal circumstance which renders the
+system of Copernicus impossible, is that the
+orbits of the planets <i>are considered as closed
+curves around the sun</i>. This view has frequently
+been attacked; but it is maintained
+by astronomers, as it is requisite for the elucidation
+of the system. Still it is evident that
+if the centre of attraction moves forward the
+bodies attracted by it <i>cannot move around it</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Let us examine the system of Copernicus.
+Ptolemæus first introduced his system among
+the ancients. The earth was the fixed centre
+of the world and around it moved the moon,
+the sun, the planets and the stars. This system
+lasted for XV centuries.</p>
+
+<p>The Ptolemaic system was modified by
+Copernicus, and the system of Copernicus was
+simply the inversion of the Ptolemaic. The
+sun took the place of the earth. In the centre
+was a fixed point (earth or sun), around which
+the planets moved in larger or smaller orbits.</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The main feature of both systems is that
+one of the heavenly bodies is <i>stationary, in
+order that the others may travel round it</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Copernicus makes the sun <i>to be motionless</i>,
+and the scientific world bows before his authority.
+Then we have the recurrent curves,
+<i>closed orbits</i> (or ellipses) with their axes and
+their <i>invariable plains</i>; for the planets <i>move
+round the centre of the fixed sun</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst however learned men were striving
+with feverish ardour to confirm the system of
+Copernicus; whilst they were endeavouring to
+demonstrate in every possible way and by various
+means clearly, <i>that the sun is immoveable</i>:
+there came the discovery <i>that the sun moves</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The astronomers of the past century proved
+that the sun not only has the apparent motion,
+which every one sees; but that it also has a
+motion proper to itself. Herschel commenced
+defining the course and direction of it, and
+now-a-days no one doubts the truth of this
+fact, it being the general opinion that not
+only the sun moves itself, but that nothing
+at all in the world is in a state of rest. Astro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>nomers,
+however, are of opinion that this discovery
+is of <i>no consequence whatever as regards
+the system of Copernicus, which is still considered
+by them to be the most correct of all and
+the only possible one</i>. For more than a century
+there has not been found a single astronomer
+or scientific man, to whom it has occurred
+<i>that the motion proper to the sun,
+might have, in some way or another, an influence
+on the present state of theoretical science</i>.
+They all seem to regard <i>this fact</i> as an accident,
+involving no consequences and quite
+incapable of distracting them from their labours,
+which they continue to work in the same
+manner as is indicated in the system of
+Copernicus.</p>
+
+<p>If an advancing motion is admitted to be
+the motion proper to the sun, <i>the orbits traversed
+by the planets cannot be closed</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But the question may be asked: is it true
+that science contradicts itself in this way? We
+reply: Yes! astronomical <i>observation has overtaken
+theoretical or explicative science</i>. <i>Theory
+has stood still.</i></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In order to set their minds at rest, learned
+men explain what they wish to explain, and
+just as heavenly phenomena were accounted
+for according the systems of Ptolemæus, of
+Copernicus and of Tycho de Brahe, so too
+there will be no lack of good reasons to account
+for the motion proper to the sun; only
+history will tell us that the astronomers of
+the last but one decennium of the XIX<sup>th</sup> century
+have taught by writing and speaking in their
+schools, that the sun is at the same time moving
+and not moving.</p>
+
+<p>A science which cannot make any use of
+this immense discovery, nor deduce any application
+from it, does not possess any vital
+power; it is a dead science, it is strangled by
+those whose duty is to keep it alive, to
+lead it onwards to perfection.</p>
+
+<p>Astronomers assert "<i>that the sun conducts
+its system with himself in mundane space</i>,"
+but in the same breath they add: "<i>with
+reference however to the planets it may be
+regarded as in a state of rest</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Hence astronomers have discovered <i>a motion
+which is at rest</i>.</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>If the sun is <i>not fixed</i>, the system of
+Copernicus falls to ground. Either the sun
+moves, or does not; a moving sun in a condition
+of rest, <i>is an impossibility</i>.</p>
+
+<p>If the sun moves, there is <i>no fixed centre</i>,
+there are <i>no closed or recurrent curves and
+no plains of orbits</i>. If these must be obtained
+at any price, the sun must be definitively
+fixed, it cannot be permitted <i>to move onwards
+and yet at the same time not to move</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The fact that the sun moves, cannot now
+be altered and cannot be any longer ignored;
+and if mathematicians and astronomers do notwithstanding
+assert, that the sun may with
+reference to its own planetary system be
+regarded as fixed, or in a condition of rest,
+in that the system moves as a whole without
+any change taking place in the relative position
+of the planets to each other, or in their
+relation to the sun; in fact without any alteration
+taking place in the <i>configuration</i> of the
+system&mdash;we reply, this is one of those
+meaningless phrases, which should find no
+place in a scientific discussion. <i>A body which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+is in motion cannot be in any way regarded
+as being motionless</i>, it would be just as
+reasonable to say that a locomotive, dragging
+a train of carriages full of passengers, could
+with reference to the latter be regarded as
+motionless.</p>
+
+<p>The actual meaning of such an assertion is
+that the planets are attached to the sun in
+such a manner, that they can neither approach
+to, nor recede from it, but must follow it
+whithersoever it goes.</p>
+
+<p>We may in thought pursue a train of
+hypotheses and suppositions, but they do not
+thereby acquire reality; still, in a normal
+condition of the human intellect, it is impossible
+to conceive that any thing can exist and not
+exist at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>From this confusion of ideas, it might seem
+as if theoretical astronomy had got into an
+untenable position which is irreconcilable with
+science and ought therefore to endeavour
+to enter upon a better state, as soon as
+possible. <i>Theory ought therefore, either to
+have accepted as a fact, the motion proper<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+to the sun with all its inevitable consequences,
+or else, to have denied this motion altogether.</i>
+But the astronomers ignore this alternative,
+they have decided, once for all and irrevocably
+<i>that the sun moves and that at the same time
+it shall be motionless</i>. In this manner science
+loses its reputation and all learnedly technical
+expressions and formulas are not sufficient to
+cover the weak part. <i>The sun cannot be
+rendered motionless</i>, and if astronomers and
+men of science of the present day continue
+to ignore this fact, they need not be surprised
+at the inevitable consequences of their
+own acts.</p>
+
+<p>The system of Copernicus presupposes the
+<i>fixity of the sun</i>, as a "conditio sine qua
+non." The most abstruse investigations into
+the "celestial mechanism" could not be made
+without this axiom be granted. The mathematician
+must have a fixed point, a fixed central
+point of action for his coordinates, he wants
+fixed invariable plains and closed curves, a
+radius vector describing plains, he wants axes
+and poles for the orbits, in order that they
+may describe certain figures in the heaven, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+that the plains of the orbits may move,&mdash;one
+of the other.</p>
+
+<p>Naturally astronomers and men of science
+have never asked themselves the question, <i>how
+a heavenly body could be fixed in space</i>.</p>
+
+<p>When an astronomer asserts that the Copernician
+system is the only possible, he believes
+that it is impossible for the sun to have any
+motion of its own; when he at the same time
+asserts that all astronomy stands or falls with
+this system, he believes that no astronomical
+knowledge existed before the discovery of the
+Copernician system, and with the fall of the
+system all astronomical knowledge will cease
+to exist; he believes moreover true astronomy
+to be <i>that</i>, which men of science have imagined
+to be the truth regarding the heaven
+and the causes of the phenomena we see.</p>
+
+<p>If astronomers had merely presented their
+ideas and opinions to the world as such, and
+no more, no one could raise any objection; but
+they lay down their opinions in words and on
+paper as a <i>positive science</i>, they give their
+view as <i>incontroversible truths</i>, and <i>this fact</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+alters the situation, for we cannot admit that
+science is a mere barge to be taken in tow
+by the imagination.</p>
+
+<p>The fundamental axiom of astronomical
+theory, such as the Copernician system, Kepler's
+and Newton's laws, <i>are not derived from a
+knowledge of fact</i>, they are the opinions, views,
+ideas and suppositions of individuals, which
+have been adapted to the heaven, and as they
+were generally accepted, the question was
+never raised whether the opinions of an organic
+creature&mdash;however intelligent it might be&mdash;are
+really and truly that which we term penetrating
+behind the veil of nature and compelling it
+to yield up its secrets. The fact of no other
+ideas being at hand which seemed to be better,
+sufficed to transform these opinions into rules
+and to cause them to be accepted as the only
+admissible and correct truths.</p>
+
+<p>The opinions set forth by Copernicus, Kepler
+and Newton are designed by astronomers of
+the present day under the collective title of
+the Copernician system, and they believe that
+these three dogmas, systems and laws, distinct<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+as they are from each other, proceed consequentially
+one from the other, that they
+mutually supplement each the other, and thus
+form a harmonious whole. That not one of
+these things rests upon actual observation or
+even probable and perceptible facts, and finally,
+that none of them can be observed or verified,
+but that they are all three creations of the
+imagination, must be clearly evident to any
+one who occupies himself at all with the study
+of nature and more especially with the study
+of the heavenly phenomena.</p>
+
+<p>When we say that astronomy is an earthly
+science, we mean to imply that the heaven
+and the phenomena there apparent cannot be
+studied otherwise than as seen from the earth.
+Therefore astronomy is not a heavenly science,
+it consists solely of such ideas as we are able
+to form, that which we see on the heaven.</p>
+
+<p>It is not astronomy that is grand, compared
+with the vast objects with which it deals it
+dwindles to insignificance, and we may say
+that to speak of it as being a science of
+the "heavenly mechanism," nay more of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+"laws of the universe," is sheer nonsense. The
+<i>universe</i> must be for us a mere term, which
+does not convey any tangible idea to our
+minds.</p>
+
+<p>As only a very small portion of the heavenly
+space and its contents is visible to our eyes,
+astronomy&mdash;whatever may be the magnifying
+power placed at its disposal&mdash;must be confined
+within the limits of our vision and can therefore
+be no more than a small fragment.</p>
+
+<p>In the positive sense of the word, astronomy
+is more especially a science of <i>observation</i>,
+which is its <i>only</i>, but real and successful
+power. It may be said that astronomy has
+raised observation to a science, and its immense
+importance becomes more and more
+prominent as the explicative science loses
+in value; which is the more easily accounted
+for by the fact that observation will
+finally bring about the overthrow of all untenable
+theories.</p>
+
+<p>We see the heaven as we fly along, the
+earth whirls us with itself through space, hence
+astronomy cannot make any drawing room<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+experiment, it cannot reproduce any of the
+heavenly phenomena, it can do nothing but
+<i>observe</i>. If therefore the science of astronomy
+be more especially an observative science, that
+which it does not and cannot observe, must
+be for it as good as not existent. But astronomy
+may, in addition, be designated <i>the science
+of observation of the apparent things</i>, things
+as they seem to be, for it is unable to see
+or regard the heavenly phenomena otherwise
+than they present themselves to it. <i>Astronomy
+is not permitted to observe realities.</i></p>
+
+<p>If therefore <i>observation is itself a science</i>,
+it must necessarily <i>be the basis of theory</i>;
+observation may be set aside&mdash;which is what
+is actually done&mdash;in this way we may plod
+on, we may term our labour what we please;
+but whatever is produced in this way is not
+astronomy.</p>
+
+<p>But that glorious science whose sublime
+object is alone able to unfetter the mind of
+poor humanity&mdash;Astronomy&mdash;has a future
+before it. Any such as feel themselves called
+upon to study <i>seriously</i> the phenomena of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+nature, may set about the task. <i>The sun is
+a sure guide.</i></p>
+
+<p>The great mass of astronomical observations
+are almost exclusively of European origin, those
+which in later times have been made in other
+parts of the earth, are of a special character&mdash;they
+refer for the most part to the stars
+and are not numerous enough to furnish
+any general view, but here the question is of
+establishing a universal astronomy available
+for the whole earth, which, founded on the
+actual type of the phenomena, will become
+the result of science.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to astronomical knowledge
+and its dissemination, the discovery and proving
+of this type of the phenomena is of the
+greatest importance, they must be found out
+not by calculation, but <i>by actual observation</i>.
+When discovered, a large number of important
+and still undecided problems will be advanced
+towards solution.</p>
+
+<p>It may be asked: how and where shall we
+however find this <i>original type</i>? and the earth
+itself supplies the answer by means of its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>&mdash;<b>Equator</b>.
+No observer, placed either north
+or south the equator, can see the two poles
+of the heaven at once, he cannot see the
+<i>whole heavenly sphere</i>; at the equator the
+entire splendour of the firmament passes before
+his eyes during the space of&mdash;12 hours.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>equator of the earth</i> is always turned
+towards the sun, and it thus indicates the
+direction taken by our planet; therefore we
+must be able to find this type <i>at the equator</i>.
+Either it is there, or it is nowhere else, and
+it is indispensably necessary that astronomical
+observations made elsewhere should be repeated
+at the equator thus as it were confirmed.</p>
+
+<p>The erection of small, simple and detached
+observations along the line of the earth's
+equator, at certain distances from each other,
+and the subdivision of the work amongst the
+various observers, according the objects, would
+be of incalculable consequence, and would in
+the course of a few years shed more light upon
+astronomical knowledge than all that has hitherto
+been done at hap-hazard and without
+any plan. An international scientific society<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+could take the matter in hand. Instruments
+of the most excellent kind are to be had in
+plenty, and there is no lack of young and
+intelligent men. Moreover, ever since 1874
+there has been established at Quito, the "Observatorio
+de Collegio Nacional," the director
+of which Mr. G. B. Menton might superintend
+the preliminary operations until such time as
+the work could be prosecuted with greater
+resources and according to a well considered
+plan. Such men as <i>Lick</i>, <i>Bischoffsheim</i>,
+<i>Remeis</i> <i>etc.</i>, who are willing to make sufficient
+sacrifices in order to establish this glorious
+science upon more solid foundations, which
+do not rest on an imaginary and untenable
+theory, <i>but on actual observation</i>, will surely
+be found. Success cannot be doubtful. Would
+not the Americans, who appreciate every thing
+on a grand scale and are not afraid of any
+expense in their undertakings, do all in their
+power to further and promote this splendid
+work?<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>If&mdash;as is well known&mdash;matters are
+not as they are assumed to be, to what purpose
+have been and are these laborious works
+prosecuted and the undying works written?
+If the imaginary is preferred to reality, we
+set up an imaginary science, without knowing
+anything about the heaven, and the science
+thus set up will become the plaything of
+fancy.</p>
+
+<p>If they inquire, why theory denies reality&mdash;<i>the
+motion of the sun</i>&mdash;we shall find
+that it is because it prefers the imaginary. <i>The
+sun in motion</i> destroys the found illusions of
+the astronomers, this they will not submit to,
+their <i>untenable theory</i> must continue to be
+looked upon as unadulteratest truth, and the
+consequence is that the manifestations of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+grand and sublime Nature are put down
+as lies.</p>
+
+<p>This idea <i>of a fixed sun</i> has taken such
+a firm hold of men's minds that there is no
+force in nature capable of exercising sufficient
+power to eradicate it, the sun may move as it
+pleases, and whilst the whither and rapidity
+of its motion are diligently studied, men's
+minds are occupied <i>with its fixity</i>, and these
+"investigations and inquiries" are prosecuted
+without any consequences being therefrom
+deduced. Directly a theory or a law is to
+be set up, the sun is at once <i>very firmly fixed</i>
+on&mdash;<b>ether</b>. Astronomical writers consider
+that they have done quite enough, when they
+have accorded honorable mention to the motion
+of the sun, <i>but their deductions, conclusions,
+theories, proofs and laws are all based on the
+immobility of the sun, according the system
+of Copernicus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The idea <i>that the motion of the sun</i> does
+not necessitate any alteration in the system
+of Copernicus leads us to the utmost absurdity.
+If the earth is to move in the <i>invariable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+plain of its recurrent and closed ellipse</i>, it stands
+to reason, it cannot follow the sun, and the
+"circulation around the centre" at once falls
+to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>It is a very remarkable fact, that the astronomers
+of the by-gone century could, and those
+of the present century can believe, such as
+Copernicus, Kepler and Newton, had they been
+aware of the motion of the sun, would have
+set up the same system, the same laws and
+theories, <i>as they based exclusively on the theory
+of its being immoveable</i>. This fact is one
+of which we are right to be ashamed.</p>
+
+<p>The astronomers hug themselves, with
+great complacency, with the idea&mdash;which
+gradually becomes a delicious certainly&mdash;that
+they have mapped out the heaven very well,
+and that any change in the arrangement is a
+thing not to be thought of. If therefore any
+one of their fellows should get up&mdash;which
+has sometimes occurred&mdash;and say: "it is high
+time that we should clear up the science and
+subject this untenable theory to a strict examination
+and test," the immense majority of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+facultists and authorities proclaim unanimously
+"<b>non possumus</b>," which is after all but a
+lingual verification of the first law of the
+nature<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>Why is it that the astronomers of the
+present day are unwilling to take into consideration
+and to study the consequences arising
+from the motion proper to the sun, with
+reference to its own system?</p>
+
+<p>Why is it that they are unwilling to recognise
+or rather to grasp properly and to explain
+the apperceivable phenomena, which the motion
+proper to the sun, as seen from the surface
+of the earth, must produce on the apparently
+hollow sphere of the heaven?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+<blockquote><p>Monter d'une échoppe à un palais, c'est
+rare et beau; monter de l'erreur à la vérité,
+c'est plus rare et c'est plus beau.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="right">
+<i>Victor Hugo.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Il arrive fréquemment que la croyance
+universelle d'un siècle, croyance dont il n'était
+donné à personne de s'affranchir à moins d'un
+effort extraordinaire de génie et de courage,
+devient pour un autre siècle une absurdité si
+palpable qu'on n'a plus qu'à s'étonner qu'elle ait
+pu jamais prévaloir.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="right">
+<i>N. Tschernychewsky.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Litterature" id="Litterature">Litterature.</a></h2>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p><b>Sta, sol, ne moveare.</b> <i>August Tischner.</i> Leipzig 1881-1882. Gustav
+Fock.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Grösse, Entfernung und Masse der Sonne.</b> <i>August Tischner.</i> Leipzig
+1882. Gustav Fock.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Die Sonne und die Astronomie.</b> <i>K. Nagy.</i> Leipzig 1866. F. A.
+Brockhaus.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Memoire sur le système solaire et sur l'explication des phénomènes
+célestes.</b> <i>Charles Nagy.</i> Paris 1862. Leibner.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span><b>Considération sur les comètes, éléments de Cométologie.</b> <i>Charles
+Nagy.</i> Paris 1862. Leibner.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Système solaire d'après la marche réelle du Soleil.</b> <i>E. G.
+Fahrner.</i> Paris 2<sup>me</sup> éd. 1869.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Das wahre Sonnensystem.</b> Bewegung und Bahnen der Gestirne nach einer
+neuen Auffassung über dieselben im Himmelsraume, und zwar welche
+nicht in Ellipsen statt hat. <i>James Hermann Milberg.</i> München 1862.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Die wahre Gestalt der Planeten- und Kometenbahnen.</b> <i>Friedrick Carl
+Gustav Stieber.</i> Dresden 1864.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Die Sonne bewegt sich.</b> Folgerungen aus dieser Lehre in Bezug auf
+die Fixsterne und Planeten. <i>C. R.(ohrbach).</i> Berlin 1852.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Ueber Veranschaulichungsmittel für mathematische Geographie.</b>
+Erläuternde Beigabe zu neu construirten Veranschaulichungsapparaten
+für Volksschulen und höhere Unterrichtsanstalten. <i>F. A.
+Püschmann</i>, Seminaroberlehrer, Grimma.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Der Himmels-Mechanik gänzliche Reform auf Grund der inductiven
+Logik</b> mit der strengberechtigten philosophischen und mathematischen
+Nachweisung. <i>V. P. Kluk-Kluczycky.</i> 1880.</p></li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p class="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+G. KREYSING, LEIPZIG.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Moreover, other, smaller detached observatories, might be erected on
+the east and west coasts of America and Africa, on the islands of
+Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands of Gilbert's
+archipelago and upon one of the Gallopagos islands, if it be considered
+worth the effort to acquire some real knowledge as to the movement in
+space of the leader of our planetary system and the bodies pertaining to
+it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Inertia is the most simple and most natural (sic) law of nature
+which can be imagined. Laplace I p. 4.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 427px;">
+<a href="images/end_full.jpg"><img src="images/end.jpg" width="427" height="600" alt="" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<p>
+The following is a list of changes made to the original.
+The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copernicus makes the sun <i>to be <span class="u">motienless</span></i>,<br />
+Copernicus makes the sun <i>to be <span class="u">motionless</span></i>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="u">mauner</span> as is indicated in the system of<br />
+<span class="u">manner</span> as is indicated in the system of
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ideas being at hand which seemed <span class="u">be</span> to better,<br />
+ideas being at hand which seemed <span class="u">to</span> be better,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+power. <span class="u">If</span> may be said that astronomy has<br />
+power. <span class="u">It</span> may be said that astronomy has
+</p>
+
+<p>
+upon to <span class="u">sludy</span> <i>seriously</i> the phenomena of<br />
+upon to <span class="u">study</span> <i>seriously</i> the phenomena of
+</p>
+
+<p>
+for the whole earth, which, founded <span class="u">of</span> the<br />
+for the whole earth, which, founded <span class="u">on</span> the
+</p>
+
+<p>
+and the subdivision of the work <span class="u">amangst</span> the<br />
+and the subdivision of the work <span class="u">amongst</span> the
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If the imaginary is <span class="u">prefered</span> to reality, we<br />
+If the imaginary is <span class="u">preferred</span> to reality, we
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands <span class="u">ol</span> Gilbert's<br />
+Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands <span class="u">of</span> Gilbert's
+</p>
+
+<p>
+or rather to graph <span class="u">propery</span> and to explain<br />
+or rather to grasp <span class="u">properly</span> and to explain
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+August Tischner
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+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg's The Sun changes its position in space, by August Tischner
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Sun changes its position in space
+       therefore it cannot be regarded as being "in a condition of rest"
+
+Author: August Tischner
+
+Release Date: March 7, 2012 [EBook #39070]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUN CHANGES POSITION IN SPACE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Thorsten Kontowski, Paul Clark and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+[
+  Transcriber's Note:
+
+  Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
+  possible, including inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation. Some
+  corrections of spelling and punctuation have been made. They are
+  listed at the end of the text.
+
+  Italic text has been marked with _underscores_.
+  Bold text has been marked with =equals signs=.
+  Text marked ^{thus} was superscripted.
+]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+ THE SUN
+
+ changes its position in space, therefore
+ it cannot be regarded as being
+ "in a condition of rest."
+
+ _Si concedimus, eos, qui corpora in mundi
+ spatio moveri eademque non moveri
+ posse dicunt, insulsa loqui, praesumere
+ non licet hominem astronomum talem
+ sententiam elocuturum utque eam demonstraret
+ operam daturum esse._
+
+ By
+ August Tischner.
+
+ Leipzig,
+ Gustav Fock.
+ 1883.
+
+
+ Dedicated
+ to all friends of Rational Astronomy.
+
+
+[Illustration: _Nicolaus Copernicus._
+
+_Terrae motor, solis stator._]
+
+     The system of Copernicus is the only possible system; it is the
+     eternal base of all astronomical progress, with this system the
+     science of Astronomy stands and falls, and without it we must give
+     up all explication as well as every scientifically founded
+     predication. Hence it is clear that an astronomer of the present
+     day cannot enter upon any other system, even by way of trial.
+
+            Dr. _J. H. Maedler_. Popul. Astr. 1861. p.p. 48. 54. 62.
+
+     _An army of philosophers will not suffice to change the nature of
+     an error and to convert it into truth. Ebn-Roshd (Averrhoes),
+     Arabian philosopher of the XII^{th} century._
+
+
+Astronomical science, at the present day insists upon the system of
+Copernicus, which, as is well known, is based upon the theory _of a
+fixed sun_, and remains convinced of the incontrovertible truth and
+importance of this system, even after it has become an incontestable
+fact, that the sun changes its position; endeavouring to explain away
+this discrepancy by the sophism, that the sun may be considered as _in a
+condition of rest_. But the smallest movement of the sun overthrows the
+entire fabric of Copernicus. Unless we take into account the
+observations, made for the last 3000 years, respecting the movement of
+the sun in space, it is impossible to comprehend the solar system and
+its movements. Theory must take notice of the phenomena of the sun's own
+movement and dare not cloak it under imaginary causes; for so long as
+the motion of the sun is ignored, it is impossible to know thoroughly
+the motion of the earth which follows it, and if the motion of the earth
+be not known, it is also impossible to know the motion of the other
+heavenly bodies, belonging to the solar system, as seen from the earth.
+In a word, the astronomical theory, as it is now generally accepted and
+believed to be the only and doubtless true, is wholly untenable,
+requiring _a total and essential_ reformation; astronomical authors
+cling to J. H. Maedler's assertion, that every body will understand the
+impossibility for an astronomer of our time to enter upon any other
+system even by way of trial.
+
+If this theory be converted into a _dogma_, stagnation must commence and
+all progress becomes impossible. In the history of science and its
+advance, we find that there have been at all times new theories
+propounded, which had often to be changed later on, or even set aside by
+others diametrically opposite. The principal circumstance which renders
+the system of Copernicus impossible, is that the orbits of the planets
+_are considered as closed curves around the sun_. This view has
+frequently been attacked; but it is maintained by astronomers, as it is
+requisite for the elucidation of the system. Still it is evident that if
+the centre of attraction moves forward the bodies attracted by it
+_cannot move around it_.
+
+Let us examine the system of Copernicus. Ptolemaeus first introduced his
+system among the ancients. The earth was the fixed centre of the world
+and around it moved the moon, the sun, the planets and the stars. This
+system lasted for XV centuries.
+
+The Ptolemaic system was modified by Copernicus, and the system of
+Copernicus was simply the inversion of the Ptolemaic. The sun took the
+place of the earth. In the centre was a fixed point (earth or sun),
+around which the planets moved in larger or smaller orbits.
+
+The main feature of both systems is that one of the heavenly bodies is
+_stationary, in order that the others may travel round it_.
+
+Copernicus makes the sun _to be motionless_, and the scientific world
+bows before his authority. Then we have the recurrent curves, _closed
+orbits_ (or ellipses) with their axes and their _invariable plains_; for
+the planets _move round the centre of the fixed sun_.
+
+Whilst however learned men were striving with feverish ardour to confirm
+the system of Copernicus; whilst they were endeavouring to demonstrate
+in every possible way and by various means clearly, _that the sun is
+immoveable_: there came the discovery _that the sun moves_.
+
+The astronomers of the past century proved that the sun not only has the
+apparent motion, which every one sees; but that it also has a motion
+proper to itself. Herschel commenced defining the course and direction
+of it, and now-a-days no one doubts the truth of this fact, it being the
+general opinion that not only the sun moves itself, but that nothing at
+all in the world is in a state of rest. Astronomers, however, are of
+opinion that this discovery is of _no consequence whatever as regards
+the system of Copernicus, which is still considered by them to be the
+most correct of all and the only possible one_. For more than a century
+there has not been found a single astronomer or scientific man, to whom
+it has occurred _that the motion proper to the sun, might have, in some
+way or another, an influence on the present state of theoretical
+science_. They all seem to regard _this fact_ as an accident, involving
+no consequences and quite incapable of distracting them from their
+labours, which they continue to work in the same manner as is indicated
+in the system of Copernicus.
+
+If an advancing motion is admitted to be the motion proper to the sun,
+_the orbits traversed by the planets cannot be closed_.
+
+But the question may be asked: is it true that science contradicts
+itself in this way? We reply: Yes! astronomical _observation has
+overtaken theoretical or explicative science_. _Theory has stood
+still._
+
+In order to set their minds at rest, learned men explain what they wish
+to explain, and just as heavenly phenomena were accounted for according
+the systems of Ptolemaeus, of Copernicus and of Tycho de Brahe, so too
+there will be no lack of good reasons to account for the motion proper
+to the sun; only history will tell us that the astronomers of the last
+but one decennium of the XIX^{th} century have taught by writing and
+speaking in their schools, that the sun is at the same time moving and
+not moving.
+
+A science which cannot make any use of this immense discovery, nor
+deduce any application from it, does not possess any vital power; it is
+a dead science, it is strangled by those whose duty is to keep it alive,
+to lead it onwards to perfection.
+
+Astronomers assert "_that the sun conducts its system with himself in
+mundane space_," but in the same breath they add: "_with reference
+however to the planets it may be regarded as in a state of rest_."
+
+Hence astronomers have discovered _a motion which is at rest_.
+
+If the sun is _not fixed_, the system of Copernicus falls to ground.
+Either the sun moves, or does not; a moving sun in a condition of rest,
+_is an impossibility_.
+
+If the sun moves, there is _no fixed centre_, there are _no closed or
+recurrent curves and no plains of orbits_. If these must be obtained at
+any price, the sun must be definitively fixed, it cannot be permitted
+_to move onwards and yet at the same time not to move_.
+
+The fact that the sun moves, cannot now be altered and cannot be any
+longer ignored; and if mathematicians and astronomers do notwithstanding
+assert, that the sun may with reference to its own planetary system be
+regarded as fixed, or in a condition of rest, in that the system moves
+as a whole without any change taking place in the relative position of
+the planets to each other, or in their relation to the sun; in fact
+without any alteration taking place in the _configuration_ of the
+system--we reply, this is one of those meaningless phrases, which should
+find no place in a scientific discussion. _A body which is in motion
+cannot be in any way regarded as being motionless_, it would be just as
+reasonable to say that a locomotive, dragging a train of carriages full
+of passengers, could with reference to the latter be regarded as
+motionless.
+
+The actual meaning of such an assertion is that the planets are attached
+to the sun in such a manner, that they can neither approach to, nor
+recede from it, but must follow it whithersoever it goes.
+
+We may in thought pursue a train of hypotheses and suppositions, but
+they do not thereby acquire reality; still, in a normal condition of the
+human intellect, it is impossible to conceive that any thing can exist
+and not exist at the same time.
+
+From this confusion of ideas, it might seem as if theoretical astronomy
+had got into an untenable position which is irreconcilable with science
+and ought therefore to endeavour to enter upon a better state, as soon
+as possible. _Theory ought therefore, either to have accepted as a fact,
+the motion proper to the sun with all its inevitable consequences, or
+else, to have denied this motion altogether._ But the astronomers ignore
+this alternative, they have decided, once for all and irrevocably _that
+the sun moves and that at the same time it shall be motionless_. In this
+manner science loses its reputation and all learnedly technical
+expressions and formulas are not sufficient to cover the weak part. _The
+sun cannot be rendered motionless_, and if astronomers and men of
+science of the present day continue to ignore this fact, they need not
+be surprised at the inevitable consequences of their own acts.
+
+The system of Copernicus presupposes the _fixity of the sun_, as a
+"conditio sine qua non." The most abstruse investigations into the
+"celestial mechanism" could not be made without this axiom be granted.
+The mathematician must have a fixed point, a fixed central point of
+action for his coordinates, he wants fixed invariable plains and closed
+curves, a radius vector describing plains, he wants axes and poles for
+the orbits, in order that they may describe certain figures in the
+heaven, and that the plains of the orbits may move,--one of the other.
+
+Naturally astronomers and men of science have never asked themselves the
+question, _how a heavenly body could be fixed in space_.
+
+When an astronomer asserts that the Copernician system is the only
+possible, he believes that it is impossible for the sun to have any
+motion of its own; when he at the same time asserts that all astronomy
+stands or falls with this system, he believes that no astronomical
+knowledge existed before the discovery of the Copernician system, and
+with the fall of the system all astronomical knowledge will cease to
+exist; he believes moreover true astronomy to be _that_, which men of
+science have imagined to be the truth regarding the heaven and the
+causes of the phenomena we see.
+
+If astronomers had merely presented their ideas and opinions to the
+world as such, and no more, no one could raise any objection; but they
+lay down their opinions in words and on paper as a _positive science_,
+they give their view as _incontroversible truths_, and _this fact_
+alters the situation, for we cannot admit that science is a mere barge
+to be taken in tow by the imagination.
+
+The fundamental axiom of astronomical theory, such as the Copernician
+system, Kepler's and Newton's laws, _are not derived from a knowledge of
+fact_, they are the opinions, views, ideas and suppositions of
+individuals, which have been adapted to the heaven, and as they were
+generally accepted, the question was never raised whether the opinions
+of an organic creature--however intelligent it might be--are really and
+truly that which we term penetrating behind the veil of nature and
+compelling it to yield up its secrets. The fact of no other ideas being
+at hand which seemed to be better, sufficed to transform these opinions
+into rules and to cause them to be accepted as the only admissible and
+correct truths.
+
+The opinions set forth by Copernicus, Kepler and Newton are designed by
+astronomers of the present day under the collective title of the
+Copernician system, and they believe that these three dogmas, systems
+and laws, distinct as they are from each other, proceed consequentially
+one from the other, that they mutually supplement each the other, and
+thus form a harmonious whole. That not one of these things rests upon
+actual observation or even probable and perceptible facts, and finally,
+that none of them can be observed or verified, but that they are all
+three creations of the imagination, must be clearly evident to any one
+who occupies himself at all with the study of nature and more especially
+with the study of the heavenly phenomena.
+
+When we say that astronomy is an earthly science, we mean to imply that
+the heaven and the phenomena there apparent cannot be studied otherwise
+than as seen from the earth. Therefore astronomy is not a heavenly
+science, it consists solely of such ideas as we are able to form, that
+which we see on the heaven.
+
+It is not astronomy that is grand, compared with the vast objects with
+which it deals it dwindles to insignificance, and we may say that to
+speak of it as being a science of the "heavenly mechanism," nay more of
+the "laws of the universe," is sheer nonsense. The _universe_ must be
+for us a mere term, which does not convey any tangible idea to our
+minds.
+
+As only a very small portion of the heavenly space and its contents is
+visible to our eyes, astronomy--whatever may be the magnifying power
+placed at its disposal--must be confined within the limits of our vision
+and can therefore be no more than a small fragment.
+
+In the positive sense of the word, astronomy is more especially a
+science of _observation_, which is its _only_, but real and successful
+power. It may be said that astronomy has raised observation to a
+science, and its immense importance becomes more and more prominent as
+the explicative science loses in value; which is the more easily
+accounted for by the fact that observation will finally bring about the
+overthrow of all untenable theories.
+
+We see the heaven as we fly along, the earth whirls us with itself
+through space, hence astronomy cannot make any drawing room experiment,
+it cannot reproduce any of the heavenly phenomena, it can do nothing but
+_observe_. If therefore the science of astronomy be more especially an
+observative science, that which it does not and cannot observe, must be
+for it as good as not existent. But astronomy may, in addition, be
+designated _the science of observation of the apparent things_, things
+as they seem to be, for it is unable to see or regard the heavenly
+phenomena otherwise than they present themselves to it. _Astronomy is
+not permitted to observe realities._
+
+If therefore _observation is itself a science_, it must necessarily _be
+the basis of theory_; observation may be set aside--which is what is
+actually done--in this way we may plod on, we may term our labour what
+we please; but whatever is produced in this way is not astronomy.
+
+But that glorious science whose sublime object is alone able to unfetter
+the mind of poor humanity--Astronomy--has a future before it. Any such
+as feel themselves called upon to study _seriously_ the phenomena of
+nature, may set about the task. _The sun is a sure guide._
+
+The great mass of astronomical observations are almost exclusively of
+European origin, those which in later times have been made in other
+parts of the earth, are of a special character--they refer for the most
+part to the stars and are not numerous enough to furnish any general
+view, but here the question is of establishing a universal astronomy
+available for the whole earth, which, founded on the actual type of the
+phenomena, will become the result of science.
+
+With respect to astronomical knowledge and its dissemination, the
+discovery and proving of this type of the phenomena is of the greatest
+importance, they must be found out not by calculation, but _by actual
+observation_. When discovered, a large number of important and still
+undecided problems will be advanced towards solution.
+
+It may be asked: how and where shall we however find this _original
+type_? and the earth itself supplies the answer by means of
+its--=Equator=. No observer, placed either north or south the equator,
+can see the two poles of the heaven at once, he cannot see the _whole
+heavenly sphere_; at the equator the entire splendour of the firmament
+passes before his eyes during the space of--12 hours.
+
+The _equator of the earth_ is always turned towards the sun, and it thus
+indicates the direction taken by our planet; therefore we must be able
+to find this type _at the equator_. Either it is there, or it is nowhere
+else, and it is indispensably necessary that astronomical observations
+made elsewhere should be repeated at the equator thus as it were
+confirmed.
+
+The erection of small, simple and detached observations along the line
+of the earth's equator, at certain distances from each other, and the
+subdivision of the work amongst the various observers, according the
+objects, would be of incalculable consequence, and would in the course
+of a few years shed more light upon astronomical knowledge than all that
+has hitherto been done at hap-hazard and without any plan. An
+international scientific society could take the matter in hand.
+Instruments of the most excellent kind are to be had in plenty, and
+there is no lack of young and intelligent men. Moreover, ever since 1874
+there has been established at Quito, the "Observatorio de Collegio
+Nacional," the director of which Mr. G. B. Menton might superintend the
+preliminary operations until such time as the work could be prosecuted
+with greater resources and according to a well considered plan. Such men
+as _Lick_, _Bischoffsheim_, _Remeis_ _etc._, who are willing to make
+sufficient sacrifices in order to establish this glorious science upon
+more solid foundations, which do not rest on an imaginary and untenable
+theory, _but on actual observation_, will surely be found. Success
+cannot be doubtful. Would not the Americans, who appreciate every
+thing on a grand scale and are not afraid of any expense in their
+undertakings, do all in their power to further and promote this splendid
+work?[1]
+
+If--as is well known--matters are not as they are assumed to be, to what
+purpose have been and are these laborious works prosecuted and the
+undying works written? If the imaginary is preferred to reality, we set
+up an imaginary science, without knowing anything about the heaven, and
+the science thus set up will become the plaything of fancy.
+
+If they inquire, why theory denies reality--_the motion of the sun_--we
+shall find that it is because it prefers the imaginary. _The sun in
+motion_ destroys the found illusions of the astronomers, this they will
+not submit to, their _untenable theory_ must continue to be looked upon
+as unadulteratest truth, and the consequence is that the manifestations
+of the grand and sublime Nature are put down as lies.
+
+This idea _of a fixed sun_ has taken such a firm hold of men's minds
+that there is no force in nature capable of exercising sufficient power
+to eradicate it, the sun may move as it pleases, and whilst the whither
+and rapidity of its motion are diligently studied, men's minds are
+occupied _with its fixity_, and these "investigations and inquiries" are
+prosecuted without any consequences being therefrom deduced. Directly a
+theory or a law is to be set up, the sun is at once _very firmly fixed_
+on--=ether=. Astronomical writers consider that they have done quite
+enough, when they have accorded honorable mention to the motion of the
+sun, _but their deductions, conclusions, theories, proofs and laws are
+all based on the immobility of the sun, according the system of
+Copernicus_.
+
+The idea _that the motion of the sun_ does not necessitate any
+alteration in the system of Copernicus leads us to the utmost absurdity.
+If the earth is to move in the _invariable plain of its recurrent and
+closed ellipse_, it stands to reason, it cannot follow the sun, and the
+"circulation around the centre" at once falls to the ground.
+
+It is a very remarkable fact, that the astronomers of the by-gone
+century could, and those of the present century can believe, such as
+Copernicus, Kepler and Newton, had they been aware of the motion of the
+sun, would have set up the same system, the same laws and theories, _as
+they based exclusively on the theory of its being immoveable_. This fact
+is one of which we are right to be ashamed.
+
+The astronomers hug themselves, with great complacency, with the
+idea--which gradually becomes a delicious certainly--that they have
+mapped out the heaven very well, and that any change in the arrangement
+is a thing not to be thought of. If therefore any one of their fellows
+should get up--which has sometimes occurred--and say: "it is high time
+that we should clear up the science and subject this untenable theory to
+a strict examination and test," the immense majority of facultists and
+authorities proclaim unanimously "=non possumus=," which is after all
+but a lingual verification of the first law of the nature[2].
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Why is it that the astronomers of the present day are unwilling to take
+into consideration and to study the consequences arising from the motion
+proper to the sun, with reference to its own system?
+
+Why is it that they are unwilling to recognise or rather to grasp
+properly and to explain the apperceivable phenomena, which the motion
+proper to the sun, as seen from the surface of the earth, must produce
+on the apparently hollow sphere of the heaven?
+
+     Monter d'une echoppe a un palais, c'est rare et beau; monter de
+     l'erreur a la verite, c'est plus rare et c'est plus beau.
+
+                                                _Victor Hugo._
+
+     Il arrive frequemment que la croyance universelle d'un siecle,
+     croyance dont il n'etait donne a personne de s'affranchir a moins
+     d'un effort extraordinaire de genie et de courage, devient pour un
+     autre siecle une absurdite si palpable qu'on n'a plus qu'a
+     s'etonner qu'elle ait pu jamais prevaloir.
+
+                                                _N. Tschernychewsky._
+
+
+
+
+Litterature.
+
+
+  1. =Sta, sol, ne moveare.= _August Tischner._ Leipzig 1881-1882.
+     Gustav Fock.
+
+  2. =Groesse, Entfernung und Masse der Sonne.= _August Tischner._
+     Leipzig 1882. Gustav Fock.
+
+  3. =Die Sonne und die Astronomie.= _K. Nagy._ Leipzig 1866. F. A.
+     Brockhaus.
+
+  4. =Memoire sur le systeme solaire et sur l'explication des phenomenes
+     celestes.= _Charles Nagy._ Paris 1862. Leibner.
+
+  5. =Consideration sur les cometes, elements de Cometologie.= _Charles
+     Nagy._ Paris 1862. Leibner.
+
+  6. =Systeme solaire d'apres la marche reelle du Soleil.= _E. G.
+     Fahrner._ Paris 2^{me} ed. 1869.
+
+  7. =Das wahre Sonnensystem.= Bewegung und Bahnen der Gestirne nach
+     einer neuen Auffassung ueber dieselben im Himmelsraume, und zwar
+     welche nicht in Ellipsen statt hat. _James Hermann Milberg._
+     Muenchen 1862.
+
+  8. =Die wahre Gestalt der Planeten- und Kometenbahnen.= _Friedrick
+     Carl Gustav Stieber._ Dresden 1864.
+
+  9. =Die Sonne bewegt sich.= Folgerungen aus dieser Lehre in Bezug auf
+     die Fixsterne und Planeten. _C. R.(ohrbach)._ Berlin 1852.
+
+ 10. =Ueber Veranschaulichungsmittel fuer mathematische Geographie.=
+     Erlaeuternde Beigabe zu neu construirten Veranschaulichungsapparaten
+     fuer Volksschulen und hoehere Unterrichtsanstalten. _F. A.
+     Pueschmann_, Seminaroberlehrer, Grimma.
+
+ 11. =Der Himmels-Mechanik gaenzliche Reform auf Grund der inductiven
+     Logik= mit der strengberechtigten philosophischen und mathematischen
+     Nachweisung. _V. P. Kluk-Kluczycky._ 1880.
+
+  G. KREYSING, LEIPZIG.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Moreover, other, smaller detached observatories, might be erected on
+the east and west coasts of America and Africa, on the islands of
+Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands of Gilbert's
+archipelago and upon one of the Gallopagos islands, if it be considered
+worth the effort to acquire some real knowledge as to the movement in
+space of the leader of our planetary system and the bodies pertaining to
+it.
+
+[2] Inertia is the most simple and most natural (sic) law of nature
+which can be imagined. Laplace I p. 4.
+
+
+
+
+[
+  The following is a list of changes made to the original.
+  The first line is the original line, the second the changed one.
+
+  Copernicus makes the sun _to be motienless_,
+  Copernicus makes the sun _to be motionless_,
+
+  mauner as is indicated in the system of
+  manner as is indicated in the system of
+
+  ideas being at hand which seemed be to better,
+  ideas being at hand which seemed to be better,
+
+  power. If may be said that astronomy has
+  power. It may be said that astronomy has
+
+  upon to sludy _seriously_ the phenomena of
+  upon to study _seriously_ the phenomena of
+
+  for the whole earth, which, founded of the
+  for the whole earth, which, founded on the
+
+  and the subdivision of the work amangst the
+  and the subdivision of the work amongst the
+
+  If the imaginary is prefered to reality, we
+  If the imaginary is preferred to reality, we
+
+  Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands ol Gilbert's
+  Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands of Gilbert's
+
+  or rather to graph propery and to explain
+  or rather to grasp properly and to explain
+]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sun changes its position in space, by
+August Tischner
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