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diff --git a/39070-8.txt b/39070-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05c170c --- /dev/null +++ b/39070-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,935 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Sun changes its position in space, by August Tischner + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Sun changes its position in space + therefore it cannot be regarded as being "in a condition of rest" + +Author: August Tischner + +Release Date: March 7, 2012 [EBook #39070] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUN CHANGES POSITION IN SPACE *** + + + + +Produced by Thorsten Kontowski, Paul Clark and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + +[ + Transcriber's Note: + + Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as + possible, including inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation. Some + corrections of spelling and punctuation have been made. They are + listed at the end of the text. + + Italic text has been marked with _underscores_. + Bold text has been marked with =equals signs=. + Text marked ^{thus} was superscripted. +] + +[Illustration] + + + + + THE SUN + + changes its position in space, therefore + it cannot be regarded as being + "in a condition of rest." + + _Si concedimus, eos, qui corpora in mundi + spatio moveri eademque non moveri + posse dicunt, insulsa loqui, praesumere + non licet hominem astronomum talem + sententiam elocuturum utque eam demonstraret + operam daturum esse._ + + By + August Tischner. + + Leipzig, + Gustav Fock. + 1883. + + + Dedicated + to all friends of Rational Astronomy. + + +[Illustration: _Nicolaus Copernicus._ + +_Terrae motor, solis stator._] + + The system of Copernicus is the only possible system; it is the + eternal base of all astronomical progress, with this system the + science of Astronomy stands and falls, and without it we must give + up all explication as well as every scientifically founded + predication. Hence it is clear that an astronomer of the present + day cannot enter upon any other system, even by way of trial. + + Dr. _J. H. Mädler_. Popul. Astr. 1861. p.p. 48. 54. 62. + + _An army of philosophers will not suffice to change the nature of + an error and to convert it into truth. Ebn-Roshd (Averrhoës), + Arabian philosopher of the XII^{th} century._ + + +Astronomical science, at the present day insists upon the system of +Copernicus, which, as is well known, is based upon the theory _of a +fixed sun_, and remains convinced of the incontrovertible truth and +importance of this system, even after it has become an incontestable +fact, that the sun changes its position; endeavouring to explain away +this discrepancy by the sophism, that the sun may be considered as _in a +condition of rest_. But the smallest movement of the sun overthrows the +entire fabric of Copernicus. Unless we take into account the +observations, made for the last 3000 years, respecting the movement of +the sun in space, it is impossible to comprehend the solar system and +its movements. Theory must take notice of the phenomena of the sun's own +movement and dare not cloak it under imaginary causes; for so long as +the motion of the sun is ignored, it is impossible to know thoroughly +the motion of the earth which follows it, and if the motion of the earth +be not known, it is also impossible to know the motion of the other +heavenly bodies, belonging to the solar system, as seen from the earth. +In a word, the astronomical theory, as it is now generally accepted and +believed to be the only and doubtless true, is wholly untenable, +requiring _a total and essential_ reformation; astronomical authors +cling to J. H. Mädler's assertion, that every body will understand the +impossibility for an astronomer of our time to enter upon any other +system even by way of trial. + +If this theory be converted into a _dogma_, stagnation must commence and +all progress becomes impossible. In the history of science and its +advance, we find that there have been at all times new theories +propounded, which had often to be changed later on, or even set aside by +others diametrically opposite. The principal circumstance which renders +the system of Copernicus impossible, is that the orbits of the planets +_are considered as closed curves around the sun_. This view has +frequently been attacked; but it is maintained by astronomers, as it is +requisite for the elucidation of the system. Still it is evident that if +the centre of attraction moves forward the bodies attracted by it +_cannot move around it_. + +Let us examine the system of Copernicus. Ptolemæus first introduced his +system among the ancients. The earth was the fixed centre of the world +and around it moved the moon, the sun, the planets and the stars. This +system lasted for XV centuries. + +The Ptolemaic system was modified by Copernicus, and the system of +Copernicus was simply the inversion of the Ptolemaic. The sun took the +place of the earth. In the centre was a fixed point (earth or sun), +around which the planets moved in larger or smaller orbits. + +The main feature of both systems is that one of the heavenly bodies is +_stationary, in order that the others may travel round it_. + +Copernicus makes the sun _to be motionless_, and the scientific world +bows before his authority. Then we have the recurrent curves, _closed +orbits_ (or ellipses) with their axes and their _invariable plains_; for +the planets _move round the centre of the fixed sun_. + +Whilst however learned men were striving with feverish ardour to confirm +the system of Copernicus; whilst they were endeavouring to demonstrate +in every possible way and by various means clearly, _that the sun is +immoveable_: there came the discovery _that the sun moves_. + +The astronomers of the past century proved that the sun not only has the +apparent motion, which every one sees; but that it also has a motion +proper to itself. Herschel commenced defining the course and direction +of it, and now-a-days no one doubts the truth of this fact, it being the +general opinion that not only the sun moves itself, but that nothing at +all in the world is in a state of rest. Astronomers, however, are of +opinion that this discovery is of _no consequence whatever as regards +the system of Copernicus, which is still considered by them to be the +most correct of all and the only possible one_. For more than a century +there has not been found a single astronomer or scientific man, to whom +it has occurred _that the motion proper to the sun, might have, in some +way or another, an influence on the present state of theoretical +science_. They all seem to regard _this fact_ as an accident, involving +no consequences and quite incapable of distracting them from their +labours, which they continue to work in the same manner as is indicated +in the system of Copernicus. + +If an advancing motion is admitted to be the motion proper to the sun, +_the orbits traversed by the planets cannot be closed_. + +But the question may be asked: is it true that science contradicts +itself in this way? We reply: Yes! astronomical _observation has +overtaken theoretical or explicative science_. _Theory has stood +still._ + +In order to set their minds at rest, learned men explain what they wish +to explain, and just as heavenly phenomena were accounted for according +the systems of Ptolemæus, of Copernicus and of Tycho de Brahe, so too +there will be no lack of good reasons to account for the motion proper +to the sun; only history will tell us that the astronomers of the last +but one decennium of the XIX^{th} century have taught by writing and +speaking in their schools, that the sun is at the same time moving and +not moving. + +A science which cannot make any use of this immense discovery, nor +deduce any application from it, does not possess any vital power; it is +a dead science, it is strangled by those whose duty is to keep it alive, +to lead it onwards to perfection. + +Astronomers assert "_that the sun conducts its system with himself in +mundane space_," but in the same breath they add: "_with reference +however to the planets it may be regarded as in a state of rest_." + +Hence astronomers have discovered _a motion which is at rest_. + +If the sun is _not fixed_, the system of Copernicus falls to ground. +Either the sun moves, or does not; a moving sun in a condition of rest, +_is an impossibility_. + +If the sun moves, there is _no fixed centre_, there are _no closed or +recurrent curves and no plains of orbits_. If these must be obtained at +any price, the sun must be definitively fixed, it cannot be permitted +_to move onwards and yet at the same time not to move_. + +The fact that the sun moves, cannot now be altered and cannot be any +longer ignored; and if mathematicians and astronomers do notwithstanding +assert, that the sun may with reference to its own planetary system be +regarded as fixed, or in a condition of rest, in that the system moves +as a whole without any change taking place in the relative position of +the planets to each other, or in their relation to the sun; in fact +without any alteration taking place in the _configuration_ of the +system--we reply, this is one of those meaningless phrases, which should +find no place in a scientific discussion. _A body which is in motion +cannot be in any way regarded as being motionless_, it would be just as +reasonable to say that a locomotive, dragging a train of carriages full +of passengers, could with reference to the latter be regarded as +motionless. + +The actual meaning of such an assertion is that the planets are attached +to the sun in such a manner, that they can neither approach to, nor +recede from it, but must follow it whithersoever it goes. + +We may in thought pursue a train of hypotheses and suppositions, but +they do not thereby acquire reality; still, in a normal condition of the +human intellect, it is impossible to conceive that any thing can exist +and not exist at the same time. + +From this confusion of ideas, it might seem as if theoretical astronomy +had got into an untenable position which is irreconcilable with science +and ought therefore to endeavour to enter upon a better state, as soon +as possible. _Theory ought therefore, either to have accepted as a fact, +the motion proper to the sun with all its inevitable consequences, or +else, to have denied this motion altogether._ But the astronomers ignore +this alternative, they have decided, once for all and irrevocably _that +the sun moves and that at the same time it shall be motionless_. In this +manner science loses its reputation and all learnedly technical +expressions and formulas are not sufficient to cover the weak part. _The +sun cannot be rendered motionless_, and if astronomers and men of +science of the present day continue to ignore this fact, they need not +be surprised at the inevitable consequences of their own acts. + +The system of Copernicus presupposes the _fixity of the sun_, as a +"conditio sine qua non." The most abstruse investigations into the +"celestial mechanism" could not be made without this axiom be granted. +The mathematician must have a fixed point, a fixed central point of +action for his coordinates, he wants fixed invariable plains and closed +curves, a radius vector describing plains, he wants axes and poles for +the orbits, in order that they may describe certain figures in the +heaven, and that the plains of the orbits may move,--one of the other. + +Naturally astronomers and men of science have never asked themselves the +question, _how a heavenly body could be fixed in space_. + +When an astronomer asserts that the Copernician system is the only +possible, he believes that it is impossible for the sun to have any +motion of its own; when he at the same time asserts that all astronomy +stands or falls with this system, he believes that no astronomical +knowledge existed before the discovery of the Copernician system, and +with the fall of the system all astronomical knowledge will cease to +exist; he believes moreover true astronomy to be _that_, which men of +science have imagined to be the truth regarding the heaven and the +causes of the phenomena we see. + +If astronomers had merely presented their ideas and opinions to the +world as such, and no more, no one could raise any objection; but they +lay down their opinions in words and on paper as a _positive science_, +they give their view as _incontroversible truths_, and _this fact_ +alters the situation, for we cannot admit that science is a mere barge +to be taken in tow by the imagination. + +The fundamental axiom of astronomical theory, such as the Copernician +system, Kepler's and Newton's laws, _are not derived from a knowledge of +fact_, they are the opinions, views, ideas and suppositions of +individuals, which have been adapted to the heaven, and as they were +generally accepted, the question was never raised whether the opinions +of an organic creature--however intelligent it might be--are really and +truly that which we term penetrating behind the veil of nature and +compelling it to yield up its secrets. The fact of no other ideas being +at hand which seemed to be better, sufficed to transform these opinions +into rules and to cause them to be accepted as the only admissible and +correct truths. + +The opinions set forth by Copernicus, Kepler and Newton are designed by +astronomers of the present day under the collective title of the +Copernician system, and they believe that these three dogmas, systems +and laws, distinct as they are from each other, proceed consequentially +one from the other, that they mutually supplement each the other, and +thus form a harmonious whole. That not one of these things rests upon +actual observation or even probable and perceptible facts, and finally, +that none of them can be observed or verified, but that they are all +three creations of the imagination, must be clearly evident to any one +who occupies himself at all with the study of nature and more especially +with the study of the heavenly phenomena. + +When we say that astronomy is an earthly science, we mean to imply that +the heaven and the phenomena there apparent cannot be studied otherwise +than as seen from the earth. Therefore astronomy is not a heavenly +science, it consists solely of such ideas as we are able to form, that +which we see on the heaven. + +It is not astronomy that is grand, compared with the vast objects with +which it deals it dwindles to insignificance, and we may say that to +speak of it as being a science of the "heavenly mechanism," nay more of +the "laws of the universe," is sheer nonsense. The _universe_ must be +for us a mere term, which does not convey any tangible idea to our +minds. + +As only a very small portion of the heavenly space and its contents is +visible to our eyes, astronomy--whatever may be the magnifying power +placed at its disposal--must be confined within the limits of our vision +and can therefore be no more than a small fragment. + +In the positive sense of the word, astronomy is more especially a +science of _observation_, which is its _only_, but real and successful +power. It may be said that astronomy has raised observation to a +science, and its immense importance becomes more and more prominent as +the explicative science loses in value; which is the more easily +accounted for by the fact that observation will finally bring about the +overthrow of all untenable theories. + +We see the heaven as we fly along, the earth whirls us with itself +through space, hence astronomy cannot make any drawing room experiment, +it cannot reproduce any of the heavenly phenomena, it can do nothing but +_observe_. If therefore the science of astronomy be more especially an +observative science, that which it does not and cannot observe, must be +for it as good as not existent. But astronomy may, in addition, be +designated _the science of observation of the apparent things_, things +as they seem to be, for it is unable to see or regard the heavenly +phenomena otherwise than they present themselves to it. _Astronomy is +not permitted to observe realities._ + +If therefore _observation is itself a science_, it must necessarily _be +the basis of theory_; observation may be set aside--which is what is +actually done--in this way we may plod on, we may term our labour what +we please; but whatever is produced in this way is not astronomy. + +But that glorious science whose sublime object is alone able to unfetter +the mind of poor humanity--Astronomy--has a future before it. Any such +as feel themselves called upon to study _seriously_ the phenomena of +nature, may set about the task. _The sun is a sure guide._ + +The great mass of astronomical observations are almost exclusively of +European origin, those which in later times have been made in other +parts of the earth, are of a special character--they refer for the most +part to the stars and are not numerous enough to furnish any general +view, but here the question is of establishing a universal astronomy +available for the whole earth, which, founded on the actual type of the +phenomena, will become the result of science. + +With respect to astronomical knowledge and its dissemination, the +discovery and proving of this type of the phenomena is of the greatest +importance, they must be found out not by calculation, but _by actual +observation_. When discovered, a large number of important and still +undecided problems will be advanced towards solution. + +It may be asked: how and where shall we however find this _original +type_? and the earth itself supplies the answer by means of +its--=Equator=. No observer, placed either north or south the equator, +can see the two poles of the heaven at once, he cannot see the _whole +heavenly sphere_; at the equator the entire splendour of the firmament +passes before his eyes during the space of--12 hours. + +The _equator of the earth_ is always turned towards the sun, and it thus +indicates the direction taken by our planet; therefore we must be able +to find this type _at the equator_. Either it is there, or it is nowhere +else, and it is indispensably necessary that astronomical observations +made elsewhere should be repeated at the equator thus as it were +confirmed. + +The erection of small, simple and detached observations along the line +of the earth's equator, at certain distances from each other, and the +subdivision of the work amongst the various observers, according the +objects, would be of incalculable consequence, and would in the course +of a few years shed more light upon astronomical knowledge than all that +has hitherto been done at hap-hazard and without any plan. An +international scientific society could take the matter in hand. +Instruments of the most excellent kind are to be had in plenty, and +there is no lack of young and intelligent men. Moreover, ever since 1874 +there has been established at Quito, the "Observatorio de Collegio +Nacional," the director of which Mr. G. B. Menton might superintend the +preliminary operations until such time as the work could be prosecuted +with greater resources and according to a well considered plan. Such men +as _Lick_, _Bischoffsheim_, _Remeis_ _etc._, who are willing to make +sufficient sacrifices in order to establish this glorious science upon +more solid foundations, which do not rest on an imaginary and untenable +theory, _but on actual observation_, will surely be found. Success +cannot be doubtful. Would not the Americans, who appreciate every +thing on a grand scale and are not afraid of any expense in their +undertakings, do all in their power to further and promote this splendid +work?[1] + +If--as is well known--matters are not as they are assumed to be, to what +purpose have been and are these laborious works prosecuted and the +undying works written? If the imaginary is preferred to reality, we set +up an imaginary science, without knowing anything about the heaven, and +the science thus set up will become the plaything of fancy. + +If they inquire, why theory denies reality--_the motion of the sun_--we +shall find that it is because it prefers the imaginary. _The sun in +motion_ destroys the found illusions of the astronomers, this they will +not submit to, their _untenable theory_ must continue to be looked upon +as unadulteratest truth, and the consequence is that the manifestations +of the grand and sublime Nature are put down as lies. + +This idea _of a fixed sun_ has taken such a firm hold of men's minds +that there is no force in nature capable of exercising sufficient power +to eradicate it, the sun may move as it pleases, and whilst the whither +and rapidity of its motion are diligently studied, men's minds are +occupied _with its fixity_, and these "investigations and inquiries" are +prosecuted without any consequences being therefrom deduced. Directly a +theory or a law is to be set up, the sun is at once _very firmly fixed_ +on--=ether=. Astronomical writers consider that they have done quite +enough, when they have accorded honorable mention to the motion of the +sun, _but their deductions, conclusions, theories, proofs and laws are +all based on the immobility of the sun, according the system of +Copernicus_. + +The idea _that the motion of the sun_ does not necessitate any +alteration in the system of Copernicus leads us to the utmost absurdity. +If the earth is to move in the _invariable plain of its recurrent and +closed ellipse_, it stands to reason, it cannot follow the sun, and the +"circulation around the centre" at once falls to the ground. + +It is a very remarkable fact, that the astronomers of the by-gone +century could, and those of the present century can believe, such as +Copernicus, Kepler and Newton, had they been aware of the motion of the +sun, would have set up the same system, the same laws and theories, _as +they based exclusively on the theory of its being immoveable_. This fact +is one of which we are right to be ashamed. + +The astronomers hug themselves, with great complacency, with the +idea--which gradually becomes a delicious certainly--that they have +mapped out the heaven very well, and that any change in the arrangement +is a thing not to be thought of. If therefore any one of their fellows +should get up--which has sometimes occurred--and say: "it is high time +that we should clear up the science and subject this untenable theory to +a strict examination and test," the immense majority of facultists and +authorities proclaim unanimously "=non possumus=," which is after all +but a lingual verification of the first law of the nature[2]. + + * * * * * + +Why is it that the astronomers of the present day are unwilling to take +into consideration and to study the consequences arising from the motion +proper to the sun, with reference to its own system? + +Why is it that they are unwilling to recognise or rather to grasp +properly and to explain the apperceivable phenomena, which the motion +proper to the sun, as seen from the surface of the earth, must produce +on the apparently hollow sphere of the heaven? + + Monter d'une échoppe à un palais, c'est rare et beau; monter de + l'erreur à la vérité, c'est plus rare et c'est plus beau. + + _Victor Hugo._ + + Il arrive fréquemment que la croyance universelle d'un siècle, + croyance dont il n'était donné à personne de s'affranchir à moins + d'un effort extraordinaire de génie et de courage, devient pour un + autre siècle une absurdité si palpable qu'on n'a plus qu'à + s'étonner qu'elle ait pu jamais prévaloir. + + _N. Tschernychewsky._ + + + + +Litterature. + + + 1. =Sta, sol, ne moveare.= _August Tischner._ Leipzig 1881-1882. + Gustav Fock. + + 2. =Grösse, Entfernung und Masse der Sonne.= _August Tischner._ + Leipzig 1882. Gustav Fock. + + 3. =Die Sonne und die Astronomie.= _K. Nagy._ Leipzig 1866. F. A. + Brockhaus. + + 4. =Memoire sur le système solaire et sur l'explication des phénomènes + célestes.= _Charles Nagy._ Paris 1862. Leibner. + + 5. =Considération sur les comètes, éléments de Cométologie.= _Charles + Nagy._ Paris 1862. Leibner. + + 6. =Système solaire d'après la marche réelle du Soleil.= _E. G. + Fahrner._ Paris 2^{me} éd. 1869. + + 7. =Das wahre Sonnensystem.= Bewegung und Bahnen der Gestirne nach + einer neuen Auffassung über dieselben im Himmelsraume, und zwar + welche nicht in Ellipsen statt hat. _James Hermann Milberg._ + München 1862. + + 8. =Die wahre Gestalt der Planeten- und Kometenbahnen.= _Friedrick + Carl Gustav Stieber._ Dresden 1864. + + 9. =Die Sonne bewegt sich.= Folgerungen aus dieser Lehre in Bezug auf + die Fixsterne und Planeten. _C. R.(ohrbach)._ Berlin 1852. + + 10. =Ueber Veranschaulichungsmittel für mathematische Geographie.= + Erläuternde Beigabe zu neu construirten Veranschaulichungsapparaten + für Volksschulen und höhere Unterrichtsanstalten. _F. A. + Püschmann_, Seminaroberlehrer, Grimma. + + 11. =Der Himmels-Mechanik gänzliche Reform auf Grund der inductiven + Logik= mit der strengberechtigten philosophischen und mathematischen + Nachweisung. _V. P. Kluk-Kluczycky._ 1880. + + G. KREYSING, LEIPZIG. + +[Illustration] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Moreover, other, smaller detached observatories, might be erected on +the east and west coasts of America and Africa, on the islands of +Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands of Gilbert's +archipelago and upon one of the Gallopagos islands, if it be considered +worth the effort to acquire some real knowledge as to the movement in +space of the leader of our planetary system and the bodies pertaining to +it. + +[2] Inertia is the most simple and most natural (sic) law of nature +which can be imagined. Laplace I p. 4. + + + + +[ + The following is a list of changes made to the original. + The first line is the original line, the second the changed one. + + Copernicus makes the sun _to be motienless_, + Copernicus makes the sun _to be motionless_, + + mauner as is indicated in the system of + manner as is indicated in the system of + + ideas being at hand which seemed be to better, + ideas being at hand which seemed to be better, + + power. If may be said that astronomy has + power. It may be said that astronomy has + + upon to sludy _seriously_ the phenomena of + upon to study _seriously_ the phenomena of + + for the whole earth, which, founded of the + for the whole earth, which, founded on the + + and the subdivision of the work amangst the + and the subdivision of the work amongst the + + If the imaginary is prefered to reality, we + If the imaginary is preferred to reality, we + + Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands ol Gilbert's + Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands of Gilbert's + + or rather to graph propery and to explain + or rather to grasp properly and to explain +] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sun changes its position in space, by +August Tischner + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUN CHANGES POSITION IN SPACE *** + +***** This file should be named 39070-8.txt or 39070-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/0/7/39070/ + +Produced by Thorsten Kontowski, Paul Clark and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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