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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/39070-8.txt b/39070-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05c170c --- /dev/null +++ b/39070-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,935 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Sun changes its position in space, by August Tischner + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Sun changes its position in space + therefore it cannot be regarded as being "in a condition of rest" + +Author: August Tischner + +Release Date: March 7, 2012 [EBook #39070] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUN CHANGES POSITION IN SPACE *** + + + + +Produced by Thorsten Kontowski, Paul Clark and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + +[ + Transcriber's Note: + + Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as + possible, including inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation. Some + corrections of spelling and punctuation have been made. They are + listed at the end of the text. + + Italic text has been marked with _underscores_. + Bold text has been marked with =equals signs=. + Text marked ^{thus} was superscripted. +] + +[Illustration] + + + + + THE SUN + + changes its position in space, therefore + it cannot be regarded as being + "in a condition of rest." + + _Si concedimus, eos, qui corpora in mundi + spatio moveri eademque non moveri + posse dicunt, insulsa loqui, praesumere + non licet hominem astronomum talem + sententiam elocuturum utque eam demonstraret + operam daturum esse._ + + By + August Tischner. + + Leipzig, + Gustav Fock. + 1883. + + + Dedicated + to all friends of Rational Astronomy. + + +[Illustration: _Nicolaus Copernicus._ + +_Terrae motor, solis stator._] + + The system of Copernicus is the only possible system; it is the + eternal base of all astronomical progress, with this system the + science of Astronomy stands and falls, and without it we must give + up all explication as well as every scientifically founded + predication. Hence it is clear that an astronomer of the present + day cannot enter upon any other system, even by way of trial. + + Dr. _J. H. Mädler_. Popul. Astr. 1861. p.p. 48. 54. 62. + + _An army of philosophers will not suffice to change the nature of + an error and to convert it into truth. Ebn-Roshd (Averrhoës), + Arabian philosopher of the XII^{th} century._ + + +Astronomical science, at the present day insists upon the system of +Copernicus, which, as is well known, is based upon the theory _of a +fixed sun_, and remains convinced of the incontrovertible truth and +importance of this system, even after it has become an incontestable +fact, that the sun changes its position; endeavouring to explain away +this discrepancy by the sophism, that the sun may be considered as _in a +condition of rest_. But the smallest movement of the sun overthrows the +entire fabric of Copernicus. Unless we take into account the +observations, made for the last 3000 years, respecting the movement of +the sun in space, it is impossible to comprehend the solar system and +its movements. Theory must take notice of the phenomena of the sun's own +movement and dare not cloak it under imaginary causes; for so long as +the motion of the sun is ignored, it is impossible to know thoroughly +the motion of the earth which follows it, and if the motion of the earth +be not known, it is also impossible to know the motion of the other +heavenly bodies, belonging to the solar system, as seen from the earth. +In a word, the astronomical theory, as it is now generally accepted and +believed to be the only and doubtless true, is wholly untenable, +requiring _a total and essential_ reformation; astronomical authors +cling to J. H. Mädler's assertion, that every body will understand the +impossibility for an astronomer of our time to enter upon any other +system even by way of trial. + +If this theory be converted into a _dogma_, stagnation must commence and +all progress becomes impossible. In the history of science and its +advance, we find that there have been at all times new theories +propounded, which had often to be changed later on, or even set aside by +others diametrically opposite. The principal circumstance which renders +the system of Copernicus impossible, is that the orbits of the planets +_are considered as closed curves around the sun_. This view has +frequently been attacked; but it is maintained by astronomers, as it is +requisite for the elucidation of the system. Still it is evident that if +the centre of attraction moves forward the bodies attracted by it +_cannot move around it_. + +Let us examine the system of Copernicus. Ptolemæus first introduced his +system among the ancients. The earth was the fixed centre of the world +and around it moved the moon, the sun, the planets and the stars. This +system lasted for XV centuries. + +The Ptolemaic system was modified by Copernicus, and the system of +Copernicus was simply the inversion of the Ptolemaic. The sun took the +place of the earth. In the centre was a fixed point (earth or sun), +around which the planets moved in larger or smaller orbits. + +The main feature of both systems is that one of the heavenly bodies is +_stationary, in order that the others may travel round it_. + +Copernicus makes the sun _to be motionless_, and the scientific world +bows before his authority. Then we have the recurrent curves, _closed +orbits_ (or ellipses) with their axes and their _invariable plains_; for +the planets _move round the centre of the fixed sun_. + +Whilst however learned men were striving with feverish ardour to confirm +the system of Copernicus; whilst they were endeavouring to demonstrate +in every possible way and by various means clearly, _that the sun is +immoveable_: there came the discovery _that the sun moves_. + +The astronomers of the past century proved that the sun not only has the +apparent motion, which every one sees; but that it also has a motion +proper to itself. Herschel commenced defining the course and direction +of it, and now-a-days no one doubts the truth of this fact, it being the +general opinion that not only the sun moves itself, but that nothing at +all in the world is in a state of rest. Astronomers, however, are of +opinion that this discovery is of _no consequence whatever as regards +the system of Copernicus, which is still considered by them to be the +most correct of all and the only possible one_. For more than a century +there has not been found a single astronomer or scientific man, to whom +it has occurred _that the motion proper to the sun, might have, in some +way or another, an influence on the present state of theoretical +science_. They all seem to regard _this fact_ as an accident, involving +no consequences and quite incapable of distracting them from their +labours, which they continue to work in the same manner as is indicated +in the system of Copernicus. + +If an advancing motion is admitted to be the motion proper to the sun, +_the orbits traversed by the planets cannot be closed_. + +But the question may be asked: is it true that science contradicts +itself in this way? We reply: Yes! astronomical _observation has +overtaken theoretical or explicative science_. _Theory has stood +still._ + +In order to set their minds at rest, learned men explain what they wish +to explain, and just as heavenly phenomena were accounted for according +the systems of Ptolemæus, of Copernicus and of Tycho de Brahe, so too +there will be no lack of good reasons to account for the motion proper +to the sun; only history will tell us that the astronomers of the last +but one decennium of the XIX^{th} century have taught by writing and +speaking in their schools, that the sun is at the same time moving and +not moving. + +A science which cannot make any use of this immense discovery, nor +deduce any application from it, does not possess any vital power; it is +a dead science, it is strangled by those whose duty is to keep it alive, +to lead it onwards to perfection. + +Astronomers assert "_that the sun conducts its system with himself in +mundane space_," but in the same breath they add: "_with reference +however to the planets it may be regarded as in a state of rest_." + +Hence astronomers have discovered _a motion which is at rest_. + +If the sun is _not fixed_, the system of Copernicus falls to ground. +Either the sun moves, or does not; a moving sun in a condition of rest, +_is an impossibility_. + +If the sun moves, there is _no fixed centre_, there are _no closed or +recurrent curves and no plains of orbits_. If these must be obtained at +any price, the sun must be definitively fixed, it cannot be permitted +_to move onwards and yet at the same time not to move_. + +The fact that the sun moves, cannot now be altered and cannot be any +longer ignored; and if mathematicians and astronomers do notwithstanding +assert, that the sun may with reference to its own planetary system be +regarded as fixed, or in a condition of rest, in that the system moves +as a whole without any change taking place in the relative position of +the planets to each other, or in their relation to the sun; in fact +without any alteration taking place in the _configuration_ of the +system--we reply, this is one of those meaningless phrases, which should +find no place in a scientific discussion. _A body which is in motion +cannot be in any way regarded as being motionless_, it would be just as +reasonable to say that a locomotive, dragging a train of carriages full +of passengers, could with reference to the latter be regarded as +motionless. + +The actual meaning of such an assertion is that the planets are attached +to the sun in such a manner, that they can neither approach to, nor +recede from it, but must follow it whithersoever it goes. + +We may in thought pursue a train of hypotheses and suppositions, but +they do not thereby acquire reality; still, in a normal condition of the +human intellect, it is impossible to conceive that any thing can exist +and not exist at the same time. + +From this confusion of ideas, it might seem as if theoretical astronomy +had got into an untenable position which is irreconcilable with science +and ought therefore to endeavour to enter upon a better state, as soon +as possible. _Theory ought therefore, either to have accepted as a fact, +the motion proper to the sun with all its inevitable consequences, or +else, to have denied this motion altogether._ But the astronomers ignore +this alternative, they have decided, once for all and irrevocably _that +the sun moves and that at the same time it shall be motionless_. In this +manner science loses its reputation and all learnedly technical +expressions and formulas are not sufficient to cover the weak part. _The +sun cannot be rendered motionless_, and if astronomers and men of +science of the present day continue to ignore this fact, they need not +be surprised at the inevitable consequences of their own acts. + +The system of Copernicus presupposes the _fixity of the sun_, as a +"conditio sine qua non." The most abstruse investigations into the +"celestial mechanism" could not be made without this axiom be granted. +The mathematician must have a fixed point, a fixed central point of +action for his coordinates, he wants fixed invariable plains and closed +curves, a radius vector describing plains, he wants axes and poles for +the orbits, in order that they may describe certain figures in the +heaven, and that the plains of the orbits may move,--one of the other. + +Naturally astronomers and men of science have never asked themselves the +question, _how a heavenly body could be fixed in space_. + +When an astronomer asserts that the Copernician system is the only +possible, he believes that it is impossible for the sun to have any +motion of its own; when he at the same time asserts that all astronomy +stands or falls with this system, he believes that no astronomical +knowledge existed before the discovery of the Copernician system, and +with the fall of the system all astronomical knowledge will cease to +exist; he believes moreover true astronomy to be _that_, which men of +science have imagined to be the truth regarding the heaven and the +causes of the phenomena we see. + +If astronomers had merely presented their ideas and opinions to the +world as such, and no more, no one could raise any objection; but they +lay down their opinions in words and on paper as a _positive science_, +they give their view as _incontroversible truths_, and _this fact_ +alters the situation, for we cannot admit that science is a mere barge +to be taken in tow by the imagination. + +The fundamental axiom of astronomical theory, such as the Copernician +system, Kepler's and Newton's laws, _are not derived from a knowledge of +fact_, they are the opinions, views, ideas and suppositions of +individuals, which have been adapted to the heaven, and as they were +generally accepted, the question was never raised whether the opinions +of an organic creature--however intelligent it might be--are really and +truly that which we term penetrating behind the veil of nature and +compelling it to yield up its secrets. The fact of no other ideas being +at hand which seemed to be better, sufficed to transform these opinions +into rules and to cause them to be accepted as the only admissible and +correct truths. + +The opinions set forth by Copernicus, Kepler and Newton are designed by +astronomers of the present day under the collective title of the +Copernician system, and they believe that these three dogmas, systems +and laws, distinct as they are from each other, proceed consequentially +one from the other, that they mutually supplement each the other, and +thus form a harmonious whole. That not one of these things rests upon +actual observation or even probable and perceptible facts, and finally, +that none of them can be observed or verified, but that they are all +three creations of the imagination, must be clearly evident to any one +who occupies himself at all with the study of nature and more especially +with the study of the heavenly phenomena. + +When we say that astronomy is an earthly science, we mean to imply that +the heaven and the phenomena there apparent cannot be studied otherwise +than as seen from the earth. Therefore astronomy is not a heavenly +science, it consists solely of such ideas as we are able to form, that +which we see on the heaven. + +It is not astronomy that is grand, compared with the vast objects with +which it deals it dwindles to insignificance, and we may say that to +speak of it as being a science of the "heavenly mechanism," nay more of +the "laws of the universe," is sheer nonsense. The _universe_ must be +for us a mere term, which does not convey any tangible idea to our +minds. + +As only a very small portion of the heavenly space and its contents is +visible to our eyes, astronomy--whatever may be the magnifying power +placed at its disposal--must be confined within the limits of our vision +and can therefore be no more than a small fragment. + +In the positive sense of the word, astronomy is more especially a +science of _observation_, which is its _only_, but real and successful +power. It may be said that astronomy has raised observation to a +science, and its immense importance becomes more and more prominent as +the explicative science loses in value; which is the more easily +accounted for by the fact that observation will finally bring about the +overthrow of all untenable theories. + +We see the heaven as we fly along, the earth whirls us with itself +through space, hence astronomy cannot make any drawing room experiment, +it cannot reproduce any of the heavenly phenomena, it can do nothing but +_observe_. If therefore the science of astronomy be more especially an +observative science, that which it does not and cannot observe, must be +for it as good as not existent. But astronomy may, in addition, be +designated _the science of observation of the apparent things_, things +as they seem to be, for it is unable to see or regard the heavenly +phenomena otherwise than they present themselves to it. _Astronomy is +not permitted to observe realities._ + +If therefore _observation is itself a science_, it must necessarily _be +the basis of theory_; observation may be set aside--which is what is +actually done--in this way we may plod on, we may term our labour what +we please; but whatever is produced in this way is not astronomy. + +But that glorious science whose sublime object is alone able to unfetter +the mind of poor humanity--Astronomy--has a future before it. Any such +as feel themselves called upon to study _seriously_ the phenomena of +nature, may set about the task. _The sun is a sure guide._ + +The great mass of astronomical observations are almost exclusively of +European origin, those which in later times have been made in other +parts of the earth, are of a special character--they refer for the most +part to the stars and are not numerous enough to furnish any general +view, but here the question is of establishing a universal astronomy +available for the whole earth, which, founded on the actual type of the +phenomena, will become the result of science. + +With respect to astronomical knowledge and its dissemination, the +discovery and proving of this type of the phenomena is of the greatest +importance, they must be found out not by calculation, but _by actual +observation_. When discovered, a large number of important and still +undecided problems will be advanced towards solution. + +It may be asked: how and where shall we however find this _original +type_? and the earth itself supplies the answer by means of +its--=Equator=. No observer, placed either north or south the equator, +can see the two poles of the heaven at once, he cannot see the _whole +heavenly sphere_; at the equator the entire splendour of the firmament +passes before his eyes during the space of--12 hours. + +The _equator of the earth_ is always turned towards the sun, and it thus +indicates the direction taken by our planet; therefore we must be able +to find this type _at the equator_. Either it is there, or it is nowhere +else, and it is indispensably necessary that astronomical observations +made elsewhere should be repeated at the equator thus as it were +confirmed. + +The erection of small, simple and detached observations along the line +of the earth's equator, at certain distances from each other, and the +subdivision of the work amongst the various observers, according the +objects, would be of incalculable consequence, and would in the course +of a few years shed more light upon astronomical knowledge than all that +has hitherto been done at hap-hazard and without any plan. An +international scientific society could take the matter in hand. +Instruments of the most excellent kind are to be had in plenty, and +there is no lack of young and intelligent men. Moreover, ever since 1874 +there has been established at Quito, the "Observatorio de Collegio +Nacional," the director of which Mr. G. B. Menton might superintend the +preliminary operations until such time as the work could be prosecuted +with greater resources and according to a well considered plan. Such men +as _Lick_, _Bischoffsheim_, _Remeis_ _etc._, who are willing to make +sufficient sacrifices in order to establish this glorious science upon +more solid foundations, which do not rest on an imaginary and untenable +theory, _but on actual observation_, will surely be found. Success +cannot be doubtful. Would not the Americans, who appreciate every +thing on a grand scale and are not afraid of any expense in their +undertakings, do all in their power to further and promote this splendid +work?[1] + +If--as is well known--matters are not as they are assumed to be, to what +purpose have been and are these laborious works prosecuted and the +undying works written? If the imaginary is preferred to reality, we set +up an imaginary science, without knowing anything about the heaven, and +the science thus set up will become the plaything of fancy. + +If they inquire, why theory denies reality--_the motion of the sun_--we +shall find that it is because it prefers the imaginary. _The sun in +motion_ destroys the found illusions of the astronomers, this they will +not submit to, their _untenable theory_ must continue to be looked upon +as unadulteratest truth, and the consequence is that the manifestations +of the grand and sublime Nature are put down as lies. + +This idea _of a fixed sun_ has taken such a firm hold of men's minds +that there is no force in nature capable of exercising sufficient power +to eradicate it, the sun may move as it pleases, and whilst the whither +and rapidity of its motion are diligently studied, men's minds are +occupied _with its fixity_, and these "investigations and inquiries" are +prosecuted without any consequences being therefrom deduced. Directly a +theory or a law is to be set up, the sun is at once _very firmly fixed_ +on--=ether=. Astronomical writers consider that they have done quite +enough, when they have accorded honorable mention to the motion of the +sun, _but their deductions, conclusions, theories, proofs and laws are +all based on the immobility of the sun, according the system of +Copernicus_. + +The idea _that the motion of the sun_ does not necessitate any +alteration in the system of Copernicus leads us to the utmost absurdity. +If the earth is to move in the _invariable plain of its recurrent and +closed ellipse_, it stands to reason, it cannot follow the sun, and the +"circulation around the centre" at once falls to the ground. + +It is a very remarkable fact, that the astronomers of the by-gone +century could, and those of the present century can believe, such as +Copernicus, Kepler and Newton, had they been aware of the motion of the +sun, would have set up the same system, the same laws and theories, _as +they based exclusively on the theory of its being immoveable_. This fact +is one of which we are right to be ashamed. + +The astronomers hug themselves, with great complacency, with the +idea--which gradually becomes a delicious certainly--that they have +mapped out the heaven very well, and that any change in the arrangement +is a thing not to be thought of. If therefore any one of their fellows +should get up--which has sometimes occurred--and say: "it is high time +that we should clear up the science and subject this untenable theory to +a strict examination and test," the immense majority of facultists and +authorities proclaim unanimously "=non possumus=," which is after all +but a lingual verification of the first law of the nature[2]. + + * * * * * + +Why is it that the astronomers of the present day are unwilling to take +into consideration and to study the consequences arising from the motion +proper to the sun, with reference to its own system? + +Why is it that they are unwilling to recognise or rather to grasp +properly and to explain the apperceivable phenomena, which the motion +proper to the sun, as seen from the surface of the earth, must produce +on the apparently hollow sphere of the heaven? + + Monter d'une échoppe à un palais, c'est rare et beau; monter de + l'erreur à la vérité, c'est plus rare et c'est plus beau. + + _Victor Hugo._ + + Il arrive fréquemment que la croyance universelle d'un siècle, + croyance dont il n'était donné à personne de s'affranchir à moins + d'un effort extraordinaire de génie et de courage, devient pour un + autre siècle une absurdité si palpable qu'on n'a plus qu'à + s'étonner qu'elle ait pu jamais prévaloir. + + _N. Tschernychewsky._ + + + + +Litterature. + + + 1. =Sta, sol, ne moveare.= _August Tischner._ Leipzig 1881-1882. + Gustav Fock. + + 2. =Grösse, Entfernung und Masse der Sonne.= _August Tischner._ + Leipzig 1882. Gustav Fock. + + 3. =Die Sonne und die Astronomie.= _K. Nagy._ Leipzig 1866. F. A. + Brockhaus. + + 4. =Memoire sur le système solaire et sur l'explication des phénomènes + célestes.= _Charles Nagy._ Paris 1862. Leibner. + + 5. =Considération sur les comètes, éléments de Cométologie.= _Charles + Nagy._ Paris 1862. Leibner. + + 6. =Système solaire d'après la marche réelle du Soleil.= _E. G. + Fahrner._ Paris 2^{me} éd. 1869. + + 7. =Das wahre Sonnensystem.= Bewegung und Bahnen der Gestirne nach + einer neuen Auffassung über dieselben im Himmelsraume, und zwar + welche nicht in Ellipsen statt hat. _James Hermann Milberg._ + München 1862. + + 8. =Die wahre Gestalt der Planeten- und Kometenbahnen.= _Friedrick + Carl Gustav Stieber._ Dresden 1864. + + 9. =Die Sonne bewegt sich.= Folgerungen aus dieser Lehre in Bezug auf + die Fixsterne und Planeten. _C. R.(ohrbach)._ Berlin 1852. + + 10. =Ueber Veranschaulichungsmittel für mathematische Geographie.= + Erläuternde Beigabe zu neu construirten Veranschaulichungsapparaten + für Volksschulen und höhere Unterrichtsanstalten. _F. A. + Püschmann_, Seminaroberlehrer, Grimma. + + 11. =Der Himmels-Mechanik gänzliche Reform auf Grund der inductiven + Logik= mit der strengberechtigten philosophischen und mathematischen + Nachweisung. _V. P. Kluk-Kluczycky._ 1880. + + G. KREYSING, LEIPZIG. + +[Illustration] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Moreover, other, smaller detached observatories, might be erected on +the east and west coasts of America and Africa, on the islands of +Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands of Gilbert's +archipelago and upon one of the Gallopagos islands, if it be considered +worth the effort to acquire some real knowledge as to the movement in +space of the leader of our planetary system and the bodies pertaining to +it. + +[2] Inertia is the most simple and most natural (sic) law of nature +which can be imagined. Laplace I p. 4. + + + + +[ + The following is a list of changes made to the original. + The first line is the original line, the second the changed one. + + Copernicus makes the sun _to be motienless_, + Copernicus makes the sun _to be motionless_, + + mauner as is indicated in the system of + manner as is indicated in the system of + + ideas being at hand which seemed be to better, + ideas being at hand which seemed to be better, + + power. If may be said that astronomy has + power. It may be said that astronomy has + + upon to sludy _seriously_ the phenomena of + upon to study _seriously_ the phenomena of + + for the whole earth, which, founded of the + for the whole earth, which, founded on the + + and the subdivision of the work amangst the + and the subdivision of the work amongst the + + If the imaginary is prefered to reality, we + If the imaginary is preferred to reality, we + + Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands ol Gilbert's + Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands of Gilbert's + + or rather to graph propery and to explain + or rather to grasp properly and to explain +] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sun changes its position in space, by +August Tischner + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUN CHANGES POSITION IN SPACE *** + +***** This file should be named 39070-8.txt or 39070-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/0/7/39070/ + +Produced by Thorsten Kontowski, Paul Clark and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/39070-8.zip b/39070-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..81c3253 --- /dev/null +++ b/39070-8.zip diff --git a/39070-h.zip b/39070-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd75939 --- /dev/null +++ b/39070-h.zip diff --git a/39070-h/39070-h.htm b/39070-h/39070-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03797ae --- /dev/null +++ b/39070-h/39070-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1261 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Sun changes its position in space, therefore it cannot be regarded as being "in a condition of rest.", by August Tischner. + </title> + <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .51em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .49em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +hr.tb {width: 45%;} +hr.chap {width: 65%} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.right {text-align: right;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: small; + text-decoration: none; +} +/* Transcriber's notes */ +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:smaller; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; } + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's The Sun changes its position in space, by August Tischner + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Sun changes its position in space + therefore it cannot be regarded as being "in a condition of rest" + +Author: August Tischner + +Release Date: March 7, 2012 [EBook #39070] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUN CHANGES POSITION IN SPACE *** + + + + +Produced by Thorsten Kontowski, Paul Clark and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + +<div class="transnote"> +<p> +Transcriber's Note: +</p> + +<p> +Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as +possible, including inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation. Some +corrections of spelling and punctuation have been made. They are +listed at the end of the text. +</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 426px;"> +<a href="images/cover_full.jpg"><img src="images/cover.jpg" width="426" height="600" alt="" /></a> +</div> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<h1>THE SUN</h1> +<p class="center"> +changes its position in space, therefore<br /> +it cannot be regarded as being<br /> +"in a condition of rest."</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Si concedimus, eos, qui corpora in mundi<br /> +spatio moveri eademque non moveri<br /> +posse dicunt, insulsa loqui, praesumere<br /> +non licet hominem astronomum talem<br /> +sententiam elocuturum utque eam demonstraret<br /> +operam daturum esse.</i></p> + +<p class="center">By<br /> +<b>August Tischner.</b></p> +<p class="center"> +Leipzig,<br /> +Gustav Fock.<br /> +1883. +</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> +<hr class="chap" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"> +Dedicated<br /> +to all friends of Rational Astronomy.<br /> +</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 489px;"> +<a href="images/copernicus_full.jpg"><img src="images/copernicus.jpg" width="489" height="600" alt="" /></a> +<span class="caption"><i>Nicolaus Copernicus.</i><br /> + +<i>Terrae motor, solis stator.</i></span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>The system of Copernicus is the only +possible system; it is the eternal base of all +astronomical progress, with this system the +science of Astronomy stands and falls, and without +it we must give up all explication as well +as every scientifically founded predication. +Hence it is clear that an astronomer of the +present day cannot enter upon any other system, +even by way of trial.</p></blockquote> + +<p class="right"> +Dr. <i>J. H. Mädler</i>. Popul. Astr. 1861.<br /> +p.p. 48. 54. 62.<br /> +</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p><i>An army of philosophers will not +suffice to change the nature of +an error and to convert it into +truth. Ebn-Roshd (Averrhoës), +Arabian philosopher of the XII<sup>th</sup> +century.</i></p></blockquote> + + +<p>Astronomical science, at the present day +insists upon the system of Copernicus, which, +as is well known, is based upon the theory +<i>of a fixed sun</i>, and remains convinced of the +incontrovertible truth and importance of this +system, even after it has become an incontestable +fact, that the sun changes its position; +endeavouring to explain away this discrepancy +by the sophism, that the sun may be considered +as <i>in a condition of rest</i>. But the +smallest movement of the sun overthrows the +entire fabric of Copernicus. Unless we take into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +account the observations, made for the last +3000 years, respecting the movement of the +sun in space, it is impossible to comprehend +the solar system and its movements. Theory +must take notice of the phenomena of the sun's +own movement and dare not cloak it under +imaginary causes; for so long as the motion +of the sun is ignored, it is impossible to know +thoroughly the motion of the earth which +follows it, and if the motion of the earth be +not known, it is also impossible to know the +motion of the other heavenly bodies, belonging +to the solar system, as seen from the earth. +In a word, the astronomical theory, as it is +now generally accepted and believed to be the +only and doubtless true, is wholly untenable, +requiring <i>a total and essential</i> reformation; +astronomical authors cling to J. H. Mädler's +assertion, that every body will understand the +impossibility for an astronomer of our time +to enter upon any other system even by way +of trial.</p> + +<p>If this theory be converted into a <i>dogma</i>, +stagnation must commence and all progress +becomes impossible. In the history of science<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +and its advance, we find that there have been +at all times new theories propounded, which +had often to be changed later on, or even set +aside by others diametrically opposite. The +principal circumstance which renders the +system of Copernicus impossible, is that the +orbits of the planets <i>are considered as closed +curves around the sun</i>. This view has frequently +been attacked; but it is maintained +by astronomers, as it is requisite for the elucidation +of the system. Still it is evident that +if the centre of attraction moves forward the +bodies attracted by it <i>cannot move around it</i>.</p> + +<p>Let us examine the system of Copernicus. +Ptolemæus first introduced his system among +the ancients. The earth was the fixed centre +of the world and around it moved the moon, +the sun, the planets and the stars. This system +lasted for XV centuries.</p> + +<p>The Ptolemaic system was modified by +Copernicus, and the system of Copernicus was +simply the inversion of the Ptolemaic. The +sun took the place of the earth. In the centre +was a fixed point (earth or sun), around which +the planets moved in larger or smaller orbits.</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + +<p>The main feature of both systems is that +one of the heavenly bodies is <i>stationary, in +order that the others may travel round it</i>.</p> + +<p>Copernicus makes the sun <i>to be motionless</i>, +and the scientific world bows before his authority. +Then we have the recurrent curves, +<i>closed orbits</i> (or ellipses) with their axes and +their <i>invariable plains</i>; for the planets <i>move +round the centre of the fixed sun</i>.</p> + +<p>Whilst however learned men were striving +with feverish ardour to confirm the system of +Copernicus; whilst they were endeavouring to +demonstrate in every possible way and by various +means clearly, <i>that the sun is immoveable</i>: +there came the discovery <i>that the sun moves</i>.</p> + +<p>The astronomers of the past century proved +that the sun not only has the apparent motion, +which every one sees; but that it also has a +motion proper to itself. Herschel commenced +defining the course and direction of it, and +now-a-days no one doubts the truth of this +fact, it being the general opinion that not +only the sun moves itself, but that nothing +at all in the world is in a state of rest. Astro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>nomers, +however, are of opinion that this discovery +is of <i>no consequence whatever as regards +the system of Copernicus, which is still considered +by them to be the most correct of all and +the only possible one</i>. For more than a century +there has not been found a single astronomer +or scientific man, to whom it has occurred +<i>that the motion proper to the sun, +might have, in some way or another, an influence +on the present state of theoretical science</i>. +They all seem to regard <i>this fact</i> as an accident, +involving no consequences and quite +incapable of distracting them from their labours, +which they continue to work in the same +manner as is indicated in the system of +Copernicus.</p> + +<p>If an advancing motion is admitted to be +the motion proper to the sun, <i>the orbits traversed +by the planets cannot be closed</i>.</p> + +<p>But the question may be asked: is it true +that science contradicts itself in this way? We +reply: Yes! astronomical <i>observation has overtaken +theoretical or explicative science</i>. <i>Theory +has stood still.</i></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + +<p>In order to set their minds at rest, learned +men explain what they wish to explain, and +just as heavenly phenomena were accounted +for according the systems of Ptolemæus, of +Copernicus and of Tycho de Brahe, so too +there will be no lack of good reasons to account +for the motion proper to the sun; only +history will tell us that the astronomers of +the last but one decennium of the XIX<sup>th</sup> century +have taught by writing and speaking in their +schools, that the sun is at the same time moving +and not moving.</p> + +<p>A science which cannot make any use of +this immense discovery, nor deduce any application +from it, does not possess any vital +power; it is a dead science, it is strangled by +those whose duty is to keep it alive, to +lead it onwards to perfection.</p> + +<p>Astronomers assert "<i>that the sun conducts +its system with himself in mundane space</i>," +but in the same breath they add: "<i>with +reference however to the planets it may be +regarded as in a state of rest</i>."</p> + +<p>Hence astronomers have discovered <i>a motion +which is at rest</i>.</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<p>If the sun is <i>not fixed</i>, the system of +Copernicus falls to ground. Either the sun +moves, or does not; a moving sun in a condition +of rest, <i>is an impossibility</i>.</p> + +<p>If the sun moves, there is <i>no fixed centre</i>, +there are <i>no closed or recurrent curves and +no plains of orbits</i>. If these must be obtained +at any price, the sun must be definitively +fixed, it cannot be permitted <i>to move onwards +and yet at the same time not to move</i>.</p> + +<p>The fact that the sun moves, cannot now +be altered and cannot be any longer ignored; +and if mathematicians and astronomers do notwithstanding +assert, that the sun may with +reference to its own planetary system be +regarded as fixed, or in a condition of rest, +in that the system moves as a whole without +any change taking place in the relative position +of the planets to each other, or in their +relation to the sun; in fact without any alteration +taking place in the <i>configuration</i> of the +system—we reply, this is one of those +meaningless phrases, which should find no +place in a scientific discussion. <i>A body which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +is in motion cannot be in any way regarded +as being motionless</i>, it would be just as +reasonable to say that a locomotive, dragging +a train of carriages full of passengers, could +with reference to the latter be regarded as +motionless.</p> + +<p>The actual meaning of such an assertion is +that the planets are attached to the sun in +such a manner, that they can neither approach +to, nor recede from it, but must follow it +whithersoever it goes.</p> + +<p>We may in thought pursue a train of +hypotheses and suppositions, but they do not +thereby acquire reality; still, in a normal +condition of the human intellect, it is impossible +to conceive that any thing can exist and not +exist at the same time.</p> + +<p>From this confusion of ideas, it might seem +as if theoretical astronomy had got into an +untenable position which is irreconcilable with +science and ought therefore to endeavour +to enter upon a better state, as soon as +possible. <i>Theory ought therefore, either to +have accepted as a fact, the motion proper<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +to the sun with all its inevitable consequences, +or else, to have denied this motion altogether.</i> +But the astronomers ignore this alternative, +they have decided, once for all and irrevocably +<i>that the sun moves and that at the same time +it shall be motionless</i>. In this manner science +loses its reputation and all learnedly technical +expressions and formulas are not sufficient to +cover the weak part. <i>The sun cannot be +rendered motionless</i>, and if astronomers and +men of science of the present day continue +to ignore this fact, they need not be surprised +at the inevitable consequences of their +own acts.</p> + +<p>The system of Copernicus presupposes the +<i>fixity of the sun</i>, as a "conditio sine qua +non." The most abstruse investigations into +the "celestial mechanism" could not be made +without this axiom be granted. The mathematician +must have a fixed point, a fixed central +point of action for his coordinates, he wants +fixed invariable plains and closed curves, a +radius vector describing plains, he wants axes +and poles for the orbits, in order that they +may describe certain figures in the heaven, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +that the plains of the orbits may move,—one +of the other.</p> + +<p>Naturally astronomers and men of science +have never asked themselves the question, <i>how +a heavenly body could be fixed in space</i>.</p> + +<p>When an astronomer asserts that the Copernician +system is the only possible, he believes +that it is impossible for the sun to have any +motion of its own; when he at the same time +asserts that all astronomy stands or falls with +this system, he believes that no astronomical +knowledge existed before the discovery of the +Copernician system, and with the fall of the +system all astronomical knowledge will cease +to exist; he believes moreover true astronomy +to be <i>that</i>, which men of science have imagined +to be the truth regarding the heaven +and the causes of the phenomena we see.</p> + +<p>If astronomers had merely presented their +ideas and opinions to the world as such, and +no more, no one could raise any objection; but +they lay down their opinions in words and on +paper as a <i>positive science</i>, they give their +view as <i>incontroversible truths</i>, and <i>this fact</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +alters the situation, for we cannot admit that +science is a mere barge to be taken in tow +by the imagination.</p> + +<p>The fundamental axiom of astronomical +theory, such as the Copernician system, Kepler's +and Newton's laws, <i>are not derived from a +knowledge of fact</i>, they are the opinions, views, +ideas and suppositions of individuals, which +have been adapted to the heaven, and as they +were generally accepted, the question was +never raised whether the opinions of an organic +creature—however intelligent it might be—are +really and truly that which we term penetrating +behind the veil of nature and compelling it +to yield up its secrets. The fact of no other +ideas being at hand which seemed to be better, +sufficed to transform these opinions into rules +and to cause them to be accepted as the only +admissible and correct truths.</p> + +<p>The opinions set forth by Copernicus, Kepler +and Newton are designed by astronomers of +the present day under the collective title of +the Copernician system, and they believe that +these three dogmas, systems and laws, distinct<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +as they are from each other, proceed consequentially +one from the other, that they +mutually supplement each the other, and thus +form a harmonious whole. That not one of +these things rests upon actual observation or +even probable and perceptible facts, and finally, +that none of them can be observed or verified, +but that they are all three creations of the +imagination, must be clearly evident to any +one who occupies himself at all with the study +of nature and more especially with the study +of the heavenly phenomena.</p> + +<p>When we say that astronomy is an earthly +science, we mean to imply that the heaven +and the phenomena there apparent cannot be +studied otherwise than as seen from the earth. +Therefore astronomy is not a heavenly science, +it consists solely of such ideas as we are able +to form, that which we see on the heaven.</p> + +<p>It is not astronomy that is grand, compared +with the vast objects with which it deals it +dwindles to insignificance, and we may say +that to speak of it as being a science of +the "heavenly mechanism," nay more of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +"laws of the universe," is sheer nonsense. The +<i>universe</i> must be for us a mere term, which +does not convey any tangible idea to our +minds.</p> + +<p>As only a very small portion of the heavenly +space and its contents is visible to our eyes, +astronomy—whatever may be the magnifying +power placed at its disposal—must be confined +within the limits of our vision and can therefore +be no more than a small fragment.</p> + +<p>In the positive sense of the word, astronomy +is more especially a science of <i>observation</i>, +which is its <i>only</i>, but real and successful +power. It may be said that astronomy has +raised observation to a science, and its immense +importance becomes more and more +prominent as the explicative science loses +in value; which is the more easily accounted +for by the fact that observation will +finally bring about the overthrow of all untenable +theories.</p> + +<p>We see the heaven as we fly along, the +earth whirls us with itself through space, hence +astronomy cannot make any drawing room<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +experiment, it cannot reproduce any of the +heavenly phenomena, it can do nothing but +<i>observe</i>. If therefore the science of astronomy +be more especially an observative science, that +which it does not and cannot observe, must +be for it as good as not existent. But astronomy +may, in addition, be designated <i>the science +of observation of the apparent things</i>, things +as they seem to be, for it is unable to see +or regard the heavenly phenomena otherwise +than they present themselves to it. <i>Astronomy +is not permitted to observe realities.</i></p> + +<p>If therefore <i>observation is itself a science</i>, +it must necessarily <i>be the basis of theory</i>; +observation may be set aside—which is what +is actually done—in this way we may plod +on, we may term our labour what we please; +but whatever is produced in this way is not +astronomy.</p> + +<p>But that glorious science whose sublime +object is alone able to unfetter the mind of +poor humanity—Astronomy—has a future +before it. Any such as feel themselves called +upon to study <i>seriously</i> the phenomena of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +nature, may set about the task. <i>The sun is +a sure guide.</i></p> + +<p>The great mass of astronomical observations +are almost exclusively of European origin, those +which in later times have been made in other +parts of the earth, are of a special character—they +refer for the most part to the stars +and are not numerous enough to furnish +any general view, but here the question is of +establishing a universal astronomy available +for the whole earth, which, founded on the +actual type of the phenomena, will become +the result of science.</p> + +<p>With respect to astronomical knowledge +and its dissemination, the discovery and proving +of this type of the phenomena is of the +greatest importance, they must be found out +not by calculation, but <i>by actual observation</i>. +When discovered, a large number of important +and still undecided problems will be advanced +towards solution.</p> + +<p>It may be asked: how and where shall we +however find this <i>original type</i>? and the earth +itself supplies the answer by means of its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>—<b>Equator</b>. +No observer, placed either north +or south the equator, can see the two poles +of the heaven at once, he cannot see the +<i>whole heavenly sphere</i>; at the equator the +entire splendour of the firmament passes before +his eyes during the space of—12 hours.</p> + +<p>The <i>equator of the earth</i> is always turned +towards the sun, and it thus indicates the +direction taken by our planet; therefore we +must be able to find this type <i>at the equator</i>. +Either it is there, or it is nowhere else, and +it is indispensably necessary that astronomical +observations made elsewhere should be repeated +at the equator thus as it were confirmed.</p> + +<p>The erection of small, simple and detached +observations along the line of the earth's +equator, at certain distances from each other, +and the subdivision of the work amongst the +various observers, according the objects, would +be of incalculable consequence, and would in +the course of a few years shed more light upon +astronomical knowledge than all that has hitherto +been done at hap-hazard and without +any plan. An international scientific society<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +could take the matter in hand. Instruments +of the most excellent kind are to be had in +plenty, and there is no lack of young and +intelligent men. Moreover, ever since 1874 +there has been established at Quito, the "Observatorio +de Collegio Nacional," the director +of which Mr. G. B. Menton might superintend +the preliminary operations until such time as +the work could be prosecuted with greater +resources and according to a well considered +plan. Such men as <i>Lick</i>, <i>Bischoffsheim</i>, +<i>Remeis</i> <i>etc.</i>, who are willing to make sufficient +sacrifices in order to establish this glorious +science upon more solid foundations, which +do not rest on an imaginary and untenable +theory, <i>but on actual observation</i>, will surely +be found. Success cannot be doubtful. Would +not the Americans, who appreciate every thing +on a grand scale and are not afraid of any +expense in their undertakings, do all in their +power to further and promote this splendid +work?<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> + +<p>If—as is well known—matters are +not as they are assumed to be, to what purpose +have been and are these laborious works +prosecuted and the undying works written? +If the imaginary is preferred to reality, we +set up an imaginary science, without knowing +anything about the heaven, and the science +thus set up will become the plaything of +fancy.</p> + +<p>If they inquire, why theory denies reality—<i>the +motion of the sun</i>—we shall find +that it is because it prefers the imaginary. <i>The +sun in motion</i> destroys the found illusions of +the astronomers, this they will not submit to, +their <i>untenable theory</i> must continue to be +looked upon as unadulteratest truth, and the +consequence is that the manifestations of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +grand and sublime Nature are put down +as lies.</p> + +<p>This idea <i>of a fixed sun</i> has taken such +a firm hold of men's minds that there is no +force in nature capable of exercising sufficient +power to eradicate it, the sun may move as it +pleases, and whilst the whither and rapidity +of its motion are diligently studied, men's +minds are occupied <i>with its fixity</i>, and these +"investigations and inquiries" are prosecuted +without any consequences being therefrom +deduced. Directly a theory or a law is to +be set up, the sun is at once <i>very firmly fixed</i> +on—<b>ether</b>. Astronomical writers consider +that they have done quite enough, when they +have accorded honorable mention to the motion +of the sun, <i>but their deductions, conclusions, +theories, proofs and laws are all based on the +immobility of the sun, according the system +of Copernicus</i>.</p> + +<p>The idea <i>that the motion of the sun</i> does +not necessitate any alteration in the system +of Copernicus leads us to the utmost absurdity. +If the earth is to move in the <i>invariable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +plain of its recurrent and closed ellipse</i>, it stands +to reason, it cannot follow the sun, and the +"circulation around the centre" at once falls +to the ground.</p> + +<p>It is a very remarkable fact, that the astronomers +of the by-gone century could, and those +of the present century can believe, such as +Copernicus, Kepler and Newton, had they been +aware of the motion of the sun, would have +set up the same system, the same laws and +theories, <i>as they based exclusively on the theory +of its being immoveable</i>. This fact is one +of which we are right to be ashamed.</p> + +<p>The astronomers hug themselves, with +great complacency, with the idea—which +gradually becomes a delicious certainly—that +they have mapped out the heaven very well, +and that any change in the arrangement is a +thing not to be thought of. If therefore any +one of their fellows should get up—which +has sometimes occurred—and say: "it is high +time that we should clear up the science and +subject this untenable theory to a strict examination +and test," the immense majority of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +facultists and authorities proclaim unanimously +"<b>non possumus</b>," which is after all but a +lingual verification of the first law of the +nature<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> +<hr class="tb" /> + +<p>Why is it that the astronomers of the +present day are unwilling to take into consideration +and to study the consequences arising +from the motion proper to the sun, with +reference to its own system?</p> + +<p>Why is it that they are unwilling to recognise +or rather to grasp properly and to explain +the apperceivable phenomena, which the motion +proper to the sun, as seen from the surface +of the earth, must produce on the apparently +hollow sphere of the heaven?</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> +<blockquote><p>Monter d'une échoppe à un palais, c'est +rare et beau; monter de l'erreur à la vérité, +c'est plus rare et c'est plus beau.</p></blockquote> + +<p class="right"> +<i>Victor Hugo.</i><br /> +</p> + +<blockquote><p>Il arrive fréquemment que la croyance +universelle d'un siècle, croyance dont il n'était +donné à personne de s'affranchir à moins d'un +effort extraordinaire de génie et de courage, +devient pour un autre siècle une absurdité si +palpable qu'on n'a plus qu'à s'étonner qu'elle ait +pu jamais prévaloir.</p></blockquote> + +<p class="right"> +<i>N. Tschernychewsky.</i><br /> +</p> + + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Litterature" id="Litterature">Litterature.</a></h2> + +<ol> +<li><p><b>Sta, sol, ne moveare.</b> <i>August Tischner.</i> Leipzig 1881-1882. Gustav +Fock.</p></li> + +<li><p><b>Grösse, Entfernung und Masse der Sonne.</b> <i>August Tischner.</i> Leipzig +1882. Gustav Fock.</p></li> + +<li><p><b>Die Sonne und die Astronomie.</b> <i>K. Nagy.</i> Leipzig 1866. F. A. +Brockhaus.</p></li> + +<li><p><b>Memoire sur le système solaire et sur l'explication des phénomènes +célestes.</b> <i>Charles Nagy.</i> Paris 1862. Leibner.</p></li> + +<li><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span><b>Considération sur les comètes, éléments de Cométologie.</b> <i>Charles +Nagy.</i> Paris 1862. Leibner.</p></li> + +<li><p><b>Système solaire d'après la marche réelle du Soleil.</b> <i>E. G. +Fahrner.</i> Paris 2<sup>me</sup> éd. 1869.</p></li> + +<li><p><b>Das wahre Sonnensystem.</b> Bewegung und Bahnen der Gestirne nach einer +neuen Auffassung über dieselben im Himmelsraume, und zwar welche +nicht in Ellipsen statt hat. <i>James Hermann Milberg.</i> München 1862.</p></li> + +<li><p><b>Die wahre Gestalt der Planeten- und Kometenbahnen.</b> <i>Friedrick Carl +Gustav Stieber.</i> Dresden 1864.</p></li> + +<li><p><b>Die Sonne bewegt sich.</b> Folgerungen aus dieser Lehre in Bezug auf +die Fixsterne und Planeten. <i>C. R.(ohrbach).</i> Berlin 1852.</p></li> + +<li><p><b>Ueber Veranschaulichungsmittel für mathematische Geographie.</b> +Erläuternde Beigabe zu neu construirten Veranschaulichungsapparaten +für Volksschulen und höhere Unterrichtsanstalten. <i>F. A. +Püschmann</i>, Seminaroberlehrer, Grimma.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p></li> + +<li><p><b>Der Himmels-Mechanik gänzliche Reform auf Grund der inductiven +Logik</b> mit der strengberechtigten philosophischen und mathematischen +Nachweisung. <i>V. P. Kluk-Kluczycky.</i> 1880.</p></li> +</ol> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<p class="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +G. KREYSING, LEIPZIG.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Moreover, other, smaller detached observatories, might be erected on +the east and west coasts of America and Africa, on the islands of +Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands of Gilbert's +archipelago and upon one of the Gallopagos islands, if it be considered +worth the effort to acquire some real knowledge as to the movement in +space of the leader of our planetary system and the bodies pertaining to +it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Inertia is the most simple and most natural (sic) law of nature +which can be imagined. Laplace I p. 4.</p></div> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 427px;"> +<a href="images/end_full.jpg"><img src="images/end.jpg" width="427" height="600" alt="" /></a> +</div> + +<div class="transnote"> +<p> +The following is a list of changes made to the original. +The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one. +</p> + +<p> +Copernicus makes the sun <i>to be <span class="u">motienless</span></i>,<br /> +Copernicus makes the sun <i>to be <span class="u">motionless</span></i>, +</p> + +<p> +<span class="u">mauner</span> as is indicated in the system of<br /> +<span class="u">manner</span> as is indicated in the system of +</p> + +<p> +ideas being at hand which seemed <span class="u">be</span> to better,<br /> +ideas being at hand which seemed <span class="u">to</span> be better, +</p> + +<p> +power. <span class="u">If</span> may be said that astronomy has<br /> +power. <span class="u">It</span> may be said that astronomy has +</p> + +<p> +upon to <span class="u">sludy</span> <i>seriously</i> the phenomena of<br /> +upon to <span class="u">study</span> <i>seriously</i> the phenomena of +</p> + +<p> +for the whole earth, which, founded <span class="u">of</span> the<br /> +for the whole earth, which, founded <span class="u">on</span> the +</p> + +<p> +and the subdivision of the work <span class="u">amangst</span> the<br /> +and the subdivision of the work <span class="u">amongst</span> the +</p> + +<p> +If the imaginary is <span class="u">prefered</span> to reality, we<br /> +If the imaginary is <span class="u">preferred</span> to reality, we +</p> + +<p> +Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands <span class="u">ol</span> Gilbert's<br /> +Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands <span class="u">of</span> Gilbert's +</p> + +<p> +or rather to graph <span class="u">propery</span> and to explain<br /> +or rather to grasp <span class="u">properly</span> and to explain +</p> +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sun changes its position in space, by +August Tischner + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUN CHANGES POSITION IN SPACE *** + +***** This file should be named 39070-h.htm or 39070-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/0/7/39070/ + +Produced by Thorsten Kontowski, Paul Clark and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Sun changes its position in space + therefore it cannot be regarded as being "in a condition of rest" + +Author: August Tischner + +Release Date: March 7, 2012 [EBook #39070] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUN CHANGES POSITION IN SPACE *** + + + + +Produced by Thorsten Kontowski, Paul Clark and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + +[ + Transcriber's Note: + + Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as + possible, including inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation. Some + corrections of spelling and punctuation have been made. They are + listed at the end of the text. + + Italic text has been marked with _underscores_. + Bold text has been marked with =equals signs=. + Text marked ^{thus} was superscripted. +] + +[Illustration] + + + + + THE SUN + + changes its position in space, therefore + it cannot be regarded as being + "in a condition of rest." + + _Si concedimus, eos, qui corpora in mundi + spatio moveri eademque non moveri + posse dicunt, insulsa loqui, praesumere + non licet hominem astronomum talem + sententiam elocuturum utque eam demonstraret + operam daturum esse._ + + By + August Tischner. + + Leipzig, + Gustav Fock. + 1883. + + + Dedicated + to all friends of Rational Astronomy. + + +[Illustration: _Nicolaus Copernicus._ + +_Terrae motor, solis stator._] + + The system of Copernicus is the only possible system; it is the + eternal base of all astronomical progress, with this system the + science of Astronomy stands and falls, and without it we must give + up all explication as well as every scientifically founded + predication. Hence it is clear that an astronomer of the present + day cannot enter upon any other system, even by way of trial. + + Dr. _J. H. Maedler_. Popul. Astr. 1861. p.p. 48. 54. 62. + + _An army of philosophers will not suffice to change the nature of + an error and to convert it into truth. Ebn-Roshd (Averrhoes), + Arabian philosopher of the XII^{th} century._ + + +Astronomical science, at the present day insists upon the system of +Copernicus, which, as is well known, is based upon the theory _of a +fixed sun_, and remains convinced of the incontrovertible truth and +importance of this system, even after it has become an incontestable +fact, that the sun changes its position; endeavouring to explain away +this discrepancy by the sophism, that the sun may be considered as _in a +condition of rest_. But the smallest movement of the sun overthrows the +entire fabric of Copernicus. Unless we take into account the +observations, made for the last 3000 years, respecting the movement of +the sun in space, it is impossible to comprehend the solar system and +its movements. Theory must take notice of the phenomena of the sun's own +movement and dare not cloak it under imaginary causes; for so long as +the motion of the sun is ignored, it is impossible to know thoroughly +the motion of the earth which follows it, and if the motion of the earth +be not known, it is also impossible to know the motion of the other +heavenly bodies, belonging to the solar system, as seen from the earth. +In a word, the astronomical theory, as it is now generally accepted and +believed to be the only and doubtless true, is wholly untenable, +requiring _a total and essential_ reformation; astronomical authors +cling to J. H. Maedler's assertion, that every body will understand the +impossibility for an astronomer of our time to enter upon any other +system even by way of trial. + +If this theory be converted into a _dogma_, stagnation must commence and +all progress becomes impossible. In the history of science and its +advance, we find that there have been at all times new theories +propounded, which had often to be changed later on, or even set aside by +others diametrically opposite. The principal circumstance which renders +the system of Copernicus impossible, is that the orbits of the planets +_are considered as closed curves around the sun_. This view has +frequently been attacked; but it is maintained by astronomers, as it is +requisite for the elucidation of the system. Still it is evident that if +the centre of attraction moves forward the bodies attracted by it +_cannot move around it_. + +Let us examine the system of Copernicus. Ptolemaeus first introduced his +system among the ancients. The earth was the fixed centre of the world +and around it moved the moon, the sun, the planets and the stars. This +system lasted for XV centuries. + +The Ptolemaic system was modified by Copernicus, and the system of +Copernicus was simply the inversion of the Ptolemaic. The sun took the +place of the earth. In the centre was a fixed point (earth or sun), +around which the planets moved in larger or smaller orbits. + +The main feature of both systems is that one of the heavenly bodies is +_stationary, in order that the others may travel round it_. + +Copernicus makes the sun _to be motionless_, and the scientific world +bows before his authority. Then we have the recurrent curves, _closed +orbits_ (or ellipses) with their axes and their _invariable plains_; for +the planets _move round the centre of the fixed sun_. + +Whilst however learned men were striving with feverish ardour to confirm +the system of Copernicus; whilst they were endeavouring to demonstrate +in every possible way and by various means clearly, _that the sun is +immoveable_: there came the discovery _that the sun moves_. + +The astronomers of the past century proved that the sun not only has the +apparent motion, which every one sees; but that it also has a motion +proper to itself. Herschel commenced defining the course and direction +of it, and now-a-days no one doubts the truth of this fact, it being the +general opinion that not only the sun moves itself, but that nothing at +all in the world is in a state of rest. Astronomers, however, are of +opinion that this discovery is of _no consequence whatever as regards +the system of Copernicus, which is still considered by them to be the +most correct of all and the only possible one_. For more than a century +there has not been found a single astronomer or scientific man, to whom +it has occurred _that the motion proper to the sun, might have, in some +way or another, an influence on the present state of theoretical +science_. They all seem to regard _this fact_ as an accident, involving +no consequences and quite incapable of distracting them from their +labours, which they continue to work in the same manner as is indicated +in the system of Copernicus. + +If an advancing motion is admitted to be the motion proper to the sun, +_the orbits traversed by the planets cannot be closed_. + +But the question may be asked: is it true that science contradicts +itself in this way? We reply: Yes! astronomical _observation has +overtaken theoretical or explicative science_. _Theory has stood +still._ + +In order to set their minds at rest, learned men explain what they wish +to explain, and just as heavenly phenomena were accounted for according +the systems of Ptolemaeus, of Copernicus and of Tycho de Brahe, so too +there will be no lack of good reasons to account for the motion proper +to the sun; only history will tell us that the astronomers of the last +but one decennium of the XIX^{th} century have taught by writing and +speaking in their schools, that the sun is at the same time moving and +not moving. + +A science which cannot make any use of this immense discovery, nor +deduce any application from it, does not possess any vital power; it is +a dead science, it is strangled by those whose duty is to keep it alive, +to lead it onwards to perfection. + +Astronomers assert "_that the sun conducts its system with himself in +mundane space_," but in the same breath they add: "_with reference +however to the planets it may be regarded as in a state of rest_." + +Hence astronomers have discovered _a motion which is at rest_. + +If the sun is _not fixed_, the system of Copernicus falls to ground. +Either the sun moves, or does not; a moving sun in a condition of rest, +_is an impossibility_. + +If the sun moves, there is _no fixed centre_, there are _no closed or +recurrent curves and no plains of orbits_. If these must be obtained at +any price, the sun must be definitively fixed, it cannot be permitted +_to move onwards and yet at the same time not to move_. + +The fact that the sun moves, cannot now be altered and cannot be any +longer ignored; and if mathematicians and astronomers do notwithstanding +assert, that the sun may with reference to its own planetary system be +regarded as fixed, or in a condition of rest, in that the system moves +as a whole without any change taking place in the relative position of +the planets to each other, or in their relation to the sun; in fact +without any alteration taking place in the _configuration_ of the +system--we reply, this is one of those meaningless phrases, which should +find no place in a scientific discussion. _A body which is in motion +cannot be in any way regarded as being motionless_, it would be just as +reasonable to say that a locomotive, dragging a train of carriages full +of passengers, could with reference to the latter be regarded as +motionless. + +The actual meaning of such an assertion is that the planets are attached +to the sun in such a manner, that they can neither approach to, nor +recede from it, but must follow it whithersoever it goes. + +We may in thought pursue a train of hypotheses and suppositions, but +they do not thereby acquire reality; still, in a normal condition of the +human intellect, it is impossible to conceive that any thing can exist +and not exist at the same time. + +From this confusion of ideas, it might seem as if theoretical astronomy +had got into an untenable position which is irreconcilable with science +and ought therefore to endeavour to enter upon a better state, as soon +as possible. _Theory ought therefore, either to have accepted as a fact, +the motion proper to the sun with all its inevitable consequences, or +else, to have denied this motion altogether._ But the astronomers ignore +this alternative, they have decided, once for all and irrevocably _that +the sun moves and that at the same time it shall be motionless_. In this +manner science loses its reputation and all learnedly technical +expressions and formulas are not sufficient to cover the weak part. _The +sun cannot be rendered motionless_, and if astronomers and men of +science of the present day continue to ignore this fact, they need not +be surprised at the inevitable consequences of their own acts. + +The system of Copernicus presupposes the _fixity of the sun_, as a +"conditio sine qua non." The most abstruse investigations into the +"celestial mechanism" could not be made without this axiom be granted. +The mathematician must have a fixed point, a fixed central point of +action for his coordinates, he wants fixed invariable plains and closed +curves, a radius vector describing plains, he wants axes and poles for +the orbits, in order that they may describe certain figures in the +heaven, and that the plains of the orbits may move,--one of the other. + +Naturally astronomers and men of science have never asked themselves the +question, _how a heavenly body could be fixed in space_. + +When an astronomer asserts that the Copernician system is the only +possible, he believes that it is impossible for the sun to have any +motion of its own; when he at the same time asserts that all astronomy +stands or falls with this system, he believes that no astronomical +knowledge existed before the discovery of the Copernician system, and +with the fall of the system all astronomical knowledge will cease to +exist; he believes moreover true astronomy to be _that_, which men of +science have imagined to be the truth regarding the heaven and the +causes of the phenomena we see. + +If astronomers had merely presented their ideas and opinions to the +world as such, and no more, no one could raise any objection; but they +lay down their opinions in words and on paper as a _positive science_, +they give their view as _incontroversible truths_, and _this fact_ +alters the situation, for we cannot admit that science is a mere barge +to be taken in tow by the imagination. + +The fundamental axiom of astronomical theory, such as the Copernician +system, Kepler's and Newton's laws, _are not derived from a knowledge of +fact_, they are the opinions, views, ideas and suppositions of +individuals, which have been adapted to the heaven, and as they were +generally accepted, the question was never raised whether the opinions +of an organic creature--however intelligent it might be--are really and +truly that which we term penetrating behind the veil of nature and +compelling it to yield up its secrets. The fact of no other ideas being +at hand which seemed to be better, sufficed to transform these opinions +into rules and to cause them to be accepted as the only admissible and +correct truths. + +The opinions set forth by Copernicus, Kepler and Newton are designed by +astronomers of the present day under the collective title of the +Copernician system, and they believe that these three dogmas, systems +and laws, distinct as they are from each other, proceed consequentially +one from the other, that they mutually supplement each the other, and +thus form a harmonious whole. That not one of these things rests upon +actual observation or even probable and perceptible facts, and finally, +that none of them can be observed or verified, but that they are all +three creations of the imagination, must be clearly evident to any one +who occupies himself at all with the study of nature and more especially +with the study of the heavenly phenomena. + +When we say that astronomy is an earthly science, we mean to imply that +the heaven and the phenomena there apparent cannot be studied otherwise +than as seen from the earth. Therefore astronomy is not a heavenly +science, it consists solely of such ideas as we are able to form, that +which we see on the heaven. + +It is not astronomy that is grand, compared with the vast objects with +which it deals it dwindles to insignificance, and we may say that to +speak of it as being a science of the "heavenly mechanism," nay more of +the "laws of the universe," is sheer nonsense. The _universe_ must be +for us a mere term, which does not convey any tangible idea to our +minds. + +As only a very small portion of the heavenly space and its contents is +visible to our eyes, astronomy--whatever may be the magnifying power +placed at its disposal--must be confined within the limits of our vision +and can therefore be no more than a small fragment. + +In the positive sense of the word, astronomy is more especially a +science of _observation_, which is its _only_, but real and successful +power. It may be said that astronomy has raised observation to a +science, and its immense importance becomes more and more prominent as +the explicative science loses in value; which is the more easily +accounted for by the fact that observation will finally bring about the +overthrow of all untenable theories. + +We see the heaven as we fly along, the earth whirls us with itself +through space, hence astronomy cannot make any drawing room experiment, +it cannot reproduce any of the heavenly phenomena, it can do nothing but +_observe_. If therefore the science of astronomy be more especially an +observative science, that which it does not and cannot observe, must be +for it as good as not existent. But astronomy may, in addition, be +designated _the science of observation of the apparent things_, things +as they seem to be, for it is unable to see or regard the heavenly +phenomena otherwise than they present themselves to it. _Astronomy is +not permitted to observe realities._ + +If therefore _observation is itself a science_, it must necessarily _be +the basis of theory_; observation may be set aside--which is what is +actually done--in this way we may plod on, we may term our labour what +we please; but whatever is produced in this way is not astronomy. + +But that glorious science whose sublime object is alone able to unfetter +the mind of poor humanity--Astronomy--has a future before it. Any such +as feel themselves called upon to study _seriously_ the phenomena of +nature, may set about the task. _The sun is a sure guide._ + +The great mass of astronomical observations are almost exclusively of +European origin, those which in later times have been made in other +parts of the earth, are of a special character--they refer for the most +part to the stars and are not numerous enough to furnish any general +view, but here the question is of establishing a universal astronomy +available for the whole earth, which, founded on the actual type of the +phenomena, will become the result of science. + +With respect to astronomical knowledge and its dissemination, the +discovery and proving of this type of the phenomena is of the greatest +importance, they must be found out not by calculation, but _by actual +observation_. When discovered, a large number of important and still +undecided problems will be advanced towards solution. + +It may be asked: how and where shall we however find this _original +type_? and the earth itself supplies the answer by means of +its--=Equator=. No observer, placed either north or south the equator, +can see the two poles of the heaven at once, he cannot see the _whole +heavenly sphere_; at the equator the entire splendour of the firmament +passes before his eyes during the space of--12 hours. + +The _equator of the earth_ is always turned towards the sun, and it thus +indicates the direction taken by our planet; therefore we must be able +to find this type _at the equator_. Either it is there, or it is nowhere +else, and it is indispensably necessary that astronomical observations +made elsewhere should be repeated at the equator thus as it were +confirmed. + +The erection of small, simple and detached observations along the line +of the earth's equator, at certain distances from each other, and the +subdivision of the work amongst the various observers, according the +objects, would be of incalculable consequence, and would in the course +of a few years shed more light upon astronomical knowledge than all that +has hitherto been done at hap-hazard and without any plan. An +international scientific society could take the matter in hand. +Instruments of the most excellent kind are to be had in plenty, and +there is no lack of young and intelligent men. Moreover, ever since 1874 +there has been established at Quito, the "Observatorio de Collegio +Nacional," the director of which Mr. G. B. Menton might superintend the +preliminary operations until such time as the work could be prosecuted +with greater resources and according to a well considered plan. Such men +as _Lick_, _Bischoffsheim_, _Remeis_ _etc._, who are willing to make +sufficient sacrifices in order to establish this glorious science upon +more solid foundations, which do not rest on an imaginary and untenable +theory, _but on actual observation_, will surely be found. Success +cannot be doubtful. Would not the Americans, who appreciate every +thing on a grand scale and are not afraid of any expense in their +undertakings, do all in their power to further and promote this splendid +work?[1] + +If--as is well known--matters are not as they are assumed to be, to what +purpose have been and are these laborious works prosecuted and the +undying works written? If the imaginary is preferred to reality, we set +up an imaginary science, without knowing anything about the heaven, and +the science thus set up will become the plaything of fancy. + +If they inquire, why theory denies reality--_the motion of the sun_--we +shall find that it is because it prefers the imaginary. _The sun in +motion_ destroys the found illusions of the astronomers, this they will +not submit to, their _untenable theory_ must continue to be looked upon +as unadulteratest truth, and the consequence is that the manifestations +of the grand and sublime Nature are put down as lies. + +This idea _of a fixed sun_ has taken such a firm hold of men's minds +that there is no force in nature capable of exercising sufficient power +to eradicate it, the sun may move as it pleases, and whilst the whither +and rapidity of its motion are diligently studied, men's minds are +occupied _with its fixity_, and these "investigations and inquiries" are +prosecuted without any consequences being therefrom deduced. Directly a +theory or a law is to be set up, the sun is at once _very firmly fixed_ +on--=ether=. Astronomical writers consider that they have done quite +enough, when they have accorded honorable mention to the motion of the +sun, _but their deductions, conclusions, theories, proofs and laws are +all based on the immobility of the sun, according the system of +Copernicus_. + +The idea _that the motion of the sun_ does not necessitate any +alteration in the system of Copernicus leads us to the utmost absurdity. +If the earth is to move in the _invariable plain of its recurrent and +closed ellipse_, it stands to reason, it cannot follow the sun, and the +"circulation around the centre" at once falls to the ground. + +It is a very remarkable fact, that the astronomers of the by-gone +century could, and those of the present century can believe, such as +Copernicus, Kepler and Newton, had they been aware of the motion of the +sun, would have set up the same system, the same laws and theories, _as +they based exclusively on the theory of its being immoveable_. This fact +is one of which we are right to be ashamed. + +The astronomers hug themselves, with great complacency, with the +idea--which gradually becomes a delicious certainly--that they have +mapped out the heaven very well, and that any change in the arrangement +is a thing not to be thought of. If therefore any one of their fellows +should get up--which has sometimes occurred--and say: "it is high time +that we should clear up the science and subject this untenable theory to +a strict examination and test," the immense majority of facultists and +authorities proclaim unanimously "=non possumus=," which is after all +but a lingual verification of the first law of the nature[2]. + + * * * * * + +Why is it that the astronomers of the present day are unwilling to take +into consideration and to study the consequences arising from the motion +proper to the sun, with reference to its own system? + +Why is it that they are unwilling to recognise or rather to grasp +properly and to explain the apperceivable phenomena, which the motion +proper to the sun, as seen from the surface of the earth, must produce +on the apparently hollow sphere of the heaven? + + Monter d'une echoppe a un palais, c'est rare et beau; monter de + l'erreur a la verite, c'est plus rare et c'est plus beau. + + _Victor Hugo._ + + Il arrive frequemment que la croyance universelle d'un siecle, + croyance dont il n'etait donne a personne de s'affranchir a moins + d'un effort extraordinaire de genie et de courage, devient pour un + autre siecle une absurdite si palpable qu'on n'a plus qu'a + s'etonner qu'elle ait pu jamais prevaloir. + + _N. Tschernychewsky._ + + + + +Litterature. + + + 1. =Sta, sol, ne moveare.= _August Tischner._ Leipzig 1881-1882. + Gustav Fock. + + 2. =Groesse, Entfernung und Masse der Sonne.= _August Tischner._ + Leipzig 1882. Gustav Fock. + + 3. =Die Sonne und die Astronomie.= _K. Nagy._ Leipzig 1866. F. A. + Brockhaus. + + 4. =Memoire sur le systeme solaire et sur l'explication des phenomenes + celestes.= _Charles Nagy._ Paris 1862. Leibner. + + 5. =Consideration sur les cometes, elements de Cometologie.= _Charles + Nagy._ Paris 1862. Leibner. + + 6. =Systeme solaire d'apres la marche reelle du Soleil.= _E. G. + Fahrner._ Paris 2^{me} ed. 1869. + + 7. =Das wahre Sonnensystem.= Bewegung und Bahnen der Gestirne nach + einer neuen Auffassung ueber dieselben im Himmelsraume, und zwar + welche nicht in Ellipsen statt hat. _James Hermann Milberg._ + Muenchen 1862. + + 8. =Die wahre Gestalt der Planeten- und Kometenbahnen.= _Friedrick + Carl Gustav Stieber._ Dresden 1864. + + 9. =Die Sonne bewegt sich.= Folgerungen aus dieser Lehre in Bezug auf + die Fixsterne und Planeten. _C. R.(ohrbach)._ Berlin 1852. + + 10. =Ueber Veranschaulichungsmittel fuer mathematische Geographie.= + Erlaeuternde Beigabe zu neu construirten Veranschaulichungsapparaten + fuer Volksschulen und hoehere Unterrichtsanstalten. _F. A. + Pueschmann_, Seminaroberlehrer, Grimma. + + 11. =Der Himmels-Mechanik gaenzliche Reform auf Grund der inductiven + Logik= mit der strengberechtigten philosophischen und mathematischen + Nachweisung. _V. P. Kluk-Kluczycky._ 1880. + + G. KREYSING, LEIPZIG. + +[Illustration] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Moreover, other, smaller detached observatories, might be erected on +the east and west coasts of America and Africa, on the islands of +Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands of Gilbert's +archipelago and upon one of the Gallopagos islands, if it be considered +worth the effort to acquire some real knowledge as to the movement in +space of the leader of our planetary system and the bodies pertaining to +it. + +[2] Inertia is the most simple and most natural (sic) law of nature +which can be imagined. Laplace I p. 4. + + + + +[ + The following is a list of changes made to the original. + The first line is the original line, the second the changed one. + + Copernicus makes the sun _to be motienless_, + Copernicus makes the sun _to be motionless_, + + mauner as is indicated in the system of + manner as is indicated in the system of + + ideas being at hand which seemed be to better, + ideas being at hand which seemed to be better, + + power. If may be said that astronomy has + power. It may be said that astronomy has + + upon to sludy _seriously_ the phenomena of + upon to study _seriously_ the phenomena of + + for the whole earth, which, founded of the + for the whole earth, which, founded on the + + and the subdivision of the work amangst the + and the subdivision of the work amongst the + + If the imaginary is prefered to reality, we + If the imaginary is preferred to reality, we + + Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands ol Gilbert's + Celebes and Gilolo, on one of the islands of Gilbert's + + or rather to graph propery and to explain + or rather to grasp properly and to explain +] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sun changes its position in space, by +August Tischner + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUN CHANGES POSITION IN SPACE *** + +***** This file should be named 39070.txt or 39070.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/0/7/39070/ + +Produced by Thorsten Kontowski, Paul Clark and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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