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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: Mending and Repair of Books<br /><br /> +Author: Margaret Wright Brown<br /><br /> +Release Date: March 7, 2012 [eBook #39075]<br /><br /> +Language: English<br /><br /> +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1<br /><br /> +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MENDING AND REPAIR OF BOOKS***</p> +<p> </p> +<h4 class="pg">E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Ernest Schaal,<br /> + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> + from page images generously made available by<br /> + Internet Archive<br /> + (<a href="http://www.archive.org">http://www.archive.org</a>)</h4> +<p> </p> +<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive. See + <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/repairmendingofb00browrich"> + http://www.archive.org/details/repairmendingofb00browrich</a> + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 430px;"> <img class="border" src="images/i_cover.png" width="430" height="700" alt="Book cover" title="Book cover" /> +</div> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h1><span class="smcap">Mending and Repair<br /> +of Books</span></h1> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="cnobmargin"><span class="smcap">compiled by</span></p> +<p class="cnotmargin">MARGARET WRIGHT BROWN</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="cnobmargin">FOURTH EDITION</p> +<p class="cnomargins"><span class="smcap">revised by</span></p> +<p class="cnomargins">GERTRUDE STILES</p> +<p class="cnotmargin"><i>Supervisor of Binding, Cleveland Public Library</i></p> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="cnobmargin">AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION PUBLISHING BOARD</p> +<p class="cnomargins">CHICAGO</p> +<p class="cnotmargin">1921</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<blockquote> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Page</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Introductory Note</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page7">7</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">When to Bind or When to Mend</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page9">9</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Mending Table: Its Supplies</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#p11">11</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Paste, the Mending Medium</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#p12">12</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ways to Mend</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#p13">13</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ways to Clean</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#p19">19</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Binding Record</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#p21">21</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Temporary Binders</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#p23">23</a></span></p> +</blockquote> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" id="page7"></a>[pg 7]</span></p> + +<h2>INTRODUCTORY NOTE</h2> + +<p class="cap">THE task of mending demands so much of the time and +energy of library workers and is a factor of such economic +importance in every public library that it cannot be +put aside as incidental.</p> + +<p class="indent">It is hoped that these suggestions may give definite aid +in this homely task which is ever present in all libraries.</p> + +<p class="indent">No attempt has been made to give instruction in the +advanced processes of mending, as this at once encroaches +on the art of binding.</p> + +<p class="indent">The best mending can be done only where an acquaintance +with the construction of the book has been acquired through +a study of the various processes of binding. Librarians are +urged to visit binderies to see the various processes; and to +study the art of binding under personal instruction of experienced +binders whenever this is feasible.</p> + +<p class="indent">It is not probable that any one librarian will use all of +the processes suggested, and some of these will apply only +to exceptional cases; but the directions cover diversified conditions +in order that the librarian may have the necessary +information whenever required.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">The experienced mender.</span> This handbook has not been +prepared for the use of the larger libraries where a bindery +is a part of the equipment, or where there are members of +the staff trained in binding and hence experienced menders.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">The inexperienced mender.</span> The purpose of this handbook +is to give practical aid and guidance to librarians who +are entirely inexperienced in the work of mending and repair +of books and whose knowledge must be gained through self-instruction.</p> + +<p class="indent">The compilers have drawn upon many sources and have +endeavored to make available the suggestions received and +methods used by many librarians and practical binders, and +grateful acknowledgment is herewith made for the co-operation +and helpful suggestions received from them.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page9" id="page9"></a>[pg 9]</span></p> + +<h1>Mending and Repair of Books</h1> + +<hr /> + +<p class="h2">WHEN TO BIND OR WHEN<br /> +TO MEND</p> + +<p class="cap">THE question when to bind or when to mend is of daily +recurrence, and a decision must be made upon the +examination of every circulating book returned, before placing +it on the shelves. The answer will depend largely on +the policy of the library regarding the binding question.</p> + +<p class="indent">No library can afford to circulate shabby, soiled or ragged +books, because:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>(1) From an economic standpoint, a book's ultimate usefulness, +or life, is materially shortened by neglect to bind +at first sign of need.</p> + +<p>(2) When books are given proper care by the library, +standards are set which insure a like treatment on the +part of the reading public.</p> + +<p>(3) The reading public has a right to expect that its +books shall be clean and whole, and that its property +shall be in proper condition for satisfactory use.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="h3">WHEN TO BIND</p> + +<p class="indent">When the stitches break and a section or a few leaves fall +out, the book should be sent to the bindery immediately.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>This is happening daily with the original publishers' +bindings. If the book is removed from the shelves the +librarian is at once confronted by the problem of being +unable to answer the unceasing cry for the last new +novel, as it is the fiction which is usually in this condition. +However, if the book is allowed to circulate a +few more times there are "pages missing" and the book +has become valueless.</p> + +<p>No book should be rebound with pages missing.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">When the stitches have not broken, but either a few or +all the sections have become loose:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>There is no excuse for the librarian to leave upon her +shelves or permit to circulate books that are held together +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page10" id="page10"></a>[pg 10]</span> +only by the slender threads with which they are sewed +and threatening at any moment to come tumbling forth +from the cover. Such books speak in no uncertain terms +for rebinding or permanent withdrawal from the shelves.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><i>Shall books be sent to the bindery when in greatest demand?</i></p> + +<p class="indent">YES, when they cannot be circulated further without permanent +injury to them.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Such books should be hastened through the bindery by +statement to binder regarding immediate need. If your +present binder cannot bind promptly, find one who will.</p> + +<p>The prompt rebinding of a book more than doubles its +life. If the book has been reinforced at first sign of giving +way (see page 16) all the temporary assistance that +can safely be given has been rendered and if the book +is of permanent value to the library it must be rebound.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="h3">WHEN TO MEND</p> + +<p class="indent">When the stitches are not broken or loosened, and still +hold sections firmly together.</p> + +<p class="indent">When the joints are loose.</p> + +<p class="indent">When the book has once been rebound.</p> + +<p class="indent">The tendency among librarians is to mend too much before +rebinding. Mending makes rebinding more difficult and +jeopardizes the life of the book.</p> + +<p class="indent">It is only in rare cases, as for example when a book is +out of print, and yet valuable to the library, that a second +rebinding is justified.</p> + +<p class="h3">WHEN TO REPLACE</p> + +<p class="indent"><i>Will it be cheaper to mend a book and, when its short life +is done, withdraw and replace with a new copy?</i></p> + +<p class="indent">YES, when the original cost is less than rebinding.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p><span class="smcap">Note</span>—In the decision to replace, the labor of accessioning +and withdrawal must always be taken into account.</p> + +<p>The fresh, clean copies of the "easy books" and other +good, inexpensive juvenile books are to be preferred to +rebound copies. If the original binding is so poor that a +second copy would shortly be in the same condition as the +first, it is then advisable to send the book promptly to +the bindery for recasing, preferably before circulating.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11" id="page11"></a>[pg 11]</span> +Greater durability is thus insured. If the book has an +attractive original cover it is preserved and the value +of the book enhanced thereby.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">YES, when the paper is of such poor quality that the +leaves break away from the stitching.</p> + +<p class="indent">YES, when the book is extremely soiled; replace, even if +it costs more than rebinding.</p> + +<p class="indent">YES, when a new edition, or better books on the same +subject have been published.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>In replacing fiction, inexpensive editions are available for +many popular titles in the Grosset & Dunlap edition, +Burt Home Library, Everyman's Library, etc.</p> + +<p>Some inexpensive editions rebind and wear as well as +the first editions. Others because of narrow margins or +quality of paper do not pay to rebind. A little observation +and experience will soon prove what titles can be +rebound to advantage.</p> +</blockquote> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="p11" id="p11"></a>THE MENDING TABLE: +ITS SUPPLIES</h2> + +<p class="indent">A piece of glass or white oil cloth, cut to fit the size of the +table, will be found most conducive to cleanliness, as it can +be quickly and easily washed.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Paste.</span> Mixed paste or powder form. See page 12.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Cloth.</span> White outing flannel, cheese cloth and cheap +grade of canton flannel, purchased by the yard at any +dry goods store.</p> + +<p class="indent2">Art Vellum in assorted colors, cut in strips.</p> + +<p class="indent2">Muslin cut in strips.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Paper.</span> Onion skin bond, cockle finish, 9 lb. weight cut +into strips for use; tissue paper.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Brushes.</span> Flat, rubber-set photographer's brush, about +1 inch wide; also artist's round bristle 1/2 inch thick.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Scissors.</span> Slender, six-inch blade, good quality.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Knife.</span> Shoemaker's long blade, square at end, or common +paring-knife purchased at hardware store.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Folder.</span> Bone, purchased at stationer's.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Needles.</span> Sharps, No. 1, or any strong and not too coarse +darning needle.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" id="page12"></a>[pg 12]</span> +<span class="smcap">Thread.</span> Hayes' linen, No. 25; Barbour's linen, No. 40.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Pressing tins.</span> 6 × 8 in., obtained at tin shop. Zinc is +pleasanter to use and will not rust.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Cleansers.</span> Wash for pages; wash for book covers; powdered +pumice stone; art gum, sponge rubber.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Shellac.</span> Consult local druggist or paint dealer regarding +the best white shellac.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Press.</span> An old letter-press can usually be purchased +locally for a small sum. Prices on new copying press +10 × 12 in. obtained of local stationer. If press is not +secured, old pieces of marble can be used. Bricks +covered with paper make good pressing weights.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">A local bindery or any binder's supply house will furnish +mending materials; also price list and samples of materials +may be obtained from the following:</p> + +<p class="indent">Democrat Printing Co., Madison, Wisconsin.</p> + +<p class="indent">Gaylord Bros., Syracuse, New York.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="p12" id="p12"></a>PASTE, THE MENDING MEDIUM</h2> + +<p class="indent">Paste may be used with less danger of injury to the +book than glue, and is the only mending medium which should +be used on books that are to be rebound. Under no condition +should mucilage be used on any book which is to be +rebound. Some librarians persist in doing this and then +expect the binder to do good work. Glue should be used +only by experienced menders.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Use.</span> Paste for small surfaces is more evenly spread with +the finger, and there is less waste than with a brush. +Spread thinly, using only enough paste to make paper +stick securely.</p> + +<p class="indent2">Thick paste spreads more smoothly than thin and is +not taken up quickly by the paper. This is an important +point, for if the paper stretches or expands the +work can not be done in a satisfactory way.</p> + +<p class="indent2">Provide cheese cloth cut in small pieces for use in +rubbing down the pasted parts, and for keeping the +fingers clean, etc. These should be used only a few +times.</p> + +<p class="indent2">Cleanliness and neatness are absolutely essential to +good mending.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" id="page13"></a>[pg 13]</span> +There are various powdered pastes on the market used by +book-binders, bill-posters, paper-hangers and others. Spon +Tem or Steko, manufactured by Clark Paper & Twine Co., +Rochester, N. Y., and Rex Dry Paste, Geneva, N. Y., are +both excellent in adhesive qualities and easily prepared, mixing +with either hot or cold water and without cooking.</p> + +<p class="indent">An excellent mixed paste is made by the Commercial +Paste Co., Columbus, Ohio, called Gleich's "Gluey" Paste. +This, as its name implies, has some glue mixed with it and +is quick drying and strongly adhesive. Arabol Book Glue, +Arabol Mnfg. Co., 100 William St., N. Y. City, is highly +recommended. Purchase in large or small quantities. The +various pastes used in the school "hand work" are good, +and come under the general name of school pastes.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Recipe for Flour Paste.</span> Mix a thin batter of flour and +water, cook and as it thickens add hot water until right +consistency and until thoroughly cooked. It will be well +cooked when all milky appearance of the flour and water +has disappeared and when bubbles of air begin to explode +through the mixture. After taking from the fire a preservative +may be added if desired, such as a half teaspoonful +of oil of wintergreen to a pint of paste.</p> + +<p class="indent">At times it is desirable to do some simple pasting, such +as tipping in a single leaf or label, and for such work any +good library paste is a great convenience.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="p13" id="p13"></a>WAYS TO MEND</h2> + +<p class="indent">Avoid too much mending.</p> + +<p class="indent">Paper used for mending should be cut lengthwise with the +grain of the paper.</p> + +<p class="indent">Cloth should be cut the long way of the material.</p> + +<p class="indent">In mending always use paper of lighter weight than the +book. For books printed on heavily coated paper, tissue or +bond is too light, but paper cut from margins of advertising +pages of magazines is a suitable weight.</p> + +<p class="h3">PAGES</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Torn through the printing</span> may be mended as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>(1) Use ungummed, transparent mending paper, cutting +it the size and shape of the tear, and about one-half +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>[pg 14]</span> +inch wide. Apply a thin coat of paste to the strip and +fit it carefully over the tear, having first placed a strip +of waste paper under the torn leaf to absorb extra paste.</p> + +<p>(2) For finer or better class of books, upon which more +time and care may profitably be spent, rub a very little +paste on the torn edges, place torn edges together, then +take a rather large piece of ordinary tissue paper and +rub it gently along the tear so that the tissue paper will +adhere to the torn edges.</p> + +<p>Put under press, and when dry the superfluous tissue +paper should be torn off, using care to pull always toward +the tear and from both sides at the same time. The delicate +fibre of the tissue paper acts as an adhesive and it is +almost impossible to discern the way in which the mending +has been done.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Torn in the margin</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Use thin, firm mending paper, preferably a tint to match +paper of the book.</p> + +<p>Cut a strip one-half inch wide corresponding to the size +and shape of the tear, apply paste and trim even with +the edge of the leaf.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">When these processes are used, place books in press or +under a weight, until thoroughly dry.</p> + +<p class="indent">There are gummed papers for this purpose but care should +be taken in their selection as some are likely to darken and +discolor.</p> + +<p class="h3">LEAVES</p> + +<p class="indent">When loose leaves are replaced the greatest care should +be taken to make sure that they do not extend beyond the +edge of the book. If this occurs, it shows careless or inexperienced +mending.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Loose leaves</span> may be inserted in several ways:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>(1) If the leaf fits exactly into the book, it may be +tipped in by applying paste to one-eighth inch of its +inner margin.</p> + +<p>Place the loose leaf in the book, the outer edge even +with the book, and rub down the pasted inner margin +against the next leaf with bone folder.</p> + +<p>Put the book in press until dry.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page15" id="page15"></a>[pg 15]</span> +Illustrations may be tipped-in in this way when it is desirable +to preserve them.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>(2) If it is found by measuring that the leaf when +inserted, will extend beyond the edge of the book, fold +the leaf at the inner margin over a ruler edge, or other +straight edge, slightly more than one-eighth of an inch, +thus making a hinge. Apply paste to this hinge with +the finger. Place leaf in the book and push well back; +rub the little pasted hinge down with bone folder, being +careful to leave no free paste.</p> + +<p>(3) In case the quality of the paper of the leaf to be +inserted will not stand the tipping-in process, or is badly +worn at the inner margin, it may be inserted by a guard. +Fold a half-inch strip of onion skin paper, lengthwise. +Apply a thin coat of paste to the outside of this strip. +Attach half of the strip to the inner edge of the loose +leaf, and the other half to the adjoining page in the +book, close in by the fold. Trim edge of leaf if it projects. +Put in press until dry.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Do not use gummed muslin for this work. It destroys +the chance of proper rebinding and detracts from the appearance +of the rebound book.</p> + +<p class="h3">SECTIONS</p> + +<p class="indent">When <i>more</i> than one section, sometimes called signature, +is loose in a book which is worth rebinding, it should be +rebound at once.</p> + +<p class="indent">When the thread in one section only is broken, or one +section only is loose in a rebound book and the rest of the +binding is intact, the section should be inserted. To avoid +further ravelling, it is necessary to secure the broken threads +of the book either by fastening them together, or attaching +to new threads; also that the loose section is sewed or tied +through the super on the back of the book.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Loose sections</span> may be inserted as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>If the folds of the leaves in the loose section are torn or +thin, they should be mended before replacing the section. +Take a half-inch strip of thin, firm paper, the length of +the page; fold through the middle lengthwise and paste +down through the center fold of the leaves. A touch of +paste along the fold of each will hold all the sheets +together.</p> + +<p>Open the book at the place where the section is loose.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>[pg 16]</span> +(When the book is open the back of the book separates +from the cover.)</p> + +<p>Open the loose section and place it in the proper position +in the book. Near the top and bottom in the center fold +of the section will be seen the holes which were made +by the binder.</p> + +<p>Thread a needle with Barbour's linen thread No. 40, +or Hayes' linen thread No. 25, and tie new thread to +broken end of thread in book.</p> + +<p>Pass the needle through the hole at the top of the loose +section and out between the book and its loose back. +Do not pull the thread clear through.</p> + +<p>Drop the needle and thread down between the back of +the book and the loose back to the bottom.</p> + +<p>Run the needle and thread from the outside in through +the hole at the bottom of the loose section.</p> + +<p>Pass the needle and thread around again in the same +way. Draw tight and tie with a hard knot at the point +of beginning.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="h3">JOINTS</p> + +<p class="indent">Books in the ordinary case or publishers' binding will, +after a short period of use, show signs of weakness in the +joints (where the book and cover are attached). The paper +cracks and both it and the super on the back of the book +loosen and unless immediate attention is given the stitching +breaks and the book must go to the bindery.</p> + +<p class="indent">This super is a loosely woven cotton cloth which is glued +on the backs of books to help hold the sections together, and +extends from the back of the book to the inside of the cover +to help hold the book and cover together. In the publishers' +bindings, this super is usually all that holds a book in the +cover.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Loose joints</span> may be</p> + +<blockquote> +<p><span class="smcap">Reinforced</span> by tightening and stripping.</p> + +<p>Hold the book open in an upright position on the table. +The back will separate in a curve from body of book; +with the round brush apply paste between the loose +back and the book, along the joints only. If too much +paste is used it will spread over the back, causing the +cloth cover to become wrinkled and title illegible. Close +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>[pg 17]</span> +the book, care being taken to push book well back in +cover, and with bone folder rub well along the joints, +squeezing out any extra paste at head and foot. Dry +under weight for a half-day at least.</p> + +<p>Then with knife clean off the ragged edges of torn +paper along the joint inside the cover. Place the book +flat upon the table, the front cover open, take book of +similar thickness and place under open cover.</p> + +<p>Take a strip of muslin or paper. Cut this strip the +exact length of the book, and apply thick paste so that +the paper or cloth will not stretch.</p> + +<p>Paste one-half of this strip to the fly-leaf and the other +half of the strip on the cover of the book. Make sure +that the strip is smoothly laid, not stretched too tightly +from book to cover, or it will pull up first pages when +book is used; if too loosely stretched it is unsightly and +fails of its purpose; allow the book to remain open until +the strip is dry. Repeat this process for the back cover.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="h3">RECASING</p> + +<p class="indent">When the stitching has not broken, and the paper is of +good quality a book may be removed entirely from its cover +and recased.</p> + +<p class="indent">In recasing, painstaking care is required and books must +be in condition specified to obtain satisfactory results.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">Take a sharp knife and cut through the super at both +joints. This super is easily lifted from the inside of the +book cover. Pull it off the back of the book, taking great +care in this, and remove all particles of dried glue.</p> + +<p class="indent">Take white outing flannel, which is light in weight and +double-faced, or canton flannel (downy side towards the +book), or cheesecloth. Cut a strip as long as the back +of the book and two inches wider; paste this over the +back only, allowing an inch extension on each side. Do +not, in this first process, put paste on the extensions. +Draw the cloth over the rounded edges of the back (or +joints); rub the back well with bone folder and also +over the rounded edges, but do not paste the cloth down +beyond the rounded edges. During this process hold the +back of the book so that the sections, or signatures, will +not separate. After thorough rubbing let dry.</p> + +<p class="indent">Apply paste to inside of book covers one inch next to the +joints; do not put paste on back of book. Place book in +cover, pushing well back, making sure that it is correctly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" id="page18"></a>[pg 18]</span> +placed. Paste down the one-inch extension of cloth, +laying waste paper between it and book; close book, +rub joints well with bone folder and allow to dry +thoroughly.</p> + +<p class="indent">Strip joints, following instructions for re-inforcing; paste +clean paper lining on book covers, press and dry. The +book should then be opened as carefully as a new book.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="h3">PRESSING</p> + +<p class="indent">This adds greatly to the appearance of the mended or +repaired books. Do not place weights over the rounded back +of a book.</p> + +<p class="indent">Place the pressing boards or tins over the covers of the +book only, even with, but not extending over, the joints.</p> + +<p class="indent">Pressure on the rounded back will weaken a book in the +most vital part.</p> + +<p class="h3">DO NOT—</p> + +<p class="hangindent">use too much paste.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">use Lepage's glue or any mucilage.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">use cloth strips in a book except at the joint.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">paste heavily up the back unless a very old and not valuable +book.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">overmend on a book which will ultimately be bound.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">allow loose pages to be slipped up in the book above the +top of book.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">use heavier paper for patching than paper of book.</p> + +<p class="h3">ALWAYS—</p> + +<p class="hangindent">handle books carefully.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">allow sufficient drying.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">have plenty of waste papers and discard when soiled.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">wash brushes well each day.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">pile up books alternating the backs with the foredges. +They will stand erect and not slip or slide.</p> + +<p class="h3">MISSING PAGES</p> + +<p class="indent">When a page is missing and it is impossible to replace the +book with a new copy, the page may be typewritten and +tipped in.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>[pg 19]</span> +When it is necessary to rebind the book, the margin of +the typewritten page should be left an inch wider on each side +than the regular margin. This is for the convenience of the +binder, who will trim down the margin in process of rebinding.</p> + +<p class="indent">Make typewritten page conform to size and shape of +printed page.</p> + +<p class="h3">NOTATION FOR DAMAGES</p> + +<p class="indent">When there is an injury to a book which is allowed to +remain in circulation, the reading public should be made +aware that the damage is known to the library by a notation, +with date, near the injury, e.g.,</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Damage noted 1 Mr. '20, Free Public Library."</p> +</blockquote> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="p19" id="p19"></a>WAYS TO CLEAN</h2> + +<p class="indent">The book should be cleaned as well as mended. Careful +attention should be given to the cleanliness of the books in +circulation. There is nothing that more quickly creates a +distaste for the use of a public library than the handling of +soiled and grimy books.</p> + +<p class="indent">Careful study of the paper upon which books are printed +is necessary, and in cleaning the fact that different papers +and finishes require different treatment must be taken into +account. The spongy feather-weight paper upon which much +of the fiction is printed is difficult to clean. Pencil marks +may be erased with art gum used gently; soil of any other +kind is almost impossible to remove. Heavily clay-coated +paper may be cleaned with powdered pumice or a hard +eraser. Highly calendered paper and any hand made paper +may be cleaned with a damp cloth; cleaning but a few +pages at a time and allowing book to remain open until dry.</p> + +<p class="h3">PAGES</p> + +<p class="indent">Soiled pages may be cleaned in the following ways:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>With art gum, rub gently and slowly, holding the page +flat with the left hand to prevent tearing.</p> + +<p>With powdered pumice stone, rub on with a clean cloth. +With damp cloth, be careful that cloth is not too wet.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page20" id="page20"></a>[pg 20]</span> +Rub always from inner margin of the page outward, to +prevent crumpling.</p> + +<p>Brush off carefully all particles of rubber, or pumice +stone, allowing none to remain in the folds between the +leaves.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Mud stains may be removed by using a soft brush or +sponge, with a preparation of the following proportions: +One cup water, one teaspoon ammonia, four drops carbolic +acid. Avoid too much rubbing or print will blur. Slip the +pressing tin under the page, and after washing, place white +blotting paper on each side of the leaf.</p> + +<p class="indent">Ink stains may be removed by one of the standard ink +eradicators to be obtained of local stationer or druggist.</p> + +<p class="indent">Edges of the leaves may be cleaned by sandpapering, holding +the leaves of the book very firmly together, or putting +book into press.</p> + +<p class="h3">COVERS</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Soiled covers</span> may be cleaned by using a hard eraser, +pumice stone or soap and water. The best results are +obtained by the use of the following wash:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Two parts good vinegar and one part water. Apply +with a clean cloth and rub hard until dirt is removed, +then place upright to dry. This should not be used on +leather.</p> + +<p>The book should then be shellacked.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Shellacked covers.</span> New books may receive preliminary +care by shellacking before placing in circulation. Shellacking +the covers, especially those in light colors, provides great +protection from dirt, and they are then easily washed with +the vinegar and water. Another coat of shellac is advisable +after washing.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>To shellac, hold the book by the printed matter and +apply the shellac, which may be diluted with a little +wood alcohol, taking care to shellac the edges well. Give +two coats; between coats suspend on a cord over night +to dry. After the last coat, rub with soft cloth slightly +oiled with olive oil. This prevents sticking.</p> + +<p>If the books are labeled before shellacking, the ink +must be allowed to dry thoroughly or it may run; in +removing the labels, use wood alcohol first to cut the +shellac and then soak off with blotting paper and water.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" id="page21"></a>[pg 21]</span> +Care should be taken in the selection of the shellac; if +not, the books will be gummy and hard.</p> + +<p class="indent">The leather on bound magazines and books often becomes +very dry and will split and crack. This is especially true of +books not greatly used, as the oil of the hands acts as a +great preservative. To prevent this cracking and splitting, +some oil is necessary. Vaseline is good for this, applied with +a cotton pad covered with a soft cloth, and should remain +on the leather for a day to permit absorption of the oil. +Some leathers will absorb a second application, after which +books may be rubbed down and returned to shelves. The +oil or vaseline does not harm the gilding. This may be +done once a year, depending upon the condition of heat in +library and upon age and condition of leather bound books.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Worn covers</span> may be replaced on books with leather backs +by removing cloth from the boards dry, and using this as a +pattern from which to cut new cloth or paper. Reline inside +of boards with paper.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Covers split at joint.</span> Strips of cloth in assorted colors +may be obtained with other mending supplies to reinforce +covers split at the joints.</p> + +<p class="indent">This cloth may be obtained gummed or ungummed; if +ungummed, use paste; if gummed, moisten with thin paste.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="p21" id="p21"></a>BINDING RECORD</h2> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Preparation of books for the bindery.</span> Closely related +to the work of mending and repair of books is the preparation +of books for the bindery. Binders have complained of +the careless and unbusiness-like methods of some librarians +in this matter. Attention should always be given to the +following:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Handle a book to be bound with more care than when +the binding is sound.</p> + +<p>Collate every book to make sure that no pages are missing, +unless it is ascertained that the binder includes this +process in his work.</p> + +<p>Many librarians have ceased to make bindery slips, +except in the case of important books requiring complicated +titles or for magazines. When slip is not made, an excellent +way to indicate the lettering for the back of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" id="page22"></a>[pg 22]</span> +book is to underscore lightly in lead pencil on title page, +the specific words in title desired; for author underscore +twice.</p> + +<p>The material to be used for binding is generally decided +upon in advance by conference or correspondence +with binder.</p> + +<p>Magazines should be carefully examined to make sure +that each volume is complete, including title page and +index. The librarian should write to the publisher for +these, if they are not received within a reasonable time +after the volume is completed. If missing, instruct binder +to bind in stubs so that they may be inserted when +obtained.</p> + +<p>In giving directions for magazines to be bound with +stubs, state whether stubs are to be at the beginning +or end of the volume. Look over previous volumes of +set that your volumes may be uniform in the placing of +the index, and follow the printer's arrangement.</p> + +<p>Send an alphabetical list of the books to the bindery for +checking purposes. Keep a duplicate copy.</p> + +<p>File alphabetically in charging tray the book cards that +have been removed from the books; charge these to the +bindery.</p> + +<p>Magazines should have a bindery slip made and a +sample volume already bound sent that each set may be +uniform as to color of cover, lettering, etc. A rubbing +of a bound volume can easily be made and sent in place +of the volume. If the binder has previously bound magazines +for you he has doubtless made sample backs for +his own convenience. The slip should show definitely +the placing and abbreviations of volume numbers, dates, +etc.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">When books are returned from the bindery.</span> Examine +carefully for flexibility—should not be too stiff and hard +to open; evenness of cover; compactness; correct and even +lettering; reasonably wide margins.</p> + +<p class="indent">Check books with duplicate list.</p> + +<p class="indent">Pay no bills until all mistakes are rectified. Mistakes +in lettering can be corrected, and when this occurs return +to the bindery.</p> + +<p class="indent">Enter in accession book under "remarks," opposite the +entry of each book the date when the book was rebound: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id="page23"></a>[pg 23]</span> +e. g., "reb'd 1 Jc., '20"; also on inside of lower front cover +near the joint. A rubber stamp at small expense may be +ordered from any stamp works, with the word "reb'd" to be +inserted in the pencil date holder with the date. This saves +writing.</p> + +<p class="indent">Enter on the monthly report blank the total number of +books rebound. (This gives data for yearly total and obviates +the necessity of keeping binding book.)</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h2><a name="p23" id="p23"></a>TEMPORARY BINDERS</h2> + +<p class="indent">The Gaylord Bros.' red rope binder provides an inexpensive +magazine binder, both for the current periodicals in use +in the reading room and those in circulation. The cover of +the magazine may be pasted on the outside of the binder, and +after the current month the magazine may be circulated just +as a book, without damage for future binding. A good +quality of wrapping paper may be used in place of the red +rope paper. It is less expensive and wears fairly well.</p> + +<p class="indent">Information as to terms used in binding and mending and +illustrations of the structure of a book may be found in the +following:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">A. L. A. Committee—Binding for libraries A. L. A. Publishing Board</p> + +<p class="indent">Bailey, A. L.—Library Bookbinding Wilson Co.</p> + +<p class="indent">Cockrell, Douglass—Book binding and the care of books Appleton</p> + +<p class="indent">Coutts, H. T., and Stephens, G. A.—Manual of library +book binding Libraco, London</p> + +<p class="indent">Dana, J. C.—Book binding for libraries Library Bureau</p> +</blockquote> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<div class="tnote"> + +<p class="h2a">Transcriber's Note:</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="indent">Errors in punctuations and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected +unless otherwise noted.</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 17, "next the" was replaced with "next to the".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 20, a period was added after "crumpling".</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MENDING AND REPAIR OF BOOKS***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 39075-h.txt or 39075-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/9/0/7/39075">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/0/7/39075</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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