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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Guide to West Point, and the U.S. Military
+Academy, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Guide to West Point, and the U.S. Military Academy
+
+Author: Various
+
+Contributor: Edward Carlisle Boynton
+
+Release Date: March 18, 2012 [EBook #39188]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO WEST POINT, AND THE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by the Library of Congress)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Transcriber's Note:                                       |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For     |
+    | a complete list, please see the end of this document.     |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    [Illustration: ARMSTRONG GUN FROM FORT FISHER.]
+
+
+
+
+  GUIDE
+
+  TO
+
+  WEST POINT,
+
+  AND THE
+
+  U.S. MILITARY ACADEMY.
+
+  WITH
+
+  MAPS AND ENGRAVINGS.
+
+
+  NEW YORK:
+  D. VAN NOSTRAND, 192 BROADWAY.
+  1867.
+
+
+
+
+GUIDE TO WEST POINT.
+
+
+Fifty-one miles above New York, on the west bank of the Hudson river,
+in the midst of scenery of the most picturesque and impressive
+character, and on a bold shelving plateau, formed by the crossing of a
+range of the Alleghany Mountains, which here assume almost Alpine
+proportions, is a name dear to every lover of his country--a name
+replete with memories of the struggle for Independence, and clustering
+with historic associations.
+
+WEST POINT, the property of the United States by purchase, possesses a
+primary interest from its military importance during the period of the
+American Revolution, and a secondary one from its being the seat of
+the National Military Academy. The creative hand of natural
+beauty--the romance of war--the distinguished career of those who
+have gone forth from this locality in the defense of American Liberty,
+and the spectacle presented by those preparing for future public
+usefulness, have united to inspire the visitor with emotions unlike
+those excited at any place of popular resort within the limits of the
+United States.
+
+Ninety years ago, when West Point possessed no attraction beyond that
+presented by similar adjoining wild and uncultivated woodland tracts
+in the Highlands, a band of Commissioners, appointed by the Provincial
+Congress of the Colony of New York, instituted an undertaking which
+first imparted a public interest to this favored spot. The war for
+American Independence was in progress, and then, as now, the Hudson
+river afforded the principal channel of communication between the
+theatre of the strife and the country lying northward to Canada and
+the west.
+
+Nor was its importance thus limited. As a strategic line, separating
+the New England Colonies from the more productive region south-west
+of them, the control of the Hudson became, early in the war, one of
+the principal objects toward which the attention of the military
+authorities directing the contending parties was attracted.
+
+Between abrupt and lofty mountains above West Point, the gorge through
+which the river flows, yet bearing its ancient name of Wey Gat, or
+Wind Gate, is partially obstructed at its lower entrance, by a long
+and narrow island, once named Martelaer's Rock, but now known as
+Constitution Island. In pursuance of their instructions, made with
+singular lack of judgment, upon this island the Commissioners landed,
+and under the direction of an engineer, appointed by the Colony, a
+work named Fort Constitution was commenced in August, 1775, and
+completed at a heavy expense, designed to defend, with a powerful
+armament of artillery, the approach up the river. Thus unfortunately
+located, and easily destroyed by an overlooking battery at West Point,
+or by a land approach on the east side of the river, the fort was
+abandoned and fired on the first appearance of a British force, on
+the 8th of October, 1777, immediately following the assault and
+capture by Sir Henry Clinton, of Forts Montgomery and Clinton, four
+miles below.
+
+Notwithstanding this early recognition of the necessity for
+obstructing and controling the Hudson, no attempt was made to occupy
+West Point until after the urgent recommendations of Washington,
+Governor Clinton and Lord Stirling--the latter of whom had thoroughly
+examined and reported upon the immediate necessity for defending this
+most important point.
+
+Operations were commenced by a brigade of Continental troops, under
+the command of General Parsons, on January 20, 1778, and before June
+in the same year, the work yet preserved, was thrown up on the
+north-east angle of the plateau, and named FORT ARNOLD. To cover the
+work, early in April, a body of Massachusetts troops, under Colonel
+Rufus Putnam, began to erect a fort constructed of earth and logs, on
+Mount Independence, overlooking the plain, which was named, in honor
+of their commander, FORT PUTNAM. The old fort yet in existence,
+bearing the same name, is a relic built, for the most part, in 1794.
+Forts Webb and Wyllis, lying to the south and named after regimental
+commanders, were commenced at the same time with Fort Putnam, and were
+designed to protect West Point from an approach southward by land. All
+these operations were conducted under the direction of Major-General
+McDougall, commanding in the Highlands; and in 1779, they were further
+strengthened and improved, while additional works were thrown up known
+as redoubts Nos. 1, 2 and 3, covering the Eagle Valley road to the
+west; redoubt No. 4, on Rocky Hill, in rear of Fort Putnam, and
+redoubts Nos. 5, 6 and 7, on Constitution Island, by Kosciuszko as the
+engineer, acting under the general direction of Washington, whose
+headquarters were established at West Point during a portion of the
+same year.
+
+The works known as the North and South redoubts, in rear of Garrison's
+Station, were erected to defend the land approach on the east side of
+the river.
+
+An interesting letter and accompanying map, from Kosciuszko, relating
+to these works, is here published for the first time:
+
+                                   "WEST POINT, 25TH APRIL, 1779.
+
+    "SIR: I send you a ruff map of West Point, with indication as
+    you desire from me, about the Public Buildings, and the Works.
+
+    "The Carpenters Compliend about the provision, that he have not
+    enof; he beg your honor to allow them more bred.
+
+      a House full of Ammunition.
+      b The Barracks.
+      c The Carpenter's House.
+      d The Commissary House.
+      e For the Fourage.
+      f The Huts.
+      g The Read House.
+      h Baker's House.
+      i Provision House.
+      k Small Commissary House.
+      l Smock House.
+      m The Barracks.
+      n The Steble,
+      o Of the Artellery Officer's House
+      p Artellery Barracks.
+      q Greaton's Battery.
+      r Chain Battery begun last summer.
+      s Redoubt for fivety men begun last Summer.
+      t Redoubt for fivety men begun last Summer.
+      u Guard House.
+      w Guard House not covered.
+      x Point of (Projected) Block House with Bumprove for
+        fivety men.
+      y Swamps.
+
+                          Your Most Humble Servant
+                                   (Signed)    THAD KOSCIUSZKO
+                                                             Col.
+
+    The Honorable
+      Major General MCDOUGALL,
+           Peekskill."
+
+    [Illustration: MAP OF WEST POINT]
+
+While these land defenses were planned and situated to aid in
+controling the passage of the Hudson, a formidable obstruction was
+made by stretching across the river at its narrowest point, a boom of
+huge short logs, united at the ends by chains so as to resemble a rope
+ladder, and a few yards higher up, an immense chain was buoyed up on
+logs, extending across from one shore to the other. This chain was
+made by Noble, Townsend & Company, at the Stirling Iron Works, yet in
+operation near the Sloatsburg Station, on the Erie Railroad, about
+twenty-five miles from West Point. It was carried in pieces to New
+Windsor on wagons, put together there, and floated down the river into
+its position, in April, 1778. A portion of the chain is preserved, and
+is to be seen lying in a grove on the north side of the Plain. The
+links are made of two-inch bar iron, and each weighs about 120 pounds.
+The entire chain weighed 186 tons.
+
+Thus it will be seen, from its natural advantages, its defenses, and
+its obstructions, West Point was the key to the passage of the
+Hudson, and as matters stood in 1780, it was in fact an American
+Gibraltar. The British, then in possession of the city of New York,
+and thus prevented from the employment of vessels to maintain
+communication with the Northern Provinces, and unable to penetrate the
+country amid the desolate wildernesses which covered its face, found
+themselves restricted to surprising detached points, or raids, from
+which the patriots speedily recovered, and no northern campaign, save
+that of Burgoyne, which ended in defeat and surrender, was attempted,
+chiefly from their inability to control the passage of the Hudson.
+
+The winter of 1779 and 1780 was one of unexampled severity for the
+patriot army in the North, while in the South the surrender of
+Charleston and the disaster at Camden, had inspired universal gloom. A
+cloud of witnesses of the best authority bear testimony that at that
+period the majority of the American people manifested a willingness
+to cease further resistance, and return to their allegiance under the
+British King.
+
+In the midst of these forebodings there burst upon the nation the
+knowledge of a plot so comprehensive and momentous in all the
+circumstances attending it, and in the results designed to be
+accomplished, that even in its failure it struck terror and dismay to
+the hearts of all true lovers of American independence. This mighty
+plot comprehended not only the surrender of West Point, with all its
+garrison and armament, but had also for its object the betrayal of
+Washington and his staff into the hands of Sir Henry Clinton, the
+British Commander of the King's forces in America.
+
+Major General BENEDICT ARNOLD, an officer of the patriot army, who had
+risen from the grade of Captain for gallant and perilous services in
+the contest, sought and received an assignment to command at West
+Point and its dependencies in August, 1780. Embittered by a few real,
+and many imaginary grievances, this officer had long but secretly
+become disaffected towards the American cause. After evidence has
+established the fact, that he deliberately bargained with the British
+Commander to become a traitor to the land of his birth--to sell for a
+stipulated price the trust confided to him, and to betray his command
+into the hands of the enemy. To accomplish this object he entered into
+negotiations secretly with Sir Henry Clinton, by which it was agreed
+that he should make such a disposition of his forces as would enable
+the British Commander effectually to surprise West Point.
+
+John Anderson and Colonel Beverly Robinson were the agents on the part
+of the British, and with them Arnold opened "a regular channel of
+communication." The correspondence becoming protracted, a personal
+interview was demanded by Arnold to bring the matter to a final
+settlement, at which he was to furnish plans of West Point, and
+returns of its armament and garrison. With this object in view, John
+Anderson left New York on horseback, and proceeded up the river with
+the intention of holding the proposed interview on board the British
+sloop-of-war "Vulture," anchored off Teller's, now called Croton
+Point. Difficulties having been thrown in the way of this arrangement,
+Anderson was induced to leave the vessel and go ashore at midnight, in
+a boat sent by Arnold, and meet the latter on the west bank of the
+Hudson, a little below the village of Haverstraw. He had been directed
+by Sir Henry Clinton not to enter the American lines, and not to
+assume any disguise, but under a pressure of circumstances, he did
+both, and thus became exposed to the character of a spy, violating the
+laws of war. The meeting between Anderson and Arnold, while discussing
+their infamous plans, was prolonged until the dawn of day, when the
+state of the tide and the risk of being discovered by the American
+pickets, so alarmed the boatmen, that neither the threats nor
+entreaties of the two principals could induce them to return to the
+"Vulture."
+
+In the hope of making a successful return to the vessel on the next
+night, both parties sought refuge in the house of a noted Tory, living
+in Haverstraw, named Joshua Hett Smith. They had scarcely found
+themselves safe within the house, when an event occurred which
+seriously threatened the whole object of the interview. The proximity
+of the "Vulture" to the American lines was such, that a fire was
+opened upon her by a battery on shore, and she was compelled to drop
+down the river, thus preventing Anderson from returning to New York by
+that opportunity. In the afternoon Arnold returned in his barge to his
+headquarters, while Anderson, filled with thoughts of the great
+advantage the arrangement must confer upon his King and country, and
+with the glory and promotion awaiting himself, could not avoid
+reflecting upon the great personal danger to which he was exposed,
+surrounded by enemies, and having concealed about his person the
+proofs of his character as a spy. He had been furnished by Arnold with
+two passports, one to return by water in case that method again became
+practicable, and the other by a land route on the east side of the
+river, authorized him "to go to the lines at White Plains, or lower if
+he thought proper, being on public business." Choosing the latter
+mode, in the evening Anderson, accompanied by Smith, crossed the
+Hudson at Stony Point, and commenced his hazardous journey.
+
+The party proceeded with little or no interruption, and once beyond
+the sight of patroling parties, Anderson's naturally buoyant spirit
+resumed its wonted cheerfulness, and he astonished his companion by
+the sudden change from taciturn despondency to unusual hilarity.
+Poetry, art and literature, formed alternate themes of discourse, and
+already he seemed to behold the reduction of the Colonies and the end
+of the war--a consummation to which his own sagacity and personal
+daring would so largely have contributed. Near Pine's Bridge, a few
+miles above Tarrytown, Smith parted from him to return to Fishkill,
+while Anderson pursued his way onward, until three armed militia-men,
+lying in wait for suspicious men and cattle going to New York, brought
+him to a stand. Under the impression that they were adherents of the
+British from their replies to his inquiries, he announced himself a
+British officer, and exhibited his passport, but it was too late, the
+fatal admission was made. The men took him into the bushes and
+searched him, when six papers, mostly in Arnold's handwriting, were
+found inside of his stockings and beneath his feet, filled with
+details of the state of the forces, ordnance, and defenses at West
+Point. Patriotically disdaining the proffered bribe of a purse of gold
+and permanent support and promotion on condition of suffering him to
+proceed, the captors conveyed him to Colonel Jameson, who commanded
+the nearest American outpost at North Castle. This officer,
+unaccountably bewildered, resolved to dispatch the captive to Arnold,
+to whose command he belonged, in spite of the damning proof of the
+former's treachery. Major Tallmadge, the second officer in command at
+the post, was absent when Anderson was brought in, and did not return
+until evening. When Jameson told him what had occurred, he was filled
+with amazement, and openly declared that Arnold was a traitor,
+offering to take upon himself the responsibility of acting on that
+conviction. To this Jameson would not listen, but he finally yielded
+to the entreaties of Tallmadge to recall Anderson, while he persisted
+in sending a note to Arnold, informing him of the suspicious arrest of
+the prisoner. The six papers he had already dispatched to be delivered
+to Washington. The messenger sent to recall Anderson overtook the
+party and returned with them to North Castle. Conscious that his fate
+was sealed, exposure inevitable, and proofs of his own and Arnold's
+crime more than ample, Anderson paced up and down the apartment with
+measured step, pondering on the gloomy prospect which awaited him,
+while Tallmadge sat watching him, more and more convinced that the
+indifferently dressed prisoner before him had been bred to the
+profession of arms. On the next morning the captive wrote a letter to
+Washington, describing the manner in which he came within the American
+lines, and announced himself to be Major JOHN ANDRE, the
+Adjutant-General of the British army.
+
+The state of inactivity of the patriot forces had impelled Count
+Rochambeau, the Commander of the Allied French army, to request an
+interview with Washington at Hartford, Conn. Two days before the
+conference between Arnold and Andre, Washington wrote Arnold to meet
+him at Peekskill with a guard of fifty men, and forage for forty
+horses. Arnold came down from West Point in his barge, and crossed
+over with Washington at King's Ferry, plying between Verplank's and
+Stony Point. The "Vulture" was then anchored off in full view, and
+Washington observed her through a telescope for a long time,
+conversing with his staff in a low tone. Arnold witnessed the scene
+with more than ordinary feelings of alarm, and was startled by a
+playful remark of Lafayette, who said, "General, as you have secret
+correspondence with the enemy, you must tell us what has become of
+Guichen." Thrown off his guard, Arnold sharply demanded what the
+Marquis alluded to, but almost immediately the boat arrived at the
+landing, and the retort passed unnoticed. The night was passed at
+Peekskill, and when next morning Washington proceeded on his way,
+Arnold returned to his headquarters at the Robinson House, opposite
+West Point. In returning, after the meeting with Rochambeau,
+Washington pursued the upper route to the Hudson, arriving at
+Fishkill, so as to enable him to visit West Point before returning to
+his camp in New Jersey. This change in his route caused him to miss
+the papers sent after him by Jameson, which had been found on the
+person of Andre, and during his brief visit the plot had matured,
+ripened, and Andre had been captured.
+
+Two days after the latter occurrence, Washington left Fishkill and
+pushed on down to the Robinson House, only some ten miles distant,
+intending to breakfast with Arnold. On arriving opposite West Point,
+instead of continuing on to Arnold's quarters, he rode toward the
+North and South redoubts. "General," said Lafayette, "you are going in
+the wrong direction, and you know Mrs. Arnold is waiting breakfast for
+us." "Ah!" said Washington, "you young men are all in love with Mrs.
+Arnold, and wish to get where she is as soon as possible; go, and take
+your breakfast with her, and tell her not to wait for me; I must first
+examine the redoubts on this side of the river."
+
+As most of the staff officers proposed to accompany him, only two went
+forward to tell the Arnolds not to wait, and finding breakfast ready,
+they sat down with the family at the table. During the repast a note
+was brought to Arnold, who opened it and read it; the note was from
+Jameson, as before mentioned, and announced the capture of Anderson,
+conveying, of course, to Arnold, the failure of the whole conspiracy.
+Betraying but slight outward emotion, although his life was in
+imminent peril, he merely remarked that his presence was required
+across the river at West Point, and with a slight apology, he left the
+room followed by his wife. In the privacy of their own chamber he told
+her they must part--possibly forever--and that his life depended on
+his reaching the British lines; then pressing a kiss upon his sleeping
+infant boy,[A] he passed down stairs, mounted a horse, and dashed down
+a narrow rocky path leading to the landing, where his barge was lying,
+just on the south side of the point through which the Hudson River
+Railroad now cuts its way. Pretending that he was going with a flag of
+truce, he excited the boatmen to powerful efforts by promised
+rewards, and the boat sped through the water, carrying the panting
+renegade to the "Vulture" below, passing Verplank's Point batteries
+under cover of a white handkerchief raised upon a stick.
+
+Meanwhile, Washington having completed his inspection, arrived at the
+Robinson House, where he was informed that Arnold had been called
+across the river. After a hasty breakfast, he concluded not to await
+Arnold's return, but to follow him to West Point. As the barge swept
+over the water, amid the majestic scenery of the Hudson, Washington
+remarked, "Well, gentlemen, I am glad General Arnold has gone before
+us, for we shall now receive a salute, and the roaring of the guns
+will have a fine effect among these mountains." But no salute boomed
+upon their expectant ears, and no preparations were visible for
+tendering one. As the boat drew near the shore, an officer was seen
+coming down the hill, who proved to be Colonel Lamb, the temporary
+commander. Astounded at seeing the Commander-in-Chief, he commenced
+an apology, which was interrupted by Washington. "How is this, sir, is
+not General Arnold here?" "No, sir," replied the Colonel, "he has not
+been here these two days, nor have I heard from him in that time."
+"This is extraordinary," replied Washington, "he left word that he had
+crossed over here; however, the object of our visit must not be
+defeated, and since we are here we will look around and see in what
+state things are with you." He then ascended to Fort Putnam, examined
+it and the various redoubts, and returned to Arnold's house, where
+Hamilton gave him the dispatch, which had arrived during his absence
+from Jameson, containing the papers found on Andre, and the letter
+from the latter to himself. The treason of Arnold was now fully
+exposed, but as some hours had elapsed he was already beyond pursuit.
+Calling in Generals Knox and Lafayette, Washington explained what had
+occurred, showing the proofs of the treachery, and, pathetically
+appealing to them, he exclaimed, "Whom can we trust now?"
+
+Standing on a mine which might explode at any instant, he was
+outwardly as calm as ever; he even sought Mrs. Arnold, and kindly
+attempted to soothe her frenzied excitement which found vent in
+alternate wailings and reproaches that would have pierced
+insensibility itself. Although Washington seemed unchanged, he was
+fully alive to his danger. He rapidly wrote his commands, and hastily
+dispatched couriers in every direction to arouse the camps, till at
+length, having done all in his power to avert the threatened evil, he
+retired to rest late at night, fully expecting to be aroused before
+daylight by the roar of British artillery.
+
+We now know the happy result, and that, under the providence of God,
+much of it was due to the promptitude and foresight of Washington. We
+now see the momentous consequences which would have followed the
+consummation of Arnold's baseness; how, and by what a singular change
+of events, Washington's visit was delayed, and Arnold's escape
+effected, while even now, we recoil as we learn how a single
+expression dropped by Andre, prevented the springing of a mine which
+would have inevitably insured a failure to achieve our independence,
+and have left us colonial dependents upon the British Government.
+Andre was conveyed to the Robinson House, and thence to West Point,
+from which place he was removed to the village of Tappan, opposite
+Irvington, on the Hudson River Railroad, where a Board of General
+Officers, presided over by Major General Greene, was assembled to
+inquire into the facts of his case, and report their opinion. The
+Board found him acting in the character of a spy, and were of the
+opinion that, agreeably to the laws and usages of war, he ought to
+suffer death. In spite of every possible exertion of Sir Henry
+Clinton, the universal sympathy of the American officers, and the
+grief of Washington, whose heart was wrung with anguish when he gave
+the death-warrant, Andre was executed at Tappan, on the 2d of
+October, 1780, and died, in truth, "lamented even by his foes."
+
+The miserable and unhappy career of Arnold need not be pursued.
+Rewarded by the British Government with a Brigadier-General's
+commission and a grant of £10,000, he died in London in 1801.[B]
+
+    [Illustration: CONSTITUTION ISLAND]
+
+To the visitor at West Point, the objective spot of the stirring
+scenes described, each wooded height and rocky bluff recalls the times
+when our fathers, regardless of personal hardship, suffering and
+death, labored to secure the priceless boon of freedom.
+
+    "There's not a verdant blade, nor mountain hoary,
+    But treasures up the memories of freedom's story."
+
+One hundred and fifty-seven feet above the river, on a plateau,
+embracing about fifty acres of level ground, stands the UNITED STATES
+MILITARY ACADEMY, established by an Act of Congress in 1802. The
+approach to this plateau from the steam-ferry landing, is up a
+carriage road, excavated in the almost perpendicular rocky bank,
+conveying the visitor past the Riding-hall, the Cavalry stables, and
+the Library building, to the crest of the plain, where the natural
+beauty of the latter, and its wonderful adaptation for locating a
+great military educational institution, first excites admiration. The
+plateau, which affords ample space for all military evolutions
+appertaining to artillery, infantry, and cavalry, is bounded on the
+west by lofty and rugged hills, at the base of which are situated the
+various Academic buildings, the Cadet Barracks, and the residences of
+the officers and professors.
+
+Proceeding on to the West Point Hotel, an old fort is seen on the
+north-east angle of the plain, known as FORT ARNOLD, until the treason
+of the apostate became exposed, when the name, thenceforth unknown in
+American history, was changed to FORT CLINTON. From the Hotel,
+situated on the north side of the plain, the lake-like river view is
+unobstructed for nearly ten miles, and presents in its constantly
+varying aspect of sunlight and shadow on the rugged mountain sides, in
+its periods of storm and repose on the water, and in its ever changing
+variety of steamers and river craft, a scene which for boldness and
+beauty stands unrivalled even in America, and is elsewhere unknown
+throughout the world. The pencil of the artist, the skill of the
+photographer, and the depths of language, have striven to portray the
+exceeding loveliness of the vista presented from this spot, while
+tourists fresh from the Alpine beauties of Switzerland and the Rhine,
+from Italy, Scotland and Wales, and from the overland wilds of the
+Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, alike render homage to the
+glorious landscape here spread before them.
+
+Immediately to the north, and almost at the feet of the spectator,
+lies Constitution Island, with the exposed ruins of old Fort
+Constitution near the water's edge, and a little below which the end
+of the great chain was attached; while beyond may be seen the forge
+and furnace stacks of the Foundry, and the spires and dwellings in the
+village of Cold Spring. To the right, and farther up, Bull Hill and
+Breakneck Mountains, rise respectively 1,580 and 1,187 feet, the
+latter bearing Pollopel's Island, nearly opposite, while the city of
+Newburg, with the Shawangunk Mountain range for a background, fades
+away almost imperceptibly in the distance. On the left, the Crow Nest
+towers 1,428 feet above the water, with Washington's Valley nestling
+between it and the Cemetery. "Moore's House," from which the orders of
+Washington emanated in 1779, was situated in the valley bearing his
+name.
+
+Leaving the Hotel by a pathway to the west, the visitor is conducted
+to the siege battery of rifled guns, exhibiting the form and structure
+of a field work, and from thence to a grove of elms, where a variety
+of trophy guns are to be seen, taken during the Revolution, in the war
+of 1812, in Mexico, and in the late rebellion. A portion of the great
+chain surrounds the beautiful gun "Le Monarque," presented by Congress
+to Lafayette, and one or two mortars captured by General Wayne at
+Stony Point. Beside the antique mortars and guns from Mexico,
+inscribed with the names of the places from which they came, there are
+two English rifled Blakely guns, from Fort Pulaski, two carronades, or
+ship's pivot guns, from Hilton Head, one 8-inch rifled Blakely, from
+Fort Morgan, all captured from the rebels; and the fragments of Gen.
+Gilmore's famous 30-pound Parrott gun, from Morris Island, which
+hurled 4,606 projectiles at Charleston before it assumed its present
+condition. These trophies, scarred and bruised by shot, and many other
+large guns made for experimental purposes, cannot fail to afford an
+interesting subject for contemplation. The large granite ball was
+brought by Gen. Delafield from the Crimea, where it is said such
+projectiles were thrown from mortars by the Russians, to crush the
+decks of the blockading fleet. The spot is further interesting from
+its having been dedicated as the site of the proposed Battle Monument,
+designed to be erected by subscription among the surviving officers
+and soldiers, to the memory of the officers of the regular army who
+fell during the rebellion.
+
+A little to the westward, a walled enclosure, embracing the Ordnance
+Laboratory, is situated, and there may be seen a great variety of
+trophy guns from Cedar Creek and from Vicksburg, among which is the
+famous "Whistling Dick," an English rifled breech-loading Whitworth
+gun, captured on Morris Island, and the formidable Armstrong gun,
+captured at Fort Fisher, off Wilmington. Here, also, may be seen the
+gun from Elder's Battery, which fired the last shot previous to the
+surrender of Lee's Army. These, and a great variety of torpedoes,
+shot, shells and other Rebel implements of warfare, will well repay
+the visitor by the variety of design they exhibit. Pursuing the road
+down the hill, to the North wharf, the Sea-coast battery, with its
+armament of rifled monsters, consisting of 30-pound, 100, 200, and
+300-pound Parrots, the 15-inch gun, and the 13-inch mortar, all
+capable of hurling projectiles as far as Pollopel's Island, or beyond,
+arrests the attention of the observer, and furnishes tangible
+evidences of the triumphant progress of manufacturing skill in weapons
+of war.
+
+Returning by the road to the crest of the Plain, and proceeding west,
+a road to the left leads up the hill to Fort Putnam. The old fort,
+long neglected, and subject to the assaults of wintry blasts and
+beating storms, rises high above the Plain, and there, in grim
+majesty, it patiently awaits the silent march of disintegration and
+general decay. Approached in the mellow light of an evening sunset,
+when a single pencil of rays lingers and illuminates the crests of the
+mountains in the east, and a few scattered clouds, tinged with
+scarlet, gold and silver tints, fading and blending in perfect harmony
+with the deep blue of the firmament, indicate the close of the day; a
+single drum breaks upon the solemn stillness around, and directly
+after, a full chorus of music from the Band on the Plain below,
+proclaims the arrival of the hour for evening parade. Immediately echo
+takes up the strain, and repeats them in tones softer and sweeter, and
+fainter, until mountain, river and plain, all resound with notes of
+exquisite melody. Then the pulse quickens even in those habitually
+insensible to the beautiful spectacle here unfolded, and the visitor
+seems to breathe a new existence in an ideal world, until the
+reverberations of the evening gun announce the passage of another day,
+and the nearer approach of that period when the mighty Angel shall
+proclaim that "time was, but time shall be no more."
+
+Were the same scene to be presented daily from this spot for all time,
+it would never cease to be a delight to make a pilgrimage to the
+glorious old Fort, while the vivid memories of its former patriot
+occupants, and their labors are treasured up and remembered. But a
+constant change is going on, and the same object presents itself to
+the eye in many different aspects. The beautiful river, from small
+beginnings, flowing down shelving rocks and flowering banks, is
+swollen in mighty grandeur until it bursts asunder the mountain
+barriers, and sweeps along, bearing on its broad bosom the wealth of
+two hemispheres, to lose itself in the limitless ocean, and become a
+part of the eternity of waters. The never-ceasing progress of the
+seasons, beginning with the first born bud of Spring, and so
+proceeding through each varying phase, to the period when the
+snow-capped mountains and the ice-bound river are ready to expose anew
+their surfaces to the reviving and gladdening warmth of showery April.
+The very rising and setting of the sun; the clear, blue sky, speckled
+with snowy fleece; the hurry and rush of the mountain storm through
+the gorge, unite to keep up an ever-changing panorama of all that is
+lovely and grand in nature.
+
+Prominent among the many objects of interest which claim the attention
+of the observer from this point, may be seen Redoubt No. 4, on Rocky
+Hill, immediately in rear of the fort; the ruined parapets of Forts
+Wyllis and Webb lying southward, each enveloped in a cluster of
+cedars; and to the east, on the opposite side of the river, the North
+and South redoubts on the hill, in rear of Garrisons, environed by
+similar groups of the same beautiful vine-clad evergreen. The entire
+vicinity, rising as it does abruptly from the river to the terrace
+above, with wooded uplands, and bright green slopes beyond, is adorned
+with sumptuous country seats, gleaming through the tufts of foliage
+that surround them, and the lordly Hudson, with its furrowing keels
+and snowy sails, all unite to present a landscape, the beauty of which
+the pencil of the artist has vainly striven to portray.
+
+The buildings appropriated to the occupation and education of the
+Cadets, are not without attractive interest to the visitor. The
+CADETS' BARRACK, from its magnitude, symmetrical proportions,
+durability, and castellated structure, seldom fails to elicit
+commendation from all lovers of architecture who are drawn to its
+vicinity. The building contains eight divisions, of which two are
+assigned to each of the four companies of Cadets. Two occupants only
+are found in a room, each uniformly furnished with an iron bedstead,
+an iron table, chair, books, and wearing apparel; all other furniture
+being carefully excluded as unnecessary or unworthy of the student
+soldier. Warmed by furnaces, lighted by gas, with daily access to
+bath-rooms, and invigorated by their military exercises, the Cadets
+present an appearance of health and contentment seldom seen in other
+collegiate institutions.
+
+THE ACADEMIC BUILDING contains, on the first floor, a gymnasium, with
+bowling-alleys, an apartment for fencing and sword exercise, and the
+Chemical laboratory. The second floor contains recitation rooms, and
+the models and collections pertaining to the departments of
+Engineering and Mineralogy and Geology. Besides the models of bridges,
+buildings, engines, and arches, illustrative of the progress of civil
+engineering, others relating to field works, fortifications, their
+system of attack and defense, and the models of Fort Wagner, before
+Charleston, and San Juan d'Ulloa, off Vera Cruz, will claim attention.
+The third floor is occupied by recitation and lecture rooms, the
+Picture gallery, Drawing Academy, and the Museum of ordnance and
+trophies. The Picture gallery contains specimens selected from the
+productions of the most proficient Cadets in the classes which have
+gone forth since 1838, and among them the names of many prominent army
+officers will be recognized. Regarded as an evidence of skill and
+cultivated taste, on the part of those who were first made aware of
+their power to acquire the art of sketching and coloring after
+entering the Military Academy, and as the result of a few months'
+instruction, no one can view this collection without experiencing the
+liveliest feelings of satisfaction and pleasure.
+
+The MUSEUM OF ORDNANCE AND TROPHIES exhibits all the various
+progressive stages in the manufacture of swords, muskets, cartridges,
+powder, and shot; models of field and siege guns, and the anatomical
+structure of horses for instruction in the department of cavalry. The
+collection of ancient and experimental weapons; of Rebel torpedoes,
+and Rebel shot from many battle-fields; of flag-staffs and flags from
+Mexico; Indian trophies and curious projectiles, and the numerous
+flags borne by the regular army in the last war with England, in the
+Florida war, in Mexico, and in the Rebellion, with their inscriptions,
+excites a degree of interest which cannot be overcome by a momentary
+glance.
+
+The colors of the FOURTH REGIMENT OF U.S. INFANTRY bear the following
+historical inscriptions:
+
+  The first Flag Carried           1794.
+  Retained at Reorganization       1808.
+  Tippecanoe                       1811.
+
+    IN THE FLORIDA WAR.
+
+  Gaines's Pen                     1836.
+  Thlonalosassa                    1836.
+  Okeechobee                       1837.
+
+    IN THE MEXICAN WAR.
+
+  Palo Alto                        1846.
+  Resaca de la Palma               1846.
+  Monterey                         1816.
+  Vera Cruz                        1847.
+  Churubusco                       1847.
+  Molino del Rey                   1847.
+  Chapultepec                      1847.
+  City of Mexico                   1847.
+
+    IN THE REBELLION.
+
+  Yorktown                         1862.
+  Gaines's Mill                    1862.
+  Malvern Hill                     1862.
+  Bull Run No. 2                   1862.
+  Antietam                         1862.
+  Fredericksburg                   1862.
+  Chancellorsville                 1863.
+  Gettysburg                       1863.
+  Wapping Heights                  1863.
+  Wilderness                       1864.
+  Spottsylvania                    1864.
+  North Anna River                 1864.
+  Po-Potmail Creek                 1864.
+  Coal Harbor                      1864.
+  Petersburg                       1864.
+  Lee's Surrender                  1865.
+
+The colors of some other regiments and batteries bear even a greater
+number of inscriptions, but none date as far back in the past.
+
+A pedestal and shell, brought from South Carolina, is inscribed on
+its four sides by Rebel and Union hands, as follows:
+
+                     FIRST FACE.
+
+        Fifteen Inch Hollow Shot, fired by the
+    Abolition Fleet of Iron Clads, at Fort Sumter,
+                    April 7, 1863.
+
+                     SECOND FACE.
+
+          Presented to the Citadel Academy,
+             By General G.T. Beauregard,
+          Charleston, S.C., April 27, 1863.
+
+                     THIRD FACE.
+
+       Taken at Columbia, S.C., Feb. 17, 1865,
+      By the troops of the United States, under
+             Major-General W.T. Sherman.
+
+                     FOURTH FACE.
+
+       Presented to the U.S. Military Academy,
+            By Major-General Wm. B. Hazen,
+                    April 1, 1865.
+
+The centre of the room is occupied by a model of the Silver Mine of
+Valenciana, in Mexico, purchased in the City of Mexico in 1847, by
+subscription among the officers of the army, whose names are affixed.
+The upper surface represents the operatives, made of silver amalgam,
+practising their several divisions of labor, while the sides exhibit
+the galleries of the mine, with the miners at work. The case contains,
+besides, many mineral specimens, and models of Aztec idols. The whole
+is surmounted by an eagle and a portion of drapery taken from over the
+Vice-President's Chair in the Mexican Senate Chamber.
+
+In the CHAPEL, east of the Academic building, may be seen a fine
+picture over the chancel, by Professor Weir, typical of Mars and
+Minerva. On the west side, the walls present memorial tablets of the
+general officers of the Revolution, and the guns presented by Congress
+to Major-General Greene, implanted beside a niche of trophy colors
+taken from English and Hessian regiments. On the east side are
+memorial tablets of all the officers of our army who fell in the
+Mexican War, and trophy guns and colors taken by Generals Scott and
+Taylor, during their campaigns in the same war.
+
+The LIBRARY BUILDING contains temporarily the offices of the
+Superintendent, Adjutant, Quartermaster, and Treasurer. On the second
+floor, which is not usually open to visitors, is situated the
+Lecture-room and apparatus of the department of Philosophy and
+Astronomy. The dome contains an equatorial telescope, and the flank
+towers a transit instrument and mural circle. The Library occupies the
+east end of the building. It contains about 20,000 volumes, chiefly on
+professional and scientific subjects, and several fine portraits of
+former Superintendents and Chiefs of the Engineer Department.
+
+The capacious RIDING HALL stands on the bank of the river, a little
+below the Library; and from the interesting exercises therein, it is
+deservedly regarded as one of the most attractive points at the
+Military Academy. The hours for riding are from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M.,
+except during the period of the Cadets' encampment, with occasional
+interruptions, when the evolutions of a squadron are practised on the
+Plain. The course of instruction embodies running at the heads,
+running at the ring with poised sabre, exercises with pistols,
+leaping bars and hurdles, and many other feats which afford little
+room for monotony or wearisome interest, even among those accustomed
+to witnessing equestrian displays.
+
+Northward from the Library a path leads down the bank to KOSCIUSZKO'S
+GARDEN--a shelving terrace overhung with shrubbery, and rendered
+inviting by a cool spring of water, and a tradition that the patriot
+Pole, whose name the spot bears, here sought retirement and seclusion.
+The Monument to "Dade and his Command" tells its own story, and
+American history has yet to furnish an example of devotion to duty
+similar to that exhibited by those whose names are here inscribed. A
+little beyond is seen Battery Knox, whose armament proclaims the
+tidings on all occasions of national joy or sadness. From this point,
+the lower pathway, called the "Chain Battery Walk," conducts the
+visitor through a delightful ramble to Gee's Point and the North
+Wharf, or by a branch, to the Hotel above. The upper path returns to
+the road along the crest of the bank, and a few steps brings the
+tourist to FORT CLINTON.
+
+Within the latter, on the extreme angle nearest the river, stands a
+marble column, sacred to military virtue in the person of Kosciuszko,
+and forming in itself by reason of the ideas it evokes, a striking
+contrast to the dark halo of despite and shame that hovers around the
+name of Arnold, whose apostasy is inseparably connected with the very
+name of West Point. THADDEUS KOSCIUSZKO was a native of Poland, whose
+education began at Warsaw and was completed at Paris. Having
+determined to cast his lot with the Americans, then struggling for
+liberty, he was furnished by Franklin with letters to Washington, and
+came to America. He was appointed Aide-de-Camp to Washington, and
+subsequently commissioned as Colonel of Engineers. Highly
+distinguished for his courage and skill in the campaign against
+Burgoyne, and as the directing Engineer at West Point, he returned to
+Poland at the close of the Revolution, rewarded by the thanks of
+Congress and the commission of Brevet Brigadier-General, to serve as a
+General of Division under Poniatowski. In the Polish Insurrection of
+1793 he was chosen Generalissimo, with the powers of a Roman Dictator.
+He immediately issued a decree, authorizing the insurrection, and at
+once proceeded to unite the Polish divisions, and in a few days the
+Russians were driven from the Palatinate. Meantime, the Prussians
+having joined Russia, the rest of the struggle was a continuous
+resistance against superior forces, until at last, at Maciejowice, on
+the 10th of October, 1794, he was completely defeated and overwhelmed
+by the Russians. He fell wounded from his horse, with the bitter wail
+on his lips, "Finis Polonie." Taken prisoner, and conveyed to a
+fortress near St. Petersburg, he underwent a long confinement until
+the accession of Paul I., who, feeling an admiration for his
+character, restored him to freedom, and presented him with his sword.
+
+"I have no longer occasion for a sword," sadly replied Kosciuszko,
+"since I have no longer a country." He visited America in 1797, and
+was triumphantly and warmly welcomed by the grateful people. He
+returned to Switzerland and resided at Solothurn, where he died on
+October 15, 1817. His body was interred at Cracow with great pomp in
+the funeral vaults of the Kings of Poland, between the coffins of
+Poniatowski and Sobieski. The Senate decreed in his honor the erection
+of an enormous mound on the Heights of Bronislawad. The gratuitous
+labor of all classes succeeded in raising this "Mound of Kosciuszko"
+to the height of 300 feet in three years, and it will remain for ages
+a noble monument of his country's gratitude. Kosciuszko was never
+married, and the simple column at West Point, in full view of
+thousands of travelers, will long serve as a memorial of gratitude
+from the American nation, and an enduring protest against the
+destruction of Poland, and the ruin and death of many freedom lovers
+as noble and virtuous as Kosciuszko himself.
+
+The "DRIVES" at West Point and its vicinity, although limited in
+extent by the rugged character of the region, are possessed of
+infinite variety and beauty, from the constantly changing aspect of
+river, mountain, and valley. Besides the routes on the Post itself,
+the road South, along the riverbank to Fort Montgomery, about four
+miles distant, from its smoothness, easy grades, and the numerous
+attractive residences by the wayside, affords many present and
+pleasing after reminiscences of a sojourn at this delightful retreat.
+
+Prominent among these attractions, and scarcely a mile distant from
+West Point, on the very brink of a precipice towering over the Hudson,
+stands COZZENS' HOTEL, the name of which is inseparably associated
+with the name of its founder, whose benevolence, geniality, and
+hospitality is so intimately connected with West Point and the
+traveling public.
+
+    [Illustration: 1866. West Point AND ITS VICINITY.]
+
+Directly west of the Hotel stands the picturesque little church of the
+"Holy Innocents," erected by Professor Weir, to commemorate the
+early decease of two of his children. A little distance below, the
+village of Highland Falls is situated, on both sides of a mountain
+stream bearing the name of Buttermilk Falls, derived from the foaming
+passage of the water over steep rocks into the Hudson below. From this
+point onward to Fort Montgomery, the occasional expanse of the river,
+the charming country seats dotting the bank, and the magnificence of
+the mountains, continually inspires a feeling of happiness and
+contentment.
+
+FORT MONTGOMERY is situated on the north bank of Pooplopen's Creek, at
+its junction with the Hudson. It is elevated about 130 feet above the
+water, and the view from its ruined parapet covers an extent, and
+surpasses if possible in wildness, the landscape seen from the West
+Point Hotel. FORT CLINTON, similarly elevated, stood directly opposite
+on the south side of the creek, and both works possess more than
+ordinary interest from having been the scene of a bloody assault and
+capture by a British force, under the command of Sir Henry Clinton,
+in October 1777. The forts were simultaneously carried at the point of
+the bayonet by overwhelming numbers; the last named, by a column
+moving up the bank of the river, and the former, by one moving down
+the valley, between the Dunderberg and Bear Mountain, through which
+the creek makes its way.
+
+From West Point westward, the road diverges to the CEMETERY,
+overlooking Camptown, where the soldiers are quartered, Washington's
+Valley, a little beyond, Constitution Island, the Foundry, and the
+village of Cold Spring. The tasteful monuments, with their military
+insignia and mournful inscriptions, unveil the attachment of many who
+fell in Florida, Mexico, Oregon, and in the Rebellion, for the spot
+protected and consecrated by their Alma Mater. The branch road south,
+immediately without the first West gate, leads to Fort Putnam, and
+intersects the river route a little above Cozzens' Hotel. The main
+road west, known as the "Canterbury Road," leads to Turner's Station,
+on the Erie Railroad, about fourteen miles distant, passing Long Pond,
+and the vicinity of many other ponds indicated on the map, most of
+which afford fine resorts for angling and hunting in the appropriate
+season. Three miles from West Point a branch from this road leads
+across the mountain to Canterbury, Cornwall, and Newburg, but the
+route is so rough as to render it unsuitable for pleasure driving.
+Just before reaching this point a road extends south through Eagle
+Valley to Highland Falls, affording a circuit of about seven miles,
+through a region abounding with new beauties at every turn. The road
+is in good condition, and the proposed intention of the Cozzens'
+Brothers to add to the attractions of their Hotel by erecting a
+mountain retreat at the Round Pond, will doubtless lead to further
+improvements.
+
+The "Drives" on the east side of the Hudson are easy of access by the
+steam ferry, and are possessed of even stronger attractions. From the
+landing the road rises to the "Highland House," and from thence
+southward as far as Anthony's Nose, the route is one of exquisite
+beauty. Besides the numerous country seats, nowhere surpassed in
+elegance, and the thriving farms along the way, the Robinson House,
+situated at the base of Sugar Loaf Mountain, about one mile below,
+presents an object of deep and attractive interest. Preserved with all
+its original features, and as far as possible in the same condition as
+when it was made the scene of Arnold's treachery--hallowed by the
+footsteps of Washington and almost every general officer of the
+Revolution, and rendered impressive from its antiquity and the absence
+of all evidences of the progress of modern architecture and comfort,
+the Robinson House has survived, with its umbrageous foliage, for
+nearly a century, and remains at this day almost the only relic of its
+former princely proprietor.
+
+From the Highland House northward the road, remarkable for its
+smoothness and delightful sheltering trees, extends to INDIAN FALLS,
+some three miles distant. Passing a deep ravine, through which a
+sequestered tributary of the Hudson flows deep in the forest glade--so
+deep that, scarce even the Summer's noon-tide sun can force a single
+ray through the dense shade--the mountain stream after meandering
+through miles of untrodden woods, and chafing over its rocky bed,
+suddenly leaps the rocks fifty feet in height into a deep and glassy
+pool, forming a scene of surpassing beauty. Beyond, the road continues
+to Cold Spring, passing the Foundry and affording landscape views
+north and south, all capable of exciting the most pleasurable
+emotions.
+
+The MILITARY EXERCISES, everywhere an attractive spectacle to the
+American public, are at West Point productive of the most lasting and
+gratifying impressions, from the unrivaled excellence of the Band, the
+uniform neatness of the Cadets, and the precision with which the most
+difficult maneuvers are executed by them. The European traveler,
+accustomed to schools of instruction separate and apart for the
+education of Engineers, Artillery, Infantry, and Cavalry Officers,
+witnesses here with astonishment the perfection and familiarity which
+the Cadets exhibit in the performance of all the duties pertaining to
+these four branches of military organization. Some of these exercises
+are daily and continuous throughout the year, others, owing to the
+severity of the climate, are restricted to the period between the 15th
+of March and the 1st of November; and during the Encampment, which
+includes a part of June and the months of July and August, all studies
+are suspended, while daily practical instruction prevails as in actual
+field service.
+
+Commencing on the 1st of September and extending over a term of nine
+months and a half, during which time the Cadets occupy the Barracks
+and pursue their Academic studies, their military exercises are as
+follows:
+
+  Revéille   { April 1 to Sept. 30                   5, A.M.
+  Roll-call. { March and Oct.                     5:30, A.M.
+             { Nov., Dec., Jan. and Feb.             6, A.M.
+  Breakfast Roll-call                                7, A.M.
+  Guard-mounting                                  7:30, A.M.
+  Riding                                11, A.M., to 1, P.M.
+  Dinner Roll-call                                   1, P.M.
+  Company Drill              March 15 to April 1, 4:10, P.M.
+  Battalion Drill               May 16 to May 31, 4:10, P.M.
+  Skirmish Drill              Oct. 15 to Oct. 31, 4:10, P.M.
+  Light Artillery Drill, }
+  Heavy Artillery Drill, }     April 1 to May 15, 4:10, P.M.
+  Mortar Practice,       }
+  Evening Dress Parade                               Sunset.
+  Tattoo                                          9:30, P.M.
+  Taps                                              10, P.M.
+
+During the Encampment the hours are changed, and are as follows:
+
+  Revéille                                           5, A.M.
+  Infantry Drill                                  5:30, A.M.
+  Infantry Drill                  Aug. 1 to Aug. 31, 5, P.M.
+  Breakfast Roll-call                                7, A.M.
+  Morning Dress Parade                               8, A.M.
+  Guard-mounting                                  8:30, A.M.
+  Artillery Drill                                    9, A.M.
+  Engineering Drill                              10:30, A.M.
+  Band Practice                                     10, A.M.
+  Drill of New Cadets                  11, A.M., and 5, P.M.
+  Evening Dress Parade                               Sunset.
+  Tattoo                                          9:30, P.M.
+  Tattoo on Party Evenings                        9:50, P.M.
+  Taps                                              10, P.M.
+
+For the purpose of military instruction, the Cadets are organized into
+a battalion of four companies, called A, B, C, and D Companies. These
+are arranged with reference to stature, and they contain the four
+Academic or collegiate classes indiscriminately mingled. The companies
+are officered in the usual way, by selecting the Captains and
+Lieutenants from the class longest at the Academy; the Sergeants from
+the next lowest class, and the Corporals from the next in order.
+"Chevrons," or badges of gold lace, are worn on each arm by these
+officers to denote their rank, as follows:
+
+    [Illustration:
+    Adjutant.
+    Quartermaster.
+    Serg't-Major.
+    Q'r-M'r-Serg't.
+    Captain.
+    Lieutenant.
+    1st Sergeant.
+    Sergeant.
+    Color-bearer.
+    Color Corporal. (Below the elbow.)
+    Corporal. (Below the elbow.)]
+
+These appointments are conferred by the Superintendent as honorary
+distinctions, and are continuous for one year unless forfeited by
+misconduct. The discipline and spirit of the Corps is in a great
+degree dependent upon the Cadet Officers, and while they promptly and
+cheerfully obey their commands, "off duty" they are equals.
+
+In the exercise of their appointments they are required to report to
+the authorities infractions of the Regulations on the part of their
+comrades, but all domineering and captious inclinations are
+restrained, by what may be termed a popular opinion among the Cadets.
+
+The Corps of Cadets usually numbers about 250, and they are organized
+as already stated into four companies. Immediately intrusted with
+their supervision and military instruction is the Commandant of
+Cadets, who is a Lieutenant-Colonel, and he is assisted by six
+officers, like himself detailed from the army. This organization
+prevails for all infantry instruction, and for the maintenance of
+discipline in camp and barracks. In other branches of military
+instruction, special arrangements are ordered on the basis of class
+standing in the several classes.
+
+The ENCAMPMENT commences at the close of the Annual Examination, about
+the 20th of June, and the camp is located on the Northeast portion of
+the Plain. This period, affording as it does the only relaxation from
+study during the year, and as the time for the realization of the
+long-cherished expectations of the graduating and furlough classes, to
+enjoy the pleasures of home and early friendships, is one of unusual
+interest and hilarity. With the disappearance of these two classes,
+orders are promulgated to pitch the tents, and march into camp at a
+stated hour. The latter is preceded by a general stampedeing force of
+Cadets, conveying from the barracks to the now unoccupied recitation
+rooms all unnecessary articles of furniture. Gray forms are seen with
+heads crowned with washstands, chairs, mattresses, and other
+camp-prohibited articles, working with such vigor that, in two or
+three hours, the barracks are cleared of all Cadet property save their
+military accoutrements. Before breakfast the camp is laid out and the
+tents pitched, and at the appointed hour the battalion, with the Band
+and with colors unfurled, marches to its Summer home.
+
+    [Illustration: The Cadet's Encampment]
+
+The Encampment consists of eight rows of tents, two to each company,
+opening on four streets parallel to each other, and a broad avenue
+runs through the centre of the camp. The tents of the Company Officers
+and of the Army Instructors of Tactics, are situated opposite their
+respective companies, while the tent of the Commandant of Cadets is
+placed centrally at the East end of the broad avenue. The Guard tents,
+five or six in number, are situated in a line a little distance in
+front of the whole camp. A chain of six or eight sentinels surrounds
+the camp day and night. The guard consists of three reliefs, which
+walk post in turn, during the twenty-four hours for which each
+guard is detailed. This detail is drawn as equitably as possible from
+the four companies, and guard duty recurs once in from three to five
+days, making the duty a real hardship to those not inured to it. The
+subdivisions of the guard require each relief to walk two hours, and
+then wait four hours before it is again posted. The operation of
+changing is as follows: When the relief is duly formed and inspected
+by the Officer of the Guard, it is marched by its Corporal around the
+line of posts, and after "Taps," each sentinel challenges the
+longed-for delegation with a fierce, "Who comes there?" as though the
+enemy were upon him. The reply of the Corporal leads to a further
+demand for a cabalistic word which, when whispered, so elevates the
+party in the estimation of the sentinel, that he quickly abandons his
+vigilant, defiant manner, and quietly yields his post to his
+successor, whose place in the ranks of the relief is then most
+cheerfully accepted.
+
+The camp is governed by the same regulations that accompany an army
+in the field, except in the preparation of meals, which are supplied
+at the Cadets' Mess throughout the year.
+
+The presence of visitors contributes much to enliven this period of
+hardship in Cadet life, and the tri-weekly dancing parties on Monday,
+Wednesday, and Friday evenings, notwithstanding their abrupt
+termination at 10 P.M., affords never to be forgotten reminiscences in
+after life, of social enjoyment and enlightened intercourse with the
+fair daughters of America, not a few of whom date back their after
+career to the bewitching influence which marks this season. The
+Encampment usually terminates on the 29th of August, when the Cadets
+return to Barrack-life, and recommence their studies. An illumination
+of the camp usually takes place on the evening before it is broken up,
+and the convolutions of a "stag dance" are performed on the
+Parade-ground, with a fervor and vivacity worthy of imitation in a
+Camanche war-dance. This curious cross in the terpsichorean art,
+between the pigeon wing, double shuffle, hoe-down, and the quadrille,
+is a frequent diversion in the Cadet camp. It is performed by twenty
+or more Cadets, who gyrate between two rows of candles stuck in the
+ground, cadencing their movements by the very uncertain sounds of a
+plebeian fiddle and the low muffled rattle of a drum, accompanied by
+whimsicalities and contortions unknown save at West Point.
+
+The scene presented during the striking of the tents is quite lively
+and picturesque. In the early hours of the day all the property of the
+Cadets, such as blankets, clothing, etc., is carried by them to the
+rooms they are assigned to in the barracks, leaving in camp only their
+rifles and their accoutrements. At the appointed hour the "general"
+beats,
+
+    "Don't you hear the General say,
+    Strike your tents and march away?"
+
+when all spring to their posts, awaiting three taps on the bass drum.
+At the first tap, all except the corner tent cords are cast loose and
+the pins are withdrawn; at the second, the corner cords and pins are
+cast loose, and the tent is gathered around the tent-poles and
+steadied in an upright position, so that at the third tap all the
+tents instantly go down in concert, and woe to the "gross" one who
+fails to complete the prostration at the moment. While the tents are
+folded and piled by one party, a group enliven the scene by songs
+descriptive of their eagerness
+
+    "To join the army of the brave," etc.
+
+Then the companies are formed, and taking their stacked arms march to
+the front on the Parade; the Commandant then, with Band and colors
+unfurled, marches the battalion to the general Parade, in front of the
+Superintendent's quarters, and the Encampment is no more.
+
+The ACADEMIC EXERCISES of the Cadets are not devoid of interest even
+to those who are attracted to the spot by the glittering displays of
+military life; while to those interested in the progress of
+education, the peculiarities of the system pursued at West Point
+seldom fails to increase their belief, that the method here followed
+might be more generally introduced into the great American collegiate
+system.
+
+The Corps of Cadets, in accordance with the usual custom, is divided
+into four classes, and the course of study extends through four years
+in duration. The classes are numbered inversely according to their
+entrance into the Academy, as the FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, and FOURTH
+Classes, corresponding to the Senior, Junior, Sophomore, and Freshman
+Classes in other institutions. Each class is divided into convenient
+sections of from twelve to fifteen Cadets, for instruction in its
+special branches of study, the first Cadet on each section roll being
+its squad-marcher, and being responsible for its punctual attendance
+and deportment. The recitation hours are sounded on a bugle, when the
+sections for the hour are formed at the Barracks, their rolls are
+called, and they are marched to the Recitation-rooms by their several
+squad-marchers. The instructor is there waiting their attendance, and
+after receiving the squad-marcher's report of the absentees, he sends
+three or more Cadets to the black-board, to discuss the propositions
+he announces to each; for which purpose they proceed to place their
+diagrams or analyses on the board. Another is called up on the floor
+and questioned on the lesson for the day, until one of those at the
+board is ready. The latter being called on, first enunciates the
+proposition to be discussed, then gives a condensed analysis of how it
+should be solved, and then gives the full discussion, delineation, or
+demonstration with reference to his diagram or analysis. Last of all,
+and reaching the termination of his subject, the instructor proceeds
+to question him on the parts slighted or omitted, and upon topics
+connected with the subject-matter under consideration. It will be seen
+that the recitation proceeds upon the supposition that the Cadet
+understands his lesson beforehand, and that the instructor's province
+is to make sure of the Cadet's thorough and accurate knowledge; to
+amplify his conceptions, and supply his deficiencies, rather than
+teach him the subject of the lesson. He also enforces that orderly and
+lucid exposition and arrangement of the matter, which carries the
+conviction that the Cadet not only knows his topic, but is able to
+communicate it to others. He requires accuracy of language, the
+observance of certain recitation forms, and proprieties in decorum, to
+a degree far higher than is usually demanded in other institutions.
+Three sides of the section-room are provided with wall slates or
+black-boards, and a tray for chalk, wipers, and pointers, extends
+across the bottom of each. Every Cadet writes his name over his work,
+and when called upon to recite, assumes the "position of a soldier,"
+until he wishes to refer to his work, when he does so with his
+pointer. It is a matter of no small magnitude to secure a becoming
+personal deportment and style in recitation, and to suppress the
+unmeaning, nervous turnings, rockings, and fumblings, which too often
+deform the manners of undisciplined students.
+
+The instructor marks each recitation according to his estimate of its
+quality as referred to a scale of valuation ranging from zero to
+three, the maximum for a perfect and satisfactory exhibition of
+knowledge. A weekly report of these daily marks is made to the
+Superintendent, and exhibited to the Cadets who crowd the hall leading
+to the Adjutant's office every Monday, to see the official estimate of
+their performances during the past week. The recitation marks are
+aggregated for the semi-annual examination in January, and for the
+annual examination in June, and are mainly decisive of the numerical
+standing of each Cadet in the different courses of study. Frequent and
+thorough reviews occur, in which each individual's success is
+critically observed and considered in making out the standing--a
+greater weight justly belonging to the final and permanent conquest of
+a course, than to the earlier recitations. The final examination on
+the subject also has a material weight.
+
+By combining all these elements, a definite order of arrangement of
+the members of each class, in each branch of study, is obtained, and
+from these combined special standings, a general class rank, or order
+of arrangement according to each individual's merit, is deduced at the
+close of each annual examination. In determining the standing of the
+graduating class the special standing of each Cadet in all the
+branches of study for the four years, including proficiency in
+discipline, is considered, and possesses a relative weight in deciding
+the position of each member.
+
+The Annual Examination in June is conducted in the presence of a
+"Board of Visitors," selected for the purpose by the Secretary of War,
+and the reports of these Boards, composed of intelligent men of all
+professions and all political parties, have, for more than forty
+years, borne favorable testimony to the thoroughness and efficiency of
+the system of instruction pursued at West Point. The assignment and
+promotion of the graduating class to corps and regiments in the army,
+is regulated by the recommendation of the Academic Board, based upon
+class standing. The highest members only are recommended for the Corps
+of Engineers, and as the recommendations are almost uniformly adhered
+to, each Cadet becomes the arbiter of his own destiny, so far as his
+capacity makes success practicable. He is thus stimulated to good
+conduct, and the diligent employment of all his mental faculties, by
+the hope of a choice in the assignments, and of securing after rank,
+by commission, over his comrades.
+
+How to become a Cadet, is a question not unlikely to arise in the
+minds of some of the young readers of this volume. The martial
+aspirant should consider well, before taking any steps toward securing
+a Cadet appointment, that Cadet life is no mere holiday training--no
+refined dandyism, but a four years' devotion of mind, body, and heart
+to discipline and study; more severe, by far, than is required at any
+other educational institution in the land. But if possessed of an
+aptitude for mathematical study, of a vigorous realization of the
+attributes of manhood, and the courage to endure patiently present
+trials for future good, and finally, if possessed of an ardent desire
+for intellectual culture, with a view to after usefulness, nowhere can
+a youth become so well qualified by an educational course to be a man,
+as by becoming a Cadet at the National Military Academy. The method of
+procedure to secure an appointment is briefly as follows:
+
+The District of Columbia, and each District of Country entitled to a
+Member of the House of Representatives in Congress, may secure through
+him one Cadet appointment. The Cadet so selected should remain four
+years, but in case he fails to do so, a vacancy arises which the
+Representative is called upon to fill with a new appointee. Of course,
+the same thing occurs when the Cadet graduates, and thus the number of
+Cadets is made equal to the number of Representatives and Delegates
+in Congress. In addition, every year the President of the United
+States appoints TEN Cadets, selected at his pleasure from any portion
+of the country. The appointments by Districts are really made by the
+Secretary of War, but only on the recommendation of the Member of
+Congress. An application made to the latter will show whether a
+vacancy exists--if so, the applicant must plead with him for it. The
+only other alternative is to secure the favor of being one of the TEN
+appointed by the President. The official qualifications are herewith
+appended:
+
+
+
+
+APPOINTMENT AND ADMISSION OF CADETS.
+
+
+I.--As frequent inquiries are made in regard to the mode of procuring
+admission into the Military Academy, persons interested in the subject
+are hereby informed that application may be made at any time (by
+letter to the Secretary of War) by the applicant himself, his parent,
+guardian, or any of his friends, that his name may be placed on the
+register in the office of the Inspector at Washington. The precise age
+and permanent abode of the applicant, as, also, the number of the
+Congressional District in which he resides, must be stated, and no
+application will be considered wherein these instructions are not
+complied with. No preference is given to applications on account of
+priority, nor can any information be communicated as to the probable
+success of an applicant before the appointments are made.
+
+By an act of Congress, the appointment of a person who has served in
+any capacity in the military or naval service of the so-called
+Confederate States is prohibited, and, as a general rule, no person
+will be appointed who has had a brother educated at the Academy.
+
+By provision of law, each Congressional and Territorial District and
+the District of Columbia is entitled to have one Cadet at the Military
+Academy, and no more. In addition to these, the appointment _annually_
+of a number, not exceeding _ten_, "at large," not confined to a
+selection by Congressional Districts, is authorized. The District and
+Territorial appointments are made upon the nomination of the member of
+Congress or Delegate representing the District or Territory at the
+date of appointment, and the law requires that the individual selected
+shall be an _actual resident_ of the District or Territory, or
+District of Columbia, from which the appointment purports to be made.
+The selections "at large" and from the District of Columbia are made
+by the President.
+
+Appointments are required by law to be made one year in advance of the
+date of admission--that is to say, about the 1st of July in each year,
+except in instances where it may be impracticable, from any cause, so
+to make them. Persons, therefore, receiving appointments have ample
+time afforded them in which to prepare for a successful examination
+prior to their admission.
+
+
+II.--To prevent the disappointment, mortification, and useless expense
+that might attend the acceptance of a Cadet appointment by a person
+not possessing the necessary qualifications for admission, and for the
+instruction and aid of others, the following information is
+communicated:
+
+Candidates must be over seventeen and under twenty-two years of age at
+the time of entrance into the Military Academy; no modification of the
+law in this respect can be made; but any person who has served
+honorably and faithfully not less than one year as an officer or
+enlisted man in the army of the United States, either as a Volunteer,
+or in the Regular service, during the war for the suppression of the
+Rebellion, shall be eligible for appointment up to the age of
+twenty-four years. They must be at least five feet in height, and free
+from any deformity, disease, or infirmity, which would render them
+unfit for the military service, and from any disorder of an infectious
+or immoral character. They must be able to read and write well, and
+perform with facility and accuracy the various operations of the four
+ground rules of Arithmetic, of reduction, of simple and compound
+proportion, and of vulgar and decimal fractions. The Arithmetic is to
+be studied understandingly, and not merely committed to memory. They
+will also be required to have a knowledge of the elements of English
+Grammar, of Descriptive Geography, particularly of our own country,
+and of the history of the United States.
+
+
+III.--It must be understood that a full compliance with the above
+conditions will be insisted on; that is to say, the candidate must
+write a fair and legible hand, and without any material mistakes in
+spelling such sentences as shall be dictated by the examiners; and he
+must answer promptly and without errors all their questions in the
+above-mentioned rules of Arithmetic and in the other branches: failing
+in any of these particulars, he will be rejected.
+
+
+IV.--Every candidate will, soon after his arrival at West Point, be
+subject to a rigid examination by an experienced Medical Board, and
+should there be found to exist in him any of the following causes of
+disqualification, to such a degree as will immediately, or in all
+probability may, at no very distant period, impair his efficiency, he
+will be rejected:
+
+1. Feeble constitution and muscular tenuity; unsound health from
+whatever cause; indications of former disease; glandular swellings, or
+other symptoms of scrofula.
+
+2. Chronic cutaneous affections, especially of the scalp, or any
+disorder of an infectious character.
+
+3. Severe injuries of the bones of the head; convulsions.
+
+4. Impaired vision from whatever cause; inflammatory affections of the
+eyelids; immobility or irregularity of the iris; fistula lachrymalis,
+etc., etc.
+
+5. Deafness; copious discharge from the ears.
+
+6. Loss of many teeth, or the teeth generally unsound.
+
+7. Impediment of speech.
+
+8. Want of due capacity of the chest, and any other indication of a
+liability to a pulmonic disease.
+
+9. Impaired or inadequate efficiency of one or both of the superior
+extremities on account of fractures, especially of the clavicle,
+contraction of a joint, extenuation, deformity, etc., etc.
+
+10. An unusual excurvature or incurvature of the spine.
+
+11. Hernia.
+
+12. A varicose state of the veins of the scrotum or spermatic cord
+(when large), sarcocele, hydrocele, hemorrhoids, fistulas.
+
+13. Impaired or inadequate efficiency of one or of both of the
+inferior extremities on account of varicose veins, fractures,
+malformation (flat feet, etc.), lameness, contraction, unequal length,
+bunions, overlying or supernumerary toes, etc., etc.
+
+14. Ulcers, or unsound cicatrices of ulcers likely to break out
+afresh.
+
+
+V.--During the months of July and August the Cadets are engaged in
+military duties and exercises, living in camp. The academic exercises
+commence the beginning of September. The semi-annual examination takes
+place in January. At this time the Cadets are rigidly examined in the
+subjects they have studied, and the new Cadets, if found proficient
+therein (their conduct having been correct in all respects), will
+receive the warrant of Cadet, and take such a station in their class
+as their respective merits, as determined at the examination, may
+entitle them to. If any have been unable to master the course, they
+will be pronounced deficient by the Academic Board, and their
+connection with the Academy will cease.
+
+
+VI.--It is important that it be clearly understood that this
+examination, like all subsequent ones, is very thorough--does not
+permit any evasion or slighting of the course, and exacts a very close
+and persevering attention to study. The examining officers have no
+option; they _must_ reject the deficient. The nation sends these young
+men to the Military Academy, supports and pays them adequately, and
+opens to them an honorable profession, in the expectation that their
+best efforts will be given to qualify themselves for the higher duties
+of the military service. Those who will not, or can not, profit by
+these generous provisions, should not occupy the places of those who
+will and can.
+
+
+VII.--In June there is held the "Annual Examination," which, in its
+character of searching scrutiny, is like the semi-annual examination
+in January. Cadets who have failed to make the requisite proficiency,
+and are not likely to succeed in future, are discharged.
+
+
+VIII.--It will thus be seen that a person must carry to the Academy a
+certain degree of preparation; good natural parts; an aptitude for
+study; industrious habits; perseverance; a disposition to conform to
+discipline, and correct moral deportment. If deficient in any of these
+respects, it will be best for young men not to enter the Military
+Academy, as they will thus avoid the probabilities of disappointment
+and mortification. Many of those who receive appointments fail,
+through deficiency in the above particulars, to graduate. But it must
+not be understood that those who fail to master the scientific course
+taught at the Military Academy, necessarily incur thereby discredit as
+regards mental ability, since it is by no means rare for intellects
+otherwise strong to be averse to mathematical investigation, or study
+of language.
+
+
+IX.--The pay of a Cadet is $41.66 per month, with one ration per day,
+and is considered sufficient, with proper economy, for his support.
+
+
+
+
+MEMORANDUM
+
+    INDICATING THE METHOD OF EXAMINING CANDIDATES FOR ADMISSION
+        INTO THE MILITARY ACADEMY.
+
+Candidates must be able to read with facility from any book, giving
+the proper intonation and pauses, and to write portions that are read
+aloud for that purpose, spelling the words, and punctuating the
+sentences properly.
+
+In ARITHMETIC they must be able to perform with facility examples
+under the four ground rules, and hence must be familiar with the
+tables of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; and
+must be able to perform examples in reduction and vulgar fractions,
+such as:--
+
+  Add 2/3 to 3/4; subtract 2/5 from 5/6.
+  Multiply 3/4 by 7/8; divide 2/5 by 3/8.
+
+Add together two hundred and thirty-four thousandths (.234),
+twenty-six thousandths (.026), and three thousandths (.003).
+
+Subtract one hundred and sixty-one ten thousandths (.0161) from
+twenty-five hundredths (.25).
+
+Multiply or divide twenty-six hundredths (.26) by sixteen thousandths
+(.016).
+
+They must also be able to change vulgar fractions into decimal
+fractions, and _vice versâ_, with examples like the following:--
+
+Change 15/16 into a decimal fraction of the same value.
+
+Change one hundred and two thousandths (.102) into a vulgar fraction
+of the same value.
+
+In Simple and Compound Proportion, examples of various kinds will be
+given, and candidates will be expected to understand the principles of
+the rules which they follow.
+
+In ENGLISH GRAMMAR candidates will be required to exhibit a
+familiarity with the nine parts of speech and the rules in relation
+thereto, and must be able to parse any ordinary sentence which may be
+given them, and generally they must understand those portions of the
+subject usually taught in the higher academies and schools throughout
+the country, comprehended under the heads of Orthography, Etymology,
+Syntax, and Prosody.
+
+In DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY they are to name, locate, and describe the
+natural grand and political divisions of the earth, and be able to
+delineate any one of the States or Territories of the American Union,
+with its principal cities, rivers, lakes, seaports, and mountains.
+
+In HISTORY they must be able to name the periods of the discovery and
+settlement of the North American continent, of the rise and progress
+of the United States, and of the successive wars and political
+administrations through which the country has passed.
+
+
+
+
+COURSE OF STUDY
+
+AND
+
+BOOKS USED AT THE MILITARY ACADEMY.
+
+[Books marked thus * are for Reference.]
+
+
+FIRST YEAR--FOURTH CLASS.
+
+  DEPARTMENT.            TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
+
+                       { Davies' Bourdon's Algebra.
+  Mathematics.         { Davies' Legendre's Geometry and Trigonometry.
+                       { Church's Descriptive Geometry.
+
+                       { Bolmar's Levizac's Grammar, and Verb Book.
+  French               { Agnel's Tabular System.
+  Language.            { Berard's Leçons Françaises.
+                       { *Spier's and Surenne's Dictionary.
+
+  Tactics of Artillery { Practical Instruction in the Schools of the
+  and Infantry.        { Soldier, Company, and Battalion.
+                       { Practical Instruction in Artillery.
+
+  Use of Small Arms    { Instruction in Fencing and Bayonet Exercise.
+
+
+SECOND YEAR--THIRD CLASS.
+
+  DEPARTMENT.            TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
+
+                       { Church's Descriptive Geometry, with its
+                       { application to Spherical Projections.
+  Mathematics.         { Church's Shades, Shadows, and Perspective.
+                       { Davies' Surveying.
+                       { Church's Analytical Geometry.
+                       { Church's Calculus.
+
+                       { Bolmar's Levizac's Grammar and Verb Book.
+                       { Berard's Leçons Françaises. Chapsal's Leçons
+  French               { et Modeles de Literature Française.
+  Language.            { Agnel's Tabular System. Rowan's Morceaux
+                       { Choises des Auteurs Modernes.
+                       { *Spier's and Surenne's Dictionary.
+
+                       { Josse's Grammar. Morale's Progressive Reader.
+  Spanish.             { Ollendorf's Oral Method applied to the
+                       { Spanish application by Velasquez and Simonne.
+                       { *Seoane's Neuman and Barretti's Dictionary.
+
+  Drawing.             { Topography, &c.
+
+  Tactics of Infantry  { Practical Instruction in the Schools of the
+  Artillery,           { Soldier, Company, and Battalion.
+  and Cavalry.         { Practical Instruction in Artillery and
+                       { Cavalry.
+
+
+THIRD YEAR--SECOND CLASS.
+
+  DEPARTMENT.            TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
+
+  Natural and          { Bartlett's Mechanics.
+  Experimental         { Bartlett's Acoustics and Optics.
+  Philosophy.          { Bartlett's Astronomy.
+
+  Chemistry.           { Fowne's Chemistry. Chemical Physics from
+                       { Miller.
+
+  Drawing.             { Landscape. Pencil and Colors.
+
+                       { United States Tactics for Garrison, Siege, and
+  Tactics--Artillery,  { Field Artillery. United States Tactics for
+  Cavalry,             { Infantry. Practical Instruction in the Schools
+  and Infantry.        { of the Soldier, Company, and Battalion.
+                       { Practical Instruction in Artillery and Cavalry.
+
+
+FOURTH YEAR--FIRST CLASS.
+
+  DEPARTMENT.            TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
+
+                       { Mahan's Field Fortifications.
+  Military and         { Mahan's Outlines of Permanent Fortification.
+  Civil Engineering    { Mahan's Civil Engineering.
+  and Science          { Mahan's Fortification and Stereotomy.
+  of War.              { Mahan's Advanced Guard and Out Post, etc.
+                       { *Moseley's Mechanics of Engineering.
+
+  Mineralogy and       { Dana's Mineralogy.
+  Geology.             { Hitchcock's Geology.
+
+                       { French's Practical Ethics.
+  Law and Literature.  { Halleck's International Law. Law and Military
+                       { Law, by Prof. French.
+                       { Benet's Military Law and the Practice of
+                       { Courts-Martial.
+
+                       { Practical Instruction in fabricating Fascines,
+                       { Sap Faggots, Gabions, Hurdles, Sap Rollers,
+  Practical Military   { etc.; manner of laying out and constructing
+  Engineering.         { Gun and Mortar Batteries, Field
+                       { Fortifications, and Works of Siege; formation
+                       { of Stockades, Abatis, and other military
+                       { obstacles; and throwing and dismantling
+                       { Ponton Bridges.
+
+                       { United States Tactics for Cavalry.
+  Tactics--Artillery,  { Practical Instruction in the Schools of the
+  Cavalry              { Soldier, Company, and Battalion. Practical
+  and Infantry.        { Instruction in Artillery and Cavalry.
+
+  Ordnance and         { Benton's Ordnance and Gunnery.
+  Gunnery.             { Practical Pyrotechny.
+
+For the information of visitors, the "Police Regulations" of the Post
+of West Point, and the "Regulations of the Encampment," are appended:
+
+
+
+
+POLICE REGULATIONS
+
+FOR THE
+
+MILITARY POST OF WEST POINT, N.Y.
+
+1867.
+
+
+1. "Police Limits" include all territory lying north and east of a
+line running west from the South Gate to its intersection with the
+Fort Putnam road, and thence by the road to the cemetery.
+
+2. To prevent interruption to the duties of the Academy, carriages
+will not be allowed to pass on the road leading by the Academic Hall
+and Cadets' Barrack, during the hours devoted to study; and at no time
+by the Hospital, except when required for the accommodation of
+residents or their visitors, and then at a slow pace.
+
+3. Carriages will be allowed to pass to the West Point Hotel, through
+the South Gate, by the road below the Hospital, or through the West
+Gate.
+
+4. On Sundays the gates will be closed, and no vehicle allowed to
+drive on the Plain without the permission of the Superintendent,
+except for the purpose of conveying persons to and from Divine
+Service, to the ferry landings, to obtain medical assistance, or for
+the private benefit of Officers residing on the Post. Officers will
+not pass public conveyances through the gates on Sunday.
+
+5. Carts and wagons will use the main road, across the Plain, except
+when necessity requires them to go upon the private road passing in
+front of the Quarters, Barrack, and Hospital.
+
+6. Carriages and horses are not permitted to pass, or remain on the
+road in front of the parade-ground, nor to move about in its vicinity
+during parade and reviews.
+
+7. Racing, fast driving, and unnecessary noise at all times is
+prohibited.
+
+8. It is strictly forbidden to drive or ride over any of the
+sidewalks or paths at West Point, or any part of the Plain or grounds
+except the carriage roads.
+
+9. All persons are directed to close the gates after them on entering
+or leaving the public grounds.
+
+10. Officers and citizens may smoke on the Plain; but during the
+performance of any military duty thereon, no smoking will be allowed
+on, or in the vicinity of, that part of the Plain which may be
+occupied for such duty.
+
+11. All persons are prohibited from bathing in the river, during the
+day, anywhere within police limits.
+
+12. All persons whatever, residing or serving at West Point, are
+prohibited from hunting or shooting, or using fire-arms for any
+purpose, within police limits, during week days, and within the limits
+of the public lands on Sundays.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+15. Boats are not permitted to land, except at the public wharves.
+
+16. Every boat, cart, wagon, or vehicle laden with articles, except
+for officers, may be searched by the officers and non-commissioned
+officers of the Guard, or members of the Police.
+
+17. All persons are forbidden to receive or transport across the Post
+any article for excluded individuals.
+
+18. All persons are prohibited from selling any kind of intoxicating
+liquors, beer, cakes, etc., on the Post, without the permission of the
+Superintendent.
+
+19. All enlisted men are prohibited from bringing on the Post, or
+having in their possession, any intoxicating liquor, beer, etc.,
+without the permission of the Superintendent.
+
+20. Persons not connected with the Post, bringing prohibited articles
+thereon, will be promptly removed by the guard or police, and reported
+to the Superintendent, to the end that they may be prosecuted for
+trespass.
+
+21. Pedlers and all improper persons are prohibited from coming on the
+Post.
+
+22. Excursion or Pleasure Parties, etc., are not allowed to land on
+the Post, unless specially authorized by the Superintendent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+26. Cadets will not be allowed to cross the ferries without the
+written permission of the Superintendent. All such permits will be
+returned as soon as practicable by the ferrymen to the Adjutant's
+office.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+29. No person will be allowed to cut wood on the public lands, break
+the branches of the trees on the Plain, at the Cemetery, or in the
+vicinity of Camptown, or to throw stones or sticks into them. Parents
+will be held responsible for the acts of their children violating this
+regulation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+34. No citizen will be allowed to wear the uniform, or parts thereof,
+of officers, cadets, or soldiers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+36. The iron seats in front of the Superintendent's quarters must not
+be occupied by servants and children when required for visitors.
+
+
+
+
+REGULATIONS
+
+FOR THE
+
+ENCAMPMENT OF THE CADETS,
+
+_WEST POINT, N.Y._
+
+1867.
+
+
+1. All Cadets, with the exception hereinafter mentioned, will confine
+themselves to the Encampment. Cadets will always hold themselves in
+readiness for such extra roll calls as the Officer in Charge may be
+directed to have during his tours. On these occasions, the Assembly
+will be sounded on the drum, when each man for duty in each company
+will appear promptly on the company Parade Ground. The companies will
+be formed without further signal by command of the Sergeants, the
+rolls called, and the results immediately reported through the proper
+channels to the Officer of the Day.
+
+2. Cadets will be permitted to wear their fatigue jackets, and their
+coats unbuttoned, in the body of the Encampment. When the Guard are in
+fatigue jackets the Battalion will wear the same to meals.
+
+3. There will be one corporal and four privates detailed daily from
+each company for company Police. A separate Roster for this purpose
+will be kept, and this detail made from the Third and Fourth Classes.
+The company Police party will be formed by the corporal on the company
+ground, at morning and evening Police roll calls, when the company
+ground, and the ground behind the tents, including the company
+Officer's Tents, will be thoroughly policed. The corporal of the
+company Police will be held responsible for the proper police of the
+company grounds at all Inspections, and also that the Tent Walls of
+the Tents, when all the occupants are necessarily absent, are raised
+and lowered at the proper times. He has authority to call on his
+party at any time, for purposes connected with the Police of his
+company.
+
+4. The Guard, on the day succeeding that on which it marched off, will
+constitute the General Police, and will be formed by the Junior
+Officer of the Guard, on the General Parade Ground, at morning and
+evening Police calls, and will police those parts of Camp not policed
+by the company Police party.
+
+5. The Senior Officer of the Guard, on the day succeeding that on
+which he marched off, will be Camp Officer of the Police for that day,
+and will report his presence to the Officer of the Day at all roll
+calls of companies. He will have general charge of the Police of Camp,
+will inspect the Police parties when at work, see that they are all
+present, and that they perform their duties properly.
+
+6. The Officers of the Police will not dismiss their parties until
+after their work has been inspected by the Camp Officer of the Police,
+and not until he has expressed his satisfaction at the manner in which
+it has been done. Should he deem it necessary, at any time during his
+tour, to turn out the Police parties for duty, they will promptly obey
+his orders.
+
+7. All Details for Guard, company Police, etc., will be posted on a
+Bulletin Board, at the Tents of the 1st Sergeants of the companies.
+
+8. The Members of the First Class, between REVÉILLE and RETREAT, will
+be permitted to have the limits of the Plain, included within the Main
+Road, passing in rear of Camp, in front of the Hotel Yard, the
+Quarters of the Superintendent, the Barracks, and the Library. Cadets
+can visit the Library during Library hours, but the Barracks and the
+confectioner's can be visited only by special permission.
+
+9. The permission to walk on Public Lands on Saturday afternoons,
+granted to Cadets in Barracks, is withdrawn.
+
+10. Cadets will be allowed to bathe at or near Gee's Point, between
+Revéille and Breakfast, and between Retreat and Tattoo. Cadets wishing
+to bathe, will be formed in the company Parade Ground, and be marched
+to and from the place of bathing, by the Senior Non-commissioned
+Officer present. The members of the Old Guard, during the morning
+after marching off, will be permitted to walk on Public Lands until 1
+o'clock, and bathe at Washington's Valley during the same time, except
+on Sundays, when they will be excused from Divine Service.
+
+11. All Cadets, except Officers of the First Class, will pass in and
+out of Camp by crossing Post No. 1, reporting their departure and
+return to the Officer of the Guard, who will keep a correct list of
+the same, and note the time. Cadets will visit the Commissary's only
+between the hours of 8-1/2 and 9-1/2 A.M., and 1-1/2 and 3 P.M., and
+the Confectioner's between 1 and 4 P.M.
+
+12. Permission to walk on Public Lands, does not include the
+Commissary store out of hours, the Hotel, the Hospital, Wharfs, public
+or private buildings, or any other place on the Point, forbidden by
+Regulations.
+
+13. At Taps, all lights will be extinguished in Camp, except those in
+Tents of Officers of the First Class, of the 1st Sergeants, and the
+Officers and Sergeant of the Guard.
+
+14. Immediately after Taps, the company Officers will inspect their
+companies, and see that all Cadets are properly undressed and in bed;
+they will remain in their company grounds long enough to insure
+quietness and order in their companies, and will report all Cadets who
+leave their Tents for any purpose whatever.
+
+15. Visiting in Camp after Taps is prohibited, and the Officers in the
+performance of their duty will confine themselves to the limits of
+their company grounds.
+
+16. The Officer of the Guard will allow no Cadet, except members of
+his guard, to pace the Posts of Nos. 2 and 6 after Taps, except by
+permission of the Commanding Officer, or the Officer in charge; and he
+will, at all times, preserve proper order and quiet at the Guard
+Tents.
+
+17. Citizens will not be allowed in the body of the Encampment except
+when accompanied by an Officer, or for the purpose of visiting an
+Officer. For the latter purposes, they will be permitted to cross all
+sentinels' posts except those of Nos. 3 and 5. The Officer of the Day,
+and the Officer and Non-commissioned Officers of the Guard, together
+with the sentinels, will, when they observe citizens in camp for any
+other purpose, politely notify them of this order.
+
+18. The Color Guard will remain with the Guard until Retreat, when the
+members will be permitted to go to their own tents. At Revéille, they
+will again join the Guard.
+
+19. All Prisoners and Cadets in arrest, will march to and from meals
+with the Guard, which will be marched both to and from same by an
+officer of the Guard.
+
+20. All Cadets passing within fifteen paces of the Color Line, will
+salute the colors.
+
+21. On Saturday afternoons until Tattoo, the Officer of the Day will
+inspect and verify the presence and behavior of all Cadets in
+confinement, making his rounds for that purpose every hour.
+
+22. Cadets receiving permits will present them to the Officer of the
+Guard, who will register them; and the Cadet taking advantage of it,
+is required to notify the Officer of the Guard of his departure and
+return. All the permits will then be left with the Officer of the
+Guard, who will transmit them, with his report, to the Officer of the
+Day, who will in turn transmit them to the Commandant. Cadets visiting
+the Hotel, will register their permits immediately in the book kept at
+the office for that purpose.
+
+23. No Cadet will be permitted to visit the Hotel before Guard
+Mounting, nor between 1 and 3 P.M., and 7 and 8 P.M.
+
+24. Cadets who are excused from Divine Service, will remain in their
+quarters during the continuance of same. This applies also to those
+who attend either the Catholic or Methodist service.
+
+25. Members of the Guard will not leave the Guard Tents without
+permission from the Officer of the Guard, who will see that their
+absence is not unnecessarily long.
+
+26. Cadets will not be permitted to smoke outside the body of the
+Encampment.
+
+27. All official communications from Cadets will be made in proper
+forms, and must pass through the hands of their company Commanders.
+
+28. It is requested of Officers and citizens that they will not smoke
+on the General Parade Ground, or when crossing a sentinel's post.
+
+29. The Guard will permit no person except Cadets, Officers, their
+servants, or Orderlies, to enter camp during the absence of the
+Battalion.
+
+30. The Guard will be formed and inspected at Revéille, Retreat, and
+Tattoo, and during Parades will remain formed.
+
+31. Cadets in arrest or confinement, wishing to bathe, will apply to
+the Commandant for permission, and be marched from and back in charge
+of a guard.
+
+32. Cadets performing extra tours of punishment, will not be put on
+the Color Line.
+
+33. No Cadet will employ another to do any duty for which he has been
+detailed, without permission.
+
+34. Cadets on sick report will not apply for permission to visit.
+
+35. The body of the Encampment is defined to be that portion of the
+Encampment included between the company Officers' Tents and the Front
+Line of company Tents.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] EDWARD SHIPPEN ARNOLD was born at Philadelphia, March 19th, 1780;
+he entered the East India Company's service, and became a Lieutenant
+of Cavalry and Paymaster of Mattra. He died in India in 1813.
+
+[B] BENEDICT ARNOLD was twice married, and had three sons by his first
+wife. BENEDICT, the eldest, was an Officer of Artillery in the British
+Army, and died young in the West Indies. HENRY and RICHARD both
+entered the King's Service after their father's defection, as
+Lieutenants of a Cavalry Legion, commanded by their father.
+
+By his second marriage (April 8th, 1779), General ARNOLD became the
+father of four sons and one daughter.
+
+EDWARD SHIPPEN ARNOLD, the eldest already mentioned; JAMES ROBERTSON
+ARNOLD, the second son entered the Royal Engineers in 1798, and served
+at Bermuda, Nova Scotia, and in New Brunswick. In 1841 he was
+appointed a Major-General in the British Army, and rose to be a
+Lieutenant-General in 1851. He was a Knight of the Hanoverian Order of
+the Guelph, also a Knight of the Turkish Order of the Crescent. He
+died in service in 1854.
+
+GEORGE ARNOLD, the third son, was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Bengal
+Cavalry, and died in India in 1828. WILLIAM FITCH ARNOLD, the fourth
+son, became a Captain of Lancers in the British Army. SOPHIA MATILDA
+ARNOLD married a Colonel in the East India Company's Service.
+
+General ARNOLD died in London, June 14th, 1801. The following notice
+appeared in the _Gentleman's Magazine_. "At his house in Gloucester
+Place, Brigadier-General ARNOLD. His remains were interred at Brompton
+on the 21st. Seven mourning coaches and four State coaches formed the
+cavalcade."--_Loyalists of the American Revolution_--SABINE--_British
+Army Register_.
+
+
+
+
+  A Standard Work for every Public and Private Library.
+
+  HISTORY
+  OF
+  WEST POINT,
+
+  AND ITS
+
+  Military Importance During the American Revolution,
+
+  AND THE
+
+  ORIGIN AND PROGRESS
+
+  OF THE
+
+  UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.
+
+  BY CAPTAIN EDWARD C. BOYNTON, A.M.,
+
+  ADJUTANT OF THE MILITARY ACADEMY.
+
+  ONE VOLUME OCTAVO, 408 PAGES.
+
+  Printed on Tinted Paper, beautifully Illustrated with Maps and
+  Fine Engravings, chiefly from Photographs taken on the
+  spot by the Author; bound in blue cloth,
+  bevelled boards, $6.00.
+  D. VAN NOSTRAND, Publisher,
+
+  192 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
+
+  Copies sent free by mail on receipt of Price.
+
+
+Part First
+
+Relates to the early acquisition of West Point by the United States,
+and the military importance of the Post during the period of the
+American Revolution; embracing the rise and progress of the
+fortifications, and the purchase and arrangement of the Great Chain,
+designed to obstruct the navigation of the Hudson River, drawn from
+authentic documents, and illustrated by Maps and Engravings never
+before published.
+
+The perfidious designs of Benedict Arnold, and his connection with
+Major John André, Adjutant-General of the British Army in America, are
+succinctly described, together with the "Proceedings of the Board of
+General Officers," in the case of Major André, in a _fac-simile_ form
+as published at the time by the authority of the Continental Congress.
+
+The grand _feu de joie_ at West Point on the occasion of the birth of
+the Dauphin of France, in 1782, with all the changes in the Garrison
+prior to the beginning of the present century, and many of the Orders
+of Washington from this spot, are now for the first time given to the
+public.
+
+
+Part Second
+
+Describes the origin of the Military Academy, and its progress down to
+the present date; the recognition of the necessity for such an
+institution at the very commencement of the Revolution, and the
+accumulated opinions in its favor upon the restoration of peace, as
+pronounced by the leading minds in the country, are given.
+
+The Constitutionality of the institution, its alleged aristocratic
+tendencies, and the services of its graduates in and without the
+military profession, are treated at length.
+
+The progress of the institution under each successive Superintendent,
+the erection and removal of the Early Public Buildings, illustrated by
+accurate Engravings and Descriptions, together with those of modern
+date, will be found to constitute an interesting feature in the work.
+
+To those who seek admission into the Military Academy, or who desire
+to know the manner of selecting Cadets and making appointments, the
+course of life, the employment of time, and the duties of instruction
+afterward, full and complete information has been carefully prepared
+and imparted to the reader.
+
+To the visitor or tourist, the work points out and describes (with the
+aid of a Map) all the objects of interest connected with the old
+Forts, and the Public Buildings, as they exist, and the method of
+obtaining access to all such is given.
+
+
+The Appendix
+
+Contains the roll of the Academic Staff, from the commencement of the
+institution; the five most distinguished Cadets in each class from
+1817 to the present date, as published by the War Department; a
+numerical list of all the Cadets who have been _admitted_ into the
+Military Academy, and the States and Territories whence appointed; a
+similar list of all the _graduates_ of the institution, together with
+a synopsis of all the laws of the United States relative to the
+Military Academy, and a sketch of military education and the military
+schools in Europe.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These are a few only of the subjects of interest to be found in the
+work. No efforts has been spared to encompass and exhaust the whole
+subject, with the view to render the work _an authority_.
+
+
+List of Maps and Illustrations.
+
+    1. VIEW OF WEST POINT ON THE HUDSON RIVER. 1780.
+         (_Fac-simile._) A perspective view, by Major L'Enfant,
+         Engineer, of the west side of the Highlands, above and
+         below the Point, twelve miles in extent, with the camps of
+         the army and the fortifications plainly indicated.
+
+    2. MAP OF WEST POINT AND ITS FORTIFICATIONS. 1780.
+         (_Fac-simile._) This map of Maj. Villefranche, Engineer, is
+         said to have been used at the interview between Arnold and
+         André.
+
+    3. MAP OF FORT CONSTITUTION, ON CONSTITUTION ISLAND. 1776.
+
+    4. MAP OF FORT ARNOLD. 1780. (_Fac-simile._)
+
+    5. ARRANGEMENT OF THE GREAT BOOM AND CHAIN ACROSS THE HUDSON AT
+         WEST POINT. 1780.
+
+    6. MARTELAER'S ROCK (Constitution Island).
+
+    7. MAP OF THE WEST SIDE OF THE HUDSON RIVER. 1780.
+         (_Fac-simile._) From Haverstraw to West Point, illustrating
+         the capture of Forts Montgomery and Clinton.
+
+    8. RELIC OF THE GREAT CHAIN OF THE REVOLUTION.
+
+    9. MAP OF THE SCENE OF ARNOLD'S TREASON.
+
+    10. CHAPTER VIGNETTE.
+
+    11. GRAND ARBOR AND COLONNADE AT WEST POINT IN 1782.
+         (_Fac-simile._) _Colored._
+
+    12. ROBINSON'S HOUSE IN THE HIGHLANDS.
+
+    13. RUINS OF FORT CONSTITUTION. _From the West Point Hotel._
+
+    14. RUINS OF FORT PUTNAM (_interior view_).
+
+    15. MAP OF THE COMMISSION IN 1812, RELATIVE TO THE UNITED STATES
+         LANDS AT WEST POINT.
+
+    16. SURVEY OF THE UNITED STATES LANDS AT WEST POINT. 1839.
+
+    17. MAP OF WEST POINT IN 1863, _with all the details_.
+
+    18. FORT PUTNAM, _from the West Point Hotel_. 1863.
+
+    19. THE OLD ACADEMIC BUILDING, _looking south-east_.
+
+    20. THE OLD MESS-HALL, _looking south-west_.
+
+    21. THE OLD NORTH BARRACKS, _looking north-east_.
+
+    22. THE OLD SOUTH BARRACKS, _looking south-east_.
+
+    23. THE NEW MESS-HALL, _looking south-west_.
+
+    24. THE NEW ACADEMIC BUILDING, _looking south-west_.
+
+    25. THE NEW CADET BARRACKS, _looking south-east_.
+
+    26. THE LIBRARY AND OBSERVATORY, _looking south-east_.
+
+    27. THE WEST POINT HOTEL, _looking north-west_.
+
+    28. THE CHAPEL, _north front_.
+
+    29. THE THIRTEEN-INCH MORTAR AT THE SEACOAST BATTERY.
+
+    30. THE TROPHY GUNS.
+
+    31. KOSCIUSZKO'S MONUMENT.
+
+    32. THE CADET'S MONUMENT.
+
+    33. DADE'S MONUMENT.
+
+    34. WOOD'S MONUMENT.
+
+    35. MILITARY ACADEMY BAND.
+
+    36. THE ENCAMPMENT.
+
+
+NOTICES OF THE PRESS.
+
+"The author has, with painstaking industry, gathered into one view
+whatever could be gleaned from our annals, not only in regard to the
+origin and progress of the Military Academy, but in reference to the
+previous history of West Point as an important Military Station during
+the American Revolution.
+
+"This work is a valuable addition to our historical literature, and
+will furnish to the thousands of graduates from the West Point Academy
+a most valuable _souvenir_ of their _alma mater_."--_Army and Navy
+Journal._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"The associations of West Point, the seat of the United States
+Military Academy, are in this respect remarkable, that they derive
+their interest exclusively from the circumstances incidental to the
+birth and progress of the nation. The history of the place is an
+important part of the nation's history. It was the objective point in
+that drama of Arnold's treason, which, by involving the fate of André,
+is remembered as one of the most romantic incidents in the story of
+the war. The aspect of the place in connection with the events of that
+time is given by that method of description which always leaves the
+sense of historic verity. The author has presented his subject not so
+much in his own narrative as by a judicious combination of extracts
+from documents and papers of original authority; although his own
+observations, by way of correction and explanation, are given in good
+taste, and indicate a candid judgment. Capt. Boynton's book should
+command the interest of those who know most of West Point, and of
+those who know nothing about it."--_Atlantic Monthly._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"It records the earliest attempt at instituting a Military School by
+the Continental Congress in 1776. It conducts us through the life of
+the institution, arguing with terseness its constitutionality,
+defending its educational principles, and explaining the necessity for
+its preservation. We commend this volume to our readers with perfect
+confidence, believing that they will be more than amply repaid by its
+careful perusal. We ourselves have lingered with pleasure over its
+pages, and predict for the work great success, as one of the most
+valuable and interesting additions that has of late years been made to
+our historical literature."--_United Service Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Aside from its value as an historical record, the volume under notice
+is _an entertaining guide-book to the Military Academy and its
+surroundings_. We have full details of Cadet life from the day of
+entrance to that of graduation, together with descriptions of the
+buildings, grounds, and monuments. To the multitude of those who have
+enjoyed at West Point the combined attractions, this book will give in
+its descriptive and illustrated portion especial pleasure; while the
+critical reader will be quite ready to agree fully with the modest
+author, that a 'nucleus of truth' has been established as a basis for
+a more minute history, if such should ever be needed."--_New York
+Evening Post._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"The second part of the book gives the history of the Military Academy
+from its foundation in 1802, a description of the Academic buildings,
+and the appearance to-day of this always beautiful spot, with the
+manner of appointment of the Cadets, course of study, pay, time of
+service, and much other information yearly becoming of greater value,
+for West Point has not yet reached its palmiest days.
+
+"The book is beautifully printed on thick tinted paper, with excellent
+illustrations and an abundance of those fine clear-cut maps in which
+your true West Pointer so much delights."--_Boston Daily Advertiser._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"We cannot close without thanking Capt. BOYNTON for the vast amount of
+information so well collated in his book, and for his clear statement
+of the history and condition of the Academy from the beginning to the
+present time."--_North American Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Typographical errors corrected in text:                   |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Page 71: acccording replaced with according               |
+    | page 99: Reveille replaced with Revéille                  |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Reader should note that Thlonalosassa, Florida listed on  |
+    | page 41, is likely Thonotosassa, Florida. The spelling has|
+    | been retained.                                            |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Guide to West Point, and the U.S.
+Military Academy, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO WEST POINT, AND THE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 39188-8.txt or 39188-8.zip *****
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Guide to West Point, and the U.S. Military
+Academy, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Guide to West Point, and the U.S. Military Academy
+
+Author: Various
+
+Contributor: Edward Carlisle Boynton
+
+Release Date: March 18, 2012 [EBook #39188]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO WEST POINT, AND THE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by the Library of Congress)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen" style="font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's Note:</p>
+<br />
+<p class="noin" style="text-align: left;">Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+For a complete list, please see the <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="#TN">end of this document</a>.</span></p>
+<p class="noin">Click on the images to see a larger version.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/cover.jpg" width="40%" alt="Book Cover" id='Coverpage' />
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="img"><a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a>
+<a href="images/frontis.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/frontis.jpg" width="75%" alt="Armstrong Gun from Fort Fisher." /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">ARMSTRONG GUN FROM FORT FISHER.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<h1>GUIDE<br />
+
+<br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">TO</span><br />
+
+<br />
+
+WEST POINT,<br />
+
+<br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">AND THE</span><br />
+
+<br />
+
+U.S. MILITARY ACADEMY.<br />
+
+<br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">WITH</span><br />
+
+<br />
+
+MAPS AND ENGRAVINGS.</h1>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h4>NEW YORK:<br />
+D. VAN NOSTRAND, 192 BROADWAY.<br />
+1867.</h4>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h2>GUIDE TO WEST POINT.</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>Fifty-one miles above New York, on the west bank of the Hudson river,
+in the midst of scenery of the most picturesque and impressive
+character, and on a bold shelving plateau, formed by the crossing of a
+range of the Alleghany Mountains, which here assume almost Alpine
+proportions, is a name dear to every lover of his country&mdash;a name
+replete with memories of the struggle for Independence, and clustering
+with historic associations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">West Point</span>, the property of the United States by purchase,
+possesses a primary interest from its military importance during the
+period of the American Revolution, and a secondary one from its being
+the seat of the National Military Academy. The creative hand of
+natural beauty&mdash;the romance of war&mdash;the distinguished career of those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+who have gone forth from this locality in the defense of American
+Liberty, and the spectacle presented by those preparing for future
+public usefulness, have united to inspire the visitor with emotions
+unlike those excited at any place of popular resort within the limits
+of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Ninety years ago, when West Point possessed no attraction beyond that
+presented by similar adjoining wild and uncultivated woodland tracts
+in the Highlands, a band of Commissioners, appointed by the Provincial
+Congress of the Colony of New York, instituted an undertaking which
+first imparted a public interest to this favored spot. The war for
+American Independence was in progress, and then, as now, the Hudson
+river afforded the principal channel of communication between the
+theatre of the strife and the country lying northward to Canada and
+the west.</p>
+
+<p>Nor was its importance thus limited. As a strategic line, separating
+the New England Colonies from the more productive region south-west<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+of them, the control of the Hudson became, early in the war, one of
+the principal objects toward which the attention of the military
+authorities directing the contending parties was attracted.</p>
+
+<p>Between abrupt and lofty mountains above West Point, the gorge through
+which the river flows, yet bearing its ancient name of Wey Gat, or
+Wind Gate, is partially obstructed at its lower entrance, by a long
+and narrow island, once named Martelaer's Rock, but now known as
+Constitution Island. In pursuance of their instructions, made with
+singular lack of judgment, upon this island the Commissioners landed,
+and under the direction of an engineer, appointed by the Colony, a
+work named Fort Constitution was commenced in August, 1775, and
+completed at a heavy expense, designed to defend, with a powerful
+armament of artillery, the approach up the river. Thus unfortunately
+located, and easily destroyed by an overlooking battery at West Point,
+or by a land approach on the east side of the river, the fort was
+abandoned and fired on the first appearance of a British force, on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+the 8th of October, 1777, immediately following the assault and
+capture by Sir Henry Clinton, of Forts Montgomery and Clinton, four
+miles below.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding this early recognition of the necessity for
+obstructing and controling the Hudson, no attempt was made to occupy
+West Point until after the urgent recommendations of Washington,
+Governor Clinton and Lord Stirling&mdash;the latter of whom had thoroughly
+examined and reported upon the immediate necessity for defending this
+most important point.</p>
+
+<p>Operations were commenced by a brigade of Continental troops, under
+the command of General Parsons, on January 20, 1778, and before June
+in the same year, the work yet preserved, was thrown up on the
+north-east angle of the plateau, and named <span class="sc">Fort Arnold</span>. To
+cover the work, early in April, a body of Massachusetts troops, under
+Colonel Rufus Putnam, began to erect a fort constructed of earth and
+logs, on Mount Independence, overlooking the plain, which was named,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+in honor of their commander, <span class="sc">Fort Putnam</span>. The old fort yet in
+existence, bearing the same name, is a relic built, for the most part,
+in 1794. Forts Webb and Wyllis, lying to the south and named after
+regimental commanders, were commenced at the same time with Fort
+Putnam, and were designed to protect West Point from an approach
+southward by land. All these operations were conducted under the
+direction of Major-General McDougall, commanding in the Highlands; and
+in 1779, they were further strengthened and improved, while additional
+works were thrown up known as redoubts Nos. 1, 2 and 3, covering the
+Eagle Valley road to the west; redoubt No. 4, on Rocky Hill, in rear
+of Fort Putnam, and redoubts Nos. 5, 6 and 7, on Constitution Island,
+by Kosciuszko as the engineer, acting under the general direction of
+Washington, whose headquarters were established at West Point during a
+portion of the same year.</p>
+
+<p>The works known as the North and South redoubts, in rear of Garrison's
+Station, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>were erected to defend the land approach on the east side of
+the river.</p>
+
+<p>An interesting letter and accompanying map, from Kosciuszko, relating
+to these works, is here published for the first time:</p>
+
+<div class="block1">
+<p class="right sc">"West Point, 25th April, 1779.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="sc">Sir</span>: I send you a ruff map of West Point, with
+indication as you desire from me, about the Public Buildings,
+and the Works.</p>
+
+<p>"The Carpenters Compliend about the provision, that he have not
+enof; he beg your honor to allow them more bred.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="public buildings">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr" width="30%">a</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="70%">House full of Ammunition.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">b</td>
+  <td class="tdl">The Barracks.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">c</td>
+  <td class="tdl">The Carpenter's House.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">d</td>
+  <td class="tdl">The Commissary House.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">e</td>
+  <td class="tdl">For the Fourage.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">f</td>
+  <td class="tdl">The Huts.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">g</td>
+  <td class="tdl">The Read House.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">h</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Baker's House.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">i</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Provision House.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">k</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Small Commissary House.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">l</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Smock House.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">m</td>
+  <td class="tdl">The Barracks.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">n</td>
+  <td class="tdl">The Steble,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">o</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Of the Artellery Officer's House</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">p</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Artellery Barracks.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">q</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Greaton's Battery.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">r</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Chain Battery begun last summer.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">s</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Redoubt for fivety men begun last Summer.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">t</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Redoubt for fivety men begun last Summer.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">u</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Guard House.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">w</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Guard House not covered.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">x</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Point of (Projected) Block House with Bumprove for fivety men.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">y</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Swamps.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p class="right"><span style="padding-right: 15%;">Your Most Humble Servant</span><br />
+<span style="padding-right: 2%;">(Signed) &nbsp;&nbsp; THAD KOSCIUSZKO</span><br />
+Col.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">The Honorable<br />
+<span style="padding-left: 2%;">Major General <span class="sc">McDougall</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="padding-left: 4%;">Peekskill."</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/imagep011.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep011.jpg" width="75%" alt="Map of West Point" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">MAP OF WEST POINT</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>While these land defenses were planned and situated to aid in
+controling the passage of the Hudson, a formidable obstruction was
+made by stretching across the river at its narrowest point, a boom of
+huge short logs, united at the ends by chains so as to resemble a rope
+ladder, and a few yards higher up, an immense chain was buoyed up on
+logs, extending across from one shore to the other. This chain was
+made by Noble, Townsend &amp; Company, at the Stirling Iron Works, yet in
+operation near the Sloatsburg Station, on the Erie Railroad, about
+twenty-five miles from West Point. It was carried in pieces to New
+Windsor on wagons, put together there, and floated down the river into
+its position, in April, 1778. A portion of the chain is preserved, and
+is to be seen lying in a grove on the north side of the Plain. The
+links are made of two-inch bar iron, and each weighs about 120 pounds.
+The entire chain weighed 186 tons.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it will be seen, from its natural advantages, its defenses, and
+its <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>obstructions, West Point was the key to the passage of the
+Hudson, and as matters stood in 1780, it was in fact an American
+Gibraltar. The British, then in possession of the city of New York,
+and thus prevented from the employment of vessels to maintain
+communication with the Northern Provinces, and unable to penetrate the
+country amid the desolate wildernesses which covered its face, found
+themselves restricted to surprising detached points, or raids, from
+which the patriots speedily recovered, and no northern campaign, save
+that of Burgoyne, which ended in defeat and surrender, was attempted,
+chiefly from their inability to control the passage of the Hudson.</p>
+
+<p>The winter of 1779 and 1780 was one of unexampled severity for the
+patriot army in the North, while in the South the surrender of
+Charleston and the disaster at Camden, had inspired universal gloom. A
+cloud of witnesses of the best authority bear testimony that at that
+period the majority of the American people manifested a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>willingness
+to cease further resistance, and return to their allegiance under the
+British King.</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of these forebodings there burst upon the nation the
+knowledge of a plot so comprehensive and momentous in all the
+circumstances attending it, and in the results designed to be
+accomplished, that even in its failure it struck terror and dismay to
+the hearts of all true lovers of American independence. This mighty
+plot comprehended not only the surrender of West Point, with all its
+garrison and armament, but had also for its object the betrayal of
+Washington and his staff into the hands of Sir Henry Clinton, the
+British Commander of the King's forces in America.</p>
+
+<p>Major General <span class="sc">Benedict Arnold</span>, an officer of the patriot
+army, who had risen from the grade of Captain for gallant and perilous
+services in the contest, sought and received an assignment to command
+at West Point and its dependencies in August, 1780. Embittered by a
+few real, and many <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>imaginary grievances, this officer had long but
+secretly become disaffected towards the American cause. After evidence
+has established the fact, that he deliberately bargained with the
+British Commander to become a traitor to the land of his birth&mdash;to
+sell for a stipulated price the trust confided to him, and to betray
+his command into the hands of the enemy. To accomplish this object he
+entered into negotiations secretly with Sir Henry Clinton, by which it
+was agreed that he should make such a disposition of his forces as
+would enable the British Commander effectually to surprise West Point.</p>
+
+<p>John Anderson and Colonel Beverly Robinson were the agents on the part
+of the British, and with them Arnold opened "a regular channel of
+communication." The correspondence becoming protracted, a personal
+interview was demanded by Arnold to bring the matter to a final
+settlement, at which he was to furnish plans of West Point, and
+returns of its armament and garrison. With this object in view, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>John
+Anderson left New York on horseback, and proceeded up the river with
+the intention of holding the proposed interview on board the British
+sloop-of-war "Vulture," anchored off Teller's, now called Croton
+Point. Difficulties having been thrown in the way of this arrangement,
+Anderson was induced to leave the vessel and go ashore at midnight, in
+a boat sent by Arnold, and meet the latter on the west bank of the
+Hudson, a little below the village of Haverstraw. He had been directed
+by Sir Henry Clinton not to enter the American lines, and not to
+assume any disguise, but under a pressure of circumstances, he did
+both, and thus became exposed to the character of a spy, violating the
+laws of war. The meeting between Anderson and Arnold, while discussing
+their infamous plans, was prolonged until the dawn of day, when the
+state of the tide and the risk of being discovered by the American
+pickets, so alarmed the boatmen, that neither the threats nor
+entreaties of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>the two principals could induce them to return to the
+"Vulture."</p>
+
+<p>In the hope of making a successful return to the vessel on the next
+night, both parties sought refuge in the house of a noted Tory, living
+in Haverstraw, named Joshua Hett Smith. They had scarcely found
+themselves safe within the house, when an event occurred which
+seriously threatened the whole object of the interview. The proximity
+of the "Vulture" to the American lines was such, that a fire was
+opened upon her by a battery on shore, and she was compelled to drop
+down the river, thus preventing Anderson from returning to New York by
+that opportunity. In the afternoon Arnold returned in his barge to his
+headquarters, while Anderson, filled with thoughts of the great
+advantage the arrangement must confer upon his King and country, and
+with the glory and promotion awaiting himself, could not avoid
+reflecting upon the great personal danger to which he was exposed,
+surrounded by enemies, and having concealed about his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>person the
+proofs of his character as a spy. He had been furnished by Arnold with
+two passports, one to return by water in case that method again became
+practicable, and the other by a land route on the east side of the
+river, authorized him "to go to the lines at White Plains, or lower if
+he thought proper, being on public business." Choosing the latter
+mode, in the evening Anderson, accompanied by Smith, crossed the
+Hudson at Stony Point, and commenced his hazardous journey.</p>
+
+<p>The party proceeded with little or no interruption, and once beyond
+the sight of patroling parties, Anderson's naturally buoyant spirit
+resumed its wonted cheerfulness, and he astonished his companion by
+the sudden change from taciturn despondency to unusual hilarity.
+Poetry, art and literature, formed alternate themes of discourse, and
+already he seemed to behold the reduction of the Colonies and the end
+of the war&mdash;a consummation to which his own sagacity and personal
+daring would so largely have contributed. Near Pine's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>Bridge, a few
+miles above Tarrytown, Smith parted from him to return to Fishkill,
+while Anderson pursued his way onward, until three armed militia-men,
+lying in wait for suspicious men and cattle going to New York, brought
+him to a stand. Under the impression that they were adherents of the
+British from their replies to his inquiries, he announced himself a
+British officer, and exhibited his passport, but it was too late, the
+fatal admission was made. The men took him into the bushes and
+searched him, when six papers, mostly in Arnold's handwriting, were
+found inside of his stockings and beneath his feet, filled with
+details of the state of the forces, ordnance, and defenses at West
+Point. Patriotically disdaining the proffered bribe of a purse of gold
+and permanent support and promotion on condition of suffering him to
+proceed, the captors conveyed him to Colonel Jameson, who commanded
+the nearest American outpost at North Castle. This officer,
+unaccountably bewildered, resolved to dispatch the captive to Arnold,
+to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>whose command he belonged, in spite of the damning proof of the
+former's treachery. Major Tallmadge, the second officer in command at
+the post, was absent when Anderson was brought in, and did not return
+until evening. When Jameson told him what had occurred, he was filled
+with amazement, and openly declared that Arnold was a traitor,
+offering to take upon himself the responsibility of acting on that
+conviction. To this Jameson would not listen, but he finally yielded
+to the entreaties of Tallmadge to recall Anderson, while he persisted
+in sending a note to Arnold, informing him of the suspicious arrest of
+the prisoner. The six papers he had already dispatched to be delivered
+to Washington. The messenger sent to recall Anderson overtook the
+party and returned with them to North Castle. Conscious that his fate
+was sealed, exposure inevitable, and proofs of his own and Arnold's
+crime more than ample, Anderson paced up and down the apartment with
+measured step, pondering on the gloomy prospect which awaited him,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>while Tallmadge sat watching him, more and more convinced that the
+indifferently dressed prisoner before him had been bred to the
+profession of arms. On the next morning the captive wrote a letter to
+Washington, describing the manner in which he came within the American
+lines, and announced himself to be Major <span class="sc">John Andre</span>, the
+Adjutant-General of the British army.</p>
+
+<p>The state of inactivity of the patriot forces had impelled Count
+Rochambeau, the Commander of the Allied French army, to request an
+interview with Washington at Hartford, Conn. Two days before the
+conference between Arnold and Andre, Washington wrote Arnold to meet
+him at Peekskill with a guard of fifty men, and forage for forty
+horses. Arnold came down from West Point in his barge, and crossed
+over with Washington at King's Ferry, plying between Verplank's and
+Stony Point. The "Vulture" was then anchored off in full view, and
+Washington observed her through a telescope for a long time,
+conversing with his staff in a low tone. Arnold <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>witnessed the scene
+with more than ordinary feelings of alarm, and was startled by a
+playful remark of Lafayette, who said, "General, as you have secret
+correspondence with the enemy, you must tell us what has become of
+Guichen." Thrown off his guard, Arnold sharply demanded what the
+Marquis alluded to, but almost immediately the boat arrived at the
+landing, and the retort passed unnoticed. The night was passed at
+Peekskill, and when next morning Washington proceeded on his way,
+Arnold returned to his headquarters at the Robinson House, opposite
+West Point. In returning, after the meeting with Rochambeau,
+Washington pursued the upper route to the Hudson, arriving at
+Fishkill, so as to enable him to visit West Point before returning to
+his camp in New Jersey. This change in his route caused him to miss
+the papers sent after him by Jameson, which had been found on the
+person of Andre, and during his brief visit the plot had matured,
+ripened, and Andre had been captured.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>Two days after the latter occurrence, Washington left Fishkill and
+pushed on down to the Robinson House, only some ten miles distant,
+intending to breakfast with Arnold. On arriving opposite West Point,
+instead of continuing on to Arnold's quarters, he rode toward the
+North and South redoubts. "General," said Lafayette, "you are going in
+the wrong direction, and you know Mrs. Arnold is waiting breakfast for
+us." "Ah!" said Washington, "you young men are all in love with Mrs.
+Arnold, and wish to get where she is as soon as possible; go, and take
+your breakfast with her, and tell her not to wait for me; I must first
+examine the redoubts on this side of the river."</p>
+
+<p>As most of the staff officers proposed to accompany him, only two went
+forward to tell the Arnolds not to wait, and finding breakfast ready,
+they sat down with the family at the table. During the repast a note
+was brought to Arnold, who opened it and read it; the note was from
+Jameson, as before mentioned, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>announced the capture of Anderson,
+conveying, of course, to Arnold, the failure of the whole conspiracy.
+Betraying but slight outward emotion, although his life was in
+imminent peril, he merely remarked that his presence was required
+across the river at West Point, and with a slight apology, he left the
+room followed by his wife. In the privacy of their own chamber he told
+her they must part&mdash;possibly forever&mdash;and that his life depended on
+his reaching the British lines; then pressing a kiss upon his sleeping
+infant boy,<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> he passed down stairs, mounted a horse, and dashed down
+a narrow rocky path leading to the landing, where his barge was lying,
+just on the south side of the point through which the Hudson River
+Railroad now cuts its way. Pretending that he was going with a flag of
+truce, he excited the boatmen to powerful efforts by promised
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>rewards, and the boat sped through the water, carrying the panting
+renegade to the "Vulture" below, passing Verplank's Point batteries
+under cover of a white handkerchief raised upon a stick.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, Washington having completed his inspection, arrived at the
+Robinson House, where he was informed that Arnold had been called
+across the river. After a hasty breakfast, he concluded not to await
+Arnold's return, but to follow him to West Point. As the barge swept
+over the water, amid the majestic scenery of the Hudson, Washington
+remarked, "Well, gentlemen, I am glad General Arnold has gone before
+us, for we shall now receive a salute, and the roaring of the guns
+will have a fine effect among these mountains." But no salute boomed
+upon their expectant ears, and no preparations were visible for
+tendering one. As the boat drew near the shore, an officer was seen
+coming down the hill, who proved to be Colonel Lamb, the temporary
+commander. Astounded at seeing the Commander-in-Chief, he commenced
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>an apology, which was interrupted by Washington. "How is this, sir, is
+not General Arnold here?" "No, sir," replied the Colonel, "he has not
+been here these two days, nor have I heard from him in that time."
+"This is extraordinary," replied Washington, "he left word that he had
+crossed over here; however, the object of our visit must not be
+defeated, and since we are here we will look around and see in what
+state things are with you." He then ascended to Fort Putnam, examined
+it and the various redoubts, and returned to Arnold's house, where
+Hamilton gave him the dispatch, which had arrived during his absence
+from Jameson, containing the papers found on Andre, and the letter
+from the latter to himself. The treason of Arnold was now fully
+exposed, but as some hours had elapsed he was already beyond pursuit.
+Calling in Generals Knox and Lafayette, Washington explained what had
+occurred, showing the proofs of the treachery, and, pathetically
+appealing to them, he exclaimed, "Whom can we trust now?"</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>Standing on a mine which might explode at any instant, he was
+outwardly as calm as ever; he even sought Mrs. Arnold, and kindly
+attempted to soothe her frenzied excitement which found vent in
+alternate wailings and reproaches that would have pierced
+insensibility itself. Although Washington seemed unchanged, he was
+fully alive to his danger. He rapidly wrote his commands, and hastily
+dispatched couriers in every direction to arouse the camps, till at
+length, having done all in his power to avert the threatened evil, he
+retired to rest late at night, fully expecting to be aroused before
+daylight by the roar of British artillery.</p>
+
+<p>We now know the happy result, and that, under the providence of God,
+much of it was due to the promptitude and foresight of Washington. We
+now see the momentous consequences which would have followed the
+consummation of Arnold's baseness; how, and by what a singular change
+of events, Washington's visit was delayed, and Arnold's escape
+effected, while even <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>now, we recoil as we learn how a single
+expression dropped by Andre, prevented the springing of a mine which
+would have inevitably insured a failure to achieve our independence,
+and have left us colonial dependents upon the British Government.
+Andre was conveyed to the Robinson House, and thence to West Point,
+from which place he was removed to the village of Tappan, opposite
+Irvington, on the Hudson River Railroad, where a Board of General
+Officers, presided over by Major General Greene, was assembled to
+inquire into the facts of his case, and report their opinion. The
+Board found him acting in the character of a spy, and were of the
+opinion that, agreeably to the laws and usages of war, he ought to
+suffer death. In spite of every possible exertion of Sir Henry
+Clinton, the universal sympathy of the American officers, and the
+grief of Washington, whose heart was wrung with anguish when he gave
+the death-warrant, Andre was executed at Tappan, on the 2d <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>of
+October, 1780, and died, in truth, "lamented even by his foes."</p>
+
+<p>The miserable and unhappy career of Arnold need not be pursued.
+Rewarded by the British Government with a Brigadier-General's
+commission and a grant of &pound;10,000, he died in London in 1801.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/imagep029.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep029th.jpg" width="75%" alt="Constitution Island" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">CONSTITUTION ISLAND</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>To the visitor at West Point, the objective spot of the stirring
+scenes described, each wooded height and rocky bluff recalls the times
+when our fathers, regardless of personal hardship, suffering and
+death, labored to secure the priceless boon of freedom.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"There's not a verdant blade, nor mountain hoary,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But treasures up the memories of freedom's story."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>One hundred and fifty-seven feet above the river, on a plateau,
+embracing about fifty acres of level ground, stands the <span class="sc">United
+States Military Academy</span>, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>established by an Act of Congress in
+1802. The approach to this plateau from the steam-ferry landing, is up
+a carriage road, excavated in the almost perpendicular rocky bank,
+conveying the visitor past the Riding-hall, the Cavalry stables, and
+the Library building, to the crest of the plain, where the natural
+beauty of the latter, and its wonderful adaptation for locating a
+great military educational institution, first excites admiration. The
+plateau, which affords ample space for all military evolutions
+appertaining to artillery, infantry, and cavalry, is bounded on the
+west by lofty and rugged hills, at the base of which are situated the
+various Academic buildings, the Cadet Barracks, and the residences of
+the officers and professors.</p>
+
+<p>Proceeding on to the West Point Hotel, an old fort is seen on the
+north-east angle of the plain, known as <span class="sc">Fort Arnold</span>, until
+the treason of the apostate became exposed, when the name, thenceforth
+unknown in American history, was changed to <span class="sc">Fort Clinton</span>.
+From the Hotel, situated on the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>north side of the plain, the
+lake-like river view is unobstructed for nearly ten miles, and
+presents in its constantly varying aspect of sunlight and shadow on
+the rugged mountain sides, in its periods of storm and repose on the
+water, and in its ever changing variety of steamers and river craft, a
+scene which for boldness and beauty stands unrivalled even in America,
+and is elsewhere unknown throughout the world. The pencil of the
+artist, the skill of the photographer, and the depths of language,
+have striven to portray the exceeding loveliness of the vista
+presented from this spot, while tourists fresh from the Alpine
+beauties of Switzerland and the Rhine, from Italy, Scotland and Wales,
+and from the overland wilds of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra
+Nevada, alike render homage to the glorious landscape here spread
+before them.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately to the north, and almost at the feet of the spectator,
+lies Constitution Island, with the exposed ruins of old Fort
+Constitution near the water's edge, and a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>little below which the end
+of the great chain was attached; while beyond may be seen the forge
+and furnace stacks of the Foundry, and the spires and dwellings in the
+village of Cold Spring. To the right, and farther up, Bull Hill and
+Breakneck Mountains, rise respectively 1,580 and 1,187 feet, the
+latter bearing Pollopel's Island, nearly opposite, while the city of
+Newburg, with the Shawangunk Mountain range for a background, fades
+away almost imperceptibly in the distance. On the left, the Crow Nest
+towers 1,428 feet above the water, with Washington's Valley nestling
+between it and the Cemetery. "Moore's House," from which the orders of
+Washington emanated in 1779, was situated in the valley bearing his
+name.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving the Hotel by a pathway to the west, the visitor is conducted
+to the siege battery of rifled guns, exhibiting the form and structure
+of a field work, and from thence to a grove of elms, where a variety
+of trophy guns are to be seen, taken during the Revolution, in the war
+of 1812, in Mexico, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>and in the late rebellion. A portion of the great
+chain surrounds the beautiful gun "Le Monarque," presented by Congress
+to Lafayette, and one or two mortars captured by General Wayne at
+Stony Point. Beside the antique mortars and guns from Mexico,
+inscribed with the names of the places from which they came, there are
+two English rifled Blakely guns, from Fort Pulaski, two carronades, or
+ship's pivot guns, from Hilton Head, one 8-inch rifled Blakely, from
+Fort Morgan, all captured from the rebels; and the fragments of Gen.
+Gilmore's famous 30-pound Parrott gun, from Morris Island, which
+hurled 4,606 projectiles at Charleston before it assumed its present
+condition. These trophies, scarred and bruised by shot, and many other
+large guns made for experimental purposes, cannot fail to afford an
+interesting subject for contemplation. The large granite ball was
+brought by Gen. Delafield from the Crimea, where it is said such
+projectiles were thrown from mortars by the Russians, to crush the
+decks of the blockading fleet. The spot is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>further interesting from
+its having been dedicated as the site of the proposed Battle Monument,
+designed to be erected by subscription among the surviving officers
+and soldiers, to the memory of the officers of the regular army who
+fell during the rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>A little to the westward, a walled enclosure, embracing the Ordnance
+Laboratory, is situated, and there may be seen a great variety of
+trophy guns from Cedar Creek and from Vicksburg, among which is the
+famous "Whistling Dick," an English rifled breech-loading Whitworth
+gun, captured on Morris Island, and the formidable Armstrong gun,
+captured at Fort Fisher, off Wilmington. Here, also, may be seen the
+gun from Elder's Battery, which fired the last shot previous to the
+surrender of Lee's Army. These, and a great variety of torpedoes,
+shot, shells and other Rebel implements of warfare, will well repay
+the visitor by the variety of design they exhibit. Pursuing the road
+down the hill, to the North wharf, the Sea-coast battery, with its
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>armament of rifled monsters, consisting of 30-pound, 100, 200, and
+300-pound Parrots, the 15-inch gun, and the 13-inch mortar, all
+capable of hurling projectiles as far as Pollopel's Island, or beyond,
+arrests the attention of the observer, and furnishes tangible
+evidences of the triumphant progress of manufacturing skill in weapons
+of war.</p>
+
+<p>Returning by the road to the crest of the Plain, and proceeding west,
+a road to the left leads up the hill to Fort Putnam. The old fort,
+long neglected, and subject to the assaults of wintry blasts and
+beating storms, rises high above the Plain, and there, in grim
+majesty, it patiently awaits the silent march of disintegration and
+general decay. Approached in the mellow light of an evening sunset,
+when a single pencil of rays lingers and illuminates the crests of the
+mountains in the east, and a few scattered clouds, tinged with
+scarlet, gold and silver tints, fading and blending in perfect harmony
+with the deep blue of the firmament, indicate the close of the day; a
+single drum breaks upon the solemn stillness around, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>and directly
+after, a full chorus of music from the Band on the Plain below,
+proclaims the arrival of the hour for evening parade. Immediately echo
+takes up the strain, and repeats them in tones softer and sweeter, and
+fainter, until mountain, river and plain, all resound with notes of
+exquisite melody. Then the pulse quickens even in those habitually
+insensible to the beautiful spectacle here unfolded, and the visitor
+seems to breathe a new existence in an ideal world, until the
+reverberations of the evening gun announce the passage of another day,
+and the nearer approach of that period when the mighty Angel shall
+proclaim that "time was, but time shall be no more."</p>
+
+<p>Were the same scene to be presented daily from this spot for all time,
+it would never cease to be a delight to make a pilgrimage to the
+glorious old Fort, while the vivid memories of its former patriot
+occupants, and their labors are treasured up and remembered. But a
+constant change is going on, and the same object presents itself to
+the eye in many different aspects. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>The beautiful river, from small
+beginnings, flowing down shelving rocks and flowering banks, is
+swollen in mighty grandeur until it bursts asunder the mountain
+barriers, and sweeps along, bearing on its broad bosom the wealth of
+two hemispheres, to lose itself in the limitless ocean, and become a
+part of the eternity of waters. The never-ceasing progress of the
+seasons, beginning with the first born bud of Spring, and so
+proceeding through each varying phase, to the period when the
+snow-capped mountains and the ice-bound river are ready to expose anew
+their surfaces to the reviving and gladdening warmth of showery April.
+The very rising and setting of the sun; the clear, blue sky, speckled
+with snowy fleece; the hurry and rush of the mountain storm through
+the gorge, unite to keep up an ever-changing panorama of all that is
+lovely and grand in nature.</p>
+
+<p>Prominent among the many objects of interest which claim the attention
+of the observer from this point, may be seen Redoubt No. 4, on Rocky
+Hill, immediately in rear <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>of the fort; the ruined parapets of Forts
+Wyllis and Webb lying southward, each enveloped in a cluster of
+cedars; and to the east, on the opposite side of the river, the North
+and South redoubts on the hill, in rear of Garrisons, environed by
+similar groups of the same beautiful vine-clad evergreen. The entire
+vicinity, rising as it does abruptly from the river to the terrace
+above, with wooded uplands, and bright green slopes beyond, is adorned
+with sumptuous country seats, gleaming through the tufts of foliage
+that surround them, and the lordly Hudson, with its furrowing keels
+and snowy sails, all unite to present a landscape, the beauty of which
+the pencil of the artist has vainly striven to portray.</p>
+
+<p>The buildings appropriated to the occupation and education of the
+Cadets, are not without attractive interest to the visitor. The
+<span class="sc">Cadets' Barrack</span>, from its magnitude, symmetrical proportions,
+durability, and castellated structure, seldom fails to elicit
+commendation from all lovers of architecture who are drawn to its
+vicinity. The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>building contains eight divisions, of which two are
+assigned to each of the four companies of Cadets. Two occupants only
+are found in a room, each uniformly furnished with an iron bedstead,
+an iron table, chair, books, and wearing apparel; all other furniture
+being carefully excluded as unnecessary or unworthy of the student
+soldier. Warmed by furnaces, lighted by gas, with daily access to
+bath-rooms, and invigorated by their military exercises, the Cadets
+present an appearance of health and contentment seldom seen in other
+collegiate institutions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">The Academic Building</span> contains, on the first floor, a
+gymnasium, with bowling-alleys, an apartment for fencing and sword
+exercise, and the Chemical laboratory. The second floor contains
+recitation rooms, and the models and collections pertaining to the
+departments of Engineering and Mineralogy and Geology. Besides the
+models of bridges, buildings, engines, and arches, illustrative of the
+progress of civil engineering, others relating to field works,
+fortifications, their system of attack and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>defense, and the models of
+Fort Wagner, before Charleston, and San Juan d'Ulloa, off Vera Cruz,
+will claim attention. The third floor is occupied by recitation and
+lecture rooms, the Picture gallery, Drawing Academy, and the Museum of
+ordnance and trophies. The Picture gallery contains specimens selected
+from the productions of the most proficient Cadets in the classes
+which have gone forth since 1838, and among them the names of many
+prominent army officers will be recognized. Regarded as an evidence of
+skill and cultivated taste, on the part of those who were first made
+aware of their power to acquire the art of sketching and coloring
+after entering the Military Academy, and as the result of a few
+months' instruction, no one can view this collection without
+experiencing the liveliest feelings of satisfaction and pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="sc">Museum of ordnance and trophies</span> exhibits all the various
+progressive stages in the manufacture of swords, muskets, cartridges,
+powder, and shot; models of field and siege guns, and the anatomical
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>structure of horses for instruction in the department of cavalry. The
+collection of ancient and experimental weapons; of Rebel torpedoes,
+and Rebel shot from many battle-fields; of flag-staffs and flags from
+Mexico; Indian trophies and curious projectiles, and the numerous
+flags borne by the regular army in the last war with England, in the
+Florida war, in Mexico, and in the Rebellion, with their inscriptions,
+excites a degree of interest which cannot be overcome by a momentary
+glance.</p>
+
+<p>The colors of the <span class="sc">Fourth Regiment of U.S. Infantry</span> bear the
+following historical inscriptions:</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="inscriptions">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="50%">The first Flag Carried</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="50%">1794.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Retained at Reorganization</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1808.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Tippecanoe</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1811.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2">IN THE FLORIDA WAR.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Gaines's Pen</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1836.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Thlonalosassa</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1836.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Okeechobee</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1837.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2">IN THE MEXICAN WAR.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Palo Alto</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1846.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Resaca de la Palma</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1846.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>Monterey</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1816.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Vera Cruz</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1847.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Churubusco</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1847.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Molino del Rey</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1847.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Chapultepec</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1847.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">City of Mexico</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1847.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc" colspan="2">IN THE REBELLION.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Yorktown</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1862.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Gaines's Mill</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1862.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Malvern Hill</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1862.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Bull Run No. 2</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1862.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Antietam</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1862.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Fredericksburg</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1862.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Chancellorsville</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1863.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Gettysburg</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1863.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Wapping Heights</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1863.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Wilderness</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1864.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Spottsylvania</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1864.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">North Anna River</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1864.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Po-Potmail Creek</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1864.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Coal Harbor</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1864.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Petersburg</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1864.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Lee's Surrender</td>
+  <td class="tdl">1865.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>The colors of some other regiments and batteries bear even a greater
+number of inscriptions, but none date as far back in the past.</p>
+
+<p>A pedestal and shell, brought from South <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>Carolina, is inscribed on
+its four sides by Rebel and Union hands, as follows:</p>
+
+
+<h4>FIRST FACE.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">Fifteen Inch Hollow Shot, fired by the<br />
+    Abolition Fleet of Iron Clads, at Fort Sumter,<br />
+                    April 7, 1863.</p>
+
+<h4>SECOND FACE.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">Presented to the Citadel Academy,<br />
+             By General G.T. Beauregard,<br />
+          Charleston, S.C., April 27, 1863.</p>
+
+<h4>THIRD FACE.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">Taken at Columbia, S.C., Feb. 17, 1865,<br />
+      By the troops of the United States, under<br />
+             Major-General W.T. Sherman.</p>
+
+<h4>FOURTH FACE.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">Presented to the U.S. Military Academy,<br />
+            By Major-General Wm. B. Hazen,<br />
+                    April 1, 1865.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>The centre of the room is occupied by a model of the Silver Mine of
+Valenciana, in Mexico, purchased in the City of Mexico in 1847, by
+subscription among the officers of the army, whose names are affixed.
+The upper surface represents the operatives, made of silver amalgam,
+practising their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>several divisions of labor, while the sides exhibit
+the galleries of the mine, with the miners at work. The case contains,
+besides, many mineral specimens, and models of Aztec idols. The whole
+is surmounted by an eagle and a portion of drapery taken from over the
+Vice-President's Chair in the Mexican Senate Chamber.</p>
+
+<p>In the <span class="sc">Chapel</span>, east of the Academic building, may be seen a
+fine picture over the chancel, by Professor Weir, typical of Mars and
+Minerva. On the west side, the walls present memorial tablets of the
+general officers of the Revolution, and the guns presented by Congress
+to Major-General Greene, implanted beside a niche of trophy colors
+taken from English and Hessian regiments. On the east side are
+memorial tablets of all the officers of our army who fell in the
+Mexican War, and trophy guns and colors taken by Generals Scott and
+Taylor, during their campaigns in the same war.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="sc">Library Building</span> contains temporarily the offices of the
+Superintendent, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>Adjutant, Quartermaster, and Treasurer. On the second
+floor, which is not usually open to visitors, is situated the
+Lecture-room and apparatus of the department of Philosophy and
+Astronomy. The dome contains an equatorial telescope, and the flank
+towers a transit instrument and mural circle. The Library occupies the
+east end of the building. It contains about 20,000 volumes, chiefly on
+professional and scientific subjects, and several fine portraits of
+former Superintendents and Chiefs of the Engineer Department.</p>
+
+<p>The capacious <span class="sc">Riding Hall</span> stands on the bank of the river, a
+little below the Library; and from the interesting exercises therein,
+it is deservedly regarded as one of the most attractive points at the
+Military Academy. The hours for riding are from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M.,
+except during the period of the Cadets' encampment, with occasional
+interruptions, when the evolutions of a squadron are practised on the
+Plain. The course of instruction embodies running at the heads,
+running at the ring <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>with poised sabre, exercises with pistols,
+leaping bars and hurdles, and many other feats which afford little
+room for monotony or wearisome interest, even among those accustomed
+to witnessing equestrian displays.</p>
+
+<p>Northward from the Library a path leads down the bank to
+<span class="sc">Kosciuszko's Garden</span>&mdash;a shelving terrace overhung with
+shrubbery, and rendered inviting by a cool spring of water, and a
+tradition that the patriot Pole, whose name the spot bears, here
+sought retirement and seclusion. The Monument to "Dade and his
+Command" tells its own story, and American history has yet to furnish
+an example of devotion to duty similar to that exhibited by those
+whose names are here inscribed. A little beyond is seen Battery Knox,
+whose armament proclaims the tidings on all occasions of national joy
+or sadness. From this point, the lower pathway, called the "Chain
+Battery Walk," conducts the visitor through a delightful ramble to
+Gee's Point and the North Wharf, or by a branch, to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>Hotel above.
+The upper path returns to the road along the crest of the bank, and a
+few steps brings the tourist to <span class="sc">Fort Clinton</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Within the latter, on the extreme angle nearest the river, stands a
+marble column, sacred to military virtue in the person of Kosciuszko,
+and forming in itself by reason of the ideas it evokes, a striking
+contrast to the dark halo of despite and shame that hovers around the
+name of Arnold, whose apostasy is inseparably connected with the very
+name of West Point. <span class="sc">Thaddeus Kosciuszko</span> was a native of
+Poland, whose education began at Warsaw and was completed at Paris.
+Having determined to cast his lot with the Americans, then struggling
+for liberty, he was furnished by Franklin with letters to Washington,
+and came to America. He was appointed Aide-de-Camp to Washington, and
+subsequently commissioned as Colonel of Engineers. Highly
+distinguished for his courage and skill in the campaign against
+Burgoyne, and as the directing Engineer at West Point, he returned to
+Poland at the close of the Revolution, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>rewarded by the thanks of
+Congress and the commission of Brevet Brigadier-General, to serve as a
+General of Division under Poniatowski. In the Polish Insurrection of
+1793 he was chosen Generalissimo, with the powers of a Roman Dictator.
+He immediately issued a decree, authorizing the insurrection, and at
+once proceeded to unite the Polish divisions, and in a few days the
+Russians were driven from the Palatinate. Meantime, the Prussians
+having joined Russia, the rest of the struggle was a continuous
+resistance against superior forces, until at last, at Maciejowice, on
+the 10th of October, 1794, he was completely defeated and overwhelmed
+by the Russians. He fell wounded from his horse, with the bitter wail
+on his lips, "Finis Polonie." Taken prisoner, and conveyed to a
+fortress near St. Petersburg, he underwent a long confinement until
+the accession of Paul I., who, feeling an admiration for his
+character, restored him to freedom, and presented him with his sword.</p>
+
+<p>"I have no longer occasion for a sword," <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>sadly replied Kosciuszko,
+"since I have no longer a country." He visited America in 1797, and
+was triumphantly and warmly welcomed by the grateful people. He
+returned to Switzerland and resided at Solothurn, where he died on
+October 15, 1817. His body was interred at Cracow with great pomp in
+the funeral vaults of the Kings of Poland, between the coffins of
+Poniatowski and Sobieski. The Senate decreed in his honor the erection
+of an enormous mound on the Heights of Bronislawad. The gratuitous
+labor of all classes succeeded in raising this "Mound of Kosciuszko"
+to the height of 300 feet in three years, and it will remain for ages
+a noble monument of his country's gratitude. Kosciuszko was never
+married, and the simple column at West Point, in full view of
+thousands of travelers, will long serve as a memorial of gratitude
+from the American nation, and an enduring protest against the
+destruction of Poland, and the ruin and death of many freedom lovers
+as noble and virtuous as Kosciuszko himself.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>The "<span class="sc">Drives</span>" at West Point and its vicinity, although limited
+in extent by the rugged character of the region, are possessed of
+infinite variety and beauty, from the constantly changing aspect of
+river, mountain, and valley. Besides the routes on the Post itself,
+the road South, along the riverbank to Fort Montgomery, about four
+miles distant, from its smoothness, easy grades, and the numerous
+attractive residences by the wayside, affords many present and
+pleasing after reminiscences of a sojourn at this delightful retreat.</p>
+
+<p>Prominent among these attractions, and scarcely a mile distant from
+West Point, on the very brink of a precipice towering over the Hudson,
+stands <span class="sc">Cozzens' Hotel</span>, the name of which is inseparably
+associated with the name of its founder, whose benevolence, geniality,
+and hospitality is so intimately connected with West Point and the
+traveling public.</p>
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/imagep050.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep050th.jpg" width="75%" alt="West Point and its Vicinity. 1866." /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">1866. West Point and its Vicinity.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Directly west of the Hotel stands the picturesque little church of the
+"Holy Innocents," erected by Professor Weir, to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>commemorate the
+early decease of two of his children. A little distance below, the
+village of Highland Falls is situated, on both sides of a mountain
+stream bearing the name of Buttermilk Falls, derived from the foaming
+passage of the water over steep rocks into the Hudson below. From this
+point onward to Fort Montgomery, the occasional expanse of the river,
+the charming country seats dotting the bank, and the magnificence of
+the mountains, continually inspires a feeling of happiness and
+contentment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Fort Montgomery</span> is situated on the north bank of Pooplopen's
+Creek, at its junction with the Hudson. It is elevated about 130 feet
+above the water, and the view from its ruined parapet covers an
+extent, and surpasses if possible in wildness, the landscape seen from
+the West Point Hotel. <span class="sc">Fort Clinton</span>, similarly elevated, stood
+directly opposite on the south side of the creek, and both works
+possess more than ordinary interest from having been the scene of a
+bloody assault and capture <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>by a British force, under the command of
+Sir Henry Clinton, in October 1777. The forts were simultaneously
+carried at the point of the bayonet by overwhelming numbers; the last
+named, by a column moving up the bank of the river, and the former, by
+one moving down the valley, between the Dunderberg and Bear Mountain,
+through which the creek makes its way.</p>
+
+<p>From West Point westward, the road diverges to the <span class="sc">Cemetery</span>,
+overlooking Camptown, where the soldiers are quartered, Washington's
+Valley, a little beyond, Constitution Island, the Foundry, and the
+village of Cold Spring. The tasteful monuments, with their military
+insignia and mournful inscriptions, unveil the attachment of many who
+fell in Florida, Mexico, Oregon, and in the Rebellion, for the spot
+protected and consecrated by their Alma Mater. The branch road south,
+immediately without the first West gate, leads to Fort Putnam, and
+intersects the river route a little above Cozzens' Hotel. The main
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>road west, known as the "Canterbury Road," leads to Turner's Station,
+on the Erie Railroad, about fourteen miles distant, passing Long Pond,
+and the vicinity of many other ponds indicated on the map, most of
+which afford fine resorts for angling and hunting in the appropriate
+season. Three miles from West Point a branch from this road leads
+across the mountain to Canterbury, Cornwall, and Newburg, but the
+route is so rough as to render it unsuitable for pleasure driving.
+Just before reaching this point a road extends south through Eagle
+Valley to Highland Falls, affording a circuit of about seven miles,
+through a region abounding with new beauties at every turn. The road
+is in good condition, and the proposed intention of the Cozzens'
+Brothers to add to the attractions of their Hotel by erecting a
+mountain retreat at the Round Pond, will doubtless lead to further
+improvements.</p>
+
+<p>The "Drives" on the east side of the Hudson are easy of access by the
+steam ferry, and are possessed of even stronger <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>attractions. From the
+landing the road rises to the "Highland House," and from thence
+southward as far as Anthony's Nose, the route is one of exquisite
+beauty. Besides the numerous country seats, nowhere surpassed in
+elegance, and the thriving farms along the way, the <span class="sc">Robinson
+House</span>, situated at the base of Sugar Loaf Mountain, about one mile
+below, presents an object of deep and attractive interest. Preserved
+with all its original features, and as far as possible in the same
+condition as when it was made the scene of Arnold's
+treachery&mdash;hallowed by the footsteps of Washington and almost every
+general officer of the Revolution, and rendered impressive from its
+antiquity and the absence of all evidences of the progress of modern
+architecture and comfort, the Robinson House has survived, with its
+umbrageous foliage, for nearly a century, and remains at this day
+almost the only relic of its former princely proprietor.</p>
+
+<p>From the Highland House northward the road, remarkable for its
+smoothness <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>and delightful sheltering trees, extends to <span class="sc">Indian
+Falls</span>, some three miles distant. Passing a deep ravine, through
+which a sequestered tributary of the Hudson flows deep in the forest
+glade&mdash;so deep that, scarce even the Summer's noon-tide sun can force
+a single ray through the dense shade&mdash;the mountain stream after
+meandering through miles of untrodden woods, and chafing over its
+rocky bed, suddenly leaps the rocks fifty feet in height into a deep
+and glassy pool, forming a scene of surpassing beauty. Beyond, the
+road continues to Cold Spring, passing the Foundry and affording
+landscape views north and south, all capable of exciting the most
+pleasurable emotions.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="sc">Military Exercises</span>, everywhere an attractive spectacle to
+the American public, are at West Point productive of the most lasting
+and gratifying impressions, from the unrivaled excellence of the Band,
+the uniform neatness of the Cadets, and the precision with which the
+most difficult maneuvers are executed by them. The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>European traveler,
+accustomed to schools of instruction separate and apart for the
+education of Engineers, Artillery, Infantry, and Cavalry Officers,
+witnesses here with astonishment the perfection and familiarity which
+the Cadets exhibit in the performance of all the duties pertaining to
+these four branches of military organization. Some of these exercises
+are daily and continuous throughout the year, others, owing to the
+severity of the climate, are restricted to the period between the 15th
+of March and the 1st of November; and during the Encampment, which
+includes a part of June and the months of July and August, all studies
+are suspended, while daily practical instruction prevails as in actual
+field service.</p>
+
+<p>Commencing on the 1st of September and extending over a term of nine
+months and a half, during which time the Cadets occupy the Barracks
+and pursue their Academic studies, their military exercises are as
+follows:</p>
+
+<div class="centered"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="military exercises">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" style="vertical-align: middle;" width="47%" rowspan="3">Rev&eacute;ille<br />
+    Roll-call.</td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="6%" rowspan="3">
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="bracket">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="bt bl bb">&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    </table>
+
+  </td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="47%">April 1 to Sept. 30 &nbsp; 5, A.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">March and Oct. &nbsp; 5:30, A.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdr">Nov., Dec., Jan. and Feb. &nbsp; 6, A.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Breakfast Roll-call</td>
+  <td class="tdr">7, A.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Guard-mounting</td>
+  <td class="tdr">7:30, A.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Riding</td>
+  <td class="tdr">11, A.M., to 1, P.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Dinner Roll-call</td>
+  <td class="tdr">1, P.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Company Drill</td>
+  <td class="tdr">March 15 to April 1, 4:10, P.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Battalion Drill</td>
+  <td class="tdr">May 16 to May 31, 4:10, P.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Skirmish Drill</td>
+  <td class="tdr">Oct. 15 to Oct. 31, 4:10, P.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Light Artillery Drill,</td>
+  <td class="tdr" rowspan="3">
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="bracket">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="bt bl bb">&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    </table>
+
+  </td>
+  <td class="tdr" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: middle;">April 1 to May 15, 4:10, P.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Heavy Artillery Drill,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Mortar Practice,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Evening Dress Parade</td>
+  <td class="tdr">Sunset.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Tattoo</td>
+  <td class="tdr">9:30, P.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Taps</td>
+  <td class="tdr">10, P.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>During the Encampment the hours are changed, and are as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="military exercises">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="50%">Rev&eacute;ille</td>
+  <td class="tdr" width="50%">5, A.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Infantry Drill</td>
+  <td class="tdr">5:30, A.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Infantry Drill</td>
+  <td class="tdr">Aug. 1 to Aug. 31, 5, P.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Breakfast Roll-call</td>
+  <td class="tdr">7, A.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Morning Dress Parade</td>
+  <td class="tdr">8, A.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Guard-mounting</td>
+  <td class="tdr">8:30, A.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Artillery Drill</td>
+  <td class="tdr">9, A.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Engineering Drill</td>
+  <td class="tdr">10:30, A.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Band Practice</td>
+  <td class="tdr">10, A.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Drill of New Cadets</td>
+  <td class="tdr">11, A.M., and 5, P.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Evening Dress Parade</td>
+  <td class="tdr">Sunset.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Tattoo</td>
+  <td class="tdr">9:30, P.M.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Tattoo on Party Evenings</td>
+  <td class="tdr">9:50, P.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Taps</td>
+  <td class="tdr">10, P.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p>For the purpose of military instruction, the Cadets are organized into
+a battalion of four companies, called A, B, C, and D Companies. These
+are arranged with reference to stature, and they contain the four
+Academic or collegiate classes indiscriminately mingled. The companies
+are officered in the usual way, by selecting the Captains and
+Lieutenants from the class longest at the Academy; the Sergeants from
+the next lowest class, and the Corporals from the next in order.
+"Chevrons," or badges of gold lace, are worn on each arm by these
+officers to denote their rank, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="img"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+<a href="images/imagep059.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep059.jpg" width="42%" alt="Chevrons" /></a><br />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>These appointments are conferred by the Superintendent as honorary
+distinctions, and are continuous for one year unless forfeited by
+misconduct. The discipline and spirit of the Corps is in a great
+degree dependent upon the Cadet Officers, and while they promptly and
+cheerfully obey their commands, "off duty" they are equals.</p>
+
+<p>In the exercise of their appointments they are required to report to
+the authorities infractions of the Regulations on the part of their
+comrades, but all domineering and captious inclinations are
+restrained, by what may be termed a popular opinion among the Cadets.</p>
+
+<p>The Corps of Cadets usually numbers about 250, and they are organized
+as already stated into four companies. Immediately intrusted with
+their supervision and military instruction is the Commandant of
+Cadets, who is a Lieutenant-Colonel, and he is assisted by six
+officers, like himself detailed from the army. This organization
+prevails for all infantry instruction, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>and for the maintenance of
+discipline in camp and barracks. In other branches of military
+instruction, special arrangements are ordered on the basis of class
+standing in the several classes.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="sc">Encampment</span> commences at the close of the Annual
+Examination, about the 20th of June, and the camp is located on the
+Northeast portion of the Plain. This period, affording as it does the
+only relaxation from study during the year, and as the time for the
+realization of the long-cherished expectations of the graduating and
+furlough classes, to enjoy the pleasures of home and early
+friendships, is one of unusual interest and hilarity. With the
+disappearance of these two classes, orders are promulgated to pitch
+the tents, and march into camp at a stated hour. The latter is
+preceded by a general stampedeing force of Cadets, conveying from the
+barracks to the now unoccupied recitation rooms all unnecessary
+articles of furniture. Gray forms are seen with heads crowned with
+washstands, chairs, mattresses, and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>other camp-prohibited articles,
+working with such vigor that, in two or three hours, the barracks are
+cleared of all Cadet property save their military accoutrements.
+Before breakfast the camp is laid out and the tents pitched, and at
+the appointed hour the battalion, with the Band and with colors
+unfurled, marches to its Summer home.</p>
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/imagep062.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep062.jpg" width="85%" alt="The Cadet's Encampment" /></a><br />
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">The Cadet's Encampment</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Encampment consists of eight rows of tents, two to each company,
+opening on four streets parallel to each other, and a broad avenue
+runs through the centre of the camp. The tents of the Company Officers
+and of the Army Instructors of Tactics, are situated opposite their
+respective companies, while the tent of the Commandant of Cadets is
+placed centrally at the East end of the broad avenue. The Guard tents,
+five or six in number, are situated in a line a little distance in
+front of the whole camp. A chain of six or eight sentinels surrounds
+the camp day and night. The guard consists of three reliefs, which
+walk post in turn, during the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>twenty-four hours for which each
+guard is detailed. This detail is drawn as equitably as possible from
+the four companies, and guard duty recurs once in from three to five
+days, making the duty a real hardship to those not inured to it. The
+subdivisions of the guard require each relief to walk two hours, and
+then wait four hours before it is again posted. The operation of
+changing is as follows: When the relief is duly formed and inspected
+by the Officer of the Guard, it is marched by its Corporal around the
+line of posts, and after "Taps," each sentinel challenges the
+longed-for delegation with a fierce, "Who comes there?" as though the
+enemy were upon him. The reply of the Corporal leads to a further
+demand for a cabalistic word which, when whispered, so elevates the
+party in the estimation of the sentinel, that he quickly abandons his
+vigilant, defiant manner, and quietly yields his post to his
+successor, whose place in the ranks of the relief is then most
+cheerfully accepted.</p>
+
+<p>The camp is governed by the same <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>regulations that accompany an army
+in the field, except in the preparation of meals, which are supplied
+at the Cadets' Mess throughout the year.</p>
+
+<p>The presence of visitors contributes much to enliven this period of
+hardship in Cadet life, and the tri-weekly dancing parties on Monday,
+Wednesday, and Friday evenings, notwithstanding their abrupt
+termination at 10 P.M., affords never to be forgotten reminiscences in
+after life, of social enjoyment and enlightened intercourse with the
+fair daughters of America, not a few of whom date back their after
+career to the bewitching influence which marks this season. The
+Encampment usually terminates on the 29th of August, when the Cadets
+return to Barrack-life, and recommence their studies. An illumination
+of the camp usually takes place on the evening before it is broken up,
+and the convolutions of a "stag dance" are performed on the
+Parade-ground, with a fervor and vivacity worthy of imitation in a
+Camanche war-dance. This curious cross in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>terpsichorean art,
+between the pigeon wing, double shuffle, hoe-down, and the quadrille,
+is a frequent diversion in the Cadet camp. It is performed by twenty
+or more Cadets, who gyrate between two rows of candles stuck in the
+ground, cadencing their movements by the very uncertain sounds of a
+plebeian fiddle and the low muffled rattle of a drum, accompanied by
+whimsicalities and contortions unknown save at West Point.</p>
+
+<p>The scene presented during the striking of the tents is quite lively
+and picturesque. In the early hours of the day all the property of the
+Cadets, such as blankets, clothing, etc., is carried by them to the
+rooms they are assigned to in the barracks, leaving in camp only their
+rifles and their accoutrements. At the appointed hour the "general"
+beats,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Don't you hear the General say,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Strike your tents and march away?"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">when all spring to their posts, awaiting three taps on the bass drum.
+At the first tap, all except the corner tent cords are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>cast loose and
+the pins are withdrawn; at the second, the corner cords and pins are
+cast loose, and the tent is gathered around the tent-poles and
+steadied in an upright position, so that at the third tap all the
+tents instantly go down in concert, and woe to the "gross" one who
+fails to complete the prostration at the moment. While the tents are
+folded and piled by one party, a group enliven the scene by songs
+descriptive of their eagerness</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"To join the army of the brave," etc.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="noin">Then the companies are formed, and taking their stacked arms march to
+the front on the Parade; the Commandant then, with Band and colors
+unfurled, marches the battalion to the general Parade, in front of the
+Superintendent's quarters, and the Encampment is no more.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="sc">Academic Exercises</span> of the Cadets are not devoid of
+interest even to those who are attracted to the spot by the glittering
+displays of military life; while to those interested in the progress
+of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>education, the peculiarities of the system pursued at West Point
+seldom fails to increase their belief, that the method here followed
+might be more generally introduced into the great American collegiate
+system.</p>
+
+<p>The Corps of Cadets, in accordance with the usual custom, is divided
+into four classes, and the course of study extends through four years
+in duration. The classes are numbered inversely according to their
+entrance into the Academy, as the <span class="sc">First</span>, <span class="sc">Second</span>,
+<span class="sc">Third</span>, and <span class="sc">Fourth</span> Classes, corresponding to the
+Senior, Junior, Sophomore, and Freshman Classes in other institutions.
+Each class is divided into convenient sections of from twelve to
+fifteen Cadets, for instruction in its special branches of study, the
+first Cadet on each section roll being its squad-marcher, and being
+responsible for its punctual attendance and deportment. The recitation
+hours are sounded on a bugle, when the sections for the hour are
+formed at the Barracks, their rolls are called, and they are marched
+to the Recitation-rooms by their several <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>squad-marchers. The
+instructor is there waiting their attendance, and after receiving the
+squad-marcher's report of the absentees, he sends three or more Cadets
+to the black-board, to discuss the propositions he announces to each;
+for which purpose they proceed to place their diagrams or analyses on
+the board. Another is called up on the floor and questioned on the
+lesson for the day, until one of those at the board is ready. The
+latter being called on, first enunciates the proposition to be
+discussed, then gives a condensed analysis of how it should be solved,
+and then gives the full discussion, delineation, or demonstration with
+reference to his diagram or analysis. Last of all, and reaching the
+termination of his subject, the instructor proceeds to question him on
+the parts slighted or omitted, and upon topics connected with the
+subject-matter under consideration. It will be seen that the
+recitation proceeds upon the supposition that the Cadet understands
+his lesson beforehand, and that the instructor's province is to make
+sure of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>Cadet's thorough and accurate knowledge; to amplify his
+conceptions, and supply his deficiencies, rather than teach him the
+subject of the lesson. He also enforces that orderly and lucid
+exposition and arrangement of the matter, which carries the conviction
+that the Cadet not only knows his topic, but is able to communicate it
+to others. He requires accuracy of language, the observance of certain
+recitation forms, and proprieties in decorum, to a degree far higher
+than is usually demanded in other institutions. Three sides of the
+section-room are provided with wall slates or black-boards, and a tray
+for chalk, wipers, and pointers, extends across the bottom of each.
+Every Cadet writes his name over his work, and when called upon to
+recite, assumes the "position of a soldier," until he wishes to refer
+to his work, when he does so with his pointer. It is a matter of no
+small magnitude to secure a becoming personal deportment and style in
+recitation, and to suppress the unmeaning, nervous turnings, rockings,
+and fumblings, which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>too often deform the manners of undisciplined
+students.</p>
+
+<p>The instructor marks each recitation according to his estimate of its
+quality as referred to a scale of valuation ranging from zero to
+three, the maximum for a perfect and satisfactory exhibition of
+knowledge. A weekly report of these daily marks is made to the
+Superintendent, and exhibited to the Cadets who crowd the hall leading
+to the Adjutant's office every Monday, to see the official estimate of
+their performances during the past week. The recitation marks are
+aggregated for the semi-annual examination in January, and for the
+annual examination in June, and are mainly decisive of the numerical
+standing of each Cadet in the different courses of study. Frequent and
+thorough reviews occur, in which each individual's success is
+critically observed and considered in making out the standing&mdash;a
+greater weight justly belonging to the final and permanent conquest of
+a course, than to the earlier <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>recitations. The final examination on
+the subject also has a material weight.</p>
+
+<p>By combining all these elements, a definite order of arrangement of
+the members of each class, in each branch of study, is obtained, and
+from these combined special standings, a general class rank, or order
+of arrangement according to each individual's merit, is deduced at the
+close of each annual examination. In determining the standing of the
+graduating class the special standing of each Cadet in all the
+branches of study for the four years, including proficiency in
+discipline, is considered, and possesses a relative weight in deciding
+the position of each member.</p>
+
+<p>The Annual Examination in June is conducted in the presence of a
+"Board of Visitors," selected for the purpose by the Secretary of War,
+and the reports of these Boards, composed of intelligent men of all
+professions and all political parties, have, for more than forty
+years, borne favorable testimony to the thoroughness and efficiency of
+the system of instruction pursued at West <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>Point. The assignment and
+promotion of the graduating class to corps and regiments in the army,
+is regulated by the recommendation of the Academic Board, based upon
+class standing. The highest members only are recommended for the Corps
+of Engineers, and as the recommendations are almost uniformly adhered
+to, each Cadet becomes the arbiter of his own destiny, so far as his
+capacity makes success practicable. He is thus stimulated to good
+conduct, and the diligent employment of all his mental faculties, by
+the hope of a choice in the assignments, and of securing after rank,
+by commission, over his comrades.</p>
+
+<p>How to become a Cadet, is a question not unlikely to arise in the
+minds of some of the young readers of this volume. The martial
+aspirant should consider well, before taking any steps toward securing
+a Cadet appointment, that Cadet life is no mere holiday training&mdash;no
+refined dandyism, but a four years' devotion of mind, body, and heart
+to discipline and study; more severe, by far, than is required at <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>any
+other educational institution in the land. But if possessed of an
+aptitude for mathematical study, of a vigorous realization of the
+attributes of manhood, and the courage to endure patiently present
+trials for future good, and finally, if possessed of an ardent desire
+for intellectual culture, with a view to after usefulness, nowhere can
+a youth become so well qualified by an educational course to be a man,
+as by becoming a Cadet at the National Military Academy. The method of
+procedure to secure an appointment is briefly as follows:</p>
+
+<p>The District of Columbia, and each District of Country entitled to a
+Member of the House of Representatives in Congress, may secure through
+him one Cadet appointment. The Cadet so selected should remain four
+years, but in case he fails to do so, a vacancy arises which the
+Representative is called upon to fill with a new appointee. Of course,
+the same thing occurs when the Cadet graduates, and thus the number of
+Cadets is made equal to the number of Representatives and Delegates
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>in Congress. In addition, every year the President of the United
+States appoints <span class="sc">TEN</span> Cadets, selected at his pleasure from any
+portion of the country. The appointments by Districts are really made
+by the Secretary of War, but only on the recommendation of the Member
+of Congress. An application made to the latter will show whether a
+vacancy exists&mdash;if so, the applicant must plead with him for it. The
+only other alternative is to secure the favor of being one of the
+<span class="sc">TEN</span> appointed by the President. The official qualifications
+are herewith appended:</p>
+
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2>APPOINTMENT AND ADMISSION OF CADETS.</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>I.&mdash;As frequent inquiries are made in regard to the mode of procuring
+admission into the Military Academy, persons interested in the subject
+are hereby informed that application may be made at any time (by
+letter to the Secretary of War) by the applicant himself, his parent,
+guardian, or any of his friends, that his name may be placed on the
+register in the office of the Inspector at Washington. The precise age
+and permanent abode of the applicant, as, also, the number of the
+Congressional District in which he resides, must be stated, and no
+application will be considered wherein these instructions are not
+complied with. No preference is given to applications on account of
+priority, nor can any information be communicated as <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>to the probable
+success of an applicant before the appointments are made.</p>
+
+<p>By an act of Congress, the appointment of a person who has served in
+any capacity in the military or naval service of the so-called
+Confederate States is prohibited, and, as a general rule, no person
+will be appointed who has had a brother educated at the Academy.</p>
+
+<p>By provision of law, each Congressional and Territorial District and
+the District of Columbia is entitled to have one Cadet at the Military
+Academy, and no more. In addition to these, the appointment <i>annually</i>
+of a number, not exceeding <i>ten</i>, "at large," not confined to a
+selection by Congressional Districts, is authorized. The District and
+Territorial appointments are made upon the nomination of the member of
+Congress or Delegate representing the District or Territory at the
+date of appointment, and the law requires that the individual selected
+shall be an <i>actual resident</i> of the District or Territory, or
+District of Columbia, from which the appointment <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>purports to be made.
+The selections "at large" and from the District of Columbia are made
+by the President.</p>
+
+<p>Appointments are required by law to be made one year in advance of the
+date of admission&mdash;that is to say, about the 1st of July in each year,
+except in instances where it may be impracticable, from any cause, so
+to make them. Persons, therefore, receiving appointments have ample
+time afforded them in which to prepare for a successful examination
+prior to their admission.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>II.&mdash;To prevent the disappointment, mortification, and useless expense
+that might attend the acceptance of a Cadet appointment by a person
+not possessing the necessary qualifications for admission, and for the
+instruction and aid of others, the following information is
+communicated:</p>
+
+<p>Candidates must be over seventeen and under twenty-two years of age at
+the time of entrance into the Military Academy; no modification of the
+law in this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>respect can be made; but any person who has served
+honorably and faithfully not less than one year as an officer or
+enlisted man in the army of the United States, either as a Volunteer,
+or in the Regular service, during the war for the suppression of the
+Rebellion, shall be eligible for appointment up to the age of
+twenty-four years. They must be at least five feet in height, and free
+from any deformity, disease, or infirmity, which would render them
+unfit for the military service, and from any disorder of an infectious
+or immoral character. They must be able to read and write well, and
+perform with facility and accuracy the various operations of the four
+ground rules of Arithmetic, of reduction, of simple and compound
+proportion, and of vulgar and decimal fractions. The Arithmetic is to
+be studied understandingly, and not merely committed to memory. They
+will also be required to have a knowledge of the elements of English
+Grammar, of Descriptive Geography, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>particularly of our own country,
+and of the history of the United States.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>III.&mdash;It must be understood that a full compliance with the above
+conditions will be insisted on; that is to say, the candidate must
+write a fair and legible hand, and without any material mistakes in
+spelling such sentences as shall be dictated by the examiners; and he
+must answer promptly and without errors all their questions in the
+above-mentioned rules of Arithmetic and in the other branches: failing
+in any of these particulars, he will be rejected.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>IV.&mdash;Every candidate will, soon after his arrival at West Point, be
+subject to a rigid examination by an experienced Medical Board, and
+should there be found to exist in him any of the following causes of
+disqualification, to such a degree as will immediately, or in all
+probability may, at no very distant period, impair his efficiency, he
+will be rejected:</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>1. Feeble constitution and muscular tenuity; unsound health from
+whatever cause; indications of former disease; glandular swellings, or
+other symptoms of scrofula.</p>
+
+<p>2. Chronic cutaneous affections, especially of the scalp, or any
+disorder of an infectious character.</p>
+
+<p>3. Severe injuries of the bones of the head; convulsions.</p>
+
+<p>4. Impaired vision from whatever cause; inflammatory affections of the
+eyelids; immobility or irregularity of the iris; fistula lachrymalis,
+etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>5. Deafness; copious discharge from the ears.</p>
+
+<p>6. Loss of many teeth, or the teeth generally unsound.</p>
+
+<p>7. Impediment of speech.</p>
+
+<p>8. Want of due capacity of the chest, and any other indication of a
+liability to a pulmonic disease.</p>
+
+<p>9. Impaired or inadequate efficiency of one or both of the superior
+extremities on account of fractures, especially of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>clavicle,
+contraction of a joint, extenuation, deformity, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>10. An unusual excurvature or incurvature of the spine.</p>
+
+<p>11. Hernia.</p>
+
+<p>12. A varicose state of the veins of the scrotum or spermatic cord
+(when large), sarcocele, hydrocele, hemorrhoids, fistulas.</p>
+
+<p>13. Impaired or inadequate efficiency of one or of both of the
+inferior extremities on account of varicose veins, fractures,
+malformation (flat feet, etc.), lameness, contraction, unequal length,
+bunions, overlying or supernumerary toes, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>14. Ulcers, or unsound cicatrices of ulcers likely to break out
+afresh.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>V.&mdash;During the months of July and August the Cadets are engaged in
+military duties and exercises, living in camp. The academic exercises
+commence the beginning of September. The semi-annual examination takes
+place in January. At this time the Cadets are rigidly examined in the
+subjects they have studied, and the new <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>Cadets, if found proficient
+therein (their conduct having been correct in all respects), will
+receive the warrant of Cadet, and take such a station in their class
+as their respective merits, as determined at the examination, may
+entitle them to. If any have been unable to master the course, they
+will be pronounced deficient by the Academic Board, and their
+connection with the Academy will cease.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>VI.&mdash;It is important that it be clearly understood that this
+examination, like all subsequent ones, is very thorough&mdash;does not
+permit any evasion or slighting of the course, and exacts a very close
+and persevering attention to study. The examining officers have no
+option; they <i>must</i> reject the deficient. The nation sends these young
+men to the Military Academy, supports and pays them adequately, and
+opens to them an honorable profession, in the expectation that their
+best efforts will be given to qualify themselves for the higher duties
+of the military service. Those <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>who will not, or can not, profit by
+these generous provisions, should not occupy the places of those who
+will and can.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>VII.&mdash;In June there is held the "Annual Examination," which, in its
+character of searching scrutiny, is like the semi-annual examination
+in January. Cadets who have failed to make the requisite proficiency,
+and are not likely to succeed in future, are discharged.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>VIII.&mdash;It will thus be seen that a person must carry to the Academy a
+certain degree of preparation; good natural parts; an aptitude for
+study; industrious habits; perseverance; a disposition to conform to
+discipline, and correct moral deportment. If deficient in any of these
+respects, it will be best for young men not to enter the Military
+Academy, as they will thus avoid the probabilities of disappointment
+and mortification. Many of those who receive appointments fail,
+through deficiency in the above particulars, to graduate. But <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>it must
+not be understood that those who fail to master the scientific course
+taught at the Military Academy, necessarily incur thereby discredit as
+regards mental ability, since it is by no means rare for intellects
+otherwise strong to be averse to mathematical investigation, or study
+of language.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>IX.&mdash;The pay of a Cadet is $41.66 per month, with one ration per day,
+and is considered sufficient, with proper economy, for his support.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<h2>MEMORANDUM</h2>
+
+<h3>INDICATING THE METHOD OF EXAMINING CANDIDATES FOR ADMISSION
+INTO THE MILITARY ACADEMY.</h3>
+
+<p>Candidates must be able to read with facility from any book, giving
+the proper intonation and pauses, and to write portions that are read
+aloud for that purpose, spelling the words, and punctuating the
+sentences properly.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>In <span class="sc">Arithmetic</span> they must be able to perform with facility
+examples under the four ground rules, and hence must be familiar with
+the tables of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; and
+must be able to perform examples in reduction and vulgar fractions,
+such as:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="noin" style="margin-left: 5em;">Add 2/3 to 3/4; subtract 2/5 from 5/6.<br />
+Multiply 3/4 by 7/8; divide 2/5 by 3/8.</p>
+
+<p>Add together two hundred and thirty-four thousandths (.234),
+twenty-six thousandths (.026), and three thousandths (.003).</p>
+
+<p>Subtract one hundred and sixty-one ten thousandths (.0161) from
+twenty-five hundredths (.25).</p>
+
+<p>Multiply or divide twenty-six hundredths (.26) by sixteen thousandths
+(.016).</p>
+
+<p>They must also be able to change vulgar fractions into decimal
+fractions, and <i>vice vers&acirc;</i>, with examples like the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Change 15/16 into a decimal fraction of the same value.</p>
+
+<p>Change one hundred and two <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>thousandths (.102) into a vulgar fraction
+of the same value.</p>
+
+<p>In Simple and Compound Proportion, examples of various kinds will be
+given, and candidates will be expected to understand the principles of
+the rules which they follow.</p>
+
+<p>In <span class="sc">English Grammar</span> candidates will be required to exhibit a
+familiarity with the nine parts of speech and the rules in relation
+thereto, and must be able to parse any ordinary sentence which may be
+given them, and generally they must understand those portions of the
+subject usually taught in the higher academies and schools throughout
+the country, comprehended under the heads of Orthography, Etymology,
+Syntax, and Prosody.</p>
+
+<p>In <span class="sc">Descriptive Geography</span> they are to name, locate, and
+describe the natural grand and political divisions of the earth, and
+be able to delineate any one of the States or Territories of the
+American Union, with its principal cities, rivers, lakes, seaports,
+and mountains.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>In <span class="sc">History</span> they must be able to name the periods of the
+discovery and settlement of the North American continent, of the rise
+and progress of the United States, and of the successive wars and
+political administrations through which the country has passed.</p>
+
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2>COURSE OF STUDY<br />
+<br />
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">AND</span><br />
+<br />
+BOOKS USED AT THE MILITARY ACADEMY.</h2>
+
+<p class="cen">[Books marked thus * are for Reference.]</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>FIRST YEAR&mdash;FOURTH CLASS.</h4>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" width="65%" summary="">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="40%">DEPARTMENT.</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="1%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="59%">TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Mathematics.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Davies' Bourdon's Algebra.<br />
+    Davies' Legendre's Geometry and Trigonometry.<br />
+    Church's Descriptive Geometry.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">French Language.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Bolmar's Levizac's Grammar, and Verb Book.<br />
+    Agnel's Tabular System.<br />
+    Berard's Le&ccedil;ons Fran&ccedil;aises.<br />
+    *Spier's and Surenne's Dictionary.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">Tactics of Artillery and Infantry.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl">Practical Instruction in the Schools of the Soldier, Company, and Battalion.<br />
+    Practical Instruction in Artillery.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<h4>SECOND YEAR&mdash;THIRD CLASS.</h4>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" width="65%" summary="">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="40%">DEPARTMENT.</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="1%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="59%">TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Mathematics.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Church's Descriptive Geometry, with its application to Spherical Projections.<br />
+    Church's Shades, Shadows, and Perspective.<br />
+    Davies' Surveying.<br />
+    Church's Analytical Geometry.<br />
+    Church's Calculus.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">French Language.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Bolmar's Levizac's Grammar and Verb Book.<br />
+    Berard's Le&ccedil;ons Fran&ccedil;aises. Chapsal's Le&ccedil;ons et Modeles de Literature Fran&ccedil;aise.<br />
+    Agnel's Tabular System. Rowan's Morceaux Choises des Auteurs Modernes.<br />
+    *Spier's and Surenne's Dictionary.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Spanish.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Josse's Grammar. Morale's Progressive Reader.<br />
+    Ollendorf's Oral Method applied to the Spanish application by Velasquez and Simonne.<br />
+    *Seoane's Neuman and Barretti's Dictionary.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Drawing.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Topography, &amp;c.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Tactics of Infantry Artillery, and Cavalry.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Practical Instruction in the Schools of the Soldier, Company, and Battalion.<br />
+    Practical Instruction in Artillery and Cavalry.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<h4>THIRD YEAR&mdash;SECOND CLASS.</h4>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" width="65%" summary="">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="40%">DEPARTMENT.</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="1%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="59%">TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Natural and Experimental Philosophy.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Bartlett's Mechanics.<br />
+    Bartlett's Acoustics and Optics.<br />
+    Bartlett's Astronomy.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Chemistry.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Fowne's Chemistry. Chemical Physics from Miller.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Drawing.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Landscape. Pencil and Colors.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Tactics&mdash;Artillery, Cavalry, and Infantry.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">United States Tactics for Garrison, Siege, and Field Artillery.<br />
+    United States Tactics for Infantry.<br />
+    Practical Instruction in the Schools of the Soldier, Company, and Battalion.<br />
+    Practical Instruction in Artillery and Cavalry.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<h4>FOURTH YEAR&mdash;FIRST CLASS.</h4>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" width="65%" summary="">
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" width="40%">DEPARTMENT.</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="1%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdl" width="59%">TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Military and Civil Engineering and Science of War.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Mahan's Field Fortifications.<br />
+    Mahan's Outlines of Permanent Fortification.<br />
+    Mahan's Civil Engineering.<br />
+    Mahan's Fortification and Stereotomy.<br />
+    Mahan's Advanced Guard and Out Post, etc.<br />
+    *Moseley's Mechanics of Engineering.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Mineralogy and Geology.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span></td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Dana's Mineralogy.<br />
+    Hitchcock's Geology.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Law and Literature.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">French's Practical Ethics.<br />
+    Halleck's International Law.<br />
+    Law and Military Law, by Prof. French.<br />
+    Benet's Military Law and the Practice of Courts-Martial.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Practical Military Engineering.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Practical Instruction in fabricating Fascines, Sap Faggots,
+    Gabions, Hurdles, Sap Rollers, etc.; manner of laying out and constructing
+    Gun and Mortar Batteries, Field Fortifications, and Works of Siege; formation
+    of Stockades, Abatis, and other military obstacles; and throwing and dismantling
+    Ponton Bridges.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Tactics&mdash;Artillery, Cavalry and Infantry.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">United States Tactics for Cavalry.<br />
+    Practical Instruction in the Schools of the Soldier, Company, and Battalion.<br />
+    Practical Instruction in Artillery and Cavalry.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Ordnance and Gunnery.</td>
+  <td class="tdl bltb">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdlvam">Benton's Ordnance and Gunnery.<br />
+    Practical Pyrotechny.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>For the information of visitors, the "Police Regulations" of the Post
+of West Point, and the "Regulations of the Encampment," are appended:</p>
+
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2>POLICE REGULATIONS<br />
+<br />
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">FOR THE</span><br />
+<br />
+MILITARY POST OF WEST POINT, N.Y.</h2>
+
+<h4>1867.</h4>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>1. "Police Limits" include all territory lying north and east of a
+line running west from the South Gate to its intersection with the
+Fort Putnam road, and thence by the road to the cemetery.</p>
+
+<p>2. To prevent interruption to the duties of the Academy, carriages
+will not be allowed to pass on the road leading by the Academic Hall
+and Cadets' Barrack, during the hours devoted to study; and at no time
+by the Hospital, except when required for the accommodation of
+residents or their visitors, and then at a slow pace.</p>
+
+<p>3. Carriages will be allowed to pass <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>to the West Point Hotel, through
+the South Gate, by the road below the Hospital, or through the West
+Gate.</p>
+
+<p>4. On Sundays the gates will be closed, and no vehicle allowed to
+drive on the Plain without the permission of the Superintendent,
+except for the purpose of conveying persons to and from Divine
+Service, to the ferry landings, to obtain medical assistance, or for
+the private benefit of Officers residing on the Post. Officers will
+not pass public conveyances through the gates on Sunday.</p>
+
+<p>5. Carts and wagons will use the main road, across the Plain, except
+when necessity requires them to go upon the private road passing in
+front of the Quarters, Barrack, and Hospital.</p>
+
+<p>6. Carriages and horses are not permitted to pass, or remain on the
+road in front of the parade-ground, nor to move about in its vicinity
+during parade and reviews.</p>
+
+<p>7. Racing, fast driving, and unnecessary noise at all times is
+prohibited.</p>
+
+<p>8. It is strictly forbidden to drive or ride <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>over any of the
+sidewalks or paths at West Point, or any part of the Plain or grounds
+except the carriage roads.</p>
+
+<p>9. All persons are directed to close the gates after them on entering
+or leaving the public grounds.</p>
+
+<p>10. Officers and citizens may smoke on the Plain; but during the
+performance of any military duty thereon, no smoking will be allowed
+on, or in the vicinity of, that part of the Plain which may be
+occupied for such duty.</p>
+
+<p>11. All persons are prohibited from bathing in the river, during the
+day, anywhere within police limits.</p>
+
+<p>12. All persons whatever, residing or serving at West Point, are
+prohibited from hunting or shooting, or using fire-arms for any
+purpose, within police limits, during week days, and within the limits
+of the public lands on Sundays.</p>
+
+<hr class="shorthr" />
+
+<p>15. Boats are not permitted to land, except at the public wharves.</p>
+
+<p>16. Every boat, cart, wagon, or vehicle <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>laden with articles, except
+for officers, may be searched by the officers and non-commissioned
+officers of the Guard, or members of the Police.</p>
+
+<p>17. All persons are forbidden to receive or transport across the Post
+any article for excluded individuals.</p>
+
+<p>18. All persons are prohibited from selling any kind of intoxicating
+liquors, beer, cakes, etc., on the Post, without the permission of the
+Superintendent.</p>
+
+<p>19. All enlisted men are prohibited from bringing on the Post, or
+having in their possession, any intoxicating liquor, beer, etc.,
+without the permission of the Superintendent.</p>
+
+<p>20. Persons not connected with the Post, bringing prohibited articles
+thereon, will be promptly removed by the guard or police, and reported
+to the Superintendent, to the end that they may be prosecuted for
+trespass.</p>
+
+<p>21. Pedlers and all improper persons are prohibited from coming on the
+Post.</p>
+
+<p>22. Excursion or Pleasure Parties, etc., <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>are not allowed to land on
+the Post, unless specially authorized by the Superintendent.</p>
+
+<hr class="shorthr" />
+
+<p>26. Cadets will not be allowed to cross the ferries without the
+written permission of the Superintendent. All such permits will be
+returned as soon as practicable by the ferrymen to the Adjutant's
+office.</p>
+
+<hr class="shorthr" />
+
+<p>29. No person will be allowed to cut wood on the public lands, break
+the branches of the trees on the Plain, at the Cemetery, or in the
+vicinity of Camptown, or to throw stones or sticks into them. Parents
+will be held responsible for the acts of their children violating this
+regulation.</p>
+
+<hr class="shorthr" />
+
+<p>34. No citizen will be allowed to wear the uniform, or parts thereof,
+of officers, cadets, or soldiers.</p>
+
+<hr class="shorthr" />
+
+<p>36. The iron seats in front of the Superintendent's quarters must not
+be occupied by servants and children when required for visitors.</p>
+
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span><br />
+
+<h2>REGULATIONS<br />
+<br />
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">FOR THE</span><br />
+<br />
+ENCAMPMENT OF THE CADETS,<br />
+<br />
+<span style="font-size: 80%;"><i>WEST POINT, N.Y.</i><br />
+<br />
+1867.</span></h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>1. All Cadets, with the exception hereinafter mentioned, will confine
+themselves to the Encampment. Cadets will always hold themselves in
+readiness for such extra roll calls as the Officer in Charge may be
+directed to have during his tours. On these occasions, the Assembly
+will be sounded on the drum, when each man for duty in each company
+will appear promptly on the company Parade Ground. The companies will
+be formed without further signal by command of the Sergeants, the
+rolls called, and the results immediately <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>reported through the proper
+channels to the Officer of the Day.</p>
+
+<p>2. Cadets will be permitted to wear their fatigue jackets, and their
+coats unbuttoned, in the body of the Encampment. When the Guard are in
+fatigue jackets the Battalion will wear the same to meals.</p>
+
+<p>3. There will be one corporal and four privates detailed daily from
+each company for company Police. A separate Roster for this purpose
+will be kept, and this detail made from the Third and Fourth Classes.
+The company Police party will be formed by the corporal on the company
+ground, at morning and evening Police roll calls, when the company
+ground, and the ground behind the tents, including the company
+Officer's Tents, will be thoroughly policed. The corporal of the
+company Police will be held responsible for the proper police of the
+company grounds at all Inspections, and also that the Tent Walls of
+the Tents, when all the occupants are necessarily absent, are raised
+and lowered at the proper times. He has authority to call on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>his
+party at any time, for purposes connected with the Police of his
+company.</p>
+
+<p>4. The Guard, on the day succeeding that on which it marched off, will
+constitute the General Police, and will be formed by the Junior
+Officer of the Guard, on the General Parade Ground, at morning and
+evening Police calls, and will police those parts of Camp not policed
+by the company Police party.</p>
+
+<p>5. The Senior Officer of the Guard, on the day succeeding that on
+which he marched off, will be Camp Officer of the Police for that day,
+and will report his presence to the Officer of the Day at all roll
+calls of companies. He will have general charge of the Police of Camp,
+will inspect the Police parties when at work, see that they are all
+present, and that they perform their duties properly.</p>
+
+<p>6. The Officers of the Police will not dismiss their parties until
+after their work has been inspected by the Camp Officer of the Police,
+and not until he has expressed his satisfaction at the manner in which
+it <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>has been done. Should he deem it necessary, at any time during his
+tour, to turn out the Police parties for duty, they will promptly obey
+his orders.</p>
+
+<p>7. All Details for Guard, company Police, etc., will be posted on a
+Bulletin Board, at the Tents of the 1st Sergeants of the companies.</p>
+
+<p>8. The Members of the First Class, between <span class="sc">Rev&eacute;ille</span> and
+<span class="sc">Retreat</span>, will be permitted to have the limits of the Plain,
+included within the Main Road, passing in rear of Camp, in front of
+the Hotel Yard, the Quarters of the Superintendent, the Barracks, and
+the Library. Cadets can visit the Library during Library hours, but
+the Barracks and the confectioner's can be visited only by special
+permission.</p>
+
+<p>9. The permission to walk on Public Lands on Saturday afternoons,
+granted to Cadets in Barracks, is withdrawn.</p>
+
+<p>10. Cadets will be allowed to bathe at or near Gee's Point, between
+Rev&eacute;ille and Breakfast, and between Retreat and Tattoo. Cadets wishing
+to bathe, will be formed in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>the company Parade Ground, and be marched
+to and from the place of bathing, by the Senior Non-commissioned
+Officer present. The members of the Old Guard, during the morning
+after marching off, will be permitted to walk on Public Lands until 1
+o'clock, and bathe at Washington's Valley during the same time, except
+on Sundays, when they will be excused from Divine Service.</p>
+
+<p>11. All Cadets, except Officers of the First Class, will pass in and
+out of Camp by crossing Post No. 1, reporting their departure and
+return to the Officer of the Guard, who will keep a correct list of
+the same, and note the time. Cadets will visit the Commissary's only
+between the hours of 8-1/2 and 9-1/2 <span class="sc">A.M.</span>, and 1-1/2 and 3
+<span class="sc">P.M.</span>, and the Confectioner's between 1 and 4 <span class="sc">P.M.</span></p>
+
+<p>12. Permission to walk on Public Lands, does not include the
+Commissary store out of hours, the Hotel, the Hospital, Wharfs, public
+or private buildings, or any other place on the Point, forbidden by
+Regulations.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>13. At Taps, all lights will be extinguished in Camp, except those in
+Tents of Officers of the First Class, of the 1st Sergeants, and the
+Officers and Sergeant of the Guard.</p>
+
+<p>14. Immediately after Taps, the company Officers will inspect their
+companies, and see that all Cadets are properly undressed and in bed;
+they will remain in their company grounds long enough to insure
+quietness and order in their companies, and will report all Cadets who
+leave their Tents for any purpose whatever.</p>
+
+<p>15. Visiting in Camp after Taps is prohibited, and the Officers in the
+performance of their duty will confine themselves to the limits of
+their company grounds.</p>
+
+<p>16. The Officer of the Guard will allow no Cadet, except members of
+his guard, to pace the Posts of Nos. 2 and 6 after Taps, except by
+permission of the Commanding Officer, or the Officer in charge; and he
+will, at all times, preserve proper order and quiet at the Guard
+Tents.</p>
+
+<p>17. Citizens will not be allowed in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>body of the Encampment except
+when accompanied by an Officer, or for the purpose of visiting an
+Officer. For the latter purposes, they will be permitted to cross all
+sentinels' posts except those of Nos. 3 and 5. The Officer of the Day,
+and the Officer and Non-commissioned Officers of the Guard, together
+with the sentinels, will, when they observe citizens in camp for any
+other purpose, politely notify them of this order.</p>
+
+<p>18. The Color Guard will remain with the Guard until Retreat, when the
+members will be permitted to go to their own tents. At Rev&eacute;ille, they
+will again join the Guard.</p>
+
+<p>19. All Prisoners and Cadets in arrest, will march to and from meals
+with the Guard, which will be marched both to and from same by an
+officer of the Guard.</p>
+
+<p>20. All Cadets passing within fifteen paces of the Color Line, will
+salute the colors.</p>
+
+<p>21. On Saturday afternoons until Tattoo, the Officer of the Day will
+inspect and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>verify the presence and behavior of all Cadets in
+confinement, making his rounds for that purpose every hour.</p>
+
+<p>22. Cadets receiving permits will present them to the Officer of the
+Guard, who will register them; and the Cadet taking advantage of it,
+is required to notify the Officer of the Guard of his departure and
+return. All the permits will then be left with the Officer of the
+Guard, who will transmit them, with his report, to the Officer of the
+Day, who will in turn transmit them to the Commandant. Cadets visiting
+the Hotel, will register their permits immediately in the book kept at
+the office for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>23. No Cadet will be permitted to visit the Hotel before Guard
+Mounting, nor between 1 and 3 <span class="sc">P.M.</span>, and 7 and 8 <span class="sc">P.M.</span></p>
+
+<p>24. Cadets who are excused from Divine Service, will remain in their
+quarters during the continuance of same. This applies also to those
+who attend either the Catholic or Methodist service.</p>
+
+<p>25. Members of the Guard will not leave <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>the Guard Tents without
+permission from the Officer of the Guard, who will see that their
+absence is not unnecessarily long.</p>
+
+<p>26. Cadets will not be permitted to smoke outside the body of the
+Encampment.</p>
+
+<p>27. All official communications from Cadets will be made in proper
+forms, and must pass through the hands of their company Commanders.</p>
+
+<p>28. It is requested of Officers and citizens that they will not smoke
+on the General Parade Ground, or when crossing a sentinel's post.</p>
+
+<p>29. The Guard will permit no person except Cadets, Officers, their
+servants, or Orderlies, to enter camp during the absence of the
+Battalion.</p>
+
+<p>30. The Guard will be formed and inspected at Rev&eacute;ille, Retreat, and
+Tattoo, and during Parades will remain formed.</p>
+
+<p>31. Cadets in arrest or confinement, wishing to bathe, will apply to
+the Commandant for permission, and be marched from and back in charge
+of a guard.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>32. Cadets performing extra tours of punishment, will not be put on
+the Color Line.</p>
+
+<p>33. No Cadet will employ another to do any duty for which he has been
+detailed, without permission.</p>
+
+<p>34. Cadets on sick report will not apply for permission to visit.</p>
+
+<p>35. The body of the Encampment is defined to be that portion of the
+Encampment included between the company Officers' Tents and the Front
+Line of company Tents.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr class="fnhr" />
+<br />
+
+<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+<br />
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> <span class="sc">Edward Shippen Arnold</span> was born at Philadelphia,
+March 19th, 1780; he entered the East India Company's service, and
+became a Lieutenant of Cavalry and Paymaster of Mattra. He died in
+India in 1813.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> <span class="sc">Benedict Arnold</span> was twice married, and had three
+sons by his first wife. <span class="sc">Benedict</span>, the eldest, was an Officer
+of Artillery in the British Army, and died young in the West Indies.
+<span class="sc">Henry</span> and <span class="sc">Richard</span> both entered the King's Service
+after their father's defection, as Lieutenants of a Cavalry Legion,
+commanded by their father.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">By his second marriage (April 8th, 1779), General <span class="sc">Arnold</span>
+became the father of four sons and one daughter.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><span class="sc">Edward Shippen Arnold</span>, the eldest already mentioned;
+<span class="sc">James Robertson Arnold</span>, the second son entered the Royal
+Engineers in 1798, and served at Bermuda, Nova Scotia, and in New
+Brunswick. In 1841 he was appointed a Major-General in the British
+Army, and rose to be a Lieutenant-General in 1851. He was a Knight of
+the Hanoverian Order of the Guelph, also a Knight of the Turkish Order
+of the Crescent. He died in service in 1854.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><span class="sc">George Arnold</span>, the third son, was a Lieutenant Colonel in the
+Bengal Cavalry, and died in India in 1828. <span class="sc">William Fitch
+Arnold</span>, the fourth son, became a Captain of Lancers in the
+British Army. <span class="sc">Sophia Matilda Arnold</span> married a Colonel in the
+East India Company's Service.</p>
+
+<p class="noin">General <span class="sc">Arnold</span> died in London, June 14th, 1801. The following
+notice appeared in the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>. "At his house in
+Gloucester Place, Brigadier-General <span class="sc">Arnold</span>. His remains were
+interred at Brompton on the 21st. Seven mourning coaches and four
+State coaches formed the cavalcade."&mdash;<i>Loyalists of the American
+Revolution</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Sabine</span>&mdash;<i>British Army Register</i>.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen">A Standard Work for every Public and Private Library.</p>
+
+<h3>HISTORY<br />
+<br />
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">OF</span><br />
+<br />
+WEST POINT,<br />
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">AND ITS</span><br />
+<br />
+Military Importance During the American Revolution,<br />
+<br />
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">AND THE</span><br />
+<br />
+ORIGIN AND PROGRESS<br />
+<br />
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">OF THE</span><br />
+<br />
+UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.</h3>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4><span class="sc">By</span> CAPTAIN EDWARD C. BOYNTON, A.M.,<br />
+ADJUTANT OF THE MILITARY ACADEMY.</h4>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4>ONE VOLUME OCTAVO, 408 PAGES.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">Printed on Tinted Paper, beautifully Illustrated with Maps and<br />
+Fine Engravings, chiefly from Photographs taken on the<br />
+spot by the Author; bound in blue cloth,<br />
+bevelled boards, $6.00.</p>
+
+<h4>D. VAN NOSTRAND, Publisher,<br />
+192 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">Copies sent free by mail on receipt of Price.</p>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<h3>Part First</h3>
+
+<p>Relates to the early acquisition of West Point by the United States,
+and the military importance of the Post during the period of the
+American Revolution; embracing the rise and progress of the
+fortifications, and the purchase and arrangement of the Great Chain,
+designed to obstruct the navigation of the Hudson River, drawn from
+authentic documents, and illustrated by Maps and Engravings never
+before published.</p>
+
+<p>The perfidious designs of Benedict Arnold, and his connection with
+Major John Andr&eacute;, Adjutant-General of the British Army in America, are
+succinctly described, together with the "Proceedings of the Board of
+General Officers," in the case of Major Andr&eacute;, in a <i>fac-simile</i> form
+as published at the time by the authority of the Continental Congress.</p>
+
+<p>The grand <i>feu de joie</i> at West Point on the occasion of the birth of
+the Dauphin of France, in 1782, with all the changes in the Garrison
+prior to the beginning of the present century, and many of the Orders
+of Washington from this spot, are now for the first time given to the
+public.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h3>Part Second</h3>
+
+<p>Describes the origin of the Military Academy, and its progress down to
+the present date; the recognition of the necessity for such an
+institution at the very commencement of the Revolution, and the
+accumulated opinions in its favor upon the restoration of peace, as
+pronounced by the leading minds in the country, are given.</p>
+
+<p>The Constitutionality of the institution, its alleged aristocratic
+tendencies, and the services of its graduates in and without the
+military profession, are treated at length.</p>
+
+<p>The progress of the institution under each successive Superintendent,
+the erection and removal of the Early Public Buildings, illustrated by
+accurate Engravings and Descriptions, together with those of modern
+date, will be found to constitute an interesting feature in the work.</p>
+
+<p>To those who seek admission into the Military Academy, or who desire
+to know the manner of selecting Cadets and making appointments, the
+course of life, the employment of time, and the duties of instruction
+afterward, full and complete information has been carefully prepared
+and imparted to the reader.</p>
+
+<p>To the visitor or tourist, the work points out and describes (with the
+aid of a Map) all the objects of interest connected with the old
+Forts, and the Public Buildings, as they exist, and the method of
+obtaining access to all such is given.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h3>The Appendix</h3>
+
+<p>Contains the roll of the Academic Staff, from the commencement of the
+institution; the five most distinguished Cadets in each class from
+1817 to the present date, as published by the War Department; a
+numerical list of all the Cadets who have been <i>admitted</i> into the
+Military Academy, and the States and Territories whence appointed; a
+similar list of all the <i>graduates</i> of the institution, together with
+a synopsis of all the laws of the United States relative to the
+Military Academy, and a sketch of military education and the military
+schools in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>These are a few only of the subjects of interest to be found in the
+work. No efforts has been spared to encompass and exhaust the whole
+subject, with the view to render the work <i>an authority</i>.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<h3>List of Maps and Illustrations.</h3>
+
+<div class="block"><p class="hang">1. VIEW OF WEST POINT ON THE HUDSON RIVER. 1780.
+(<i>Fac-simile.</i>) A perspective view, by Major L'Enfant,
+Engineer, of the west side of the Highlands, above and
+below the Point, twelve miles in extent, with the camps of
+the army and the fortifications plainly indicated.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">2. MAP OF WEST POINT AND ITS FORTIFICATIONS. 1780.
+(<i>Fac-simile.</i>) This map of Maj. Villefranche, Engineer, is
+said to have been used at the interview between Arnold and
+Andr&eacute;.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">3. MAP OF FORT CONSTITUTION, ON CONSTITUTION ISLAND. 1776.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">4. MAP OF FORT ARNOLD. 1780. (<i>Fac-simile.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hang">5. ARRANGEMENT OF THE GREAT BOOM AND CHAIN ACROSS THE HUDSON AT
+WEST POINT. 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">6. MARTELAER'S ROCK (Constitution Island).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">7. MAP OF THE WEST SIDE OF THE HUDSON RIVER. 1780.
+(<i>Fac-simile.</i>) From Haverstraw to West Point, illustrating
+the capture of Forts Montgomery and Clinton.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">8. RELIC OF THE GREAT CHAIN OF THE REVOLUTION.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">9. MAP OF THE SCENE OF ARNOLD'S TREASON.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">10. CHAPTER VIGNETTE.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">11. GRAND ARBOR AND COLONNADE AT WEST POINT IN 1782.
+(<i>Fac-simile.</i>) <i>Colored.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang">12. ROBINSON'S HOUSE IN THE HIGHLANDS.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">13. RUINS OF FORT CONSTITUTION. <i>From the West Point Hotel.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang">14. RUINS OF FORT PUTNAM (<i>interior view</i>).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">15. MAP OF THE COMMISSION IN 1812, RELATIVE TO THE UNITED STATES
+LANDS AT WEST POINT.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">16. SURVEY OF THE UNITED STATES LANDS AT WEST POINT. 1839.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">17. MAP OF WEST POINT IN 1863, <i>with all the details</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">18. FORT PUTNAM, <i>from the West Point Hotel</i>. 1863.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">19. THE OLD ACADEMIC BUILDING, <i>looking south-east</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">20. THE OLD MESS-HALL, <i>looking south-west</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">21. THE OLD NORTH BARRACKS, <i>looking north-east</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">22. THE OLD SOUTH BARRACKS, <i>looking south-east</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">23. THE NEW MESS-HALL, <i>looking south-west</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">24. THE NEW ACADEMIC BUILDING, <i>looking south-west</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">25. THE NEW CADET BARRACKS, <i>looking south-east</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">26. THE LIBRARY AND OBSERVATORY, <i>looking south-east</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">27. THE WEST POINT HOTEL, <i>looking north-west</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">28. THE CHAPEL, <i>north front</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">29. THE THIRTEEN-INCH MORTAR AT THE SEACOAST BATTERY.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">30. THE TROPHY GUNS.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">31. KOSCIUSZKO'S MONUMENT.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">32. THE CADET'S MONUMENT.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">33. DADE'S MONUMENT.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">34. WOOD'S MONUMENT.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">35. MILITARY ACADEMY BAND.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">36. THE ENCAMPMENT.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>NOTICES OF THE PRESS.</h3>
+
+<p>"The author has, with painstaking industry, gathered into one view
+whatever could be gleaned from our annals, not only in regard to the
+origin and progress of the Military Academy, but in reference to the
+previous history of West Point as an important Military Station during
+the American Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>"This work is a valuable addition to our historical literature, and
+will furnish to the thousands of graduates from the West Point Academy
+a most valuable <i>souvenir</i> of their <i>alma mater</i>."&mdash;<i>Army and Navy
+Journal.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="shorthr" />
+
+<p>"The associations of West Point, the seat of the United States
+Military Academy, are in this respect remarkable, that they derive
+their interest exclusively from the circumstances incidental to the
+birth and progress of the nation. The history of the place is an
+important part of the nation's history. It was the objective point in
+that drama of Arnold's treason, which, by involving the fate of Andr&eacute;,
+is remembered as one of the most romantic incidents in the story of
+the war. The aspect of the place in connection with the events of that
+time is given by that method of description which always leaves the
+sense of historic verity. The author has presented his subject not so
+much in his own narrative as by a judicious combination of extracts
+from documents and papers of original authority; although his own
+observations, by way of correction and explanation, are given in good
+taste, and indicate a candid judgment. Capt. Boynton's book should
+command the interest of those who know most of West Point, and of
+those who know nothing about it."&mdash;<i>Atlantic Monthly.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="shorthr" />
+
+<p>"It records the earliest attempt at instituting a Military School by
+the Continental Congress in 1776. It conducts us through the life of
+the institution, arguing with terseness its constitutionality,
+defending its educational principles, and explaining the necessity for
+its preservation. We commend this volume to our readers with perfect
+confidence, believing that they will be more than amply repaid by its
+careful perusal. We ourselves have lingered with pleasure over its
+pages, and predict for the work great success, as one of the most
+valuable and interesting additions that has of late years been made to
+our historical literature."&mdash;<i>United Service Magazine.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="shorthr" />
+
+<p>"Aside from its value as an historical record, the volume under notice
+is <i>an entertaining guide-book to the Military Academy and its
+surroundings</i>. We have full details of Cadet life from the day of
+entrance to that of graduation, together with descriptions of the
+buildings, grounds, and monuments. To the multitude of those who have
+enjoyed at West Point the combined attractions, this book will give in
+its descriptive and illustrated portion especial pleasure; while the
+critical reader will be quite ready to agree fully with the modest
+author, that a 'nucleus of truth' has been established as a basis for
+a more minute history, if such should ever be needed."&mdash;<i>New York
+Evening Post.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="shorthr" />
+
+<p>"The second part of the book gives the history of the Military Academy
+from its foundation in 1802, a description of the Academic buildings,
+and the appearance to-day of this always beautiful spot, with the
+manner of appointment of the Cadets, course of study, pay, time of
+service, and much other information yearly becoming of greater value,
+for West Point has not yet reached its palmiest days.</p>
+
+<p>"The book is beautifully printed on thick tinted paper, with excellent
+illustrations and an abundance of those fine clear-cut maps in which
+your true West Pointer so much delights."&mdash;<i>Boston Daily Advertiser.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="shorthr" />
+
+<p>"We cannot close without thanking Capt. <span class="sc">Boynton</span> for the vast
+amount of information so well collated in his book, and for his clear
+statement of the history and condition of the Academy from the
+beginning to the present time."&mdash;<i>North American Review.</i></p>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Typographical errors corrected in text:</p>
+<br />
+Page 71: &nbsp;acccording replaced with according<br />
+page 99: &nbsp;Reveille replaced with Rev&eacute;ille<br />
+
+<p class="noin">Reader should note that Thlonalosassa, Florida listed on
+page 41, is likely Thonotosassa, Florida. The spelling has
+been retained.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Guide to West Point, and the U.S.
+Military Academy, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO WEST POINT, AND THE ***
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,2652 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Guide to West Point, and the U.S. Military
+Academy, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Guide to West Point, and the U.S. Military Academy
+
+Author: Various
+
+Contributor: Edward Carlisle Boynton
+
+Release Date: March 18, 2012 [EBook #39188]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO WEST POINT, AND THE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by the Library of Congress)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Transcriber's Note:                                       |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For     |
+    | a complete list, please see the end of this document.     |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    [Illustration: ARMSTRONG GUN FROM FORT FISHER.]
+
+
+
+
+  GUIDE
+
+  TO
+
+  WEST POINT,
+
+  AND THE
+
+  U.S. MILITARY ACADEMY.
+
+  WITH
+
+  MAPS AND ENGRAVINGS.
+
+
+  NEW YORK:
+  D. VAN NOSTRAND, 192 BROADWAY.
+  1867.
+
+
+
+
+GUIDE TO WEST POINT.
+
+
+Fifty-one miles above New York, on the west bank of the Hudson river,
+in the midst of scenery of the most picturesque and impressive
+character, and on a bold shelving plateau, formed by the crossing of a
+range of the Alleghany Mountains, which here assume almost Alpine
+proportions, is a name dear to every lover of his country--a name
+replete with memories of the struggle for Independence, and clustering
+with historic associations.
+
+WEST POINT, the property of the United States by purchase, possesses a
+primary interest from its military importance during the period of the
+American Revolution, and a secondary one from its being the seat of
+the National Military Academy. The creative hand of natural
+beauty--the romance of war--the distinguished career of those who
+have gone forth from this locality in the defense of American Liberty,
+and the spectacle presented by those preparing for future public
+usefulness, have united to inspire the visitor with emotions unlike
+those excited at any place of popular resort within the limits of the
+United States.
+
+Ninety years ago, when West Point possessed no attraction beyond that
+presented by similar adjoining wild and uncultivated woodland tracts
+in the Highlands, a band of Commissioners, appointed by the Provincial
+Congress of the Colony of New York, instituted an undertaking which
+first imparted a public interest to this favored spot. The war for
+American Independence was in progress, and then, as now, the Hudson
+river afforded the principal channel of communication between the
+theatre of the strife and the country lying northward to Canada and
+the west.
+
+Nor was its importance thus limited. As a strategic line, separating
+the New England Colonies from the more productive region south-west
+of them, the control of the Hudson became, early in the war, one of
+the principal objects toward which the attention of the military
+authorities directing the contending parties was attracted.
+
+Between abrupt and lofty mountains above West Point, the gorge through
+which the river flows, yet bearing its ancient name of Wey Gat, or
+Wind Gate, is partially obstructed at its lower entrance, by a long
+and narrow island, once named Martelaer's Rock, but now known as
+Constitution Island. In pursuance of their instructions, made with
+singular lack of judgment, upon this island the Commissioners landed,
+and under the direction of an engineer, appointed by the Colony, a
+work named Fort Constitution was commenced in August, 1775, and
+completed at a heavy expense, designed to defend, with a powerful
+armament of artillery, the approach up the river. Thus unfortunately
+located, and easily destroyed by an overlooking battery at West Point,
+or by a land approach on the east side of the river, the fort was
+abandoned and fired on the first appearance of a British force, on
+the 8th of October, 1777, immediately following the assault and
+capture by Sir Henry Clinton, of Forts Montgomery and Clinton, four
+miles below.
+
+Notwithstanding this early recognition of the necessity for
+obstructing and controling the Hudson, no attempt was made to occupy
+West Point until after the urgent recommendations of Washington,
+Governor Clinton and Lord Stirling--the latter of whom had thoroughly
+examined and reported upon the immediate necessity for defending this
+most important point.
+
+Operations were commenced by a brigade of Continental troops, under
+the command of General Parsons, on January 20, 1778, and before June
+in the same year, the work yet preserved, was thrown up on the
+north-east angle of the plateau, and named FORT ARNOLD. To cover the
+work, early in April, a body of Massachusetts troops, under Colonel
+Rufus Putnam, began to erect a fort constructed of earth and logs, on
+Mount Independence, overlooking the plain, which was named, in honor
+of their commander, FORT PUTNAM. The old fort yet in existence,
+bearing the same name, is a relic built, for the most part, in 1794.
+Forts Webb and Wyllis, lying to the south and named after regimental
+commanders, were commenced at the same time with Fort Putnam, and were
+designed to protect West Point from an approach southward by land. All
+these operations were conducted under the direction of Major-General
+McDougall, commanding in the Highlands; and in 1779, they were further
+strengthened and improved, while additional works were thrown up known
+as redoubts Nos. 1, 2 and 3, covering the Eagle Valley road to the
+west; redoubt No. 4, on Rocky Hill, in rear of Fort Putnam, and
+redoubts Nos. 5, 6 and 7, on Constitution Island, by Kosciuszko as the
+engineer, acting under the general direction of Washington, whose
+headquarters were established at West Point during a portion of the
+same year.
+
+The works known as the North and South redoubts, in rear of Garrison's
+Station, were erected to defend the land approach on the east side of
+the river.
+
+An interesting letter and accompanying map, from Kosciuszko, relating
+to these works, is here published for the first time:
+
+                                   "WEST POINT, 25TH APRIL, 1779.
+
+    "SIR: I send you a ruff map of West Point, with indication as
+    you desire from me, about the Public Buildings, and the Works.
+
+    "The Carpenters Compliend about the provision, that he have not
+    enof; he beg your honor to allow them more bred.
+
+      a House full of Ammunition.
+      b The Barracks.
+      c The Carpenter's House.
+      d The Commissary House.
+      e For the Fourage.
+      f The Huts.
+      g The Read House.
+      h Baker's House.
+      i Provision House.
+      k Small Commissary House.
+      l Smock House.
+      m The Barracks.
+      n The Steble,
+      o Of the Artellery Officer's House
+      p Artellery Barracks.
+      q Greaton's Battery.
+      r Chain Battery begun last summer.
+      s Redoubt for fivety men begun last Summer.
+      t Redoubt for fivety men begun last Summer.
+      u Guard House.
+      w Guard House not covered.
+      x Point of (Projected) Block House with Bumprove for
+        fivety men.
+      y Swamps.
+
+                          Your Most Humble Servant
+                                   (Signed)    THAD KOSCIUSZKO
+                                                             Col.
+
+    The Honorable
+      Major General MCDOUGALL,
+           Peekskill."
+
+    [Illustration: MAP OF WEST POINT]
+
+While these land defenses were planned and situated to aid in
+controling the passage of the Hudson, a formidable obstruction was
+made by stretching across the river at its narrowest point, a boom of
+huge short logs, united at the ends by chains so as to resemble a rope
+ladder, and a few yards higher up, an immense chain was buoyed up on
+logs, extending across from one shore to the other. This chain was
+made by Noble, Townsend & Company, at the Stirling Iron Works, yet in
+operation near the Sloatsburg Station, on the Erie Railroad, about
+twenty-five miles from West Point. It was carried in pieces to New
+Windsor on wagons, put together there, and floated down the river into
+its position, in April, 1778. A portion of the chain is preserved, and
+is to be seen lying in a grove on the north side of the Plain. The
+links are made of two-inch bar iron, and each weighs about 120 pounds.
+The entire chain weighed 186 tons.
+
+Thus it will be seen, from its natural advantages, its defenses, and
+its obstructions, West Point was the key to the passage of the
+Hudson, and as matters stood in 1780, it was in fact an American
+Gibraltar. The British, then in possession of the city of New York,
+and thus prevented from the employment of vessels to maintain
+communication with the Northern Provinces, and unable to penetrate the
+country amid the desolate wildernesses which covered its face, found
+themselves restricted to surprising detached points, or raids, from
+which the patriots speedily recovered, and no northern campaign, save
+that of Burgoyne, which ended in defeat and surrender, was attempted,
+chiefly from their inability to control the passage of the Hudson.
+
+The winter of 1779 and 1780 was one of unexampled severity for the
+patriot army in the North, while in the South the surrender of
+Charleston and the disaster at Camden, had inspired universal gloom. A
+cloud of witnesses of the best authority bear testimony that at that
+period the majority of the American people manifested a willingness
+to cease further resistance, and return to their allegiance under the
+British King.
+
+In the midst of these forebodings there burst upon the nation the
+knowledge of a plot so comprehensive and momentous in all the
+circumstances attending it, and in the results designed to be
+accomplished, that even in its failure it struck terror and dismay to
+the hearts of all true lovers of American independence. This mighty
+plot comprehended not only the surrender of West Point, with all its
+garrison and armament, but had also for its object the betrayal of
+Washington and his staff into the hands of Sir Henry Clinton, the
+British Commander of the King's forces in America.
+
+Major General BENEDICT ARNOLD, an officer of the patriot army, who had
+risen from the grade of Captain for gallant and perilous services in
+the contest, sought and received an assignment to command at West
+Point and its dependencies in August, 1780. Embittered by a few real,
+and many imaginary grievances, this officer had long but secretly
+become disaffected towards the American cause. After evidence has
+established the fact, that he deliberately bargained with the British
+Commander to become a traitor to the land of his birth--to sell for a
+stipulated price the trust confided to him, and to betray his command
+into the hands of the enemy. To accomplish this object he entered into
+negotiations secretly with Sir Henry Clinton, by which it was agreed
+that he should make such a disposition of his forces as would enable
+the British Commander effectually to surprise West Point.
+
+John Anderson and Colonel Beverly Robinson were the agents on the part
+of the British, and with them Arnold opened "a regular channel of
+communication." The correspondence becoming protracted, a personal
+interview was demanded by Arnold to bring the matter to a final
+settlement, at which he was to furnish plans of West Point, and
+returns of its armament and garrison. With this object in view, John
+Anderson left New York on horseback, and proceeded up the river with
+the intention of holding the proposed interview on board the British
+sloop-of-war "Vulture," anchored off Teller's, now called Croton
+Point. Difficulties having been thrown in the way of this arrangement,
+Anderson was induced to leave the vessel and go ashore at midnight, in
+a boat sent by Arnold, and meet the latter on the west bank of the
+Hudson, a little below the village of Haverstraw. He had been directed
+by Sir Henry Clinton not to enter the American lines, and not to
+assume any disguise, but under a pressure of circumstances, he did
+both, and thus became exposed to the character of a spy, violating the
+laws of war. The meeting between Anderson and Arnold, while discussing
+their infamous plans, was prolonged until the dawn of day, when the
+state of the tide and the risk of being discovered by the American
+pickets, so alarmed the boatmen, that neither the threats nor
+entreaties of the two principals could induce them to return to the
+"Vulture."
+
+In the hope of making a successful return to the vessel on the next
+night, both parties sought refuge in the house of a noted Tory, living
+in Haverstraw, named Joshua Hett Smith. They had scarcely found
+themselves safe within the house, when an event occurred which
+seriously threatened the whole object of the interview. The proximity
+of the "Vulture" to the American lines was such, that a fire was
+opened upon her by a battery on shore, and she was compelled to drop
+down the river, thus preventing Anderson from returning to New York by
+that opportunity. In the afternoon Arnold returned in his barge to his
+headquarters, while Anderson, filled with thoughts of the great
+advantage the arrangement must confer upon his King and country, and
+with the glory and promotion awaiting himself, could not avoid
+reflecting upon the great personal danger to which he was exposed,
+surrounded by enemies, and having concealed about his person the
+proofs of his character as a spy. He had been furnished by Arnold with
+two passports, one to return by water in case that method again became
+practicable, and the other by a land route on the east side of the
+river, authorized him "to go to the lines at White Plains, or lower if
+he thought proper, being on public business." Choosing the latter
+mode, in the evening Anderson, accompanied by Smith, crossed the
+Hudson at Stony Point, and commenced his hazardous journey.
+
+The party proceeded with little or no interruption, and once beyond
+the sight of patroling parties, Anderson's naturally buoyant spirit
+resumed its wonted cheerfulness, and he astonished his companion by
+the sudden change from taciturn despondency to unusual hilarity.
+Poetry, art and literature, formed alternate themes of discourse, and
+already he seemed to behold the reduction of the Colonies and the end
+of the war--a consummation to which his own sagacity and personal
+daring would so largely have contributed. Near Pine's Bridge, a few
+miles above Tarrytown, Smith parted from him to return to Fishkill,
+while Anderson pursued his way onward, until three armed militia-men,
+lying in wait for suspicious men and cattle going to New York, brought
+him to a stand. Under the impression that they were adherents of the
+British from their replies to his inquiries, he announced himself a
+British officer, and exhibited his passport, but it was too late, the
+fatal admission was made. The men took him into the bushes and
+searched him, when six papers, mostly in Arnold's handwriting, were
+found inside of his stockings and beneath his feet, filled with
+details of the state of the forces, ordnance, and defenses at West
+Point. Patriotically disdaining the proffered bribe of a purse of gold
+and permanent support and promotion on condition of suffering him to
+proceed, the captors conveyed him to Colonel Jameson, who commanded
+the nearest American outpost at North Castle. This officer,
+unaccountably bewildered, resolved to dispatch the captive to Arnold,
+to whose command he belonged, in spite of the damning proof of the
+former's treachery. Major Tallmadge, the second officer in command at
+the post, was absent when Anderson was brought in, and did not return
+until evening. When Jameson told him what had occurred, he was filled
+with amazement, and openly declared that Arnold was a traitor,
+offering to take upon himself the responsibility of acting on that
+conviction. To this Jameson would not listen, but he finally yielded
+to the entreaties of Tallmadge to recall Anderson, while he persisted
+in sending a note to Arnold, informing him of the suspicious arrest of
+the prisoner. The six papers he had already dispatched to be delivered
+to Washington. The messenger sent to recall Anderson overtook the
+party and returned with them to North Castle. Conscious that his fate
+was sealed, exposure inevitable, and proofs of his own and Arnold's
+crime more than ample, Anderson paced up and down the apartment with
+measured step, pondering on the gloomy prospect which awaited him,
+while Tallmadge sat watching him, more and more convinced that the
+indifferently dressed prisoner before him had been bred to the
+profession of arms. On the next morning the captive wrote a letter to
+Washington, describing the manner in which he came within the American
+lines, and announced himself to be Major JOHN ANDRE, the
+Adjutant-General of the British army.
+
+The state of inactivity of the patriot forces had impelled Count
+Rochambeau, the Commander of the Allied French army, to request an
+interview with Washington at Hartford, Conn. Two days before the
+conference between Arnold and Andre, Washington wrote Arnold to meet
+him at Peekskill with a guard of fifty men, and forage for forty
+horses. Arnold came down from West Point in his barge, and crossed
+over with Washington at King's Ferry, plying between Verplank's and
+Stony Point. The "Vulture" was then anchored off in full view, and
+Washington observed her through a telescope for a long time,
+conversing with his staff in a low tone. Arnold witnessed the scene
+with more than ordinary feelings of alarm, and was startled by a
+playful remark of Lafayette, who said, "General, as you have secret
+correspondence with the enemy, you must tell us what has become of
+Guichen." Thrown off his guard, Arnold sharply demanded what the
+Marquis alluded to, but almost immediately the boat arrived at the
+landing, and the retort passed unnoticed. The night was passed at
+Peekskill, and when next morning Washington proceeded on his way,
+Arnold returned to his headquarters at the Robinson House, opposite
+West Point. In returning, after the meeting with Rochambeau,
+Washington pursued the upper route to the Hudson, arriving at
+Fishkill, so as to enable him to visit West Point before returning to
+his camp in New Jersey. This change in his route caused him to miss
+the papers sent after him by Jameson, which had been found on the
+person of Andre, and during his brief visit the plot had matured,
+ripened, and Andre had been captured.
+
+Two days after the latter occurrence, Washington left Fishkill and
+pushed on down to the Robinson House, only some ten miles distant,
+intending to breakfast with Arnold. On arriving opposite West Point,
+instead of continuing on to Arnold's quarters, he rode toward the
+North and South redoubts. "General," said Lafayette, "you are going in
+the wrong direction, and you know Mrs. Arnold is waiting breakfast for
+us." "Ah!" said Washington, "you young men are all in love with Mrs.
+Arnold, and wish to get where she is as soon as possible; go, and take
+your breakfast with her, and tell her not to wait for me; I must first
+examine the redoubts on this side of the river."
+
+As most of the staff officers proposed to accompany him, only two went
+forward to tell the Arnolds not to wait, and finding breakfast ready,
+they sat down with the family at the table. During the repast a note
+was brought to Arnold, who opened it and read it; the note was from
+Jameson, as before mentioned, and announced the capture of Anderson,
+conveying, of course, to Arnold, the failure of the whole conspiracy.
+Betraying but slight outward emotion, although his life was in
+imminent peril, he merely remarked that his presence was required
+across the river at West Point, and with a slight apology, he left the
+room followed by his wife. In the privacy of their own chamber he told
+her they must part--possibly forever--and that his life depended on
+his reaching the British lines; then pressing a kiss upon his sleeping
+infant boy,[A] he passed down stairs, mounted a horse, and dashed down
+a narrow rocky path leading to the landing, where his barge was lying,
+just on the south side of the point through which the Hudson River
+Railroad now cuts its way. Pretending that he was going with a flag of
+truce, he excited the boatmen to powerful efforts by promised
+rewards, and the boat sped through the water, carrying the panting
+renegade to the "Vulture" below, passing Verplank's Point batteries
+under cover of a white handkerchief raised upon a stick.
+
+Meanwhile, Washington having completed his inspection, arrived at the
+Robinson House, where he was informed that Arnold had been called
+across the river. After a hasty breakfast, he concluded not to await
+Arnold's return, but to follow him to West Point. As the barge swept
+over the water, amid the majestic scenery of the Hudson, Washington
+remarked, "Well, gentlemen, I am glad General Arnold has gone before
+us, for we shall now receive a salute, and the roaring of the guns
+will have a fine effect among these mountains." But no salute boomed
+upon their expectant ears, and no preparations were visible for
+tendering one. As the boat drew near the shore, an officer was seen
+coming down the hill, who proved to be Colonel Lamb, the temporary
+commander. Astounded at seeing the Commander-in-Chief, he commenced
+an apology, which was interrupted by Washington. "How is this, sir, is
+not General Arnold here?" "No, sir," replied the Colonel, "he has not
+been here these two days, nor have I heard from him in that time."
+"This is extraordinary," replied Washington, "he left word that he had
+crossed over here; however, the object of our visit must not be
+defeated, and since we are here we will look around and see in what
+state things are with you." He then ascended to Fort Putnam, examined
+it and the various redoubts, and returned to Arnold's house, where
+Hamilton gave him the dispatch, which had arrived during his absence
+from Jameson, containing the papers found on Andre, and the letter
+from the latter to himself. The treason of Arnold was now fully
+exposed, but as some hours had elapsed he was already beyond pursuit.
+Calling in Generals Knox and Lafayette, Washington explained what had
+occurred, showing the proofs of the treachery, and, pathetically
+appealing to them, he exclaimed, "Whom can we trust now?"
+
+Standing on a mine which might explode at any instant, he was
+outwardly as calm as ever; he even sought Mrs. Arnold, and kindly
+attempted to soothe her frenzied excitement which found vent in
+alternate wailings and reproaches that would have pierced
+insensibility itself. Although Washington seemed unchanged, he was
+fully alive to his danger. He rapidly wrote his commands, and hastily
+dispatched couriers in every direction to arouse the camps, till at
+length, having done all in his power to avert the threatened evil, he
+retired to rest late at night, fully expecting to be aroused before
+daylight by the roar of British artillery.
+
+We now know the happy result, and that, under the providence of God,
+much of it was due to the promptitude and foresight of Washington. We
+now see the momentous consequences which would have followed the
+consummation of Arnold's baseness; how, and by what a singular change
+of events, Washington's visit was delayed, and Arnold's escape
+effected, while even now, we recoil as we learn how a single
+expression dropped by Andre, prevented the springing of a mine which
+would have inevitably insured a failure to achieve our independence,
+and have left us colonial dependents upon the British Government.
+Andre was conveyed to the Robinson House, and thence to West Point,
+from which place he was removed to the village of Tappan, opposite
+Irvington, on the Hudson River Railroad, where a Board of General
+Officers, presided over by Major General Greene, was assembled to
+inquire into the facts of his case, and report their opinion. The
+Board found him acting in the character of a spy, and were of the
+opinion that, agreeably to the laws and usages of war, he ought to
+suffer death. In spite of every possible exertion of Sir Henry
+Clinton, the universal sympathy of the American officers, and the
+grief of Washington, whose heart was wrung with anguish when he gave
+the death-warrant, Andre was executed at Tappan, on the 2d of
+October, 1780, and died, in truth, "lamented even by his foes."
+
+The miserable and unhappy career of Arnold need not be pursued.
+Rewarded by the British Government with a Brigadier-General's
+commission and a grant of L10,000, he died in London in 1801.[B]
+
+    [Illustration: CONSTITUTION ISLAND]
+
+To the visitor at West Point, the objective spot of the stirring
+scenes described, each wooded height and rocky bluff recalls the times
+when our fathers, regardless of personal hardship, suffering and
+death, labored to secure the priceless boon of freedom.
+
+    "There's not a verdant blade, nor mountain hoary,
+    But treasures up the memories of freedom's story."
+
+One hundred and fifty-seven feet above the river, on a plateau,
+embracing about fifty acres of level ground, stands the UNITED STATES
+MILITARY ACADEMY, established by an Act of Congress in 1802. The
+approach to this plateau from the steam-ferry landing, is up a
+carriage road, excavated in the almost perpendicular rocky bank,
+conveying the visitor past the Riding-hall, the Cavalry stables, and
+the Library building, to the crest of the plain, where the natural
+beauty of the latter, and its wonderful adaptation for locating a
+great military educational institution, first excites admiration. The
+plateau, which affords ample space for all military evolutions
+appertaining to artillery, infantry, and cavalry, is bounded on the
+west by lofty and rugged hills, at the base of which are situated the
+various Academic buildings, the Cadet Barracks, and the residences of
+the officers and professors.
+
+Proceeding on to the West Point Hotel, an old fort is seen on the
+north-east angle of the plain, known as FORT ARNOLD, until the treason
+of the apostate became exposed, when the name, thenceforth unknown in
+American history, was changed to FORT CLINTON. From the Hotel,
+situated on the north side of the plain, the lake-like river view is
+unobstructed for nearly ten miles, and presents in its constantly
+varying aspect of sunlight and shadow on the rugged mountain sides, in
+its periods of storm and repose on the water, and in its ever changing
+variety of steamers and river craft, a scene which for boldness and
+beauty stands unrivalled even in America, and is elsewhere unknown
+throughout the world. The pencil of the artist, the skill of the
+photographer, and the depths of language, have striven to portray the
+exceeding loveliness of the vista presented from this spot, while
+tourists fresh from the Alpine beauties of Switzerland and the Rhine,
+from Italy, Scotland and Wales, and from the overland wilds of the
+Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, alike render homage to the
+glorious landscape here spread before them.
+
+Immediately to the north, and almost at the feet of the spectator,
+lies Constitution Island, with the exposed ruins of old Fort
+Constitution near the water's edge, and a little below which the end
+of the great chain was attached; while beyond may be seen the forge
+and furnace stacks of the Foundry, and the spires and dwellings in the
+village of Cold Spring. To the right, and farther up, Bull Hill and
+Breakneck Mountains, rise respectively 1,580 and 1,187 feet, the
+latter bearing Pollopel's Island, nearly opposite, while the city of
+Newburg, with the Shawangunk Mountain range for a background, fades
+away almost imperceptibly in the distance. On the left, the Crow Nest
+towers 1,428 feet above the water, with Washington's Valley nestling
+between it and the Cemetery. "Moore's House," from which the orders of
+Washington emanated in 1779, was situated in the valley bearing his
+name.
+
+Leaving the Hotel by a pathway to the west, the visitor is conducted
+to the siege battery of rifled guns, exhibiting the form and structure
+of a field work, and from thence to a grove of elms, where a variety
+of trophy guns are to be seen, taken during the Revolution, in the war
+of 1812, in Mexico, and in the late rebellion. A portion of the great
+chain surrounds the beautiful gun "Le Monarque," presented by Congress
+to Lafayette, and one or two mortars captured by General Wayne at
+Stony Point. Beside the antique mortars and guns from Mexico,
+inscribed with the names of the places from which they came, there are
+two English rifled Blakely guns, from Fort Pulaski, two carronades, or
+ship's pivot guns, from Hilton Head, one 8-inch rifled Blakely, from
+Fort Morgan, all captured from the rebels; and the fragments of Gen.
+Gilmore's famous 30-pound Parrott gun, from Morris Island, which
+hurled 4,606 projectiles at Charleston before it assumed its present
+condition. These trophies, scarred and bruised by shot, and many other
+large guns made for experimental purposes, cannot fail to afford an
+interesting subject for contemplation. The large granite ball was
+brought by Gen. Delafield from the Crimea, where it is said such
+projectiles were thrown from mortars by the Russians, to crush the
+decks of the blockading fleet. The spot is further interesting from
+its having been dedicated as the site of the proposed Battle Monument,
+designed to be erected by subscription among the surviving officers
+and soldiers, to the memory of the officers of the regular army who
+fell during the rebellion.
+
+A little to the westward, a walled enclosure, embracing the Ordnance
+Laboratory, is situated, and there may be seen a great variety of
+trophy guns from Cedar Creek and from Vicksburg, among which is the
+famous "Whistling Dick," an English rifled breech-loading Whitworth
+gun, captured on Morris Island, and the formidable Armstrong gun,
+captured at Fort Fisher, off Wilmington. Here, also, may be seen the
+gun from Elder's Battery, which fired the last shot previous to the
+surrender of Lee's Army. These, and a great variety of torpedoes,
+shot, shells and other Rebel implements of warfare, will well repay
+the visitor by the variety of design they exhibit. Pursuing the road
+down the hill, to the North wharf, the Sea-coast battery, with its
+armament of rifled monsters, consisting of 30-pound, 100, 200, and
+300-pound Parrots, the 15-inch gun, and the 13-inch mortar, all
+capable of hurling projectiles as far as Pollopel's Island, or beyond,
+arrests the attention of the observer, and furnishes tangible
+evidences of the triumphant progress of manufacturing skill in weapons
+of war.
+
+Returning by the road to the crest of the Plain, and proceeding west,
+a road to the left leads up the hill to Fort Putnam. The old fort,
+long neglected, and subject to the assaults of wintry blasts and
+beating storms, rises high above the Plain, and there, in grim
+majesty, it patiently awaits the silent march of disintegration and
+general decay. Approached in the mellow light of an evening sunset,
+when a single pencil of rays lingers and illuminates the crests of the
+mountains in the east, and a few scattered clouds, tinged with
+scarlet, gold and silver tints, fading and blending in perfect harmony
+with the deep blue of the firmament, indicate the close of the day; a
+single drum breaks upon the solemn stillness around, and directly
+after, a full chorus of music from the Band on the Plain below,
+proclaims the arrival of the hour for evening parade. Immediately echo
+takes up the strain, and repeats them in tones softer and sweeter, and
+fainter, until mountain, river and plain, all resound with notes of
+exquisite melody. Then the pulse quickens even in those habitually
+insensible to the beautiful spectacle here unfolded, and the visitor
+seems to breathe a new existence in an ideal world, until the
+reverberations of the evening gun announce the passage of another day,
+and the nearer approach of that period when the mighty Angel shall
+proclaim that "time was, but time shall be no more."
+
+Were the same scene to be presented daily from this spot for all time,
+it would never cease to be a delight to make a pilgrimage to the
+glorious old Fort, while the vivid memories of its former patriot
+occupants, and their labors are treasured up and remembered. But a
+constant change is going on, and the same object presents itself to
+the eye in many different aspects. The beautiful river, from small
+beginnings, flowing down shelving rocks and flowering banks, is
+swollen in mighty grandeur until it bursts asunder the mountain
+barriers, and sweeps along, bearing on its broad bosom the wealth of
+two hemispheres, to lose itself in the limitless ocean, and become a
+part of the eternity of waters. The never-ceasing progress of the
+seasons, beginning with the first born bud of Spring, and so
+proceeding through each varying phase, to the period when the
+snow-capped mountains and the ice-bound river are ready to expose anew
+their surfaces to the reviving and gladdening warmth of showery April.
+The very rising and setting of the sun; the clear, blue sky, speckled
+with snowy fleece; the hurry and rush of the mountain storm through
+the gorge, unite to keep up an ever-changing panorama of all that is
+lovely and grand in nature.
+
+Prominent among the many objects of interest which claim the attention
+of the observer from this point, may be seen Redoubt No. 4, on Rocky
+Hill, immediately in rear of the fort; the ruined parapets of Forts
+Wyllis and Webb lying southward, each enveloped in a cluster of
+cedars; and to the east, on the opposite side of the river, the North
+and South redoubts on the hill, in rear of Garrisons, environed by
+similar groups of the same beautiful vine-clad evergreen. The entire
+vicinity, rising as it does abruptly from the river to the terrace
+above, with wooded uplands, and bright green slopes beyond, is adorned
+with sumptuous country seats, gleaming through the tufts of foliage
+that surround them, and the lordly Hudson, with its furrowing keels
+and snowy sails, all unite to present a landscape, the beauty of which
+the pencil of the artist has vainly striven to portray.
+
+The buildings appropriated to the occupation and education of the
+Cadets, are not without attractive interest to the visitor. The
+CADETS' BARRACK, from its magnitude, symmetrical proportions,
+durability, and castellated structure, seldom fails to elicit
+commendation from all lovers of architecture who are drawn to its
+vicinity. The building contains eight divisions, of which two are
+assigned to each of the four companies of Cadets. Two occupants only
+are found in a room, each uniformly furnished with an iron bedstead,
+an iron table, chair, books, and wearing apparel; all other furniture
+being carefully excluded as unnecessary or unworthy of the student
+soldier. Warmed by furnaces, lighted by gas, with daily access to
+bath-rooms, and invigorated by their military exercises, the Cadets
+present an appearance of health and contentment seldom seen in other
+collegiate institutions.
+
+THE ACADEMIC BUILDING contains, on the first floor, a gymnasium, with
+bowling-alleys, an apartment for fencing and sword exercise, and the
+Chemical laboratory. The second floor contains recitation rooms, and
+the models and collections pertaining to the departments of
+Engineering and Mineralogy and Geology. Besides the models of bridges,
+buildings, engines, and arches, illustrative of the progress of civil
+engineering, others relating to field works, fortifications, their
+system of attack and defense, and the models of Fort Wagner, before
+Charleston, and San Juan d'Ulloa, off Vera Cruz, will claim attention.
+The third floor is occupied by recitation and lecture rooms, the
+Picture gallery, Drawing Academy, and the Museum of ordnance and
+trophies. The Picture gallery contains specimens selected from the
+productions of the most proficient Cadets in the classes which have
+gone forth since 1838, and among them the names of many prominent army
+officers will be recognized. Regarded as an evidence of skill and
+cultivated taste, on the part of those who were first made aware of
+their power to acquire the art of sketching and coloring after
+entering the Military Academy, and as the result of a few months'
+instruction, no one can view this collection without experiencing the
+liveliest feelings of satisfaction and pleasure.
+
+The MUSEUM OF ORDNANCE AND TROPHIES exhibits all the various
+progressive stages in the manufacture of swords, muskets, cartridges,
+powder, and shot; models of field and siege guns, and the anatomical
+structure of horses for instruction in the department of cavalry. The
+collection of ancient and experimental weapons; of Rebel torpedoes,
+and Rebel shot from many battle-fields; of flag-staffs and flags from
+Mexico; Indian trophies and curious projectiles, and the numerous
+flags borne by the regular army in the last war with England, in the
+Florida war, in Mexico, and in the Rebellion, with their inscriptions,
+excites a degree of interest which cannot be overcome by a momentary
+glance.
+
+The colors of the FOURTH REGIMENT OF U.S. INFANTRY bear the following
+historical inscriptions:
+
+  The first Flag Carried           1794.
+  Retained at Reorganization       1808.
+  Tippecanoe                       1811.
+
+    IN THE FLORIDA WAR.
+
+  Gaines's Pen                     1836.
+  Thlonalosassa                    1836.
+  Okeechobee                       1837.
+
+    IN THE MEXICAN WAR.
+
+  Palo Alto                        1846.
+  Resaca de la Palma               1846.
+  Monterey                         1816.
+  Vera Cruz                        1847.
+  Churubusco                       1847.
+  Molino del Rey                   1847.
+  Chapultepec                      1847.
+  City of Mexico                   1847.
+
+    IN THE REBELLION.
+
+  Yorktown                         1862.
+  Gaines's Mill                    1862.
+  Malvern Hill                     1862.
+  Bull Run No. 2                   1862.
+  Antietam                         1862.
+  Fredericksburg                   1862.
+  Chancellorsville                 1863.
+  Gettysburg                       1863.
+  Wapping Heights                  1863.
+  Wilderness                       1864.
+  Spottsylvania                    1864.
+  North Anna River                 1864.
+  Po-Potmail Creek                 1864.
+  Coal Harbor                      1864.
+  Petersburg                       1864.
+  Lee's Surrender                  1865.
+
+The colors of some other regiments and batteries bear even a greater
+number of inscriptions, but none date as far back in the past.
+
+A pedestal and shell, brought from South Carolina, is inscribed on
+its four sides by Rebel and Union hands, as follows:
+
+                     FIRST FACE.
+
+        Fifteen Inch Hollow Shot, fired by the
+    Abolition Fleet of Iron Clads, at Fort Sumter,
+                    April 7, 1863.
+
+                     SECOND FACE.
+
+          Presented to the Citadel Academy,
+             By General G.T. Beauregard,
+          Charleston, S.C., April 27, 1863.
+
+                     THIRD FACE.
+
+       Taken at Columbia, S.C., Feb. 17, 1865,
+      By the troops of the United States, under
+             Major-General W.T. Sherman.
+
+                     FOURTH FACE.
+
+       Presented to the U.S. Military Academy,
+            By Major-General Wm. B. Hazen,
+                    April 1, 1865.
+
+The centre of the room is occupied by a model of the Silver Mine of
+Valenciana, in Mexico, purchased in the City of Mexico in 1847, by
+subscription among the officers of the army, whose names are affixed.
+The upper surface represents the operatives, made of silver amalgam,
+practising their several divisions of labor, while the sides exhibit
+the galleries of the mine, with the miners at work. The case contains,
+besides, many mineral specimens, and models of Aztec idols. The whole
+is surmounted by an eagle and a portion of drapery taken from over the
+Vice-President's Chair in the Mexican Senate Chamber.
+
+In the CHAPEL, east of the Academic building, may be seen a fine
+picture over the chancel, by Professor Weir, typical of Mars and
+Minerva. On the west side, the walls present memorial tablets of the
+general officers of the Revolution, and the guns presented by Congress
+to Major-General Greene, implanted beside a niche of trophy colors
+taken from English and Hessian regiments. On the east side are
+memorial tablets of all the officers of our army who fell in the
+Mexican War, and trophy guns and colors taken by Generals Scott and
+Taylor, during their campaigns in the same war.
+
+The LIBRARY BUILDING contains temporarily the offices of the
+Superintendent, Adjutant, Quartermaster, and Treasurer. On the second
+floor, which is not usually open to visitors, is situated the
+Lecture-room and apparatus of the department of Philosophy and
+Astronomy. The dome contains an equatorial telescope, and the flank
+towers a transit instrument and mural circle. The Library occupies the
+east end of the building. It contains about 20,000 volumes, chiefly on
+professional and scientific subjects, and several fine portraits of
+former Superintendents and Chiefs of the Engineer Department.
+
+The capacious RIDING HALL stands on the bank of the river, a little
+below the Library; and from the interesting exercises therein, it is
+deservedly regarded as one of the most attractive points at the
+Military Academy. The hours for riding are from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M.,
+except during the period of the Cadets' encampment, with occasional
+interruptions, when the evolutions of a squadron are practised on the
+Plain. The course of instruction embodies running at the heads,
+running at the ring with poised sabre, exercises with pistols,
+leaping bars and hurdles, and many other feats which afford little
+room for monotony or wearisome interest, even among those accustomed
+to witnessing equestrian displays.
+
+Northward from the Library a path leads down the bank to KOSCIUSZKO'S
+GARDEN--a shelving terrace overhung with shrubbery, and rendered
+inviting by a cool spring of water, and a tradition that the patriot
+Pole, whose name the spot bears, here sought retirement and seclusion.
+The Monument to "Dade and his Command" tells its own story, and
+American history has yet to furnish an example of devotion to duty
+similar to that exhibited by those whose names are here inscribed. A
+little beyond is seen Battery Knox, whose armament proclaims the
+tidings on all occasions of national joy or sadness. From this point,
+the lower pathway, called the "Chain Battery Walk," conducts the
+visitor through a delightful ramble to Gee's Point and the North
+Wharf, or by a branch, to the Hotel above. The upper path returns to
+the road along the crest of the bank, and a few steps brings the
+tourist to FORT CLINTON.
+
+Within the latter, on the extreme angle nearest the river, stands a
+marble column, sacred to military virtue in the person of Kosciuszko,
+and forming in itself by reason of the ideas it evokes, a striking
+contrast to the dark halo of despite and shame that hovers around the
+name of Arnold, whose apostasy is inseparably connected with the very
+name of West Point. THADDEUS KOSCIUSZKO was a native of Poland, whose
+education began at Warsaw and was completed at Paris. Having
+determined to cast his lot with the Americans, then struggling for
+liberty, he was furnished by Franklin with letters to Washington, and
+came to America. He was appointed Aide-de-Camp to Washington, and
+subsequently commissioned as Colonel of Engineers. Highly
+distinguished for his courage and skill in the campaign against
+Burgoyne, and as the directing Engineer at West Point, he returned to
+Poland at the close of the Revolution, rewarded by the thanks of
+Congress and the commission of Brevet Brigadier-General, to serve as a
+General of Division under Poniatowski. In the Polish Insurrection of
+1793 he was chosen Generalissimo, with the powers of a Roman Dictator.
+He immediately issued a decree, authorizing the insurrection, and at
+once proceeded to unite the Polish divisions, and in a few days the
+Russians were driven from the Palatinate. Meantime, the Prussians
+having joined Russia, the rest of the struggle was a continuous
+resistance against superior forces, until at last, at Maciejowice, on
+the 10th of October, 1794, he was completely defeated and overwhelmed
+by the Russians. He fell wounded from his horse, with the bitter wail
+on his lips, "Finis Polonie." Taken prisoner, and conveyed to a
+fortress near St. Petersburg, he underwent a long confinement until
+the accession of Paul I., who, feeling an admiration for his
+character, restored him to freedom, and presented him with his sword.
+
+"I have no longer occasion for a sword," sadly replied Kosciuszko,
+"since I have no longer a country." He visited America in 1797, and
+was triumphantly and warmly welcomed by the grateful people. He
+returned to Switzerland and resided at Solothurn, where he died on
+October 15, 1817. His body was interred at Cracow with great pomp in
+the funeral vaults of the Kings of Poland, between the coffins of
+Poniatowski and Sobieski. The Senate decreed in his honor the erection
+of an enormous mound on the Heights of Bronislawad. The gratuitous
+labor of all classes succeeded in raising this "Mound of Kosciuszko"
+to the height of 300 feet in three years, and it will remain for ages
+a noble monument of his country's gratitude. Kosciuszko was never
+married, and the simple column at West Point, in full view of
+thousands of travelers, will long serve as a memorial of gratitude
+from the American nation, and an enduring protest against the
+destruction of Poland, and the ruin and death of many freedom lovers
+as noble and virtuous as Kosciuszko himself.
+
+The "DRIVES" at West Point and its vicinity, although limited in
+extent by the rugged character of the region, are possessed of
+infinite variety and beauty, from the constantly changing aspect of
+river, mountain, and valley. Besides the routes on the Post itself,
+the road South, along the riverbank to Fort Montgomery, about four
+miles distant, from its smoothness, easy grades, and the numerous
+attractive residences by the wayside, affords many present and
+pleasing after reminiscences of a sojourn at this delightful retreat.
+
+Prominent among these attractions, and scarcely a mile distant from
+West Point, on the very brink of a precipice towering over the Hudson,
+stands COZZENS' HOTEL, the name of which is inseparably associated
+with the name of its founder, whose benevolence, geniality, and
+hospitality is so intimately connected with West Point and the
+traveling public.
+
+    [Illustration: 1866. West Point AND ITS VICINITY.]
+
+Directly west of the Hotel stands the picturesque little church of the
+"Holy Innocents," erected by Professor Weir, to commemorate the
+early decease of two of his children. A little distance below, the
+village of Highland Falls is situated, on both sides of a mountain
+stream bearing the name of Buttermilk Falls, derived from the foaming
+passage of the water over steep rocks into the Hudson below. From this
+point onward to Fort Montgomery, the occasional expanse of the river,
+the charming country seats dotting the bank, and the magnificence of
+the mountains, continually inspires a feeling of happiness and
+contentment.
+
+FORT MONTGOMERY is situated on the north bank of Pooplopen's Creek, at
+its junction with the Hudson. It is elevated about 130 feet above the
+water, and the view from its ruined parapet covers an extent, and
+surpasses if possible in wildness, the landscape seen from the West
+Point Hotel. FORT CLINTON, similarly elevated, stood directly opposite
+on the south side of the creek, and both works possess more than
+ordinary interest from having been the scene of a bloody assault and
+capture by a British force, under the command of Sir Henry Clinton,
+in October 1777. The forts were simultaneously carried at the point of
+the bayonet by overwhelming numbers; the last named, by a column
+moving up the bank of the river, and the former, by one moving down
+the valley, between the Dunderberg and Bear Mountain, through which
+the creek makes its way.
+
+From West Point westward, the road diverges to the CEMETERY,
+overlooking Camptown, where the soldiers are quartered, Washington's
+Valley, a little beyond, Constitution Island, the Foundry, and the
+village of Cold Spring. The tasteful monuments, with their military
+insignia and mournful inscriptions, unveil the attachment of many who
+fell in Florida, Mexico, Oregon, and in the Rebellion, for the spot
+protected and consecrated by their Alma Mater. The branch road south,
+immediately without the first West gate, leads to Fort Putnam, and
+intersects the river route a little above Cozzens' Hotel. The main
+road west, known as the "Canterbury Road," leads to Turner's Station,
+on the Erie Railroad, about fourteen miles distant, passing Long Pond,
+and the vicinity of many other ponds indicated on the map, most of
+which afford fine resorts for angling and hunting in the appropriate
+season. Three miles from West Point a branch from this road leads
+across the mountain to Canterbury, Cornwall, and Newburg, but the
+route is so rough as to render it unsuitable for pleasure driving.
+Just before reaching this point a road extends south through Eagle
+Valley to Highland Falls, affording a circuit of about seven miles,
+through a region abounding with new beauties at every turn. The road
+is in good condition, and the proposed intention of the Cozzens'
+Brothers to add to the attractions of their Hotel by erecting a
+mountain retreat at the Round Pond, will doubtless lead to further
+improvements.
+
+The "Drives" on the east side of the Hudson are easy of access by the
+steam ferry, and are possessed of even stronger attractions. From the
+landing the road rises to the "Highland House," and from thence
+southward as far as Anthony's Nose, the route is one of exquisite
+beauty. Besides the numerous country seats, nowhere surpassed in
+elegance, and the thriving farms along the way, the Robinson House,
+situated at the base of Sugar Loaf Mountain, about one mile below,
+presents an object of deep and attractive interest. Preserved with all
+its original features, and as far as possible in the same condition as
+when it was made the scene of Arnold's treachery--hallowed by the
+footsteps of Washington and almost every general officer of the
+Revolution, and rendered impressive from its antiquity and the absence
+of all evidences of the progress of modern architecture and comfort,
+the Robinson House has survived, with its umbrageous foliage, for
+nearly a century, and remains at this day almost the only relic of its
+former princely proprietor.
+
+From the Highland House northward the road, remarkable for its
+smoothness and delightful sheltering trees, extends to INDIAN FALLS,
+some three miles distant. Passing a deep ravine, through which a
+sequestered tributary of the Hudson flows deep in the forest glade--so
+deep that, scarce even the Summer's noon-tide sun can force a single
+ray through the dense shade--the mountain stream after meandering
+through miles of untrodden woods, and chafing over its rocky bed,
+suddenly leaps the rocks fifty feet in height into a deep and glassy
+pool, forming a scene of surpassing beauty. Beyond, the road continues
+to Cold Spring, passing the Foundry and affording landscape views
+north and south, all capable of exciting the most pleasurable
+emotions.
+
+The MILITARY EXERCISES, everywhere an attractive spectacle to the
+American public, are at West Point productive of the most lasting and
+gratifying impressions, from the unrivaled excellence of the Band, the
+uniform neatness of the Cadets, and the precision with which the most
+difficult maneuvers are executed by them. The European traveler,
+accustomed to schools of instruction separate and apart for the
+education of Engineers, Artillery, Infantry, and Cavalry Officers,
+witnesses here with astonishment the perfection and familiarity which
+the Cadets exhibit in the performance of all the duties pertaining to
+these four branches of military organization. Some of these exercises
+are daily and continuous throughout the year, others, owing to the
+severity of the climate, are restricted to the period between the 15th
+of March and the 1st of November; and during the Encampment, which
+includes a part of June and the months of July and August, all studies
+are suspended, while daily practical instruction prevails as in actual
+field service.
+
+Commencing on the 1st of September and extending over a term of nine
+months and a half, during which time the Cadets occupy the Barracks
+and pursue their Academic studies, their military exercises are as
+follows:
+
+  Reveille   { April 1 to Sept. 30                   5, A.M.
+  Roll-call. { March and Oct.                     5:30, A.M.
+             { Nov., Dec., Jan. and Feb.             6, A.M.
+  Breakfast Roll-call                                7, A.M.
+  Guard-mounting                                  7:30, A.M.
+  Riding                                11, A.M., to 1, P.M.
+  Dinner Roll-call                                   1, P.M.
+  Company Drill              March 15 to April 1, 4:10, P.M.
+  Battalion Drill               May 16 to May 31, 4:10, P.M.
+  Skirmish Drill              Oct. 15 to Oct. 31, 4:10, P.M.
+  Light Artillery Drill, }
+  Heavy Artillery Drill, }     April 1 to May 15, 4:10, P.M.
+  Mortar Practice,       }
+  Evening Dress Parade                               Sunset.
+  Tattoo                                          9:30, P.M.
+  Taps                                              10, P.M.
+
+During the Encampment the hours are changed, and are as follows:
+
+  Reveille                                           5, A.M.
+  Infantry Drill                                  5:30, A.M.
+  Infantry Drill                  Aug. 1 to Aug. 31, 5, P.M.
+  Breakfast Roll-call                                7, A.M.
+  Morning Dress Parade                               8, A.M.
+  Guard-mounting                                  8:30, A.M.
+  Artillery Drill                                    9, A.M.
+  Engineering Drill                              10:30, A.M.
+  Band Practice                                     10, A.M.
+  Drill of New Cadets                  11, A.M., and 5, P.M.
+  Evening Dress Parade                               Sunset.
+  Tattoo                                          9:30, P.M.
+  Tattoo on Party Evenings                        9:50, P.M.
+  Taps                                              10, P.M.
+
+For the purpose of military instruction, the Cadets are organized into
+a battalion of four companies, called A, B, C, and D Companies. These
+are arranged with reference to stature, and they contain the four
+Academic or collegiate classes indiscriminately mingled. The companies
+are officered in the usual way, by selecting the Captains and
+Lieutenants from the class longest at the Academy; the Sergeants from
+the next lowest class, and the Corporals from the next in order.
+"Chevrons," or badges of gold lace, are worn on each arm by these
+officers to denote their rank, as follows:
+
+    [Illustration:
+    Adjutant.
+    Quartermaster.
+    Serg't-Major.
+    Q'r-M'r-Serg't.
+    Captain.
+    Lieutenant.
+    1st Sergeant.
+    Sergeant.
+    Color-bearer.
+    Color Corporal. (Below the elbow.)
+    Corporal. (Below the elbow.)]
+
+These appointments are conferred by the Superintendent as honorary
+distinctions, and are continuous for one year unless forfeited by
+misconduct. The discipline and spirit of the Corps is in a great
+degree dependent upon the Cadet Officers, and while they promptly and
+cheerfully obey their commands, "off duty" they are equals.
+
+In the exercise of their appointments they are required to report to
+the authorities infractions of the Regulations on the part of their
+comrades, but all domineering and captious inclinations are
+restrained, by what may be termed a popular opinion among the Cadets.
+
+The Corps of Cadets usually numbers about 250, and they are organized
+as already stated into four companies. Immediately intrusted with
+their supervision and military instruction is the Commandant of
+Cadets, who is a Lieutenant-Colonel, and he is assisted by six
+officers, like himself detailed from the army. This organization
+prevails for all infantry instruction, and for the maintenance of
+discipline in camp and barracks. In other branches of military
+instruction, special arrangements are ordered on the basis of class
+standing in the several classes.
+
+The ENCAMPMENT commences at the close of the Annual Examination, about
+the 20th of June, and the camp is located on the Northeast portion of
+the Plain. This period, affording as it does the only relaxation from
+study during the year, and as the time for the realization of the
+long-cherished expectations of the graduating and furlough classes, to
+enjoy the pleasures of home and early friendships, is one of unusual
+interest and hilarity. With the disappearance of these two classes,
+orders are promulgated to pitch the tents, and march into camp at a
+stated hour. The latter is preceded by a general stampedeing force of
+Cadets, conveying from the barracks to the now unoccupied recitation
+rooms all unnecessary articles of furniture. Gray forms are seen with
+heads crowned with washstands, chairs, mattresses, and other
+camp-prohibited articles, working with such vigor that, in two or
+three hours, the barracks are cleared of all Cadet property save their
+military accoutrements. Before breakfast the camp is laid out and the
+tents pitched, and at the appointed hour the battalion, with the Band
+and with colors unfurled, marches to its Summer home.
+
+    [Illustration: The Cadet's Encampment]
+
+The Encampment consists of eight rows of tents, two to each company,
+opening on four streets parallel to each other, and a broad avenue
+runs through the centre of the camp. The tents of the Company Officers
+and of the Army Instructors of Tactics, are situated opposite their
+respective companies, while the tent of the Commandant of Cadets is
+placed centrally at the East end of the broad avenue. The Guard tents,
+five or six in number, are situated in a line a little distance in
+front of the whole camp. A chain of six or eight sentinels surrounds
+the camp day and night. The guard consists of three reliefs, which
+walk post in turn, during the twenty-four hours for which each
+guard is detailed. This detail is drawn as equitably as possible from
+the four companies, and guard duty recurs once in from three to five
+days, making the duty a real hardship to those not inured to it. The
+subdivisions of the guard require each relief to walk two hours, and
+then wait four hours before it is again posted. The operation of
+changing is as follows: When the relief is duly formed and inspected
+by the Officer of the Guard, it is marched by its Corporal around the
+line of posts, and after "Taps," each sentinel challenges the
+longed-for delegation with a fierce, "Who comes there?" as though the
+enemy were upon him. The reply of the Corporal leads to a further
+demand for a cabalistic word which, when whispered, so elevates the
+party in the estimation of the sentinel, that he quickly abandons his
+vigilant, defiant manner, and quietly yields his post to his
+successor, whose place in the ranks of the relief is then most
+cheerfully accepted.
+
+The camp is governed by the same regulations that accompany an army
+in the field, except in the preparation of meals, which are supplied
+at the Cadets' Mess throughout the year.
+
+The presence of visitors contributes much to enliven this period of
+hardship in Cadet life, and the tri-weekly dancing parties on Monday,
+Wednesday, and Friday evenings, notwithstanding their abrupt
+termination at 10 P.M., affords never to be forgotten reminiscences in
+after life, of social enjoyment and enlightened intercourse with the
+fair daughters of America, not a few of whom date back their after
+career to the bewitching influence which marks this season. The
+Encampment usually terminates on the 29th of August, when the Cadets
+return to Barrack-life, and recommence their studies. An illumination
+of the camp usually takes place on the evening before it is broken up,
+and the convolutions of a "stag dance" are performed on the
+Parade-ground, with a fervor and vivacity worthy of imitation in a
+Camanche war-dance. This curious cross in the terpsichorean art,
+between the pigeon wing, double shuffle, hoe-down, and the quadrille,
+is a frequent diversion in the Cadet camp. It is performed by twenty
+or more Cadets, who gyrate between two rows of candles stuck in the
+ground, cadencing their movements by the very uncertain sounds of a
+plebeian fiddle and the low muffled rattle of a drum, accompanied by
+whimsicalities and contortions unknown save at West Point.
+
+The scene presented during the striking of the tents is quite lively
+and picturesque. In the early hours of the day all the property of the
+Cadets, such as blankets, clothing, etc., is carried by them to the
+rooms they are assigned to in the barracks, leaving in camp only their
+rifles and their accoutrements. At the appointed hour the "general"
+beats,
+
+    "Don't you hear the General say,
+    Strike your tents and march away?"
+
+when all spring to their posts, awaiting three taps on the bass drum.
+At the first tap, all except the corner tent cords are cast loose and
+the pins are withdrawn; at the second, the corner cords and pins are
+cast loose, and the tent is gathered around the tent-poles and
+steadied in an upright position, so that at the third tap all the
+tents instantly go down in concert, and woe to the "gross" one who
+fails to complete the prostration at the moment. While the tents are
+folded and piled by one party, a group enliven the scene by songs
+descriptive of their eagerness
+
+    "To join the army of the brave," etc.
+
+Then the companies are formed, and taking their stacked arms march to
+the front on the Parade; the Commandant then, with Band and colors
+unfurled, marches the battalion to the general Parade, in front of the
+Superintendent's quarters, and the Encampment is no more.
+
+The ACADEMIC EXERCISES of the Cadets are not devoid of interest even
+to those who are attracted to the spot by the glittering displays of
+military life; while to those interested in the progress of
+education, the peculiarities of the system pursued at West Point
+seldom fails to increase their belief, that the method here followed
+might be more generally introduced into the great American collegiate
+system.
+
+The Corps of Cadets, in accordance with the usual custom, is divided
+into four classes, and the course of study extends through four years
+in duration. The classes are numbered inversely according to their
+entrance into the Academy, as the FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, and FOURTH
+Classes, corresponding to the Senior, Junior, Sophomore, and Freshman
+Classes in other institutions. Each class is divided into convenient
+sections of from twelve to fifteen Cadets, for instruction in its
+special branches of study, the first Cadet on each section roll being
+its squad-marcher, and being responsible for its punctual attendance
+and deportment. The recitation hours are sounded on a bugle, when the
+sections for the hour are formed at the Barracks, their rolls are
+called, and they are marched to the Recitation-rooms by their several
+squad-marchers. The instructor is there waiting their attendance, and
+after receiving the squad-marcher's report of the absentees, he sends
+three or more Cadets to the black-board, to discuss the propositions
+he announces to each; for which purpose they proceed to place their
+diagrams or analyses on the board. Another is called up on the floor
+and questioned on the lesson for the day, until one of those at the
+board is ready. The latter being called on, first enunciates the
+proposition to be discussed, then gives a condensed analysis of how it
+should be solved, and then gives the full discussion, delineation, or
+demonstration with reference to his diagram or analysis. Last of all,
+and reaching the termination of his subject, the instructor proceeds
+to question him on the parts slighted or omitted, and upon topics
+connected with the subject-matter under consideration. It will be seen
+that the recitation proceeds upon the supposition that the Cadet
+understands his lesson beforehand, and that the instructor's province
+is to make sure of the Cadet's thorough and accurate knowledge; to
+amplify his conceptions, and supply his deficiencies, rather than
+teach him the subject of the lesson. He also enforces that orderly and
+lucid exposition and arrangement of the matter, which carries the
+conviction that the Cadet not only knows his topic, but is able to
+communicate it to others. He requires accuracy of language, the
+observance of certain recitation forms, and proprieties in decorum, to
+a degree far higher than is usually demanded in other institutions.
+Three sides of the section-room are provided with wall slates or
+black-boards, and a tray for chalk, wipers, and pointers, extends
+across the bottom of each. Every Cadet writes his name over his work,
+and when called upon to recite, assumes the "position of a soldier,"
+until he wishes to refer to his work, when he does so with his
+pointer. It is a matter of no small magnitude to secure a becoming
+personal deportment and style in recitation, and to suppress the
+unmeaning, nervous turnings, rockings, and fumblings, which too often
+deform the manners of undisciplined students.
+
+The instructor marks each recitation according to his estimate of its
+quality as referred to a scale of valuation ranging from zero to
+three, the maximum for a perfect and satisfactory exhibition of
+knowledge. A weekly report of these daily marks is made to the
+Superintendent, and exhibited to the Cadets who crowd the hall leading
+to the Adjutant's office every Monday, to see the official estimate of
+their performances during the past week. The recitation marks are
+aggregated for the semi-annual examination in January, and for the
+annual examination in June, and are mainly decisive of the numerical
+standing of each Cadet in the different courses of study. Frequent and
+thorough reviews occur, in which each individual's success is
+critically observed and considered in making out the standing--a
+greater weight justly belonging to the final and permanent conquest of
+a course, than to the earlier recitations. The final examination on
+the subject also has a material weight.
+
+By combining all these elements, a definite order of arrangement of
+the members of each class, in each branch of study, is obtained, and
+from these combined special standings, a general class rank, or order
+of arrangement according to each individual's merit, is deduced at the
+close of each annual examination. In determining the standing of the
+graduating class the special standing of each Cadet in all the
+branches of study for the four years, including proficiency in
+discipline, is considered, and possesses a relative weight in deciding
+the position of each member.
+
+The Annual Examination in June is conducted in the presence of a
+"Board of Visitors," selected for the purpose by the Secretary of War,
+and the reports of these Boards, composed of intelligent men of all
+professions and all political parties, have, for more than forty
+years, borne favorable testimony to the thoroughness and efficiency of
+the system of instruction pursued at West Point. The assignment and
+promotion of the graduating class to corps and regiments in the army,
+is regulated by the recommendation of the Academic Board, based upon
+class standing. The highest members only are recommended for the Corps
+of Engineers, and as the recommendations are almost uniformly adhered
+to, each Cadet becomes the arbiter of his own destiny, so far as his
+capacity makes success practicable. He is thus stimulated to good
+conduct, and the diligent employment of all his mental faculties, by
+the hope of a choice in the assignments, and of securing after rank,
+by commission, over his comrades.
+
+How to become a Cadet, is a question not unlikely to arise in the
+minds of some of the young readers of this volume. The martial
+aspirant should consider well, before taking any steps toward securing
+a Cadet appointment, that Cadet life is no mere holiday training--no
+refined dandyism, but a four years' devotion of mind, body, and heart
+to discipline and study; more severe, by far, than is required at any
+other educational institution in the land. But if possessed of an
+aptitude for mathematical study, of a vigorous realization of the
+attributes of manhood, and the courage to endure patiently present
+trials for future good, and finally, if possessed of an ardent desire
+for intellectual culture, with a view to after usefulness, nowhere can
+a youth become so well qualified by an educational course to be a man,
+as by becoming a Cadet at the National Military Academy. The method of
+procedure to secure an appointment is briefly as follows:
+
+The District of Columbia, and each District of Country entitled to a
+Member of the House of Representatives in Congress, may secure through
+him one Cadet appointment. The Cadet so selected should remain four
+years, but in case he fails to do so, a vacancy arises which the
+Representative is called upon to fill with a new appointee. Of course,
+the same thing occurs when the Cadet graduates, and thus the number of
+Cadets is made equal to the number of Representatives and Delegates
+in Congress. In addition, every year the President of the United
+States appoints TEN Cadets, selected at his pleasure from any portion
+of the country. The appointments by Districts are really made by the
+Secretary of War, but only on the recommendation of the Member of
+Congress. An application made to the latter will show whether a
+vacancy exists--if so, the applicant must plead with him for it. The
+only other alternative is to secure the favor of being one of the TEN
+appointed by the President. The official qualifications are herewith
+appended:
+
+
+
+
+APPOINTMENT AND ADMISSION OF CADETS.
+
+
+I.--As frequent inquiries are made in regard to the mode of procuring
+admission into the Military Academy, persons interested in the subject
+are hereby informed that application may be made at any time (by
+letter to the Secretary of War) by the applicant himself, his parent,
+guardian, or any of his friends, that his name may be placed on the
+register in the office of the Inspector at Washington. The precise age
+and permanent abode of the applicant, as, also, the number of the
+Congressional District in which he resides, must be stated, and no
+application will be considered wherein these instructions are not
+complied with. No preference is given to applications on account of
+priority, nor can any information be communicated as to the probable
+success of an applicant before the appointments are made.
+
+By an act of Congress, the appointment of a person who has served in
+any capacity in the military or naval service of the so-called
+Confederate States is prohibited, and, as a general rule, no person
+will be appointed who has had a brother educated at the Academy.
+
+By provision of law, each Congressional and Territorial District and
+the District of Columbia is entitled to have one Cadet at the Military
+Academy, and no more. In addition to these, the appointment _annually_
+of a number, not exceeding _ten_, "at large," not confined to a
+selection by Congressional Districts, is authorized. The District and
+Territorial appointments are made upon the nomination of the member of
+Congress or Delegate representing the District or Territory at the
+date of appointment, and the law requires that the individual selected
+shall be an _actual resident_ of the District or Territory, or
+District of Columbia, from which the appointment purports to be made.
+The selections "at large" and from the District of Columbia are made
+by the President.
+
+Appointments are required by law to be made one year in advance of the
+date of admission--that is to say, about the 1st of July in each year,
+except in instances where it may be impracticable, from any cause, so
+to make them. Persons, therefore, receiving appointments have ample
+time afforded them in which to prepare for a successful examination
+prior to their admission.
+
+
+II.--To prevent the disappointment, mortification, and useless expense
+that might attend the acceptance of a Cadet appointment by a person
+not possessing the necessary qualifications for admission, and for the
+instruction and aid of others, the following information is
+communicated:
+
+Candidates must be over seventeen and under twenty-two years of age at
+the time of entrance into the Military Academy; no modification of the
+law in this respect can be made; but any person who has served
+honorably and faithfully not less than one year as an officer or
+enlisted man in the army of the United States, either as a Volunteer,
+or in the Regular service, during the war for the suppression of the
+Rebellion, shall be eligible for appointment up to the age of
+twenty-four years. They must be at least five feet in height, and free
+from any deformity, disease, or infirmity, which would render them
+unfit for the military service, and from any disorder of an infectious
+or immoral character. They must be able to read and write well, and
+perform with facility and accuracy the various operations of the four
+ground rules of Arithmetic, of reduction, of simple and compound
+proportion, and of vulgar and decimal fractions. The Arithmetic is to
+be studied understandingly, and not merely committed to memory. They
+will also be required to have a knowledge of the elements of English
+Grammar, of Descriptive Geography, particularly of our own country,
+and of the history of the United States.
+
+
+III.--It must be understood that a full compliance with the above
+conditions will be insisted on; that is to say, the candidate must
+write a fair and legible hand, and without any material mistakes in
+spelling such sentences as shall be dictated by the examiners; and he
+must answer promptly and without errors all their questions in the
+above-mentioned rules of Arithmetic and in the other branches: failing
+in any of these particulars, he will be rejected.
+
+
+IV.--Every candidate will, soon after his arrival at West Point, be
+subject to a rigid examination by an experienced Medical Board, and
+should there be found to exist in him any of the following causes of
+disqualification, to such a degree as will immediately, or in all
+probability may, at no very distant period, impair his efficiency, he
+will be rejected:
+
+1. Feeble constitution and muscular tenuity; unsound health from
+whatever cause; indications of former disease; glandular swellings, or
+other symptoms of scrofula.
+
+2. Chronic cutaneous affections, especially of the scalp, or any
+disorder of an infectious character.
+
+3. Severe injuries of the bones of the head; convulsions.
+
+4. Impaired vision from whatever cause; inflammatory affections of the
+eyelids; immobility or irregularity of the iris; fistula lachrymalis,
+etc., etc.
+
+5. Deafness; copious discharge from the ears.
+
+6. Loss of many teeth, or the teeth generally unsound.
+
+7. Impediment of speech.
+
+8. Want of due capacity of the chest, and any other indication of a
+liability to a pulmonic disease.
+
+9. Impaired or inadequate efficiency of one or both of the superior
+extremities on account of fractures, especially of the clavicle,
+contraction of a joint, extenuation, deformity, etc., etc.
+
+10. An unusual excurvature or incurvature of the spine.
+
+11. Hernia.
+
+12. A varicose state of the veins of the scrotum or spermatic cord
+(when large), sarcocele, hydrocele, hemorrhoids, fistulas.
+
+13. Impaired or inadequate efficiency of one or of both of the
+inferior extremities on account of varicose veins, fractures,
+malformation (flat feet, etc.), lameness, contraction, unequal length,
+bunions, overlying or supernumerary toes, etc., etc.
+
+14. Ulcers, or unsound cicatrices of ulcers likely to break out
+afresh.
+
+
+V.--During the months of July and August the Cadets are engaged in
+military duties and exercises, living in camp. The academic exercises
+commence the beginning of September. The semi-annual examination takes
+place in January. At this time the Cadets are rigidly examined in the
+subjects they have studied, and the new Cadets, if found proficient
+therein (their conduct having been correct in all respects), will
+receive the warrant of Cadet, and take such a station in their class
+as their respective merits, as determined at the examination, may
+entitle them to. If any have been unable to master the course, they
+will be pronounced deficient by the Academic Board, and their
+connection with the Academy will cease.
+
+
+VI.--It is important that it be clearly understood that this
+examination, like all subsequent ones, is very thorough--does not
+permit any evasion or slighting of the course, and exacts a very close
+and persevering attention to study. The examining officers have no
+option; they _must_ reject the deficient. The nation sends these young
+men to the Military Academy, supports and pays them adequately, and
+opens to them an honorable profession, in the expectation that their
+best efforts will be given to qualify themselves for the higher duties
+of the military service. Those who will not, or can not, profit by
+these generous provisions, should not occupy the places of those who
+will and can.
+
+
+VII.--In June there is held the "Annual Examination," which, in its
+character of searching scrutiny, is like the semi-annual examination
+in January. Cadets who have failed to make the requisite proficiency,
+and are not likely to succeed in future, are discharged.
+
+
+VIII.--It will thus be seen that a person must carry to the Academy a
+certain degree of preparation; good natural parts; an aptitude for
+study; industrious habits; perseverance; a disposition to conform to
+discipline, and correct moral deportment. If deficient in any of these
+respects, it will be best for young men not to enter the Military
+Academy, as they will thus avoid the probabilities of disappointment
+and mortification. Many of those who receive appointments fail,
+through deficiency in the above particulars, to graduate. But it must
+not be understood that those who fail to master the scientific course
+taught at the Military Academy, necessarily incur thereby discredit as
+regards mental ability, since it is by no means rare for intellects
+otherwise strong to be averse to mathematical investigation, or study
+of language.
+
+
+IX.--The pay of a Cadet is $41.66 per month, with one ration per day,
+and is considered sufficient, with proper economy, for his support.
+
+
+
+
+MEMORANDUM
+
+    INDICATING THE METHOD OF EXAMINING CANDIDATES FOR ADMISSION
+        INTO THE MILITARY ACADEMY.
+
+Candidates must be able to read with facility from any book, giving
+the proper intonation and pauses, and to write portions that are read
+aloud for that purpose, spelling the words, and punctuating the
+sentences properly.
+
+In ARITHMETIC they must be able to perform with facility examples
+under the four ground rules, and hence must be familiar with the
+tables of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; and
+must be able to perform examples in reduction and vulgar fractions,
+such as:--
+
+  Add 2/3 to 3/4; subtract 2/5 from 5/6.
+  Multiply 3/4 by 7/8; divide 2/5 by 3/8.
+
+Add together two hundred and thirty-four thousandths (.234),
+twenty-six thousandths (.026), and three thousandths (.003).
+
+Subtract one hundred and sixty-one ten thousandths (.0161) from
+twenty-five hundredths (.25).
+
+Multiply or divide twenty-six hundredths (.26) by sixteen thousandths
+(.016).
+
+They must also be able to change vulgar fractions into decimal
+fractions, and _vice versa_, with examples like the following:--
+
+Change 15/16 into a decimal fraction of the same value.
+
+Change one hundred and two thousandths (.102) into a vulgar fraction
+of the same value.
+
+In Simple and Compound Proportion, examples of various kinds will be
+given, and candidates will be expected to understand the principles of
+the rules which they follow.
+
+In ENGLISH GRAMMAR candidates will be required to exhibit a
+familiarity with the nine parts of speech and the rules in relation
+thereto, and must be able to parse any ordinary sentence which may be
+given them, and generally they must understand those portions of the
+subject usually taught in the higher academies and schools throughout
+the country, comprehended under the heads of Orthography, Etymology,
+Syntax, and Prosody.
+
+In DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY they are to name, locate, and describe the
+natural grand and political divisions of the earth, and be able to
+delineate any one of the States or Territories of the American Union,
+with its principal cities, rivers, lakes, seaports, and mountains.
+
+In HISTORY they must be able to name the periods of the discovery and
+settlement of the North American continent, of the rise and progress
+of the United States, and of the successive wars and political
+administrations through which the country has passed.
+
+
+
+
+COURSE OF STUDY
+
+AND
+
+BOOKS USED AT THE MILITARY ACADEMY.
+
+[Books marked thus * are for Reference.]
+
+
+FIRST YEAR--FOURTH CLASS.
+
+  DEPARTMENT.            TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
+
+                       { Davies' Bourdon's Algebra.
+  Mathematics.         { Davies' Legendre's Geometry and Trigonometry.
+                       { Church's Descriptive Geometry.
+
+                       { Bolmar's Levizac's Grammar, and Verb Book.
+  French               { Agnel's Tabular System.
+  Language.            { Berard's Lecons Francaises.
+                       { *Spier's and Surenne's Dictionary.
+
+  Tactics of Artillery { Practical Instruction in the Schools of the
+  and Infantry.        { Soldier, Company, and Battalion.
+                       { Practical Instruction in Artillery.
+
+  Use of Small Arms    { Instruction in Fencing and Bayonet Exercise.
+
+
+SECOND YEAR--THIRD CLASS.
+
+  DEPARTMENT.            TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
+
+                       { Church's Descriptive Geometry, with its
+                       { application to Spherical Projections.
+  Mathematics.         { Church's Shades, Shadows, and Perspective.
+                       { Davies' Surveying.
+                       { Church's Analytical Geometry.
+                       { Church's Calculus.
+
+                       { Bolmar's Levizac's Grammar and Verb Book.
+                       { Berard's Lecons Francaises. Chapsal's Lecons
+  French               { et Modeles de Literature Francaise.
+  Language.            { Agnel's Tabular System. Rowan's Morceaux
+                       { Choises des Auteurs Modernes.
+                       { *Spier's and Surenne's Dictionary.
+
+                       { Josse's Grammar. Morale's Progressive Reader.
+  Spanish.             { Ollendorf's Oral Method applied to the
+                       { Spanish application by Velasquez and Simonne.
+                       { *Seoane's Neuman and Barretti's Dictionary.
+
+  Drawing.             { Topography, &c.
+
+  Tactics of Infantry  { Practical Instruction in the Schools of the
+  Artillery,           { Soldier, Company, and Battalion.
+  and Cavalry.         { Practical Instruction in Artillery and
+                       { Cavalry.
+
+
+THIRD YEAR--SECOND CLASS.
+
+  DEPARTMENT.            TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
+
+  Natural and          { Bartlett's Mechanics.
+  Experimental         { Bartlett's Acoustics and Optics.
+  Philosophy.          { Bartlett's Astronomy.
+
+  Chemistry.           { Fowne's Chemistry. Chemical Physics from
+                       { Miller.
+
+  Drawing.             { Landscape. Pencil and Colors.
+
+                       { United States Tactics for Garrison, Siege, and
+  Tactics--Artillery,  { Field Artillery. United States Tactics for
+  Cavalry,             { Infantry. Practical Instruction in the Schools
+  and Infantry.        { of the Soldier, Company, and Battalion.
+                       { Practical Instruction in Artillery and Cavalry.
+
+
+FOURTH YEAR--FIRST CLASS.
+
+  DEPARTMENT.            TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
+
+                       { Mahan's Field Fortifications.
+  Military and         { Mahan's Outlines of Permanent Fortification.
+  Civil Engineering    { Mahan's Civil Engineering.
+  and Science          { Mahan's Fortification and Stereotomy.
+  of War.              { Mahan's Advanced Guard and Out Post, etc.
+                       { *Moseley's Mechanics of Engineering.
+
+  Mineralogy and       { Dana's Mineralogy.
+  Geology.             { Hitchcock's Geology.
+
+                       { French's Practical Ethics.
+  Law and Literature.  { Halleck's International Law. Law and Military
+                       { Law, by Prof. French.
+                       { Benet's Military Law and the Practice of
+                       { Courts-Martial.
+
+                       { Practical Instruction in fabricating Fascines,
+                       { Sap Faggots, Gabions, Hurdles, Sap Rollers,
+  Practical Military   { etc.; manner of laying out and constructing
+  Engineering.         { Gun and Mortar Batteries, Field
+                       { Fortifications, and Works of Siege; formation
+                       { of Stockades, Abatis, and other military
+                       { obstacles; and throwing and dismantling
+                       { Ponton Bridges.
+
+                       { United States Tactics for Cavalry.
+  Tactics--Artillery,  { Practical Instruction in the Schools of the
+  Cavalry              { Soldier, Company, and Battalion. Practical
+  and Infantry.        { Instruction in Artillery and Cavalry.
+
+  Ordnance and         { Benton's Ordnance and Gunnery.
+  Gunnery.             { Practical Pyrotechny.
+
+For the information of visitors, the "Police Regulations" of the Post
+of West Point, and the "Regulations of the Encampment," are appended:
+
+
+
+
+POLICE REGULATIONS
+
+FOR THE
+
+MILITARY POST OF WEST POINT, N.Y.
+
+1867.
+
+
+1. "Police Limits" include all territory lying north and east of a
+line running west from the South Gate to its intersection with the
+Fort Putnam road, and thence by the road to the cemetery.
+
+2. To prevent interruption to the duties of the Academy, carriages
+will not be allowed to pass on the road leading by the Academic Hall
+and Cadets' Barrack, during the hours devoted to study; and at no time
+by the Hospital, except when required for the accommodation of
+residents or their visitors, and then at a slow pace.
+
+3. Carriages will be allowed to pass to the West Point Hotel, through
+the South Gate, by the road below the Hospital, or through the West
+Gate.
+
+4. On Sundays the gates will be closed, and no vehicle allowed to
+drive on the Plain without the permission of the Superintendent,
+except for the purpose of conveying persons to and from Divine
+Service, to the ferry landings, to obtain medical assistance, or for
+the private benefit of Officers residing on the Post. Officers will
+not pass public conveyances through the gates on Sunday.
+
+5. Carts and wagons will use the main road, across the Plain, except
+when necessity requires them to go upon the private road passing in
+front of the Quarters, Barrack, and Hospital.
+
+6. Carriages and horses are not permitted to pass, or remain on the
+road in front of the parade-ground, nor to move about in its vicinity
+during parade and reviews.
+
+7. Racing, fast driving, and unnecessary noise at all times is
+prohibited.
+
+8. It is strictly forbidden to drive or ride over any of the
+sidewalks or paths at West Point, or any part of the Plain or grounds
+except the carriage roads.
+
+9. All persons are directed to close the gates after them on entering
+or leaving the public grounds.
+
+10. Officers and citizens may smoke on the Plain; but during the
+performance of any military duty thereon, no smoking will be allowed
+on, or in the vicinity of, that part of the Plain which may be
+occupied for such duty.
+
+11. All persons are prohibited from bathing in the river, during the
+day, anywhere within police limits.
+
+12. All persons whatever, residing or serving at West Point, are
+prohibited from hunting or shooting, or using fire-arms for any
+purpose, within police limits, during week days, and within the limits
+of the public lands on Sundays.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+15. Boats are not permitted to land, except at the public wharves.
+
+16. Every boat, cart, wagon, or vehicle laden with articles, except
+for officers, may be searched by the officers and non-commissioned
+officers of the Guard, or members of the Police.
+
+17. All persons are forbidden to receive or transport across the Post
+any article for excluded individuals.
+
+18. All persons are prohibited from selling any kind of intoxicating
+liquors, beer, cakes, etc., on the Post, without the permission of the
+Superintendent.
+
+19. All enlisted men are prohibited from bringing on the Post, or
+having in their possession, any intoxicating liquor, beer, etc.,
+without the permission of the Superintendent.
+
+20. Persons not connected with the Post, bringing prohibited articles
+thereon, will be promptly removed by the guard or police, and reported
+to the Superintendent, to the end that they may be prosecuted for
+trespass.
+
+21. Pedlers and all improper persons are prohibited from coming on the
+Post.
+
+22. Excursion or Pleasure Parties, etc., are not allowed to land on
+the Post, unless specially authorized by the Superintendent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+26. Cadets will not be allowed to cross the ferries without the
+written permission of the Superintendent. All such permits will be
+returned as soon as practicable by the ferrymen to the Adjutant's
+office.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+29. No person will be allowed to cut wood on the public lands, break
+the branches of the trees on the Plain, at the Cemetery, or in the
+vicinity of Camptown, or to throw stones or sticks into them. Parents
+will be held responsible for the acts of their children violating this
+regulation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+34. No citizen will be allowed to wear the uniform, or parts thereof,
+of officers, cadets, or soldiers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+36. The iron seats in front of the Superintendent's quarters must not
+be occupied by servants and children when required for visitors.
+
+
+
+
+REGULATIONS
+
+FOR THE
+
+ENCAMPMENT OF THE CADETS,
+
+_WEST POINT, N.Y._
+
+1867.
+
+
+1. All Cadets, with the exception hereinafter mentioned, will confine
+themselves to the Encampment. Cadets will always hold themselves in
+readiness for such extra roll calls as the Officer in Charge may be
+directed to have during his tours. On these occasions, the Assembly
+will be sounded on the drum, when each man for duty in each company
+will appear promptly on the company Parade Ground. The companies will
+be formed without further signal by command of the Sergeants, the
+rolls called, and the results immediately reported through the proper
+channels to the Officer of the Day.
+
+2. Cadets will be permitted to wear their fatigue jackets, and their
+coats unbuttoned, in the body of the Encampment. When the Guard are in
+fatigue jackets the Battalion will wear the same to meals.
+
+3. There will be one corporal and four privates detailed daily from
+each company for company Police. A separate Roster for this purpose
+will be kept, and this detail made from the Third and Fourth Classes.
+The company Police party will be formed by the corporal on the company
+ground, at morning and evening Police roll calls, when the company
+ground, and the ground behind the tents, including the company
+Officer's Tents, will be thoroughly policed. The corporal of the
+company Police will be held responsible for the proper police of the
+company grounds at all Inspections, and also that the Tent Walls of
+the Tents, when all the occupants are necessarily absent, are raised
+and lowered at the proper times. He has authority to call on his
+party at any time, for purposes connected with the Police of his
+company.
+
+4. The Guard, on the day succeeding that on which it marched off, will
+constitute the General Police, and will be formed by the Junior
+Officer of the Guard, on the General Parade Ground, at morning and
+evening Police calls, and will police those parts of Camp not policed
+by the company Police party.
+
+5. The Senior Officer of the Guard, on the day succeeding that on
+which he marched off, will be Camp Officer of the Police for that day,
+and will report his presence to the Officer of the Day at all roll
+calls of companies. He will have general charge of the Police of Camp,
+will inspect the Police parties when at work, see that they are all
+present, and that they perform their duties properly.
+
+6. The Officers of the Police will not dismiss their parties until
+after their work has been inspected by the Camp Officer of the Police,
+and not until he has expressed his satisfaction at the manner in which
+it has been done. Should he deem it necessary, at any time during his
+tour, to turn out the Police parties for duty, they will promptly obey
+his orders.
+
+7. All Details for Guard, company Police, etc., will be posted on a
+Bulletin Board, at the Tents of the 1st Sergeants of the companies.
+
+8. The Members of the First Class, between REVEILLE and RETREAT, will
+be permitted to have the limits of the Plain, included within the Main
+Road, passing in rear of Camp, in front of the Hotel Yard, the
+Quarters of the Superintendent, the Barracks, and the Library. Cadets
+can visit the Library during Library hours, but the Barracks and the
+confectioner's can be visited only by special permission.
+
+9. The permission to walk on Public Lands on Saturday afternoons,
+granted to Cadets in Barracks, is withdrawn.
+
+10. Cadets will be allowed to bathe at or near Gee's Point, between
+Reveille and Breakfast, and between Retreat and Tattoo. Cadets wishing
+to bathe, will be formed in the company Parade Ground, and be marched
+to and from the place of bathing, by the Senior Non-commissioned
+Officer present. The members of the Old Guard, during the morning
+after marching off, will be permitted to walk on Public Lands until 1
+o'clock, and bathe at Washington's Valley during the same time, except
+on Sundays, when they will be excused from Divine Service.
+
+11. All Cadets, except Officers of the First Class, will pass in and
+out of Camp by crossing Post No. 1, reporting their departure and
+return to the Officer of the Guard, who will keep a correct list of
+the same, and note the time. Cadets will visit the Commissary's only
+between the hours of 8-1/2 and 9-1/2 A.M., and 1-1/2 and 3 P.M., and
+the Confectioner's between 1 and 4 P.M.
+
+12. Permission to walk on Public Lands, does not include the
+Commissary store out of hours, the Hotel, the Hospital, Wharfs, public
+or private buildings, or any other place on the Point, forbidden by
+Regulations.
+
+13. At Taps, all lights will be extinguished in Camp, except those in
+Tents of Officers of the First Class, of the 1st Sergeants, and the
+Officers and Sergeant of the Guard.
+
+14. Immediately after Taps, the company Officers will inspect their
+companies, and see that all Cadets are properly undressed and in bed;
+they will remain in their company grounds long enough to insure
+quietness and order in their companies, and will report all Cadets who
+leave their Tents for any purpose whatever.
+
+15. Visiting in Camp after Taps is prohibited, and the Officers in the
+performance of their duty will confine themselves to the limits of
+their company grounds.
+
+16. The Officer of the Guard will allow no Cadet, except members of
+his guard, to pace the Posts of Nos. 2 and 6 after Taps, except by
+permission of the Commanding Officer, or the Officer in charge; and he
+will, at all times, preserve proper order and quiet at the Guard
+Tents.
+
+17. Citizens will not be allowed in the body of the Encampment except
+when accompanied by an Officer, or for the purpose of visiting an
+Officer. For the latter purposes, they will be permitted to cross all
+sentinels' posts except those of Nos. 3 and 5. The Officer of the Day,
+and the Officer and Non-commissioned Officers of the Guard, together
+with the sentinels, will, when they observe citizens in camp for any
+other purpose, politely notify them of this order.
+
+18. The Color Guard will remain with the Guard until Retreat, when the
+members will be permitted to go to their own tents. At Reveille, they
+will again join the Guard.
+
+19. All Prisoners and Cadets in arrest, will march to and from meals
+with the Guard, which will be marched both to and from same by an
+officer of the Guard.
+
+20. All Cadets passing within fifteen paces of the Color Line, will
+salute the colors.
+
+21. On Saturday afternoons until Tattoo, the Officer of the Day will
+inspect and verify the presence and behavior of all Cadets in
+confinement, making his rounds for that purpose every hour.
+
+22. Cadets receiving permits will present them to the Officer of the
+Guard, who will register them; and the Cadet taking advantage of it,
+is required to notify the Officer of the Guard of his departure and
+return. All the permits will then be left with the Officer of the
+Guard, who will transmit them, with his report, to the Officer of the
+Day, who will in turn transmit them to the Commandant. Cadets visiting
+the Hotel, will register their permits immediately in the book kept at
+the office for that purpose.
+
+23. No Cadet will be permitted to visit the Hotel before Guard
+Mounting, nor between 1 and 3 P.M., and 7 and 8 P.M.
+
+24. Cadets who are excused from Divine Service, will remain in their
+quarters during the continuance of same. This applies also to those
+who attend either the Catholic or Methodist service.
+
+25. Members of the Guard will not leave the Guard Tents without
+permission from the Officer of the Guard, who will see that their
+absence is not unnecessarily long.
+
+26. Cadets will not be permitted to smoke outside the body of the
+Encampment.
+
+27. All official communications from Cadets will be made in proper
+forms, and must pass through the hands of their company Commanders.
+
+28. It is requested of Officers and citizens that they will not smoke
+on the General Parade Ground, or when crossing a sentinel's post.
+
+29. The Guard will permit no person except Cadets, Officers, their
+servants, or Orderlies, to enter camp during the absence of the
+Battalion.
+
+30. The Guard will be formed and inspected at Reveille, Retreat, and
+Tattoo, and during Parades will remain formed.
+
+31. Cadets in arrest or confinement, wishing to bathe, will apply to
+the Commandant for permission, and be marched from and back in charge
+of a guard.
+
+32. Cadets performing extra tours of punishment, will not be put on
+the Color Line.
+
+33. No Cadet will employ another to do any duty for which he has been
+detailed, without permission.
+
+34. Cadets on sick report will not apply for permission to visit.
+
+35. The body of the Encampment is defined to be that portion of the
+Encampment included between the company Officers' Tents and the Front
+Line of company Tents.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] EDWARD SHIPPEN ARNOLD was born at Philadelphia, March 19th, 1780;
+he entered the East India Company's service, and became a Lieutenant
+of Cavalry and Paymaster of Mattra. He died in India in 1813.
+
+[B] BENEDICT ARNOLD was twice married, and had three sons by his first
+wife. BENEDICT, the eldest, was an Officer of Artillery in the British
+Army, and died young in the West Indies. HENRY and RICHARD both
+entered the King's Service after their father's defection, as
+Lieutenants of a Cavalry Legion, commanded by their father.
+
+By his second marriage (April 8th, 1779), General ARNOLD became the
+father of four sons and one daughter.
+
+EDWARD SHIPPEN ARNOLD, the eldest already mentioned; JAMES ROBERTSON
+ARNOLD, the second son entered the Royal Engineers in 1798, and served
+at Bermuda, Nova Scotia, and in New Brunswick. In 1841 he was
+appointed a Major-General in the British Army, and rose to be a
+Lieutenant-General in 1851. He was a Knight of the Hanoverian Order of
+the Guelph, also a Knight of the Turkish Order of the Crescent. He
+died in service in 1854.
+
+GEORGE ARNOLD, the third son, was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Bengal
+Cavalry, and died in India in 1828. WILLIAM FITCH ARNOLD, the fourth
+son, became a Captain of Lancers in the British Army. SOPHIA MATILDA
+ARNOLD married a Colonel in the East India Company's Service.
+
+General ARNOLD died in London, June 14th, 1801. The following notice
+appeared in the _Gentleman's Magazine_. "At his house in Gloucester
+Place, Brigadier-General ARNOLD. His remains were interred at Brompton
+on the 21st. Seven mourning coaches and four State coaches formed the
+cavalcade."--_Loyalists of the American Revolution_--SABINE--_British
+Army Register_.
+
+
+
+
+  A Standard Work for every Public and Private Library.
+
+  HISTORY
+  OF
+  WEST POINT,
+
+  AND ITS
+
+  Military Importance During the American Revolution,
+
+  AND THE
+
+  ORIGIN AND PROGRESS
+
+  OF THE
+
+  UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.
+
+  BY CAPTAIN EDWARD C. BOYNTON, A.M.,
+
+  ADJUTANT OF THE MILITARY ACADEMY.
+
+  ONE VOLUME OCTAVO, 408 PAGES.
+
+  Printed on Tinted Paper, beautifully Illustrated with Maps and
+  Fine Engravings, chiefly from Photographs taken on the
+  spot by the Author; bound in blue cloth,
+  bevelled boards, $6.00.
+  D. VAN NOSTRAND, Publisher,
+
+  192 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
+
+  Copies sent free by mail on receipt of Price.
+
+
+Part First
+
+Relates to the early acquisition of West Point by the United States,
+and the military importance of the Post during the period of the
+American Revolution; embracing the rise and progress of the
+fortifications, and the purchase and arrangement of the Great Chain,
+designed to obstruct the navigation of the Hudson River, drawn from
+authentic documents, and illustrated by Maps and Engravings never
+before published.
+
+The perfidious designs of Benedict Arnold, and his connection with
+Major John Andre, Adjutant-General of the British Army in America, are
+succinctly described, together with the "Proceedings of the Board of
+General Officers," in the case of Major Andre, in a _fac-simile_ form
+as published at the time by the authority of the Continental Congress.
+
+The grand _feu de joie_ at West Point on the occasion of the birth of
+the Dauphin of France, in 1782, with all the changes in the Garrison
+prior to the beginning of the present century, and many of the Orders
+of Washington from this spot, are now for the first time given to the
+public.
+
+
+Part Second
+
+Describes the origin of the Military Academy, and its progress down to
+the present date; the recognition of the necessity for such an
+institution at the very commencement of the Revolution, and the
+accumulated opinions in its favor upon the restoration of peace, as
+pronounced by the leading minds in the country, are given.
+
+The Constitutionality of the institution, its alleged aristocratic
+tendencies, and the services of its graduates in and without the
+military profession, are treated at length.
+
+The progress of the institution under each successive Superintendent,
+the erection and removal of the Early Public Buildings, illustrated by
+accurate Engravings and Descriptions, together with those of modern
+date, will be found to constitute an interesting feature in the work.
+
+To those who seek admission into the Military Academy, or who desire
+to know the manner of selecting Cadets and making appointments, the
+course of life, the employment of time, and the duties of instruction
+afterward, full and complete information has been carefully prepared
+and imparted to the reader.
+
+To the visitor or tourist, the work points out and describes (with the
+aid of a Map) all the objects of interest connected with the old
+Forts, and the Public Buildings, as they exist, and the method of
+obtaining access to all such is given.
+
+
+The Appendix
+
+Contains the roll of the Academic Staff, from the commencement of the
+institution; the five most distinguished Cadets in each class from
+1817 to the present date, as published by the War Department; a
+numerical list of all the Cadets who have been _admitted_ into the
+Military Academy, and the States and Territories whence appointed; a
+similar list of all the _graduates_ of the institution, together with
+a synopsis of all the laws of the United States relative to the
+Military Academy, and a sketch of military education and the military
+schools in Europe.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These are a few only of the subjects of interest to be found in the
+work. No efforts has been spared to encompass and exhaust the whole
+subject, with the view to render the work _an authority_.
+
+
+List of Maps and Illustrations.
+
+    1. VIEW OF WEST POINT ON THE HUDSON RIVER. 1780.
+         (_Fac-simile._) A perspective view, by Major L'Enfant,
+         Engineer, of the west side of the Highlands, above and
+         below the Point, twelve miles in extent, with the camps of
+         the army and the fortifications plainly indicated.
+
+    2. MAP OF WEST POINT AND ITS FORTIFICATIONS. 1780.
+         (_Fac-simile._) This map of Maj. Villefranche, Engineer, is
+         said to have been used at the interview between Arnold and
+         Andre.
+
+    3. MAP OF FORT CONSTITUTION, ON CONSTITUTION ISLAND. 1776.
+
+    4. MAP OF FORT ARNOLD. 1780. (_Fac-simile._)
+
+    5. ARRANGEMENT OF THE GREAT BOOM AND CHAIN ACROSS THE HUDSON AT
+         WEST POINT. 1780.
+
+    6. MARTELAER'S ROCK (Constitution Island).
+
+    7. MAP OF THE WEST SIDE OF THE HUDSON RIVER. 1780.
+         (_Fac-simile._) From Haverstraw to West Point, illustrating
+         the capture of Forts Montgomery and Clinton.
+
+    8. RELIC OF THE GREAT CHAIN OF THE REVOLUTION.
+
+    9. MAP OF THE SCENE OF ARNOLD'S TREASON.
+
+    10. CHAPTER VIGNETTE.
+
+    11. GRAND ARBOR AND COLONNADE AT WEST POINT IN 1782.
+         (_Fac-simile._) _Colored._
+
+    12. ROBINSON'S HOUSE IN THE HIGHLANDS.
+
+    13. RUINS OF FORT CONSTITUTION. _From the West Point Hotel._
+
+    14. RUINS OF FORT PUTNAM (_interior view_).
+
+    15. MAP OF THE COMMISSION IN 1812, RELATIVE TO THE UNITED STATES
+         LANDS AT WEST POINT.
+
+    16. SURVEY OF THE UNITED STATES LANDS AT WEST POINT. 1839.
+
+    17. MAP OF WEST POINT IN 1863, _with all the details_.
+
+    18. FORT PUTNAM, _from the West Point Hotel_. 1863.
+
+    19. THE OLD ACADEMIC BUILDING, _looking south-east_.
+
+    20. THE OLD MESS-HALL, _looking south-west_.
+
+    21. THE OLD NORTH BARRACKS, _looking north-east_.
+
+    22. THE OLD SOUTH BARRACKS, _looking south-east_.
+
+    23. THE NEW MESS-HALL, _looking south-west_.
+
+    24. THE NEW ACADEMIC BUILDING, _looking south-west_.
+
+    25. THE NEW CADET BARRACKS, _looking south-east_.
+
+    26. THE LIBRARY AND OBSERVATORY, _looking south-east_.
+
+    27. THE WEST POINT HOTEL, _looking north-west_.
+
+    28. THE CHAPEL, _north front_.
+
+    29. THE THIRTEEN-INCH MORTAR AT THE SEACOAST BATTERY.
+
+    30. THE TROPHY GUNS.
+
+    31. KOSCIUSZKO'S MONUMENT.
+
+    32. THE CADET'S MONUMENT.
+
+    33. DADE'S MONUMENT.
+
+    34. WOOD'S MONUMENT.
+
+    35. MILITARY ACADEMY BAND.
+
+    36. THE ENCAMPMENT.
+
+
+NOTICES OF THE PRESS.
+
+"The author has, with painstaking industry, gathered into one view
+whatever could be gleaned from our annals, not only in regard to the
+origin and progress of the Military Academy, but in reference to the
+previous history of West Point as an important Military Station during
+the American Revolution.
+
+"This work is a valuable addition to our historical literature, and
+will furnish to the thousands of graduates from the West Point Academy
+a most valuable _souvenir_ of their _alma mater_."--_Army and Navy
+Journal._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"The associations of West Point, the seat of the United States
+Military Academy, are in this respect remarkable, that they derive
+their interest exclusively from the circumstances incidental to the
+birth and progress of the nation. The history of the place is an
+important part of the nation's history. It was the objective point in
+that drama of Arnold's treason, which, by involving the fate of Andre,
+is remembered as one of the most romantic incidents in the story of
+the war. The aspect of the place in connection with the events of that
+time is given by that method of description which always leaves the
+sense of historic verity. The author has presented his subject not so
+much in his own narrative as by a judicious combination of extracts
+from documents and papers of original authority; although his own
+observations, by way of correction and explanation, are given in good
+taste, and indicate a candid judgment. Capt. Boynton's book should
+command the interest of those who know most of West Point, and of
+those who know nothing about it."--_Atlantic Monthly._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"It records the earliest attempt at instituting a Military School by
+the Continental Congress in 1776. It conducts us through the life of
+the institution, arguing with terseness its constitutionality,
+defending its educational principles, and explaining the necessity for
+its preservation. We commend this volume to our readers with perfect
+confidence, believing that they will be more than amply repaid by its
+careful perusal. We ourselves have lingered with pleasure over its
+pages, and predict for the work great success, as one of the most
+valuable and interesting additions that has of late years been made to
+our historical literature."--_United Service Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Aside from its value as an historical record, the volume under notice
+is _an entertaining guide-book to the Military Academy and its
+surroundings_. We have full details of Cadet life from the day of
+entrance to that of graduation, together with descriptions of the
+buildings, grounds, and monuments. To the multitude of those who have
+enjoyed at West Point the combined attractions, this book will give in
+its descriptive and illustrated portion especial pleasure; while the
+critical reader will be quite ready to agree fully with the modest
+author, that a 'nucleus of truth' has been established as a basis for
+a more minute history, if such should ever be needed."--_New York
+Evening Post._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"The second part of the book gives the history of the Military Academy
+from its foundation in 1802, a description of the Academic buildings,
+and the appearance to-day of this always beautiful spot, with the
+manner of appointment of the Cadets, course of study, pay, time of
+service, and much other information yearly becoming of greater value,
+for West Point has not yet reached its palmiest days.
+
+"The book is beautifully printed on thick tinted paper, with excellent
+illustrations and an abundance of those fine clear-cut maps in which
+your true West Pointer so much delights."--_Boston Daily Advertiser._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"We cannot close without thanking Capt. BOYNTON for the vast amount of
+information so well collated in his book, and for his clear statement
+of the history and condition of the Academy from the beginning to the
+present time."--_North American Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Typographical errors corrected in text:                   |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Page 71: acccording replaced with according               |
+    | page 99: Reveille replaced with Reveille                  |
+    |                                                           |
+    | Reader should note that Thlonalosassa, Florida listed on  |
+    | page 41, is likely Thonotosassa, Florida. The spelling has|
+    | been retained.                                            |
+    |                                                           |
+    +-----------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Guide to West Point, and the U.S.
+Military Academy, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO WEST POINT, AND THE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 39188.txt or 39188.zip *****
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