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diff --git a/39188.txt b/39188.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6d45786 --- /dev/null +++ b/39188.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2652 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Guide to West Point, and the U.S. Military +Academy, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: Guide to West Point, and the U.S. Military Academy + +Author: Various + +Contributor: Edward Carlisle Boynton + +Release Date: March 18, 2012 [EBook #39188] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO WEST POINT, AND THE *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by the Library of Congress) + + + + + + + * * * * * + + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + | Transcriber's Note: | + | | + | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For | + | a complete list, please see the end of this document. | + | | + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + + * * * * * + + [Illustration: ARMSTRONG GUN FROM FORT FISHER.] + + + + + GUIDE + + TO + + WEST POINT, + + AND THE + + U.S. MILITARY ACADEMY. + + WITH + + MAPS AND ENGRAVINGS. + + + NEW YORK: + D. VAN NOSTRAND, 192 BROADWAY. + 1867. + + + + +GUIDE TO WEST POINT. + + +Fifty-one miles above New York, on the west bank of the Hudson river, +in the midst of scenery of the most picturesque and impressive +character, and on a bold shelving plateau, formed by the crossing of a +range of the Alleghany Mountains, which here assume almost Alpine +proportions, is a name dear to every lover of his country--a name +replete with memories of the struggle for Independence, and clustering +with historic associations. + +WEST POINT, the property of the United States by purchase, possesses a +primary interest from its military importance during the period of the +American Revolution, and a secondary one from its being the seat of +the National Military Academy. The creative hand of natural +beauty--the romance of war--the distinguished career of those who +have gone forth from this locality in the defense of American Liberty, +and the spectacle presented by those preparing for future public +usefulness, have united to inspire the visitor with emotions unlike +those excited at any place of popular resort within the limits of the +United States. + +Ninety years ago, when West Point possessed no attraction beyond that +presented by similar adjoining wild and uncultivated woodland tracts +in the Highlands, a band of Commissioners, appointed by the Provincial +Congress of the Colony of New York, instituted an undertaking which +first imparted a public interest to this favored spot. The war for +American Independence was in progress, and then, as now, the Hudson +river afforded the principal channel of communication between the +theatre of the strife and the country lying northward to Canada and +the west. + +Nor was its importance thus limited. As a strategic line, separating +the New England Colonies from the more productive region south-west +of them, the control of the Hudson became, early in the war, one of +the principal objects toward which the attention of the military +authorities directing the contending parties was attracted. + +Between abrupt and lofty mountains above West Point, the gorge through +which the river flows, yet bearing its ancient name of Wey Gat, or +Wind Gate, is partially obstructed at its lower entrance, by a long +and narrow island, once named Martelaer's Rock, but now known as +Constitution Island. In pursuance of their instructions, made with +singular lack of judgment, upon this island the Commissioners landed, +and under the direction of an engineer, appointed by the Colony, a +work named Fort Constitution was commenced in August, 1775, and +completed at a heavy expense, designed to defend, with a powerful +armament of artillery, the approach up the river. Thus unfortunately +located, and easily destroyed by an overlooking battery at West Point, +or by a land approach on the east side of the river, the fort was +abandoned and fired on the first appearance of a British force, on +the 8th of October, 1777, immediately following the assault and +capture by Sir Henry Clinton, of Forts Montgomery and Clinton, four +miles below. + +Notwithstanding this early recognition of the necessity for +obstructing and controling the Hudson, no attempt was made to occupy +West Point until after the urgent recommendations of Washington, +Governor Clinton and Lord Stirling--the latter of whom had thoroughly +examined and reported upon the immediate necessity for defending this +most important point. + +Operations were commenced by a brigade of Continental troops, under +the command of General Parsons, on January 20, 1778, and before June +in the same year, the work yet preserved, was thrown up on the +north-east angle of the plateau, and named FORT ARNOLD. To cover the +work, early in April, a body of Massachusetts troops, under Colonel +Rufus Putnam, began to erect a fort constructed of earth and logs, on +Mount Independence, overlooking the plain, which was named, in honor +of their commander, FORT PUTNAM. The old fort yet in existence, +bearing the same name, is a relic built, for the most part, in 1794. +Forts Webb and Wyllis, lying to the south and named after regimental +commanders, were commenced at the same time with Fort Putnam, and were +designed to protect West Point from an approach southward by land. All +these operations were conducted under the direction of Major-General +McDougall, commanding in the Highlands; and in 1779, they were further +strengthened and improved, while additional works were thrown up known +as redoubts Nos. 1, 2 and 3, covering the Eagle Valley road to the +west; redoubt No. 4, on Rocky Hill, in rear of Fort Putnam, and +redoubts Nos. 5, 6 and 7, on Constitution Island, by Kosciuszko as the +engineer, acting under the general direction of Washington, whose +headquarters were established at West Point during a portion of the +same year. + +The works known as the North and South redoubts, in rear of Garrison's +Station, were erected to defend the land approach on the east side of +the river. + +An interesting letter and accompanying map, from Kosciuszko, relating +to these works, is here published for the first time: + + "WEST POINT, 25TH APRIL, 1779. + + "SIR: I send you a ruff map of West Point, with indication as + you desire from me, about the Public Buildings, and the Works. + + "The Carpenters Compliend about the provision, that he have not + enof; he beg your honor to allow them more bred. + + a House full of Ammunition. + b The Barracks. + c The Carpenter's House. + d The Commissary House. + e For the Fourage. + f The Huts. + g The Read House. + h Baker's House. + i Provision House. + k Small Commissary House. + l Smock House. + m The Barracks. + n The Steble, + o Of the Artellery Officer's House + p Artellery Barracks. + q Greaton's Battery. + r Chain Battery begun last summer. + s Redoubt for fivety men begun last Summer. + t Redoubt for fivety men begun last Summer. + u Guard House. + w Guard House not covered. + x Point of (Projected) Block House with Bumprove for + fivety men. + y Swamps. + + Your Most Humble Servant + (Signed) THAD KOSCIUSZKO + Col. + + The Honorable + Major General MCDOUGALL, + Peekskill." + + [Illustration: MAP OF WEST POINT] + +While these land defenses were planned and situated to aid in +controling the passage of the Hudson, a formidable obstruction was +made by stretching across the river at its narrowest point, a boom of +huge short logs, united at the ends by chains so as to resemble a rope +ladder, and a few yards higher up, an immense chain was buoyed up on +logs, extending across from one shore to the other. This chain was +made by Noble, Townsend & Company, at the Stirling Iron Works, yet in +operation near the Sloatsburg Station, on the Erie Railroad, about +twenty-five miles from West Point. It was carried in pieces to New +Windsor on wagons, put together there, and floated down the river into +its position, in April, 1778. A portion of the chain is preserved, and +is to be seen lying in a grove on the north side of the Plain. The +links are made of two-inch bar iron, and each weighs about 120 pounds. +The entire chain weighed 186 tons. + +Thus it will be seen, from its natural advantages, its defenses, and +its obstructions, West Point was the key to the passage of the +Hudson, and as matters stood in 1780, it was in fact an American +Gibraltar. The British, then in possession of the city of New York, +and thus prevented from the employment of vessels to maintain +communication with the Northern Provinces, and unable to penetrate the +country amid the desolate wildernesses which covered its face, found +themselves restricted to surprising detached points, or raids, from +which the patriots speedily recovered, and no northern campaign, save +that of Burgoyne, which ended in defeat and surrender, was attempted, +chiefly from their inability to control the passage of the Hudson. + +The winter of 1779 and 1780 was one of unexampled severity for the +patriot army in the North, while in the South the surrender of +Charleston and the disaster at Camden, had inspired universal gloom. A +cloud of witnesses of the best authority bear testimony that at that +period the majority of the American people manifested a willingness +to cease further resistance, and return to their allegiance under the +British King. + +In the midst of these forebodings there burst upon the nation the +knowledge of a plot so comprehensive and momentous in all the +circumstances attending it, and in the results designed to be +accomplished, that even in its failure it struck terror and dismay to +the hearts of all true lovers of American independence. This mighty +plot comprehended not only the surrender of West Point, with all its +garrison and armament, but had also for its object the betrayal of +Washington and his staff into the hands of Sir Henry Clinton, the +British Commander of the King's forces in America. + +Major General BENEDICT ARNOLD, an officer of the patriot army, who had +risen from the grade of Captain for gallant and perilous services in +the contest, sought and received an assignment to command at West +Point and its dependencies in August, 1780. Embittered by a few real, +and many imaginary grievances, this officer had long but secretly +become disaffected towards the American cause. After evidence has +established the fact, that he deliberately bargained with the British +Commander to become a traitor to the land of his birth--to sell for a +stipulated price the trust confided to him, and to betray his command +into the hands of the enemy. To accomplish this object he entered into +negotiations secretly with Sir Henry Clinton, by which it was agreed +that he should make such a disposition of his forces as would enable +the British Commander effectually to surprise West Point. + +John Anderson and Colonel Beverly Robinson were the agents on the part +of the British, and with them Arnold opened "a regular channel of +communication." The correspondence becoming protracted, a personal +interview was demanded by Arnold to bring the matter to a final +settlement, at which he was to furnish plans of West Point, and +returns of its armament and garrison. With this object in view, John +Anderson left New York on horseback, and proceeded up the river with +the intention of holding the proposed interview on board the British +sloop-of-war "Vulture," anchored off Teller's, now called Croton +Point. Difficulties having been thrown in the way of this arrangement, +Anderson was induced to leave the vessel and go ashore at midnight, in +a boat sent by Arnold, and meet the latter on the west bank of the +Hudson, a little below the village of Haverstraw. He had been directed +by Sir Henry Clinton not to enter the American lines, and not to +assume any disguise, but under a pressure of circumstances, he did +both, and thus became exposed to the character of a spy, violating the +laws of war. The meeting between Anderson and Arnold, while discussing +their infamous plans, was prolonged until the dawn of day, when the +state of the tide and the risk of being discovered by the American +pickets, so alarmed the boatmen, that neither the threats nor +entreaties of the two principals could induce them to return to the +"Vulture." + +In the hope of making a successful return to the vessel on the next +night, both parties sought refuge in the house of a noted Tory, living +in Haverstraw, named Joshua Hett Smith. They had scarcely found +themselves safe within the house, when an event occurred which +seriously threatened the whole object of the interview. The proximity +of the "Vulture" to the American lines was such, that a fire was +opened upon her by a battery on shore, and she was compelled to drop +down the river, thus preventing Anderson from returning to New York by +that opportunity. In the afternoon Arnold returned in his barge to his +headquarters, while Anderson, filled with thoughts of the great +advantage the arrangement must confer upon his King and country, and +with the glory and promotion awaiting himself, could not avoid +reflecting upon the great personal danger to which he was exposed, +surrounded by enemies, and having concealed about his person the +proofs of his character as a spy. He had been furnished by Arnold with +two passports, one to return by water in case that method again became +practicable, and the other by a land route on the east side of the +river, authorized him "to go to the lines at White Plains, or lower if +he thought proper, being on public business." Choosing the latter +mode, in the evening Anderson, accompanied by Smith, crossed the +Hudson at Stony Point, and commenced his hazardous journey. + +The party proceeded with little or no interruption, and once beyond +the sight of patroling parties, Anderson's naturally buoyant spirit +resumed its wonted cheerfulness, and he astonished his companion by +the sudden change from taciturn despondency to unusual hilarity. +Poetry, art and literature, formed alternate themes of discourse, and +already he seemed to behold the reduction of the Colonies and the end +of the war--a consummation to which his own sagacity and personal +daring would so largely have contributed. Near Pine's Bridge, a few +miles above Tarrytown, Smith parted from him to return to Fishkill, +while Anderson pursued his way onward, until three armed militia-men, +lying in wait for suspicious men and cattle going to New York, brought +him to a stand. Under the impression that they were adherents of the +British from their replies to his inquiries, he announced himself a +British officer, and exhibited his passport, but it was too late, the +fatal admission was made. The men took him into the bushes and +searched him, when six papers, mostly in Arnold's handwriting, were +found inside of his stockings and beneath his feet, filled with +details of the state of the forces, ordnance, and defenses at West +Point. Patriotically disdaining the proffered bribe of a purse of gold +and permanent support and promotion on condition of suffering him to +proceed, the captors conveyed him to Colonel Jameson, who commanded +the nearest American outpost at North Castle. This officer, +unaccountably bewildered, resolved to dispatch the captive to Arnold, +to whose command he belonged, in spite of the damning proof of the +former's treachery. Major Tallmadge, the second officer in command at +the post, was absent when Anderson was brought in, and did not return +until evening. When Jameson told him what had occurred, he was filled +with amazement, and openly declared that Arnold was a traitor, +offering to take upon himself the responsibility of acting on that +conviction. To this Jameson would not listen, but he finally yielded +to the entreaties of Tallmadge to recall Anderson, while he persisted +in sending a note to Arnold, informing him of the suspicious arrest of +the prisoner. The six papers he had already dispatched to be delivered +to Washington. The messenger sent to recall Anderson overtook the +party and returned with them to North Castle. Conscious that his fate +was sealed, exposure inevitable, and proofs of his own and Arnold's +crime more than ample, Anderson paced up and down the apartment with +measured step, pondering on the gloomy prospect which awaited him, +while Tallmadge sat watching him, more and more convinced that the +indifferently dressed prisoner before him had been bred to the +profession of arms. On the next morning the captive wrote a letter to +Washington, describing the manner in which he came within the American +lines, and announced himself to be Major JOHN ANDRE, the +Adjutant-General of the British army. + +The state of inactivity of the patriot forces had impelled Count +Rochambeau, the Commander of the Allied French army, to request an +interview with Washington at Hartford, Conn. Two days before the +conference between Arnold and Andre, Washington wrote Arnold to meet +him at Peekskill with a guard of fifty men, and forage for forty +horses. Arnold came down from West Point in his barge, and crossed +over with Washington at King's Ferry, plying between Verplank's and +Stony Point. The "Vulture" was then anchored off in full view, and +Washington observed her through a telescope for a long time, +conversing with his staff in a low tone. Arnold witnessed the scene +with more than ordinary feelings of alarm, and was startled by a +playful remark of Lafayette, who said, "General, as you have secret +correspondence with the enemy, you must tell us what has become of +Guichen." Thrown off his guard, Arnold sharply demanded what the +Marquis alluded to, but almost immediately the boat arrived at the +landing, and the retort passed unnoticed. The night was passed at +Peekskill, and when next morning Washington proceeded on his way, +Arnold returned to his headquarters at the Robinson House, opposite +West Point. In returning, after the meeting with Rochambeau, +Washington pursued the upper route to the Hudson, arriving at +Fishkill, so as to enable him to visit West Point before returning to +his camp in New Jersey. This change in his route caused him to miss +the papers sent after him by Jameson, which had been found on the +person of Andre, and during his brief visit the plot had matured, +ripened, and Andre had been captured. + +Two days after the latter occurrence, Washington left Fishkill and +pushed on down to the Robinson House, only some ten miles distant, +intending to breakfast with Arnold. On arriving opposite West Point, +instead of continuing on to Arnold's quarters, he rode toward the +North and South redoubts. "General," said Lafayette, "you are going in +the wrong direction, and you know Mrs. Arnold is waiting breakfast for +us." "Ah!" said Washington, "you young men are all in love with Mrs. +Arnold, and wish to get where she is as soon as possible; go, and take +your breakfast with her, and tell her not to wait for me; I must first +examine the redoubts on this side of the river." + +As most of the staff officers proposed to accompany him, only two went +forward to tell the Arnolds not to wait, and finding breakfast ready, +they sat down with the family at the table. During the repast a note +was brought to Arnold, who opened it and read it; the note was from +Jameson, as before mentioned, and announced the capture of Anderson, +conveying, of course, to Arnold, the failure of the whole conspiracy. +Betraying but slight outward emotion, although his life was in +imminent peril, he merely remarked that his presence was required +across the river at West Point, and with a slight apology, he left the +room followed by his wife. In the privacy of their own chamber he told +her they must part--possibly forever--and that his life depended on +his reaching the British lines; then pressing a kiss upon his sleeping +infant boy,[A] he passed down stairs, mounted a horse, and dashed down +a narrow rocky path leading to the landing, where his barge was lying, +just on the south side of the point through which the Hudson River +Railroad now cuts its way. Pretending that he was going with a flag of +truce, he excited the boatmen to powerful efforts by promised +rewards, and the boat sped through the water, carrying the panting +renegade to the "Vulture" below, passing Verplank's Point batteries +under cover of a white handkerchief raised upon a stick. + +Meanwhile, Washington having completed his inspection, arrived at the +Robinson House, where he was informed that Arnold had been called +across the river. After a hasty breakfast, he concluded not to await +Arnold's return, but to follow him to West Point. As the barge swept +over the water, amid the majestic scenery of the Hudson, Washington +remarked, "Well, gentlemen, I am glad General Arnold has gone before +us, for we shall now receive a salute, and the roaring of the guns +will have a fine effect among these mountains." But no salute boomed +upon their expectant ears, and no preparations were visible for +tendering one. As the boat drew near the shore, an officer was seen +coming down the hill, who proved to be Colonel Lamb, the temporary +commander. Astounded at seeing the Commander-in-Chief, he commenced +an apology, which was interrupted by Washington. "How is this, sir, is +not General Arnold here?" "No, sir," replied the Colonel, "he has not +been here these two days, nor have I heard from him in that time." +"This is extraordinary," replied Washington, "he left word that he had +crossed over here; however, the object of our visit must not be +defeated, and since we are here we will look around and see in what +state things are with you." He then ascended to Fort Putnam, examined +it and the various redoubts, and returned to Arnold's house, where +Hamilton gave him the dispatch, which had arrived during his absence +from Jameson, containing the papers found on Andre, and the letter +from the latter to himself. The treason of Arnold was now fully +exposed, but as some hours had elapsed he was already beyond pursuit. +Calling in Generals Knox and Lafayette, Washington explained what had +occurred, showing the proofs of the treachery, and, pathetically +appealing to them, he exclaimed, "Whom can we trust now?" + +Standing on a mine which might explode at any instant, he was +outwardly as calm as ever; he even sought Mrs. Arnold, and kindly +attempted to soothe her frenzied excitement which found vent in +alternate wailings and reproaches that would have pierced +insensibility itself. Although Washington seemed unchanged, he was +fully alive to his danger. He rapidly wrote his commands, and hastily +dispatched couriers in every direction to arouse the camps, till at +length, having done all in his power to avert the threatened evil, he +retired to rest late at night, fully expecting to be aroused before +daylight by the roar of British artillery. + +We now know the happy result, and that, under the providence of God, +much of it was due to the promptitude and foresight of Washington. We +now see the momentous consequences which would have followed the +consummation of Arnold's baseness; how, and by what a singular change +of events, Washington's visit was delayed, and Arnold's escape +effected, while even now, we recoil as we learn how a single +expression dropped by Andre, prevented the springing of a mine which +would have inevitably insured a failure to achieve our independence, +and have left us colonial dependents upon the British Government. +Andre was conveyed to the Robinson House, and thence to West Point, +from which place he was removed to the village of Tappan, opposite +Irvington, on the Hudson River Railroad, where a Board of General +Officers, presided over by Major General Greene, was assembled to +inquire into the facts of his case, and report their opinion. The +Board found him acting in the character of a spy, and were of the +opinion that, agreeably to the laws and usages of war, he ought to +suffer death. In spite of every possible exertion of Sir Henry +Clinton, the universal sympathy of the American officers, and the +grief of Washington, whose heart was wrung with anguish when he gave +the death-warrant, Andre was executed at Tappan, on the 2d of +October, 1780, and died, in truth, "lamented even by his foes." + +The miserable and unhappy career of Arnold need not be pursued. +Rewarded by the British Government with a Brigadier-General's +commission and a grant of L10,000, he died in London in 1801.[B] + + [Illustration: CONSTITUTION ISLAND] + +To the visitor at West Point, the objective spot of the stirring +scenes described, each wooded height and rocky bluff recalls the times +when our fathers, regardless of personal hardship, suffering and +death, labored to secure the priceless boon of freedom. + + "There's not a verdant blade, nor mountain hoary, + But treasures up the memories of freedom's story." + +One hundred and fifty-seven feet above the river, on a plateau, +embracing about fifty acres of level ground, stands the UNITED STATES +MILITARY ACADEMY, established by an Act of Congress in 1802. The +approach to this plateau from the steam-ferry landing, is up a +carriage road, excavated in the almost perpendicular rocky bank, +conveying the visitor past the Riding-hall, the Cavalry stables, and +the Library building, to the crest of the plain, where the natural +beauty of the latter, and its wonderful adaptation for locating a +great military educational institution, first excites admiration. The +plateau, which affords ample space for all military evolutions +appertaining to artillery, infantry, and cavalry, is bounded on the +west by lofty and rugged hills, at the base of which are situated the +various Academic buildings, the Cadet Barracks, and the residences of +the officers and professors. + +Proceeding on to the West Point Hotel, an old fort is seen on the +north-east angle of the plain, known as FORT ARNOLD, until the treason +of the apostate became exposed, when the name, thenceforth unknown in +American history, was changed to FORT CLINTON. From the Hotel, +situated on the north side of the plain, the lake-like river view is +unobstructed for nearly ten miles, and presents in its constantly +varying aspect of sunlight and shadow on the rugged mountain sides, in +its periods of storm and repose on the water, and in its ever changing +variety of steamers and river craft, a scene which for boldness and +beauty stands unrivalled even in America, and is elsewhere unknown +throughout the world. The pencil of the artist, the skill of the +photographer, and the depths of language, have striven to portray the +exceeding loveliness of the vista presented from this spot, while +tourists fresh from the Alpine beauties of Switzerland and the Rhine, +from Italy, Scotland and Wales, and from the overland wilds of the +Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, alike render homage to the +glorious landscape here spread before them. + +Immediately to the north, and almost at the feet of the spectator, +lies Constitution Island, with the exposed ruins of old Fort +Constitution near the water's edge, and a little below which the end +of the great chain was attached; while beyond may be seen the forge +and furnace stacks of the Foundry, and the spires and dwellings in the +village of Cold Spring. To the right, and farther up, Bull Hill and +Breakneck Mountains, rise respectively 1,580 and 1,187 feet, the +latter bearing Pollopel's Island, nearly opposite, while the city of +Newburg, with the Shawangunk Mountain range for a background, fades +away almost imperceptibly in the distance. On the left, the Crow Nest +towers 1,428 feet above the water, with Washington's Valley nestling +between it and the Cemetery. "Moore's House," from which the orders of +Washington emanated in 1779, was situated in the valley bearing his +name. + +Leaving the Hotel by a pathway to the west, the visitor is conducted +to the siege battery of rifled guns, exhibiting the form and structure +of a field work, and from thence to a grove of elms, where a variety +of trophy guns are to be seen, taken during the Revolution, in the war +of 1812, in Mexico, and in the late rebellion. A portion of the great +chain surrounds the beautiful gun "Le Monarque," presented by Congress +to Lafayette, and one or two mortars captured by General Wayne at +Stony Point. Beside the antique mortars and guns from Mexico, +inscribed with the names of the places from which they came, there are +two English rifled Blakely guns, from Fort Pulaski, two carronades, or +ship's pivot guns, from Hilton Head, one 8-inch rifled Blakely, from +Fort Morgan, all captured from the rebels; and the fragments of Gen. +Gilmore's famous 30-pound Parrott gun, from Morris Island, which +hurled 4,606 projectiles at Charleston before it assumed its present +condition. These trophies, scarred and bruised by shot, and many other +large guns made for experimental purposes, cannot fail to afford an +interesting subject for contemplation. The large granite ball was +brought by Gen. Delafield from the Crimea, where it is said such +projectiles were thrown from mortars by the Russians, to crush the +decks of the blockading fleet. The spot is further interesting from +its having been dedicated as the site of the proposed Battle Monument, +designed to be erected by subscription among the surviving officers +and soldiers, to the memory of the officers of the regular army who +fell during the rebellion. + +A little to the westward, a walled enclosure, embracing the Ordnance +Laboratory, is situated, and there may be seen a great variety of +trophy guns from Cedar Creek and from Vicksburg, among which is the +famous "Whistling Dick," an English rifled breech-loading Whitworth +gun, captured on Morris Island, and the formidable Armstrong gun, +captured at Fort Fisher, off Wilmington. Here, also, may be seen the +gun from Elder's Battery, which fired the last shot previous to the +surrender of Lee's Army. These, and a great variety of torpedoes, +shot, shells and other Rebel implements of warfare, will well repay +the visitor by the variety of design they exhibit. Pursuing the road +down the hill, to the North wharf, the Sea-coast battery, with its +armament of rifled monsters, consisting of 30-pound, 100, 200, and +300-pound Parrots, the 15-inch gun, and the 13-inch mortar, all +capable of hurling projectiles as far as Pollopel's Island, or beyond, +arrests the attention of the observer, and furnishes tangible +evidences of the triumphant progress of manufacturing skill in weapons +of war. + +Returning by the road to the crest of the Plain, and proceeding west, +a road to the left leads up the hill to Fort Putnam. The old fort, +long neglected, and subject to the assaults of wintry blasts and +beating storms, rises high above the Plain, and there, in grim +majesty, it patiently awaits the silent march of disintegration and +general decay. Approached in the mellow light of an evening sunset, +when a single pencil of rays lingers and illuminates the crests of the +mountains in the east, and a few scattered clouds, tinged with +scarlet, gold and silver tints, fading and blending in perfect harmony +with the deep blue of the firmament, indicate the close of the day; a +single drum breaks upon the solemn stillness around, and directly +after, a full chorus of music from the Band on the Plain below, +proclaims the arrival of the hour for evening parade. Immediately echo +takes up the strain, and repeats them in tones softer and sweeter, and +fainter, until mountain, river and plain, all resound with notes of +exquisite melody. Then the pulse quickens even in those habitually +insensible to the beautiful spectacle here unfolded, and the visitor +seems to breathe a new existence in an ideal world, until the +reverberations of the evening gun announce the passage of another day, +and the nearer approach of that period when the mighty Angel shall +proclaim that "time was, but time shall be no more." + +Were the same scene to be presented daily from this spot for all time, +it would never cease to be a delight to make a pilgrimage to the +glorious old Fort, while the vivid memories of its former patriot +occupants, and their labors are treasured up and remembered. But a +constant change is going on, and the same object presents itself to +the eye in many different aspects. The beautiful river, from small +beginnings, flowing down shelving rocks and flowering banks, is +swollen in mighty grandeur until it bursts asunder the mountain +barriers, and sweeps along, bearing on its broad bosom the wealth of +two hemispheres, to lose itself in the limitless ocean, and become a +part of the eternity of waters. The never-ceasing progress of the +seasons, beginning with the first born bud of Spring, and so +proceeding through each varying phase, to the period when the +snow-capped mountains and the ice-bound river are ready to expose anew +their surfaces to the reviving and gladdening warmth of showery April. +The very rising and setting of the sun; the clear, blue sky, speckled +with snowy fleece; the hurry and rush of the mountain storm through +the gorge, unite to keep up an ever-changing panorama of all that is +lovely and grand in nature. + +Prominent among the many objects of interest which claim the attention +of the observer from this point, may be seen Redoubt No. 4, on Rocky +Hill, immediately in rear of the fort; the ruined parapets of Forts +Wyllis and Webb lying southward, each enveloped in a cluster of +cedars; and to the east, on the opposite side of the river, the North +and South redoubts on the hill, in rear of Garrisons, environed by +similar groups of the same beautiful vine-clad evergreen. The entire +vicinity, rising as it does abruptly from the river to the terrace +above, with wooded uplands, and bright green slopes beyond, is adorned +with sumptuous country seats, gleaming through the tufts of foliage +that surround them, and the lordly Hudson, with its furrowing keels +and snowy sails, all unite to present a landscape, the beauty of which +the pencil of the artist has vainly striven to portray. + +The buildings appropriated to the occupation and education of the +Cadets, are not without attractive interest to the visitor. The +CADETS' BARRACK, from its magnitude, symmetrical proportions, +durability, and castellated structure, seldom fails to elicit +commendation from all lovers of architecture who are drawn to its +vicinity. The building contains eight divisions, of which two are +assigned to each of the four companies of Cadets. Two occupants only +are found in a room, each uniformly furnished with an iron bedstead, +an iron table, chair, books, and wearing apparel; all other furniture +being carefully excluded as unnecessary or unworthy of the student +soldier. Warmed by furnaces, lighted by gas, with daily access to +bath-rooms, and invigorated by their military exercises, the Cadets +present an appearance of health and contentment seldom seen in other +collegiate institutions. + +THE ACADEMIC BUILDING contains, on the first floor, a gymnasium, with +bowling-alleys, an apartment for fencing and sword exercise, and the +Chemical laboratory. The second floor contains recitation rooms, and +the models and collections pertaining to the departments of +Engineering and Mineralogy and Geology. Besides the models of bridges, +buildings, engines, and arches, illustrative of the progress of civil +engineering, others relating to field works, fortifications, their +system of attack and defense, and the models of Fort Wagner, before +Charleston, and San Juan d'Ulloa, off Vera Cruz, will claim attention. +The third floor is occupied by recitation and lecture rooms, the +Picture gallery, Drawing Academy, and the Museum of ordnance and +trophies. The Picture gallery contains specimens selected from the +productions of the most proficient Cadets in the classes which have +gone forth since 1838, and among them the names of many prominent army +officers will be recognized. Regarded as an evidence of skill and +cultivated taste, on the part of those who were first made aware of +their power to acquire the art of sketching and coloring after +entering the Military Academy, and as the result of a few months' +instruction, no one can view this collection without experiencing the +liveliest feelings of satisfaction and pleasure. + +The MUSEUM OF ORDNANCE AND TROPHIES exhibits all the various +progressive stages in the manufacture of swords, muskets, cartridges, +powder, and shot; models of field and siege guns, and the anatomical +structure of horses for instruction in the department of cavalry. The +collection of ancient and experimental weapons; of Rebel torpedoes, +and Rebel shot from many battle-fields; of flag-staffs and flags from +Mexico; Indian trophies and curious projectiles, and the numerous +flags borne by the regular army in the last war with England, in the +Florida war, in Mexico, and in the Rebellion, with their inscriptions, +excites a degree of interest which cannot be overcome by a momentary +glance. + +The colors of the FOURTH REGIMENT OF U.S. INFANTRY bear the following +historical inscriptions: + + The first Flag Carried 1794. + Retained at Reorganization 1808. + Tippecanoe 1811. + + IN THE FLORIDA WAR. + + Gaines's Pen 1836. + Thlonalosassa 1836. + Okeechobee 1837. + + IN THE MEXICAN WAR. + + Palo Alto 1846. + Resaca de la Palma 1846. + Monterey 1816. + Vera Cruz 1847. + Churubusco 1847. + Molino del Rey 1847. + Chapultepec 1847. + City of Mexico 1847. + + IN THE REBELLION. + + Yorktown 1862. + Gaines's Mill 1862. + Malvern Hill 1862. + Bull Run No. 2 1862. + Antietam 1862. + Fredericksburg 1862. + Chancellorsville 1863. + Gettysburg 1863. + Wapping Heights 1863. + Wilderness 1864. + Spottsylvania 1864. + North Anna River 1864. + Po-Potmail Creek 1864. + Coal Harbor 1864. + Petersburg 1864. + Lee's Surrender 1865. + +The colors of some other regiments and batteries bear even a greater +number of inscriptions, but none date as far back in the past. + +A pedestal and shell, brought from South Carolina, is inscribed on +its four sides by Rebel and Union hands, as follows: + + FIRST FACE. + + Fifteen Inch Hollow Shot, fired by the + Abolition Fleet of Iron Clads, at Fort Sumter, + April 7, 1863. + + SECOND FACE. + + Presented to the Citadel Academy, + By General G.T. Beauregard, + Charleston, S.C., April 27, 1863. + + THIRD FACE. + + Taken at Columbia, S.C., Feb. 17, 1865, + By the troops of the United States, under + Major-General W.T. Sherman. + + FOURTH FACE. + + Presented to the U.S. Military Academy, + By Major-General Wm. B. Hazen, + April 1, 1865. + +The centre of the room is occupied by a model of the Silver Mine of +Valenciana, in Mexico, purchased in the City of Mexico in 1847, by +subscription among the officers of the army, whose names are affixed. +The upper surface represents the operatives, made of silver amalgam, +practising their several divisions of labor, while the sides exhibit +the galleries of the mine, with the miners at work. The case contains, +besides, many mineral specimens, and models of Aztec idols. The whole +is surmounted by an eagle and a portion of drapery taken from over the +Vice-President's Chair in the Mexican Senate Chamber. + +In the CHAPEL, east of the Academic building, may be seen a fine +picture over the chancel, by Professor Weir, typical of Mars and +Minerva. On the west side, the walls present memorial tablets of the +general officers of the Revolution, and the guns presented by Congress +to Major-General Greene, implanted beside a niche of trophy colors +taken from English and Hessian regiments. On the east side are +memorial tablets of all the officers of our army who fell in the +Mexican War, and trophy guns and colors taken by Generals Scott and +Taylor, during their campaigns in the same war. + +The LIBRARY BUILDING contains temporarily the offices of the +Superintendent, Adjutant, Quartermaster, and Treasurer. On the second +floor, which is not usually open to visitors, is situated the +Lecture-room and apparatus of the department of Philosophy and +Astronomy. The dome contains an equatorial telescope, and the flank +towers a transit instrument and mural circle. The Library occupies the +east end of the building. It contains about 20,000 volumes, chiefly on +professional and scientific subjects, and several fine portraits of +former Superintendents and Chiefs of the Engineer Department. + +The capacious RIDING HALL stands on the bank of the river, a little +below the Library; and from the interesting exercises therein, it is +deservedly regarded as one of the most attractive points at the +Military Academy. The hours for riding are from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M., +except during the period of the Cadets' encampment, with occasional +interruptions, when the evolutions of a squadron are practised on the +Plain. The course of instruction embodies running at the heads, +running at the ring with poised sabre, exercises with pistols, +leaping bars and hurdles, and many other feats which afford little +room for monotony or wearisome interest, even among those accustomed +to witnessing equestrian displays. + +Northward from the Library a path leads down the bank to KOSCIUSZKO'S +GARDEN--a shelving terrace overhung with shrubbery, and rendered +inviting by a cool spring of water, and a tradition that the patriot +Pole, whose name the spot bears, here sought retirement and seclusion. +The Monument to "Dade and his Command" tells its own story, and +American history has yet to furnish an example of devotion to duty +similar to that exhibited by those whose names are here inscribed. A +little beyond is seen Battery Knox, whose armament proclaims the +tidings on all occasions of national joy or sadness. From this point, +the lower pathway, called the "Chain Battery Walk," conducts the +visitor through a delightful ramble to Gee's Point and the North +Wharf, or by a branch, to the Hotel above. The upper path returns to +the road along the crest of the bank, and a few steps brings the +tourist to FORT CLINTON. + +Within the latter, on the extreme angle nearest the river, stands a +marble column, sacred to military virtue in the person of Kosciuszko, +and forming in itself by reason of the ideas it evokes, a striking +contrast to the dark halo of despite and shame that hovers around the +name of Arnold, whose apostasy is inseparably connected with the very +name of West Point. THADDEUS KOSCIUSZKO was a native of Poland, whose +education began at Warsaw and was completed at Paris. Having +determined to cast his lot with the Americans, then struggling for +liberty, he was furnished by Franklin with letters to Washington, and +came to America. He was appointed Aide-de-Camp to Washington, and +subsequently commissioned as Colonel of Engineers. Highly +distinguished for his courage and skill in the campaign against +Burgoyne, and as the directing Engineer at West Point, he returned to +Poland at the close of the Revolution, rewarded by the thanks of +Congress and the commission of Brevet Brigadier-General, to serve as a +General of Division under Poniatowski. In the Polish Insurrection of +1793 he was chosen Generalissimo, with the powers of a Roman Dictator. +He immediately issued a decree, authorizing the insurrection, and at +once proceeded to unite the Polish divisions, and in a few days the +Russians were driven from the Palatinate. Meantime, the Prussians +having joined Russia, the rest of the struggle was a continuous +resistance against superior forces, until at last, at Maciejowice, on +the 10th of October, 1794, he was completely defeated and overwhelmed +by the Russians. He fell wounded from his horse, with the bitter wail +on his lips, "Finis Polonie." Taken prisoner, and conveyed to a +fortress near St. Petersburg, he underwent a long confinement until +the accession of Paul I., who, feeling an admiration for his +character, restored him to freedom, and presented him with his sword. + +"I have no longer occasion for a sword," sadly replied Kosciuszko, +"since I have no longer a country." He visited America in 1797, and +was triumphantly and warmly welcomed by the grateful people. He +returned to Switzerland and resided at Solothurn, where he died on +October 15, 1817. His body was interred at Cracow with great pomp in +the funeral vaults of the Kings of Poland, between the coffins of +Poniatowski and Sobieski. The Senate decreed in his honor the erection +of an enormous mound on the Heights of Bronislawad. The gratuitous +labor of all classes succeeded in raising this "Mound of Kosciuszko" +to the height of 300 feet in three years, and it will remain for ages +a noble monument of his country's gratitude. Kosciuszko was never +married, and the simple column at West Point, in full view of +thousands of travelers, will long serve as a memorial of gratitude +from the American nation, and an enduring protest against the +destruction of Poland, and the ruin and death of many freedom lovers +as noble and virtuous as Kosciuszko himself. + +The "DRIVES" at West Point and its vicinity, although limited in +extent by the rugged character of the region, are possessed of +infinite variety and beauty, from the constantly changing aspect of +river, mountain, and valley. Besides the routes on the Post itself, +the road South, along the riverbank to Fort Montgomery, about four +miles distant, from its smoothness, easy grades, and the numerous +attractive residences by the wayside, affords many present and +pleasing after reminiscences of a sojourn at this delightful retreat. + +Prominent among these attractions, and scarcely a mile distant from +West Point, on the very brink of a precipice towering over the Hudson, +stands COZZENS' HOTEL, the name of which is inseparably associated +with the name of its founder, whose benevolence, geniality, and +hospitality is so intimately connected with West Point and the +traveling public. + + [Illustration: 1866. West Point AND ITS VICINITY.] + +Directly west of the Hotel stands the picturesque little church of the +"Holy Innocents," erected by Professor Weir, to commemorate the +early decease of two of his children. A little distance below, the +village of Highland Falls is situated, on both sides of a mountain +stream bearing the name of Buttermilk Falls, derived from the foaming +passage of the water over steep rocks into the Hudson below. From this +point onward to Fort Montgomery, the occasional expanse of the river, +the charming country seats dotting the bank, and the magnificence of +the mountains, continually inspires a feeling of happiness and +contentment. + +FORT MONTGOMERY is situated on the north bank of Pooplopen's Creek, at +its junction with the Hudson. It is elevated about 130 feet above the +water, and the view from its ruined parapet covers an extent, and +surpasses if possible in wildness, the landscape seen from the West +Point Hotel. FORT CLINTON, similarly elevated, stood directly opposite +on the south side of the creek, and both works possess more than +ordinary interest from having been the scene of a bloody assault and +capture by a British force, under the command of Sir Henry Clinton, +in October 1777. The forts were simultaneously carried at the point of +the bayonet by overwhelming numbers; the last named, by a column +moving up the bank of the river, and the former, by one moving down +the valley, between the Dunderberg and Bear Mountain, through which +the creek makes its way. + +From West Point westward, the road diverges to the CEMETERY, +overlooking Camptown, where the soldiers are quartered, Washington's +Valley, a little beyond, Constitution Island, the Foundry, and the +village of Cold Spring. The tasteful monuments, with their military +insignia and mournful inscriptions, unveil the attachment of many who +fell in Florida, Mexico, Oregon, and in the Rebellion, for the spot +protected and consecrated by their Alma Mater. The branch road south, +immediately without the first West gate, leads to Fort Putnam, and +intersects the river route a little above Cozzens' Hotel. The main +road west, known as the "Canterbury Road," leads to Turner's Station, +on the Erie Railroad, about fourteen miles distant, passing Long Pond, +and the vicinity of many other ponds indicated on the map, most of +which afford fine resorts for angling and hunting in the appropriate +season. Three miles from West Point a branch from this road leads +across the mountain to Canterbury, Cornwall, and Newburg, but the +route is so rough as to render it unsuitable for pleasure driving. +Just before reaching this point a road extends south through Eagle +Valley to Highland Falls, affording a circuit of about seven miles, +through a region abounding with new beauties at every turn. The road +is in good condition, and the proposed intention of the Cozzens' +Brothers to add to the attractions of their Hotel by erecting a +mountain retreat at the Round Pond, will doubtless lead to further +improvements. + +The "Drives" on the east side of the Hudson are easy of access by the +steam ferry, and are possessed of even stronger attractions. From the +landing the road rises to the "Highland House," and from thence +southward as far as Anthony's Nose, the route is one of exquisite +beauty. Besides the numerous country seats, nowhere surpassed in +elegance, and the thriving farms along the way, the Robinson House, +situated at the base of Sugar Loaf Mountain, about one mile below, +presents an object of deep and attractive interest. Preserved with all +its original features, and as far as possible in the same condition as +when it was made the scene of Arnold's treachery--hallowed by the +footsteps of Washington and almost every general officer of the +Revolution, and rendered impressive from its antiquity and the absence +of all evidences of the progress of modern architecture and comfort, +the Robinson House has survived, with its umbrageous foliage, for +nearly a century, and remains at this day almost the only relic of its +former princely proprietor. + +From the Highland House northward the road, remarkable for its +smoothness and delightful sheltering trees, extends to INDIAN FALLS, +some three miles distant. Passing a deep ravine, through which a +sequestered tributary of the Hudson flows deep in the forest glade--so +deep that, scarce even the Summer's noon-tide sun can force a single +ray through the dense shade--the mountain stream after meandering +through miles of untrodden woods, and chafing over its rocky bed, +suddenly leaps the rocks fifty feet in height into a deep and glassy +pool, forming a scene of surpassing beauty. Beyond, the road continues +to Cold Spring, passing the Foundry and affording landscape views +north and south, all capable of exciting the most pleasurable +emotions. + +The MILITARY EXERCISES, everywhere an attractive spectacle to the +American public, are at West Point productive of the most lasting and +gratifying impressions, from the unrivaled excellence of the Band, the +uniform neatness of the Cadets, and the precision with which the most +difficult maneuvers are executed by them. The European traveler, +accustomed to schools of instruction separate and apart for the +education of Engineers, Artillery, Infantry, and Cavalry Officers, +witnesses here with astonishment the perfection and familiarity which +the Cadets exhibit in the performance of all the duties pertaining to +these four branches of military organization. Some of these exercises +are daily and continuous throughout the year, others, owing to the +severity of the climate, are restricted to the period between the 15th +of March and the 1st of November; and during the Encampment, which +includes a part of June and the months of July and August, all studies +are suspended, while daily practical instruction prevails as in actual +field service. + +Commencing on the 1st of September and extending over a term of nine +months and a half, during which time the Cadets occupy the Barracks +and pursue their Academic studies, their military exercises are as +follows: + + Reveille { April 1 to Sept. 30 5, A.M. + Roll-call. { March and Oct. 5:30, A.M. + { Nov., Dec., Jan. and Feb. 6, A.M. + Breakfast Roll-call 7, A.M. + Guard-mounting 7:30, A.M. + Riding 11, A.M., to 1, P.M. + Dinner Roll-call 1, P.M. + Company Drill March 15 to April 1, 4:10, P.M. + Battalion Drill May 16 to May 31, 4:10, P.M. + Skirmish Drill Oct. 15 to Oct. 31, 4:10, P.M. + Light Artillery Drill, } + Heavy Artillery Drill, } April 1 to May 15, 4:10, P.M. + Mortar Practice, } + Evening Dress Parade Sunset. + Tattoo 9:30, P.M. + Taps 10, P.M. + +During the Encampment the hours are changed, and are as follows: + + Reveille 5, A.M. + Infantry Drill 5:30, A.M. + Infantry Drill Aug. 1 to Aug. 31, 5, P.M. + Breakfast Roll-call 7, A.M. + Morning Dress Parade 8, A.M. + Guard-mounting 8:30, A.M. + Artillery Drill 9, A.M. + Engineering Drill 10:30, A.M. + Band Practice 10, A.M. + Drill of New Cadets 11, A.M., and 5, P.M. + Evening Dress Parade Sunset. + Tattoo 9:30, P.M. + Tattoo on Party Evenings 9:50, P.M. + Taps 10, P.M. + +For the purpose of military instruction, the Cadets are organized into +a battalion of four companies, called A, B, C, and D Companies. These +are arranged with reference to stature, and they contain the four +Academic or collegiate classes indiscriminately mingled. The companies +are officered in the usual way, by selecting the Captains and +Lieutenants from the class longest at the Academy; the Sergeants from +the next lowest class, and the Corporals from the next in order. +"Chevrons," or badges of gold lace, are worn on each arm by these +officers to denote their rank, as follows: + + [Illustration: + Adjutant. + Quartermaster. + Serg't-Major. + Q'r-M'r-Serg't. + Captain. + Lieutenant. + 1st Sergeant. + Sergeant. + Color-bearer. + Color Corporal. (Below the elbow.) + Corporal. (Below the elbow.)] + +These appointments are conferred by the Superintendent as honorary +distinctions, and are continuous for one year unless forfeited by +misconduct. The discipline and spirit of the Corps is in a great +degree dependent upon the Cadet Officers, and while they promptly and +cheerfully obey their commands, "off duty" they are equals. + +In the exercise of their appointments they are required to report to +the authorities infractions of the Regulations on the part of their +comrades, but all domineering and captious inclinations are +restrained, by what may be termed a popular opinion among the Cadets. + +The Corps of Cadets usually numbers about 250, and they are organized +as already stated into four companies. Immediately intrusted with +their supervision and military instruction is the Commandant of +Cadets, who is a Lieutenant-Colonel, and he is assisted by six +officers, like himself detailed from the army. This organization +prevails for all infantry instruction, and for the maintenance of +discipline in camp and barracks. In other branches of military +instruction, special arrangements are ordered on the basis of class +standing in the several classes. + +The ENCAMPMENT commences at the close of the Annual Examination, about +the 20th of June, and the camp is located on the Northeast portion of +the Plain. This period, affording as it does the only relaxation from +study during the year, and as the time for the realization of the +long-cherished expectations of the graduating and furlough classes, to +enjoy the pleasures of home and early friendships, is one of unusual +interest and hilarity. With the disappearance of these two classes, +orders are promulgated to pitch the tents, and march into camp at a +stated hour. The latter is preceded by a general stampedeing force of +Cadets, conveying from the barracks to the now unoccupied recitation +rooms all unnecessary articles of furniture. Gray forms are seen with +heads crowned with washstands, chairs, mattresses, and other +camp-prohibited articles, working with such vigor that, in two or +three hours, the barracks are cleared of all Cadet property save their +military accoutrements. Before breakfast the camp is laid out and the +tents pitched, and at the appointed hour the battalion, with the Band +and with colors unfurled, marches to its Summer home. + + [Illustration: The Cadet's Encampment] + +The Encampment consists of eight rows of tents, two to each company, +opening on four streets parallel to each other, and a broad avenue +runs through the centre of the camp. The tents of the Company Officers +and of the Army Instructors of Tactics, are situated opposite their +respective companies, while the tent of the Commandant of Cadets is +placed centrally at the East end of the broad avenue. The Guard tents, +five or six in number, are situated in a line a little distance in +front of the whole camp. A chain of six or eight sentinels surrounds +the camp day and night. The guard consists of three reliefs, which +walk post in turn, during the twenty-four hours for which each +guard is detailed. This detail is drawn as equitably as possible from +the four companies, and guard duty recurs once in from three to five +days, making the duty a real hardship to those not inured to it. The +subdivisions of the guard require each relief to walk two hours, and +then wait four hours before it is again posted. The operation of +changing is as follows: When the relief is duly formed and inspected +by the Officer of the Guard, it is marched by its Corporal around the +line of posts, and after "Taps," each sentinel challenges the +longed-for delegation with a fierce, "Who comes there?" as though the +enemy were upon him. The reply of the Corporal leads to a further +demand for a cabalistic word which, when whispered, so elevates the +party in the estimation of the sentinel, that he quickly abandons his +vigilant, defiant manner, and quietly yields his post to his +successor, whose place in the ranks of the relief is then most +cheerfully accepted. + +The camp is governed by the same regulations that accompany an army +in the field, except in the preparation of meals, which are supplied +at the Cadets' Mess throughout the year. + +The presence of visitors contributes much to enliven this period of +hardship in Cadet life, and the tri-weekly dancing parties on Monday, +Wednesday, and Friday evenings, notwithstanding their abrupt +termination at 10 P.M., affords never to be forgotten reminiscences in +after life, of social enjoyment and enlightened intercourse with the +fair daughters of America, not a few of whom date back their after +career to the bewitching influence which marks this season. The +Encampment usually terminates on the 29th of August, when the Cadets +return to Barrack-life, and recommence their studies. An illumination +of the camp usually takes place on the evening before it is broken up, +and the convolutions of a "stag dance" are performed on the +Parade-ground, with a fervor and vivacity worthy of imitation in a +Camanche war-dance. This curious cross in the terpsichorean art, +between the pigeon wing, double shuffle, hoe-down, and the quadrille, +is a frequent diversion in the Cadet camp. It is performed by twenty +or more Cadets, who gyrate between two rows of candles stuck in the +ground, cadencing their movements by the very uncertain sounds of a +plebeian fiddle and the low muffled rattle of a drum, accompanied by +whimsicalities and contortions unknown save at West Point. + +The scene presented during the striking of the tents is quite lively +and picturesque. In the early hours of the day all the property of the +Cadets, such as blankets, clothing, etc., is carried by them to the +rooms they are assigned to in the barracks, leaving in camp only their +rifles and their accoutrements. At the appointed hour the "general" +beats, + + "Don't you hear the General say, + Strike your tents and march away?" + +when all spring to their posts, awaiting three taps on the bass drum. +At the first tap, all except the corner tent cords are cast loose and +the pins are withdrawn; at the second, the corner cords and pins are +cast loose, and the tent is gathered around the tent-poles and +steadied in an upright position, so that at the third tap all the +tents instantly go down in concert, and woe to the "gross" one who +fails to complete the prostration at the moment. While the tents are +folded and piled by one party, a group enliven the scene by songs +descriptive of their eagerness + + "To join the army of the brave," etc. + +Then the companies are formed, and taking their stacked arms march to +the front on the Parade; the Commandant then, with Band and colors +unfurled, marches the battalion to the general Parade, in front of the +Superintendent's quarters, and the Encampment is no more. + +The ACADEMIC EXERCISES of the Cadets are not devoid of interest even +to those who are attracted to the spot by the glittering displays of +military life; while to those interested in the progress of +education, the peculiarities of the system pursued at West Point +seldom fails to increase their belief, that the method here followed +might be more generally introduced into the great American collegiate +system. + +The Corps of Cadets, in accordance with the usual custom, is divided +into four classes, and the course of study extends through four years +in duration. The classes are numbered inversely according to their +entrance into the Academy, as the FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, and FOURTH +Classes, corresponding to the Senior, Junior, Sophomore, and Freshman +Classes in other institutions. Each class is divided into convenient +sections of from twelve to fifteen Cadets, for instruction in its +special branches of study, the first Cadet on each section roll being +its squad-marcher, and being responsible for its punctual attendance +and deportment. The recitation hours are sounded on a bugle, when the +sections for the hour are formed at the Barracks, their rolls are +called, and they are marched to the Recitation-rooms by their several +squad-marchers. The instructor is there waiting their attendance, and +after receiving the squad-marcher's report of the absentees, he sends +three or more Cadets to the black-board, to discuss the propositions +he announces to each; for which purpose they proceed to place their +diagrams or analyses on the board. Another is called up on the floor +and questioned on the lesson for the day, until one of those at the +board is ready. The latter being called on, first enunciates the +proposition to be discussed, then gives a condensed analysis of how it +should be solved, and then gives the full discussion, delineation, or +demonstration with reference to his diagram or analysis. Last of all, +and reaching the termination of his subject, the instructor proceeds +to question him on the parts slighted or omitted, and upon topics +connected with the subject-matter under consideration. It will be seen +that the recitation proceeds upon the supposition that the Cadet +understands his lesson beforehand, and that the instructor's province +is to make sure of the Cadet's thorough and accurate knowledge; to +amplify his conceptions, and supply his deficiencies, rather than +teach him the subject of the lesson. He also enforces that orderly and +lucid exposition and arrangement of the matter, which carries the +conviction that the Cadet not only knows his topic, but is able to +communicate it to others. He requires accuracy of language, the +observance of certain recitation forms, and proprieties in decorum, to +a degree far higher than is usually demanded in other institutions. +Three sides of the section-room are provided with wall slates or +black-boards, and a tray for chalk, wipers, and pointers, extends +across the bottom of each. Every Cadet writes his name over his work, +and when called upon to recite, assumes the "position of a soldier," +until he wishes to refer to his work, when he does so with his +pointer. It is a matter of no small magnitude to secure a becoming +personal deportment and style in recitation, and to suppress the +unmeaning, nervous turnings, rockings, and fumblings, which too often +deform the manners of undisciplined students. + +The instructor marks each recitation according to his estimate of its +quality as referred to a scale of valuation ranging from zero to +three, the maximum for a perfect and satisfactory exhibition of +knowledge. A weekly report of these daily marks is made to the +Superintendent, and exhibited to the Cadets who crowd the hall leading +to the Adjutant's office every Monday, to see the official estimate of +their performances during the past week. The recitation marks are +aggregated for the semi-annual examination in January, and for the +annual examination in June, and are mainly decisive of the numerical +standing of each Cadet in the different courses of study. Frequent and +thorough reviews occur, in which each individual's success is +critically observed and considered in making out the standing--a +greater weight justly belonging to the final and permanent conquest of +a course, than to the earlier recitations. The final examination on +the subject also has a material weight. + +By combining all these elements, a definite order of arrangement of +the members of each class, in each branch of study, is obtained, and +from these combined special standings, a general class rank, or order +of arrangement according to each individual's merit, is deduced at the +close of each annual examination. In determining the standing of the +graduating class the special standing of each Cadet in all the +branches of study for the four years, including proficiency in +discipline, is considered, and possesses a relative weight in deciding +the position of each member. + +The Annual Examination in June is conducted in the presence of a +"Board of Visitors," selected for the purpose by the Secretary of War, +and the reports of these Boards, composed of intelligent men of all +professions and all political parties, have, for more than forty +years, borne favorable testimony to the thoroughness and efficiency of +the system of instruction pursued at West Point. The assignment and +promotion of the graduating class to corps and regiments in the army, +is regulated by the recommendation of the Academic Board, based upon +class standing. The highest members only are recommended for the Corps +of Engineers, and as the recommendations are almost uniformly adhered +to, each Cadet becomes the arbiter of his own destiny, so far as his +capacity makes success practicable. He is thus stimulated to good +conduct, and the diligent employment of all his mental faculties, by +the hope of a choice in the assignments, and of securing after rank, +by commission, over his comrades. + +How to become a Cadet, is a question not unlikely to arise in the +minds of some of the young readers of this volume. The martial +aspirant should consider well, before taking any steps toward securing +a Cadet appointment, that Cadet life is no mere holiday training--no +refined dandyism, but a four years' devotion of mind, body, and heart +to discipline and study; more severe, by far, than is required at any +other educational institution in the land. But if possessed of an +aptitude for mathematical study, of a vigorous realization of the +attributes of manhood, and the courage to endure patiently present +trials for future good, and finally, if possessed of an ardent desire +for intellectual culture, with a view to after usefulness, nowhere can +a youth become so well qualified by an educational course to be a man, +as by becoming a Cadet at the National Military Academy. The method of +procedure to secure an appointment is briefly as follows: + +The District of Columbia, and each District of Country entitled to a +Member of the House of Representatives in Congress, may secure through +him one Cadet appointment. The Cadet so selected should remain four +years, but in case he fails to do so, a vacancy arises which the +Representative is called upon to fill with a new appointee. Of course, +the same thing occurs when the Cadet graduates, and thus the number of +Cadets is made equal to the number of Representatives and Delegates +in Congress. In addition, every year the President of the United +States appoints TEN Cadets, selected at his pleasure from any portion +of the country. The appointments by Districts are really made by the +Secretary of War, but only on the recommendation of the Member of +Congress. An application made to the latter will show whether a +vacancy exists--if so, the applicant must plead with him for it. The +only other alternative is to secure the favor of being one of the TEN +appointed by the President. The official qualifications are herewith +appended: + + + + +APPOINTMENT AND ADMISSION OF CADETS. + + +I.--As frequent inquiries are made in regard to the mode of procuring +admission into the Military Academy, persons interested in the subject +are hereby informed that application may be made at any time (by +letter to the Secretary of War) by the applicant himself, his parent, +guardian, or any of his friends, that his name may be placed on the +register in the office of the Inspector at Washington. The precise age +and permanent abode of the applicant, as, also, the number of the +Congressional District in which he resides, must be stated, and no +application will be considered wherein these instructions are not +complied with. No preference is given to applications on account of +priority, nor can any information be communicated as to the probable +success of an applicant before the appointments are made. + +By an act of Congress, the appointment of a person who has served in +any capacity in the military or naval service of the so-called +Confederate States is prohibited, and, as a general rule, no person +will be appointed who has had a brother educated at the Academy. + +By provision of law, each Congressional and Territorial District and +the District of Columbia is entitled to have one Cadet at the Military +Academy, and no more. In addition to these, the appointment _annually_ +of a number, not exceeding _ten_, "at large," not confined to a +selection by Congressional Districts, is authorized. The District and +Territorial appointments are made upon the nomination of the member of +Congress or Delegate representing the District or Territory at the +date of appointment, and the law requires that the individual selected +shall be an _actual resident_ of the District or Territory, or +District of Columbia, from which the appointment purports to be made. +The selections "at large" and from the District of Columbia are made +by the President. + +Appointments are required by law to be made one year in advance of the +date of admission--that is to say, about the 1st of July in each year, +except in instances where it may be impracticable, from any cause, so +to make them. Persons, therefore, receiving appointments have ample +time afforded them in which to prepare for a successful examination +prior to their admission. + + +II.--To prevent the disappointment, mortification, and useless expense +that might attend the acceptance of a Cadet appointment by a person +not possessing the necessary qualifications for admission, and for the +instruction and aid of others, the following information is +communicated: + +Candidates must be over seventeen and under twenty-two years of age at +the time of entrance into the Military Academy; no modification of the +law in this respect can be made; but any person who has served +honorably and faithfully not less than one year as an officer or +enlisted man in the army of the United States, either as a Volunteer, +or in the Regular service, during the war for the suppression of the +Rebellion, shall be eligible for appointment up to the age of +twenty-four years. They must be at least five feet in height, and free +from any deformity, disease, or infirmity, which would render them +unfit for the military service, and from any disorder of an infectious +or immoral character. They must be able to read and write well, and +perform with facility and accuracy the various operations of the four +ground rules of Arithmetic, of reduction, of simple and compound +proportion, and of vulgar and decimal fractions. The Arithmetic is to +be studied understandingly, and not merely committed to memory. They +will also be required to have a knowledge of the elements of English +Grammar, of Descriptive Geography, particularly of our own country, +and of the history of the United States. + + +III.--It must be understood that a full compliance with the above +conditions will be insisted on; that is to say, the candidate must +write a fair and legible hand, and without any material mistakes in +spelling such sentences as shall be dictated by the examiners; and he +must answer promptly and without errors all their questions in the +above-mentioned rules of Arithmetic and in the other branches: failing +in any of these particulars, he will be rejected. + + +IV.--Every candidate will, soon after his arrival at West Point, be +subject to a rigid examination by an experienced Medical Board, and +should there be found to exist in him any of the following causes of +disqualification, to such a degree as will immediately, or in all +probability may, at no very distant period, impair his efficiency, he +will be rejected: + +1. Feeble constitution and muscular tenuity; unsound health from +whatever cause; indications of former disease; glandular swellings, or +other symptoms of scrofula. + +2. Chronic cutaneous affections, especially of the scalp, or any +disorder of an infectious character. + +3. Severe injuries of the bones of the head; convulsions. + +4. Impaired vision from whatever cause; inflammatory affections of the +eyelids; immobility or irregularity of the iris; fistula lachrymalis, +etc., etc. + +5. Deafness; copious discharge from the ears. + +6. Loss of many teeth, or the teeth generally unsound. + +7. Impediment of speech. + +8. Want of due capacity of the chest, and any other indication of a +liability to a pulmonic disease. + +9. Impaired or inadequate efficiency of one or both of the superior +extremities on account of fractures, especially of the clavicle, +contraction of a joint, extenuation, deformity, etc., etc. + +10. An unusual excurvature or incurvature of the spine. + +11. Hernia. + +12. A varicose state of the veins of the scrotum or spermatic cord +(when large), sarcocele, hydrocele, hemorrhoids, fistulas. + +13. Impaired or inadequate efficiency of one or of both of the +inferior extremities on account of varicose veins, fractures, +malformation (flat feet, etc.), lameness, contraction, unequal length, +bunions, overlying or supernumerary toes, etc., etc. + +14. Ulcers, or unsound cicatrices of ulcers likely to break out +afresh. + + +V.--During the months of July and August the Cadets are engaged in +military duties and exercises, living in camp. The academic exercises +commence the beginning of September. The semi-annual examination takes +place in January. At this time the Cadets are rigidly examined in the +subjects they have studied, and the new Cadets, if found proficient +therein (their conduct having been correct in all respects), will +receive the warrant of Cadet, and take such a station in their class +as their respective merits, as determined at the examination, may +entitle them to. If any have been unable to master the course, they +will be pronounced deficient by the Academic Board, and their +connection with the Academy will cease. + + +VI.--It is important that it be clearly understood that this +examination, like all subsequent ones, is very thorough--does not +permit any evasion or slighting of the course, and exacts a very close +and persevering attention to study. The examining officers have no +option; they _must_ reject the deficient. The nation sends these young +men to the Military Academy, supports and pays them adequately, and +opens to them an honorable profession, in the expectation that their +best efforts will be given to qualify themselves for the higher duties +of the military service. Those who will not, or can not, profit by +these generous provisions, should not occupy the places of those who +will and can. + + +VII.--In June there is held the "Annual Examination," which, in its +character of searching scrutiny, is like the semi-annual examination +in January. Cadets who have failed to make the requisite proficiency, +and are not likely to succeed in future, are discharged. + + +VIII.--It will thus be seen that a person must carry to the Academy a +certain degree of preparation; good natural parts; an aptitude for +study; industrious habits; perseverance; a disposition to conform to +discipline, and correct moral deportment. If deficient in any of these +respects, it will be best for young men not to enter the Military +Academy, as they will thus avoid the probabilities of disappointment +and mortification. Many of those who receive appointments fail, +through deficiency in the above particulars, to graduate. But it must +not be understood that those who fail to master the scientific course +taught at the Military Academy, necessarily incur thereby discredit as +regards mental ability, since it is by no means rare for intellects +otherwise strong to be averse to mathematical investigation, or study +of language. + + +IX.--The pay of a Cadet is $41.66 per month, with one ration per day, +and is considered sufficient, with proper economy, for his support. + + + + +MEMORANDUM + + INDICATING THE METHOD OF EXAMINING CANDIDATES FOR ADMISSION + INTO THE MILITARY ACADEMY. + +Candidates must be able to read with facility from any book, giving +the proper intonation and pauses, and to write portions that are read +aloud for that purpose, spelling the words, and punctuating the +sentences properly. + +In ARITHMETIC they must be able to perform with facility examples +under the four ground rules, and hence must be familiar with the +tables of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; and +must be able to perform examples in reduction and vulgar fractions, +such as:-- + + Add 2/3 to 3/4; subtract 2/5 from 5/6. + Multiply 3/4 by 7/8; divide 2/5 by 3/8. + +Add together two hundred and thirty-four thousandths (.234), +twenty-six thousandths (.026), and three thousandths (.003). + +Subtract one hundred and sixty-one ten thousandths (.0161) from +twenty-five hundredths (.25). + +Multiply or divide twenty-six hundredths (.26) by sixteen thousandths +(.016). + +They must also be able to change vulgar fractions into decimal +fractions, and _vice versa_, with examples like the following:-- + +Change 15/16 into a decimal fraction of the same value. + +Change one hundred and two thousandths (.102) into a vulgar fraction +of the same value. + +In Simple and Compound Proportion, examples of various kinds will be +given, and candidates will be expected to understand the principles of +the rules which they follow. + +In ENGLISH GRAMMAR candidates will be required to exhibit a +familiarity with the nine parts of speech and the rules in relation +thereto, and must be able to parse any ordinary sentence which may be +given them, and generally they must understand those portions of the +subject usually taught in the higher academies and schools throughout +the country, comprehended under the heads of Orthography, Etymology, +Syntax, and Prosody. + +In DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY they are to name, locate, and describe the +natural grand and political divisions of the earth, and be able to +delineate any one of the States or Territories of the American Union, +with its principal cities, rivers, lakes, seaports, and mountains. + +In HISTORY they must be able to name the periods of the discovery and +settlement of the North American continent, of the rise and progress +of the United States, and of the successive wars and political +administrations through which the country has passed. + + + + +COURSE OF STUDY + +AND + +BOOKS USED AT THE MILITARY ACADEMY. + +[Books marked thus * are for Reference.] + + +FIRST YEAR--FOURTH CLASS. + + DEPARTMENT. TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE. + + { Davies' Bourdon's Algebra. + Mathematics. { Davies' Legendre's Geometry and Trigonometry. + { Church's Descriptive Geometry. + + { Bolmar's Levizac's Grammar, and Verb Book. + French { Agnel's Tabular System. + Language. { Berard's Lecons Francaises. + { *Spier's and Surenne's Dictionary. + + Tactics of Artillery { Practical Instruction in the Schools of the + and Infantry. { Soldier, Company, and Battalion. + { Practical Instruction in Artillery. + + Use of Small Arms { Instruction in Fencing and Bayonet Exercise. + + +SECOND YEAR--THIRD CLASS. + + DEPARTMENT. TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE. + + { Church's Descriptive Geometry, with its + { application to Spherical Projections. + Mathematics. { Church's Shades, Shadows, and Perspective. + { Davies' Surveying. + { Church's Analytical Geometry. + { Church's Calculus. + + { Bolmar's Levizac's Grammar and Verb Book. + { Berard's Lecons Francaises. Chapsal's Lecons + French { et Modeles de Literature Francaise. + Language. { Agnel's Tabular System. Rowan's Morceaux + { Choises des Auteurs Modernes. + { *Spier's and Surenne's Dictionary. + + { Josse's Grammar. Morale's Progressive Reader. + Spanish. { Ollendorf's Oral Method applied to the + { Spanish application by Velasquez and Simonne. + { *Seoane's Neuman and Barretti's Dictionary. + + Drawing. { Topography, &c. + + Tactics of Infantry { Practical Instruction in the Schools of the + Artillery, { Soldier, Company, and Battalion. + and Cavalry. { Practical Instruction in Artillery and + { Cavalry. + + +THIRD YEAR--SECOND CLASS. + + DEPARTMENT. TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE. + + Natural and { Bartlett's Mechanics. + Experimental { Bartlett's Acoustics and Optics. + Philosophy. { Bartlett's Astronomy. + + Chemistry. { Fowne's Chemistry. Chemical Physics from + { Miller. + + Drawing. { Landscape. Pencil and Colors. + + { United States Tactics for Garrison, Siege, and + Tactics--Artillery, { Field Artillery. United States Tactics for + Cavalry, { Infantry. Practical Instruction in the Schools + and Infantry. { of the Soldier, Company, and Battalion. + { Practical Instruction in Artillery and Cavalry. + + +FOURTH YEAR--FIRST CLASS. + + DEPARTMENT. TEXT BOOKS, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE. + + { Mahan's Field Fortifications. + Military and { Mahan's Outlines of Permanent Fortification. + Civil Engineering { Mahan's Civil Engineering. + and Science { Mahan's Fortification and Stereotomy. + of War. { Mahan's Advanced Guard and Out Post, etc. + { *Moseley's Mechanics of Engineering. + + Mineralogy and { Dana's Mineralogy. + Geology. { Hitchcock's Geology. + + { French's Practical Ethics. + Law and Literature. { Halleck's International Law. Law and Military + { Law, by Prof. French. + { Benet's Military Law and the Practice of + { Courts-Martial. + + { Practical Instruction in fabricating Fascines, + { Sap Faggots, Gabions, Hurdles, Sap Rollers, + Practical Military { etc.; manner of laying out and constructing + Engineering. { Gun and Mortar Batteries, Field + { Fortifications, and Works of Siege; formation + { of Stockades, Abatis, and other military + { obstacles; and throwing and dismantling + { Ponton Bridges. + + { United States Tactics for Cavalry. + Tactics--Artillery, { Practical Instruction in the Schools of the + Cavalry { Soldier, Company, and Battalion. Practical + and Infantry. { Instruction in Artillery and Cavalry. + + Ordnance and { Benton's Ordnance and Gunnery. + Gunnery. { Practical Pyrotechny. + +For the information of visitors, the "Police Regulations" of the Post +of West Point, and the "Regulations of the Encampment," are appended: + + + + +POLICE REGULATIONS + +FOR THE + +MILITARY POST OF WEST POINT, N.Y. + +1867. + + +1. "Police Limits" include all territory lying north and east of a +line running west from the South Gate to its intersection with the +Fort Putnam road, and thence by the road to the cemetery. + +2. To prevent interruption to the duties of the Academy, carriages +will not be allowed to pass on the road leading by the Academic Hall +and Cadets' Barrack, during the hours devoted to study; and at no time +by the Hospital, except when required for the accommodation of +residents or their visitors, and then at a slow pace. + +3. Carriages will be allowed to pass to the West Point Hotel, through +the South Gate, by the road below the Hospital, or through the West +Gate. + +4. On Sundays the gates will be closed, and no vehicle allowed to +drive on the Plain without the permission of the Superintendent, +except for the purpose of conveying persons to and from Divine +Service, to the ferry landings, to obtain medical assistance, or for +the private benefit of Officers residing on the Post. Officers will +not pass public conveyances through the gates on Sunday. + +5. Carts and wagons will use the main road, across the Plain, except +when necessity requires them to go upon the private road passing in +front of the Quarters, Barrack, and Hospital. + +6. Carriages and horses are not permitted to pass, or remain on the +road in front of the parade-ground, nor to move about in its vicinity +during parade and reviews. + +7. Racing, fast driving, and unnecessary noise at all times is +prohibited. + +8. It is strictly forbidden to drive or ride over any of the +sidewalks or paths at West Point, or any part of the Plain or grounds +except the carriage roads. + +9. All persons are directed to close the gates after them on entering +or leaving the public grounds. + +10. Officers and citizens may smoke on the Plain; but during the +performance of any military duty thereon, no smoking will be allowed +on, or in the vicinity of, that part of the Plain which may be +occupied for such duty. + +11. All persons are prohibited from bathing in the river, during the +day, anywhere within police limits. + +12. All persons whatever, residing or serving at West Point, are +prohibited from hunting or shooting, or using fire-arms for any +purpose, within police limits, during week days, and within the limits +of the public lands on Sundays. + + * * * * * + +15. Boats are not permitted to land, except at the public wharves. + +16. Every boat, cart, wagon, or vehicle laden with articles, except +for officers, may be searched by the officers and non-commissioned +officers of the Guard, or members of the Police. + +17. All persons are forbidden to receive or transport across the Post +any article for excluded individuals. + +18. All persons are prohibited from selling any kind of intoxicating +liquors, beer, cakes, etc., on the Post, without the permission of the +Superintendent. + +19. All enlisted men are prohibited from bringing on the Post, or +having in their possession, any intoxicating liquor, beer, etc., +without the permission of the Superintendent. + +20. Persons not connected with the Post, bringing prohibited articles +thereon, will be promptly removed by the guard or police, and reported +to the Superintendent, to the end that they may be prosecuted for +trespass. + +21. Pedlers and all improper persons are prohibited from coming on the +Post. + +22. Excursion or Pleasure Parties, etc., are not allowed to land on +the Post, unless specially authorized by the Superintendent. + + * * * * * + +26. Cadets will not be allowed to cross the ferries without the +written permission of the Superintendent. All such permits will be +returned as soon as practicable by the ferrymen to the Adjutant's +office. + + * * * * * + +29. No person will be allowed to cut wood on the public lands, break +the branches of the trees on the Plain, at the Cemetery, or in the +vicinity of Camptown, or to throw stones or sticks into them. Parents +will be held responsible for the acts of their children violating this +regulation. + + * * * * * + +34. No citizen will be allowed to wear the uniform, or parts thereof, +of officers, cadets, or soldiers. + + * * * * * + +36. The iron seats in front of the Superintendent's quarters must not +be occupied by servants and children when required for visitors. + + + + +REGULATIONS + +FOR THE + +ENCAMPMENT OF THE CADETS, + +_WEST POINT, N.Y._ + +1867. + + +1. All Cadets, with the exception hereinafter mentioned, will confine +themselves to the Encampment. Cadets will always hold themselves in +readiness for such extra roll calls as the Officer in Charge may be +directed to have during his tours. On these occasions, the Assembly +will be sounded on the drum, when each man for duty in each company +will appear promptly on the company Parade Ground. The companies will +be formed without further signal by command of the Sergeants, the +rolls called, and the results immediately reported through the proper +channels to the Officer of the Day. + +2. Cadets will be permitted to wear their fatigue jackets, and their +coats unbuttoned, in the body of the Encampment. When the Guard are in +fatigue jackets the Battalion will wear the same to meals. + +3. There will be one corporal and four privates detailed daily from +each company for company Police. A separate Roster for this purpose +will be kept, and this detail made from the Third and Fourth Classes. +The company Police party will be formed by the corporal on the company +ground, at morning and evening Police roll calls, when the company +ground, and the ground behind the tents, including the company +Officer's Tents, will be thoroughly policed. The corporal of the +company Police will be held responsible for the proper police of the +company grounds at all Inspections, and also that the Tent Walls of +the Tents, when all the occupants are necessarily absent, are raised +and lowered at the proper times. He has authority to call on his +party at any time, for purposes connected with the Police of his +company. + +4. The Guard, on the day succeeding that on which it marched off, will +constitute the General Police, and will be formed by the Junior +Officer of the Guard, on the General Parade Ground, at morning and +evening Police calls, and will police those parts of Camp not policed +by the company Police party. + +5. The Senior Officer of the Guard, on the day succeeding that on +which he marched off, will be Camp Officer of the Police for that day, +and will report his presence to the Officer of the Day at all roll +calls of companies. He will have general charge of the Police of Camp, +will inspect the Police parties when at work, see that they are all +present, and that they perform their duties properly. + +6. The Officers of the Police will not dismiss their parties until +after their work has been inspected by the Camp Officer of the Police, +and not until he has expressed his satisfaction at the manner in which +it has been done. Should he deem it necessary, at any time during his +tour, to turn out the Police parties for duty, they will promptly obey +his orders. + +7. All Details for Guard, company Police, etc., will be posted on a +Bulletin Board, at the Tents of the 1st Sergeants of the companies. + +8. The Members of the First Class, between REVEILLE and RETREAT, will +be permitted to have the limits of the Plain, included within the Main +Road, passing in rear of Camp, in front of the Hotel Yard, the +Quarters of the Superintendent, the Barracks, and the Library. Cadets +can visit the Library during Library hours, but the Barracks and the +confectioner's can be visited only by special permission. + +9. The permission to walk on Public Lands on Saturday afternoons, +granted to Cadets in Barracks, is withdrawn. + +10. Cadets will be allowed to bathe at or near Gee's Point, between +Reveille and Breakfast, and between Retreat and Tattoo. Cadets wishing +to bathe, will be formed in the company Parade Ground, and be marched +to and from the place of bathing, by the Senior Non-commissioned +Officer present. The members of the Old Guard, during the morning +after marching off, will be permitted to walk on Public Lands until 1 +o'clock, and bathe at Washington's Valley during the same time, except +on Sundays, when they will be excused from Divine Service. + +11. All Cadets, except Officers of the First Class, will pass in and +out of Camp by crossing Post No. 1, reporting their departure and +return to the Officer of the Guard, who will keep a correct list of +the same, and note the time. Cadets will visit the Commissary's only +between the hours of 8-1/2 and 9-1/2 A.M., and 1-1/2 and 3 P.M., and +the Confectioner's between 1 and 4 P.M. + +12. Permission to walk on Public Lands, does not include the +Commissary store out of hours, the Hotel, the Hospital, Wharfs, public +or private buildings, or any other place on the Point, forbidden by +Regulations. + +13. At Taps, all lights will be extinguished in Camp, except those in +Tents of Officers of the First Class, of the 1st Sergeants, and the +Officers and Sergeant of the Guard. + +14. Immediately after Taps, the company Officers will inspect their +companies, and see that all Cadets are properly undressed and in bed; +they will remain in their company grounds long enough to insure +quietness and order in their companies, and will report all Cadets who +leave their Tents for any purpose whatever. + +15. Visiting in Camp after Taps is prohibited, and the Officers in the +performance of their duty will confine themselves to the limits of +their company grounds. + +16. The Officer of the Guard will allow no Cadet, except members of +his guard, to pace the Posts of Nos. 2 and 6 after Taps, except by +permission of the Commanding Officer, or the Officer in charge; and he +will, at all times, preserve proper order and quiet at the Guard +Tents. + +17. Citizens will not be allowed in the body of the Encampment except +when accompanied by an Officer, or for the purpose of visiting an +Officer. For the latter purposes, they will be permitted to cross all +sentinels' posts except those of Nos. 3 and 5. The Officer of the Day, +and the Officer and Non-commissioned Officers of the Guard, together +with the sentinels, will, when they observe citizens in camp for any +other purpose, politely notify them of this order. + +18. The Color Guard will remain with the Guard until Retreat, when the +members will be permitted to go to their own tents. At Reveille, they +will again join the Guard. + +19. All Prisoners and Cadets in arrest, will march to and from meals +with the Guard, which will be marched both to and from same by an +officer of the Guard. + +20. All Cadets passing within fifteen paces of the Color Line, will +salute the colors. + +21. On Saturday afternoons until Tattoo, the Officer of the Day will +inspect and verify the presence and behavior of all Cadets in +confinement, making his rounds for that purpose every hour. + +22. Cadets receiving permits will present them to the Officer of the +Guard, who will register them; and the Cadet taking advantage of it, +is required to notify the Officer of the Guard of his departure and +return. All the permits will then be left with the Officer of the +Guard, who will transmit them, with his report, to the Officer of the +Day, who will in turn transmit them to the Commandant. Cadets visiting +the Hotel, will register their permits immediately in the book kept at +the office for that purpose. + +23. No Cadet will be permitted to visit the Hotel before Guard +Mounting, nor between 1 and 3 P.M., and 7 and 8 P.M. + +24. Cadets who are excused from Divine Service, will remain in their +quarters during the continuance of same. This applies also to those +who attend either the Catholic or Methodist service. + +25. Members of the Guard will not leave the Guard Tents without +permission from the Officer of the Guard, who will see that their +absence is not unnecessarily long. + +26. Cadets will not be permitted to smoke outside the body of the +Encampment. + +27. All official communications from Cadets will be made in proper +forms, and must pass through the hands of their company Commanders. + +28. It is requested of Officers and citizens that they will not smoke +on the General Parade Ground, or when crossing a sentinel's post. + +29. The Guard will permit no person except Cadets, Officers, their +servants, or Orderlies, to enter camp during the absence of the +Battalion. + +30. The Guard will be formed and inspected at Reveille, Retreat, and +Tattoo, and during Parades will remain formed. + +31. Cadets in arrest or confinement, wishing to bathe, will apply to +the Commandant for permission, and be marched from and back in charge +of a guard. + +32. Cadets performing extra tours of punishment, will not be put on +the Color Line. + +33. No Cadet will employ another to do any duty for which he has been +detailed, without permission. + +34. Cadets on sick report will not apply for permission to visit. + +35. The body of the Encampment is defined to be that portion of the +Encampment included between the company Officers' Tents and the Front +Line of company Tents. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[A] EDWARD SHIPPEN ARNOLD was born at Philadelphia, March 19th, 1780; +he entered the East India Company's service, and became a Lieutenant +of Cavalry and Paymaster of Mattra. He died in India in 1813. + +[B] BENEDICT ARNOLD was twice married, and had three sons by his first +wife. BENEDICT, the eldest, was an Officer of Artillery in the British +Army, and died young in the West Indies. HENRY and RICHARD both +entered the King's Service after their father's defection, as +Lieutenants of a Cavalry Legion, commanded by their father. + +By his second marriage (April 8th, 1779), General ARNOLD became the +father of four sons and one daughter. + +EDWARD SHIPPEN ARNOLD, the eldest already mentioned; JAMES ROBERTSON +ARNOLD, the second son entered the Royal Engineers in 1798, and served +at Bermuda, Nova Scotia, and in New Brunswick. In 1841 he was +appointed a Major-General in the British Army, and rose to be a +Lieutenant-General in 1851. He was a Knight of the Hanoverian Order of +the Guelph, also a Knight of the Turkish Order of the Crescent. He +died in service in 1854. + +GEORGE ARNOLD, the third son, was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Bengal +Cavalry, and died in India in 1828. WILLIAM FITCH ARNOLD, the fourth +son, became a Captain of Lancers in the British Army. SOPHIA MATILDA +ARNOLD married a Colonel in the East India Company's Service. + +General ARNOLD died in London, June 14th, 1801. The following notice +appeared in the _Gentleman's Magazine_. "At his house in Gloucester +Place, Brigadier-General ARNOLD. His remains were interred at Brompton +on the 21st. Seven mourning coaches and four State coaches formed the +cavalcade."--_Loyalists of the American Revolution_--SABINE--_British +Army Register_. + + + + + A Standard Work for every Public and Private Library. + + HISTORY + OF + WEST POINT, + + AND ITS + + Military Importance During the American Revolution, + + AND THE + + ORIGIN AND PROGRESS + + OF THE + + UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY. + + BY CAPTAIN EDWARD C. BOYNTON, A.M., + + ADJUTANT OF THE MILITARY ACADEMY. + + ONE VOLUME OCTAVO, 408 PAGES. + + Printed on Tinted Paper, beautifully Illustrated with Maps and + Fine Engravings, chiefly from Photographs taken on the + spot by the Author; bound in blue cloth, + bevelled boards, $6.00. + D. VAN NOSTRAND, Publisher, + + 192 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. + + Copies sent free by mail on receipt of Price. + + +Part First + +Relates to the early acquisition of West Point by the United States, +and the military importance of the Post during the period of the +American Revolution; embracing the rise and progress of the +fortifications, and the purchase and arrangement of the Great Chain, +designed to obstruct the navigation of the Hudson River, drawn from +authentic documents, and illustrated by Maps and Engravings never +before published. + +The perfidious designs of Benedict Arnold, and his connection with +Major John Andre, Adjutant-General of the British Army in America, are +succinctly described, together with the "Proceedings of the Board of +General Officers," in the case of Major Andre, in a _fac-simile_ form +as published at the time by the authority of the Continental Congress. + +The grand _feu de joie_ at West Point on the occasion of the birth of +the Dauphin of France, in 1782, with all the changes in the Garrison +prior to the beginning of the present century, and many of the Orders +of Washington from this spot, are now for the first time given to the +public. + + +Part Second + +Describes the origin of the Military Academy, and its progress down to +the present date; the recognition of the necessity for such an +institution at the very commencement of the Revolution, and the +accumulated opinions in its favor upon the restoration of peace, as +pronounced by the leading minds in the country, are given. + +The Constitutionality of the institution, its alleged aristocratic +tendencies, and the services of its graduates in and without the +military profession, are treated at length. + +The progress of the institution under each successive Superintendent, +the erection and removal of the Early Public Buildings, illustrated by +accurate Engravings and Descriptions, together with those of modern +date, will be found to constitute an interesting feature in the work. + +To those who seek admission into the Military Academy, or who desire +to know the manner of selecting Cadets and making appointments, the +course of life, the employment of time, and the duties of instruction +afterward, full and complete information has been carefully prepared +and imparted to the reader. + +To the visitor or tourist, the work points out and describes (with the +aid of a Map) all the objects of interest connected with the old +Forts, and the Public Buildings, as they exist, and the method of +obtaining access to all such is given. + + +The Appendix + +Contains the roll of the Academic Staff, from the commencement of the +institution; the five most distinguished Cadets in each class from +1817 to the present date, as published by the War Department; a +numerical list of all the Cadets who have been _admitted_ into the +Military Academy, and the States and Territories whence appointed; a +similar list of all the _graduates_ of the institution, together with +a synopsis of all the laws of the United States relative to the +Military Academy, and a sketch of military education and the military +schools in Europe. + + * * * * * + +These are a few only of the subjects of interest to be found in the +work. No efforts has been spared to encompass and exhaust the whole +subject, with the view to render the work _an authority_. + + +List of Maps and Illustrations. + + 1. VIEW OF WEST POINT ON THE HUDSON RIVER. 1780. + (_Fac-simile._) A perspective view, by Major L'Enfant, + Engineer, of the west side of the Highlands, above and + below the Point, twelve miles in extent, with the camps of + the army and the fortifications plainly indicated. + + 2. MAP OF WEST POINT AND ITS FORTIFICATIONS. 1780. + (_Fac-simile._) This map of Maj. Villefranche, Engineer, is + said to have been used at the interview between Arnold and + Andre. + + 3. MAP OF FORT CONSTITUTION, ON CONSTITUTION ISLAND. 1776. + + 4. MAP OF FORT ARNOLD. 1780. (_Fac-simile._) + + 5. ARRANGEMENT OF THE GREAT BOOM AND CHAIN ACROSS THE HUDSON AT + WEST POINT. 1780. + + 6. MARTELAER'S ROCK (Constitution Island). + + 7. MAP OF THE WEST SIDE OF THE HUDSON RIVER. 1780. + (_Fac-simile._) From Haverstraw to West Point, illustrating + the capture of Forts Montgomery and Clinton. + + 8. RELIC OF THE GREAT CHAIN OF THE REVOLUTION. + + 9. MAP OF THE SCENE OF ARNOLD'S TREASON. + + 10. CHAPTER VIGNETTE. + + 11. GRAND ARBOR AND COLONNADE AT WEST POINT IN 1782. + (_Fac-simile._) _Colored._ + + 12. ROBINSON'S HOUSE IN THE HIGHLANDS. + + 13. RUINS OF FORT CONSTITUTION. _From the West Point Hotel._ + + 14. RUINS OF FORT PUTNAM (_interior view_). + + 15. MAP OF THE COMMISSION IN 1812, RELATIVE TO THE UNITED STATES + LANDS AT WEST POINT. + + 16. SURVEY OF THE UNITED STATES LANDS AT WEST POINT. 1839. + + 17. MAP OF WEST POINT IN 1863, _with all the details_. + + 18. FORT PUTNAM, _from the West Point Hotel_. 1863. + + 19. THE OLD ACADEMIC BUILDING, _looking south-east_. + + 20. THE OLD MESS-HALL, _looking south-west_. + + 21. THE OLD NORTH BARRACKS, _looking north-east_. + + 22. THE OLD SOUTH BARRACKS, _looking south-east_. + + 23. THE NEW MESS-HALL, _looking south-west_. + + 24. THE NEW ACADEMIC BUILDING, _looking south-west_. + + 25. THE NEW CADET BARRACKS, _looking south-east_. + + 26. THE LIBRARY AND OBSERVATORY, _looking south-east_. + + 27. THE WEST POINT HOTEL, _looking north-west_. + + 28. THE CHAPEL, _north front_. + + 29. THE THIRTEEN-INCH MORTAR AT THE SEACOAST BATTERY. + + 30. THE TROPHY GUNS. + + 31. KOSCIUSZKO'S MONUMENT. + + 32. THE CADET'S MONUMENT. + + 33. DADE'S MONUMENT. + + 34. WOOD'S MONUMENT. + + 35. MILITARY ACADEMY BAND. + + 36. THE ENCAMPMENT. + + +NOTICES OF THE PRESS. + +"The author has, with painstaking industry, gathered into one view +whatever could be gleaned from our annals, not only in regard to the +origin and progress of the Military Academy, but in reference to the +previous history of West Point as an important Military Station during +the American Revolution. + +"This work is a valuable addition to our historical literature, and +will furnish to the thousands of graduates from the West Point Academy +a most valuable _souvenir_ of their _alma mater_."--_Army and Navy +Journal._ + + * * * * * + +"The associations of West Point, the seat of the United States +Military Academy, are in this respect remarkable, that they derive +their interest exclusively from the circumstances incidental to the +birth and progress of the nation. The history of the place is an +important part of the nation's history. It was the objective point in +that drama of Arnold's treason, which, by involving the fate of Andre, +is remembered as one of the most romantic incidents in the story of +the war. The aspect of the place in connection with the events of that +time is given by that method of description which always leaves the +sense of historic verity. The author has presented his subject not so +much in his own narrative as by a judicious combination of extracts +from documents and papers of original authority; although his own +observations, by way of correction and explanation, are given in good +taste, and indicate a candid judgment. Capt. Boynton's book should +command the interest of those who know most of West Point, and of +those who know nothing about it."--_Atlantic Monthly._ + + * * * * * + +"It records the earliest attempt at instituting a Military School by +the Continental Congress in 1776. It conducts us through the life of +the institution, arguing with terseness its constitutionality, +defending its educational principles, and explaining the necessity for +its preservation. We commend this volume to our readers with perfect +confidence, believing that they will be more than amply repaid by its +careful perusal. We ourselves have lingered with pleasure over its +pages, and predict for the work great success, as one of the most +valuable and interesting additions that has of late years been made to +our historical literature."--_United Service Magazine._ + + * * * * * + +"Aside from its value as an historical record, the volume under notice +is _an entertaining guide-book to the Military Academy and its +surroundings_. We have full details of Cadet life from the day of +entrance to that of graduation, together with descriptions of the +buildings, grounds, and monuments. To the multitude of those who have +enjoyed at West Point the combined attractions, this book will give in +its descriptive and illustrated portion especial pleasure; while the +critical reader will be quite ready to agree fully with the modest +author, that a 'nucleus of truth' has been established as a basis for +a more minute history, if such should ever be needed."--_New York +Evening Post._ + + * * * * * + +"The second part of the book gives the history of the Military Academy +from its foundation in 1802, a description of the Academic buildings, +and the appearance to-day of this always beautiful spot, with the +manner of appointment of the Cadets, course of study, pay, time of +service, and much other information yearly becoming of greater value, +for West Point has not yet reached its palmiest days. + +"The book is beautifully printed on thick tinted paper, with excellent +illustrations and an abundance of those fine clear-cut maps in which +your true West Pointer so much delights."--_Boston Daily Advertiser._ + + * * * * * + +"We cannot close without thanking Capt. BOYNTON for the vast amount of +information so well collated in his book, and for his clear statement +of the history and condition of the Academy from the beginning to the +present time."--_North American Review._ + + * * * * * + + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + | Typographical errors corrected in text: | + | | + | Page 71: acccording replaced with according | + | page 99: Reveille replaced with Reveille | + | | + | Reader should note that Thlonalosassa, Florida listed on | + | page 41, is likely Thonotosassa, Florida. The spelling has| + | been retained. | + | | + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + + * * * * * + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Guide to West Point, and the U.S. +Military Academy, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO WEST POINT, AND THE *** + +***** This file should be named 39188.txt or 39188.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/1/8/39188/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by the Library of Congress) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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