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+} +.orderlist tr.heading td + td { + border-bottom:thin solid gray; +} +.orderlist tr.ender td { + padding-bottom: 10px; +} +</style> + +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Manual of the Botany of the Northern +United States, by Asa Gray + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States + Including the District East of the Mississippi and North + of North Carolina and Tennessee + +Author: Asa Gray + +Release Date: April 11, 2012 [EBook #39423] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MANUAL OF BOTANY OF NORTHERN U.S. *** + + + + +Produced by John Williams and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<h1 style="text-align:center"> + + BOTANY +<br /><br /> + OF +<br /><br /> + THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. +</h1> + + + + +<div class="titlepage" style="text-align:center"> +<p> + MANUAL<br /> + OF<br /> + THE BOTANY<br /> + OF THE<br /> + NORTHERN UNITED STATES, +</p><p> + INCLUDING THE DISTRICT EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND<br /> + NORTH OF NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE. +</p><p> + + <span class="smcap">By ASA GRAY</span>,<br /> + LATE FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.<br /> +</p><p> + + Sixth Edition. + +</p><p> + REVISED AND EXTENDED WESTWARD TO THE 100th MERIDIAN,<br /> + BY<br /> + SERENO WATSON,<br /> + CURATOR OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM, HARVARD UNIVERSITY,<br /> + AND<br /> + JOHN M. COULTER,<br /> + PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN WABASH COLLEGE, +</p><p> + <i>ASSISTED BY SPECIALISTS IN CERTAIN GROUPS</i>. +</p><p> + + WITH TWENTY-FIVE PLATES,<br /> + ILLUSTRATING THE SEDGES, GRASSES, FERNS, ETC. +</p><p> + + IVISON, BLAKEMAN, AND COMPANY,<br /> + <i>PUBLISHERS</i>,<br /> + NEW YORK AND CHICAGO.<br /> + 1890. +</p><p> + + <i>Copyright, 1889</i>,<br /> + <span class="smcap">By the President and Fellows of Harvard College</span>. +</p> +</div> + + + +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + +<ul class="TOC"> +<li> <span class="ralign">Page</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Preface</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page1">1</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Synopsis of the Orders</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page5">5</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Analytical Key to the Orders</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page19">19</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Explanation of Abbreviations of Authors' Names</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page30">30</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Explanation of Signs</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page32">32</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">FLORA.—Phænogamous Or Flowering Plants</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page33">33</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left:6em"> Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants <span class="ralign"><a href="#page33">33</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left:8em"> Angiospermous, Polypetalous <span class="ralign"><a href="#page33">33</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left:16em"> Gamopetalous <span class="ralign"><a href="#page216">216</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left:16em"> Apetalous <span class="ralign"><a href="#page425">425</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left:8em"> Gymnospermous Plants <span class="ralign"><a href="#page489">489</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left:6em"> Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants <span class="ralign"><a href="#page495">495</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left:4em"> <span class="smcap">Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page675">675</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left:6em"> Vascular Acrogens, or Pteridophytes <span class="ralign"><a href="#page675">675</a></span></li> +<li style="margin-left:6em"> Cellular Acrogens, or Bryophytes (Hepaticæ) <span class="ralign"><a href="#page702">702</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Additions and Corrections</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page733">733</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Table of Orders</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page736">736</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Glossary</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page738">738</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Index</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page749">749</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Plates, with Explanations</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page761">761</a></span></li> +</ul> + + + + +<a name="page1"></a> +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p>The first edition of Gray's Manual was published in 1848. +It was to a great extent rewritten and its range extended in +1856, and it was again largely rewritten in 1867. The great +advances that have since been made in systematic botany and +in the knowledge of our flora have for several years past made +another revision desirable, which Dr. Gray before his death +was purposing to undertake.</p> + +<p>The present editors, acting to the best of their ability in +his stead, have endeavored throughout to follow his methods +and views. The original plan, so long retained by Dr. Gray +and so generally approved, has been closely adhered to, the +characters and descriptions of the last edition have been left +essentially unchanged so far as possible, and in the numerous +alterations and additions that have been considered necessary +or advisable, his conclusions and principles have governed in +every matter of importance, so far as they could be known. +The effort especially has been to maintain that high standard +of excellence which has always made the Manual an authority +among botanists.</p> + +<p>In the treatment of the genera and species, Gray's Synoptical +Flora has been made the basis in the revision of the Gamopetalous +Orders, and the manuscript in continuation of that work, +so far as prepared, for the Polypetalous Orders which precede +<i>Leguminosæ</i> (excepting <i>Nuphar</i>, the <i>Cruciferæ, Caryophyllaceæ, +Vitis</i>, and the small Orders numbered 18, 22, 23, 25–27, and +29). The genus <i>Salix</i> has been rewritten for this edition by +<span class="smcap">M. S. Bebb</span>, Esq., the genus <i>Carex</i> by Prof. <span class="smcap">L. H. Bailey</span>, and +the Ferns and allied orders by Prof. <span class="smcap">D. C. Eaton</span>. For the +rest, all known available sources of information have been +made use of, and much willing help has been received from +botanists in all parts of our territory.</p> + +<p><a name="page2"></a>The increasing interest that is taken in the study of the +Cellular Cryptogams, and the desire to encourage it, have led +to the inclusion again of the Hepaticæ, which were omitted +in the last edition. These have been prepared through the +kindness of Prof. <span class="smcap">L. M. Underwood</span>, though the limits of +the volume have necessitated somewhat briefer descriptions +than he considered desirable. The three fine plates illustrating +the genera of these Orders, which were used in the early +editions, are also added, with a supplementary one, as well as +an additional one in illustration of the Grasses, thus increasing +the number of plates to twenty-five. A Glossary of botanical +terms is appended, to meet an expressed need of those who +use the Manual alone, and a Synopsis of the Orders in their +sequence is given, to contrast more clearly their characters, and +to show the general principles which have determined their +present arrangement. This should be a useful adjunct to the +more artificially arranged Analytical Key.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Geographical Limits, and Distribution.</span>—The southern +limit of the territory covered by the present work is the same +as in the later previous editions, viz. the southern boundary of +Virginia and Kentucky. This coincides better than any other +geographical line with the natural division between the cooler-temperate +and the warm-temperate vegetation of the Atlantic +States. The rapid increase of population west of the Mississippi +River, and the growing need of a Manual covering the +flora of that section, have seemed a sufficient reason for the +extension of the limits of the work westward to the 100th +meridian, thus connecting with the <i>Manual of the Flora of the +Rocky Mountain Region</i> by Prof. Coulter. These limits, as +well as that upon the north, have been in general strictly +observed, very few species being admitted that are not known +with some degree of certainty to occur within them. The extreme +western flora is no doubt imperfectly represented.</p> + +<p>The distribution of the individual species is indicated somewhat +more definitely than heretofore in many cases, so far as +it could be satisfactorily ascertained. The extralimital range +is also sometimes given, but the terms "northward," "southward," +and "westward" are more frequently employed, signifying +an indefinite range in those directions beyond the limits +of the Manual. Where no definite habitat is specified, the species<a name="page3"></a> +may be understood as found more or less generally throughout +the whole area, or at least to near the western limits.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nomenclature, Accentuation of Names</span>, etc.—In case +of question respecting the proper name to be adopted for any +species, Dr. Gray's known and expressed views have been followed, +it is believed, throughout the work. While reasonable +regard has been paid to the claims of priority, the purpose has +been to avoid unnecessary changes, in the belief that such +changes are in most cases an unmitigated evil. Synonyms are +rarely given except where changes have been made. As a guide +to correct pronunciation, the long sound of the accented vowel +(modified often in personal names) is indicated, as heretofore, +by the grave accent (`), and the short sound by the acute (´). +In regard to the derivations of generic names, many valuable +suggestions have been due to W. R. Gerard, Esq., of New York.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Prominent Characters</span> are indicated by the use of <i>Italic +type</i> for the leading distinctions of the Orders, and generally +in the specific descriptions for those points by which two or +more nearly allied species may be most readily distinguished. +The ready discrimination of the genera is provided for by a +Synopsis of their leading characters under each order. Whenever +a genus comprises several species, pains have been taken +to render important differences conspicuous by proper grouping, +and when needed by a series of subordinate divisions and +subdivisions. The headings of these various groups are to be +considered as belonging to and forming a part of the specific +characters of the several species under them,—a fact which +the student should always bear in mind.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Arrangement of the Orders.</span>—The Natural Orders are +disposed in very close accordance with the method followed +by Bentham and Hooker in the <i>Genera Plantarum</i>, the principles +of which are concisely shown in the Synopsis of Orders +which precedes the Analytical Key. The <i>Gymnospermæ</i> are +retained as a Subclass following the Angiospermous Dicotyledons, +with which they have an obvious relationship, in preference +to placing them, as some authorities would do, next +before the Pteridophytes, to which their affinity, if no less +certain, is nevertheless obscure. A more natural arrangement +than either would be the withdrawal of the Endogens, +placing them at the beginning, in perhaps an inverse order.</p> + +<p><a name="page4"></a><span class="smcap">Analytical Key to the Orders.</span>—As stated in Dr. Gray's +Preface to the last edition, this is designed to enable the student +to refer readily to its proper Order any of our plants, +upon taking the pains to ascertain the structure of its flowers, +and sometimes of the fruit, and by following out a series of +easy steps in the analysis. It is founded upon the most obvious +distinctions which will answer the purpose, and is so +contrived as to provide for all or nearly all exceptional +instances and variant cases. Referring to the Order which the +Key leads him to, the student will find its most distinctive +points brought together and printed in Italics in the first sentence +of the ordinal description, and thus can verify his results. +The Synopsis which follows will then lead him to the genus, +to be verified in turn by the full generic description in its +place; and the progress thence to the species is facilitated, +when there are several to choose from, by the arrangement +under divisions and subdivisions, as already explained.</p> + +<p>It will be seen that the Key directs the inquirer to ascertain, +first, the Class of the plant under consideration,—which, +even without the seeds, is revealed at once by the plan of the +stem, as seen in a cross-section, and usually by the veining of +the leaves, and is commonly confirmed by the numerical plan +of the flower;—then, if of the first Class, the Subclass is at +once determined by the pistil, whether of the ordinary kind, +or an open scale bearing naked ovules. If the former, then +the choice between the three Divisions is determined by the +presence or absence of the petals, and whether separate or +united. Each Division is subdivided by equally obvious characters, +and, finally, a series of successively subordinated propositions,—each +set more indented upon the page than the preceding,—leads +to the name of the Order sought for, followed +by the number of the page upon which it is described +in the body of the work.</p> + +<p>The book is now submitted to those for whose benefit it has +been prepared, in the trust that its shortcomings will meet +with friendly indulgence, and with the earnest request that +information be kindly given of any corrections or additions that +may appear to be necessary.</p> + +<p> + SERENO WATSON.<br /> + <span class="smcap">Cambridge, Mass.</span>, Dec. 26, 1889. +</p> +<a name="page5"></a> + + +<h2 style="text-align:center"> + SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANT<br /> + + DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK. +</h2> + +<p><span class="smcap">Series I. PHÆNOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS</span>: those +producing real flowers and seeds.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS.</span></p> + +<p>Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a zone between +the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year +to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the +bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, +or in Subclass II. often three or more in a whorl. Parts of the flower +mostly in fours or fives.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMÆ.</span> Pistil consisting of a closed ovary +which contains the ovules and becomes the fruit. Cotyledons only two.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Division I. POLYPETALOUS</span>: the calyx and corolla both present; +the latter of <i>separate</i> petals. (Apetalous flowers occur in various +Orders, as noted under the subdivisions.)</p> + +<p><b>A.</b> THALAMIFLORÆ. Stamens and petals hypogynous (free both from +the calyx and from the superior ovary), upon a usually narrow receptacle +(not glandular nor discoid, except in Reseda, sometimes stipe-like). (Stamens +and petals upon the partly inferior ovary in some Nymphæaceæ.) +Apetalous flowers occur in the Ranunculaceæ and Caryophyllaceæ.</p> + +<p>[*] 1. Carpels solitary or distinct (or coherent in Magnoliaceæ); sepals and +petals deciduous (except in Nymphæaceæ); leaves alternate or radical, +without stipules (sometimes opposite or whorled and rarely stipular in +Ranunculaceæ); embryo (except in Nelumbo) small, in fleshy albumen.</p> + +<p>1. <b><a href="#ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page34">p. 34</a>). Sepals (3 or more), petals (as many, in regular +flowers, or none), stamens (usually many), and carpels (1–many) all distinct. +Fruit achenes, follicles, or berries. Mostly herbs.</p> + +<p>2. <b><a href="#magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page49">p. 49</a>). Sepals and petals colored alike, in three or more +rows of three, imbricate. Fruit cone-like, formed of the numerous cohering +pistils. Trees.</p> + +<p>3. <b><a href="#anonaceae">Anonaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page50">p. 50</a>). Sepals (3) and petals (6, in two rows) valvate. Fruit +pulpy. Shrubs or small trees.</p> + +<p>4. <b><a href="#menispermaceae">Menispermaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page51">p. 51</a>). Sepals and petals in twos or threes, imbricate. +Pistils becoming 1-seeded drupes. Diœcious woody climbers, with palmate +or peltate leaves.</p> + +<p><a name="page6"></a>5. <b><a href="#berberidaceae">Berberidaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page52">p. 52</a>). Sepals and petals imbricate, each in two rows of +three (rarely in twos or fours). Stamens opposite the petals. Pistil +solitary, becoming a berry or pod. Shrubs or low herbs.</p> + +<p>6. <b><a href="#nymphaeaceae">Nymphæaceæ</a></b>, in part (<a href="#page54">p. 54</a>). Sepals and petals each 3, or many in +several rows. Pistils becoming coriaceous and indehiscent. Aquatics; +floating leaves peltate.</p> + +<p>[*] 2. Carpels (2 or more) united into a compound ovary with parietal, often +nerve-like placentæ (or the seeds covering the inner surface in Nymphæaceæ, +and the placentæ axile in Sarraceniaceæ). Herbs (some Cistaceæ +somewhat shrubby).</p> + +<p>[+] Fruit 5–many-celled; calyx or whole perianth persistent; embryo small, +at the base of fleshy albumen.</p> + +<p>6. <b><a href="#nymphaeaceae">Nymphæaceæ</a></b> proper (<a href="#page54">p. 54</a>). Sepals 2–6. Petals and stamens +numerous, on a thick hypogynous receptacle or inserted upon the ovary. +Capsule 8–30-celled. Aquatics, with peltate or cordate leaves.</p> + +<p>7. <b><a href="#sarraceniaceae">Sarraceniaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page57">p. 57</a>). Sepals and petals 5. Capsule 5-celled. Marsh +plants, with pitcher-shaped leaves.</p> + +<p>[+][+] Fruit 1-celled, or spuriously 2–more-celled by partitions connecting the +placentæ.</p> + +<p>[++] Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen; perianth deciduous; sepals 2.</p> + +<p>8. <b><a href="#papaveraceae">Papaveraceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page57">p. 57</a>.) Flowers regular. Sepals fugacious. Petals 4–12. +Stamens and seeds numerous. Capsule 2–several-valved. Juice +milky or colored.</p> + +<p>9. <b><a href="#fumariaceae">Fumariaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page59">p. 59</a>.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4, in dissimilar pairs. +Stamens 6, diadelphous. Fruit 2-valved (indehiscent and 1-seeded in +Fumaria). Juice watery; leaves dissected.</p> + +<p>[++][++] Albumen none; embryo curved or folded; perianth deciduous (sepals +persistent in Resedaceæ).</p> + +<p>10. <b><a href="#cruciferae">Cruciferæ</a></b> (<a href="#page61">p. 61</a>). Sepals and petals 4. Stamens mostly 6, tetradynamous +(two inserted lower and shorter). Pod 2-celled by a transverse partition, +2-valved, or sometimes indehiscent or transversely jointed. Bracts +and stipules none.</p> + +<p>11. <b><a href="#capparidaceae">Capparidaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page74">p. 74</a>). Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 6 or more, nearly +equal. Pod 1-celled, 2-valved. Embryo coiled. Leaves often palmately +divided; bracts and stipules often present.</p> + +<p>12. <b><a href="#resedaceae">Resedaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page75">p. 75</a>). Sepals and petals 4–7, irregular. Stamens +indefinite on an hypogynous disk, not covered in the bud. Pod 1-celled, 3–6-lobed, +opening at the top.</p> + +<p>[++][++][++] Embryo rather large in fleshy albumen; placentæ on the middle of +the valves; calyx persistent.</p> + +<p>13. <b><a href="#cistaceae">Cistaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page76">p. 76</a>). Flowers regular; sepals and petals 5, the two outer +sepals minute. Stamens indefinite. Pod 1-celled, 3–5-valved. Ovules +orthotropous. Embryo curved. Leaves entire, the lower often opposite.</p> + +<p>14. <b><a href="#violaceae">Violaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page78">p. 78</a>). Flowers irregular; sepals and petals 5. Stamens 5, +with connivent introrse anthers. Style clavate. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved. +Ovules anatropous. Embryo straight. Stipules present.</p> + +<p><a name="page7"></a>[*] 3. Ovary compound, 1-celled, with central placentæ; embryo curved around +mealy albumen (except in Dianthus); leaves entire; stipules mostly none.</p> + +<p>15. <b><a href="#caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page82">p. 82</a>). Sepals (5, rarely 4) distinct or united, persistent. +Petals as many, rarely none. Stamens as many or twice as many, +rarely fewer. Styles 2–5. Leaves opposite.</p> + +<p>16. <b><a href="#portulacaceae">Portulacaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page90">p. 90</a>). Sepals 2. Petals 5. Stamens 5–20. Capsule +3-valved or circumscissile. Fleshy herbs; leaves mostly alternate.</p> + +<p>[*] 4. Calyx imbricate; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or +often indefinite; ovary compound, 1-celled with parietal placentæ or several-celled +with the placentæ united in the axis; embryo straight or +slightly curved; albumen none or scanty.</p> + +<p>17. <b><a href="#elatinaceae">Elatinaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page91">p. 91</a>). Small marsh annuals, with opposite leaves, membranous +stipules, minute axillary flowers, few stamens, and pod 2–5-celled.</p> + +<p>18. <b><a href="#hypericaceae">Hypericaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page92">p. 92</a>). Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted +leaves and no stipules. Flowers cymose or panicled. Stamens few or +many, usually in 3 or more clusters. Pod 1-celled or 3–5-celled.</p> + +<p>19. <b><a href="#ternstroemiaceae">Ternstrœmiaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page95">p. 95</a>). Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves and +no stipules. Flowers large, axillary, solitary. Stamens numerous, more +or less united together and with the base of the petals. Pod 3–5-celled.</p> + +<p>[*] 5. Calyx valvate; stamens numerous, usually more or less united together +and with the base of the petals; ovary 3–many-celled with the placentæ +united in the axis (becoming 1-celled and 1-seeded in Tilia).</p> + +<p>20. <b><a href="#malvaceae">Malvaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page96">p. 96</a>). Stamens monadelphous; anthers 1-celled. Calyx +persistent. Seeds kidney-shaped, with curved embryo and little albumen. +Herbs or shrubs, with alternate palmately veined stipular leaves.</p> + +<p>21. <b><a href="#tiliaceae">Tiliaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page101">p. 101</a>). Stamens polyadelphous or nearly distinct; anthers +2-celled. Calyx deciduous. Embryo nearly straight. Trees, with alternate +leaves and deciduous stipules.</p> + +<p><b>B.</b> DISCIFLORÆ. Stamens as many as the petals or twice as many or +fewer, inserted upon or at the outer or inner base of a more or less tumid +hypogynous or perigynous disk, which is cushion-like or annular or divided +into glands, sometimes obscure or minute (or none in Linum, Ilex, +some Geraniaceæ and Polygala); ovary superior (or half-inferior in some +Rhamnaceæ); sepals more usually distinct. Petals wanting in some +Rutaceæ, Rhamnaceæ, and Sapindaceæ.</p> + +<p>[*] 1. Ovules (mostly 1 or 2 in each cell) pendulous, with the rhaphe toward +the axis of the ovary; disk often reduced to glands alternate with the +petals or none; ovary often lobed or the carpels nearly distinct.</p> + +<p>22. <b><a href="#linaceae">Linaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page101">p. 101</a>). Flowers regular, usually 5-merous. Capsule not +lobed, mostly 5-valved, spuriously 10-celled, 10-seeded. Stamens united +at base. Disk none or 5 minute glands. Herbs, with entire alternate or +opposite leaves; stipules gland-like or none.</p> + +<p>23. <b><a href="#geraniaceae">Geraniaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page102">p. 102</a>). Flowers regular or irregular, 5-merous or 3-merous +as to the stamens and pistils. Ovary 3–5-lobed, the cells 1–few-ovuled, +and axis persistent. Disk of 5 glands or none. Herbs, with often +lobed or divided mostly alternate leaves, with or without stipules.</p> + +<p><a name="page8"></a>24. <b><a href="#rutaceae">Rutaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page106">p. 106</a>). Flowers mostly regular, 3–5-merous, diœcious or +polygamous in our genera. Ovary 2–5-lobed or the carpels nearly distinct, +upon a glandular disk; cells 2-ovuled. Mostly shrubs or trees, +with glandular-punctate compound leaves, without stipules.</p> + +<p>[*] 2. Ovules (1 or 2) pendulous, the rhaphe away from the axis; disk none +and ovary not lobed.</p> + +<p>25. <b><a href="#ilicineae">Ilicineæ</a></b> (<a href="#page107">p. 107</a>). Flowers small, diœciously polygamous, axillary, 4–8-merous. +Fruit a 4–8-seeded berry-like drupe. Shrubs or trees, with +simple alternate leaves and no stipules.</p> + +<p>[*] 3. Ovules (1 or 2 in each cell) erect, the rhaphe toward the axis; disk fleshy, +covering the base of the calyx; stamens as many as the petals, at the +margin of the disk; flowers perfect or polygamo-diœcious; albumen fleshy; +shrubs or trees, with simple leaves (compound in some Vitaceæ).</p> + +<p>26. <b><a href="#celastraceae">Celastraceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page109">p. 109</a>). Sepals and petals imbricated, the stamens alternate +with the petals. Fruit 2–5-celled; seeds arilled.</p> + +<p>27. <b><a href="#rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page111">p. 111</a>). Calyx valvate. Petals small or none. Stamens +alternate with the sepals. Fruit 2–5-celled; seeds solitary, not arilled.</p> + +<p>28. <b><a href="#vitaceae">Vitaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page112">p. 112</a>). Calyx minute. Stamens opposite the valvate caducous +petals. Climbing by tendrils opposite the alternate leaves.</p> + +<p>[*] 4. Ovules (1 or 2) ascending or horizontal, or pendulous from a basal funicle; +fleshy disk entire or lobed; stamens 5–10; shrubs or trees, with compound +leaves (simple in Acer) and mostly polygamo-diœcious and often +irregular flowers; petals imbricate (sometimes none in Sapindaceæ).</p> + +<p>29. <b><a href="#sapindaceae">Sapindaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page115">p. 115</a>). Flowers mostly unsymmetrical or irregular. +Ovary 2–3-celled and -lobed.</p> + +<p>30. <b><a href="#anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page118">p. 118</a>). Flowers regular, 5-androus. Ovary 1-celled, +becoming a small dry drupe. Leaves alternate; juice milky or resinous.</p> + +<p>[*] 5. Ovules solitary, pendulous from the summit of the 2-celled ovary; disk +none; flowers irregular (subpapilionaceous), hypogynous; stamens monadelphous +or diadelphous; anthers 1-celled, opening by an apical pore.</p> + +<p>31. <b><a href="#polygalaceae">Polygalaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page120">p. 120</a>). Herbs, with perfect flowers and alternate or +opposite or whorled entire leaves. Stamens 6–8. Seed carunculate.</p> + +<p><b>C.</b> CALYCIFLORÆ. Sepals rarely distinct; disk adnate to the base of +the calyx, rarely tumid or conspicuous; petals and stamens on the calyx, +perigynous or epigynous, the ovary being often inferior (hypogynous in +Drosera and Parnassia, nearly so in some Leguminosæ and Crassulaceæ). +Apetalous flowers in Orders 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, and 50.</p> + +<p>[*] 1. Ovary usually superior, the pistils solitary, or several and distinct (sometimes +more or less united but at least the styles distinct except in some +Saxifragaceæ).</p> + +<p>32. <b><a href="#leguminosae">Leguminosæ</a></b> (<a href="#page122">p. 122</a>). Flowers papilionaceous or regular. Stamens +usually 10, and mostly monadelphous or diadelphous. Pistil one, free, +becoming a legume; style terminal. Albumen none. Leaves mostly +compound, alternate, stipular.</p> + +<p>33. <b><a href="#rosaceae">Rosaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page150">p. 150</a>). Flowers regular, with usually numerous distinct +stamens, and 1–many pistils, distinct or (in Pomeæ) united and combined<a name="page9"></a> +with the calyx-tube; style often lateral or basal. Calyx-lobes and petals +mostly 5. Ovules mostly 1 or 2. Albumen mostly none. Trees, shrubs, +or herbs; leaves usually alternate and stipulate, simple or compound.</p> + +<p>34. <b><a href="#calycanthaceae">Calycanthaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page167">p. 167</a>). Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens indefinite. +Pistils numerous, becoming achenes in a hollow receptacle. Albumen +none. Aromatic shrubs, with opposite entire leaves and no stipules.</p> + +<p>35. <b><a href="#saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page168">p. 168</a>). Flowers regular, with 5–10 stamens (numerous +in Philadelphus), few (mostly 2) more or less united, free or partially +adnate carpels, and few–many ovules on axile or sometimes parietal placentæ. +Seeds albuminous. Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate +leaves, with or without stipules.</p> + +<p>36. <b><a href="#crassulaceae">Crassulaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page170">p. 170</a>). Mostly fleshy herbs, with symmetrical flowers, +the usually distinct many-seeded carpels as many as the sepals. Seeds +albuminous. Leaves alternate or opposite or whorled; stipules none.</p> + +<p>37. <b><a href="#droseraceae">Droseraceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page178">p. 178</a>). Glandular-haired scapose marsh herbs, with +regular 5-merous hypogynous flowers. Capsule 1-celled, with 3–5 many-seeded +parietal placentæ. Anthers extrorse. Leaves circinate in vernation.</p> + +<p>38. <b><a href="#hamamelideae">Hamamelideæ</a></b> (<a href="#page179">p. 179</a>). Shrubs or trees; flowers often polygamo-monœcious, +in clusters, heads, or spikes; petals often none. Seeds 2 or +more, bony, in a 2-beaked woody pod opening above, the base adnate to +the calyx-tube. Stamens few or many. Leaves alternate, simple.</p> + +<p>39. <b><a href="#halorageae">Halorageæ</a></b> (<a href="#page180">p. 180</a>). Aquatic or marsh herbs; flowers perfect or polygamo-diœcious, +small, axillary or spicate; petals often none. Stamens +1–8. Ovary inferior, the calyx-limb obsolete or very short. Fruit small, +indehiscent, 1–4-celled, 1–4-seeded. Leaves alternate or opposite, the +submersed often dissected.</p> + +<p>[*] 2. Ovary inferior (except in Lythraceæ), 1–several-celled; style entire; +flowers perfect, regular or nearly so, mostly 4-merous; herbs, with simple +and mostly entire leaves without stipules.</p> + +<p>40. <b><a href="#melastomaceae">Melastomaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page183">p. 183</a>). Calyx open. Stamens definite; anthers +opening by an apical pore. Leaves opposite, 3–7-nerved; flowers cymose.</p> + +<p>41. <b><a href="#lythraceae">Lythraceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page184">p. 184</a>). Calyx-lobes valvate. Pod free, but enclosed in the +calyx, membranous, 1–4-celled, many-seeded with axile placentæ. Leaves +mostly opposite; flowers axillary or whorled; petals crumpled, or none.</p> + +<p>42. <b><a href="#onagraceae">Onagraceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page186">p. 186</a>). Calyx-lobes valvate. Ovary 1–4-celled, the cells +1–many-ovuled. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Petals 2 or 4, convolute, or none. +Leaves opposite or alternate.</p> + +<p>[*] 3. Ovary inferior (except in Passifloraceæ and Ficoideæ), 1-celled with parietal +placentæ or several-celled by the intrusion of the placentæ; flowers +regular, perfect or unisexual; styles free or united; herbs.</p> + +<p>[+] Embryo straight; cotyledons foliaceous; leaves alternate, often lobed.</p> + +<p>43. <b><a href="#loasaceae">Loasaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page193">p. 193</a>). Flowers perfect. Stamens indefinite. Style entire +or 2–3-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 or 3 many-seeded placentæ. Pubescence +of hooked hairs.</p> + +<p>44. <b><a href="#passifloraceae">Passifloraceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page194">p. 194</a>). Climbing by tendrils. Flowers perfect. Stamens +5, monadelphous. Ovary stalked, superior, becoming a 1-celled +many-seeded berry with 3 or 4 placentæ. Styles 3, clavate.</p> + +<p><a name="page10"></a>45. <b><a href="#cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page194">p. 194</a>). Tendril-bearing vines, with diœcious or monœcious +flowers. Corolla 5-lobed, often confluent with the calyx. Stamens +3 or 5, usually more or less united and the anthers often tortuous. Fruit +fleshy or membranous, 1–5-celled, the placentæ often produced to the +axis and revolute. Seeds exalbuminous.</p> + +<p>[+][+] Embryo curved or coiled about central albumen; leaves entire.</p> + +<p>46. <b><a href="#cactaceae">Cactaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page196">p. 196</a>). Fleshy and mostly leafless prickly plants, with solitary +sessile perfect flowers. Calyx-lobes and petals indefinite, imbricated, +the numerous stamens on the tube. Fruit a 1-celled many-seeded berry.</p> + +<p>47. <b><a href="#ficoideae">Ficoideæ</a></b> (<a href="#page198">p. 198</a>). Calyx-lobes or sepals 5 and petals none in our genera. +Capsule 3–5-celled with axile placentæ, loculicidal or circumscissile, +many-seeded. Often fleshy; leaves mostly opposite or verticillate.</p> + +<p>[*] 4. Flowers small, regular, perfect or polygamous; calyx-limb minute or obsolete; +ovary inferior, 2–several-celled, with solitary pendulous ovules; +petals and stamens mostly 4 or 5, on the margin of an epigynous disk +surrounding the styles; albumen copious.</p> + +<p>48. <b><a href="#umbelliferae">Umbelliferæ</a></b> (<a href="#page198">p. 198</a>). Flowers in umbels or heads. Petals (inflexed) +and stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit of 2 dry seed-like carpels, the pericarp +usually with oil-tubes. Herbs, with alternate mostly compound leaves.</p> + +<p>49. <b><a href="#araliaceae">Araliaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page212">p. 212</a>). Flowers mostly in umbels and nearly as in Umbelliferæ; +petals not inflexed and styles 2 or more. Fruit a 2–several-celled +drupe. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly compound leaves.</p> + +<p>50. <b><a href="#cornaceae">Cornaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page213">p. 213</a>). Flowers not in umbels; petals (valvate, or none) +and stamens 4 or 5. Style 1. Fruit a 1–2-seeded drupe. Trees, shrubs, +or rarely herbs, with opposite or alternate simple and mostly entire leaves.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Division II. GAMOPETALOUS</span>: calyx and corolla both present, +the latter of united petals (excepting some Ericaceæ, Styracaceæ, +and Oleaceæ, Galax, Statice, and Lysimachia). Apetalous flowers +occur in Glaux and some Oleaceæ. Stipules present only in Rubiaceæ +and Loganiaceæ, or rarely in Caprifoliaceæ.</p> + +<p>[*] 1. Ovary inferior; stamens borne upon the corolla, alternate with its lobes.</p> + +<p>[+] Stamens distinct; leaves opposite or whorled; seed albuminous except in +Valerianaceæ.</p> + +<p>51. <b><a href="#caprifoliaceae">Caprifoliaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page216">p. 216</a>). Corolla mostly 5-lobed, regular or irregular, +the stamens as many (one fewer in Linnæa, doubled in Adoxa). Ovary 1–several-celled; +fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1–several-seeded. Shrubs or +herbs; leaves opposite, rarely stipular, not turning black in drying.</p> + +<p>52. <b><a href="#rubiaceae">Rubiaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page222">p. 222</a>). Flowers regular, 4–5-merous, the corolla mostly +valvate. Ovary 2–4-celled. Herbs or shrubs; leaves simple, entire, opposite +with stipules, or verticillate, usually turning black in drying.</p> + +<p>53. <b><a href="#valerianaceae">Valerianaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page228">p. 228</a>). Stamens (1–4) fewer than the lobes of the +somewhat irregular corolla. Ovary with two abortive or empty cells and +one containing a suspended ovule. Fruit dry and indehiscent. Herbs.</p> + +<p>54. <b><a href="#dipsaceae">Dipsaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page229">p. 229</a>). Flowers mostly 4-merous and with 4 (rarely 2) stamens, +involucellate in involucrate heads; corolla-lobes imbricate. Ovary +simple, 1-celled, with a suspended ovule. Herbs.</p> + +<p><a name="page11"></a>[+][+] Anthers connate into a tube.</p> + +<p>55. <b><a href="#compositae">Compositæ</a></b> (<a href="#page230">p. 230</a>). Stamens as many as the valvate corolla-lobes. +Ovary with a solitary erect ovule, becoming an achene. Albumen none. +Calyx-limb reduced to a pappus or none. Flowers in involucrate heads.</p> + +<p>[*] 2. Ovary inferior (or superior in most Ericaceæ and in Diapensiaceæ); stamens +free from the corolla or nearly so (adnate in some Diapensiaceæ), +as many as the lobes and alternate with them, or twice as many; leaves +alternate (opposite in some Ericaceæ); style 1.</p> + +<p>[+] Juice milky; capsule 2–5-celled, many-seeded; herbs.</p> + +<p>56. <b><a href="#lobeliaceae">Lobeliaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page305">p. 305</a>). Corolla irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens united, at +least by the anthers. Capsule 2-celled or with two placentæ.</p> + +<p>57. <b><a href="#campanulaceae">Campanulaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page307">p. 307</a>). Corolla regular, 5-lobed, valvate. Stamens +usually distinct. Capsule 2–several-celled.</p> + +<p>[+][+] Juice not milky nor acrid; capsule 3–10-celled.</p> + +<p>58. <b><a href="#ericaceae">Ericaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page309">p. 309</a>). Flowers mostly regular, 4–5-merous. Stamens +distinct, more usually twice as many as the corolla-lobes or petals. Ovary +inferior or superior. Herbs or shrubs.</p> + +<p>59. <b><a href="#diapensiaceae">Diapensiaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page326">p. 326</a>). Flowers regular. Stamens 5, on the corolla, +or monadelphous with 5 petaloid staminodia. Ovary superior, 3-celled.</p> + +<p>[*] 3. Ovary superior; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them.</p> + +<p>60. <b><a href="#plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page327">p. 327</a>). Stamens 5, on the base of the petals. +Styles 5. Fruit an achene or 1-seeded utricle. Herbs; leaves radical.</p> + +<p>61. <b><a href="#primulaceae">Primulaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page328">p. 328</a>). Stamens 4–8, perigynous. Style 1. Fruit a +capsule with several seeds on a central placenta. Herbs; leaves radical +or opposite or alternate.</p> + +<p>62. <b><a href="#sapotaceae">Sapotaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page332">p. 332</a>). Flowers small, 4–5-merous. Style 1. Ovary +few–several-celled; fruit fleshy, bearing a single bony-coated seed. +Shrubs or trees, with milky juice and alternate entire leaves.</p> + +<p>[*] 4. Ovary superior or more or less adnate to the calyx, few–several-celled, +the cells 1-ovuled; stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes or more; +trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves.</p> + +<p>63. <b><a href="#ebenaceae">Ebenaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page333">p. 333</a>). Flowers diœcious or polygamous. Stamens on +the corolla. Ovary superior. Styles distinct. Fruit fleshy, few-seeded.</p> + +<p>64. <b><a href="#styracaceae">Styracaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page333">p. 333</a>). Flowers perfect. Stamens subhypogynous. Ovary +more or less inferior. Style 1. Fruit dry or nearly so, 1–4-seeded.</p> + +<p>[*] 5. Ovary superior, of two carpels (sometimes by division apparently 4-carpellary, +sometimes of 3–5 in Polemoniaceæ, Convolvulaceæ, and Solanaceæ); +stamens on the corolla (except in apetalous Oleaceæ), alternate +with its lobes, as many or fewer.</p> + +<p>[+] Corolla not scarious and nerveless.</p> + +<p>[++] Corolla none, or regular and 4-cleft or -parted, the stamens fewer than its +lobes; style 1; seeds 1–3.</p> + +<p>65. <b><a href="#oleaceae">Oleaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page335">p. 335</a>). Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple +leaves. Flowers perfect or polygamo-diœcious. Stamens mostly 2, alternate +with the usually 2-ovuled carpels.</p> + +<p><a name="page12"></a>[++][++] Corolla regular, its lobes 4–5 or rarely more; stamens as many.</p> + +<p>[=] Ovaries 2, becoming follicles; stigmas and sometimes the styles united; +herbs with milky juice, perfect 5-merous flowers, and simple entire leaves.</p> + +<p>66. <b><a href="#apocynaceae">Apocynaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page337">p. 337</a>). Stamens distinct or the anthers merely connivent, +with ordinary pollen. Style 1.</p> + +<p>67. <b><a href="#asclepiadaceae">Asclepiadaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page338">p. 338</a>). Stamens monadelphous, the anthers permanently +attached to a large stigmatic body; pollen mostly in waxy masses. +Styles distinct below the stigma.</p> + +<p>[=][=] Ovary compound (ovaries two in Dichondra), with 2 or 3 (rarely 4 or 5) +cells or placentæ; stamens distinct; mostly herbs.</p> + +<p><i>a.</i> Leaves opposite; corolla-lobes 4 or 5 or more.</p> + +<p>68. <b><a href="#loganiaceae">Loganiaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page345">p. 345</a>). Leaves entire, with stipules or a stipular line +joining their bases. Capsule 2-celled, few–many-seeded. Herbs or +woody twiners (our species).</p> + +<p>69. <b><a href="#gentianaceae">Gentianaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page346">p. 346</a>). Glabrous herbs; leaves entire, sessile and simple +(except in Menyanthes). Capsule 1-celled with 2 parietal placentæ +or the whole inner surface ovuliferous, many-seeded.</p> + +<p><i>b.</i> Leaves alternate (sometimes opposite in Polemoniaceæ and Hydrophyllaceæ); +corolla-lobes always 5 in our species.</p> + +<p>70. <b><a href="#polemoniaceae">Polemoniaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page354">p. 354</a>). Capsule usually 3-celled, loculicidal; seeds +1–many in each cell on the stout placental axis. Style 3-cleft or -lobed. +Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound.</p> + +<p>71. <b><a href="#hydrophyllaceae">Hydrophyllaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page357">p. 357</a>). Leaves often lobed or divided, and the inflorescence +frequently scorpioid. Style 2-parted or 2-lobed. Capsule +1-celled, 2-valved with two parietal or introflexed placentæ, or sometimes +2-celled. Seeds 2 or more on each placenta.</p> + +<p>72. <b><a href="#borraginaceae">Borraginaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page360">p. 360</a>). Leaves mostly entire and plants often rough-hispid; +inflorescence commonly scorpioid. Style 1. Ovary 4-ovulate, +usually 4-lobed and maturing as 4 separate or separable nutlets, or not +lobed, 2–4-celled and separating when ripe into 2 or 4 nutlets.</p> + +<p>73. <b><a href="#convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page367">p. 367</a>). Usually twining or trailing; flowers on axillary +peduncles or cymose-glomerate. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-plaited, +twisted in the bud. Styles 1 or 2. Ovary 2- (sometimes 3- or spuriously +4-) celled, becoming a globular 4–6-seeded capsule (or ovaries two and +distinct in Dichondra). Cotyledons broad-foliaceous.</p> + +<p>74. <b><a href="#solanaceae">Solanaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page373">p. 373</a>). Style 1. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3–5-celled), with +numerous ovules on axillary placentæ, becoming a pod or berry. Cotyledons +narrow.</p> + +<p>[++][++][++] Corolla more or less bilabiately irregular (sometimes nearly regular), +5-lobed. Fertile stamens 4 and didynamous, or 2. Style 1. Ovary +always of two carpels.</p> + +<p><i>a.</i> Ovules several or many.</p> + +<p>75. <b><a href="#scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page377">p. 377</a>). Capsule 2-celled, with central placentæ. +Seeds small, usually numerous. Herbs; leaves alternate or opposite.</p> + +<p>76. <b><a href="#orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page393">p. 393</a>). Root-parasites with no green foliage. Capsule +1-celled, with 2 simple or double parietal placentæ. Seeds many.</p> + +<p><a name="page13"></a>77. <b><a href="#lentibulariaceae">Lentibulariaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page395">p. 395</a>). Aquatic or marsh herbs, with scapes or +scape-like peduncles, sometimes nearly leafless. Corolla personate and +spurred. Capsule globular, 1-celled; placentæ central, free, many-seeded.</p> + +<p>78. <b><a href="#bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page398">p. 398</a>). Large-flowered trees or often climbing shrubs, +with usually opposite simple or compound leaves. Capsule 2-celled by a +partition between the 2 parietal placentæ. Seeds numerous, large, mostly +winged.</p> + +<p>79. <b><a href="#pedaliaceae">Pedaliaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page399">p. 399</a>). Herbs, with opposite simple leaves. Ovary 1-celled +with two bilamellar parietal placentæ, or 2–4-celled by their union, +becoming drupaceous or capsular. Seeds few or many, wingless.</p> + +<p>80. <b><a href="#acanthaceae">Acanthaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page399">p. 399</a>). Herbs, with opposite simple leaves. Capsule +2-celled, loculicidal, with each axile placenta bearing 2–10 flattish seeds.</p> + +<p><i>b.</i> Cells of the ovary 1–2-ovuled; herbs or low shrubs, with opposite leaves.</p> + +<p>81. <b><a href="#verbenaceae">Verbenaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page401">p. 401</a>). Ovary 2–4-celled, not lobed, the dry or drupaceous +fruit separating into 2 or 4 1-seeded nutlets (fruit 1-celled and 1-seeded +in Phryma). Style terminal.</p> + +<p>82. <b><a href="#labiatae">Labiatæ</a></b> (<a href="#page403">p. 403</a>). Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, the lobes becoming +dry seed-like nutlets. Stems square; aromatic.</p> + +<p>[+][+] Corolla scarious and nerveless; flowers regular, 4-merous; style 1.</p> + +<p>83. <b><a href="#plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page422">p. 422</a>). Scapose herbs, with perfect or polygamo-diœcious +or monœcious flowers in 1–many-flowered spikes. Fruit a circumscissile +2-celled capsule, with one or more peltate seeds in each cell, +or an achene.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Division III. APETALOUS EXOGENS.</span> The corolla wanting +(except in some Euphorbiaceæ), and sometimes also the calyx.</p> + +<p>[*] 1. Ovary superior (though sometimes enclosed within the calyx), 1-celled +with a solitary basal ovule (several-celled in Phytolaccaceæ); embryo +coiled or curved (nearly straight in Polygonaceæ) in or about mealy albumen +(albumen none in some Chenopodiaceæ); herbs.</p> + +<p>[+] Fruit the hardened or membranous closed base of the corolla-like perianth +enclosing a utricle.</p> + +<p>84. <b><a href="#nyctaginaceae">Nyctaginaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page425">p. 425</a>). Perianth tubular or funnelform. Stamens +hypogynous. Fruit ribbed or winged. Leaves opposite; stipules none.</p> + +<p>[+][+] Fruit a utricle; perianth mostly persistent, small, 4–5-lobed or -parted, +or none.</p> + +<p>85. <b><a href="#illecebraceae">Illecebraceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page426">p. 426</a>). Perianth herbaceous. Stamens perigynous. +Leaves opposite; stipules scarious (none in Scleranthus).</p> + +<p>86. <b><a href="#amarantaceae">Amarantaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page427">p. 427</a>). Flowers sessile, bracteate, the bracts (usually +3) more or less dry and scarious, as well as the 3–5 distinct sepals. Stamens +1–5, hypogynous. Utricle indehiscent or circumscissile. Embryo +annular. Leaves mostly alternate, entire; stipules none.</p> + +<p>87. <b><a href="#chenopodiaceae">Chenopodiaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page430">p. 430</a>). Flowers sessile, not scarious-bracteate. +Sepals greenish or succulent, 5 or fewer, or none. Stamens 5 or fewer, +perigynous or hypogynous. Embryo annular or spiral or conduplicate. +Leaves alternate; stipules none.</p> + +<p><a name="page14"></a>[+][+][+] Ovary of several 1-ovuled carpels, in fruit a berry (in our genera).</p> + +<p>88. <b><a href="#phytolaccaceae">Phytolaccaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page435">p. 435</a>). Sepals 4–5, petaloid or herbaceous. Stamens +5–30, hypogynous. Carpels 5–12. Embryo annular. Leaves +alternate, entire; stipules none.</p> + +<p>[+][+][+][+] Fruit a triangular or lenticular achene.</p> + +<p>89. <b><a href="#polygonaceae">Polygonaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page436">p. 436</a>). Flowers on jointed pedicels. Calyx 3–6-lobed +or -parted, more or less corolla-like. Stamens 4–12, on the calyx. Embryo +nearly straight. Leaves alternate, with sheathing stipules or none.</p> + +<p>[*] 2. Ovary compound, the cells many-ovuled (or 1-ovuled in Piperaceæ); embryo +minute in copious albumen; flowers perfect.</p> + +<p>90. <b><a href="#podostemaceae">Podostemaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page444">p. 444</a>). Aquatic, with the aspect of sea-weeds or +mosses, with minute naked flowers from a spathe-like involucre. Ovary +superior; pod 2–3-celled.</p> + +<p>91. <b><a href="#aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page444">p. 444</a>). Terrestrial herbs or climbing shrubs. +Calyx valvate, adnate at least at base to the 6-celled many-seeded ovary. +Stamens 6–12, more or less united with the style. Leaves alternate, +mostly cordate; stipules none.</p> + +<p>92. <b><a href="#piperaceae">Piperaceæ</a></b> (§ Saurureæ), (<a href="#page446">p. 446</a>). Marsh herb (our species). Perianth +none. Carpels 3–4, distinct, with usually a single ascending seed. +Leaves alternate, entire.</p> + +<p>[*] 3. Ovary superior, simple, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, forming a berry or drupe; +trees or shrubs, with mostly entire leaves and no stipules.</p> + +<p>93. <b><a href="#lauraceae">Lauraceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page446">p. 446</a>). Flowers perfect or diœcious. Sepals 4 or 6, in 2 +rows. Stamens 9–12; anthers opening by 2 or 4 uplifted valves. Seed +suspended; albumen none. Aromatic; leaves alternate.</p> + +<p>94. <b><a href="#thymelaeaceae">Thymelæaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page448">p. 448</a>). Flowers perfect. Calyx corolla-like, 4–5-cleft. +Stamens twice as many. Seed suspended, with little or no albumen. +Acrid shrubs with very tough bark; leaves alternate.</p> + +<p>95. <b><a href="#elaeagnaceae">Elæagnaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page448">p. 448</a>). Flowers mostly diœcious. Calyx-tube becoming +berry-like and enclosing the achene. Seed erect, albuminous. Leaves +silvery-scurfy, opposite.</p> + +<p>[*] 4. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, 1–3-ovuled (but 1-seeded); albumen without +testa, bearing the embryo in a cavity at the apex; calyx-lobes valvate.</p> + +<p>96. <b><a href="#loranthaceae">Loranthaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page449">p. 449</a>). Parasitic on trees, with jointed stems and opposite +leaves. Flowers diœcious. Ovule solitary, erect. Fruit a berry.</p> + +<p>97. <b><a href="#santalaceae">Santalaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page450">p. 450</a>). Flowers perfect. Ovules 2–4, suspended from +the apex of a central placenta. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Leaves alternate.</p> + +<p>[*] 5. Flowers all unisexual (polygamous in some Urticaceæ and Empetraceæ, +apparently perfect in Euphorbia); cells 1–2-ovuled; embryo nearly as +long as the albumen or filling the seed; calyx often wanting, corolla-like +only in some Euphorbiaceæ and Empetraceæ; stipules often present.</p> + +<p>[+] 1. Ovary superior, 3-celled (1-celled in Crotonopsis) with 1 or 2 pendulous +ovules in each cell; herbs.</p> + +<p>98. <b><a href="#euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page451">p. 451</a>). Flowers monœcious or diœcious (involucrate +and apparently perfect in Euphorbia). Mostly with milky juice, and +usually alternate often stipulate leaves.</p> + +<p><a name="page15"></a>[+] 2. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded; trees or shrubs (except some Urticaceæ).</p> + +<p>[++] Calyx regular, the stamens as many as the lobes and opposite them or +fewer; ovary superior.</p> + +<p>99. <b><a href="#urticaceae">Urticaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page461">p. 461</a>). Flowers monœcious, diœcious, or (in Ulmeæ) perfect. +Seeds exalbuminous or nearly so. Inflorescence very various.</p> + +<p>[++][++] Perianth mostly none; at least the staminate flowers in aments or spikes +or dense heads; albumen none.</p> + +<p>100. <b><a href="#platanaceae">Platanaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page466">p. 466</a>). Trees, with alternate palmately lobed leaves, +sheathing stipules, and monœcious flowers in separate globose heads. +Ovary superior; fruit a club-shaped nutlet.</p> + +<p>101. <b><a href="#juglandaceae">Juglandaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page467">p. 467</a>). Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, no +stipules, and monœcious flowers, the staminate in aments. Ovary inferior; +fruit a nut.</p> + +<p>102. <b><a href="#myricaceae">Myricaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page469">p. 469</a>). Shrubs, with resinous-dotted leaves, with or without +stipules, and monœcious or diœcious flowers, both kinds in short scaly +aments. Ovary superior, becoming a small drupe-like nut.</p> + +<p>[+] 3. Ovary 2–7-celled, with 1 or 2 suspended ovules in each cell, becoming +1-celled and 1-seeded; calyx mostly none or adherent to the ovary; trees +or shrubs with simple leaves.</p> + +<p>103. <b><a href="#cupuliferae">Cupuliferæ</a></b> (<a href="#page470">p. 470</a>). Flowers monœcious. Fruit a nut surrounded by +an involucre, or (in Betuleæ) a small winged or angled naked nutlet in +the axils of the scales of an ament.</p> + +<p>[+] 4. Ovary 1-celled, becoming a 2-valved pod with two parietal or basal placentæ +bearing numerous small comose seeds; perianth none.</p> + +<p>104. <b><a href="#salicaceae">Salicaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page480">p. 480</a>). Diœcious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of +flowers in aments, and simple alternate stipulate leaves.</p> + +<p>[+] 5. Ovary several-celled, becoming a drupe containing 3–9 1-seeded nutlets; +seed erect; low shrubby heath-like evergreens.</p> + +<p>105. <b><a href="#empetraceae">Empetraceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page487">p. 487</a>). Flowers polygamous or diœcious, scaly-bracted. +Sepals somewhat petaloid or none. Embryo axile in copious albumen.</p> + +<p>[+] 6. Ovary 1-celled with a suspended ovule, becoming an achene; calyx none; +aquatic herbs, with finely dissected whorled leaves.</p> + +<p>106. <b><a href="#ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page488">p. 488</a>). Flowers monœcious, minute, axillary and +sessile. Albumen none; the seed filled with a highly developed embryo.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Subclass II. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS.</span> Ovules naked +upon a scale, bract, or disk. Cotyledons two or more.</p> + +<p>107. <b><a href="#coniferae">Coniferæ</a></b> (<a href="#page489">p. 489</a>). Resiniferous trees or shrubs, with mostly awl-shaped +or needle-shaped and evergreen leaves, and monœcious or diœcious +flowers.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Class II.</span> MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.</p> + +<p>Stems without central pith or annular layers, but having the woody +fibres distributed irregularly through them (a transverse slice showing +the fibres as dots scattered through the cellular tissue). Embryo with a +single cotyledon and the early leaves always alternate. Parts of the<a name="page16"></a> +flower usually in threes (never in fives), and the leaves mostly parallel-veined. +Our species herbaceous, excepting Smilax.</p> + +<p>[*] Ovary inferior (superior in Bromeliaceæ, nearly so in some Hemodoraceæ); +at least the inner lobes of the perianth petal-like.</p> + +<p>[+] 1. Seeds without albumen, very numerous and minute.</p> + +<p>108. <b><a href="#hydrocharidaceae">Hydrocharidaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page495">p. 495</a>). Aquatics, with diœcious or polygamous +flowers from a spathe; outer perianth calyx-like, the inner sometimes +wanting. Stamens 3–12. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentæ or +6–9-celled with axile placentæ.</p> + +<p>109. <b><a href="#burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page496">p. 496</a>). Terrestrial, with scale-like cauline leaves and +regular perfect triandrous flowers. Perianth corolla-like.</p> + +<p>110. <b><a href="#orchidaceae">Orchidaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page497">p. 497</a>). Terrestrial, with very irregular perfect flowers. +Stamens and style connate; anthers 1 or 2. Capsule 1-celled; placentæ +3, parietal. Perianth corolla-like.</p> + +<p>[+] 2. Seeds albuminous. (Ovary 3-celled and flowers regular in our genera.)</p> + +<p>111. <b><a href="#bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page511">p. 511</a>). Mostly epiphytes, with dry persistent scurfy +leaves. Flowers 6-androus; outer perianth calyx-like.</p> + +<p>112. <b><a href="#haemodoraceae">Hemodoraceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page512">p. 512</a>). Fibrous-rooted, with equitant leaves and perfect +3- or 6-androus flowers. Perianth persistent, woolly or scurfy outside. +(Ovary sometimes nearly free; leaves flat in Aletris.)</p> + +<p>113. <b><a href="#iridaceae">Iridaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page513">p. 513</a>). Root not bulbous; leaves equitant in two ranks. +Flowers from a spathe. Stamens 3, opposite the outer lobes of the corolla-like +perianth; anthers extrorse.</p> + +<p>114. <b><a href="#amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page515">p. 515</a>). Often bulbous-rooted and scapose. Perianth +corolla-like. Stamens 6; anthers introrse.</p> + +<p>115. <b><a href="#dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page517">p. 517</a>). Climbing, with net-veined leaves. Flowers +diœcious, small, 6-androus; perianth calyx-like. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell.</p> + +<p>[*][*] Ovary superior (very rarely partially adnate to the calyx in Liliaceæ).</p> + +<p>[+] 1. At least the inner perianth corolla-like; ovary compound; seeds with +copious albumen.</p> + +<p>116. <b><a href="#liliaceae">Liliaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page517">p. 517</a>). Flowers perfect, 6-androus, the regular perianth +corolla-like (diœcious in Smilax, dimerous in Maianthemum, the outer +divisions herbaceous in Trillium). Fruit a 3-celled capsule or berry.</p> + +<p>117. <b><a href="#pontederiaceae">Pontederiaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page535">p. 535</a>). Aquatic, with more or less irregular perfect +flowers from a spathe; perianth corolla-like. Stamens 3 or 6, mostly unequal +or dissimilar. Capsule 1-celled or imperfectly 3-celled.</p> + +<p>118. <b><a href="#xyridaceae">Xyridaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page536">p. 536</a>). Rush-like, scapose. Flowers capitate, perfect, +3-androus, the calyx glumaceous. Capsule 1-celled.</p> + +<p>119. <b><a href="#mayaceae">Mayaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page537">p. 537</a>). Moss-like aquatic. Flowers perfect, axillary, solitary, +3-androus; calyx herbaceous. Capsule 1-celled.</p> + +<p>120. <b><a href="#commelinaceae">Commelinaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page538">p. 538</a>). Flowers perfect, regular or somewhat irregular, +with 3 more or less herbaceous persistent sepals and 3 fugacious +petals. Stamens 6 or some sterile. Capsule 2–3-celled.</p> + +<p>127. <b><a href="#eriocauleae">Eriocauleæ</a></b> (<a href="#page566">p. 566</a>). Scapose aquatic or marsh plants, with linear +leaves and dense heads of monœcious (rarely diœcious) minute flowers. +Corolla tubular or none. Capsule 2–3-celled, 2–3-seeded.</p> + +<p><a name="page17"></a>[+] 2. Perianth small, of 6 equal persistent glumaceous segments; flowers +perfect; ovary compound.</p> + +<p>121. <b><a href="#juncaceae">Juncaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page539">p. 539</a>). Rush-like. Stamens 3 or 6. Capsule 1- or 3-celled, +3-valved.</p> + +<p>[+] 3. Flowers without chaffy glumes, the perianth none or reduced to bristles +or sepal-like scales; flowers often monœcious or diœcious; carpels solitary +or united.</p> + +<p>[++] Flowers capitate or upon a spike or spadix, with or without a spathe.</p> + +<p>122. <b><a href="#typhaceae">Typhaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page547">p. 547</a>). Marsh or aquatic plants, with linear leaves, and +monœcious flowers without proper perianth, in heads or a naked spike.</p> + +<p>123. <b><a href="#araceae">Araceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page548">p. 548</a>). Flowers perfect or monœcious upon the same spadix, +rarely diœcious, with 4 or 6 scale-like sepals or none.</p> + +<p>[++][++] Flowers very minute, one or few from the margin of a floating disk-like frond.</p> + +<p>124. <b><a href="#lemnaceae">Lemnaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page551">p. 551</a>). Plants very small, green, mostly lenticular or +globose.</p> + +<p>[+] 4. Perianth of 4 or 6 segments, the inner often petaloid, or none; carpels +solitary or distinct (coherent in Triglochin); seeds without albumen; +aquatic or marsh plants, often monœcious or diœcious.</p> + +<p>125. <b><a href="#alismaceae">Alismaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page553">p. 553</a>). Perianth of 6 segments, the inner petal-like.</p> + +<p>126. <b><a href="#naiadaceae">Naiadaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page557">p. 557</a>). Perianth-segments herbaceous or none.</p> + +<p>[+] 5. Flowers in the axils of chaffy scales or glumes arranged in spikes or +spikelets, without evident perianth; stamens 1–3; ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded; +seed albuminous.</p> + +<p>128. <b><a href="#cyperaceae">Cyperaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page567">p. 567</a>). Scales single. Perianth none or replaced by +bristles. Anthers basifixed. Fruit a triangular or lenticular achene. +Stem solid, often triangular, with closed sheaths.</p> + +<p>129. <b><a href="#gramineae">Gramineæ</a></b> (<a href="#page623">p. 623</a>). Glumes in pairs. Perianth replaced by minute +scales. Anthers versatile. Fruit a caryopsis. Culm usually hollow, +terete; sheaths split to the base.</p> + + + + +<p><span class="smcap">Series II. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS</span>; +destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing <i>spores</i> instead +of seeds.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Class III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS.</span></p> + +<p>Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and branches), growing +from the apex only, and furnished for the most part with distinct +leaves (sometimes taking the form of an expanded leaf-like usually prostrate +<i>thallus</i>); reproduction by means of antheridia and archegonia, +sometimes also by gemmation.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Subclass I. VASCULAR ACROGENS, or PTERIDOPHYTES.</span> +Stems (and foliage when present) containing both woody fibre and vessels; +antheridia or archegonia, or both, borne on a minute prothallus, +which is developed from the spore on germination.</p> + +<p><a name="page18"></a>[*] Spores of only one kind; prothallus bearing antheridia and archegonia.</p> + +<p>130. <b><a href="#equisetaceae">Equisetaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page675">p. 675</a>). Cylindric jointed hollow-stemmed plants, with +toothed sheaths. Fructification in a terminal spike.</p> + +<p>131. <b><a href="#filices">Filices</a></b> (<a href="#page678">p. 678</a>). Ferns, with fronds circinate in vernation, bearing the +fructification on the under surface or beneath the margin.</p> + +<p>132. <b><a href="#ophioglossaceae">Ophioglossaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page693">p. 693</a>). Fronds often fern-like, erect in vernation. +Sporangia globose, coriaceous, 2-valved, in special spikes or panicles.</p> + +<p>133. <b><a href="#lycopodiaceae">Lycopodiaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page695">p. 695</a>). Low moss like plants with elongated stems +and small persistent entire several-ranked leaves. Sporangia solitary, +axillary, 1–3-celled, 2–3-valved.</p> + +<p>[*][*] Spores of two kinds, the <i>macrospore</i> producing a prothallus with archegonia, +the <i>microspore</i> smaller and developing antheridia.</p> + +<p>134. <b><a href="#selaginellaceae">Selaginellaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page697">p. 697</a>). Low leafy moss-like or marsh plants, with +branching stems, and small 4–6-ranked leaves, or with a corm-like stem +and basal linear-subulate leaves, the two kinds of spores in distinct solitary +axillary 1-celled sporangia.</p> + +<p>135. <b><a href="#marsiliaceae">Marsiliaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page700">p. 700</a>). The two kinds of spores in the same or different +sporangia which are borne in a coriaceous peduncled sporocarp arising +from a slender creeping rhizome. Fronds digitately 4-foliolate or filiform.</p> + +<p>136. <b><a href="#salviniaceae">Salviniaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page701">p. 701</a>). The two kinds of spores in separate thin-walled +1-celled sporocarps or conceptacles clustered beneath the small floating +fronds; macrospores solitary.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Subclass II. CELLULAR ACROGENS, or BRYOPHYTES.</span></p> + +<p>Plants with cellular tissue only; both antheridia and archegonia borne +upon the plant itself.—Including the <span class="smcap">Musci</span>, or Mosses (which are not +treated of here), never thallose, and bearing capsules which usually dehisce +by a lid and contain spores only, and the <span class="smcap">Hepaticæ</span>, which bear +capsules which dehisce by valves or irregularly and usually have elaters +mingled with the spores. The latter division comprises the following +Orders.</p> + +<p>[*] Capsule 4-valved; plant a leafy axis or sometimes a branching thallus.</p> + +<p>137. <b><a href="#jungermanniaceae">Jungermanniaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page702">p. 702</a>). Leaves, when present, without a midrib, +2-ranked, with often a third row beneath; pedicels slender.</p> + +<p>[*][*] Capsule 2-valved, or dehiscing irregularly, or indehiscent; plant a thallus +or thalloid stem.</p> + +<p>138. <b><a href="#anthocerotaceae">Anthocerotaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page726">p. 726</a>). Thallus without epidermis, irregularly +branching; pedicels stout or none. Capsule with a columella. Elaters +mostly without fibres.</p> + +<p>139. <b><a href="#marchantiaceae">Marchantiaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page727">p. 727</a>). Thallus radiate or dichotomous, the +epidermis usually porose. Capsules borne on the under side of a pedunculate +receptacle, irregularly dehiscent. Elaters 2-spiral.</p> + +<p>140. <b><a href="#ricciaceae">Ricciaceæ</a></b> (<a href="#page730">p. 730</a>). Thallus radiate or dichotomous, the epidermis +eporose. Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, indehiscent. +Elaters none.</p> + + + +<a name="page19"></a> +<h2>ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.</h2> + +<div class="key"> +<p><span class="smcap">Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.</span> (See p. 1.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMÆ.</span> Pistil consisting of a closed ovary. +Cotyledons only two.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Division I. POLYPETALOUS</span>: the calyx and corolla both present; +the latter of <i>separate</i> petals.</p> + +<p><b>A.</b> <i>Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than +twice the sepals or lobes of the calyx.</i></p> + +<p><b>1.</b> <i>Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or +pistils.</i></p> + +<p> <span class="right"><span class="smcap">Page</span></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid mass on an + elongated receptacle. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page49">49</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Pistils numerous, separate, but concealed in a hollow receptacle.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves opposite, entire; no stipules. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#calycanthaceae">Calycanthaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page167">167</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves alternate, with stipules. <span class="right"><a href="#rosa">Rosa</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#rosaceae">Rosaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page162">162</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Pistils several, immersed in hollows of the upper surface of a large + top-shaped receptacle. <span class="right"><a href="#nelumbo">Nelumbo</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#nymphaeaceae">Nymphæaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page55">55</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Pistils more than one, separate, not enclosed in the receptacle.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#rosaceae">Rosaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page150">150</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelphous. + <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#malvaceae">Malvaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page96">96</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Stamens inserted on the receptacle.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Filaments much shorter than the anther; trees. + <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#anonaceae">Anonaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page50">50</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Filaments longer than the anther.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Flowers diœcious; twiners with alternate leaves. + <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#menispermaceae">Menispermaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page51">51</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Flowers perfect; if climbers, the leaves opposite.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Leaves not peltate; petals deciduous. + <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page34">34</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Leaves peltate; petals persistent. + <span class="right"><a href="#brasenia">Brasenia</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#nymphaeaceae">Nymphæaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page55">55</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Pistils several-lobed, the ovaries united below the middle. + <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#resedaceae">Resedaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page75">75</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis. + <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#malvaceae">Malvaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page96">96</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Pistils strictly one as to the ovary; the styles or stigmas may be + several.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots. + <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#hypericaceae">Hypericaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page92">92</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves not punctate with transparent dots.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Ovary simple, 1-celled, 2-ovuled. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#rosaceae">Rosaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page150">150</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Ovary simple, 1-celled, with one parietal many-ovuled placenta.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Leaves 2–3-ternately compound or dissected. + <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page34">34</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Leaves peltate, simply lobed. + <span class="right"><a href="#podophyllum">Podophyllum</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#berberidaceae">Berberidaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page52">52</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a central placenta. + <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#portulacaceae">Portulacaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page90">90</a></span></p> +<a name="page20"></a> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Ovary compound, 1-celled, with two or more parietal placentæ.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Calyx caducous; juice milky or colored. + <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#papaveraceae">Papaveraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page57">57</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#capparidaceae">Capparidaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page74">74</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Calyx persistent, of 3 or 5 sepals. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#cistaceae">Cistaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page76">76</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Ovary compound, several-celled.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Calyx valvate in the bud, and</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Persistent; stamens monadelphous; anthers 1-celled. + <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#malvaceae">Malvaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page96">96</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Deciduous; anthers 2-celled. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#tiliaceae">Tiliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page101">101</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Shrubs; stamens on the base of the petals. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ternstroemiaceae">Ternstrœmiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page95">95</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Aquatic or marsh herbs; ovaries many,</p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">On 5 placentæ in the axis. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#sarraceniaceae">Sarraceniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page57">57</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">On the 8–30 partitions. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#nymphaeaceae">Nymphæaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page54">54</a></span></p> + +<p><b>2.</b> <i>Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the (compound) ovary.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary 8–30-celled; ovules many, on the partitions; aquatic. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#nymphaeaceae">Nymphæaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page54">54</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary 10-celled; cells 1-ovuled. <span class="right"><a href="#amelanchier">Amelanchier</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#rosaceae">Rosaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page166">166</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary 2–5-celled.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves alternate, with stipules. <span class="right">Pomeæ, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#rosaceae">Rosaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page151">151</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves opposite, without stipules. <span class="right">Some <span class="smcap"><a href="#saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page168">168</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves alternate, without stipules. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#styracaceae">Styracaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page333">333</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary 1-celled, with the ovules parietal.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Fleshy plants with no true foliage; petals many. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#cactaceae">Cactaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page186">186</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Rough-leaved plants; petals 5 or 10. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#loasaceae">Loasaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page193">193</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary one-celled, with the ovules rising from the base. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#portulacaceae">Portulacaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page90">90</a></span></p> + +<p><b>B.</b> <i>Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Pistils 3–6, separate; flowers diœcious; woody vines. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#menispermaceae">Menispermaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page51">51</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Pistil only one.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Ovary one-celled; anthers opening by uplifted valves. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#berberidaceae">Berberidaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page52">52</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Ovary one-celled; anthers not opening by uplifted valves.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Style and stigma one; ovules more than one. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#primulaceae">Primulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page328">328</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Style 1; stigmas 3; sepals 2; ovules several. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#portulacaceae">Portulacaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page90">90</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Style twice or thrice forked; flowers monœcious. <span class="right"><a href="#crotonopsis">Crotonopsis</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page458">458</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Styles 5; ovule and seed only one. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page327">327</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Ovary 2–4-celled.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete; petals valvate. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#vitaceae">Vitaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page112">112</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Calyx 4–5-cleft, valvate in the bud; petals involute. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page111">111</a></span></p> + +<p><b>C.</b> <i>Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals, when of just the number +of the petals then alternate with them.</i></p> + +<p>1. <i>Calyx free from the ovary, i.e. the ovary wholly superior.</i></p> + +<p>[*] <i>Ovaries 2 or more, separate.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Stamens united with each other and with a large and thick stigma common to the two ovaries. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#asclepiadaceae">Asclepiadaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page338">338</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Stamens unconnected, on the receptacle, free from the calyx.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#rutaceae">Rutaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page106">106</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em"><a name="page21"></a>Leaves not pellucid-punctate.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Tree, with pinnate leaves. <span class="right"><a href="#ailanthus">Ailanthus</a>, in <span class="smcap">Simarubaceæ</span>, <a href="#page107">107</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Low shrub, with pinnate leaves. <span class="right"><a href="#xanthorrhiza">Xanthorrhiza</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page48">48</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Herbs, not fleshy. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page34">34</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Herbs, with thick fleshy leaves. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#crassulaceae">Crassulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page176">176</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Stamens unconnected, inserted on the calyx.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Just twice as many as the pistils (flower symmetrical). <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#crassulaceae">Crassulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page176">176</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Not just the number or twice the number of the pistils.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Leaves without stipules. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page168">168</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Leaves with stipules. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#rosaceae">Rosaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page150">150</a></span></p> + +<p>[*][*] <i>Ovaries 2–5, somewhat united at the base, separate above.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#rutaceae">Rutaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page106">106</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Leaves not pellucid-punctate.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#sapindaceae">Sapindaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page115">115</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Terrestrial herbs; the carpels fewer than the petals. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page168">168</a></span></p> + +<p>[*][*][*] <i>Ovaries or lobes of ovary 3 to 5, with a common style.</i> <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#geraniaceae">Geraniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page102">102</a></span></p> + +<p>[*][*][*][*] <i>Ovary only one, and</i></p> + +<p>[+] <i>Simple, with one parietal placenta.</i> <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#leguminosae">Leguminosæ</a></span>, <a href="#page122">122</a></span></p> + +<p>[+][+] <i>Compound, as shown by the number of cells, placentæ, styles, or stigmas.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary one-celled.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Corolla irregular; petals 4; stamens 6. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#fumariaceae">Fumariaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page59">59</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Corolla irregular; petals and stamens 5. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#violaceae">Violaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page78">78</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Corolla regular or nearly so.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Ovule solitary; shrubs or trees; stigmas 3. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page118">118</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Ovules solitary or few; herbs. <span class="right">Some anomalous <span class="smcap"><a href="#cruciferae">Cruciferæ</a></span>, <a href="#page61">61</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Petals not inserted on the calyx. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page82">82</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#lythraceae">Lythraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page184">184</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentæ.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#hypericaceae">Hypericaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page92">92</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Leaves beset with reddish gland-tipped bristles. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#droseraceae">Droseraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page178">178</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Sepals 5, very unequal or only 3. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#cistaceae">Cistaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page76">76</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6. <span class="right">Anomalous <span class="smcap"><a href="#cruciferae">Cruciferæ</a></span>, <a href="#page61">61</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Sepals and petals 5; stamens 5 or 10.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Ovary and stamens raised on a stalk. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#passifloraceae">Passifloraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page194">194</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Ovary sessile. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page168">168</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary 2–several-celled.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Flowers irregular.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Anthers opening at the top,</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Six or eight and 1-celled; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#polygalaceae">Polygalaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page120">120</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Ten and 2-celled; ovary 5-celled. <span class="right"><a href="#rhododendron">Rhododendron</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#ericaceae">Ericaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page286">286</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Anthers opening lengthwise.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of a tubular inflated or gibbous calyx. <span class="right"><a href="#cuphea">Cuphea</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#lythraceae">Lythraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page186">186</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em"><a name="page22"></a>Stamens 5–8 or 10, and petals hypogynous, or nearly so.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Ovary 3-celled. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#sapindaceae">Sapindaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page115">115</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Ovary 5-celled. <span class="right"><a href="#impatiens">Impatiens</a>, &c., in <span class="smcap"><a href="#geraniaceae">Geraniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page105">105</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Flowers regular or nearly so.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals,</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Triadelphous; petals 5. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#hypericaceae">Hypericaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page92">92</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Tetradynamous (or rarely only 2 or 4); petals 4; pungent herbs. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#cruciferae">Cruciferæ</a></span>, <a href="#page61">61</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Distinct and fewer than the 4 petals. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#oleaceae">Oleaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page335">335</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Distinct and more numerous than the petals. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#sapindaceae">Sapindaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page115">115</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Herbs; flowers monœcious or diœcious. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page451">451</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Herbs; flowers perfect and symmetrical.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:14em">Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, &c. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#geraniaceae">Geraniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page102">102</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:14em">Cells of the (divided) ovary twice as many as the styles, sepals, &c. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#linaceae">Linaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page101">101</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Shrubs or trees.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:14em">Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. <span class="right"><a href="#ptelea">Ptelea</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#rutaceae">Rutaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page107">107</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:14em">Leaves palmately veined and fruit 2-winged, or pinnate and fruit a berry. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#sapindaceae">Sapindaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page115">115</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:14em">Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:16em">Calyx not minute; pod colored, dehiscent; seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#celastraceae">Celastraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page109">109</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:16em">Calyx minute; fruit a berry-like drupe. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ilicineae">Ilicineæ</a></span>, <a href="#page107">107</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#elatinaceae">Elatinaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page91">91</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves (but they are caducous). <span class="right"><a href="#staphylea">Staphylea</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#sapindaceae">Sapindaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page118">118</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Stipules none when the leaves are opposite.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:14em">Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube or cup; leaves simple, all radical. <span class="right"><a href="#galax">Galax</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#diapensiaceae">Diapensiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page326">326</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:14em">Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaflets 3, inversely heart-shaped. <span class="right"><a href="#oxalis">Oxalis</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#geraniaceae">Geraniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page105">105</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:14em">Stamens distinct, free from the calyx.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:16em">Style 1, undivided. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ericaceae">Ericaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page303">303</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:16em">Styles 2–5, separate. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page82">82</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:14em">Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:16em">Styles 2 (or 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page168">168</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:16em">Style 1; pod in the calyx, 1-celled. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#lythraceae">Lythraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page184">184</a></span></p> + +<p><b>2.</b> <i>Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page194">194</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Not tendril-bearing.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#portulacaceae">Portulacaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page90">90</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentæ. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page168">168</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Ovary 2–several-celled.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Anthers opening by pores at the apex; style 1. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#melastomaceae">Melastomaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page183">183</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em"><a name="page23"></a>Anthers not opening by pores.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#celastraceae">Celastraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page109">109</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Stamens inserted on the calyx.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Eight or four (rarely five); style 1. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#onagraceae">Onagraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page186">186</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Five or ten; styles 2–3, distinct. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page168">168</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Ovules and seeds only one in each cell.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Stamens 10 or 5 (instead of many),— <span class="right">rarely in <a href="#crataegus">Cratægus</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#rosaceae">Rosaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page165">165</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Stamens 2 or 8; style 1; stigma 2–4-lobed; herbs. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#onagraceae">Onagraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page186">186</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Stamens 4 or 8; aquatics; styles or sessile stigmas 4. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#halorageae">Halorageæ</a></span>, <a href="#page180">180</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Perfect stamens 4; styles 2; shrub. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"> <a href="#hamamelideae">Hamamelideæ</a></span>, <a href="#page179">179</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Stamens 4; style and stigma 1; chiefly shrubs. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#cornaceae">Cornaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page213">213</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Stamens 5; flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity; styles 2. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#umbelliferae">Umbelliferæ</a></span>, <a href="#page193">193</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Fruit berry-like; styles 2–5, separate or united. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#araliaceae">Araliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page212">212</a></span></p> + +<p>Division II. GAMOPETALOUS calyx and corolla both present; +the latter with its petals united more or less into one piece.</p> + +<p><b>A.</b> <i>Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary 1-celled with one parietal placenta. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#leguminosae">Leguminosæ</a></span>, <a href="#page122">122</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary 1-celled with two parietal placentæ. <span class="right"><a href="#adlumia">Adlumia</a>, &c., in <a href="#fumariaceae">Fumariaceæ</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary 1-celled with the ovules at the centre or base. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#styracaceae">Styracaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page333">333</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary 2-celled with a single ovule in each cell. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#polygalaceae">Polygalaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page120">120</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary 3–many-celled.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla; style single. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ericaceae">Ericaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page309">309</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Stamens free from the corolla; styles 5. <span class="right"><a href="#oxalis">Oxalis</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#geraniaceae">Geraniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page105">105</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Filaments monadelphous; anthers 1-celled, kidney-shaped. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#malvaceae">Malvaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page96">96</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Filaments 1–5-adelphous at base; anthers 2-celled.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Calyx free from the ovary. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ternstroemiaceae">Ternstrœmiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page96">96</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Calyx coherent with the ovary or with its base. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#styracaceae">Styracaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page333">333</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Filaments wholly distinct; calyx free, persistent. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ebenaceae">Ebenaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page333">333</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Filaments in pairs at each sinus; anthers 1-celled. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#caprifoliaceae">Caprifoliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page216">216</a></span></p> + +<p><b>B.</b> <i>Stamens (fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary 5-celled; corolla appendaged with scales inside. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#sapotaceae">Sapotaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page332">332</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary 1-celled; pod several–many-seeded; style 1. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#primulaceae">Primulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page328">328</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary 1-celled; utricle 1-seeded; styles 5. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page327">327</a></span></p> + +<p><b>C.</b> <i>Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer.</i></p> + +<p><b>1.</b> <i>Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior).</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Tendril-bearing herbs; anthers often united. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page194">194</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Tendrils none.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Flowers in an involucrate head. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#compositae">Compositæ</a></span>, <a href="#page230">230</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Flowers separate, not involucrate; corolla irregular. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#lobeliaceae">Lobeliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page305">305</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Stamens separate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its lobes; stipules none; juice milky. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#campanulaceae">Campanulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page307">307</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em"><a name="page24"></a>Stamens separate, inserted on the corolla,</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">One to three, always fewer than the corolla-lobes. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#valerianaceae">Valerianaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page228">228</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Four or five; leaves opposite or whorled.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Ovary 1-celled; flowers in a dense involucrate head. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#dipsaceae">Dipsaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page229">229</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Ovary 2–5-celled.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Leaves whorled and without stipules. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#rubiaceae">Rubiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page222">222</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#rubiaceae">Rubiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page222">222</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Leaves opposite without stipules (petioles sometimes with stipule-like appendages). <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#caprifoliaceae">Caprifoliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page216">216</a></span></p> + +<p><b>2.</b> <i>Ovary free from the calyx (superior).</i></p> + +<p>[*] <i>Corolla irregular; stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1–4) cells.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#labiatae">Labiatæ</a></span>, <a href="#page403">403</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#verbenaceae">Verbenaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page401">401</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each cell.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Ovary and pod 1-celled,</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">With a free central placenta; stamens 2. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#lentibulariaceae">Lentibulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page395">395</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">With 2 or more parietal very many-seeded placentæ; stamens 4. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page393">393</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Ovary and fruit more or less 4–5-celled. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#pedaliaceae">Pedaliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page399">399</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentæ parietal. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page398">398</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Ovary and pod 2-celled; placentæ in the axis.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Seeds rarely few, not on hooks, with albumen. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page377">377</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Seeds few, borne on hook-like or other projections of the placentæ; no albumen. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#acanthaceae">Acanthaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page399">399</a></span></p> + +<p>[*][*] <i>Corolla somewhat irregular; stamens (with anthers) 5.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Stamens free from the corolla; anthers with their cells opening by a hole or chink at the top. <span class="right"><a href="#rhododendron">Rhododendron</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#ericaceae">Ericaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page320">320</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Stamens inserted on the corolla.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style. <span class="right"><a href="#echium">Echium</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#borraginaceae">Borraginaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page367">367</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Ovary not lobed; pod many-seeded.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Filaments or some of them woolly. <span class="right"><a href="#verbascum">Verbascum</a>, <span class="smcap"><a href="#scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page379">379</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Filaments not woolly. <span class="right"><a href="#hyoscyamus">Hyoscyamus</a>, <span class="smcap"><a href="#solanaceae">Solanaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page376">376</a></span></p> + +<p>[*][*][*] <i>Corolla regular.</i></p> + +<p>[+] <i>Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovaries 2, separate; their</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. <span class="right"><a href="#dichondra">Dichondra</a>, <span class="smcap"><a href="#convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page368">368</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Filaments distinct; pollen in ordinary grains. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#apocynaceae">Apocynaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page337">337</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Filaments monadelphous; pollen in masses. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#asclepiadaceae">Asclepiadaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page338">338</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style (or 2-lobed in Heliotropium).</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves alternate. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#borraginaceae">Borraginaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page360">360</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves opposite. <span class="right"><a href="#mentha">Mentha</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#labiatae">Labiatæ</a></span>, <a href="#page407">407</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary one; pod 2-lobed or 2-horned at the summit. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#loganiaceae">Loganiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page345">345</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary one; not deeply lobed,</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">One-celled, one-ovuled, becoming an achene. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page422">422</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em"><a name="page25"></a>One-celled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placentæ.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Leaves (or in Menyanthes three leaflets) entire. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#gentianaceae">Gentianaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page346">346</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnately compound. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#hydrophyllaceae">Hydrophyllaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page357">357</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Two- to ten-celled.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Leafless parasitic twining plants. <span class="right"><a href="#cuscuta">Cuscuta</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page370">370</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Leaves opposite, their bases or petioles connected by stipules or a stipular line. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#loganiaceae">Loganiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page345">345</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves when opposite without stipules.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so; style 1. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ericaceae">Ericaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page309">309</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Stamens almost free from the corolla; style none. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ilicineae">Ilicineæ</a></span>, <a href="#page107">107</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Stamens in the sinuses of the corolla; style 1. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#diapensiaceae">Diapensiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page326">326</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla,</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Four; pod 2-celled, circumscissile. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page422">422</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Four; ovary 2–4-celled; ovules solitary. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#verbenaceae">Verbenaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page401">401</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Five or rarely more.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Fruit of two or four seed-like nutlets. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#borraginaceae">Borraginaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page360">360</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Fruit a few-seeded pod.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Calyx 5-cleft; style 3-lobed or -cleft. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#polemoniaceae">Polemoniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page354">354</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Sepals 5; styles 1 or 2, entire or 2-cleft; seeds large, only one or two in a cell. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page367">367</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Fruit a many-seeded pod or berry.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:14em">Styles 2. <span class="right"><a href="#hydrolea">Hydrolea</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#hydrophyllaceae">Hydrophyllaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page360">360</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:14em">Style single. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#solanaceae">Solanaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page373">373</a></span></p> + +<p>[+][+] <i>Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Stamens 4, didynamous.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Ovary 2-celled; the cells several-seeded. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#acanthaceae">Acanthaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page399">399</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Ovary 2–4-celled; the cells 1-seeded. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#verbenaceae">Verbenaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page401">401</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Stamens only 2 with anthers; ovary 4-lobed. <span class="right"><a href="#lycopus">Lycopus</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#labiatae">Labiatæ</a></span>, <a href="#page408">408</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Stamens 2, rarely 3; ovary 2-celled.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Low herbs; corolla scarious, withering on the pod. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page422">422</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Herbs; corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform, and slightly irregular. <span class="right"><a href="#veronica">Veronica</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page386">386</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Shrubs or trees; corolla perfectly regular. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#oleaceae">Oleaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page335">335</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Division III. APETALOUS</span>: corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting.</p> + +<p><b>A.</b> <i>Flowers not in catkins.</i></p> + +<p><b>1.</b> <i>Ovary or its cells containing many ovules.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary and pod inferior (i.e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary),</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Six-celled; stamens 6–12. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page444">444</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Four-celled; stamens 4. <span class="right"><a href="#ludwigia">Ludwigia</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#onagraceae">Onagraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page187">187</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">One-celled, with parietal placentæ. <span class="right"><a href="#chrysosplenium">Chrysosplenium</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page172">172</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx),</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Two-celled, 2-beaked; flowers capitate; tree. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#hamamelideae">Hamamelideæ</a></span>, <a href="#page179">179</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Two-celled, many-ribbed; aquatic herb. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#podostemaceae">Podostemaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page444">444</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em"><a name="page26"></a>Ovary and pod superior, i.e. free from the calyx.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks, which fall off at maturity; stamens 10. <span class="right"><a href="#penthorum">Penthorum</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#crassulaceae">Crassulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page176">176</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Three-celled and 3-valved, or 3–5-celled and circumscissile. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ficoideae">Ficoideæ</a></span>, <a href="#page198">198</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Two-celled or one-celled; placentæ central.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#lythraceae">Lythraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page184">184</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx,</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Alternate with the 5 sepals. <span class="right"><a href="#glaux">Glaux</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#primulaceae">Primulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page331">331</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Opposite the sepals when of the same number. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page82">82</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">One-celled, with one parietal placenta. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page34">34</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page34">34</a></span></p> + +<p><b>2.</b> <i>Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules.</i></p> + +<p>[*] <i>Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Stamens inserted on the calyx; leaves with stipules. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#rosaceae">Rosaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page150">150</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Stamens inserted on the receptacle.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. <span class="right"><a href="#xanthoxylum">Xanthoxylum</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#rutaceae">Rutaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page106">106</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves not dotted.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page34">34</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Calyx absent; flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#piperaceae">Piperaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page446">446</a></span></p> + +<p>[*][*] <i>Pistil one, either simple or compound.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half, 2-celled; styles 2; stamens many. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#hamamelideae">Hamamelideæ</a></span>, <a href="#page179">179</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers).</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Aquatic herbs; ovary 3–4-celled, or (Hippuris) 1-celled. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#halorageae">Halorageæ</a></span>, <a href="#page180">180</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Mostly woody plants; style or stigma one, entire; ovary 1-celled.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Stigma running down one side of the style. <span class="right"><a href="#nyssa">Nyssa</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#cornaceae">Cornaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page215">215</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Stigma terminal, with or without a style.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Parasitic on the branches of trees; anthers sessile. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#loranthaceae">Loranthaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page449">449</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Not parasitic above ground; anthers on filaments. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#santalaceae">Santalaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page450">450</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested by its tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Shrubs, with scurfy leaves; flowers mostly diœcious. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#elaeagnaceae">Elæagnaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page448">448</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Herbs, with the calyx colored like a corolla.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Leaves opposite, simple. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#nyctaginaceae">Nyctaginaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page425">425</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Leaves alternate, pinnate. <span class="right"><a href="#poterium">Poterium</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#rosaceae">Rosaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page161">161</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Stipules (ocreæ) sheathing the stem at the nodes.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Tree; calyx none; flowers monœcious, in heads. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#platanaceae">Platanaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page466">466</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Herbs; calyx present and commonly petal-like. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#polygonaceae">Polygonaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page436">436</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Aquatic herbs, submerged or nearly so.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Leaves whorled and dissected; style single. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page488">488</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Leaves opposite, entire; styles 2; ovary 4-celled. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#halorageae">Halorageæ</a></span>, <a href="#page180">180</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Not aquatics, herbs.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Ovary 10-celled; berry 10-seeded. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#phytolaccaceae">Phytolaccaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page436">436</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Ovary 3- (rarely 1–2-) celled; juice usually milky. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page451">451</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em"><a name="page27"></a>Ovary 1-celled; juice not milky.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Style, if any, and stigma only one; leaves simple; no scarious bracts around the flowers. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#urticaceae">Urticaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page461">461</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Styles 3; embryo straight; flowers involucrate. <span class="right"><a href="#eriogonum">Eriogonum</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#polygonaceae">Polygonaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page436">436</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Style or stigmas 2 or 3; embryo coiled or curved.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Stipules not scarious, leaves palmately cleft or palmately compound. <span class="right">Cannabineæ, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#urticaceae">Urticaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page461">461</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Stipules scarious (or none); leaves opposite. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illecebraceae">Illecebraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page426">426</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Stipules none; but flowers with scarious bracts. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#amarantaceae">Amarantaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page427">427</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Stipules and scarious bracts none. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#chenopodiaceae">Chenopodiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page430">430</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Shrubs or trees.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. <span class="right">Acerineæ, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#sapindaceae">Sapindaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page115">115</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara or a drupe. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#oleaceae">Oleaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page335">335</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Ovules single in each cell of the</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Three-nine-celled ovary; leaves heath-like. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#empetraceae">Empetraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page487">487</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Three-celled ovary; leaves broad. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page111">111</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">One–two-celled ovary; styles or stigmas 2-cleft. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#urticaceae">Urticaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page461">461</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">One-celled ovary; style and stigma single and entire.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Anthers opening longitudinally. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#thymelaeaceae">Thymelæaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page448">448</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:12em">Anthers opening by uplifted valves. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#lauraceae">Lauraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page446">446</a></span></p> + +<p><b>B.</b> <i>Flowers monœcious or diœcious, one or both sorts in catkins.</i></p> + +<p><b>1.</b> <i>Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#urticaceae">Urticaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page461">461</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Fertile flowers single or clustered; sterile in slender catkins (except in Fagus).</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves pinnate; fertile flowers and fruit naked. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#juglandaceae">Juglandaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page467">467</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Leaves simple; fertile flowers 1–3 in an involucre or cup. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#cupuliferae">Cupuliferæ</a></span>, <a href="#page470">470</a></span></p> + +<p><b>2.</b> <i>Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary and pod 2-celled, many-seeded. <span class="right"><a href="#liquidambar">Liquidambar</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#hamamelideae">Hamamelideæ</a></span>, <a href="#page180">180</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary and pod 1-celled, many-seeded; seeds furnished with a downy tuft at one end. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#salicaceae">Salicaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page480">480</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Ovary 1–2-celled, only one ovule in each cell; fruit 1-seeded.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Parasitic on trees; fruit a berry. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#loranthaceae">Loranthaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page449">449</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Trees or shrubs, not parasitic.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Calyx regular, in the fertile flower succulent in fruit. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#urticaceae">Urticaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page461">461</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Style and stigma one, simple; the flowers in heads. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#platanaceae">Platanaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page466">466</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Styles or long stigmas 2.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#cupuliferae">Cupuliferæ</a></span>, <a href="#page470">470</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Fertile flowers single under each scale; nutlets naked, waxy-coated or drupe like. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#myricaceae">Myricaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page469">469</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Subclass II. GYMNOSPERMÆ.</span> Pistil an open scale or altered +leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus +entirely wanting. Flowers monœcious or diœcious. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#coniferae">Coniferæ</a></span>, <a href="#page489">489</a></span></p> + + +<p><a name="page28"></a><span class="smcap">Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.</span> (See <a href="#page15">p. 15.</a>)</p> + +<p><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">Spadiceous Division.</span> <i>Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy axis, +or sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx and corolla (excepting some</i> Araceæ +<i>and</i> Naiadaceæ, <i>where, however, they are on a spadix), and also without +glumes (husky scales). Leaves sometimes with netted veins.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#lemnaceae">Lemnaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page551">551</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#naiadaceae">Naiadaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page557">557</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Reed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile nerved leaves; flowers in spikes or heads.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Flowers monœcious, and quite destitute of floral envelopes. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#typhaceae">Typhaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page547">547</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix; sepals 6. <span class="right"><a href="#acorus">Acorus</a>, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#araceae">Araceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page550">550</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Terrestrial or marsh plants; leaves mostly with a distinct netted-veined blade, petioled. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#araceae">Araceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page548">548</a></span></p> + +<p><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">Petaloideous Division.</span> <i>Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished +with floral envelopes (perianth) answering to calyx or to both calyx and +corolla, either herbaceous or colored and petal-like (wholly glumaceous in</i> +Juncaceæ).</p> + +<p><b>1.</b> <i>Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Flowers diœcious (or rarely perfect), regular.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Aquatics; ovules and seeds several or numerous. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#hydrocharidaceae">Hydrocharidaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page495">495</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Twiners; ovules and seeds one or two in each cell. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page517">517</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Flowers perfect; ovules and seeds usually numerous.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Stamens only one or two; flower irregular, gynandrous. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#orchidaceae">Orchidaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page497">497</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Stamens three.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Anthers introrse, opening transversely. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page496">496</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#haemodoraceae">Hæmodoraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page512">512</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#iridaceae">Iridaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page513">513</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Stamens 6; flowers usually on a scape from a bulb. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page515">515</a></span></p> + +<p><b>2.</b> <i>Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy; leaves often equitant. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#haemodoraceae">Hæmodoraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page512">512</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Perianth smooth; the leaves grass-like. <span class="right"><a href="#stenanthium">Stenanthium</a>, etc., in <span class="smcap"><a href="#liliaceae">Liliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page517">517</a></span></p> + +<p><b>3.</b> <i>Perianth wholly free from the ovary.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Pistils numerous or few in a head or ring. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#alismaceae">Alismaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page553">553</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Pistil one, compound (cells or placentæ mostly 3).</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Perianth not glumaceous or chaffy; flowers not in dense heads.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Stamens 6 (in Maianthemum 4), similar and perfect.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Scurfy-leaved epiphyte; seeds hairy-tufted. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page511">511</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Marsh herbs; carpels nearly distinct or separating closed from the axis; seed without albumen. <span class="right">Juncagineæ, in <span class="smcap"><a href="#naiadaceae">Naiadaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page557">557</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Terrestrial, not rush-like; seeds with albumen.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#liliaceae">Liliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page517">517</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and 3 colored withering-persistent petals. <span class="right"><a href="#trillium">Trillium</a> in <span class="smcap"><a href="#liliaceae">Liliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page517">517</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:10em">Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 ephemeral deliquescent petals. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#commelinaceae">Commelinaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page538">538</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em"><a name="page29"></a>Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three with perfect anthers.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Sepals 3, herbaceous; ephemeral petals 3, unequal. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#commelinaceae">Commelinaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page538">538</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:8em">Perianth tubular, 6-lobed. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#pontederiaceae">Pontederiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page535">535</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Stamens 3, similar. Moss-like aquatic. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#mayaceae">Mayaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page537">537</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Perianth wholly glumaceous, of 6 similar divisions. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#juncaceae">Juncaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page539">539</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Perianth partly glumaceous or chaff-like; flowers in very dense heads. Rush-like or aquatic.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Flowers perfect; inner perianth of three yellow petals; perfect stamens and plumose sterile filaments each 3; pod 1-celled, many-seeded on 3 parietal placentæ. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#xyridaceae">Xyridaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page536">536</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:6em">Flowers monœcious or diœcious, whitish-bearded; stamens 4 or 3; pod 2–3-celled, 2–3-seeded. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#eriocauleae">Eriocauleæ</a></span>, <a href="#page566">566</a></span></p> + +<p><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Glumaceous Division.</span> <i>Flowers destitute of proper perianth, except +sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by scale-like bracts or glumes.</i></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#cyperaceae">Cyperaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page567">567</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Glumes in pairs, of two sorts. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#gramineae">Gramineæ</a></span>, <a href="#page623">623</a></span></p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Class III. CRYPTOGAMOUS ACROGENS.</span> (See <a href="#page17">p. 17.</a>)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Subclass I. PTERIDOPHYTES</span>: with woody fibres and vessels.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Spores of only one kind; spore-cases</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Borne beneath shield-shaped scales in a terminal spike; stems naked, sheathed at the nodes. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#equisetaceae">Equisetaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page675">675</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">On the back or margin of fronds circinate in vernation. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#filices">Filices</a></span>, <a href="#page678">678</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Bivalvular, in special spikes or panicles; fronds erect in vernation, from short erect rootstocks. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ophioglossaceae">Ophioglossaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page693">693</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Solitary in the axils of leaves, 2–3-valved; low long-stemmed moss-like evergreens; leaves small, in 4–16 ranks. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#lycopodiaceae">Lycopodiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page695">695</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Spores of two kinds, large and small; spore-cases</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Solitary in the axils of small 4-ranked leaves, or in the bases of linear radical leaves. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#selaginellaceae">Selaginellaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page697">697</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Enclosed in peduncled sporocarps; leaves 4-foliolate. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#marsiliaceae">Marsiliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page700">700</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Sporocarps sessile beneath the stem; small, floating, pinnately branched, with minute imbricate leaves. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#salviniaceae">Salviniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page701">701</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Subclass II. BRYOPHYTES</span>: with cellular tissue only. [Capsules +not operculate, containing spores and usually elaters, in the following +Orders.]</p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Capsule 4-valved, pedicellate; plants leafy-stemmed, rarely thallose. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#jungermanniaceae">Jungermanniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page702">702</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:2em">Capsule 2-valved or valveless; plants thallose.</p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Thallus without epidermis; capsule with a columella, short-pedicelled or sessile on the thallus. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#anthocerotaceae">Anthocerotaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page726">726</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Capsules borne beneath a pedunculate receptacle. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#marchantiaceae">Marchantiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page727">727</a></span></p> + + <p style="margin-left:4em">Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, indehiscent. <span class="right"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ricciaceae">Ricciaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page730">730</a></span></p> +</div> + + + +<a name="page30"></a> +<h2>ABBREVIATIONS<br /> + +OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS CITED IN THIS VOLUME.</h2> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Adans.</i>—<b>Adanson</b>, Michel.</li> +<li><i>Ait.</i>—<b>Aiton</b>, William.</li> +<li><i>Ait. f.</i>—<b>Aiton</b>, William Townsend.</li> +<li><i>All.</i>—<b>Allioni</b>, Carlo.</li> +<li><i>Anders.</i>—<b>Andersson</b>, Nils Johan.</li> +<li><i>Arn.</i>—<b>Arnott</b>, George A. Walker.</li> +<li><i>Aust.</i>—<b>Austin</b>, Coe Finch.</li> +<li><i>Baldw.</i>—<b>Baldwin</b>, William.</li> +<li><i>Bart.</i>—<b>Barton</b>, William P. C.</li> +<li><i>Beauv.</i>—<b>Palisot de Beauvois</b>, A. M. F. J.</li> +<li><i>Benth.</i>—<b>Bentham</b>, George.</li> +<li><i>Benth. & Hook.</i>—G. <b>Bentham</b> and J. D. <b>Hooker</b>.</li> +<li><i>Bernh.</i>—<b>Bernhardi</b>, Johann Jacob.</li> +<li><i>Bess.</i>—<b>Besser</b>, Wilhelm S. J. G. von.</li> +<li><i>Bieb.</i>—<b>Bieberstein</b>, F. A. M. von.</li> +<li><i>Bigel.</i>—<b>Bigelow</b>, Jacob.</li> +<li><i>Bisch.</i>—<b>Bischoff</b>, Gottlieb Wilhelm.</li> +<li><i>Boeckl.</i>—<b>Boeckeler</b>, Otto.</li> +<li><i>Boiss.</i>—<b>Boissier</b>, Edmond.</li> +<li><i>Borkh.</i>—<b>Borkhausen</b>, M. B.</li> +<li><i>Br., R. Br.</i>—<b>Brown</b>, Robert.</li> +<li><i>Britt.</i>—<b>Britton</b>, Nathaniel Lord.</li> +<li><i>Carr.</i>—<b>Carrière</b>, Élie Abel.</li> +<li><i>Carring.</i>—<b>Carrington</b>, Benjamin.</li> +<li><i>Cass.</i>—<b>Cassini</b>, Henri.</li> +<li><i>Cav.</i>—<b>Cavanilles</b>, Antonio Jose.</li> +<li><i>Cerv.</i>—<b>Cervantes</b>, Vicente.</li> +<li><i>Cham.</i>—<b>Chamisso</b>, Adalbert von.</li> +<li><i>Chapm.</i>—<b>Chapman</b>, Alvan Wentworth.</li> +<li><i>Chois.</i>—<b>Choisy</b>, Jacques Denis.</li> +<li><i>Clayt.</i>—<b>Clayton</b>, John.</li> +<li><i>Cogn.</i>—<b>Cogniaux</b>, Alfred.</li> +<li><i>Coult.</i>—<b>Coulter</b>, John Merle.</li> +<li><i>Darl., Darling.</i>—<b>Darlington</b>, William.</li> +<li><i>DC.</i>—<b>DeCandolle</b>, Augustin Pyramus.</li> +<li><i>A. DC.</i>—<b>DeCandolle</b>, Alphonse.</li> +<li><i>Decsne.</i>—<b>Decaisne</b>, Joseph.</li> +<li><i>Desf.</i>—<b>Desfontaines</b>, Réné Louiche.</li> +<li><i>Desv.</i>—<b>Desvaux</b>, Nicaise Augustin.</li> +<li><i>Dicks.</i>—<b>Dickson</b>, James.</li> +<li><i>Dill.</i>—<b>Dillenius</b>, Johan Jacob.</li> +<li><i>Dougl.</i>—<b>Douglas</b>, David.</li> +<li><i>Dufr.</i>—<b>Dufresne</b>, Pierre.</li> +<li><i>Dumort.</i>—<b>Dumortier</b>, Barthélemy C.</li> +<li><i>Eat.</i>—<b>Eaton</b>, Amos.</li> +<li><i>Ehrh.</i>—<b>Ehrhart</b>, Friedrich.</li> +<li><i>Ell.</i>—<b>Elliott</b>, Stephen.</li> +<li><i>Endl.</i>—<b>Endlicher</b>, Stephan L.</li> +<li><i>Engelm.</i>—<b>Engelmann</b>, George.</li> +<li><i>Esch.</i>—<b>Eschscholtz</b>, J. F.</li> +<li><i>Fisch.</i>—<b>Fischer</b>, F. E. Ludwig von.</li> +<li><i>Foug.</i>—<b>Fougeroux</b>, Auguste Denis.</li> +<li><i>Forst.</i>—<b>Forster</b>, J. R. and George.</li> +<li><i>Froel.</i>—<b>Froelich</b>, Joseph Aloys.</li> +<li><i>Gaertn.</i>—<b>Gaertner</b>, Joseph.</li> +<li><i>Gaertn. f.</i>—<b>Gaertner</b>, Carl Friedrich.</li> +<li><i>Gal.</i>—<b>Galeotti</b>, Henri.</li> +<li><i>Gaud.</i>—<b>Gaudichaud-Beaupré</b>, Charles.</li> +<li><i>Gey.</i>—<b>Geyer</b>, Charles (Carl Andreas).</li> +<li><i>Ging.</i>—<b>Gingins de Lassaraz</b>, F. C. J.</li> +<li><i>Glox.</i>—<b>Gloxin</b>, Benjamin Peter.</li> +<li><i>Gmel.</i>—<b>Gmelin</b>, Samuel Gottlieb.</li> +<li><i>Gooden.</i>—<b>Goodenough</b>, Samuel.</li> +<li><i>Grev.</i>—<b>Greville</b>, Robert Kaye.</li> +<li><i>Griseb.</i>—<b>Grisebach</b>, Heinrich R. A.</li> +<li><i>Gronov.</i>—<b>Gronovius</b>, Jan Fredrik.</li> +<li><i>Guss.</i>—<b>Gussone</b>, Giovanni.</li> +<li><i>Hack.</i>—<b>Hackel</b>, Eduard.</li> +<li><i>Hartm.</i>—<b>Hartman</b>, Carl Johann.</li> +<li><i>Hassk.</i>—<b>Hasskarl</b>, Justus Carl.</li> +<li><i>Hausskn.</i>—<b>Haussknecht</b>, Carl.</li> +<li><i>Haw.</i>—<b>Haworth</b>, Adrian Hardy.</li> +<li><i>HBK.</i>—<b>Humboldt</b>, F. Alexander von, Aimé <b>Bonpland</b>, and C. S. <b>Kunth</b>.</li> +<li><i>Hegelm.</i>—<b>Hegelmaier</b>, Friedrich.</li> +<li><i>Herb.</i>—<b>Herbert</b>, William.</li> +<li><i>Hochst.</i>—<b>Hochstetter</b>, Christian F.</li> +<li><i>Hoffm.</i>—<b>Hoffman</b>, Georg Franz.</li> +<li><i>Holl.</i>—<b>Hollick</b>, Arthur.<a name="page31"></a></li> +<li><i>Hook.</i>—<b>Hooker</b>, William Jackson.</li> +<li><i>Hook. f.</i>—<b>Hooker</b>, Joseph Dalton.</li> +<li><i>Hornem.</i>—<b>Hornemann</b>, Jens Wilken.</li> +<li><i>Huds.</i>—<b>Hudson</b>, William.</li> +<li><i>Huebn.</i>—<b>Huebener</b>, J. W. P.</li> +<li><i>Jacq.</i>—<b>Jacquin</b>, Nicolaus Joseph.</li> +<li><i>Juss.</i>—<b>Jussieu</b>, Antoine Laurent.</li> +<li><i>A. Juss.</i>—<b>Jussieu</b>, Adrien de.</li> +<li><i>L., Linn.</i>—<b>Linnæus</b>, Carolus, or Carl von <b>Linné</b>.</li> +<li><i>L. f.</i>—<b>Linné</b>, Carl von (the son).</li> +<li><i>L'Her.</i>—<b>L'Heritier de Brutelle</b>, C. L.</li> +<li><i>Lag.</i>—<b>Lagasca</b>, Mariano.</li> +<li><i>Lam.</i>—<b>Lamarck</b>, J. B. A. P. Monnet.</li> +<li><i>Ledeb.</i>—<b>Ledebour</b>, Carl F. von.</li> +<li><i>Lehm.</i>—<b>Lehmann</b>, J. G. C.</li> +<li><i>Less.</i>—<b>Lessing</b>, Christian Friedrich.</li> +<li><i>Light.</i>—<b>Lightfoot</b>, John.</li> +<li><i>Lindb.</i>—<b>Lindberg</b>, Sextus Otto.</li> +<li><i>Lindenb.</i>—<b>Lindenberg</b>, Johann B. W.</li> +<li><i>Lindl.</i>—<b>Lindley</b>, John.</li> +<li><i>Loisel.</i>—<b>Loiseleur-Deslongchamps</b>, J. L. A.</li> +<li><i>Lour.</i>—<b>Loureiro</b>, Juan.</li> +<li><i>Marsh.</i>—<b>Marshall</b>, Humphrey.</li> +<li><i>Mart.</i>—<b>Martens</b>, Martin.</li> +<li><i>Maxim.</i>—<b>Maximowicz</b>, Carl Johann.</li> +<li><i>Medic.</i>—<b>Medicus</b>, Friedrich Casimir.</li> +<li><i>Meisn.</i>—<b>Meisner</b>, Carl Friedrich.</li> +<li><i>Mey.</i>—<b>Meyer</b>, Ernst (Heinrich F.).</li> +<li><i>Mich.</i>—<b>Micheli</b>, Pier' Antonio.</li> +<li><i>Michx.</i>—<b>Michaux</b>, André.</li> +<li><i>Michx. f.</i>—<b>Michaux</b>, François André.</li> +<li><i>Mill.</i>—<b>Miller</b>, Philip.</li> +<li><i>Mitch.</i>—<b>Mitchell</b>, J.</li> +<li><i>Mitt.</i>—<b>Mitten</b>, William.</li> +<li><i>Mont.</i>—<b>Montagne</b>, (J. F.) Camille.</li> +<li><i>Moq.</i>—<b>Moquin-Tandon</b>, Alfred.</li> +<li><i>Muell.</i>—<b>Mueller</b>, Jean (of Aargau).</li> +<li><i>Muhl.</i>—<b>Muhlenberg</b>, Henry (H. Ernst).</li> +<li><i>Murr.</i>—<b>Murray</b>, Johann Andreas.</li> +<li><i>Neck.</i>—<b>Necker</b>, Noel Joseph de.</li> +<li><i>Nutt.</i>—<b>Nuttall</b>, Thomas.</li> +<li><i>Pall.</i>—<b>Pallas</b>, Peter Simon.</li> +<li><i>Pers.</i>—<b>Persoon</b>, Christian Hendrik.</li> +<li><i>Planch.</i>—<b>Planchon</b>, Jules Émile.</li> +<li><i>Poir.</i>—<b>Poiret</b>, Jean Louis Marie.</li> +<li><i>Poll.</i>—<b>Pollich</b>, Johann Adam.</li> +<li><i>R. & S.</i>—<b>Roemer</b>, J. J., and Joseph August <b>Schultes</b>.</li> +<li><i>Raf.</i>—<b>Rafinesque-Schmaltz</b>, C. S.</li> +<li><i>Reichenb.</i>—<b>Reichenbach</b>, H. G. L.</li> +<li><i>Richards.</i>—<b>Richardson</b>, John.</li> +<li><i>Roem.</i>—<b>Roemer</b>, Johann Jacob.</li> +<li><i>Rostk.</i>—<b>Rostkovius</b>, F. W. G.</li> +<li><i>Rottb.</i>—<b>Rottboell</b>, Christen Fries.</li> +<li><i>St. Hil.</i>—<b>St. Hilaire</b>, Auguste de.</li> +<li><i>Salisb.</i>—<b>Salisbury</b>, Richard Anthony.</li> +<li><i>Sartw.</i>—<b>Sartwell</b>, Henry P.</li> +<li><i>Sav.</i>—<b>Savi</b>, Gaetano.</li> +<li><i>Schlecht.</i>—<b>Schlechtendal</b>, D. F. L. von.</li> +<li><i>Schleich.</i>—<b>Schleicher</b>, J. C.</li> +<li><i>Schleid.</i>—<b>Schleiden</b>, Matthias Jacob.</li> +<li><i>Schrad.</i>—<b>Schrader</b>, Heinrich A.</li> +<li><i>Schreb.</i>—<b>Schreber</b>, Johann C. D.</li> +<li><i>Schum.</i>—<b>Schumacher</b>, Christian F.</li> +<li><i>Schwein.</i>—<b>Schweinitz</b>, Lewis David de.</li> +<li><i>Scop.</i>—<b>Scopoli</b>, Johann Anton.</li> +<li><i>Scribn.</i>—<b>Scribner</b>, F. Lamson.</li> +<li><i>Shuttlw.</i>—<b>Shuttleworth</b>, Robert.</li> +<li><i>Sibth.</i>—<b>Sibthorp</b>, John.</li> +<li><i>Sieb. & Zucc.</i>—<b>Siebold</b>, P. F. von, and J. G. <b>Zuccarini</b>.</li> +<li><i>Spreng.</i>—<b>Sprengel</b>, Kurt.</li> +<li><i>Steph.</i>—<b>Stephani</b>, F.</li> +<li><i>Steud.</i>—<b>Steudel</b>, Ernst Gottlieb.</li> +<li><i>Sulliv.</i>—<b>Sullivant</b>, William Starling.</li> +<li><i>Tayl.</i>—<b>Taylor</b>, Thomas.</li> +<li><i>Thuill.</i>—<b>Thuillier</b>, Jean Louis.</li> +<li><i>Thunb.</i>—<b>Thunberg</b>, Carl Peter.</li> +<li><i>Thurb.</i>—<b>Thurber</b>, George.</li> +<li><i>Torr.</i>—<b>Torrey</b>, John.</li> +<li><i>Tourn.</i>—<b>Tournefort</b>, Joseph Pitton de.</li> +<li><i>Tratt.</i>—<b>Trattenick</b>, Leopold.</li> +<li><i>Tuckerm.</i>—<b>Tuckerman</b>, Edward.</li> +<li><i>Turcz.</i>—<b>Turczaninow</b>, Nicolaus.</li> +<li><i>Underw.</i>—<b>Underwood</b>, Lucien M.</li> +<li><i>Vaill.</i>—<b>Vaillant</b>, Sébastien.</li> +<li><i>Vent.</i>—<b>Ventenat</b>, Étienne Pierre.</li> +<li><i>Vill.</i>—<b>Villars</b>, Dominique.</li> +<li><i>Wahl.</i>—<b>Wahlenberg</b>, George.</li> +<li><i>Wahlb.</i>—<b>Wahlberg</b>, Pehr Fredrik.</li> +<li><i>Walp.</i>—<b>Walpers</b>, Wilhelm Gerhard.</li> +<li><i>Walt.</i>—<b>Walter</b>, Thomas.</li> +<li><i>Wang.</i>—<b>Wangenheim</b>, F. A. J. von.</li> +<li><i>Web.</i>—<b>Weber</b>, Friedrich.</li> +<li><i>Wigg.</i>—<b>Wiggers</b>, F. H.</li> +<li><i>Willd.</i>—<b>Willdenow</b>, Carl Ludwig.</li> +<li><i>Wils.</i>—<b>Wilson</b>, William.</li> +<li><i>Wimm.</i>—<b>Wimmer</b>, Friedrich.</li> +<li><i>With.</i>—<b>Withering</b>, William.</li> +<li><i>Wormsk.</i>—<b>Wormskiold</b>, M. von.</li> +<li><i>Wr. (Eat. & Wr.)</i>—<b>Wright</b>, John.</li> +<li><i>Wulf.</i>—<b>Wulfen</b>, Franz Xaver.</li> +</ul> + +<a name="page32"></a> + +<h2>SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.</h2> + +<p>°, ´,´´ . The sign of degrees (°) is used for feet; of minutes (´), for inches; +of seconds (´´), for lines,—the line being the twelfth part of an inch, and very +nearly equivalent to two millimetres.</p> + +<p>µ. In microscopic measurements, the conventional sign for the micromillimetre +or the one-thousandth part of a millimetre = one two-thousandth part of +a line.</p> + +<p>♂ Bearing only stamens or antheridia.</p> + +<p>♀ Pistillate or bearing archegonia.</p> + +<p>? A mark of doubt.</p> + +<p>! A mark of affirmation or authentication.</p> + +<p>Figures or words separated by a short dash (–) indicate the extremes of +variation, as "5–10´´ long, few–many-flowered," i.e. varying from 5 to 10 +lines in length, and with from few to many flowers.</p> + + +<a name="page33"></a> + +<h1> +BOTANY +<br /><br /> +OF THE +<br /><br /> +NORTHERN UNITED STATES. +</h1> + + +<h2 class="phylum">SERIES I. +<br /><br /> +PHÆNOGAMOUS <span class="smcap">or</span> FLOWERING PLANTS. +</h2> + +<p>Vegetables bearing proper flowers, that is, having stamens +and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an +embryo.</p> + + +<h2 class="class"><span class="smcap">Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS.</span></h2> + +<p>Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming +a layer between the other two, increasing, when the stem +continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a +new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted-veined. +Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or +rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts +usually in fives or fours.</p> + + +<h2 class="subclass"><span class="smcap">Subclass I. ANGIOSPÉRMÆ.</span></h2> + +<p>Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules +and forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two.</p> + + +<h2 class="division"><a name="page34"></a><span class="smcap">Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.</span></h2> + +<p>Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla; the +petals not united with each other. (Several genera or species +belonging to Polypetalous Orders are destitute of petals, or +have them more or less united.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="ranunculaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 1.</span> <b>RANUNCULÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Crowfoot Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs or some woody plants, with a colorless and usually acrid juice, +polypetalous, or apetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogynous; +the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely single) +pistils all distinct and unconnected.</i>—Flowers regular or irregular. +Sepals 3–15. Petals 3–15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely +few. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenes), or berries. Seeds +anatropous (when solitary and suspended the rhaphe dorsal), with hard +albumen and a minute embryo.—Leaves often dissected, their stalks +dilated at the base, sometimes with stipule-like appendages. (A large +family, including some acrid-narcotic poisons.)</p> + + +<p><b>Synopsis of the Genera.</b></p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. CLEMATIDEÆ.</b> Sepals normally 4, petal-like, valvate in the bud, or with +the edges bent inward. Petals none, or small. Achenes numerous, tailed with the +feathery or hairy styles. Seed suspended.—Leaves all opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Clematis.</b> Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. ANEMONEÆ.</b> Sepals 3–20, often petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Stamens +mostly numerous. Achenes numerous or several, in a head or spike.—Herbs, +never climbing; leaves alternate, or radical, the upper sometimes opposite or whorled.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Petals none (rarely some staminodia). Seed suspended.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] All but the lower leaves opposite or whorled. Peduncles 1-flowered.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Anemone.</b> Involucre leaf-like, remote from the flower. Leaves compound or dissected. +Pistils very many.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Hepatica.</b> Involucre close to the flower, of 3 oval bracts, calyx-like. Leaves radical, +simple and lobed. Pistils several.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Anemonella.</b> Stigma terminal, broad and flat. Radical leaves and involucre compound. +Peduncles umbellate. Achenes 4–15, many-ribbed.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Leaves alternate, compound. Flowers panicled, often diœcious.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Thalictrum.</b> Sepals usually 4, petal-like or greenish, Achenes few.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Petals none. Sepals 3–5, caducous. Seed erect. Leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Trautvetteria.</b> Achenes numerous, inflated, 4-angled. Flowers corymbose. Filaments +white, clavate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Petals evident. Sepals usually 5. Achenes many.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Adonis.</b> Sepals and petals (5–16, crimson or scarlet) flat, unappendaged. Seed +suspended.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Myosurus.</b> Sepals spurred. Petals 5, white. Achenes in a long spike. Scapes +1-flowered. Seed suspended.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Ranunculus.</b> Petals 5, yellow or white, with a scale or gland at base. Achenes +capitate. Seed erect.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><a name="page35"></a><b>Tribe III. HELLEBOREÆ.</b> Sepals imbricated in the bud, rarely persistent, petal-like. +Petals often nectariferous or reduced to staminodia or none. Pods (follicles) or +berries (in n. 20, 21) few, rarely single, few–many-seeded.—Leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Ovules and commonly seeds more than one pair. Herbs.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Flowers regular, not racemose. Petals inconspicuous nectaries or slender or none. Sepals +tardily deciduous.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Isopyrum.</b> Petals none. Sepals broad, white. Pods few. Leaves compound.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Caltha.</b> Petals none. Sepals broad, yellow. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Trollius.</b> Petals 5–20, narrow, pitted above the base. Pods sessile. Leaves palmately +lobed.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Coptis.</b> Petals 5–6, small, hollowed at apex, white. Pods long-stalked. Leaves +radical, trifoliolate.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Helleborus.</b> Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals 5, broad, persistent and turning +green. Pods sessile.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Eranthis.</b> Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. Sepals 5–8, narrow, deciduous. Flower +solitary, involucrate.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Sepals and large spur-shaped petals regular, each 5.</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Aquilegia.</b> Pistils 5, with slender styles. Leaves ternately compound.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] Flowers unsymmetrical and irregular. Sepals 5.</p> + +<p class="genus">17. <b>Delphinium.</b> Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms; the upper pair with +long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx.</p> + +<p class="genus">18. <b>Aconitum.</b> Upper sepal hooded, covering the two long-clawed small petals.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+][+] Flowers regular, racemose. Sepals caducous. Petals very small, stamen-like, or +none. Leaves decompound.</p> + +<p class="genus">19. <b>Cimicifuga.</b> Flowers in long often paniculate racemes. Pistils 1–8, becoming +many-seeded pods.</p> + +<p class="genus">20. <b>Actæa.</b> Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded +berry.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Ovules a single pair. Flowers regular. Roots yellow and bitter.</p> + +<p class="genus">21. <b>Hydrastis.</b> Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, petal-like, caducous. Petals none. Stamens +numerous. Pistils several, becoming 2-seeded berries. Leaves simple, lobed.</p> + +<p class="genus">22. <b>Xanthorrhiza.</b> Flowers in compound racemes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, +with claws. Stamens 5–10. Pods 1-seeded. Shrub with pinnate leaves.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="clematis"><b>1. CLÉMATIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Virgin's-Bower.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 4, or rarely more, colored, the valvate margins turned inward in the +bud. Petals none or small. Achenes numerous in a head, bearing the persistent +styles as naked, hairy, or plumose tails.—Perennial herbs or vines, +mostly a little woody, and climbing by the bending or clasping of the leaf-stalks, +rarely low and erect. Leaves opposite. (<span class="greek">Κληματίς</span>, a name of Dioscorides +for a climbing plant with long and lithe branches.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. FLÁMMULA. <i>Flowers cymose-paniculate, rather small, in our species +diœcious. Sepals petaloid, whitish, spreading, thin. Petals none. Anthers +short, blunt.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Virginiàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Virgin's-Bower.</span>) Smooth; leaves +bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped +at the base; tails of the fruit plumose.—River-banks, etc., common; +climbing over shrubs. July, August.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. ligusticifòlia</b>, Nutt. Very similar, but the leaves 5-foliolate or +quinate-ternate.—Long Pine, Neb., and west to the Pacific.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page36"></a>§ 2. VIÓRNA. <i>Flowers large, solitary on long peduncles, usually nodding. +Sepals thick, erect and connivent at base, mostly dull purple. Petals none. +Anthers linear.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Stems climbing; leaves pinnate; calyx (and foliage) glabrous or puberulent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. Viórna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Leather-Flower.</span>) Calyx ovate and at length bell-shaped; +the purplish <i>sepals</i> (1´ long) <i>very thick and leathery, wholly connivent</i> +or only the tips recurved; long tails of the <i>fruit very plumose</i>; leaflets 3–7, +ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2–3-lobed or entire; uppermost +leaves often simple.—Rich soil, Penn. to Mo., and southward. May–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. Pítcheri</b>, Torr. & Gray. Calyx bell-shaped; the dull purplish +<i>sepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points; tails of the fruit filiform +and naked or shortly villous</i>; leaflets 3–9, ovate or somewhat cordate, +entire or 3-lobed, much reticulated; uppermost leaves often simple.—S. Ind. +to Kan., and Tex. June.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. críspa</b>, L. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of the bluish-purple +<i>sepals</i> (1–2´ long) <i>dilated</i> and widely spreading, with <i>broad and wavy +thin margins; tails of the fruit silky</i> or glabrate; leaflets 5–9, thin, varying +from ovate or cordate to lanceolate, entire or 3–5-parted. (C. cylindrica, +<i>Sims.</i>)—Va. near Norfolk, and southward. May–Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Low and erect, mostly simple; flowers solitary, terminal; leaves sessile or +nearly so, undivided, strongly reticulated.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>C. ochroleùca</b>, Ait. Leaves ovate, entire or sometimes 3-lobed, silky +beneath; peduncles long; tails of the fruit very plumose.—Copses, Long +Island to Penn. and Ga.; rare. May.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>C. Fremónti</b>, Watson. Leaves crowded, thick, often coarsely toothed, +sparingly villous-tomentose; peduncles very short; tails villous or glabrate, +not plumose.—Mo. and Kan.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. ATRÁGENE. <i>Some of the outer filaments enlarged and more or less +petaloid; peduncles bearing single large flowers; the thin sepals widely +spreading.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>C. verticillàris</b>, DC. Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous; +leaves trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles; leaflets ovate or +slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire, or sparingly toothed or lobed; flower +bluish-purple, 2–3´ across; tails of the fruit plumose.—Rocky places in +mountainous districts, Maine and W. New Eng. to Va., Minn., and northwestward; +rare. May.—A pair of leaves with a peduncle between them, developed +in spring from each of the opposite buds, gives the appearance of a whorl, +whence the specific name.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="anemone"><b>2. ANEMÒNE</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Anémone. Wind-flower.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in n. 1 resembling abortive +stamens. Achenes pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed suspended.—Perennial +herbs with radical leaves; those of the stem 2 or 3 together, opposite +or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower; peduncles +1-flowered, solitary or umbellate. (The ancient Greek and Latin name, from +<span class="greek">ἀνεμόω</span>, to be shaken by the wind.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page37"></a>§ 1. PULSATÌLLA. <i>Carpels numerous in a head, with long hairy styles +which in fruit form feathery tails, as in</i> Clematis; <i>flower large, usually with +some minute or indistinct gland-like abortive stamens answering to petals.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. pàtens</b>, L., var. <b>Nuttalliàna</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Pasque-flower.</span>) Villous +with long silky hairs; peduncle solitary; flower erect, developed before the +leaves, which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle +one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft into narrowly +linear and acute lobes; lobes of the sessile involucre like those of the +leaves, at the base all united into a shallow cup; sepals 5–7, purplish or whitish +(1–1½´ long), spreading when in full anthesis.—Prairies, Ill. and Mo., thence +northward and westward. March–April.—A span high. Tail of carpels 2´ +long. (Eu. Siberia.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. ANEMÒNE proper. <i>Styles short, not plumose. Staminodia none.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Achenes densely long-woolly, compressed; involucre far below the flower.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Stem single, from a small tuber; sepals 10–20; style filiform.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. Caroliniàna</b>, Walt. Stem 3–6´ high; root-leaves once or twice +3-parted or cleft; involucre 3-parted, its wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft; sepals +10–20, oblong-linear, purple or whitish; head of fruit oblong.—Ill. to Neb. +and southward. May.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Stems several; sepals 5–8; style filiform.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. parviflòra</b>, Michx. Stem 3–12´ high from a slender rootstock, +1-flowered; root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisions crenate-incised +or lobed; involucre 2–3-leaved; sepals 5 or 6, oval, white; head of +fruit globular.—Lake Superior, northward and westward. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. multífida</b>, DC. Stems from a branching caudex, silky-hairy +(6–12´ high); principal involucre 2–3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or +two 2-leaved peduncles; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the +root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear; sepals +obtuse, red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish; head of fruit spherical or +oval.—Rocks, etc., N. E. Maine to Lake Superior, north and westward; rare. +June.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles; +involucral leaves long-petioled; sepals 5–8, silky or downy beneath (4–6´´ long), +oval or oblong; style subulate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. cylíndrica</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Long-fruited A.</span>) Slender (2° high), silky-pubescent; +flowers 2–6, on very long upright <i>naked peduncles</i>; involucral +leaves twice or thrice as many as the peduncles, 3-divided; their divisions +<i>wedge-lanceolate</i>, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; lobes cut and toothed +at the apex; <i>sepals 5, rather obtuse</i>, greenish-white; <i>head of fruit cylindrical</i> +(1´ long).—Dry woods, N. Eng. to Mo., and northwestward. May.—Peduncles +7–12´ long, all from the same involucre and naked throughout, or one +involucellate in the middle.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>A. Virginiàna</b>, L. More loosely pubescent or glabrate; involucral +leaves 3, 3-parted; their <i>divisions ovate-lanceolate</i>, pointed, cut-serrate, the lateral +2-parted, the middle 3-cleft; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the +others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle, repeatedly proliferous; <i>sepals 5,<a name="page38"></a> +acute</i>, greenish (in one variety white and obtuse); <i>head of fruit oval or oblong</i>.—Woods +and meadows; common. June–August.—Plant 2–3° high; the +upright peduncles 6–12´ long.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Achenes naked, orbicular, compressed, wing-margined; sepals 5, obovate; +involucre sessile.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>A. Pennsylvánica</b>, L. Hairy, rather low; primary involucre 3-leaved, +bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles +with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn; their +leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and toothed; radical leaves 5–7-parted +or cleft; sepals white (6–9´´ long); head of fruit spherical.—W. New +Eng. to Penn., Ill., and northwestward. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Achenes rather few, nearly naked, ovate-oblong; stems slender, 1-flowered; +leaves radical.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>A. nemoròsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wind-flower. Wood A.</span>) Low, smoothish; +stem perfectly simple, from a filiform rootstock; <i>involucre of 3 long-petioled trifoliolate</i> +leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, and toothed or cut, or +the lateral ones (var. <span class="smcap">quinquefolia</span>) 2-parted; a similar radical leaf in sterile +plants solitary from the rootstock; peduncle not longer than the involucre; +sepals 4–7, oval, white, sometimes blue, or tinged with purple outside; carpels +only 15–20, oblong, with a hooked beak.—Margin of woods. April, May.–A +delicate vernal species; the flower 1´ broad. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>A. nudicaùlis</b>, Gray. Glabrous, rootstock filiform; radical leaves +reniform, 3-parted, the divisions broadly cuneate with rounded crenate-incised +or -lobed summit; involucre of a single similar petiolate leaf or wanting; +achenes glabrous, tipped with a slender-subulate hooked style.—North shore +of Lake Superior near Sand Bay, Minn., in bogs. (<i>Joseph C. Jones.</i>) Imperfectly +known.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hepatica"><b>3. HEPÁTICA</b>, Dill. <span class="smcap">Liver-leaf. Hepatica.</span></p> + +<p>Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a +calyx; otherwise as in Anemone.—Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and +3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing +later than the flowers, which are single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a +fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape of the leaves.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. tríloba</b>, Chaix. Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes; +those of the involucre also obtuse; sepals 6–12, blue, purplish, or nearly white; +achenes several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy.—Woods; +common from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and northward, flowering soon +after the snow leaves the ground in spring. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. acutíloba</b>, DC. Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes +5-lobed; those of the involucre acute or acutish.—Passes into the other +and has the same range.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="anemonella"><b>4. ANEMONÉLLA</b>, Spach.</p> + +<p>Involucre compound, at the base of an umbel of flowers. Sepals 5–10, +white and conspicuous. Petals none. Achenes 4–15, ovoid, terete, strongly +8–10-ribbed, sessile. Stigma terminal, broad and depressed.—Low glabrous +perennial; leaves all radical, compound.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page39"></a>1. <b>A. thalictroìdes</b>, Spach. (<span class="smcap">Rue-Anemone.</span>) Stem and slender petiole +of radical leaf (a span high) rising from a cluster of thickened tuberous +roots; leaves 2–3-ternately compound; leaflets roundish, somewhat 3-lobed +at the end, cordate at the base, long-petiolulate, those of the 2–3-leaved 1–2-ternate +involucre similar; flowers several in an umbel; sepals oval (½´ long, +rarely pinkish), not early deciduous. (Thalictrum anemonoides, <i>Michx.</i>)—Woods, +common, flowering in early spring with Anemone nemorosa, and +considerably resembling it. Rarely the sepals are 3-lobed like the leaflets.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="thalictrum"><b>5. THALÍCTRUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Meadow-Rue.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 4–5, petal-like or greenish, usually caducous. Petals none. Achenes +4–15, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Stigma unilateral. Seed suspended.—Perennials, +with alternate 2–3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and +the leaflets stalked; petioles dilated at base. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, +often polygamous or diœcious. (Derivation obscure.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers diœcious or sometimes polygamous, in ample panicles; filaments slender; +stigmas elongated, linear or subulate; achenes sessile or short-stipitate, +ovoid, pointed, strongly several-angled and grooved.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. diòicum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Early Meadow-Rue.</span>) Smooth and pale or glaucous, +1–2° high; leaves (2–3) all with general petioles; leaflets drooping, +rounded and 3–7-lobed; flowers purplish and greenish, diœcious; the yellowish +anthers linear, mucronate, drooping on fine capillary filaments.—Rocky +woods, etc.; common. April, May.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. polýgamum</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Tall M.</span>) Smooth, not glandular, 4–8° +high; stem-leaves sessile; leaflets rather firm, roundish to oblong, commonly +with mucronate lobes or tips, sometimes puberulent beneath; panicles very +compound; flowers white, the fertile ones with some stamens; anthers not +drooping, small, oblong, blunt, the mostly white filaments decidedly thickened +upwards. (T. Cornuti, <i>Man.</i>, not <i>L.</i>)—Wet meadows and along rivulets, N. +Eng. to Ohio and southward; common. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>T. purpuráscens</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Purplish M.</span>) Stem (2–4° high) usually +purplish; stem-leaves sessile or nearly so; leaflets more veiny and reticulated +beneath, with or without gland-tipped or glandless hairs or waxy atoms; +panicles compound; flowers (sepals, filaments, etc.) greenish and purplish, +diœcious; anthers linear or oblong-linear, mucronulate, drooping on capillary +filaments occasionally broadened at the summit.—Dry uplands and rocky hills, +S. New Eng. to Minn., and southward. May, June.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers all perfect, corymbed; the filaments strongly club-shaped or inflated +under the small and short anther; stigma short; achenes gibbous, long-stipitate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>T. clavàtum</b>, DC. Size and appearance of n. 1; leaves only twice +ternate; flowers white, fewer; achenes 5–10, flat, somewhat crescent-shaped, +tapering into the slender stipe.—Mountains of Va. and southward. June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="trautvetteria"><b>6. TRAUTVETTÈRIA</b>, Fisch. & Mey. <span class="smcap">False Bugbane.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 3–5, usually 4, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. +Achenes numerous, capitate, membranaceous, compressed-4-angled and inflated. +Seed erect.—A perennial herb, with alternate palmately-lobed leaves, +and corymbose white flowers. (For <i>Prof. Trautvetter</i>, a Russian botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page40"></a>1. <b>T. palmàta</b>, Fisch. & Mey. Stems 2–3° high; root-leaves large, +5–11-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut.—Moist ground along streamlets, Md. +to S. Ind., and south to Ga.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="adonis"><b>7. ADÒNIS</b>, Dill.</p> + +<p>Sepals and petals (5–16) flat, unappendaged, deciduous. Achenes numerous, +in a head, rugose-reticulated. Seed suspended.—Herbs with finely dissected +alternate leaves and showy flowers. (<span class="greek">Ἄδωνις</span>, a favorite of Venus, after +his death changed into a flower.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">autumnàlis</span>, L. A low leafy annual, with scarlet or crimson flowers, +darker in the centre.—Sparingly naturalized from Europe.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="myosurus"><b>8. MYOSÙRUS</b>, Dill. <span class="smcap">Mouse-tail.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slender +claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5–20. +Achenes numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender +spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from <span class="greek">μῦς</span>, <i>a mouse</i>, and <span class="greek">οὐρά</span>, <i>a tail</i>), +the seed suspended.—Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate +root-leaves, and naked 1-flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. mínimus</b>, L. Fruiting spike 1–2´ long; achenes quadrate, blunt.—Alluvial +ground, Ill. and Ky., thence south and west. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ranunculus"><b>9. RANÚNCULUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Crowfoot. Buttercup.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Achenes +numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed; the seed erect.—Annuals or +perennials; stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, +yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more +than 5. Stamens occasionally few.)—(A Latin name for a little frog; applied +by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where frogs abound.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">Ficària</span>, L. (representing the § <i>Ficaria</i>), which has tuberous-thickened +roots, Caltha-like leaves, and scape-like peduncles bearing a 3-sepalous and +8–9-petalous yellow flower, has been found as an escape from gardens about +New York and Philadelphia.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. BATRÁCHIUM. <i>Petals with a spot or naked pit at base, white, or only +the claw yellow; achenes marginless, transversely wrinkled; aquatic or subaquatic +perennials, with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected (mostly by +threes) into capillary divisions; peduncles 1-flowered, opposite the leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Receptacle hairy.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. circinàtus</b>, Sibth. (<span class="smcap">Stiff Water-Crowfoot.</span>) <i>Leaves</i> all under +water and <i>sessile</i>, with broad conspicuous stipules, the divisions and subdivisions +short, spreading in one roundish plane, <i>rigid, not collapsing when withdrawn +from the water</i>. (R. divaricatus, <i>Man.</i>, not <i>Schrank</i>.)—Ponds and slow +streams, Maine and Vt., to Iowa, north and westward, much rarer than the +next. June–Aug. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. aquátilis</b>, L., var. <b>trichophýllus</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Common White +Water-Crowfoot.</span>) <i>Leaves</i> all under water and mostly <i>petioled</i>, their capillary +divisions and subdivisions <i>rather long and soft, usually collapsing more or +less when withdrawn from the water</i>; petiole rather narrowly dilated.—Common,<a name="page41"></a> +especially in slow-flowing waters, the eastern form with more soft and +flaccid leaves. June–Aug. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>cæspitòsus</b>, DC. A dwarf terrestrial form, rooting at the nodes, +the small leaves somewhat fleshy, with broader rigid divisions.—S. Ill. +(<i>Schneck</i>), and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Receptacle glabrous; no submersed leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">hederàceus</span>, L. Rooting freely in shallow water; leaves all reniform, +angulate-lobed.—Fresh-water marshes at Norfolk, Va. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. HALÒDES. <i>Petals yellow, with nectariferous pit and scale; carpels +thin-walled, striate, in an oblong head; scapose, spreading by runners.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. Cymbalària</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Sea-side Crowfoot.</span>) Glabrous; scapes +1–6´ high, 1–7-flowered; leaves clustered at the root and on the joints of the +long rooting runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, crenate, rather +fleshy, long-petioled; petals 5–8.—Sandy shores, from New Jersey northward, +and along the Great Lakes to Ill., Kan. and westward; also at salt springs. +June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. RANUNCULUS proper. <i>Petals with a little scale at the base, yellow; +achenes nerveless.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Achenes smooth; mostly perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Aquatic; immersed leaves filiformly dissected, as in</i> § Batrachium.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>R. multífidus</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Yellow Water-Crowfoot.</span>) Stems floating +or immersed, with the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform +divisions, or sometimes creeping in the mud (perennial by rooting from the +nodes, if at all); emersed leaves with shorter and linear or wedge-shaped divisions, +or else kidney-shaped and sparingly lobed or toothed; petals 5–8, +deep bright yellow, 4–6´´ long, much larger than the calyx; carpels in a +round head, pointed with a straight beak.—E. New Eng. to S. Penn., Mo., +and northward. May–July.—Out of water it is often pubescent, especially in</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>terréstris</b>, Gray. Stem rooting in the mud or ascending from the +base; leaves all smaller, coarsely dissected, round-reniform in outline; flowers +and fruit twice or thrice smaller.—N. Ohio to N. Ill., Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Terrestrial but growinq in very wet places, glabrous or nearly so; leaves +entire or barely toothed, all or else all but the lowest lanceolate or linear; +carpels forming a globular head.</i> (<span class="smcap">Spearwort.</span>)</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>R. ámbigens</b>, Watson. (<span class="smcap">Water Plantain Spearwort.</span>) Stems +ascending (1–2° high), often rooting from the lower joints; leaves lanceolate +or the lowest oblong, mostly denticulate (3–5´ long), contracted into a margined +half-clasping petiole; petals 5–7, bright yellow, oblong (2–3´´ long); +<i>carpels flattened, large</i> (1´´ long), <i>pointed with a long narrow-subulate beak</i>. (R. +alismæfolius, <i>Man.</i>, not <i>Gey.</i>)—N. Eng. to Ont., Minn. and southward; common, +especially at the north. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>R. Flámmula</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Smaller Spearwort.</span>) Stem reclining or +ascending, rooting below, leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest ovate-oblong +to lanceolate, entire or nearly so, mostly petioled (1–2´ long), petals +5–7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow, <i>carpels small, flattish but +turgid, mucronate with a short abrupt point</i>.—Only a small form (var. <span class="smcap">intermèdius</span>)<a name="page42"></a> +met with in this country (shore of L. Ontario, and northward), a +span high, with flowers 3–5´´ in diameter, passing into</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>réptans</b>, E. Meyer. (<span class="smcap">Creeping S.</span>) Small, slender, the <i>filiform +creeping stems rooting at all the joints</i>; leaves linear, spatulate, or oblong (¼–1´ +long); flowers small.—Gravelly or sandy banks; Newf. to Penn., north and +westward. June–Sept. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>R. oblongifòlius</b>, Ell. Usually annual; stem erect or ascending, +often pubescent below, slender (1–2° high), <i>diffusely branched above and +many-flowered; leaves serrate or denticulate</i>, lower long-petioled, ovate or +oblong (½–1½´ long), uppermost linear; flowers 3–5´´ broad; <i>petals</i> 5, bright +yellow, 1–3´´ long; <i>carpels</i> minute, almost <i>globular</i>, the small style deciduous.—Wet +prairies, Ill., Mo., and in S. States. June.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>R. pusíllus</b>, Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (6–18´ +long); <i>leaves entire</i> or obscurely denticulate, the lowest round-ovate or heart-shaped +(½´ long), long-petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate (1–1½´ long); +<i>flowers very small; petals 1–5, yellowish</i>; stamens 3–10; carpels very turgid, +smooth or slightly papillose, tipped with a minute sessile stigma.—Wet places, +S. New York, and southward along the coast. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Terrestrial, but often in wet places; leaves mostly cleft or divided.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Root-leaves not divided to the very base; achenes marginless.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>R. affìnis</b>, R. Br. Somewhat hairy or glabrous; low or slender, 1° high +or less; leaves pedately cleft, the cauline with linear or narrow oblanceolate +divisions; petals light yellow, 3–4´´ long or smaller; <i>heads oblong; achenes +turgid</i>, with small and mostly recurved style, pubescent or glabrous.—And +var. <span class="smcap">validus</span>, Gray, stouter and with more fleshy leaves, the lower mostly +undivided and roundish, cordate, truncate or cuneate at base, coarsely crenate +or more or less cleft.—Minn., Iowa, north and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>R. rhomboídeus</b>, Goldie. Low (3–8´ high), <i>hairy; root-leaves +roundish or rhombic-ovate</i>, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate; lowest stem-leaves +similar or 3–5-lobed, the upper 3–5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes +linear; <i>carpels</i> orbicular <i>with a minute beak</i>, in a globose head; <i>petals large</i>, +deep yellow.—Prairies, Mich. to N. Ill., Minn., and northward. April, +May.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>R. abortìvus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Small-flowered C.</span>) Biennial, <i>glabrous</i>, branching, +6´–2° high; primary <i>root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form</i>, barely +crenate, the succeeding often 3-lobed or 3-parted; those of the stem and +branches 3–5-parted or divided, subsessile, the divisions oblong or narrowly +wedge-form, mostly toothed; head globose; <i>carpels mucronate, with a minute +curved beak; petals pale yellow, shorter than the small reflexed calyx</i>.—Shady +hillsides and along brooks, common. April–June.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>micránthus</b>, Gray. <i>Pubescent</i>, roots often fusiform-thickened; +root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped, some 3-parted or 3-divided; peduncles +more slender and carpels fewer.—E. Mass. to Ill., Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>R. sceleràtus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cursed C.</span>) Annual, glabrous; <i>root-leaves +3-lobed</i>, rounded; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and +toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly +entire; <i>carpels barely mucronulate</i>, very numerous, <i>in oblong or cylindrical<a name="page43"></a> +heads; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx</i>.—Wet ditches; appearing as if +introduced. June–Aug.—Stem thick and hollow, 1° high; juice acrid and +blistering; leaves thickish; flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Leaves variously cleft or divided; achenes in globular heads (except n. 17), +compressed, with an evident firm margin; hirsute or pubescent.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Achenes with long recurved beak; root-leaves rarely divided.</i></p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>R. recurvàtus</b>, Poir. (<span class="smcap">Hooked C.</span>) Hirsute, 1–2° high; leaves +of the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large; the lobes +broadly wedge-shaped, 2–3-cleft, cut and toothed toward the apex; petals +shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale.—Woods, common. May, June.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Style long and attenuate, stigmatose at the tip, persistent or the upper part +usually deciduous; early root-leaves only 3-parted, the later 3–5-foliolate; +petals bright yellow, much larger than the calyx (except n. 18).</i></p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>R. fasciculàris</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Early C.</span>) Low, ascending, 5–9´ high, +pubescent with close-pressed silky hairs; <i>root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres; +radical leaves appearing pinnate</i>, the long-stalked terminal division remote from +the sessile lateral ones, itself 3–5-divided or parted and 3–5-cleft, the lobes +oblong or linear; petals often 6 or 7, spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the +spreading calyx; <i>carpels scarcely margined</i>, tipped with a slender straight or +rather curved beak.—Dry or moist hills. April, May.</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>R. septentrionàlis</b>, Poir. Low, hairy or nearly glabrous; <i>stems +ascending, or in wet ground some of them procumbent or forming long runners</i>; +leaves 3-divided, the divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly +wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut, never +pinnately compound; petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx; +<i>carpels strongly margined</i>, pointed by a stout straightish beak. (R. repens, of +<i>Manual</i>, mainly.)—Moist or shady places, etc., May–Aug.—Extremely +variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by upright stems in spring +before any long runners are formed.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=][=] <i>Style subulate, stigmatose along the inner margin, mostly persistent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>R. rèpens</b>, L. In habit and foliage closely similar to the last +species; leaves frequently white-variegated or spotted; commencing to flower +somewhat later.—In low grounds; generally in waste grounds near the coast +and probably introduced from Europe, but indigenous westward.</p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>R. Pennsylvánicus</b>, L. f. (<span class="smcap">Bristly C.</span>) Stout and erect from a +usually annual root, hirsute with widely spreading bristly hairs, leafy to +the top, 1–2° high; leaves all ternately divided or compound, the stalked +leaflets unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute; flowers inconspicuous; +calyx reflexed; head of carpels oblong.—Wet places, common. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>R. hìspidus</b>, Hook. (not Michx. or DC.). Resembling the last, but +the ascending or reclining stems few-leaved, rarely if ever rooting, not always +hirsute; petals (about 3´´ long) surpassing the hardly reflexed and soon deciduous +calyx; achenes with a stout straight beak, in a globose or oval head.—On +the northern shore of Lake Superior, and north and westward; probably +in N. Minn.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page44"></a><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">bulbòsus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bulbous C.</span> or <span class="smcap">Buttercups</span>.) Hairy; <i>stem erect from +a bulb-like base</i>, 1° high; radical leaves 3-divided; <i>the lateral divisions sessile, +the terminal stalked</i> and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed; peduncles +furrowed; petals round, wedge shaped at base; calyx reflexed; carpels +tipped with a very short beak.—Fields; very abundant only in E. New England; +rare westward. May–July.—Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals +often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat. +from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">àcris</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Tall C.</span> or <span class="smcap">Buttercups</span>.) Hairy; stem erect (2–3° high); +leaves 3-divided; <i>the divisions all sessile</i> and 3-cleft or parted, their segments +cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes; peduncles not furrowed; petals +obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx.—Fields; common, especially +eastward. June–Aug.—Flower nearly as large as the last, but not so deep +yellow.—The <i>Buttercups</i> are avoided by cattle, on account of their very acrid +or even blistering juice, which property, however, is dissipated in drying when +these plants are cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Achenes beset with rough points or small prickles; annuals.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">muricàtus</span>, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reniform, +3-lobed, coarsely crenate; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base; <i>petals +longer than the calyx; carpels flat, spiny-tuberculate</i> on the sides, strongly +beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin.—Eastern Virginia +and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">parviflòrus</span>, L. Hairy, slender and diffuse; lower leaves roundish-cordate, +3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut; the upper 3–5-parted; <i>petals not +longer than the calyx; carpels minutely hispid and rough</i>, beaked, narrowly +margined.—Norfolk, Va., and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="isopyrum"><b>10. ISOPỲRUM</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American +species. Stamens 10–40. Pistils 3–6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods +ovate or oblong, 2–several-seeded.—Slender smooth perennial herbs, with +2–3-ternately compound leaves; the leaflets 2–3-lobed. Flowers axillary and +terminal, white. (From <span class="greek">ἰσόπυρον</span>, the ancient name of a Fumaria.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>I. biternàtum</b>, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; filaments white, club-shaped; +pistils 3–6 (commonly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2–3-seeded; seeds +smooth.—Moist shady places, Ohio to Minn. and southward. May.—Fibres +of the root thickened here and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the +plant much as in Anemonella.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="caltha"><b>11. CÁLTHA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Marsh Marigold.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5–9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5–10, with scarcely any styles. +Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded.—Glabrous perennials, +with round and heart-shaped or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (An +ancient Latin name for the common Marigold.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. palústris</b>, L. Stem hollow, furrowed; leaves round or kidney-shaped, +either crenate or dentate or nearly entire; sepals broadly oval (bright +yellow).—Swamps and wet meadows, common northward. April, May.—Often +called incorrectly <i>Cowslips</i>; used as a pot-herb in spring, when coming +into flower. <span class="smcap">C. flabellifolia</span>, Pursh, is a weak slender form, with open-reniform +leaves and smaller flowers (1´ broad or less), occurring in cold mountain +springs, N. Y. to Md. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="trollius"><a name="page45"></a><b>12. TRÓLLIUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Globe-flower.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5–15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1-lipped, the concavity +near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many-seeded.—Smooth +perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ranunculus, +and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived +from the old German word <i>troll</i>, a globe, or something round.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. láxus</b>, Salisb. (<span class="smcap">Spreading Globe-flower.</span>) Leaves 5–7-parted; +sepals 5–6, spreading; petals 15–25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the +stamens.—Deep swamps, N. H. to Del. and Mich. May.—Flowers twice +the size of the common Buttercup; the sepals spreading, so that the name is +not appropriate, as it is to the <i>European Globe-flower</i> of the gardens, nor is the +blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow, or nearly white.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="coptis"><b>13. CÓPTIS</b>, Salisb. <span class="smcap">Goldthread.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5–7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5–7, small, club-shaped, hollow +at the apex. Stamens 15–25. Pistils 3–7, on slender stalks. Pods divergent, +membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4–8-seeded.—Low smooth +perennials, with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on +scapes. (Name from <span class="greek">κόπτω</span>, <i>to cut</i>, alluding to the divided leaves.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. trifòlia</b>, Salisb. (<span class="smcap">Three-leaved Goldthread.</span>) Leaflets 3, +obovate-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed, scape 1-flowered.—Bogs, +abundant northward, extending south to Maryland along the +mountains, and west to Iowa. May.—Root of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. +Leaves evergreen, shining. Scape naked, slender, 3–5´ high. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="helleborus"><b>14. HELLÉBORUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Hellebore.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8–10, very small, tubular, +2-lipped. Pistils 3–10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods.—Perennial +herbs, with ample palmate or pedate leaves, and large, solitary, +nodding, early vernal flowers. (An ancient name of unknown meaning.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>H.</b> <span class="smcap">víridis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Green Hellebore.</span>) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate; +calyx spreading, greenish.—Has been found wild on Long Island, in Penn., +and W. Va. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="eranthis"><b>15. ERÁNTHIS</b>, Salisb. <span class="smcap">Winter Aconite.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5–8, petal-like, deciduous. Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. Carpels +few, stipitate, several-seeded.—Perennial herbs, with palmately multifid radical +leaves, the scape bearing a single large yellow flower surrounded by an +involucre of a single leaf. (Name from <span class="greek">ἦρ</span>, <i>spring</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">hyemàlis</span>, Salisb. Dwarf; flowers cup-shaped, 1½´ in diameter; petals +shorter than the stamens.—Near Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aquilegia"><b>16. AQUILÈGIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Columbine.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short +spreading lip, produced backward into large hollow spurs, much longer than +the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded.—Perennials, +with 2–3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers +large and showy, terminating the branches. (Name from <i>aquilegus</i>, water-drawing.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page46"></a>1. <b>A. Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Columbine.</span>) Spurs nearly straight; +stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals.—Rocks, common. April–June.—Flowers +2´ long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all over), nodding, +so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk becomes upright in fruit.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. brevístyla</b>, Hook. Flowers small, blue or purplish or nearly +white; spurs incurved.—Red River valley, Dak.; Rocky Mts., northward.</p> + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">A. vulgàris</span>, L., the common <span class="smcap">Garden Columbine</span>, of Europe, with +hooked spurs, is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="delphinium"><b>17. DELPHÍNIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Larkspur.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the +base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backward into long spurs +which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short claws; +rarely only 2, united into one. Pistils 1–5, forming many-seeded pods in fruit.—Leaves +palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name +from <i>Delphin</i>, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not +unlike the classical figures of the dolphin.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Perennials, indigenous; pistils 3.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. exaltàtum</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Tall Larkspur.</span>) Stem slender, 2–5° high; +leaves deeply 3–5-cleft, the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, 3-cleft +at the apex, acute; <i>racemes wand-like</i>, panicled, <i>many-flowered</i>; flowers purplish-blue, +downy; spur straight; <i>pods erect</i>.—Rich soil, Penn. to Minn. and +southward. July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>D. tricórne</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf L.</span>) Leaves deeply 5-parted, their +divisions unequally 3–5-cleft; the lobes linear, acutish; <i>raceme few-flowered, +loose</i>; spur straightish, ascending; <i>pods strongly diverging</i>.—W. Penn. to +Minn. and southward. April, May.—Root a tuberous cluster. Stem simple, +6´–3° high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white, occasionally numerous.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <i>D. azùreum</i>, Michx. Leaves deeply 3–5-parted, the divisions 2–3 +times cleft; the lobes all narrowly linear; <i>raceme strict</i>; spur ascending, +usually curved upward; <i>pods erect</i>.—Wisc. to Dak. and southward. May, +June.—Stem 1–2° high, slender, often softly pubescent. Flowers sky-blue +or whitish.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Annual, introduced; petals 2, united into one body; pistil single.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>D.</b> <span class="smcap">Consólida</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Field L.</span>) Leaves dissected into narrow linear lobes; +inflorescence loosely paniculate; pedicels shorter than the bracts; pod +glabrous.—Old grain-fields, Penn. and Va.; also sparingly along roadsides +farther north. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>D.</b> <span class="smcap">Ajàcis</span>, L. Flowers more numerous and spicately racemose; pods +pubescent.—Sparingly escaped from gardens in E. Atlantic States. (Nat. +from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aconitum"><b>18. ACONÌTUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Aconite. Monkshood. Wolfsbane.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular; the upper one (helmet) hooded or helmet-shaped, +larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or +very minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped +bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3–5. +Pods several-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly.—Perennials, with<a name="page47"></a> +palmately cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. +(The ancient Greek and Latin name, of uncertain origin.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Noveboracénse</b>, Gray. Erect from tuberous-thickened roots, +2° high, leafy, <i>the summit and</i> strict loosely flowered <i>raceme pubescent</i>; leaves +rather deeply parted, the broadly cuneate divisions 3-cleft and incised; flowers +blue, <i>the helmet gibbous-obovate</i> with broad rounded summit and short descending +beak.—Chenango and Orange Cos., N. Y.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. uncinàtum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Monkshood.</span>) Glabrous; <i>stem slender, +from tuberous-thickened roots, erect</i>, but weak and disposed to climb; <i>leaves firm, +deeply 3–5-lobed</i>, petioled, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed; <i>flowers +blue; helmet erect, obtusely conical</i>, compressed, slightly beaked in front.—Rich +shady soil along streams, Penn., and southward in the mountains; Wisc. +June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. reclinàtum</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Trailing Wolfsbane.</span>) Glabrous; stems +trailing (3–8° long); <i>leaves deeply 3–7-cleft</i>, petioled, the lower orbicular in +outline; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2–3-lobed; <i>flowers white</i>, in +very loose panicles; <i>helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical</i>, with a straight +beak in front.—Cheat Mountain, Va., and southward in the Alleghanies. +Aug.—Lower leaves 5–6´ wide. Flowers 9´´ long, nearly glabrous.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cimicifuga"><b>19. CIMICÍFUGA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Bugbane.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather +transformed stamens, 1–8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens +as in Actæa. Pistils 1–8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit.—Perennials, +with 2–3-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers +in elongated wand-like racemes. (Name from <i>cimex</i>, a bug, and <i>fugo</i>, to drive +away.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. CIMICIFUGA proper. <i>Pistils 3–8, stipitate; seeds flattened laterally, +covered with chaffy scales, in one row in the membranaceous pods; style +awl-shaped; stigma minute.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Americàna</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">American Bugbane.</span>) Stem 2–4° high; +racemes slender, panicled, ovaries mostly 5, glabrous; pods flattened, veiny, +6–8-seeded.—Mountains of S. Penn. and southward. Aug.–Sept.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. MACRÒTYS. <i>Pistil solitary, sometimes 2–3, sessile; seeds smooth, +flattened and packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in</i> Actæa; +<i>stigma broad and flat.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. racemòsa</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Black Snakeroot. Black Cohosh.</span>) Stem +3–8° high, from a thick knotted rootstock; racemes in fruit becoming 1–3° +long; pods ovoid.—Rich woods, Maine to Wisc., and southward. July.—Var. +<span class="smcap">dissécta</span>, Gray. Leaves irregularly pinnately decompound, the rather +small leaflets incised.—Centreville, Del. (<i>Commons.</i>)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="actaea"><b>20. ACTÆ̀A</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Baneberry. Cohosh.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4–10, small, flat, +spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments. +Pistil single; stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry.<a name="page48"></a> +Seeds smooth, flattened, and packed horizontally in 2 rows.—Perennials, with +ample 2–3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and +toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (From <span class="greek">ἀκτέα</span>, +<i>actæa</i>, ancient names of the elder, transferred by Linnæus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. spicàta</b>, L., var. <b>rùbra</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Red Baneberry.</span>) <i>Raceme ovate</i>; +petals rhombic-spatulate, much shorter than the stamens; <i>pedicels slender; +berries cherry-red</i>, or sometimes white, oval.—Rich woods, common, especially +northward. April, May.—Plant 2° high. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. álba</b>, Bigel. (<span class="smcap">White Baneberry.</span>) Leaflets more incised and +sharply toothed; <i>raceme oblong; petals slender</i>, mostly truncate at the end, +appearing to be transformed stamens; <i>pedicels thickened in fruit</i>, as large as +the peduncle and red, the globular-oval <i>berries white</i>.—Rich woods, flowering +a week or two later than the other, and more common westward and southward.—White +berries rarely occur with slender pedicels, also red berries +with thick pedicels; but these are perhaps the result of crossing.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hydrastis"><b>21. HYDRÁSTIS</b>, Ellis. <span class="smcap">Orange-root. Yellow Puccoon.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. Pistils +12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled; stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a +head of crimson 1–2-seeded berries in fruit.—A low perennial herb, sending +up in early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstock, a single radical +leaf and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit and terminated +by a single greenish-white flower. (Name unmeaning.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Golden Seal</span>, etc.) Leaves rounded, heart-shaped +at the base, 5–7-lobed, doubly serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer +4–9´ wide.—Rich woods, N. Y. to Minn., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="xanthorrhiza"><b>22. XANTHORRHÌZA</b>, Marshall. <span class="smcap">Shrub Yellow-root.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much smaller than the +sepals, concave and obscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 to 10. +Pistils 5–15, with 2 pendulous ovules. Pods 1-seeded, oblong, the short style +becoming dorsal.—A low shrubby plant; the bark and long roots deep yellow +and bitter. Flowers polygamous, brown purple, in compound drooping racemes, +appearing along with the 1–2-pinnate leaves from large terminal +buds in early spring. (Name compounded of <span class="greek">ξανθός</span>, <i>yellow</i>, and <span class="greek">ῥίζα</span>, <i>root</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>X. apiifòlia</b>, L'Her. Stems clustered, 1–2° high; leaflets cleft and +toothed.—Shady banks of streams, Penn. to S. W. New York and Ky., and +south in the mountains. The rootstocks of this, and also of the last plant, +were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nigélla Damascèna</span>, L., the <span class="smcap">Fennel-flower</span>, which offers a remarkable +exception in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as to +form a several-celled capsule, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="magnoliaceae"><a name="page49"></a><span class="smcap">Order 2.</span> <b>MAGNOLIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Magnolia Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds covered by membranous stipules, polypetalous, +hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous; the calyx and corolla +colored alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated (rarely convolute) +in the bud.</i>—Sepals and petals deciduous. Anthers adnate. +Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering the prolonged receptacle, +cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of fleshy +or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous; albumen fleshy; +embryo minute.—Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with minute +transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark aromatic +and bitter.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="magnolia"><b>1. MAGNÒLIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Sepals 3. Petals 6–9. Stamens imbricated, with very short filaments, and +long anthers opening inward. Pistils coherent, forming a fleshy and rather +woody cone-like red fruit; each carpel at maturity opening on the back, from +which the 1 or 2 berry-like seeds hang by an extensile thread composed of +unrolled spiral vessels. Inner seed-coat bony.—Buds conical, the coverings +formed of the successive pairs of stipules, each pair enveloping the leaf next +above, which is folded lengthwise and applied straight against the side of the +next stipular sheath, and so on. (Named after <i>Magnol</i>, Professor of Botany +at Montpellier in the 17th century.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves all scattered along the branches; leaf-buds silky.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. glaùca</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Small</span> or <span class="smcap">Laurel Magnolia. Sweet Bay.</span>) +<i>Leaves</i> oval to broadly lanceolate, 3–6´ long, <i>obtuse, glaucous beneath; flower +globular, white</i>, 2´ long, <i>very fragrant</i>; petals broad; cone of fruit small, oblong.—Swamps, +from near Cape Ann and N. Y. southward, near the coast; +in Penn. as far west as Cumberland Co. June–Aug.—Shrub 4–20° high, +with thickish leaves, which farther south are evergreen.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. acuminàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cucumber-tree.</span>) <i>Leaves thin, oblong, pointed, +green</i> and a little pubescent beneath, 5–10´ long; <i>flower oblong bell-shaped, +glaucous-green</i> tinged with yellow, 2´ long; cone of fruit 2–3´ long, cylindrical.—Rich +woods, western N. Y. to Ill., and southward. May, June.—Tree +60–90° high. Fruit when young slightly resembling a small cucumber, +whence the common name.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>M. macrophýlla</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Great-leaved Magnolia.</span>) <i>Leaves +obovate-oblong, cordate</i> at the narrowed base, pubescent and <i>white beneath; +flower open bell-shaped, white, with a purple spot at base</i>; petals ovate, 6´ long; +cone of fruit ovoid.—S. E. Ky. and southward. May, June.—Tree 20–40° +high. Leaves 1–3° long, somewhat clustered on the flowering branches.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrella-like +circle; leaf-buds glabrous; flowers white, slightly scented.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>M. Umbrélla</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Umbrella-tree.</span>) <i>Leaves obovate-lanceolate, +pointed at both ends</i>, soon glabrous, 1–2° long; petals obovate-oblong, 4–5´ +long.—S. Penn. to Ky. and southward. May.—A small tree. Fruit rose-color, +4–5´ long, ovoid-oblong.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page50"></a>5. <b>M. Fràseri</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Ear-leaved Umbrella-tree.</span>) <i>Leaves oblong-obovate +or spatulate, auriculate at the base</i>, glabrous, 8–20´ long; petals obovate-spatulate, +with narrow claws, 4´ long.—Va. and Ky., along the Alleghanies, +and southward. April, May.—A slender tree 30–50° high. Flower more +graceful and cone of fruit smaller than in the preceding.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="liriodendron"><b>2. LIRIODÉNDRON</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Tulip-tree.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla. +Anthers linear, opening outward. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and narrow, +imbricating and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating +from each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away +whole, like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1–2-seeded in the small cavity at the +base. Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined +at their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that the apex points +to the base of the bud. (Name from <span class="greek">λίριον</span>, <i>lily</i> or <i>tulip</i>, and <span class="greek">δένδρον</span>, <i>tree</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Tulipífera</b>, L.—Rich soil, S. New Eng. to Mich., Wisc., and +southward. May, June.—A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140° high and +8–9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is wrongly called <span class="smcap">White +Poplar</span>. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the +apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Petals +2´ long, greenish-yellow marked with orange. Cone of fruit 3´ long.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="anonaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 3.</span> <b>ANONÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Custard-Apple Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals, +and a corolla of 6 petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, polyandrous.</i>—Petals +thickish. Anthers adnate, opening outward; filaments +very short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a +mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crustaceous +seed-coat, and a minute embryo at the base of the <i>ruminated</i> +albumen.—Leaves alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, +solitary.—A tropical family, excepting the following genus:—</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="asimina"><b>1. ASÍMINA</b>, Adans. <span class="smcap">North American Papaw.</span></p> + +<p>Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens; the outer set larger than the inner. +Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1–4 large and +oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy +aril.—Shrubs or small trees with unpleasant odor when bruised, the lurid +flowers solitary from the axils of last year's leaves. (Name from <i>Asiminier</i>, +of the French colonists, from the Indian name <i>assimin</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. tríloba</b>, Dunal. (<span class="smcap">Common Papaw.</span>) Leaves thin, obovate-lanceolate, +pointed; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3–4 +times as long as the calyx.—Banks of streams in rich soil, western N. Y. and +Penn. to Ill., S. E. Neb., and southward. April, May.—Tree 10–20° high; +the young shoots and expanding leaves clothed with a rusty down, soon glabrous. +Flowers appearing with the leaves, 1½´ wide. Fruits 3–4´ long, yellowish, +sweet and edible in autumn.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="menispermaceae"><a name="page51"></a><span class="smcap">Order 4.</span> <b>MENISPERMÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Moonseed Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules, the +sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud; hypogynous, +diœcious, 3–6-gynous; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or +long curved embryo in scanty albumen.</i>—Flowers small. Stamens several. +Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often +incurved in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent +or ring.—Chiefly a tropical family.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Sepals and petals present. Anthers 4-celled. Seed incurved.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Cocculus.</b> Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Menispermum.</b> Stamens 12–24, slender. Petals 6–8.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Petals none. Anthers 2-celled. Seed saucer-shaped.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Calycocarpum.</b> Stamens in the sterile flowers 12; in the fertile flowers 6, abortive.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cocculus"><b>1. CÓCCULUS</b>, DC.</p> + +<p>Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, alternating in threes, the two latter short. +Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 3–6 in the fertile flowers; style pointed. Drupe +and seed as in Menispermum.—Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles. (An +old name, a diminutive of <i>coccus</i>, <span class="greek">κόκκος</span>, a berry.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Carolìnus</b>, DC. Minutely pubescent; leaves downy beneath, +ovate or cordate, entire or sinuately or hastately lobed, variable in shape; +flowers greenish, the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around +the filaments; drupe red (as large as a small pea).—River-banks, Va. to S. +Ill., Kan., and southward. July, Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="menispermum"><b>2. MENISPÉRMUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Moonseed.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 4–8. Petals 6–8, short. Stamens 12–24 in the sterile flowers, as +long as the sepals; anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2–4 in the fertile flowers, raised +on a short common receptacle; stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the +mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being +strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone +takes the form of a large crescent or ring. The slender embryo therefore +is horseshoe-shaped; cotyledons filiform.—Flowers white, in small and loose +axillary panicles. (Name from <span class="greek">μήνη</span>, <i>moon</i>, and <span class="greek">σπέρμα</span>, <i>seed</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. Canadénse</b>, L. Leaves peltate near the edge, 3–7-angled or +lobed.—Banks of streams; common. June, July.—Drupes black with a +bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="calycocarpum"><b>3. CALYCOCÁRPUM</b>, Nutt. <span class="smcap">Cupseed.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 6, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short; +anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft +stigma. Drupe globular; the thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a +cup on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped.—Flowers greenish-white, +in long racemose panicles. (Name from <span class="greek">κάλυξ</span>, <i>a cup</i>, and <span class="greek">καρπός</span>, <i>fruit</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Lyòni</b>, Nutt. Leaves large, thin, deeply 3–5-lobed, cordate at the +base; the lobes acuminate; drupe an inch long, black when ripe; the shell<a name="page52"></a> +crested-toothed on the edge of the cavity.—Rich soil, Ky. to S. Ill. and Kan., +and southward. May.—Stems climbing to the tops of trees.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="berberidaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 5.</span> <b>BERBERIDÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Barberry Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud, usually +in two rows of 3 (rarely 2 or 4) each; the hypogynous stamens as many +as the petals and opposite to them; anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged +at the top.</i> (Podophyllum is an exception, and Jeffersonia as respects +the sepals in one row.) <i>Pistil single.</i> Filaments short. Style short or +none. Fruit a berry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with +albumen. Embryo small, except in Berberis. Leaves alternate, with +dilated bases or stipulate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Petals and stamens 6. Fruit few-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Berberis.</b> Shrubs, with yellow flowers and wood; a pair of glandular spots on the base +of each petal. Fruit a berry.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Caulophyllum.</b> Herb, with greenish flowers; petals thick, much shorter than the +sepals. Ovary soon bursting; the two seeds left naked.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Diphylleia.</b> Herb with white flowers; petals much longer than the sepals. Berry 2–4-seeded.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Petals 6–9. Stamens 8–18. Fruit many-seeded. Herbs.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Jeffersonia.</b> Petals and stamens usually 8; anthers opening by uplifted valves. Pod +opening by a lid.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Podophyllum.</b> Petals 6–9. Stamens 12–18; anthers not opening by uplifted valves. +Fruit a large berry.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="berberis"><b>1. BÉRBERIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Barberry.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 6, roundish, with 2–6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave, +with two glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens 6. Stigma +circular, depressed. Fruit a 1–few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crustaceous +integument.—Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers +in drooping racemes, sour berries, and 1–9-foliolate leaves. Stamens irritable. +(Derived from <i>Berbêrys</i>, the Arabic name of the fruit.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. Canadénsis</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">American Barberry.</span>) Leaves repandly +toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed; <i>racemes few-flowered</i>; petals notched +at the apex; <i>berries oval</i>; otherwise as in the next.—Alleghanies of Va. and +southward; <i>not</i> in Canada. June.—Shrub 1–3° high.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">vulgàris</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Barberry.</span>) Leaves scattered on the fresh +shoots of the season, mostly reduced to sharp triple or branched spines, from +the axils of which the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong +closely bristly-toothed leaves (the short petiole jointed!), and drooping +<i>many-flowered racemes</i>; petals entire; <i>berries oblong</i>, scarlet.—Thickets and +waste grounds in E. New Eng., where it has become thoroughly wild; elsewhere +occasionally spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="caulophyllum"><b>2. CAULOPHÝLLUM</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">Blue Cohosh.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 6, with 3 or 4 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick +and gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, +much smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6; +anthers oblong. Pistil gibbous; style short; stigma minute and unilateral;<a name="page53"></a> +ovary bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging +seeds, and withering away; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, +looking like drupes, the fleshy integument turning blue; albumen horny.—A +perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up in early +spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or panicle of +yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately compound +sessile leaf (whence the name, from <span class="greek">καυλός</span>, <i>stem</i>, and <span class="greek">φύλλον</span>, <i>leaf</i>, the +stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. thalictroìdes</b>, Michx. (Also called <span class="smcap">Pappoose-root</span>.) Stems +1–2½° high; leaflets obovate wedge-form, 2–3-lobed, a smaller biternate leaf +often at the base of the panicle; flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small.—Deep +rich woods; common westward. April, May.—Whole plant glaucous +when young, as also the seeds, which are as large as peas.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="diphylleia"><b>3. DIPHYLLÈIA</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">Umbrella-leaf.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6; +anthers oblong. Ovary oblong; style hardly any; stigma depressed. Ovules +5 or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry globose, few-seeded. +Seeds oblong, with no aril.—A perennial glabrous herb, with thick +horizontal rootstocks, sending up each year either a huge centrally peltate and +cut-lobed, rounded, umbrella-like radical leaf, on a stout stalk, or a flowering +stem bearing two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft) alternate leaves which +are peltate near one margin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers. +(Name composed of <span class="greek">δίς</span>, <i>double</i>, and <span class="greek">φύλλον</span>, <i>leaf</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. cymòsa</b>, Michx. Root-leaves 1–2° in diameter, 2-cleft, each division +5–7-lobed; lobes toothed; berries blue.—Wet or springy places, +mountains of Va. and southward. May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="jeffersonia"><b>4. JEFFERSÒNIA</b>, Barton. <span class="smcap">Twin-leaf.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8, anthers oblong-linear, +on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed, stigma 2-lobed. +Pod pear-shaped, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part +making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a +fleshy lacerate aril on one side.—A perennial glabrous herb, with matted +fibrous roots, long-petioled root-leaves, parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and +simple naked 1-flowered scapes. (Named in honor of <i>Thomas Jefferson</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>J. diphýlla</b>, Pers. Low; flower white, 1´ broad, the parts rarely in +threes or fives.—Woods, western N. Y. to Wisc. and southward. April, +May.—Called <i>Rheumatism-root</i> in some places.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="podophyllum"><b>5. PODOPHÝLLUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">May-apple. Mandrake.</span></p> + +<p>Flower-bud with three green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 6, +fugacious. Petals 6 or 9, obovate. Stamens twice as many as the petals in +our species; anthers linear-oblong, not opening by uplifted valves. Ovary +ovoid; stigma sessile, large, thick and undulate. Fruit a large fleshy berry. +Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many rows, each seed enclosed +in a pulpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cavity of the fruit.—Perennial +herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrous roots. Stems<a name="page54"></a> +2-leaved, 1-flowered. (Name from <span class="greek">ποῦς</span>, <i>a foot</i>, and <span class="greek">φύλλον</span>, <i>a leaf</i>, probably +referring to the stout petioles.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. peltàtum</b>, L. Stamens 12–18; leaves 5–9-parted, the lobes oblong, +rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex.—Rich +woods, common. May.—Flowerless stems terminated by a large round 7–9-lobed +leaf, peltate in the middle like an umbrella. Flowering stems bearing +two one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near their inner edge; the nodding +white flower from the fork nearly 2´ broad. Fruit ovoid, 1–2´ long, ripe in +July, sweet and slightly acid, edible. The leaves and roots are drastic and +poisonous!—Found occasionally with from 2 to 6 carpels!</p> + + +<p class="order" id="nymphaeaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 6.</span> <b>NYMPHÆÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Water-Lily Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and peltate or sometimes +only cordate leaves floating or emersed; the ovules borne on the sides +or back (or when solitary hanging from the summit) of the cells, not on the +ventral suture; the embryo enclosed in a little bag</i> at the end of the albumen +next the hilum, except in Nelumbium, which has no albumen. Radicle +hardly any; cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a well-developed +plumule.—Flowers axillary, solitary. Vernation involute. Rootstocks +apparently endogenous.—The few genera differ so much in the flower +and fruit that they are separated into the three following suborders.</p> + + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder I.</span> <b>Cabómbeæ.</b> Sepals and petals each 3 or sometimes +4, hypogynous and persistent. Stamens definite (3–18). Pistils 2–18, +free and distinct, coriaceous and indehiscent, 1–3-seeded on the dorsal +suture.—Stems slender, leafy, coated with mucilage. Flowers small.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Cabomba.</b> Stamens 3–4. Carpels 2–3. Submersed leaves capillary-multifid.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Brasenia.</b> Stamens 12–18. Carpels 4–18. Leaves all peltate.</p> + + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder II.</span> <b>Nelumbòneæ.</b> Sepals and petals numerous in +several rows, passing gradually into each other, and with the indefinitely +numerous stamens hypogynous and deciduous. Pistils several, 1-ovuled, +separately immersed in the obconical receptacle, which is much enlarged +and broadly top-shaped at maturity, the imbedded nut-like fruits resembling +small acorns. Embryo large; no albumen.—Petioles and peduncles +all from the tuberous rootstock, the centrally peltate leaves and the +flowers large.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Nelumbo.</b> Character of the Suborder.</p> + + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder III.</span> <b>Nymphæaceæ</b> proper. Sepals 4–6, and petals +numerous in many rows, persistent or decaying away, either hypogynous +or variously adnate to the surface of the compound 8–30-celled ovary, +which is formed by the union of as many carpels; the numerous ovules +inserted over the whole inner face of the cells, except at the ventral +suture. Stigmas radiate as in Poppy. Fruit baccate, with a firm rind. +Petioles and peduncles from a thick rootstock.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Nymphæa.</b> Petals adnate to the ovary, large; the stamens on its summit.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Nuphar.</b> Petals (very small and stamen-like) and stamens inserted under the ovary.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cabomba"><a name="page55"></a><b>1. CABÓMBA</b>, Aublet.</p> + +<p>Sepals 3. Petals 3, oval, bi-auriculate above the very short claw. Stamens +3–6; anthers short, extrorse. Pistils 2–4, with small terminal stigmas. +Seeds 3, pendulous.—Slender, mainly submersed, with opposite or verticillate +capillary-dissected leaves, a few floating, alternate and centrally peltate. +Flowers single on long axillary peduncles. (Probably an aboriginal name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Caroliniàna</b>, Gray. Floating leaves linear-oblong or -obovate, +often with a basal notch; flowers 6–8´´ broad, white with yellow spots at +base; stamens 6.—Ponds, S. Ill. (May–Sept., <i>Schneck</i>) to Fla. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="brasenia"><b>2. BRASÈNIA</b>, Schreber. <span class="smcap">Water-Shield.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3 or 4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12–18; filaments filiform; +anthers innate. Pistils 4–18, forming little club-shaped indehiscent +pods; stigmas linear. Seeds 1–2, pendulous on the dorsal suture!—Rootstock +creeping. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating. +Flowers axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. peltàta</b>, Pursh. Leaves entire, 1–4´ across.—Ponds and slow +streams. June–Aug. (Asia, Africa and Australia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="nelumbo"><b>3. NELÚMBO</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Sacred Bean.</span></p> + +<p>The only genus of the suborder. (<i>Nelumbo</i> is the Ceylonese name of the +East Indian species, the pink-flowered N. speciosum.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. lùtea</b>, Pers. (<span class="smcap">Yellow Nelumbo</span>, or <span class="smcap">Water Chinquapin.</span>) +Leaves usually raised high out of the water, circular, with the centre depressed +or cupped, 1–2° in diameter; flower pale yellow, 5–10´ broad; anthers tipped +with a slender hooked appendage. (Nelumbium luteum, <i>Willd.</i>)—S. Conn. +(probably of Indian introduction) to Lake Ontario, Mich., Minn., E. Neb., and +southward; rare in the Middle States.—Tubers farinaceous and edible. Seeds +also eatable. Embryo like that of Nymphæa on a large scale; cotyledons thick +and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well-formed young leaves, enclosed +in a delicate stipule-like sheath.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="nymphaea"><b>4. NYMPHÆ̀A</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Water-Nymph. Water-Lily.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 4, green outside, nearly free. Petals numerous, in many rows, the +innermost gradually passing into stamens, imbricately inserted all over the +ovary. Stamens indefinite, inserted on the ovary, the outer with dilated filaments. +Ovary 12–35-celled, the concave summit tipped with a globular projection +at the centre, around which are the radiate stigmas; these project at the +margin, and are extended into linear and incurved sterile appendages. Fruit +depressed-globular, covered with the bases of the decayed petals, maturing +under water. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril.—Flowers white, pink, yellow, +or blue, very showy. (Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water-Nymphs.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. odoràta</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Sweet-scented Water-Lily.</span>) <i>Rootstock with +few and persistent branches</i>; leaves orbicular, cordate-cleft at the base to the +petiole (5–9´ wide), the margin entire; stipules broadly triangular or almost +kidney-shaped, notched at the apex, appressed to the rootstock; <i>flower</i> white, +<i>very sweet scented</i> (often as much as 5½´ in diameter when fully expanded, +opening early in the morning, closing in the afternoon); petals obtuse; anthers<a name="page56"></a> +blunt; aril much longer than the distinctly stipitate <i>oblong seeds</i> (these about +1½´´ long).—Ponds and still or slow-flowing water; common. June–Sept.—Varies +with pinkish-tinged and rarely with bright pink-red flowers (especially +at Barnstable, Mass.), the leaves often crimson underneath,—and in size by +gradations into</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>mìnor</b>, Sims., with leaves only 2–5´ and flowers 2–3´ broad.—Shallow +water, in cold bogs and in sandy soil.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>N. renifórmis</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">Tuber-bearing W.</span>) Leaves reniform-orbicular, +mostly larger (8–15´ wide) and more prominently ribbed than the last, +rarely purplish beneath; <i>rootstock bearing numerous spontaneously detaching +often compound tubers; flower scentless</i> (or with a slight odor as of apples), +white, never pinkish, 4½–9´ in diameter, the petals proportionally broader +and blunter than in n. 1; the fruit more depressed, and with fewer but much +larger (i.e. twice as broad) <i>globular-ovoid seeds</i>, which when mature are barely +enclosed by the aril and not stipitate. (N. tuberosa, <i>Paine</i>.)—Lakes, slow +rivers, etc., western N. Y. (from Oneida Lake, <i>Paine</i>) and near Meadville, Penn., +to Mich., E. Neb., and probably in the Southern States. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="nuphar"><b>5. NÙPHAR</b>, Smith. <span class="smcap">Yellow Pond-Lily. Spatter-Dock.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, 6, or sometimes more, colored, or partly green outside, roundish, +concave. Petals numerous, small and thickish, stamen-like or scale-like, inserted +with the very numerous short stamens on the receptacle under the +ovary, not surpassing the disk-like 8–24-rayed sessile stigma, persistent and +at length recurved. Fruit ovoid, naked, usually ripening above water. Aril +none.—Rootstock creeping, cylindrical. Leaves with a deep sinus at the +base. Flowers yellow or sometimes tinged with purple, produced all summer. +(Name said to be of Arabic origin.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. ádvena</b>, Ait. f. <i>Sepals 6, unequal; petals shorter than the stamens</i> +and resembling them, thick and fleshy, truncate; stigma nearly entire, 12–24-rayed, +pale red; ovary and fruit (1½´ long) ovate, not contracted above into a +narrow neck; thin submersed leaves seldom present; floating or emersed and +erect leaves thick (6–12´ long), from roundish to ovate or almost oblong, the +sinus open, or closed or narrow.—Very common, in still or stagnant water; +stout and coarse; flower often partly purplish (var. <span class="smcap">variegàtum</span>, Engelm.).</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>mìnus</b>, Morong. More slender; leaves somewhat smaller (3–8´ +long); flowers usually smaller (sepals 12–15´´ long); petals spatulate; stigmas +9–13-rayed, crenately toothed, bright red or crimson; fruit 1´ long, contracted +above. (N. rubrodiscum, <i>Morong.</i> N. luteum, <i>Man.</i>; not <i>Smith</i>.)—N. Vt. to +Mich. and Penn. Probably a hybrid between this and the next species.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>N. Kalmiànum</b>, Ait. Very slender and with slender rootstock; +submersed leaves thin, round-reniform, the floating broadly elliptical with a +deep narrow sinus, 2–4´ long; sepals usually 5, the flowers an inch broad or +less; petals spatulate or obovate; stigmas 7–10-rayed, dark red; fruit globular +with a short neck (6–9´´ in diameter). (N. luteum, var. pumilum, <i>Man.</i>)—Maine +to Penn. and Minn., and northward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>N. sagittifòlium</b>, Pursh. Rootstock stout; leaves narrowly oblong +to oblong-lanceolate with a short sinus, 6–15´ long; flowers small (1´ broad).—S. +Ind. and Ill. (<i>Schneck</i>), and southward.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="sarraceniaceae"><a name="page57"></a><span class="smcap">Order 7.</span> <b>SARRACENIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Pitcher-Plants.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Polyandrous and hypogynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-form or +trumpet-shaped leaves,</i>—comprising one plant in the mountains of Guiana, +another (Darlingtonia, <i>Torr.</i>) in California, and the following genus +in the Atlantic United States.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="sarracenia"><b>1. SARRACÈNIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Side-saddle Flower.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong +or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary +compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at +the summit into a very broad and petal-like, 5-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-shaped +body, the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked +stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placentæ +in the axis, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at +the base of fleshy albumen.—Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish; the +hollow leaves all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood +at the apex. Scape naked, 1-flowered; flower nodding. (Named by Tournefort +in honor of <i>Dr. Sarrasin</i> of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a +botanical account of it, to Europe.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. purpùrea</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Side-saddle Flower. Pitcher-Plant. Huntsman's +Cup.</span>) <i>Leaves pitcher-shaped</i>, ascending, curved, broadly winged; the +hood erect, open, round heart-shaped; <i>flower deep purple</i>; the fiddle-shaped +petals arched over the greenish-yellow style.—Varies rarely with greenish-yellow +flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage.—Peat-bogs; common +from N. Eng. to Minn., N. E. Iowa, and southward east of the Alleghanies. +June.—The curious leaves are usually half filled with water and drowned insects. +The inner face of the hood is clothed with stiff bristles pointing downward. +Flower globose, nodding on a scape a foot high; it is difficult to fancy +any resemblance between its shape and a side-saddle, but it is not very unlike +a pillion.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. flàva</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Trumpets.</span>) <i>Leaves long (1–3°) and trumpet-shaped</i>, +erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base; wing +almost none; <i>flower yellow</i>, the petals becoming long and drooping.—Bogs, +Va. and southward. April.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="papaveraceae"><span class="smcap">Order 8.</span> <b>PAPAVERÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Poppy Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos +or fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypogynous, the ovary 1-celled with +two or more parietal placentæ.</i>—Sepals 2, rarely 3, falling when the flower +expands. Petals 4–12, spreading, imbricated and often crumpled in the +bud, early deciduous. Stamens rarely as few as 16, distinct. Fruit a dry +1-celled pod (in the Poppy imperfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled). +Seeds numerous, anatropous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the +base of fleshy and oily albumen.—Leaves alternate, without stipules. +Peduncles mostly 1-flowered. Juice narcotic or acrid.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page58"></a>[*] Petals 8–12, not crumpled in the bud, white. Pod 1-celled, 2-valved.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Sanguinaria.</b> Petals white. Leaves and 1-flowered scape from a short rootstock.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Petals 4, crumpled in the bud. Pod 2-valved or more.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Pod 2–4-valved, the valves separating to the base from the placentas. Leaves pinnately +parted. Flowers yellow.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Stylophorum.</b> Pod bristly; style distinct; stigmas and placentas 3–4.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Chelidonium.</b> Pod linear, smooth; style almost none; stigmas and placentas 2.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Glaucium.</b> Pod rough, long-linear, 2-celled by a spongy partition; style none.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Pod 4–20-valved, dehiscent only at the top or to the middle.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Papaver.</b> Ovary incompletely many-celled; stigmas united into a radiate sessile +crown.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Argemone.</b> Stigmas (sessile) and placentas 4–6. Pod and leaves prickly.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sanguinaria"><b>1. SANGUINÀRIA</b>, Dill. <span class="smcap">Blood-root.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 2. Petals 8–12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens +about 24. Style short; stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved. +Seeds with a large crest.—A low perennial, with thick prostrate +premorse rootstocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in +earliest spring a rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1-flowered naked scape. +Flower white, handsome, the bud erect, the petals not crumpled. (Name +from the color of the juice.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Canadénsis</b>, L.—Open rich woods; common. April, May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="stylophorum"><b>2. STYLÓPHORUM</b>, Nutt. <span class="smcap">Celandine Poppy.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar; stigma 2–4-lobed. +Pods bristly, 2–4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested.—Perennial +low herbs, with stems naked below and oppositely 2-leaved, or sometimes +1–3-leaved, and umbellately 1–few-flowered at the summit; the flower-buds +and the pods nodding. Leaves pinnately parted or divided. Juice yellow. +(From <span class="greek">στύλος</span>, <i>style</i>, and <span class="greek">φέρω</span>, <i>to bear</i>, one of the distinctive characters.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. diphýllum</b>, Nutt. Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, smoothish, +deeply pinnatifid into 5 or 7 oblong sinuate-lobed divisions, and the root-leaves +often with a pair of smaller and distinct leaflets; peduncles equalling the +petioles; flower deep yellow (2´ broad); stigmas 3 or 4; pod oval.—Damp +woods, W. Penn. to Wisc. and Tenn. May.—Foliage and flower resembling +Celandine.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chelidonium"><b>3. CHELIDÒNIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Celandine.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16–24. Style nearly none; stigma 2-lobed. +Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom upward. +Seeds crested.—Biennial herb with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid +juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small +yellow flowers in a pedunculate umbel; buds nodding. (Ancient Greek name +from <span class="greek">χελιδών</span>, the <i>swallow</i>, because its flowers appear with the swallows.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">màjus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Celandine.</span>) Waste grounds near dwellings. May–Aug. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="glaucium"><b>4. GLAÙCIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Horn-Poppy.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none; stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned. Pod very +long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition; seeds crestless.—Annuals<a name="page59"></a> +or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and +solitary yellow flowers. (The Greek name, <span class="greek">γλαύκιον</span>, from the glaucous +foliage.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">lùteum</span>, Scop. Lower leaves pinnatifid; upper ones sinuate-lobed and +toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough (6–10´ long).—Waste places S. E. +New Eng., Md., and Va.; not common. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="papaver"><b>5. PAPÀVER</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Poppy.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4–20-rayed +crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule; the latter short +and turgid, with 4–20 many-seeded placentæ projecting like imperfect partitions, +opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma.—Herbs +with a white juice; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.)—Three +annual species of the Old World are sparingly adventive; viz.:</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">somníferum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Poppy.</span>) <i>Smooth</i>, glaucous; leaves clasping, +wavy, incised and toothed; <i>pod globose</i>; corolla mostly white or purple.—Near +dwellings in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">dùbium</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Smooth-fruited Corn-Poppy.</span>) Pinnatifid leaves and +the long stalks <i>bristly; pods club-shaped, smooth</i>; corolla light scarlet.—Cult. +grounds, Westchester, Penn., and southward; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">Argemòne</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Rough-fruited C.</span>) Smaller, with finer-cut leaves +and paler flowers than the last; <i>pods club-shaped and bristly</i>.—Waste grounds, +near Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="argemone"><b>6. ARGEMÒNE</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Prickly Poppy.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Petals 4–6. Style almost none; stigmas +3–6, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, opening by 3–6 valves at the top. Seeds +crested.—Annuals or biennials, with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves +sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, often blotched with white. +Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from <span class="greek">ἄργεμα</span>, a disease of the eye, +for which the juice of a plant so called by the Greeks was a supposed remedy.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. platýceras</b>, Link & Otto. Setose-hispid all over; petals white, +1½–2´ long; capsule armed with stout spines.—Central Kan. and Neb., south +and westward.</p> + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">A. Mexicàna</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Mexican P.</span>) Flowers yellow, rarely white.—Waste +places, southward. July–Oct. (Adv. from trop. Amer.) +(Addendum)—<span class="smcap">Argemone Mexicana.</span> Collected at Merodosia, Ill., with white +flowers, by <i>A. B. Seymour</i>.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="fumariaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 9.</span> <b>FUMARIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Fumitory Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, +irregular flowers, with 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, +and 2-merous pods and seeds like those of the</i> Poppy Family.—Sepals 2, +small and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed; the 4 petals in two pairs; +the outer with spreading tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate +at the base; inner pair narrower, and their callous crested tips united +over the stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the +larger petals, hypogynous; their filaments often united; middle anther +of each set 2-celled, the lateral ones 1-celled. Pod 1-celled, either 1-seeded +and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 parietal placentæ and deciduous +valves.—Leaves delicate, usually alternate, without stipules. Slightly +bitter, innocent plants.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page60"></a>[*] Corolla bigibbous or 2-spurred, the 2 outer petals alike. Pod several-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Adlumia.</b> Petals united into a spongy persistent subcordate corolla. Seeds crestless.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Dicentra.</b> Corolla cordate or 2-spurred at base, less united. Seeds crested.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Corolla with but one petal spurred at base, deciduous.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Corydalis.</b> Pod with few to many crested or arilled seeds.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Fumaria.</b> Fruit a globular 1-seeded nutlet. Seed crestless.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="adlumia"><b>1. ADLÙMIA</b>, Raf. <span class="smcap">Climbing Fumitory.</span></p> + +<p>Petals all permanently united in a cordate-ovate corolla, becoming spongy-cellular +and persistent, enclosing the small, few-seeded pod. Seeds not crested. +Stigma 2-crested. Filaments monadelphous below in a tube which is adherent +to the corolla, diadelphous at the summit.—A climbing biennial, with thrice-pinnate +leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of drooping white +or purplish flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque to <i>Major Adlum</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. cirrhòsa</b>, Raf.—Wet woods; N. Eng. to Mich., E. Kan., and southward. +June–Oct.—A handsome vine, with delicate foliage, climbing by the +slender young leaf-stalks over high bushes; often cultivated.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dicentra"><b>2. DICÉNTRA</b>, Borkh. <span class="smcap">Dutchman's Breeches.</span></p> + +<p>Petals slightly cohering into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either deciduous +or withering-persistent. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned. +Filaments slightly united in two sets. Pod 10–20-seeded. Seeds crested.—Low, +stemless perennials (as to our wild species) with ternately compound and +dissected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name +from <span class="greek">δίς</span>, <i>twice</i>, and <span class="greek">κέντρον</span>, <i>a spur</i>;—accidentally printed <span class="smcap">Diclýtra</span> in the +first instance, which by an erroneous conjecture was afterwards changed into +<span class="smcap">Diélytra</span>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Raceme simple, few-flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. Cucullària</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">Dutchman's Breeches.</span>) Scape and slender-petioled +leaves from a sort of <i>granulate bulb</i>; lobes of leaves linear; <i>corolla +with 2 divergent spurs</i> longer than the pedicel; <i>crest of the inner petals minute</i>.—Rich +woods, especially westward.—A very delicate plant, sending up in +early spring, from the cluster of grain-like tubers crowded together in the +form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut leaves and the slender scape, bearing 4–10 +pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped with cream-color.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>D. Canadénsis</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">Squirrel Corn.</span>) Subterranean shoots bearing +scattered <i>grain-like tubers</i> (resembling peas or grains of Indian corn, yellow); +leaves as in n. 1; <i>corolla merely heart-shaped</i>, the spurs very short and rounded; +<i>crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting</i>.—Rich woods, especially northward. +April, May.—Flowers greenish-white tinged with rose, with the fragrance +of Hyacinths.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Racemes compound, clustered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>D. exímia</b>, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly; divisions and lobes of +the leaves broadly oblong; corolla oblong, 2-saccate at the base; crest of the +inner petals projecting.—Rocks, western N. Y., rare, and Alleghanies of Va. +May–Aug.—Coarser-leaved than the others; scapes 6–10´ high.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="corydalis"><a name="page61"></a><b>3. CORÝDALIS</b>, Vent.</p> + +<p>Corolla 1-spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style persistent. +Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested or arilled. Flowers in racemes. +Our species are biennial, leafy-stemmed, and pale or glaucous. (The ancient +Greek name for the crested lark.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stem strict; flowers purplish or rose-color with yellow tips.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. glaùca</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Pale Corydalis.</span>) Racemes panicled; spur of +the corolla very short and rounded; pods erect, slender, elongated.—Rocky +places; common; 6´–2° high. May–Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Low, ascending; flowers yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Outer petals wing-crested on the back.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. flávula</b>, DC. Pedicels slender, conspicuously bracted; corolla pale +yellow, 3–4´´ long, spur very short; tips of the outer petals pointed, longer +than the inner; crest 3–4-toothed; pods torulose, pendulous or spreading; +seeds acutely margined, rugose-reticulated; aril loose.—Penn. to Minn., and +southward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. micrántha</b>, Gray. Pedicels short and bracts small; corolla pale +yellow, 4´´ long, with short spur and entire crest, or flowers often cleistogamous +and much smaller, without spur or crest; pods ascending, torulose; seeds +obtuse-margined, smooth and shining.—N. Car., Mo., Minn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. crystállina</b>, Engelm. Pedicels short, erect; corolla bright yellow, +8´´ long, the spur nearly as long as the body; crest very broad, usually +toothed; pods terete, erect, densely covered with transparent vesicles, seeds +acutely margined, tuberculate.—S. W. Mo. and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Outer petals merely carinate on the back, not crested.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. aùrea</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Golden C.</span>) Corolla golden-yellow, ½´ long, the +slightly decurved spur about half as long, shorter than the pedicel; pods +spreading or pendulous, becoming torulose; seeds obtuse-margined.—Rocky +banks, Vt. to Penn., Mo., Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>occidentàlis</b>, Engelm. Flowers rather larger, the spur nearly as +long as the body; pods less torulose, on short pedicels; seeds acutish on the +margin.—Neb. and Kan. to W. Tex. and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="fumaria"><b>4. FUMÀRIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Fumitory.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, small, +globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless.—Branched and leafy-stemmed annuals, +with finely dissected compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or +spikes. (Name from <i>fumus</i>, smoke.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>F.</b> <span class="smcap">officinàlis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Fumitory.</span>) Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, +sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh-color +tipped with crimson); fruit slightly notched.—Waste places, about dwellings. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="cruciferae"><span class="smcap">Order 10.</span> <b>CRUCÍFERÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Mustard Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous flowers; +fruit a silique or silicle.</i>—Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, +regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming<a name="page62"></a> +a cross. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter +(rarely only 4 or 2). Pod usually 2-celled by a thin partition stretched +between the two marginal placentæ, from which when ripe the valves +separate, either much longer than broad (a <i>silique</i>), or short (a <i>silicle</i>), +sometimes indehiscent and nut-like (<i>nucumentaceous</i>), or separating across +into 1-seeded joints (<i>lomentaceous</i>). Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, +filled by the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various +ways: i.e. the <i>cotyledons accumbent</i>, viz., their margins on one side applied +to the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus o==; or +else <i>incumbent</i>, viz., the back of one cotyledon applied to the radicle, +thus o||. In these cases the cotyledons are plane; but they may be +folded upon themselves and round the radicle, as in Mustard, where they +are <i>conduplicate</i>, thus o>>. In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo +is straight.—Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes +or corymbs; pedicels rarely bracted.—A large and very natural family, +of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (The characters of the +genera are taken almost wholly from the pods and seeds; the flowers +being nearly alike in all.)</p> + +<p class="series">SERIES I. Pod 2-celled, regularly dehiscent by 2 valves.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Pod compressed parallel to the broad partition. Seeds flat or flattish, orbicular or oval; +cotyledons accumbent or nearly so.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Pod large, oblong-elliptical, valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows. Flowers yellow.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Selenia.</b> Leaves pinnatisect. Raceme leafy-bracteate. Seeds winged.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Pod linear; valves nerveless. Seeds in one row. Flowers yellow only in n. 3.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Leavenworthia.</b> Seed winged; embryo straight or nearly so. Annual; stem often +scapose, 1–few-flowered.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Dentaria.</b> Stem naked below, 2–3-leaved. Pod coriaceous, with thick placentas, +long-styled. Seeds wingless; cotyledons thick, very unequal.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Cardamine.</b> Stem leafy. Pod coriaceous, with thick placentas. Seeds wingless; +cotyledons flattened, equal.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] Pod linear, or oblong, or orbicular; valves 1-nerved or nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows +(except in species of n. 4).</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Arabis.</b> Pod long-linear, the flat or flattish valves more or less 1-nerved. Seeds +winged or wingless. Flowers white to purple. Stems leafy, at least below.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Draba.</b> Pod oval to narrowly oblong or lanceolate; valves flat or flattish, faintly +nerved or veined. Seeds wingless, numerous.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Alyssum.</b> Pod orbicular; valves veinless, somewhat convex with flattened margin. +Seeds wingless, 2–4.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Pod terete or turgid, or 4-angled by the prominent midnerves. Seeds wingless, more or +less turgid.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Pods short. (See also n. 10.)</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Lesquerella.</b> Pod globular-inflated, about 4-seeded; valves nerveless. Cotyledons +accumbent. Flowers yellow.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Camelina.</b> Pod obovoid, many-seeded; valves 1-nerved; style slender. Cotyledons +incumbent. Flowers yellow.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Subularia.</b> Pod ovoid or globular, few-seeded, valves 1-nerved; style none. Cotyledons +long, folded transversely. Flowers white. Dwarf stemless aquatic.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page63"></a>[+][+] Pod linear (or oblong or even globular in n. 10).</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Cotyledons accumbent.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Nasturtium.</b> Pod often short; valves strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds small, in +2 rows in each cell. Flowers yellow or white.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Barbarea.</b> Pod somewhat 4-sided; valves strongly 1-nerved. Seeds in 1 row. Flowers +yellow.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Cotyledons incumbent or partially so.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Hesperis.</b> Pod terete, elongated; stigma-lobes narrow, erect. Flowers large, purple.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Erysimum.</b> Pod 4-sided; valves strongly 1-nerved; stigma broadly 2-lobed. Pubescence +of appressed 2–3-parted hairs. Flowers yellow.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Sisymbrium.</b> Pod angled or teretish; valves 1–3-nerved; stigma small. Flowers +yellow or white, small.</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Thelypodium.</b> Pod teretish; valves 1-nerved; stigma entire. Cotyledons obliquely +incumbent. Flowers rose-color. Leaves auricled.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++][++] Cotyledons conduplicate.</p> + +<p class="genus">17. <b>Brassica.</b> Pod beaked or pointed beyond the end of the valves, or tipped with a +rigid style, nearly terete, or 4-sided. Flowers yellow or whitish.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Pod short; the boat-shaped valves conduplicate or much flattened contrary to the +narrow partition. Flowers white.</p> + +<p class="genus">18. <b>Capsella.</b> Pod many-seeded, obcordate-triangular, wingless. Cotyledons incumbent.</p> + +<p class="genus">19. <b>Thlaspi.</b> Pod several-seeded, obovate or obcordate, winged. Cotyledons accumbent.</p> + +<p class="genus">20. <b>Lepidium.</b> Pod 2-seeded, flat, scale-shaped. Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent.</p> + +<p class="genus">21. <b>Senebiera.</b> Pod 2-seeded, didymous; the valves rugose, separating at maturity from +the little partition as 2 closed 1-seeded nutlets. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow.</p> + +<p class="series">SERIES II. Pods indehiscent, continuous or transversely jointed; joints +1-celled.</p> + +<p class="genus">22. <b>Cakile.</b> Pod short, 2-jointed; joints 1-seeded. Cotyledons plane, accumbent.</p> + +<p class="genus">23. <b>Raphanus.</b> Pod elongated, several-seeded, continuous, or constricted between the +seeds and moniliform. Cotyledons conduplicate.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="selenia"><b>1. SELÈNIA</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Pod large, oblong-elliptical, flat; the valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows in +each cell, rounded, broadly winged; cotyledons accumbent; radicle short.—A +low annual, with once or twice pinnatifid leaves and leafy-bracteate racemes +of yellow flowers. (Name from <span class="greek">σελήνη</span>, <i>the moon</i>, with allusion to Lunaria, +which it somewhat resembles in its pods.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. aùrea</b>, Nutt. Lobes of the simply pinnatifid leaves entire or toothed; +pod ½´ long, on elongated spreading pedicels, beaked by the long slender style.—Mo. +and Kan. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="leavenworthia"><b>2. LEAVENWÓRTHIA</b>, Torr.</p> + +<p>Pod broadly linear or oblong, flat; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticulate-veined. +Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a thick +wing. Embryo straight! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction +which if continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent.—Little +winter annuals, glabrous and often stemless, with lyrate leaves and short +1–few-flowered scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of the late <i>M. C. +Leavenworth</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Michaùxii</b>, Torr. Scapes 2–6´ high; leaf-lobes usually numerous +(7–15); petals purplish or nearly white with a yellowish base, obtuse;<a name="page64"></a> +pods not torulose, oblong to linear (6–15´´ long); style short.—S. Ind to +Tenn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. torulòsa</b>, Gray. Similar, but pods torulose even when young, +linear; style 1–2´´ long; seeds acutely margined rather than winged; petals +emarginate.—Barrens of Ky. and Tenn.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dentaria"><b>3. DENTÀRIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Toothwort. Pepper-root.</span></p> + +<p>Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine. Style elongated. Seeds in one row, +wingless, the stalks broad and flat. Cotyledons petioled, thick and very unequal, +their margins somewhat infolding each other.—Perennials, of damp +woodlands, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, scaly or +toothed rootstocks, of a pleasant pungent taste; the simple stems leafless below, +bearing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about or above the middle, and +terminated by a single corymb or short raceme of large white or purple flowers. +Flowers larger, pods broader, and seeds larger than is usual in Cardamine. +(Name from <i>dens</i>, a tooth.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Rootstock elongated; leaves 3-foliolate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. diphýlla</b>, L. Rootstock long and continuous, often branched, +toothed; stem-leaves 2, similar to the radical ones, close together; leaflets +rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, shortly petiolate, coarsely crenate, the teeth +abruptly acute; petals white.—Rich woods, Maine to Minn. and Ky. May.—Rootstocks +5–10´ long, crisp, tasting like Water-Cress.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Rootstock tuberous, more or less moniliform; leaves 3-foliolate or 3-parted.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>D. laciniàta</b>, Muhl. Tubers deep-seated, usually not jointed nor +prominently tubercled; root-leaves often none; stem-leaves 3-parted, the +lateral segments often 2-lobed, all broadly oblong to linear, more or less gash-toothed; +flowers white or rose-color.—N. Eng. to Minn., Kan., and southward. +April, May.—Var. <span class="smcap">multífida</span>, a slender form with the narrowly linear segments +usually more or less divided into linear lobes. (D. multifida, <i>Muhl.</i>) +Southward, scarcely if at all within our limits.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>D. heterophýlla</b>, Nutt. Tubers near the surface, jointed, narrowly +oblong or thick-clavate, prominently tubercled; leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets +distinctly petiolate, oblong-lanceolate to linear, entire to rather deeply crenate, +rarely laciniate or lobed; root-leaves with ovate or lanceolate and usually lobed +leaflets.—Penn. to Ky. and southward. Blooming a little later than the last.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>D. máxima</b>, Nutt. Tubers jointed, strongly tubercled; stem-leaves +usually alternate, 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed +and somewhat cleft or lobed.—Vt. to western N. Y. and Penn. May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cardamine"><b>4. CARDAMÌNE</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Bitter Cress.</span></p> + +<p>Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base; the valves +nerveless and veinless, or nearly so; placentas and partition thick. Seeds in +a single row in each cell, wingless; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent, +flattened, equal or nearly so, petiolate.—Mostly glabrous perennials, +leafy-stemmed, growing along watercourses and in wet places. Flowers +white or purple. (A Greek name, in Dioscorides, for some cress, from its +cordial or cardiacal qualities.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page65"></a>[*] <i>Root perennial; leaves simple.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. rhomboídea</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">Spring Cress.</span>) <i>Stems upright from a tuberous +base and slender rootstock bearing small tubers, simple</i>; root-leaves round +and often heart-shaped; lower stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat +petioled, the upper almost lanceolate, sessile, all often sparingly toothed; pods +linear-lanceolate, pointed with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma; +<i>seeds round-oval</i>.—Wet meadows and springs; common. April–June.—Flowers +large, white.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>purpùrea</b>, Torr. Lower (4–6´ high), and usually slightly pubescent; +flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier.—Along streams in rich soil. +Western N. Y. to Md. and Wisc.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. rotundifòlia</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Mountain Water-Cress.</span>) <i>Stems branching, +weak or decumbent, making long runners; root fibrous</i>; leaves all much +alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled; +pods small, linear-awl-shaped, pointed with the slender style; stigma minute; +<i>seeds oval-oblong</i>.—Cool shaded springs, N. J. (Middletown, <i>Willis</i>) to Ky., +and southward along the mountains. May, June.—Flowers white, smaller +than in n. 1.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. bellidifòlia</b>, L. <i>Dwarf</i> (2–3´ high), alpine, tufted; leaves ovate, +entire, or sometimes with a blunt lateral tooth (4´´ long), on long petioles; +pods 1´ long, upright, linear; <i>style nearly none</i>, stout.—Summits of the White +Mountains and Katahdin, Maine. July.—Flowers 1–5, white. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Root perennial; leaves pinnate; flowers showy.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. praténsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cuckoo Flower.</span>) Stem ascending from a short +rootstock, simple; leaflets 7–13, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked, +of the upper oblong or linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed; petals (white +or rose-color) thrice the length of the calyx; pod 9–15´´ long, 1´´ broad; style +short.—Wet places and bogs, Vt. to N. J., Wisc., and northward; rare. +May. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Root mostly biennial or annual; leaves pinnate; flowers small, white.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. hirsùta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Small Bitter Cress.</span>) Glabrous or beset with +scattered hairs; stems (3´–2° high) erect or ascending from the spreading +cluster of root-leaves; their leaflets rounded, those of the upper leaves oblong +or linear and often confluent, all either toothed, angled, or entire; pods linear, +very narrow, erect or ascending; style variable.—Wet places; common. +May–July. The ordinary form corresponds closely to the European var. +<span class="smcap">sylvática</span>, Gaud. The typical imperfectly developed annual form, with only +4 stamens and rather strict pods, occurs very rarely. A form answering to C. parviflora +of Europe, with mostly linear leaflets and pods often erect on spreading +pedicels, is occasionally found in drier localities. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="arabis"><b>5. ÁRABIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Rock Cress.</span></p> + +<p>Pod linear, flattened; placentas not thickened; the valves plane or convex, +more or less 1-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds usually +margined or winged. Cotyledons accumbent or a little oblique.—Leaves seldom +divided. Flowers white or purple. (Name from the country, <i>Arabia</i>. +See <i>Linn. Phil. Bot.</i> § 235.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page66"></a>§ 1. ARABIS proper. <i>Seeds in one row in each cell, orbicular or nearly so, +more or less wing-margined; cotyledons strictly accumbent.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Low, chiefly biennials, diffuse or spreading from the base.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Ludoviciàna</b>, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, often annual; leaves all +pinnately parted into oblong or linear few-toothed or entire divisions, those of +the lower leaves numerous; pedicels very short; flowers small, white; pods +rather broadly linear, spreading, flat; seeds winged.—Open grounds, Va. to +Mo., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials, with simple leaves, white or +whitish flowers, narrow but flattened ascending or erect pods, and nearly +wingless seeds.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. pàtens</b>, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (1–2° high); +stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, +partly clasping by the heart-shaped base; petals (bright white, 4´´ long) twice +the length of the calyx; <i>pedicels slender, spreading; pods spreading or ascending, +tipped with a distinct style</i>.—Penn. to central Ohio and southward; Minn. +April, May.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. hirsùta</b>, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect +(1–2° high); stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasping +by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base; petals (greenish-white) +small, but longer than the calyx; <i>pedicels and pods strictly upright; style +scarcely any</i>; immature seeds somewhat 2-rowed.—Rocks, common, especially +northward. May, June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials (1–3° high), with small whitish +flowers, recurved-spreading or pendulous flat pods (3–4´ long), and broadly +winged seeds, their stalks adherent to the partition; root-leaves rarely lyrate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. lævigàta</b>, Poir. <i>Smooth</i> and glaucous, upright; <i>stem-leaves partly +clasping</i> by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or +entire; petals scarcely longer than the calyx; <i>pods long and narrow, recurved-spreading</i> +on ascending or merely spreading pedicels.—Rocky places, Maine +to Minn. and southward. May.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sickle-pod.</span>) Stem upright, smooth above; +<i>stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends</i>, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower +toothed; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear; <i>pods very flat, +scythe-shaped, hanging</i> on rough-hairy pedicels (2´´ wide).—Woods and ravines; +not rare, especially westward. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. TURRÌTIS. <i>Seeds not so broad as the partition, in two more or less +distinct rows in each cell, at least when young; strict and very leafy-stemmed +biennials; cauline leaves partly clasping by a sagittate base. (Our +species very glabrous, except the mostly hirsute base of the stem and the lower +leaves.)</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>A. perfoliàta</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Tower Mustard.</span>) Tall (2–4° high), +<i>glaucous</i>; stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire; <i>petals yellowish-white, +little longer than the calyx; pods very narrow</i> (3´ long) <i>and pedicels +strictly erect</i>; seeds marginless; cotyledons often oblique.—Rocks and fields, +N. Eng. to Minn. (rare), north and westward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page67"></a>7. <b>A. confìnis</b>, Watson. Scarcely glaucous, 1–3° high; pubescence +below finely stellate; <i>stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear</i>, entire (1–2´ long), +with narrow auricles, or the lowest spatulate and toothed; <i>petals white or +rose-color, fully twice the length of the calyx</i>; pedicels and flat <i>pods loosely erect, +or ascending, or even spreading</i>; seeds wing-margined, when mature little narrower +than the partition. (A. Drummondii, <i>Man.</i>)—From the lower St. +Lawrence to Minn., south to Conn., N. Y., and Ill.—Pods 2½–3½´ long, or in +a var. (T. brachycarpa, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>) only 1–2´ long.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. PSEUDÁRABIS. <i>Seeds oblong or elliptical, very small, wingless, in one +row; cotyledons often more or less oblique. Biennial or perennial, branching +from the base.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>A. lyràta</b>, L. Mostly glabrous, except the <i>lyrate-pinnatifid root-leaves</i>; +stem-leaves scattered, spatulate or linear with a tapering base, sparingly +toothed or entire; <i>petals white</i>, much longer than the yellowish calyx; pods +long and slender, flat, ascending or spreading.—On rocks or sandy shores, +New Eng. to Ky. along the mountains, Minn., and northward. April–July.—Usually +biennial, but southward in the mountains decidedly perennial.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>A. dentàta</b>, Torr. & Gray. Roughish pubescent, slender (1–2° high); +<i>leaves oblong</i>, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed; those of the stem +<i>numerous, half-clasping and eared</i> at the base, of the root broader and tapering +into a short petiole; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx; <i>pods widely +spreading, very slender, short-stalked; style scarcely any</i>.—N. Y. to Mich., +Minn., and southward. May, June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="draba"><b>6. DRÀBA</b>, Dill. <span class="smcap">Whitlow-Grass.</span></p> + +<p>Pod oval, oblong, or even linear, flat; the valves plane or slightly convex; +the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. +Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments not toothed.—Low herbs with +entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers; pubescence often stellate. +(Name from <span class="greek">δράβη</span>, applied by Dioscorides to some cress; meaning unknown.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. DRABÆ̀A. <i>Petals not notched or cleft; perennial or biennial, leafy-stemmed, +flowers white, pods twisted when ripe.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. ramosíssima</b>, Desv. <i>Diffusely much branched</i> and forming many +radical tufts, perennial (5–8´ high), pubescent; <i>leaves laciniate-toothed</i>, linear-lanceolate, +the lower oblanceolate, racemes corymbosely-branched; <i>pods hairy</i>, +oval-oblong or lanceolate (2–5´´ long), on slender spreading pedicels, tipped +with a <i>long style</i>.—Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural Bridge, etc., Va., to Kentucky +River, and southward. April, May.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>D. incàna</b>, L. <i>Hoary-pubescent</i>, biennial or somewhat perennial, the +radical tuft seldom branching; leaves oblanceolate or the cauline lanceolate to +ovate, few-toothed or entire; <i>pods oblong to lanceolate, usually acute and straight, +often pubescent</i>, on short erect pedicels; style very short or none.—Dry rocks, +Willoughby Mountain, Vt.; also northward and far westward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>arábisans</b>, Watson. Caudex much branched; pod glabrous, acuminate +or acute, twisted, beaked with a longer distinct style. (D. arabisans, +<i>Michx.</i>)—N. Vt. to western N. Y. and the shores of the upper lakes.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page68"></a>§ 2. DRABÉLLA. <i>Winter annuals; leafy stems short; flowers white (yellow +in n. 5); style none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.)</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>D. Caroliniàna</b>, Walt. Small (1–5´ high); leaves obovate, entire; +peduncles scape-like; petals usually twice the length of the calyx; <i>raceme +short or corymbose in fruit</i> (½–1´ long); <i>pods broadly linear, smooth</i>, much +longer than the ascending pedicels.—Sandy and waste fields, E. Mass. to +Minn., and southward. March–May.—Petals often wanting in the later +racemes, especially in the var. <span class="smcap">micrántha</span>, Gray, with minutely rough-hairy +pods, which is found with the other, westward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>D. cuneifòlia</b>, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest +spatulate, toothed; <i>raceme somewhat elongated in fruit</i> (1–3´), at length equalling +the naked peduncle; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx; +<i>pods oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels</i>.—Grassy +places, Ill. to E. Kan., and southward. March, April.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>D. brachycárpa</b>, Nutt. Low (2–4´ high), minutely pubescent; +<i>stems leafy</i> to the base of the dense at length elongated raceme; leaves narrowly +oblong or the lowest ovate (2–4´´ long), few toothed or entire; flowers +small; <i>pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish</i> (2´´ long), <i>about the length of the +ascending or spreading pedicels</i>.—Dry hills, Ill., Ky., Va. (<i>A. H. Curtiss</i>), and +southward. April.—Petals sometimes minute, sometimes none.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>D. nemoròsa</b>, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or +less toothed; <i>racemes elongated</i> (4–8´ long in fruit); petals emarginate, small; +<i>pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontal or widely-spreading pedicels</i>, +pubescent or smooth.—Fort Gratiot, Mich., N. Minn., and westward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. ERÓPHILA. <i>Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial; flowers white.)</i></p> + +<p class="species">D. <span class="smcap">vérna</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Whitlow-Grass.</span>) Small (scapes 1–3´ high); leaves all +radical, oblong or lanceolate; racemes elongated in fruit; pods varying from +round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels.—Sandy +waste places and roadsides. April, May. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="alyssum"><b>7. ALÝSSUM</b>, Tourn.</p> + +<p>Pod small, orbicular, with only one or two wingless seeds in a cell; valves +nerveless, somewhat convex, the margin flattened. Flowers yellow or white. +Filaments often toothed. Cotyledons accumbent. (Greek name of a plant +reputed to check the hiccup, as the etymology denotes.)</p> + +<p class="species">A. <span class="smcap">marítimum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sweet Alyssum</span>), with green or slightly hoary +linear leaves, honey-scented small white flowers, and 2-seeded pods, commonly +cult., begins to be spontaneous southward. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">A. <span class="smcap">calycìnum</span>, L., a dwarf hoary annual, with linear-spatulate leaves, pale +yellow or whitish petals little exceeding the persistent calyx, and orbicular +sharp margined 4-seeded pod, the style minute, occurs occasionally in grassland. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lesquerella"><b>8. LESQUERÉLLA</b>, Watson.</p> + +<p>Pod mostly globular or inflated, with a broad orbicular to ovate hyaline +partition nerved to the middle, the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. +Seeds few or several, in 2 rows, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments +toothless.—Low herbs, hoary with stellate hairs or lepidote. Flowers mostly +yellow. (Named for <i>Leo Lesquereux</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page69"></a>1. <b>L. globòsa</b>, Watson. Minutely hoary all over; stems spreading or decumbent +from an annual or biennial root; leaves oblong or lanceolate with +a tapering base, repand-toothed or nearly entire; raceme at length elongated, +with filiform diverging pedicels; petals light yellow; style filiform, much +longer than the small globose, acutish, about 4-seeded pod; seeds marginless. +(Vesicaria Shortii, <i>Torr.</i>)—Rocky banks, Ky. to Tenn. and Mo. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. grácilis</b>, Watson. Annual, slender; pubescence very fine; leaves +narrowly oblanceolate; pods glabrous, suberect on ascending or curved pedicels, +stipitate; style long. (Vesicaria gracilis, <i>Hook.</i>)—S. Kan. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. Ludoviciàna</b>, Watson. Biennial or perennial; pubescence compact; +leaves linear-oblanceolate, mostly entire; pods pubescent, pendulous on +recurved pedicels; style long. (Vesicaria Ludoviciana, <i>DC.</i>)—Minn. to +Neb. and southwestward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="camelina"><b>9. CAMÉLINA</b>, Crantz. <span class="smcap">False Flax.</span></p> + +<p>Pod obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, flattish parallel to the broad partition; +valves 1-nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. +Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from <span class="greek">χαμαί</span>, <i>dwarf</i>, and <span class="greek">λίνον</span>, +<i>flax</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">satìva</span>, Crantz. Annual; leaves lanceolate and arrow-shaped; pods +margined, large. A weed in flax-fields, etc. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="subularia"><b>10. SUBULÀRIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Awlwort.</span></p> + +<p>Pod ovoid or globular, with a broad partition; the turgid valves 1-nerved. +Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, +i.e., the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none.—A +dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence +the name). Scape naked, few-flowered, 1–3´ high. Flowers minute, white.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. aquática</b>, L. Margin of lakes in Maine; Echo Lake, Franconia, +N. H.; also in alpine regions of the western mountains. June, July. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="nasturtium"><b>11. NASTÚRTIUM</b>, R. Br. <span class="smcap">Water-Cress.</span></p> + +<p>Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from oblong-linear to globular, +terete or nearly so; valves strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds usually numerous, +small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell (except in N. +sylvestre). Cotyledons accumbent.—Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or +white flowers, and commonly pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usually glabrous. +(Name from <i>Nasus tortus</i>, a convulsed nose, alluding to the effect of its pungent +qualities.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Petals white, twice the length of the calyx; pods linear; leaves pinnate.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>N.</b> <span class="smcap">officinàle</span>, R. Br. (<span class="smcap">True Water-Cress.</span>) Perennial; stems spreading +and rooting; leaflets 3–11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (6–8´´ +long) ascending on slender widely spreading pedicels.—Brooks and ditches; +escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much exceeding the calyx; pods linear, +oblong, or even ovoid or globular; leaves mostly pinnatifid.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots; flowers rather large, yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>N.</b> <span class="smcap">sylvéstre</span>, R. Br. (<span class="smcap">Yellow Cress.</span>) Stems ascending; <i>leaves pinnately +parted</i>, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear; pods (½´ long)<a name="page70"></a> +on slender pedicels, linear and narrow, bringing the seeds into one row; <i>style +very short</i>.—Wet meadows, Mass. to Va.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. sinuàtum</b>, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; <i>leaves pinnately cleft</i>, the +short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong; pods linear-oblong (4–6´´ long), on +slender pedicels; <i>style slender</i>.—Banks of the Mississippi and westward. +June.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Annual or biennial, rarely perennial (?), with simple fibrous roots; flowers +small or minute, greenish or yellowish; leaves somewhat lyrate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>N. sessiliflòrum</b>, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple; <i>leaves obtusely +incised</i> or toothed, obovate or oblong; <i>flowers minute, nearly sessile</i>; pods +elongated-oblong (5–6´´ long), thick; style very short.—W. Ill. to E. Kan., +Tenn., and southward. April–June.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>N. obtùsum</b>, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading; +<i>leaves pinnately parted or divided</i>, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed +or repand; <i>flowers minute, short-pedicelled; pods longer than the pedicels</i>, varying +from linear-oblong to short-oval; style short.—With n. 1 and 2.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>N. palústre</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">Marsh Cress.</span>) Stem erect; <i>leaves pinnately +cleft or parted</i>, or the upper laciniate; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed; <i>pedicels +about as long as the small flowers and mostly longer than</i> the oblong, ellipsoid, +or ovoid <i>pods</i>; style short.—Wet places or in shallow water; common. +June–Sept.—Flowers only 1–1½´´ long. Stems 1–3° high.—The typical +form with oblong pods is rare. Short pods and hirsute stems and leaves are +common. Var. <span class="smcap">híspidum</span> is a form with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <i>Petals white, much longer than the calyx; pods ovoid or globular; leaves +undivided, or the lower ones pinnatifid; root perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>N. lacústre</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Lake Cress.</span>) Aquatic; immersed leaves 1–3-pinnately +dissected into numerous capillary divisions; emersed leaves oblong, +entire, serrate, or pinnatifid; pedicels widely spreading; <i>pods ovoid, 1-celled, +a little longer than the style</i>.—Lakes and rivers, N. E. New York to N. J., +Minn., and southwestward. July–Aug.—Near N. amphibium.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>N.</b> <span class="smcap">Armoràcia</span>, Fries. (<span class="smcap">Horseradish.</span>) Root-leaves very large, oblong, +crenate, rarely pinnatifid, those of the stem lanceolate; fruiting pedicels ascending; +<i>pods globular</i> (seldom formed); <i>style very short</i>. (Cochlearia Armoracia, +<i>L.</i>)—Roots large and long; a well-known condiment. Escaped from +cultivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="barbarea"><b>12. BARBARÈA</b>, R. Br. <span class="smcap">Winter Cress.</span></p> + +<p>Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided, the valves being keeled by a mid-nerve. +Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent.—Mostly +biennials, resembling Nasturtium; flowers yellow. (Anciently +called the Herb of St. Barbara.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. vulgàris</b>, R. Br. (<span class="smcap">Common Winter Cress. Yellow Rocket.</span>) +Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round and usually large, +the lateral 1–4 pairs or rarely wanting; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or +pinnatifid at the base; pods erect or slightly spreading; or in var. <span class="smcap">stricta</span>, +appressed; in var. <span class="smcap">arcuàta</span>, ascending on spreading pedicels.—Low grounds +and roadsides; apparently introduced, but indigenous from L. Superior northward +and westward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page71"></a><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">præ̀cox</span>, R. Br. (<span class="smcap">Early Winter C.</span>), with 5–8 pairs of lateral lobes +to the leaves, and longer pods on very thick pedicels,—yet probably only a +variety of the other,—somewhat cultivated from N. Y. southward as a winter +salad, under the name of <span class="smcap">Scurvy-Grass</span>,—is beginning to run wild. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hesperis"><b>13. HÉSPERIS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Rocket.</span></p> + +<p>Pod linear, nearly cylindrical; stigma lobed, erect. Seeds in 1 row in each +cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent.—Biennial or perennial, +with serrate sessile or petiolate leaves, and large purple flowers. (Name from +<span class="greek">ἑσπέρα</span>, evening, from the evening fragrance of the flowers.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>H.</b> <span class="smcap">matronàlis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Dame's Violet.</span>) Tall; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, +mostly petiolate; pods 2–4´ long, spreading.—Sparingly naturalized. (Nat. +from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="erysimum"><b>14. ERÝSIMUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Treacle Mustard.</span></p> + +<p>Pod linear, 4-sided, the valves keeled with a strong midrib; stigma broadly +lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often +obliquely) incumbent.—Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers; the leaves not +clasping. Pubescence of appressed 2–3-parted hairs. (Name from <span class="greek">ἐρύω</span>, <i>to +draw blisters</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. ásperum</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">Western Wall-flower.</span>) Minutely roughish-hoary; +stem simple, leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or somewhat toothed; +<i>pods nearly erect</i> or widely spreading <i>on short pedicels, elongated</i> (3–4´ long), +exactly 4-sided; stigma 2-lobed.—Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Ill., Ark., +Dak., and common westward. June, July.—Plant stout, 1–2° high; the +crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as those of the Wall-flower. +Petals orbicular, on very slender claws.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. cheiranthoìdes</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Worm-seed Mustard.</span>) Minutely roughish, +branching, slender; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed; flowers small; +<i>pods small and short</i> (7–12´´ long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender +<i>divergent pedicels</i>.—Banks of streams, Mass. to Penn., Minn., and northward. +July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. parviflòrum</b>, Nutt. Stem erect, often simple; leaves linear-oblanceolate, +entire or the lowest coarsely toothed; flowers small (3´´ long); +pods narrow, 1–2½´ long, ascending on short pedicels.—Minn. to Kan. and +westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sisymbrium"><b>15. SISÝMBRIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Hedge Mustard.</span></p> + +<p>Pod terete, flattish or 4–6-sided, the valves 1–3-nerved; stigma small, +entire. Seeds oblong, marginless, in 1 or 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons +incumbent. Calyx open.—Flowers small, white or yellow. Pubescence +spreading. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family.) Ours +are mostly annuals or biennials.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. hùmile</b>, Meyer. Perennial, branching from the base, sparingly +pubescent, 6´ high or less; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, mostly coarsely and +sharply toothed; flowers white or rose-color; pods very narrow, subterete, +4–9´´ long, ascending on short pedicels, beaked with a short style, seeds +1-ranked. (Arabis petræa, <i>Man.</i>, not <i>Lam.</i>)—Willoughby Mountain, Vt.; +Canada and westward. (N. Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page72"></a>2. <b>S. canéscens</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Tansy Mustard.</span>) <i>Leaves 2-pinnatifid</i>, often +hoary or downy, the divisions small and toothed; flowers yellowish, very +small; pods in long racemes, oblong-club-shaped or oblong-linear, shorter +than their mostly horizontal pedicels; <i>seeds 2-ranked</i> in each cell.—Penn. +and N. Y. to Lake Superior, thence southward and westward. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">Sóphia</span>, L. A similar hoary species, with decompound leaves; pods +slender, 6–15´´ long, ascending; seeds 1-ranked.—Sparingly naturalized +from Europe.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">officinàle</span>, Scop. (<span class="smcap">Hedge Mustard.</span>) <i>Leaves runcinate</i>; flowers +very small, pale yellow; <i>pods awl-shaped, close pressed</i> to the stem, scarcely +stalked.—Waste places. May–Sept.—An unsightly branched weed, 2–3° +high. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">Thaliàna</span>, Gaud. (<span class="smcap">Mouse-ear Cress.</span>) <i>Leaves obovate or oblong, entire</i> +or barely toothed; flowers white; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than +the slender spreading pedicels.—Old fields and rocks, Mass. to Kan. April, +May.—A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">Alliària</span>, Scop. Stout, erect; leaves reniform to ovate-cordate, coarsely +repand-dentate; flowers white; pods tapering, 1–2´ long, ascending on very +stout spreading pedicels.—Near Georgetown, D. C. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="thelypodium"><b>16. THELYPÒDIUM</b>, Endl.</p> + +<p>Pod terete or teretish; valves 1-nerved; stigma mostly entire. Seeds in 1 +row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons obliquely incumbent.—Stout +biennials or perennials, with mostly large purplish or white flowers. +Leaves or petioles often auricled at base. (Name from <span class="greek">θῆλυς</span>, <i>female</i>, and +<span class="greek">πούς</span>, <i>foot</i>, the ovary in some species being stipitate.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. pinnatífidum</b>, Watson. Glabrous (1–3° high), often branched +above; root-leaves round or heart-shaped, on slender petioles; stem-leaves +auricled, ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate (2–6´ long), sharply and often +doubly toothed, tapering to each end, the lower into a winged petiole, rarely +bearing a pair or two of small lateral lobes; flowers purplish; pods 1–1½´ +long, on short diverging pedicels, pointed by a short style. (Arabis hesperidoides, +<i>Gray</i>.) Alluvial river-banks, Ohio to Minn., Mo., and southwestward. +May, June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="brassica"><b>17. BRÁSSICA</b> (Brassica and Sinàpis), Tourn.</p> + +<p>Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout 1-seeded beak or +a rigid style; valves 1–5-nerved. Seeds globose, 1-rowed. Cotyledons +incumbent, folded around the radicle.—Annuals or biennials, with yellow +flowers. Lower leaves mostly lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (The Latin name +of the Cabbage. Sinapis is the Greek <span class="greek">σίναπι</span>, which is said to come from the +Celtic <i>nap</i>, a turnip.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">Sinapístrum</span>, Boiss. (or <span class="smcap">Sinàpis arvénsis</span>, L., the English <span class="smcap">Charlock</span>), +with knotty pods, fully one third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak (which is +either empty or 1-seeded), the upper leaves barely toothed, is a noxious +weed in grain-fields, from N. Eng. to Penn. and N. Y. westward. (Adv. from +Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>B.</b> (or <span class="smcap">Sinàpis) álba</span>. (<span class="smcap">White Mustard.</span>) Pods bristly, ascending on +spreading pedicels, more than half its length occupied by the sword-shaped 1-seeded +beak; leaves all pinnatifid; seeds pale. (Cult. and adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>B.</b> (or <span class="smcap">Sinàpis) nìgra</span>, Koch. (<span class="smcap">Black Mustard.</span>) Pods smooth (½´ long), +4-cornered (the valves only 1-nerved), erect on appressed pedicels forming a +slender raceme, tipped with a stout persistent style; seeds dark brown, smaller<a name="page73"></a> +and more pungent than in the last; lower leaves with a large terminal lobe +and a few small lateral ones.—Fields and waste places. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">campéstris</span>, L., in the form of the <span class="smcap">Rutabaga</span> and the <span class="smcap">Turnip</span>, sometimes +persists a year or two in neglected grounds.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="capsella"><b>18. CAPSÉLLA</b>, Medic. <span class="smcap">Shepherd's Purse.</span></p> + +<p>Pod obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the +valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent.—Annuals; +flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of <i>capsa</i>, a box.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Bursa-pastòris</span>, Moench. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or toothed; +stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile.—Waste places; the commonest of weeds. +April–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="thlaspi"><b>19. THLÁSPI</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Pennycress.</span></p> + +<p>Pod orbicular, obovate, or obcordate, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, +the midrib or keel of the boat-shaped valves extended into a wing. +Seeds 2–8 in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Petals equal.—Low plants, +with root-leaves undivided, stem-leaves arrow-shaped and clasping, and small +white or purplish flowers. (Ancient Greek name, from <span class="greek">θλάω</span>, <i>to crush</i>, from +the flattened pod.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>T.</b> <span class="smcap">arvénse</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Field P.</span> or <span class="smcap">Mithridate Mustard.</span>) A smooth annual, +with broadly winged pod ½´ in diameter, several seeded, deeply notched +at top; style minute.—Waste places; rarely naturalized. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lepidium"><b>20. LEPÍDIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Pepperwort. Peppergrass.</span></p> + +<p>Pod roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the valves +boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons +incumbent, or in n. 1 accumbent! Flowers small, white or greenish. (Name +from <span class="greek">λεπίδιον</span>, <i>a little scale</i>, alluding to the small flat pods.)—Ours are +annuals or biennials, except the last.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves all with a tapering base, the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the +lower and often the middle ones incised or pinnatifid; pods orbicular or oval, +with a small notch at the top; the style minute or none; stamens only 2.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Virgínicum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Peppergrass.</span>) <i>Cotyledons accumbent</i> +and seed minutely margined; <i>pod marginless</i> or obscurely margined at the +top; petals present, except in some of the later flowers.—June–Sept. A +common roadside weed, which has immigrated from farther south.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. intermèdium</b>, Gray. <i>Cotyledons incumbent</i> as in the following; +<i>pod minutely wing-margined at the top</i>; petals usually minute or wanting; +otherwise nearly as in n. 1.—Dry places, from western N. Y. and N. Ill., +north and westward.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">ruderàle</span>, L. More diffuse, the smaller and oval <i>pods and the seeds +marginless; petals always wanting</i>.—Roadsides, near Boston, Philadelphia, +etc.; not common. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stem-leaves with a sagittate partly clasping base, rather crowded.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">campéstre</span>, Br. Minutely <i>soft downy</i>; leaves arrow-shaped, somewhat +toothed; <i>pods ovate, winged</i>, rough, the style longer than the narrow notch.—Old +fields, Mass. and N. Y. to Va.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">Dràba</span>, L. Perennial, <i>obscurely hoary</i>; leaves oval or oblong, the +upper with broad clasping auricles; flowers corymbose; <i>pods heart-shaped, +wingless</i>, thickish, entire, tipped with a conspicuous style.—Astoria, near New +York, <i>D. C. Eaton</i>. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="senebiera"><a name="page74"></a><b>21. SENEBIÈRA</b>, DC. <span class="smcap">Wart-Cress. Swine-Cress.</span></p> + +<p>Pod flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the two cells indehiscent +and falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly +wrinkled or tuberculate, 1 seeded. Cotyledons narrow and incumbently folded +transversely. Low and diffuse or prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute +whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Dedicated to <i>J. Senebier</i>, a distinguished +vegetable physiologist.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">dídyma</span>, Pers. Leaves 1–2-pinnately parted; <i>pods notched at the apex, +rough-wrinkled</i>.—Waste places, at ports, E. Mass. to Va., etc.; an immigrant +from farther south.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">Coronòpus</span>, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes; <i>pods not +notched at the apex, tubercled</i>.—At ports, R. I. to Va., etc. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cakile"><b>22. CAKÌLE</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Sea-Rocket.</span></p> + +<p>Pod short, 2-jointed across, fleshy, the upper joint separating at maturity; +each indehiscent, 1-celled and 1-seeded, or the lower sometimes seedless. Seed +erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons obliquely accumbent.—Seaside +fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Americàna</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">American Sea-Rocket.</span>) Leaves obovate, +sinuate and toothed; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate; the upper +ovate, flattish at the apex.—Coast of the Northern States and of the Great +Lakes. July–Sept.—Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the upper +one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="raphanus"><b>23. RÁPHANUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Radish.</span></p> + +<p>Pods linear or oblong, tapering upward, indehiscent, several-seeded, continuous +and spongy within between the seeds, or necklace-form by constriction +between the seeds, with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds spherical and +cotyledons conduplicate, as in Brassica.—Annuals or biennials. (The ancient +Greek name from <span class="greek">ῥαι</span>, <i>quickly</i>, and <span class="greek">φαίνω</span>, <i>to appear</i>, alluding to the +rapid germination.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">Raphanístrum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Radish. Jointed Charlock.</span>) Pods +necklace-form, long-beaked; leaves lyre-shaped, rough; petals yellow, turning +whitish or purplish, veiny.—A troublesome weed in fields, E. New Eng. to +Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="capparidaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 11.</span> <b>CAPPARIDÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Caper Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs</i> (when in northern regions), <i>with cruciform flowers, but 6 or more +not tetradynamous stamens, a 1-celled pod with 2 parietal placentæ, and +kidney-shaped seeds.</i>—Pod as in Cruciferæ, but with no partition; seeds +similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. Leaves alternate, +mostly palmately compound.—Often with the acrid or pungent qualities +of Cruciferæ (as in <i>capers</i>, the flower-buds of Cápparis spinòsa).</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Polanisia.</b> Stamens 8 or more. Pod many-seeded, not or scarcely stipitate.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Cleome.</b> Stamens 6. Pod linear, many-seeded, long stipitate.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Cleomella.</b> Stamens 6. Pod very short, rhomboidal, few-seeded, long-stipitate.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="polanisia"><b>1. POLANÍSIA</b>, Raf.</p> + +<p>Petals with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8–32, unequal. Receptacle +not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary. Pod linear<a name="page75"></a> +or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded.—Fetid annuals, with glandular or +clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes. (Name from <span class="greek">πολύς</span>, <i>many</i>, and +<span class="greek">ἄνισος</span>, <i>unequal</i>, points in which the genus differs in its stamens from Cleome.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. gravèolens</b>, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; stamens about +11, scarcely exceeding the petals; style short; pod slightly stipitate.—Gravelly +shores, from Conn. and W. Vt. to Minn. and Kan. June–Aug.—Flowers +small (2–3´´ long); calyx and filaments purplish; petals yellowish-white.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. trachyspérma</b>, Torr. & Gray. Flowers larger (4–5´´ long), the +stamens (12–16) long-exserted; style 2–3´´ long; pod sessile; seeds usually +rough.—Iowa to Kan. and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cleome"><b>2. CLEÒME</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Petals entire, with claws. Stamens 6. Receptacle somewhat produced between +the petals and stamens, and bearing a gland behind the stipitate ovary. +Pod linear to oblong, many-seeded.—Our species a glabrous annual, with +3-foliolate leaves, leafy-bracteate racemes, and rose-colored or white flowers. +(Name of uncertain derivation, early applied to some mustard-like plant.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. integrifòlia</b>, Torr. & Gray. Calyx 4-cleft; petals with very short +claws, leaflets narrowly lanceolate to oblong; bracts simple; pod oblong to +linear, 1–2´ long, the stipe as long as the pedicel.—Minn. to Kan. and westward; +N. Ill. Flowers showy; 2–3° high.</p> + +<p class="species">(Addendum) <b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">spinòsa</span>, L. Viscid-pubescent, 3–4° high; a pair of short stipular +spines under the petiole of each leaf; leaflets 5–7, oblong-lanceolate; flowers +large, rose-purple to white; stamens 2–3´ long; stipe of the linear pod about +2´ long. (C. pungens, <i>Willd.</i>)—An escape from cultivation, near Mt. Carmel, +Ill. (<i>Schneck</i>), and in waste grounds southward; also on ballast. (Int. +from Trop. Amer.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cleomella"><b>3. CLEOMÉLLA</b>, DC.</p> + +<p>Differing from Cleome in the clawless petals, glandless receptacle, and the +short few-seeded pod with more or less distended or even conical valves. +Flowers small, yellow. (Name a diminutive of <i>Cleome</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. angustifòlia</b>, Torr. Glabrous, 1–2° high; leaflets (3) and simple +bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, acute; pod rhomboidal, the valves very +bluntly conical; stipe shorter than the pedicel.—Kan. to Tex. and westward.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="resedaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 12.</span> <b>RESEDÀCEÆ</b>. (<span class="smcap">Mignonette Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4–7-merous small flowers, a fleshy 1-sided +hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3–40) stamens, bearing the +latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Capsule 3–6-lobed, 3–6-horned, 1-celled +with 3–6-parietal placentæ, opening at the top before the seeds</i> (which +are as in Order 11) <i>are full grown.</i>—Leaves alternate, with only glands +for stipules. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes.—A small and unimportant +family, of the Old World, represented by the Mignonette (<i>Reseda +odorata</i>) and the Dyer's Weed.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="reseda"><b>1. RESÈDA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Mignonette. Dyer's Rocket.</span></p> + +<p>Petals 4–7, cleft, unequal. Stamens 12–40, on one side of the flower. +(Name from <i>resedo</i>, to calm, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">Lutèola</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Dyer's Weed</span> or <span class="smcap">Weld</span>.) Leaves lanceolate; calyx +4-parted; petals 4, greenish-yellow; the upper one 3–5-cleft, the two lateral +3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire; capsule depressed.—Roadsides, N. Y., +etc.—Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">Lùtea</span>, L. Leaves irregularly pinnately parted or bipinnatifid; sepals +and petals 6, stamens 15–20.—Nantucket, Mass., and ballast-grounds.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="cistaceae"><a name="page76"></a><span class="smcap">Order 13.</span> CISTÀCEÆ. (<span class="smcap">Rock-rose Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous mostly +indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3–5-valved capsule with as +many parietal placentæ borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous +albuminous seeds.</i>—Sepals 5; the two external much smaller, bract-like, +or sometimes wanting; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals +3 or 5, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. +Anthers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none. Ovules +few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at the apex. Embryo +long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen; cotyledons +narrow.—Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite, +and the upper alternate. Inert plants.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Helianthemum.</b> Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (or none). Stigma nearly +sessile. Stamens and ovules numerous in the petal-bearing flowers.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Hudsonia.</b> Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9–30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly +1-celled, 2–6-seeded. Heath-like.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Lechea.</b> Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 3–12. Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, the +imperfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentæ.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="helianthemum"><b>1. HELIÁNTHEMUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Rock-rose.</span></p> + +<p>Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Styles short or none in our species; +stigma 3-lobed. Capsule strictly 1-celled. Embryo curved in the form +of a hook or ring.—Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz., +<i>primary</i> or earlier ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens and +many-seeded pods; and <i>secondary</i>, or later ones, which are much smaller and +in clusters, with small petals or none, 3–10 stamens, and much smaller 3–few-seeded +pods. The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast +their petals by the next day. (Name from <span class="greek">ἥλιος</span>, <i>the sun</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθεμον</span>, <i>flower</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. Canadénse</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Frost-weed.</span>) <i>Petal-bearing flowers solitary; +the small secondary flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves</i>, nearly sessile; +calyx of the large flowers hairy-pubescent, of the small ones hoary, like +the stem and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong leaves.—Sandy or gravelly +dry soil, Maine to Minn. and southward. June–Aug.—Stems at first simple. +Corolla of the large flowers 1´ wide, producing pods 3´´ long; pods of the smaller +flowers not larger than a pin's head. A variety is more hoary, and with a +stronger tendency to multiply the minute clustered flowers. Late in autumn +crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root, whence the popular +name.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. corymbòsum</b>, Michx. <i>Flowers all clustered at the summit</i> of the +stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks; calyx +woolly.—Pine barrens, N. J. and southward along the coast.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hudsonia"><b>2. HUDSÒNIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx. Stamens +9–30. Style long and slender; stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed +in the calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each +nerve-like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook.—Bushy<a name="page77"></a> +heath-like little shrubs (seldom a foot high), covered all over with the small +awl-shaped or scale-like alternate persistent downy leaves, producing numerous +(small but showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the +branches. (Named in honor of <i>Wm. Hudson</i>, an early English botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. ericoìdes</b>, L. Downy but greenish; leaves slender, awl-shaped, +loose; flowers on slender naked stalks; ovary hairy.—Dry sandy soil near +the coast, E. Maine to Va.; N. Conway, N. H. (<i>Miss Minns.</i>) May.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. tomentòsa</b>, Nutt. Hoary with down; leaves oval or narrowly +oblong, 1´´ long, close-pressed and imbricated; flowers sessile or some short-peduncled.—Sandy +shores, Maine to Md., and along the Great Lakes to +Minn.; rarely on banks of streams inland. May, June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lechea"><b>3. LÉCHEA</b>, Kalm. <span class="smcap">Pinweed.</span></p> + +<p>Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud, not longer than the calyx, withering-persistent. +Stamens 3–12. Style scarcely any; stigmas 3, plumose. Pod +globular, partly 3-celled; the 3 broad and thin placentæ borne on imperfect +partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face toward the valve; in our species +the placentæ curve backward and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straightish.—Homely +perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers, +in summer. (Named in honor of <i>John Leche</i>, a Swedish botanist.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Pubescence villous, spreading; leaves oblong; flowers very short-pedicelled in +cymulose clusters.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. màjor</b>, Michx. Stem upright (1–2° high), stout, simple, very +leafy, producing slender prostrate branches from the base; leaves elliptical, +mucronate-pointed, alternate and opposite or sometimes whorled; flowers +densely crowded; pedicels shorter than the very small depressed-globose pod; +sepals narrower than its valves.—Sterile grounds; common, especially southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Pubescence appressed, leaves narrower; flowers paniculate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves comparatively short, broad, and thin; panicles leafy.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. thymifòlia</b>, Michx. Erect, about 2° high; stem-leaves oval or +oblong (3–6´´ long), commonly somewhat hairy, some whorled or opposite, +those of the rather crowded panicles more linear; pod obovate-globose, one of +the narrow outer sepals often longer. (L. Novæ-Cæsareæ, <i>Austin</i>.)—Dry +grounds near the coast, E. Mass. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves firmer, narrow, the cauline linear to slender-subulate; panicles more +naked and racemiform.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Fruiting calyx globular or broadly ovoid; pod rather large, nearly globose.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. mìnor</b>, L. Rather strict, 1° high or more, usually glabrate in age; +leaves of radical shoots lanceolate, rigid, 2–3´´ long, the cauline linear, 6–9´´ +long; pod about 1´´ high.—Dry and sterile ground; common.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>marítima</b>, Gray in herb. Stouter and more rigid, leaves of radical +shoots thicker, linear, hoary, the cauline puberulent or glabrous, calyx canescent. +(L. thymifolia, <i>Pursh.</i>; L. maritima, <i>Leggett</i>.)—Sandy soil near the +coast, Mass. to Ga.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. tenuifòlia</b>, Michx. Low, slender and diffuse, minutely pubescent +or glabrous; leaves all small and very narrow; flowers mostly on very short<a name="page78"></a> +pedicels, diffusely racemose-paniculate; sepals without lateral ribs; pod ovoid-globose.—Dry, +sterile soil, E. Mass. to Mo., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Smaller-flowered; fruiting calyx narrower; pod ellipsoidal.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. racemulòsa</b>, Lam. Erect, soft-pubescent when young, soon nearly +glabrous; leaves of radical shoots narrowly oblong, the cauline oblong-linear, +4–6´´ long; inflorescence loose and diffuse; fruiting calyx glabrous.—Dry +and rocky soil, Long Island to Ky., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="violaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 14.</span> <b>VIOLÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Violet Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with a somewhat irregular 1-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 hypogynous +stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and +a 1-celled 3-valved pod with 3 parietal placentæ.</i>—Sepals 5, persistent. +Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad filaments +continued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each +other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one +side. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placentæ on their +middle; after opening, each valve as it dries folds together lengthwise +firmly, projecting the seeds. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard +seed-coat, and a large and straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen; +cotyledons flat.—Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary, +nodding. (Roots slightly acrid or emetic.)</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Viola.</b> Sepals auricled. Lower petal spurred. Stamens distinct, the 2 lower spurred.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Solea.</b> Sepals not auricled. Petals equal in length. Stamens united into a sheath.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Ionidium.</b> Sepals not auricled. Petals very unequal. Filaments distinct, the anthers +merely connivent.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="viola"><b>1. VÌOLA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Violet. Heart's-ease.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals extended into ears at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower +one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly +cohering with each other; the two lower bearing spurs which project into the +spur of the corolla. Besides these conspicuous blossoms, which appear in +spring, others are produced later (especially in the stemless species), on shorter +peduncles or on runners, usually concealed under the leaves; these never open +nor develop petals, but are fertilized in the bud, and are far more fruitful than +the ordinary blossoms. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Perennials; stipules never leaf-like, the lower more or less scarious.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stemless, the leaves and scapes directly from a rootstock or from runners.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Stigma large, naked, not beaked; stolons none; rootstock short and thick.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>V. pedàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bird-foot V.</span>) Nearly smooth; rootstock erect, not +scaly; <i>leaves all 3–5-divided</i>, or the earliest only parted, the lateral divisions +2–3-parted, all linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2–3-toothed or cut at +the apex; flower large, 1´ broad, pale or deep lilac-purple or blue.—Sandy +or gravelly soil, New Eng. to Minn., and southward.—Var. <span class="smcap">bícolor</span>, Pursh, +a very handsome variety, with the two upper petals deep violet, and as it were +velvety, occurs sparingly from Mass. to Md.; most common in N. J., on shale.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page79"></a>[+][+] <i>Stigma small, naked, often beaked or pointed.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Rootstock fleshy and thickened, never filiform nor producing runners; flowers +violet or purple (rarely white); lateral petals bearded.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>V. pedatífida</b>, G. Don. Leaves all palmately or pedately 5–7-parted; +divisions 2–3-cleft; lobes linear; otherwise like n. 3. (V. delphinifolia, <i>Nutt.</i>)—Rich +prairies, or more often in dry poor land, Ill. to Kan. and Minn.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>V. palmàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Blue V.</span>) Glabrous to villous-pubescent; +early leaves roundish-cordate or reniform and merely crenate, the sides rolled +inward when young, the later very various, palmately or pedately or hastately +lobed or parted, the segments obovate to linear. (V. cucullata, var. +palmata, <i>Gray</i>.)—Moist or dryish, especially sterile, ground; very common.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>cucullàta</b>, Gray. Later leaves merely crenate, not lobed. (V. cucullata, +<i>Ait.</i>)—Low grounds; common everywhere. Both forms are very +variable in the size and shape of the leaves and sepals, and in the size and +color of the flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue or purple, sometimes +white or variegated with white.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>V. sagittàta</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Arrow-leaved V.</span>) Smoothish or hairy; leaves +on short and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles, varying +from oblong-heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped, oblong-lanceolate +or ovate, denticulate, sometimes cut-toothed near the base, the lateral or occasionally +all the (rather large purple-blue) petals bearded; spur short and +thick; stigma beaked.—Dry or moist sandy places, New Eng. to Minn., and +southward. Some forms pass into the last.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Rootstocks long and filiform, extensively creeping.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Flowers blue or purple.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>V. Selkírkii</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Great-spurred V.</span>) Small and delicate; +the filiform rootstock fibrose-rooted, no runners above ground; smooth, except +the round-heart-shaped crenate leaves, which are minutely hairy on the +upper surface and have a deep narrowed sinus; <i>spur very large</i>, thickened at +the end, almost as long as the beardless pale violet petals.—Damp and shady +soil, N. Maine to W. Mass., central N. Y., L. Superior (<i>Robbins</i>), and northward; +rare.—Scapes and petioles 1–2´, the leaf ½–1¼´ long, thin; the spur 3´´ +long. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>V. palústris</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Marsh V.</span>) Smooth; leaves round-heart-shaped +and kidney-form, slightly crenate; flowers (small) pale lilac with purple +streaks, nearly beardless; <i>spur very short</i> and obtuse.—Alpine summits of +the White Mountains, N. H., and high northward. June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">V. odoràta</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sweet Violet</span>), cultivated in gardens, from Europe, +belongs near this group, and is sparingly spontaneous in some places.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Flowers white (small, short-spurred), mostly with brown-purple veins; lateral +petals bearded or beardless. Species apparently confluent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>V. blánda</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Sweet White V.</span>) Commonly glabrous; leaves +round-heart-shaped or kidney-form; petals mostly beardless, the lower strongly +veined.—Damp places, everywhere. Flowers faintly sweet-scented.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>palustrifórmis</b>, Gray. The larger form; upper surface of the +leaves sparsely and finely hairy; petals 5´´ long, oftener bearded, less distinctly +veined.—Shaded mossy ground, N. Eng. to Del., and westward.</p> + +<p class="variety"><a name="page80"></a>Var. <b>renifòlia</b>, Gray. Slightly or strongly pubescent with soft spreading +hairs; leaves round-reniform; petals usually beardless. (V. renifolia, +<i>Gray</i>.)—Maine to Mass., western N. Y., Lake Superior, etc.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>V. primulæfòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Primrose-leaved V.</span>) Smooth or a little +pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the +base; petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded.—Damp +or dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla., toward the coast.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>V. lanceolàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Lance-leaved Violet.</span>) Smooth; leaves lanceolate, +erect, blunt, tapering into a long-margined petiole, almost entire; +petals beardless.—Damp soil; common, especially eastward.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=][=] <i>Flowers yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>V. rotundifòlia</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Round-leaved Violet.</span>) Leaves round-ovate, +heart-shaped, slightly crenate; lateral petals bearded and marked with +brown lines; spur very short.—Cold woods, Maine to Minn., and south along +the Alleghanies.—Smoothish; leaves 1´ broad at flowering, increasing to 3 +or 4´ in the summer, then lying flat on the ground, shining above.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leafy-stemmed; all perennial with short rootstocks.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Low, at first nearly stemless; flowers yellow; stigma concave, bearded.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>V. Nuttàllii</b>, Pursh. Pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves ovate to +oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, entire or slightly crenate, decurrent on the petiole.—Central +Kansas and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Stems erect, without root-leaves; stipules entire; spur very short; stigma +beakless, pubescent.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Stems naked below; flowers yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>V. pubéscens</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Downy Yellow V.</span>) Softly pubescent (6–12´ +high); <i>leaves very broadly heart-shaped</i>, toothed, somewhat pointed; stipules +ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large; lower petals veined with purple, capsule +oblong to globular, glabrous or tomentose.—Woods; common.—Var. <span class="smcap">scabriúscula</span>, +Torr. & Gray, smaller and greener, slightly pubescent (4–10´ +high).—R. I. to Ky., and southwestward.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>V. hastàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Halberd-leaved V.</span>) Nearly glabrous, slender +(4–10´ high); <i>stem-leaves halberd-shaped</i> or oblong-heart-shaped, slightly +serrate, acute; stipules ovate, small.—Woods, N. Ohio (near Painesville, +<i>Miss Shattuck</i>), mountains of Penn., and southward; rare.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Stems more leafy and prolonged; flowers white or purplish.</i></p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>V. Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Canada V.</span>) Upright (1–2° high); leaves +heart-shaped, pointed, serrate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire; petals white or +whitish inside, the upper ones mostly tinged with violet beneath, the lateral +bearded.—Rich woods; common northward and along the Alleghanies. +May–Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Stems erect or spreading (at first nearly acaulescent); stipules fringe-toothed; +spur oblong to cylindrical; stigma naked.</i></p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>V. striàta</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Pale V.</span>) Stems angular, ascending (6–10´ high); +leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute; stipules oblong-lanceolate, +large; <i>spur thickish, much shorter than the cream-colored or white petals</i>, the<a name="page81"></a> +lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with purplish lines; stigma beaked.—Low +grounds, W. New Eng. to Minn. and Mo., and southward in the mountains. +April–Oct.</p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>V. rostràta</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Long-spurred V.</span>) Stems ascending (3–6´ +high); leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; stipules lanceolate, +large; <i>spur slender</i> (½´ long), <i>longer than the pale violet beardless +petals</i>; style straight and slender; stigma terminal, beakless.—Shaded hillsides, +N. New Eng. to Mich., and southward in the Alleghanies; rather rare. +June, July.</p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>V. canìna</b>, L., var. <b>Muhlenbérgii</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Dog V.</span>) Low (3–8´ +high), mostly glabrous; stems ascending, mostly simple, from the base at +length producing creeping branches; leaves heart-shaped, or the lowest kidney-form, +crenate, the uppermost slightly pointed; stipules lanceolate; <i>spur +cylindrical, half the length of the light violet petals</i>, the lateral ones slightly +bearded; stigma beaked.—Damp or wet shady places; common. May–July. +(Eu.)—Var. <span class="smcap">pubérula</span>, Watson in herb. Finely puberulent; leaves +mostly ovate and acutish with a cordate base, often small; flowers small and +mostly cleistogamous.—Sandy or stony shores and islands of Lakes Huron and +Superior. (<i>Robbins, Engelmann, etc.</i>)—Var. <span class="smcap">multicaùlis</span>, Gray. Depressed +and stoloniferous; flowers mostly cleistogamous; leaves small, suborbicular +to reniform.—Ky. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Leaf-bearing throughout from an annual, biennial, or sometimes short-lived +perennial root; the stipules large, leaf-like and lyrate-pinnatifid.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>V.</b> <span class="smcap">trícolor</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Pansy. Heart's-ease.</span>) Stem angled and branched; +leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped, crenate or +entire; petals variable in color or variegated (yellow, whitish, violet-blue and +purple);—in var. <span class="smcap">arvénsis</span> shorter or little longer than the calyx.—Dry or +sandy soil, N. Y. to Iowa, Kan., and southward; the variety sometimes seeming +like a native plant. April–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="solea"><b>2. SÒLEA</b>, Spreng., in part. <span class="smcap">Green Violet.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but the +lower one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than +the others at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath enclosing +the ovary, and bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at the +summit.—A homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the top, and 1–3 +small greenish-white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. (Named +in honor of <i>W. Sole</i>, author of an essay on the British Mints.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. cóncolor</b>, Ging. Plant 1–2° high; leaves oblong, pointed at both +ends, entire; pod 1´ long.—Woods, N. Y. to Kan., and southward. June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ionidium"><b>3. IONÍDIUM</b>, Vent.</p> + +<p>Sepals not prolonged at base. Petals very unequal, the two upper shorter, +the lower longest and largest, concave at base, contracted in the middle. Filaments +distinct, the two lower with a scale-like gland or spur at base; anthers +merely connivent.—Perennials, branching and leafy, with alternate and opposite +leaves, and small axillary flowers. (Name from <span class="greek">ἴον</span>, <i>violet</i>, and <span class="greek">εἶδος</span>, +<i>appearance</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page82"></a>1. <b>I. polygalæfòlium</b>, Vent. Stems low, from a woody base; leaves +linear to oblanceolate, or the lower obovate, entire, the stipules leaf-like or +small or none; flowers solitary, nodding, 2´´ long, white. (I. lineare, <i>Torr.</i>)—Kan. +and southwestward.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="caryophyllaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 15.</span> <b>CARYOPHYLLÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Pink Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4–5-merous flowers, with +or without petals, the distinct stamens no more than twice the number of the +sepals, either hypogynous or perigynous, styles 2–5 (or rarely united into +one); seeds several or usually many, attached to the base or to the central +column of the 1-celled (rarely 3–5-celled) pod, with a slender embryo coiled +or curved around the outside of mealy albumen</i>, in Dianthus nearly straight.—Bland +herbs; the stems usually swollen at the joints; uppermost +leaves rarely alternate. Leaves often united at the base. Calyx persistent. +Styles stigmatic along the inside. Seeds amphitropous or +campylotropous.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. SILENEÆ.</b> Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals (mostly convolute in +the bud) and stamens (10) borne on the stipe or stalk of the ovary, the former with slender +claws, to the base of which the corresponding filaments often adhere, included in +the calyx tube. Seeds numerous.—Stipules none. Flowers often large and showy.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Calyx with scaly bractlets or small leaves at the base. Seeds flattened on the back, attached +by their face; embryo nearly straight.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Dianthus.</b> Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped; embryo curved or coiled.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Gypsophila.</b> Calyx top-shaped or campanulate. Pod deeply 4-valved. Styles 2.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Saponaria.</b> Calyx oblong-cylindrical, obscurely nerved, terete or 5-angled. Pod shortly +4-valved. Styles 2.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Silene.</b> Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 3.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Lychnis.</b> Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 5, rarely 4.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. ALSINEÆ.</b> Sepals distinct or nearly so, imbricated in the bud. Petals +when present without claws, mostly imbricated, and with the stamens inserted at the +base of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk. Pod splitting into valves or teeth several–many-seeded. +Stamens opposite the sepals, when not more in number.—Low herbs.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Stipules none.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Pod short, splitting into as many valves as styles; valves often bifid or 2-parted.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Arenaria.</b> Petals entire. Styles usually 3. Valves of the pod entire, bifid or 2-parted.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Stellaria.</b> Petals 2-cleft or none. Styles usually 3. Valves bifid or 2-parted.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Pod cylindrical, dehiscent by twice as many equal teeth as styles.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Holosteum.</b> Petals denticulate or notched. Styles usually 3. Seeds fixed by the +face.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Cerastium.</b> Petals notched or 2-cleft. Styles 5 or 4. Seeds fixed edgewise.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Styles alternate with the sepals. Stamens as many, or twice as many.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Sagina.</b> Petals 4 or 5, entire, or none. Styles 4 or 5. Pod short, 4–5-valved.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Stipules present. Pod short.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Buda.</b> Styles 3. Pod 3-valved. Leaves opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Spergula.</b> Styles 5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves whorled.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dianthus"><a name="page83"></a><b>1. DIÁNTHUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Pink. Carnation.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx cylindrical, nerved or striate, 5-toothed, subtended by 2 or more imbricated +bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex. +Seeds flattish on the back; embryo scarcely curved.—Ornamental plants, of +well-known aspect and value in cultivation. (Name from <span class="greek">Διός</span>, <i>of Jupiter</i>, and +<span class="greek">ἄνθος</span> <i>flower</i>, i.e., Jove's own flower.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>D.</b> <span class="smcap">Armèria</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Deptford Pink.</span>) Annual; flowers clustered; bractlets +of the calyx and <i>bracts lance-awl-form</i>, herbaceous, downy, as long as the +tube; leaves linear, <i>hairy</i>; petals small, rose-color with white dots, crenate.—Fields, +etc., eastward. July. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>D.</b> <span class="smcap">pròlifer</span>, L. Annual, <i>smooth</i>, slender; flowers clustered; <i>bractlets +ovate, dry</i>, concealing the calyx; leaves few, narrow, linear, erect; petals +small, pink.—N. J. and E. Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>D.</b> <span class="smcap">deltoìdes</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Maiden Pink.</span>) Perennial; leaves short, narrowly +lanceolate, downy and roughish; flowers solitary; bracts ovate, half as long +as the tube; petals rose-color or white, toothed.—Mich., <i>L. H. Bailey</i>. (Nat. +from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>D.</b> <span class="smcap">barbàtus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sweet William.</span>) Perennial; flowers fascicled; leaves +large, lanceolate; bracts filiform-attenuate, equalling the calyx.—Sparingly +spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gypsophila"><b>2. GYPSÓPHILA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx narrowly top shaped or campanulate, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, naked at +base. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved +at the apex, sessile.—Slender glaucous annuals or perennials, with numerous +small flowers. (Name from <span class="greek">γύψος</span>, <i>gypsum</i>, and <span class="greek">φιλεῖν</span>, <i>to love</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">muràlis</span>, L. Annual, much branched; leaves very narrowly linear; +flowers on slender pedicels, solitary in the forks; calyx turbinate, the teeth +short, obtuse; petals purplish, crenate or emarginate.—Sparingly naturalized. +(Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="saponaria"><b>3. SAPONÀRIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx narrowly ovoid or oblong, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved, naked. Stamens +10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, or incompletely 2–4-celled at base, 4-toothed +at the apex.—Coarse annuals or perennial, with large flowers. (Name from +<i>sapo</i>, soap, the mucilaginous juice forming a lather with water.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">officinàlis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.</span>) Flowers in corymbed +clusters; calyx terete; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of the +claw; leaves oval-lanceolate.—Roadsides, etc. July–Sept.—A stout perennial, +with large rose-colored flowers, commonly double. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">Vaccària</span>, L. Annual, glabrous; flowers in corymbed cymes; calyx +5-angled, enlarged and wing-angled in fruit; petals pale red, not crowned; +leaves ovate-lanceolate. (Vaccaria vulgaris, <i>Host.</i>)—Occasionally spontaneous. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="silene"><b>4. SILÈNE</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Catchfly. Campion.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-toothed, 10–many-nerved, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles +3, rarely 4. Pod 1-celled, sometimes 3-celled at least at the base, opening by +3 or 6 teeth at the apex.—Flowers solitary or in cymes. Petals mostly +crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from <span class="greek">σίαλον</span>, <i>saliva</i>, +from the viscid exudation on the stems and calyx of many species. The +English name <i>Catchfly</i> alludes to the same peculiarity.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Dwarf, alpine, tufted, smooth, perennial; flowering shoots 1-flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. acaùlis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Moss Campion.</span>) Tufted like a moss (1–2´ high); +leaves linear, crowded; flowers almost sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle;<a name="page84"></a> +petals purple or rarely white, notched or entire, crowned.—Alpine summits +of the White Mountains, N. H. July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Calyx bladdery-inflated; perennial; flowers panicled, white, in summer.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2 <b>S. Stellàta</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Starry Campion.</span>) <i>Leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-lanceolate</i>, +taper-pointed; calyx bell-shaped; <i>petals cut into a fringe, crownless</i>.—Wooded +banks, R. I. to Minn., and southward.—Stem 3° high, with a large +and open pyramidal panicle. Corolla ¾´ broad.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. nívea</b>, Otth. <i>Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong</i>, taper-pointed; +calyx oblong; <i>petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely crowned</i>.—Penn. to Iowa +and Minn.; rare.—Stem 1–2° high, almost smooth. Flowers few, larger +than in the last.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">Cucùbalus</span>, Wibel. (<span class="smcap">Bladder Campion.</span>) <i>Glaucous; leaves opposite, +ovate-lanceolate; calyx globular, much inflated</i>, elegantly veined; petals 2-cleft, +nearly crownless. (S. inflata, <i>Smith</i>.)—Fields and roadsides, E. New Eng. +to Ill.—A foot high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod; +flowers cymose or clustered; perennial, pubescent with viscid hairs, especially +the calyx; petals crowned, red or rose-color.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. Pennsylvánica</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Wild Pink.</span>) Stems low (4–8´); +root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy petioles; +<i>stem-leaves</i> (2 or 3 pairs) <i>lanceolate; flowers clustered</i>, short-stalked; calyx +club-shaped; <i>petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded, pink</i>.—Gravelly +places, E. New Eng. to N. Y., Ky., and southward. April–June.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. Virgínica</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Fire Pink. Catchfly.</span>) Steins slender (1–2° +high); <i>leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate; flowers few and +loosely cymose</i>, peduncled; calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconical; <i>petals oblong, +2-cleft, deep crimson</i>; the limb 1´ long.—Open woods, western N. Y. to +Minn., and southward. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. règia</b>, Sims. (<span class="smcap">Royal Catchfly.</span>) Stem roughish, erect (3–4° +high); <i>leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate</i>, acute; <i>flowers numerous, short-stalked</i>, +in clusters, forming a strict panicle; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit; <i>petals +spatulate-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet</i>.—Prairies, Ohio to Mo., +and southward. July.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>S. rotundifòlia</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Round-leaved Catchfly.</span>) Viscid-hairy; +stems weak, branched, decumbent (2° long); <i>leaves thin, round, abruptly +pointed</i>, the lower obovate; flowers few, loosely cymose, stalked; calyx elongated; +<i>petals 2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet</i>.—Shaded banks of the Ohio, +and in Ky. June–Aug.—Leaves and flowers large.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*] <i>Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod; annuals.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Glabrous, a portion of each joint of the stem glutinous; flowers pink.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>S. antirrhìna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sleepy C.</span>) Stem slender (8–30´ high); <i>leaves +lanceolate or linear</i>; flowers small, paniculate; <i>calyx ovoid</i>; petals obcordate, +crowned, opening transiently in sunshine.—Dry soil; common in waste +places. June–Sept.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">Armèria</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sweet-William Catchfly.</span>) Glaucous; <i>leaves ovate-lanceolate</i>; +flowers in flat cymes, open in sunshine; <i>calyx club-shaped</i>; petals +notched, crowned with awl-shaped scales.—Escaped from gardens; rare. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page85"></a>[+][+] <i>Viscid-pubescent; flowers white or nearly so, opening at night, sweet-scented.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">noctúrna</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Night C.</span>) Leaves short, the lower spatulate, the +upper linear; <i>flowers small, alternate in a 1-sided spike</i>; petals 2-parted.—Introduced +sparingly in Pa., according to <i>Schweinitz</i>. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">noctiflòra</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Night-flowering C.</span>) <i>Viscid-hairy</i>, tall (1–3° +high); lower leaves large and spatulate, the upper lanceolate; <i>flowers few, +peduncled</i>; calyx-tube elongated (over 1´ long), soon ovoid, with awl-shaped +teeth; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned.—Cultivated grounds.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lychnis"><b>5. LÝCHNIS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Cockle.</span></p> + +<p>Styles 5, rarely 4, and pod opening by as many or twice as many teeth; +otherwise nearly as in Silene. Calyx in one species with leaf-like lobes. +(Ancient Greek name for a scarlet or flame-colored species, from <span class="greek">λύχνος</span>, <i>a +light</i> or <i>lamp</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">vespertìna</span>, Sibth. (<span class="smcap">Evening L.</span>) Biennial, usually diœcious, <i>viscid-pubescent</i>, +in foliage, etc., like Silene noctiflora; but 5 styles, calyx much +shorter (7–9´´ long), with lance-linear teeth, and <i>flowers white</i> or pinkish, opening +at evening.—Cult. or waste grounds; scarce. (Adv. from En.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">diúrna</span>, Sibth. (<span class="smcap">Red Lychnis.</span>) Resembling L. vespertina, but less +viscid, the calyx usually shorter (4–6´´ long), and the flowers red, opening in +the morning.—Rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">Githàgo</span>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Corn Cockle.</span>) Annual, clothed with long soft +appressed hairs; flowers long-peduncled; <i>calyx-lobes similar to the long and +linear leaves</i>, surpassing the broad and crownless <i>purple-red petals</i>, falling off +in fruit. (Agrostémma Githago, <i>L.</i>)—In wheat-fields. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">Flos-cùculi</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Ragged Robin.</span>) Perennial, erect, slightly downy +below, viscid above; leaves narrowly lanceolate; flowers in loose panicles; +calyx short, glabrous; petals red, 4-lobed, lobes linear.—Moist or marshy +places; New Eng. and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="arenaria"><b>6. ARENÀRIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Sandwort.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched, rarely wanting. Stamens +10. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite as many sepals. Pod short, +splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles, few–many-seeded.—Low, +usually tufted herbs, with sessile exstipulate leaves and small +white flowers. (Name from <i>arena</i>, sand, in which many of the species grow.)—The +following sections are by many botanists taken for genera.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. ARENARIA proper. <i>Pod splitting wholly or part-way down into 3 or at +length into 6 valves; seeds many, naked at the hilum.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">serpyllifòlia</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Thyme-leaved Sandwort.</span>) Diffusely branched, +roughish (2–6´ high); leaves ovate, acute, small; cymes leafy; sepals lanceolate, +pointed, 3–5-nerved, about equalling the petals and 6-toothed pod.—A +low annual; sandy waste places. June–Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. ALSÌNE. <i>Pod splitting to the base into 3 entire valves; seeds many, usually +rough, naked at the hilum; flowers solitary and terminal or cymose; +root in our species perennial, except in n. 4.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves small, rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Caroliniàna</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Pine-barren S.</span>) Densely tufted from a +deep perpendicular root; <i>leaves closely imbricated</i>, but spreading, <i>awl-shaped, +short, channelled</i>; branches naked and minutely glandular above, several-flowered; +<i>sepals obtuse</i>, ovate, shorter than the pod. (A. squarrosa, <i>Michx.</i>)—In +pure sand, S. New York, N. J., and southward along the coast. May–July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. Michaùxii</b>, Hook. f. Erect, or usually diffusely spreading from +a small root, smooth; <i>leaves slender, between awl-shaped and bristle-form</i>, with<a name="page86"></a> +many others <i>clustered</i> in the axils; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered; <i>sepals +pointed, 3-ribbed</i>, ovate, as long as the pod. (A. stricta, <i>Michx.</i>)—Rocks and +dry wooded banks, Vt. and Penn. to Minn., Mo., and southwestward. July.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. vérna</b>, L. Dwarf, alpine, densely matted, glabrous or (var. <span class="smcap">hirta</span>) +somewhat pubescent, 1–3´ high; leaves narrowly linear or awl-shaped; flowers +loosely cymose; sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, shorter than the pod. +—Smuggler's Notch, Vt. (<i>Pringle</i>); north and westward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear; petals retuse or notched.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. pátula</b>, Michx. Diffusely branched from the slender root; stems +filiform (6–10´ long); branches of the cyme diverging; peduncles long; <i>sepals +lanceolate, acuminate, 3–5-nerved</i>. (A. Pitcheri, <i>Nutt.</i>)—S. W. Va. to Ky., +Ill., Kan., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. Grœnlándica</b>, Spreng. (<span class="smcap">Mountain S.</span>) Densely tufted from +slender roots, smooth; flowering stems filiform, erect (2–4´ high), few-flowered; +<i>sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless</i>.—Summit of the Shawangunk, Catskill, +and Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., of the higher mountains of New Eng., and +northward; alpine or subalpine. At Bath, Maine, on river-banks near the +sea, and near Middletown, Ct. June–Aug.—Leaves and peduncles 3–6´´ +long; flowers large in proportion. +(Addendum)—<b>Arenaria Grœnlandica.</b> Found on Mt. Desert Island, +Maine (<i>Rand</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. MŒHRÍNGIA. <i>Parts of the flower sometimes in fours; pod as in § 1, +but the young ovary 3-celled; seeds rather few, smooth, with a thickish appendage +(strophiole) at the hilum; perennials, with flaccid broadish leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>A. lateriflòra</b>, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent; +leaves oval or oblong, obtuse (½–1´ long); peduncles 2- (rarely 3–4) flowered, +soon becoming lateral; sepals oblong, obtuse.—Gravelly shores, etc., New +Eng. to Penn., Mo., Minn., and northward. May, June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 4. AMMADÈNIA. <i>Styles, cells of the ovary, and valves of the fleshy pod +3, rarely 4 or 5; seeds few, smooth, short-beaked at the naked hilum; disk +under the ovary more prominent than usual, glandular, 10-lobed; flowers +almost sessile in the axils, sometimes diœcious or polygamous; root perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>A. peploìdes</b>, L. Stems (simple or forking from long rootstocks, +6–10´ high) and ovate partly-clasping leaves (8–10´´ long) very fleshy. (Honkenya +peploides, <i>Ehrh.</i>)—Sands of the sea-shore, N. J. to Maine and northward. +June. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="stellaria"><b>7. STELLÀRIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Chickweed. Starwort.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 4–5. Petals 4–5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10, +or fewer. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, opposite as many sepals. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, +opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, several–many-seeded. +Seeds naked.—Flowers (white) solitary or cymose, terminal, or appearing +lateral by the prolongation of the stem from the upper axils. (Name from +<i>stella</i>, a star, in allusion to the star-shaped flowers.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stems spreading, flaccid, marked longitudinally with one or two pubescent +lines; leaves ovate or oblong, ½–2½´ long.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">mèdia</span>, Smith. (<span class="smcap">Common Chickweed.</span>) Annual or nearly so; <i>lower +leaves on hairy petioles, petals shorter than the calyx</i>, 2-parted, stamens 3–10.—Everywhere +in damp grounds. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page87"></a>1. <b>S. pùbera</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Great Chickweed.</span>) Root perennial; <i>leaves +all sessile; petals longer than the calyx</i>, deeply 2-cleft; stamens 10.—Shaded +rocks, Penn. to Ind., and southward. May.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stems erect or spreading; wholly glabrous perennials, with sessile and narrow +or small leaves; stamens usually 10, perigynous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Scaly-bracted; petals 2-parted, equalling or surpassing the calyx.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. longifòlia</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Long-leaved Stitchwort.</span>) Stem erect, +weak, often with rough angles (8–18´ high); <i>leaves linear, acutish at both ends, +spreading; cymes naked and at length lateral, peduncled</i>, many-flowered, the +slender <i>pedicels spreading</i>; petals 2-parted, longer than the calyx; seeds +smooth.—Grassy places; common, especially northward. June, July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. lóngipes</b>, Goldie. (<span class="smcap">Long-stalked S.</span>) Shining or somewhat +glaucous, very smooth; <i>leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate</i>, acute, +<i>broadest at the base</i>, rather rigid; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long <i>pedicels +strictly erect</i>; petals longer than the calyx; seeds smooth.—Maine to +Minn., rare; common farther north. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">gramínea</span>, L. Resembling the last; leaves linear-lanceolate, <i>broadest +above the base; pedicels widely spreading; seeds</i> strongly but minutely <i>rugose</i>.—Becoming +rather frequent. (Int. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. uliginòsa</b>, Murr. (<span class="smcap">Swamp S.</span>) Stems weak, decumbent or diffuse, +at length prolonged, leaving the naked and usually <i>sessile cymes lateral; +leaves lanceolate or oblong</i>, veiny; petals and ripe <i>pods as long as the calyx; +seeds roughened</i>.—Swamps and rills, Md. to N. Eng., and northward; rare. +(Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers terminal or in the forks of the stem or of leafy branches; bracts +foliaceous; petals 2-parted, small or often none; styles 3–4; pod longer +than the calyx.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. crassifòlia</b>, Ehrh. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid; <i>leaves rather +fleshy</i>, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong; <i>petals longer than the calyx</i>, +or wanting; <i>seeds rugose-roughened</i>.—Springy places, eastern Ky. (<i>Short</i>), +Ringwood, Ill. (<i>Vasey</i>), and northward. April–June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. boreàlis</b>, Bigel. (<span class="smcap">Northern S.</span>) Stems erect or spreading, flaccid, +many times forked, at length resolved into a leafy cyme; leaves varying from +broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong; <i>petals 2–5, shorter than the calyx, or oftener +none</i>; sepals acute; styles usually 4; <i>seeds smooth</i>.—Shaded or wet places, +R. I. to Minn., and northward. June–Aug.—Var. <span class="smcap">alpéstris</span> has the later +flowers more cymose, and their bracts small and partly scarious, also the seeds +obscurely reticulated or roughish.—Lake Superior, <i>Dr. Robbins</i>. (Eu.) +(Addendum)—<b>Stellaria borealis.</b> In the mountains of northern N. J.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>S. humifùsa</b>, Rottb. Spreading or <i>creeping</i>; stems or branches +(2´ high) 1–3-flowered; <i>leaves fleshy, ovate or oblong</i> (2–3´´ long); <i>petals a +little longer than the calyx</i>; seeds smooth.—Northern border of Maine on the +St. John's (<i>G. L. Goodale</i>), and high northward. June. (Eu.) +(Addendum) <b>S. humifusa.</b> This species has also been found on Cranberry Island, +near Mt. Desert, Maine, by <i>J. H. Redfield</i>.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="holosteum"><b>8. HOLÓSTEUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Jagged Chickweed.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens +3–5, rarely 10. Styles mostly 3. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening +at the top by 6 teeth. Seeds rough, flattened on the back, attached by the +inner face.—Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers in an umbel,<a name="page88"></a> +borne on a long terminal peduncle. (Name composed of <span class="greek">ὅλος</span>, <i>all</i>, and <span class="greek">ὀστέον</span>, +<i>bone</i>, by antiphrasis, these plants being soft and tender.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>H.</b> <span class="smcap">umbellàtum</span>, L. Leaves oblong; peduncle and upper part of the stem +glandular-pubescent; pedicels reflexed after flowering.—Hills around Lancaster, +Penn., <i>Prof. Porter</i>, and Morris Co., N. J., <i>C. F. Austin</i>. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="genus" id="cerastium"><b>9. CERÁSTIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Mouse-ear Chickweed.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens +twice as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and opposite +them. Pod 1-celled, usually elongated, membranaceous, opening at the apex +by twice as many teeth as there were styles, many-seeded. Seeds rough.—Flowers +white, in terminal cymes. Our species have the petals 2-cleft or obcordate, +the parts of the flower always in fives, and the exserted pods more or +less curved. (Name from <span class="greek">κέρας</span>, <i>a horn</i>, alluding to the shape of the pod in +many species.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">viscòsum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Mouse-ear Chickweed.</span>) <i>Annual</i>, hairy and rather +clammy, nearly erect (4–9´ high); <i>leaves ovate or obovate to oblong-spatulate</i>; +bracts herbaceous; <i>flowers small</i> in close clusters at first, <i>pedicels even in +fruit not longer than the acute sepals; petals shorter than the calyx</i>. (C. vulgatum, +<i>L. Herb.</i>, and <i>Man.</i> The names of this and the next were transposed +in the Linnæan herbarium, which has caused much confusion. They are here +applied as originally by Linnæus, and by many recent botanists. Others substitute +for this the later name, C. glomeràtum, <i>Thuill.</i>)—Grassy places, eastward +and southward; not common. May–July.—Stamens often 5. (Nat. +from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">vulgàtum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Larger M.</span>) Perennial; stems clammy-hairy, spreading +(6–15´ long); <i>leaves oblong</i>; upper bracts scarious-margined; <i>flowers +larger</i> (sepals 2–3´´ long), at first clustered, the fruiting <i>pedicels</i> longer, the +earlier ones mostly much <i>longer than the obtuse sepals</i>; petals equalling the +calyx. (C. viscosum, <i>L. Herb.</i>, and <i>Man.</i> C. triviàle, <i>Link.</i>)—Fields and +copses; common, perhaps indigenous. May–July. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. nùtans</b>, Raf. Annual, very clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slender, +grooved, diffusely branched (6–20´ high); cyme loose and open, <i>many-flowered; +leaves oblong-lanceolate</i>, acute, the lowest spatulate; peduncles mostly +elongated; petals longer than the calyx; <i>pods nodding on the stalks, curved +upward, thrice the length of the calyx</i>.—Moist places, Vt. to Minn., and southward. +May–July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. arvénse</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Field Chickweed.</span>) Perennial; stems ascending +or erect, tufted, downy or nearly smooth, slender (4–8´ high), naked and <i>few–several-flowered</i> +at the summit; <i>leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate</i>; petals obcordate, +more than twice the length of the calyx; <i>pods scarcely longer than the +calyx</i>.—Dry or rocky places. May–July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>oblongifòlium</b>, Holl. & Britt. Usually taller, pubescent; leaves +narrowly or broadly oblong or oblong-lanceolate; pod about twice longer than +the calyx. (C. oblongifolium, <i>Torr.</i>)—Rocky places, N. Y. to Minn., and +southward.—Var. <span class="smcap">villòsum</span>, Holl. & Britt. Similar but densely villous-pubescent, +and the leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate.—E. Penn.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="sagina"><b>10. SAGÌNA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Pearlwort.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, or often none. Stamens as many +as the sepals, rarely twice as many. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate +with them. Pod many-seeded, 4–5-valved to the base; valves opposite<a name="page89"></a> +the sepals.—Little, matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves, no +stipules, and small flowers terminating the stems or branches; in summer. +(Name from <i>sagina</i>, fattening; previously applied to the spurry.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Parts of the flower in fours, rarely with some few in fives.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. procúmbens</b>, L. Annual or perennial, <i>depressed or spreading</i> on +the ground, glabrous; leaves linear-thread-shaped; <i>apex of the peduncle often +hooked</i> soon after flowering; <i>petals shorter than the</i> broadly ovate obtuse <i>sepals</i>, +sometimes none.—Springy places and damp rocks, coast of Maine to Penn. +(Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. apétala</b>, L. <i>Annual, erect</i> or ascending; leaves ciliate at base or +glabrous; <i>petals none</i> or very small; <i>peduncles always erect</i>.—Dry soil, Mass. +to Penn.; scarce, seemingly native? (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Parts of the flower in fives, the stamens not rarely 10.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. decúmbens</b>, Torr. & Gray. Annual, ascending; the peduncles and +calyx with the margins of the upper leaves <i>at first glandular-pubescent</i>; leaves +short, often bristly-tipped, not fascicled in the axils; peduncles slender; <i>petals +equalling or shorter than the calyx</i>; pod oblong-ovate, nearly twice longer than +the acutish sepals. (S. subulata, <i>Man.</i>, not <i>Wimm.</i>)—E. Mass., to Ill., Mo., +and southward.—Var. <span class="smcap">Smíthii</span>, a slender form, <i>apetalous</i>, at least in the later +flowers.—Near Philadelphia, in waste ground, and in sandy fields at Somers' +Point, N. J., <i>C. E. Smith.</i> Seeds minutely roughened.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. nodòsa</b>, Fenzl. Perennial, tufted, glabrous, or glandular above; +stems ascending (3–5´ high); lower leaves thread-form, the upper short and +awl-shaped, with minute ones <i>fascicled in their axils so that the branchlets appear +knotty, petals much longer than the calyx.</i>—Wet sandy soil, along the +coast of Maine and N. H., also Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="genus" id="buda"><b>11. BÙDA</b>, Adans. <span class="smcap">Sand-Spurrey.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2–10. Styles and valves of the many-seeded +pod 3, very rarely 5, when the valves alternate with the sepals! Embryo +not coiled into a complete ring.—Low herbs, mostly on or near the seacoast, +with filiform or linear somewhat fleshy opposite leaves, and smaller ones +often clustered in the axils; stipules scaly-membranaceous; flowering all summer. +(Named probably for the city so called.)—Genus also known as <span class="smcap">Tissa</span>, +Adans., <span class="smcap">Spergularia</span>, Presl., and <span class="smcap">Lepigonum</span>, Wahlb. The species are very +variously understood by European botanists, and are much confused, as well +as the synonymy. Our forms are annual, or at the most biennial.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. rùbra</b>, Dumort. Nearly glabrous, the summit of the prostrate or +ascending slender stems, peduncles, and sepals usually glandular-pubescent; +leaves linear, flat, scarcely fleshy; stipules lanceolate, entire or cleft; pedicels +longer than the bracts; <i>pods</i> and pink-red corolla small (1½´´), <i>hardly equalling +or exceeding the calyx; seeds rough with projecting points, semi-obovate</i> or +<i>gibbous-wedge-shaped, wingless</i>. (Spergularia rubra, <i>Presl.</i>)—Dry sandy soil, +New Eng. to Va., along and near the coast, but rarely maritime. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>B. marìna</b>, Dumort. More decidedly fleshy than the preceding, erect +or ascending, usually pubescent, with ovate stipules, terete leaves, and pedicels +2–4´´ long; sepals usually becoming 2–2½´´ long, little shorter than the<a name="page90"></a> +pod; petals pale; <i>seeds obovate-rounded and roughened with points</i>, wingless or +narrow-winged. (Spergularia salina, <i>Presl.</i> Tissa marina, <i>Britt.</i>)—Brackish +sands, etc., coast of N. Eng. to Va., and southward. A form with smooth +seeds is var. <span class="smcap">leiospérma</span>, N. E. Brown. (S. media, <i>Presl.</i>) (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var.(?) <b>mìnor</b>, Watson. Small, ascending or decumbent; flowers smaller, +on shorter pedicels (rarely 2´´ long), the sepals and pod 1–1½´´ long; seeds +wingless, usually papillose.—Coast of N. H. and Mass.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>B. boreàlis</b>, Watson. Diffusely branched, glabrous; pedicels usually +2–4´´ long; petals white; pod ovate, 2´´ long, about twice longer than the +sepals; seeds usually wingless, smooth or nearly so. (Tissa salina, <i>Britt.</i>)—On +the coast, E. Maine to Labrador.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="spergula"><b>12. SPÉRGULA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Spurrey.</span></p> + +<p>Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals. +Embryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Buda. (Name +from <i>spargo</i>, to scatter, from the seeds.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">arvénsis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Corn Spurrey.</span>) Annual; leaves numerous in the +whorls, thread-shaped (1–2´ long); stipules minute; flowers white, in a stalked +panicled cyme; seeds rough.—Grain-fields. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="portulacaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 16.</span> <b>PORTULACÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Purslane Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with succulent leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical flowers</i>; +viz., <i>sepals fewer than the petals; the stamens opposite the petals when of +the same number, but often indefinite, otherwise nearly as</i> Chickweeds.—Sepals +2. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly 5–20. Styles +2–8, united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside. Pod 1-celled, +with few or many campylotropous seeds rising on stalks from the base. +Embryo curved around mealy albumen.—Insipid and innocent herbs, +with entire leaves. Corolla opening only in sunshine, mostly ephemeral, +then shrivelling.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Portulaca.</b> Stamens 7–20, on the partly adherent calyx. Pod opening by a lid.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Talinum.</b> Stamens more numerous than the petals, hypogynous. Calyx deciduous. +Pod many-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Claytonia.</b> Stamens as many as the hypogynous petals, and attached to their base. +Calyx persistent. Pod 3–6-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="portulaca"><b>1. PORTULÀCA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Purslane.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 2-cleft; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely 6, +inserted on the calyx with the 7–20 stamens, fugacious. Style mostly 3–8-parted. +Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper +part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating as a lid.—Fleshy annuals, +with mostly scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">oleràcea</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Purslane.</span>) Prostrate, very smooth; leaves +obovate or wedge-form; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny mornings); +sepals keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7–12; style deeply 5–6-parted; +flower-bud flat and acute.—Cultivated and waste grounds; common. Seemingly +indigenous west and southwestward. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. retùsa</b>, Engelm. Leaves often retuse; calyx-lobes obtuse in the +bud; petals small or minute; style shorter, 3–4-cleft; seeds larger, sharply<a name="page91"></a> +tuberculate; otherwise like the last.—Ark. to Tex. and westward; reported +from Kan., Iowa, and Minn.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. pilòsa</b>, L. Ascending or spreading, copiously hairy in the axils; +leaves linear-subulate, nearly terete, 3–6´´ long; petals red or purple.—Kan. +to Tex., etc.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="talinum"><b>2. TALÌNUM</b>, Adans.</p> + +<p>Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens 10–30. +Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, 3-valved, +with many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. (Derivation obscure.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. teretifòlium</b>, Pursh. Perennial; leafy stems low, tuberous at +base; leaves linear, cylindrical; peduncle long (3–6´) and naked, bearing an +open cyme of pink flowers ({2/3}´ broad); stamens 15–20.—Serpentine rocks, +Penn., to Ind., Minn., and southward. June–Aug. +(Addendum) Style equalling the stamens.</p> + +<p class="species">(Addendum) 2. <b>T. calycìnum</b>, Engelm. Leaves somewhat broader; flowers and +capsules larger; stamens 30 or more; style twice longer than the stamens, +declined.—Central Kan. to W. Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="claytonia"><b>3. CLAYTÒNIA</b>, Gronov. <span class="smcap">Spring-Beauty.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 2, ovate, free, persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short claws of +the petals. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3–6-seeded.—Our +two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early spring from +a small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of +pretty flowers. Corolla rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than +one day! (Named in honor of <i>Dr. John Clayton</i>, one of our earliest botanists, +who contributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora Virginica.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Virgínica</b>, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3–6´ long).—Moist +open woods; common, especially westward and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. Caroliniàna</b>, Michx. Flowers rather smaller and fewer; leaves +spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceolate (1–2´ long).—Maine to Minn., and southward +along the Alleghanies.</p> + +<p class="species">(Addendum) 3. <b>C. Chamissònis</b>, Esch. Weak, procumbent or ascending, rooting +below and perennial by lateral and terminal filiform runners; leaves several +pairs, oblong-spatulate, 1–2´ long; inflorescence racemosely 1–9-flowered; +petals pale rose-color; capsule small, 1–3-seeded.—In a cold ravine, Winona +Co., Minn.; in the mountains from Colorado north and westward.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="elatinaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 17.</span> <b>ELATINÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Water-wort Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Little marsh annuals, with membranaceous stipules between the opposite +dotless leaves, minute axillary flowers like those of the</i> Chickweeds, <i>but the +pod 2–5-celled, and the seeds as in</i> St. John's-wort. The principal genus is</p> + +<p class="genus" id="elatine"><b>1. ELATÌNE</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Water-wort.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 2–4, persistent. Petals 2–4, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely +twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2–4. Pod +membranaceous, globose, 2–4-celled, several–many-seeded, 2–4-valved; the +partitions left attached to the axis, or evanescent. Seeds cylindrical, straightish +or curved, marked by both longitudinal and transverse lines.—Dwarf glabrous +plants, usually rooting at the nodes, aquatic or terrestrial. (A Greek +name for some obscure herb.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. Americàna</b>, Arn. Tufted, 1´ high; leaves obovate, obtuse, 1–3´´ +long; flowers sessile, rarely opening in the aquatic form; sepals, petals, stamens, +and stigmas 2, rarely 3; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, rising from the base, +marked by 9 or 10 longitudinal lines and 20–30 crossbars.—Margin of ponds,<a name="page92"></a> +etc., N. H. to Ill., Va., and southwestward. Pod very thin and delicate; the +seeds large in proportion, straightish.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. triándra</b>, Schkuhr. Leaves oblanceolate or nearly lanceolate; +petals and stamens commonly 3; seeds more slender, covering the axis.—Ponds, +Ill., Neb., and westward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. brachyspérma</b>, Gray. Leaves oblong or oval with narrowed +base; flowers mostly dimerous; seeds short-oblong, with 6 or 7 longitudinal +lines and 10–12 crossbars.—Ill. and southwestward.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="hypericaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 18.</span> <b>HYPERICÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">St. John's-wort Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular +hypogynous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and +many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles. +Pod 1-celled with 2–5 parietal placentæ, and as many styles, or 3–7-celled +by the union of the placentæ in the centre; dehiscence mostly septicidal.</i>—Sepals +4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or +5, mostly deciduous. Styles persistent, at first sometimes united. Seeds +numerous, small, anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical.—Plants +with a resinous juice, dotted with pellucid or dark glands, usually +smooth. Leaves mostly sessile. Flowers solitary or cymose.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Petals oblique, convolute, yellow; hypogynous glands none.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Ascyrum.</b> Sepals 4, in 2 very unequal pairs. Petals 4. Stamens many, distinct.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Hypericum.</b> Sepals 5, alike. Petals 5. Stamens usually many and in 3 or 5 clusters.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Petals equal, imbricate, purplish; glands alternating with the 3 stamen-clusters.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Elodes.</b> Sepals and petals 5. Stamens usually 9. Ovary 3-celled.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ascyrum"><b>1. ÁSCYRUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">St. Peter's-wort.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 4; the two outer very broad and leaf-like; the inner much smaller. +Petals 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous; +the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2–4-valved.—Low, +rather shrubby, smooth plants, with pale black-dotted leaves, +and nearly solitary light yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name of some +plant, from <span class="greek">α</span>-, <i>without</i>, and <span class="greek">σκύρος</span>, <i>roughness</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. stáns</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">St. Peter's-wort.</span>) Stem rather simple, 2-edged, +1–2° high, stout; <i>leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping</i>, thickish; flowers +showy; outer sepals round-cordate, inner lanceolate; <i>petals obovate</i>; styles 3 +or 4.—Pine barrens, Long Island to Penn., and southward. July, Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. Crux-Ándreæ</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">St. Andrew's Cross.</span>) Low, much +branched and decumbent; <i>leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the +base</i>, thin; <i>petals linear-oblong</i>; styles 2, very short; pod flat.—Nantucket; +pine barrens of N. J. to S. Ill., Neb., and southward. July–Sept.—Petals +scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over +them, in the form of a St. Andrew's cross.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hypericum"><b>2. HYPÉRICUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">St. John's-wort.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens +commonly united or clustered in 3–5 parcels; no interposed glands.<a name="page93"></a> +Pod 1-celled or 3–5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical.—Herbs or shrubs, with +cymose yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Stamens very numerous, 5-adelphous; styles 5, united below, the stigmas +capitate; pod 5-celled, the placentæ turned far back into the cells; perennial +herb; flowers very large.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. Áscyron</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Great St. John's-wort.</span>) Stems 2–5° high; +branches 2–4-angled; leaves (2–5´ long) ovate-oblong, partly clasping; petals +narrowly obovate (1´ long), not deciduous until after they wither; pod ¾´ long, +conical. (H. pyramidatum, <i>Ait.</i>)—Banks of rivers, New Eng. and Penn. to +Iowa and Minn. July.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Stamens very numerous, obscurely if at all clustered; styles 3 (n. 2 excepted), +more or less united into one, the stigmas not capitate except in n. 10; +sepals mostly foliaceous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Bushy shrubs, 1–6° high, leafy to the top.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Styles 5; pod completely 5-celled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. Kalmiànum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Kalm's St. John's-wort.</span>) Branches 4-angled; +branchlets 2-edged; leaves crowded, glaucous, linear to oblanceolate +(1–2´ long); flowers few in a cluster (1´ wide); pods ovate.—Wet rocks, +Niagara Falls and northern lakes. Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Styles 3; pod completely 3-celled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>H. prolíficum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Shrubby St. John's-wort.</span>) Branchlets 2-edged; +leaves narrowly oblong (1–2´ long), mostly obtuse, narrowed at the +base; flowers numerous, in single or compound clusters; pods lanceolate to +ovate, 4–6´´ long.—N. J. to Mich., Minn., and southward. July–Sept.—Varies +greatly in size, etc.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>H. densiflòrum</b>, Pursh. Exceedingly branched above, 1–6° high, +the branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves; flowers smaller (½–{2/3}´ +in diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes; pod 2–3´´ +long. (H. prolificum, var. densiflorum, <i>Gray</i>.)—Pine barrens of N. J. to +glades of Ky., Ark., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Perennial herbs or a little woody at the base.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Pod incompletely 3–4-celled</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>H. galioìdes</b>, Lam. Slender, branching, woody below; <i>leaves linear-oblanceolate</i>, +narrowed downward, ½–3´ long, mostly acute; flowers small in +terminal and axillary cymes; sepals very narrow, 1½–3´´ long; pod as long, +ovate.—Del. to Ga. and E. Tenn.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>H. adpréssum</b>, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, from a slightly +woody creeping base (1–2° high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged above; +<i>leaves ascending, lanceolate</i> or linear-oblong, often acute, thin; cyme terminal, +leafy at the base, few-flowered; sepals linear-lanceolate, pods ovoid-oblong.—Moist +places, Nantucket and R. I. to Penn., and southwestward. July–Aug.—Leaves +1½´ long. Petals bright yellow, 3–5´´ long.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Pod 1-celled with 3 parietal placentæ.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>H. dolabrifórme</b>, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent base, +woody below (6–20´ high), terete; <i>leaves linear-lanceolate</i>, widely spreading,<a name="page94"></a> +veinless; cyme leafy, few-flowered; <i>sepals oblong or ovate-lanceolate</i>, about the +length of the very oblique petals (5–6´´ long); <i>pods ovate-conical, pointed</i>, the +walls very thick and hard.—Dry hills and rocks, barrens of Ky. and Tenn. +June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>H. cistifòlium</b>, Lam.! Stems mostly simple, herbaceous, with a +somewhat woody base, angled with 4 very narrow salient lines (1–2° high); +leaves narrowly oblong to nearly linear (1–3´ long), sessile with a somewhat +clasping base; the cyme naked, compound, usually many-flowered; <i>sepals +ovate; pods depressed-globular or ovoid-conical</i>; seeds large, oblong, very +rough-pitted. (H. sphærocarpon, <i>Michx.</i>)—Rocky river-banks, S. W. Ohio, +to Iowa and southward. July–Sept.—Flowers small.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>H. ellípticum</b>, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (10–20´ high), obscurely +4-angled; <i>leaves spreading, elliptical-oblong</i>, obtuse, usually narrower +toward the subclasping base, thin; cyme nearly naked, rather few-flowered; +<i>sepals oblong; pods ovoid, very obtuse</i>; seeds minutely striate.—Wet places, +New Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. July, Aug.—Petals light +yellow, 3´´ long.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>H. virgàtum</b>, Lam. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4-angled, +herbaceous (1–2° high); <i>leaves ascending</i>, opaque, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, +acute (½–1´ long), closely sessile by a broad base; cyme compound, naked, the +scattered flowers racemose on its ascending branches; <i>sepals herbaceous, erect</i>, +enclosing the ovoid pod; <i>styles 3, separate</i>, with capitate stigmas. (H. angulosum, +<i>Michx.</i>)—Wet pine barrens of N. J. and southward; Ky. July–Sept.—Petals +copper-yellow, 4–5´´ long.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <i>Stamens very many, in 3 or 5 clusters; styles 3, separate and usually diverging; +pod 3-celled; calyx erect; petals and anthers with black dots; perennials.</i></p> + +<p class="species">H. <span class="smcap">perforàtum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common St. John's-wort.</span>) Stem much branched +and corymbed, somewhat 2-edged (producing runners from the base); leaves +elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots; petals (deep yellow) +twice the length of the <i>lanceolate acute sepals</i>; flowers numerous, in open +leafy cymes.—Fields, etc. June–Sept.—Too well known as a pernicious +weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Juice very acrid. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>H. maculàtum</b>, Walt. Conspicuously marked with both black and +pellucid dots; stem terete, sparingly branched; leaves oblong or lance-ovate, +the base either obtuse or somewhat clasping; <i>flowers crowded</i> (small); <i>petals +pale yellow</i>, much longer than the <i>oblong sepals</i>, styles mostly not longer than +the pod. (H. corymbosum, <i>Muhl.</i>)—Damp places; common. July–Sept.—Leaves +larger and flowers much smaller than in the last; petals 2–3´´ long, +marked with black lines as well as dots. The ordinary northern form differs +from the typical southern one in the shorter style and the more oblong less +clasping leaves.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 4. <i>Stamens 5–12, distinct or in 3 clusters; pod 1-celled, with 3 strictly parietal +placentæ; styles short, distinct, with capitate stigmas; petals oblong or +linear; sepals narrow, erect; slender annuals, with 4-angular branches; +flowering all summer.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stem simple or loosely branched; leaves linear to ovate, spreading.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>H. mùltilum</b>, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6–20´ high); +<i>leaves ovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved</i>; cymes leafy;<a name="page95"></a> +flowers 2´´ broad; <i>pods ovate-conical, rather longer than the calyx</i>.—Low +grounds, everywhere.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>H. gymnánthum</b>, Engelm. & Gray. Almost simple, with strict +stem and branches (1–3° high); leaves clasping, heart-shaped, acute or obtuse; +cyme naked, the floral leaves reduced to small awl-shaped bracts; in aspect +approaching the next. (H. mutilum, var. gymnanthum, <i>Gray</i>.)—Del. and +Penn. to Minn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>H. Canadénse</b>, L. Stem strict (6–15´ high), with the branches +erect; <i>leaves linear, 3-nerved</i> at the base, obtuse; cymes naked; flowers deep +yellow, 2–3´´ broad when expanded; <i>pods conical-oblong, usually much longer +than the calyx</i>.—Wet, sandy soil; common. June–Oct.—Var. <span class="smcap">màjus</span>, Gray, +is a large form, 1–2° high, with lanceolate leaves 1½´ long, 3´´ wide, the upper +acute. L. Superior, <i>Robbins</i>; S. New York and southward.—Var. <span class="smcap">minimum</span>, +Chois., a simple few-flowered form, 1–3´ high, with oblong obtuse leaves. +On wet rocks, Wisc., and northward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stems fastigiately branched; leaves linear or bract-like, ascending or +appressed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>H. Drummóndii</b>, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate +bushy branches rigid, erect (10–18´ high); <i>leaves linear-subulate</i>, nearly erect, +<i>1-nerved</i> (3–9´´ long); <i>flowers scattered</i> along the upper part of the leafy +branches, <i>short-pedicelled; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx</i>.—W. Ill., +Iowa, Kan., and southward, in dry soil.</p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>H. nudicaùle</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Orange-grass. Pine-weed.</span>) Stem and +bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4–9´ high); <i>leaves minute awl-shaped scales, +appressed; flowers minute, mostly sessile</i> and scattered along the erect branches; +<i>pods ovate-lanceolate</i>, acute, <i>much longer than the calyx</i>. (H. Sarothra, <i>Michx.</i>)—Sandy +fields, N. Eng. to Ill., Mo., and southward; common. June–Oct.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="elodes"><b>3. ELÒDES</b>, Adans. <span class="smcap">Marsh St. John's-wort.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in +the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely more), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by as +many large orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong, styles distinct.—Perennial +herbs, in marshes or shallow water, with small close clusters of +flesh-colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the summit of the stem. +(Name <span class="greek">ἑλώδης</span>, <i>growing in marshes</i>, accidentally changed to <span class="smcap">Elodèa</span> by Jussieu, +who was followed by Pursh, etc.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. campanulàta</b>, Pursh. <i>Leaves closely sessile or clasping by a broad +base</i>, oblong or ovate, very obtuse; filaments united below the middle. (E. Virginica, +<i>Nutt.</i>)—Common in swamps; 1–2° high. July, Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. petiolàta</b>, Pursh. Taller, more branching; <i>leaves tapering into +a short petiole, oblong</i>; filaments united beyond the middle.—From Va. south +and westward.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="ternstroemiaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 19.</span> <b>TERNSTRŒMIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Tea Or Camellia +Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules, +the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals<a name="page96"></a> +both imbricated in æstivation, the stamens more or less united at the base +with each other (monadelphous or 3–5-adelphous) and with the base of the +petals.</i>—Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3–5-celled loculicidal +pod. Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with +broad cotyledons.—A family with showy flowers, the types of which are +the well-known <span class="smcap">Camellia</span> and the more important <span class="smcap">Tea Plant</span>,—represented +in this country by the two following genera.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="stuartia"><b>1. STUÁRTIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate. +Stamens monadelphous below. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, crustaceous, +anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the albumen; +radicle longer than the cotyledons.—Shrubs with membranaceous deciduous +oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short-peduncled +flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for <i>John Stuart</i>, Marquis of Bute.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Virgínica</b>, Cav. Petals 5, white (1´ long); sepals ovate; style 1; +stigma 5-toothed; pod globular, blunt; seeds not margined.—Woods, Va., +and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. pentágyna</b>, L'Her. Leaves larger, 5–6´ long; sepals acute; petals +often 6; styles 5, distinct; pod angled, pointed; seeds wing-margined.—Mountains +of Ky., Car., and southward.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="gordonia">2. <b>GORDÒNIA</b>, Ellis. <span class="smcap">Loblolly Bay.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one +cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valved; the +valves separating from the persistent axis; cells 2–8-seeded. Seeds pendulous. +Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyledons.—Shrubs +or small trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary +peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his "old master, <i>Dr. James Gordon</i> +of Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. Lasiánthus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Loblolly Bay.</span>) Leaves coriaceous and persistent, +lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and +shining; pod pointed; seeds winged above.—Swamps near the coast, Va. +and southward. May–July.—Petals 1½´ long.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="malvaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 20.</span> <b>MALVÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Mallow Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, the +calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens monadelphous +in a column, and united at base with the short claws of the petals, +1-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds.</i>—Sepals 5, united at base, persistent, +often involucellate with a whorl of bractlets forming a sort of +exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along the +top. Pistils several, the ovaries united in a ring or forming a several-celled +pod. Seeds with little albumen; embryo curved, the leafy cotyledons +variously doubled up.—Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with tough +bark and palmately-veined leaves. Flower-stalks with a joint, axillary.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><a name="page97"></a><b>Tribe I. MALVEÆ.</b> Columns of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries and +carpels 5–20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which they +separate after ripening.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles; carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Althæa.</b> Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Malva.</b> Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Callirrhoe.</b> Involucel of 1–3 bractlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Napæa.</b> Involucel none. Flowers diœcious. Stamens few (15–20). Carpels beakless.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Stigmas terminal, capitate; carpels 1–few-seeded, usually dehiscent.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Malvastrum.</b> Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Seed solitary, filling the cell, ascending.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Sida.</b> Involucel none. Seed solitary in the cells, pendulous.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Sphæralcea.</b> Bractlets 3. Seeds 2 or 3 in each cell.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Abutilon.</b> Involucel none. Seeds 3–9 in each cell.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Modiola.</b> Bractlets 3. Seeds 2 in each cell, with a transverse partition between them.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. HIBISCEÆ.</b> Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of +its length, naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-celled, loculicidal, +leaving scarcely any axis in the centre after opening.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Kosteletzkya.</b> Involucel of several bractlets. Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Hibiscus.</b> Involucel of many bractlets. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="althaea"><b>1. ALTHÆ̀A</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Marsh-Mallow.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx surrounded by a 6–9-cleft involucel. Otherwise as in Malva. (Old +Greek and Latin name, from <span class="greek">ἄλθω</span>, <i>to cure</i>, in allusion to its healing properties.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">officinàlis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Marsh-Mallow.</span>) Stem erect, 2–4° high; leaves +ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy; +peduncles axillary, many-flowered; flowers pale rose-color.—Salt marshes, +coast of N. Eng. and N. Y. Aug., Sept.—Perennial root thick, abounding +in mucilage, the bases of the <i>Pâtes de Guimauve</i>. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="malva"><b>2. MÁLVA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Mallow.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals obcordate. +Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed, +separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded and indehiscent round kidney-shaped +blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downward. (An +old Latin name, from the Greek name, <span class="greek">μαλάχη</span>, having allusion to the emollient +leaves.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers fascicled in the axils.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">rotundifòlia</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Mallow.</span>) <i>Stems procumbent</i> from a +deep biennial root; <i>leaves</i> round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, crenate, +<i>obscurely-lobed</i>; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish; carpels pubescent, +even.—Waysides and cultivated grounds; common. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">sylvéstris</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">High M.</span>) Biennial; <i>stem erect, branched</i> (2–3° +high); <i>leaves sharply 5–7-lobed</i>; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large, +purple and rose-color; carpels wrinkled-veiny.—Waysides. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">críspa</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Curled M.</span>) A <i>tall, erect</i> annual, with round and angled +toothed and <i>crisped leaves</i>, and small <i>sessile flowers</i> crowded in the +axils.—Sparingly escaped from old gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers only in the upper axils, somewhat racemose or paniculate.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">moschàta</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Musk M.</span>) A low perennial, with the <i>stem-leaves +5-parted, and the divisions once or twice parted or cleft</i> into linear lobes, faintly +musky-scented, the <i>flowers rose-color</i> or white (1½´ in diameter) on short peduncles +crowded on the stem and branches, the fruit downy.—Escaped from +gardens to waysides. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page98"></a><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">Álcea</span>, L., with the <i>stem-leaves only once 5-parted or cleft</i>, the lobes +incised, large flowers like the last, but the fruit smooth, and bractlets of the +involucel ovate, has escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="callirrhoe"><b>3. CALLÍRRHOË</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge-shaped +and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, etc., as in Malva. Carpels +10–20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1-seeded +cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Radicle +pointing downward. (Name drawn from Greek mythology.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Involucel 3-leaved.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. triangulàta</b>, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2° +high) from a tuberous root; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest +rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate; the upper incised or 3–5-cleft; flowers +panicled, short-pedicelled (purple); involucel as long as the 5-cleft 5-nerved +calyx; carpels not rugose.—Dry prairies, Ind. to Minn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. involucràta</b>, Gray. Hirsute or hispid, procumbent; leaves +rounded, 5–7-parted or -cleft, the segments incisely lobed; peduncles elongated, +1-flowered; calyx 5-parted, the lanceolate 3–5-nerved sepals twice as +long as the involucel; petals red or purplish, carpels indehiscent, +rugose-reticulated.—Minn. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Involucel none; calyx 5-parted; carpels strongly rugose.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. alcæoìdes</b>, Gray. Strigose-pubescent; stems slender (1° high), +erect from a perennial root; lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised, the +upper 5–7-parted, laciniate, the uppermost divided into linear segments; +flowers (rose-color or white) corymbose, on slender peduncles—Barren oak-lands, +S. Ky. to Kan. and Neb.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. digitàta</b>, Nutt. Sparsely hirsute or glabrous, erect; leaves few, +round-cordate, 5–7-parted, the cauline commonly with linear divisions; peduncles +subracemose, long, filiform; flowers red-purple to white.—Kan. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="napaea"><b>4. NAPÆ̀A</b>, Clayt. <span class="smcap">Glade Mallow.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Petals entire. <i>Flowers diœcious</i>; the +staminate flowers destitute of pistils, with 15–20 anthers; the fertile with a +short column of filaments but usually no anthers. Styles 8–10, stigmatic +along the inside. Fruit depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many +kidney-shaped 1-seeded beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are +styles. Radicle pointing downward.—A tall roughish perennial herb, with +very large 9–11-parted lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and +toothed, and with small white flowers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named +from <span class="greek">νάπη</span>, a glade or dell, or, poetically, a nymph of the glades.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. diòica</b>, L. Stems nearly simple, 5–9° high.—Penn. to Va., and +west to Iowa and Minn.; rare. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="malvastrum"><b>5. MALVÁSTRUM</b>, Gray. <span class="smcap">False Mallow.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx with an involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets, or none. Petals notched at the +end or entire. Styles 5 or more; stigmas capitate. Carpels as in Malva, or<a name="page99"></a> +else as in Sida, but the solitary kidney-shaped seed ascending and the radicle +pointing downward, as in the former. (Name altered from <i>Malva</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. angústum</b>, Gray. Annual, slightly hairy, erect (6´–1° high); +leaves lance-oblong or linear, with scattered fine callous teeth; flowers in the +upper axils, on peduncles shorter than the broadly ovate-triangular sepals; +bractlets and stipules setaceous; petals yellow, scarcely exceeding the calyx; +carpels 5, kidney-shaped, smooth, at length 2-valved.—W. Tenn. to Iowa +and Kan. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. coccíneum</b>, Gray. Perennial, low and hoary; leaves 5-parted or +pedate, flowers in short spikes or racemes, the pink-red petals very much +longer than the calyx; carpels 10 or more, reticulated on the sides and +indehiscent.—Minn. to W. Tex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sida"><b>6. SÌDA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 +or more, tipped with capitate stigmas; the ripe fruit separating into as many +1-seeded carpels, which are closed, or commonly 2-valved at the top, and +tardily separate from the axis. Seed pendulous. Embryo abruptly bent; +the radicle pointing upward. (A name used by Theophrastus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Napæ̀a</b>, Cav. A smooth, tall (4–10° high) perennial; <i>leaves 3–7-cleft</i>, +the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed; <i>flowers (white) umbellate-corymbed</i>, +1´ wide; carpels 10, pointed.—Rocky river-banks, along the Alleghanies, Penn. +to Va., rare. (Cultivated in old gardens.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. Ellióttii</b>, Torr. & Gray. A smooth, erect perennial (1–4° high); +<i>leaves linear</i>, serrate, short-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, short; +<i>flowers (yellow)</i> rather large; <i>carpels 9–10, slightly and abruptly pointed</i>, +forming a depressed fruit.—Sandy soil, S. Va. and southward. May–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">spinòsa</span>, L. Annual weed, minutely and softly pubescent, low (10–20´ +high), much branched; <i>leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong</i>, serrate, rather +long-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole; <i>flowers +(yellow)</i> small; <i>carpels 5</i>, combined into an ovate fruit, <i>each splitting at the +top into 2 beaks</i>.—A little tubercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger +plants gives the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine.—Waste places, +S. New York to Iowa, and common southward. (Nat. from the tropics.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sphaeralcea"><b>7. SPHÆRÁLCEA</b>, St. Hil.</p> + +<p>Ovules and seeds usually 2 or 3 in each cell. Characters otherwise as in +Malvastrum. (Name from <span class="greek">σφαῖρα</span>, <i>a sphere</i>, and <span class="greek">ἀλκέα</span>, <i>a mallow</i>—from the +commonly spherical fruit.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. acerifòlia</b>, Nutt. Perennial, erect, 2–6° high, stellately pubescent +or glabrate; leaves maple-shaped, 3–7-cleft; flowers clustered in the upper +axils and subspicate, rose-color to white.—Kankakee Co., Ill., <i>E. J. Hill</i>; Dak. +and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="abutilon"><b>8. ABÙTILON</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Indian Mallow.</span></p> + +<p>Carpels 2–9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Radicle ascending or pointing inward. +Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">Avicénnæ</span>, Gaertn. (<span class="smcap">Velvet-Leaf.</span>) Tall annual (4° high); leaves +roundish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety; peduncles shorter than the +leaf-stalks; corolla yellow; carpels 12–15, hairy, beaked.—Waste places, escaped +from gardens. (Adv. from India.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="modiola"><a name="page100"></a><b>9. MODÌOLA</b>, Moench.</p> + +<p>Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10–20. Stigmas +capitate. Carpels 14–20, kidney-shaped, pointed, and at length 2-valved at the +top; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed in each +cell.—Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves +and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from <i>modiolus</i>, the broad +and depressed fruit resembling in shape the Roman measure of that name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. multífida</b>, Moench. Hairy; leaves 3–5-cleft and incised; stamens +15–20; fruit hispid at the top.—Low grounds, Va. and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="kosteletzkya"><b>10. KOSTELÉTZKYA</b>, Presl.</p> + +<p>Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus. +(Named after <i>V. F. Kosteletzky</i>, a Bohemian botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>K. Virgínica</b>, Gray. Roughish-hairy perennial (2–4° high); leaves +halberd-shaped and heart-shaped, the lower 3-lobed; corolla 2´ wide, rose-color; +column slender.—Marshes on the coast, N. Y. and southward. Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hibiscus"><b>11. HIBÍSCUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Rose-Mallow.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, 5-cleft. +Column of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles +united, stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds several +or many in each cell.—Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy +flowers. (An old Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Indigenous tall perennials (4–8° high), flowering late in summer.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. Moscheùtos</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Swamp Rose-Mallow.</span>) <i>Leaves ovate</i>, pointed, +toothed, the lower 3-lobed, the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, all whitened underneath +with a fine soft down, glabrous or slightly downy above; the 1-flowered +peduncles sometimes united at the base with the petioles; bractlets not hairy; +<i>calyx not inflated; pod and seeds smooth</i> or nearly so.—Brackish marshes +along the coast, from E. Mass. southward, and lake shores and swamps westward +to Ill. and Mo., especially within the influence of salt springs.—Corolla +5–6´ in diameter, light rose-color or white, with or without a crimson eye.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. lasiocárpus</b>, Cav. Leaves soft-downy both sides, the lower broadly +ovate and heart-shaped; bractlets ciliate; pod hirsute;—otherwise resembling +the last. (H. grandiflorus, <i>Michx.</i>)—Ind. to Mo., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>H. militàris</b>, Cav. (<span class="smcap">Halberd-Leaved R.</span>) <i>Smooth throughout</i>; lower +leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed; <i>upper leaves halberd-form</i>, the short +lateral lobes spreading at the base, the middle one prolonged and taper-pointed; +peduncles slender; <i>fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy</i>.—River-banks, Penn. +to Minn., and southward.—Corolla 2–3´ long, flesh-color with purple base.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Escaped from gardens or grounds.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>H.</b> <span class="smcap">Triònum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bladder Ketmia.</span>) A low, rather <i>hairy annual</i>; upper +leaves 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest; +fruiting <i>calyx inflated, membranaceous, 5-winged</i>; corolla sulphur-yellow with a +blackish eye, ephemeral; hence the name <i>flower-of-an-hour</i>. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>H.</b> <span class="smcap">Syrìacus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Shrubby Althæa</span> of gardeners.) <i>Tall shrub</i>, smooth; +leaves wedge-ovate, pointed, cut-toothed or lobed; corolla usually rose-color.—Escaped +rarely from cultivation, Penn., etc. Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="tiliaceae"><a name="page101"></a><span class="smcap">Order 21.</span> <b>TILIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Linden Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Trees (rarely herbs), with the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark, +valvate calyx, etc., of the</i> Mallow Family; <i>but the sepals deciduous, petals +imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers +2-celled.</i> Represented in Northern regions only by the genus,</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tilia"><b>1. TÍLIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Linden. Basswood.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous; filaments cohering +in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a +spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with +a 5-celled ovary, and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each cell, a single style, and a +5-toothed stigma. Fruit dry and woody, indehiscent-globular, becoming 1-celled +and 1–2-seeded. Embryo in hard albumen; cotyledons broad and thin, +5-lobed, crumpled.—Fine trees, with soft and white wood, very fibrous and +tough inner bark, more or less heart-shaped and serrate alternate leaves (oblique +and often truncate at the base), deciduous stipules, and small cymes of +flowers, hanging on an axillary peduncle which is united to a ligulate membranaceous +bract. Flowers cream-color, honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. Americàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Basswood.</span>) Leaves large, green and glabrous +or nearly so, thickish; floral bract usually tapering at base; fruit ovoid.—Rich +woods. May, June.—Here rarely called <i>Lime-tree</i>, oftener <i>White-wood</i>, +commonly <i>Basswood</i>; the latter name now obsolete in England.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. pubéscens</b>, Ait. Leaves smaller (2–3´ long), thinner, and rather +pubescent beneath; floral bract usually rounded at base; fruit globose, smaller +(3´´ broad). (T. Americana, var. pubescens, <i>Man.</i>)—N. Y. to Fla., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>T. heterophýlla</b>, Vent. (<span class="smcap">White Basswood.</span>) Leaves larger, +smooth and bright green above, silvery-whitened with a fine down underneath.—Mountains +of Penn. to S. Ill., and southward.</p> + +<p>T. <span class="smcap">Europæ̀a</span>, the <span class="smcap">European Linden</span>, several varieties of which are planted +in and near our cities for shade, is at once distinguished from any native species +by the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the +<i>Lin</i>) gave the family name to <i>Linnæus</i>.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="linaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 22.</span> <b>LINÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Flax Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs (rarely shrubs) with the regular and symmetrical hypogynous +flowers 4–6-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute +petals, 5 stamens monadelphous at base, and an 8–10-seeded pod, having +twice as many cells as there are styles.</i> Represented by the genus,</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="linum"><b>1. LÌNUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Flax.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each +other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiscence) and 5-celled, +with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each cell, which is partly or completely +divided into two by a false partition projecting from the back of the carpel, +the pod thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened,<a name="page102"></a> +containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons.—Herbs, with tough +fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), without +stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or panicled +flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers rather small, yellow; glabrous, 1–2° high.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Virginiànum</b>, L. Stem erect from the base and with the corymbose +spreading or recurving <i>branches terete and even</i>; no stipular glands; +leaves oblong or lanceolate, or the lower spatulate and often opposite; flowers +scattered, small (barely 3´´ long); sepals ovate, pointed, smooth-edged or +nearly so, equalling the depressed 10-celled pod; styles distinct.—Dry woods; +common.—Root apparently annual; but the plant propagates by suckers +from the base of the stem.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">Floridànum</span>, Trelease, of rather stricter habit and the pods broadly +ovate and obtuse, appears to have been found in S. Ill.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. striàtum</b>, Walt. Stems gregarious, erect or ascending from a +creeping or decumbent base, slightly viscid, and with the mostly racemose +short <i>branches striate with about 4 sharp wing-like angles</i> decurrent from the +leaves; these broader than in the last, and mostly oblong, usually with all the +lower ones opposite; flowers more crowded; sepals scarcely equalling the very +small subglobose brownish pod; otherwise nearly as n. 1.—Wet or boggy +grounds, E. Mass. to Lakes Ontario and Huron, Ill., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. sulcàtum</b>, Riddell. Stem strictly erect from an annual root, and +with the upright or ascending branches wing-angled or grooved; leaves alternate, +linear, acute, the upper subulate and glandular-serrulate; a pair of +<i>dark glands in place of stipules</i>; sepals ovate-lanceolate and sharp-pointed, +strongly 3-nerved and with rough-bristly-glandular margins, scarcely longer +than the ovoid-globose incompletely 10-celled pod; <i>styles united</i> almost to the +middle.—Dry soils, E. Mass. to Minn., and southwestward.—Flowers and +pods twice as large as in the preceding.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. rígidum</b>, Pursh. Glaucous, sometimes slightly puberulent, often +low and cespitose, the rigid branches angled; leaves narrow, erect, usually +with stipular glands; flowers large; sepals lanceolate, glandular-serrulate; +styles united; capsule ovoid, 5-valved.—Minn. to Kan., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers large, blue.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. perénne</b>, L., var. <b>Lewísii</b>, Eat. & Wright. Perennial, glabrous +and glaucous, 1–3° high; leaves linear, acute; flowers rather few on long +peduncles; sepals obtuse or acutish, not glandular-serrulate; styles distinct; +pod ovate.—Minn. to Neb., and westward. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">usitatíssimum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Flax.</span>) Annual; stem corymbosely +branched at top; sepals acute, ciliate.—Occasionally spontaneous in fields. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="geraniaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 23.</span> <b>GERANIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Geranium Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Plants (chiefly herbs) with perfect and generally symmetrical hypogynous +flowers; the stamens, counting sterile filaments, as many or commonly twice +as many, and the lobes or cells (1–few-ovuled) of the ovary as many, as +the sepals, the axis of the dry fruit persisting.</i>—Seeds without albumen<a name="page103"></a> +except in Oxalis. Flowers mostly 5-merous and the sepals usually distinct. +Leaves never punctate. An order not easily defined, and including +several strongly marked tribes or suborders which have been regarded +by many botanists as distinct.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. GERANIEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Geranium Family</span> proper.) Flowers regular, 5-merous, the +sepals imbricate in the bud, persistent. Glands of the disk 5, alternate with the petals. +Stamens somewhat united. Ovary deeply lobed; carpels 5, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded, separating +elastically with their long styles, when mature, from the elongated axis. Cotyledons +plicate, incumbent on the radicle.—Herbs (our species) with more or less +lobed or divided leaves, stipules, and astringent roots.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Geranium.</b> Stamens with anthers 10, rarely 5. The recurving bases of the styles or +tails of the carpels in fruit naked inside.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Erodium.</b> Stamens with anthers only 5. Tails of the carpels in fruit bearded inside, +often spirally twisted.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. LIMNÁNTHEÆ.</b> Flowers regular, 3-merous (in Flœrkea), the persistent +sepals valvate. Glands alternate with the petals. Stamens distinct. Carpels nearly +distinct, with a common style, 1-ovuled, 1-seeded, at length fleshy and indehiscent, not +beaked, separating from the very short axis. Embryo straight, cotyledons very thick, +radicle very short.—Low tender annuals, with alternate pinnate leaves and no +stipules.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Flœrkea.</b> Sepals, minute pistils, and lobes of the ovary 3, stamens 6.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. OXALÍDEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Sorrel Family.</span>) Flowers regular, 5-merous, the persistent +sepals imbricate. Glands none. Stamens 10, often united at base. Stigmas capitate. +Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod (in Oxalis); cells 2–several-seeded. Embryo +straight, in a little fleshy albumen.—Leaves compound (3-foliolate in our species); +juice sour.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Oxalis.</b> Styles 5, separate. Pod oblong, the valves not falling away. Leaflets usually +obcordate.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe IV. BALSAMÍNEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Balsam Family.</span>) Flowers irregular (5-merous as to +the stamens and pistil); the petals and colored sepals fewer in number, deciduous, the +larger sepal with a large sac or spur. Glands none. Stamens 5, distinct, short. Fruit +a fleshy 5-celled pod (in Impatiens), cells several-seeded. Embryo straight.—Tender +and very succulent herbs, with simple leaves and no stipules.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Impatiens.</b> Lateral petals unequally 2-lobed. Pod bursting elastically into 5 valves.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="geranium"><b>1. GERANIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Cranesbill.</span></p> + +<p>Stamens 10 (sometimes only 5 in n. 3), all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer +with glands at their base (alternate with the petals). Styles smooth inside in +fruit when they separate from the axis.—Stems forking. Peduncles 1–3-flowered. +(An old Greek name from <span class="greek">γέρανος</span>, <i>a crane</i>, the long fruit bearing +beak thought to resemble the bill of that bird.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Rootstock perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. maculàtum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Cranesbill.</span>) Stem erect, hairy; leaves +about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end, sepals +slender-pointed, petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (½´ long).—Open +woods and fields. April–July.—Leaves somewhat blotched with +whitish as they grow old.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Root biennial or annual; flowers small.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves ternately much dissected, heavy-scented.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. Robertiànum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Herb Robert.</span>) Sparsely hairy, diffuse, +strong-scented, leaves 3-divided or pedately 5-divided, the divisions twice pinnatifid;<a name="page104"></a> +sepals awned, shorter than the (red-purple) petals; carpels wrinkled; +seeds smooth.—Moist woods and shaded ravines; N. Eng. to Mo., and northward. +June–Oct. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves palmately lobed or dissected.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>G. Caroliniànum</b>, L. Stems at first erect, diffusely branched from +the base, hairy; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft and cut into numerous +oblong-linear lobes; peduncles and pedicels short; <i>sepals awn-pointed</i>, as long +as the emarginate (pale rose-colored) petals; carpels hairy; <i>seeds ovoid-oblong, +very minutely reticulated.</i>—Barren soil and waste places; common. May–Aug.—Depauperate +forms, except by the seeds, are hardly distinguishable +from</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">disséctum</span>, L. More slender and spreading, with narrower lobes to +the crowded leaves, and smaller red-purple petals notched at the end; <i>seeds +short-ovoid or globular, finely and deeply pitted.</i>—Waste grounds, rare. (Nat. +from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">rotundifòlium</span>, L. With the habit of the next but the fruit and seed +of the last; villous with long white hairs tipped with purple glands, leaves +short-lobed.—Rare. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">pusíllum</span>, L. Stems procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent; <i>leaves +rounded kidney-form</i>, 5–7-parted, the divisions wedge-shaped, mostly 3-lobed, +<i>sepals awnless</i>, about as long as the (purplish) petals; stamens 5; fruit pubescent; +<i>seeds smooth.</i>—Waste places, Mass. to Penn.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">mólle</span>, L. Like the last; more pubescent; flowers dark purple; stamens +10; carpels transversely wrinkled, seed slightly striate.—Occasionally +spontaneous. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">columbìnum.</span> (<span class="smcap">Long-stalked C.</span>) Minutely hairy, with very slender +decumbent stems; leaves 5–7-parted and cut into narrow linear lobes; <i>peduncles +and pedicels filiform and elongate</i>; sepals awned, about equalling the +purple petals, enlarging after flowering; <i>carpels glabrous</i>; seeds nearly as in +G. dissectum.—Rarely introduced; Penn. and southward. June, July. (Nat. +from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">Sibíricum</span>, L. Slender, repeatedly forked, short-villous; leaves 3-cleft +with serrate divisions; flowers dull-white, mostly solitary; sepals awned; seeds +minutely reticulate.—Rare. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="erodium"><b>2. ERÒDIUM</b>, L'Her. <span class="smcap">Storksbill.</span></p> + +<p>The 5 shorter stamens sterile or wanting. Styles in fruit twisting spirally, +bearded inside. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from <span class="greek">ἑρωδιός</span>, <i>a heron</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">cicutàrium</span>, L'Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, spreading; stipules +acute; leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, 1–2-pinnatifid; peduncles several-flowered.—N. Y., +Penn., etc.; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="floerkea"><b>3. FLŒ́RKEA</b>, Willd. <span class="smcap">False Mermaid.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3, +opposite the sepals, united only at the base; the style rising in the centre; +stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1–2) roughish fleshy achenes. Seed anatropous, +erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical fleshy cotyledons.—A +small and inconspicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers on axillary +peduncles. (Named after <i>Floerke</i>, a German botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>F. proserpinacoìdes</b>, Willd. Leaflets 3–5, lanceolate, sometimes +2–3-cleft.—Marshes and river-banks, W. New Eng. to Penn., Ky., Wisc., +and westward. April–June. Taste slightly pungent.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="oxalis"><a name="page105"></a><b>4. ÓXALIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Wood-Sorrel.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, sometimes united at base, withering after +expansion. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous at base, alternately shorter. +Styles 5, distinct. Pod oblong, membranaceous, 5-celled, more or less 5-lobed, +each cell opening on the back; valves persistent, being fixed to the axis by +the partitions. Seeds 2 or more in each cell, pendulous from the axis, anatropous, +their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo large and straight in +fleshy albumen; cotyledons flat.—Herbs, with sour watery juice, alternate or +radical leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which close and droop at nightfall. +Several species produce small peculiar flowers, precociously fertilized in +the bud and particularly fruitful; and the ordinary flowers are often dimorphous +or even trimorphous in the relative length of the stamens and styles. +(Name from <span class="greek">ὀξύς</span>, <i>sour</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stemless perennials; leaves and scapes arising from a rootstock or bulb; leaflets +broadly obcordate; flowers nearly 1´ broad; cells of the pod few-seeded.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. Acetosélla</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Wood-Sorrel.</span>) <i>Rootstock creeping</i> +and scaly-toothed; <i>scape 1-flowered</i> (2–5´ high); petals white with reddish +veins, often notched.—Deep cold woods, Mass. to Penn., L. Superior, and +northward; also southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>O. violàcea</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Violet W.</span>) Nearly smooth; <i>bulb scaly; scapes +umbellately several-flowered</i> (5–9´ high), longer than the leaves; petals violet.—Rocky +places and open woods; most common southward. May, June.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stems leafy, branching; peduncles axillary; flowers yellow; cells several-seeded.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>O. corniculàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Yellow W.</span>) Annual or perennial by running +subterranean shoots, erect or procumbent, strigose-pubescent; stipules round +or truncate, ciliate; peduncles 2–6-flowered, longer than the leaves; pods +elongated, erect in fruit.—Rare; on ballast, etc.; indigenous in Mo. (<i>Bush</i>), +and southwestward. (Cosmopolitan.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>strícta</b>, Sav. Stem erect, somewhat glabrous to very villous; stipules +none. (O. stricta, <i>L.</i>)—Common. May–Sept. Varies greatly.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>O. recúrva</b>, Ell. Like var. stricta of n. 3; leaflets larger (½–1½´ +broad), usually with a brownish margin; flowers larger (6–8´´ long).—Penn. +to S. Ill., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="impatiens"><b>5. IMPÀTIENS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Balsam. Jewel-weed.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx and corolla colored alike and not clearly distinguishable. Sepals +apparently only 4; the anterior one notched at the apex and probably consisting +of two combined; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower +hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, unequal-sided +and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5, short; filaments +appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales connivent and +united over the stigma; anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary 5-celled; +stigma sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing several +anatropous seeds, 5-valved, the valves coiling elastically and projecting +the seeds in bursting. Embryo straight; albumen none.—Leaves simple, +alternate, without stipules, in our species ovate or oval, coarsely toothed, petioled.<a name="page106"></a> +Flowers axillary or panicled, often of two sorts, viz.,—the larger +ones, which seldom ripen seeds;—and very small ones, which are fertilized +early in the bud; their floral envelopes never expand, but are forced off by +the growing pod and carried upward on its apex. (Name from the sudden +bursting of the pods when touched, whence also the popular appellation, <i>Touch-me-not</i>, +or <i>Snap-weed</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>I. pállida</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Pale Touch-me-not.</span>) <i>Flowers pale-yellow, sparingly +dotted</i> with brownish-red; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long, +tipped with a short incurved spur.—Moist shady places and along rills, in +rich soil; most common northward. July–Sept.—Larger and greener than +the next, with larger flowers, and less frequent.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>I. fúlva</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Spotted Touch-me-not.</span>) <i>Flowers orange-color, +thickly spotted with reddish-brown</i>; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, tapering +into a <i>strongly inflexed spur</i> half as long as the sac.—Rills and shady +moist places; common, especially southward. June–Sept.—Plant 2–4° high; +the flowers loosely panicled, hanging gracefully on their slender nodding +stalks, the open mouth of the cornucopiæ-shaped sepal upward. Spur rarely +wanting. Spotless forms of both species occur.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="rutaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 24.</span> <b>RUTÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Rue Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Plants with simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid glands and +abounding with a pungent or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, producing +hypogynous almost always regular 3–5-merous flowers, the stamens as many +or twice as many as the sepals (rarely more numerous); the 2–5 pistils separate +or combined into a compound ovary of as many cells, raised on a prolongation +of the receptacle (gynophore) or glandular disk.</i>—Embryo large, +curved or straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles commonly united +or cohering, even when the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usually capsular. +Leaves alternate or opposite. Stipules none.—A large family, chiefly +of the Old World and the southern hemisphere; our two indigenous +genera are</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Xanthoxylum.</b> Flowers diœcious; ovaries 3–5, separate, forming fleshy pods.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Ptelea.</b> Flowers polygamous; ovary 2-celled, forming a samara, like that of Elm.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="xanthoxylum"><b>1. XANTHÓXYLUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Prickly Ash.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, +imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with +the petals. Pistils 2–5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united. +Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valved, 1–2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black, +smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons.—Shrubs or +trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly. +Flowers small, greenish or whitish. (From <span class="greek">ξανθός</span>, <i>yellow</i>, and <span class="greek">ξύλον</span>, <i>wood</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>X. Americànum</b>, Mill. (<span class="smcap">Northern Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree.</span>) +Leaves and flowers in sessile axillary umbellate clusters; leaflets 2–4 +pairs and an odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young; calyx none; petals +4–5; pistils 3–5, with slender styles; pods short-stalked.—Rocky woods and +river-banks; common, especially northward. April, May.—A shrub, with<a name="page107"></a> +yellowish-green flowers appearing before the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods +very pungent and aromatic.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>X. Clàva-Hérculis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Southern P.</span>) Glabrous; leaflets 3–8 +pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining above; flowers +in an ample terminal cyme, appearing after the leaves; sepals and petals +5; pistils 2–3, with short styles; pods sessile. (X. Carolinianum, <i>Lam.</i>)—Sandy +coast of Virginia, and southward. June.—A small tree with very +sharp prickles.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ptelea"><b>2. PTÈLEA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Shrubby Trefoil. Hop-tree.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3–5. Petals 3–5, imbricated in the bud. +Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled; style short; stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled +and 2-seeded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular.—Shrubs, with 3-foliolate +leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes. +(The Greek name of the Elm, here applied to a genus with similar fruit.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. trifoliàta</b>, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young.—Rocky +places, Long Island to Minn., and southward. June.—A tall shrub. +Fruit bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="smcap" id="ailanthus">Ailánthus glandulòsus</span>, Desf., called <span class="smcap">Tree of Heaven</span>,—but whose +blossoms, especially the staminate ones, are redolent of anything but "airs +from heaven,"—is much planted as a shade-tree, especially in towns, and is +inclined to spread from seed. It belongs to the order <span class="smcap">Simarubaceæ</span>, which +differs from Rutaceæ in the absence of dots in the leaves. The tree is known +by its very long pinnate leaves of many leaflets, and small polygamous greenish +flowers in panicles, the female producing 2–5 thin, linear-oblong, veiny samaras. +(Adv. from China.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="ilicineae"><span class="smcap">Order 25.</span> <b>ILICÌNEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Holly Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4–8-merous flowers, a minute calyx +free from the 4–8-celled ovary and the 4–8-seeded berry-like drupe, the +stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4–8-petalled corolla +and alternate with them, attached to their very base.</i>—Corolla imbricated +in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4–8, or united into +one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatropous, +with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly +alternate. Flowers white or greenish.—A small family, nearly related +to the Gamopetalous order <i>Ebenaceæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Ilex.</b> Petals or corolla-lobes oval or obovate. Pedicels mostly clustered.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Nemopanthes.</b> Petals linear. Pedicels solitary.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ilex"><b>1. ÌLEX</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Holly.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers more or less diœciously polygamous. Calyx 4–6-toothed. Petals +4–6, separate, or united only at the base, oval or obovate, obtuse, spreading. +Stamens 4–6. The berry-like drupe containing 4–6 little nutlets.—Leaves +alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary, and the sterile or partly<a name="page108"></a> +sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin name of the +Holly-Oak, rather than of the Holly.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. AQUIFÒLIUM. <i>Parts of the flower commonly in fours, sometimes in +fives or sixes; drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or 1-grooved on the back; +leaves (mostly smooth) coriaceous and evergreen.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves armed with spiny teeth; trees.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>I. opàca</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">American Holly.</span>) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy +margins with scattered spiny teeth; flowers in loose clusters along the base +of the young branches and in the axils; calyx-teeth acute.—Moist woodlands, +Maine to Va., near the coast, and more common southward. June.—Tree +20–40° high; the deep green foliage less glossy than in the European Holly +(I. <span class="smcap">Aquifolium</span>, <i>L.</i>), the berries not so bright red, and nutlets not so veiny.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves serrate or entire, not spiny; shrubs.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>I. Cassìne</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cassena. Yaupon.</span>) <i>Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical, +crenate</i> (1–1½´ long); flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth; <i>calyx-teeth obtuse</i>.—Virginia +and southward along the coast. May.—Leaves used for tea by +the people along the coast, as they were to make the celebrated <i>black drink</i> +of the North Carolina Indians.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>I. Dahòon</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Dahoon Holly.</span>) <i>Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, +entire, or sharply serrate</i> toward the apex, with revolute margins (2–3´ long), +the <i>midrib and peduncles pubescent; calyx-teeth acute</i>.—Swamps, coast of Va. +and southward. May, June.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>myrtifòlia</b>, Chapm. Leaves smaller (1´ long or less) and narrower. +(I. myrtifolia, <i>Walt.</i>)—Same habitat. May.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. PRINOÌDES. <i>Parts of the (polygamous or diœcious) flowers in fours or +fives (rarely in sixes); drupe red or purple, the nutlets striate-many-ribbed +on the back; leaves deciduous; shrubs.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>I. decídua</b>, Walt. <i>Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely serrate, +downy on the midrib</i> beneath, shining above, becoming thickish; peduncles +of the sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the fertile short; calyx-teeth +smooth, acute.—Wet grounds, Va. to Mo., Kan., and southward. May.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>I. montícola</b>, Gray. <i>Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample</i> (3–5´ long), +taper-pointed, thin-membranaceous, <i>smooth, sharply serrate</i>; fertile flowers +very short-peduncled; calyx ciliate.—Damp woods, Taconic and Catskill +Mountains, and Cattarangus Co., N. Y., through Penn. (east to Northampton +Co.), and southward along the Alleghanies. May.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>I. móllis</b>, Gray. <i>Leaves soft downy beneath</i>, oval, ovate, or oblong, +taper-pointed at both ends, especially at the apex, thin-membranaceous, sharply +serrulate; sterile flowers very numerous in umbel-like clusters, the pedicels +shorter than the petiole and (with the calyx) soft-downy, the fertile peduncles +very short.—Burgoon's Gap, Alleghanies of Penn. (<i>J. R. Lowrie, Porter</i>), and +along the mountains in the Southern States.—Resembles the last.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. PRÌNOS. <i>Parts of the sterile flowers commonly in fours, fives, or sixes, +those of the fertile flowers commonly in sixes (rarely in fives, sevens, or eights); +nutlets smooth and even; shrubs.</i></p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page109"></a>[*] <i>Leaves deciduous; flowers in sessile clusters, or the fertile solitary; fruit bright +red.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>I. verticillàta</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Black Alder. Winterberry.</span>) <i>Leaves</i> +oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at base, serrate, <i>downy on +the veins beneath; flowers all very short-peduncled</i>.—Low grounds; common. +May, June.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>I. lævigàta</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Smooth Winterberry.</span>) Leaves lanceolate or +oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, appressed-serrulate, shining above, +beneath mostly <i>glabrous; sterile flowers long-peduncled</i>.—Wet grounds, Maine +to the mountains of Va. June.—Fruit larger than in the last, ripening +earlier in the autumn.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves coriaceous, evergreen and shining, often black-dotted beneath; fruit +black.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>I. glàbra</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Inkberry.</span>) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, +sparingly toothed toward the apex, smooth; peduncles (½´ long) of the sterile +flowers 3–6-flowered, of the fertile 1-flowered; calyx-teeth rather blunt.—Sandy +grounds, Cape Ann, Mass., to Va., and southward near the coast. June.—Shrub +2–3° high.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="nemopanthes"><b>2. NEMOPÁNTHES</b>, Raf. <span class="smcap">Mountain Holly.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers polygamo-diœcious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4–5 minute deciduous +teeth, in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4–5, oblong-linear, spreading, +distinct. Stamens 4–5; filaments slender. Drupe with 4–5 bony nutlets, +light red.—A much-branched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and oblong +deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire or slightly toothed, smooth. Flowers +on long slender axillary peduncles, solitary or sparingly clustered. (Name +said by the author to mean "flower with a filiform peduncle," therefore probably +composed of <span class="greek">νῆμα</span>, <i>a thread</i>, <span class="greek">πούς</span>, <i>foot</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. fasciculàris</b>, Raf. (N. Canadensis, <i>DC.</i>)—Damp cold woods, +from the mountains of Va. to Maine, Ind., Wisc., and northward. May.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="celastraceae"><span class="smcap">Order 26.</span> <b>CELASTRÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Staff-tree Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Shrubs with simple leaves, and small regular flowers, the sepals and the +petals both imbricated in the bud, the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as +the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk which fills the bottom +of the calyx and sometimes covers the ovary. Seeds arilled.</i>—Ovules one +or few (erect or pendulous) in each cell, anatropous; styles united into +one. Fruit 2–5-celled, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy +albumen; cotyledons broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious. +Pedicels jointed.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Leaves alternate. Flowers in terminal racemes.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Celastrus.</b> A shrubby climber. Fruit globose, orange, 3-valved. Aril scarlet.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary cymes or solitary.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Euonymus.</b> Erect shrubs. Leaves deciduous. Fruit 3–5-lobed. 3–5-valved. Aril red.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Pachystima.</b> Dwarf evergreen shrub. Flowers very small. Fruit oblong, 2-valved. +Aril white.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="celastrus"><a name="page110"></a><b>1. CELÁSTRUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Staff-tree. Shrubby Bitter-sweet.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers polygamo-diœcious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on +the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the base of the calyx. Pod globose +(orange-color and berry-like), 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 or 2 +in each cell, erect, enclosed in a pulpy scarlet aril.—Leaves alternate. Flowers +small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An ancient +Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. scándens</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wax-work. Climbing Bitter-sweet.</span>) Twining +shrub; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed.—Along streams and +thickets. June.—The opening orange-colored pods, displaying the scarlet +covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="euonymus"><b>2. EUÓNYMUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Spindle-tree.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat +calyx. Petals 4–5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short, inserted on the +edge or face of a broad and flat 4–5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx +and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short +or none. Pod 3–5-lobed, 3–5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1–4 in each cell, +enclosed in a red aril.—Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate +leaves, and loose cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Derivation +from <span class="greek">εὖ</span>, <i>good</i>, and <span class="greek">ὄνομα</span>, <i>name</i>, because it has the bad reputation of poisoning +cattle. <i>Tourn.</i>)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. atropurpùreus</b>, Jacq. (<span class="smcap">Burning-bush. Waahoo.</span>) Shrub +tall (6–14° high) and upright; <i>leaves petioled</i>, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of +the (dark-purple) flower commonly in fours; <i>pods smooth, deeply lobed</i>.—N. Y. +to Wisc., Neb., and southward; also cultivated. June.—Ornamental in autumn, +by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on long peduncles.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. Americànus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Strawberry Bush.</span>) Shrub low, upright or +straggling (2–5° high); <i>leaves almost sessile, thickish</i>, bright green, varying +from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed; parts of the greenish-purple +flowers mostly in fives; <i>pods rough-warty, depressed</i>, crimson when ripe; the +aril and dissepiments scarlet.—Wooded river-banks, N. Y. to Ill., and southward. +June.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>obovàtus</b>, Torr. & Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches; flowering +stems 1–2° high; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong.—Low or wet +places; the commoner form.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pachystima"><b>3. PACHÝSTIMA</b>, Raf.</p> + +<p>Flowers perfect. Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 4, on the edge of the broad +disk lining the calyx-tube. Ovary free; style very short. Pod small, oblong, +2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds 1 or 2, enclosed in a white membranaceous +many-cleft aril.—Low evergreen shrubs, with smooth serrulate coriaceous +opposite leaves and very small green flowers solitary or fascicled in the +axils. (Derivation obscure.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Cánbyi</b>, Gray. Leaves linear to linear-oblong or oblong-obovate, +obtuse, 3´´–1´ long; pedicels very slender, often solitary, shorter than the +leaves; fruit 2´´ long.—Mountains of S. W. Va.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="rhamnaceae"><a name="page111"></a><span class="smcap">Order 27.</span> <b>RHAMNÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Buckthorn Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers (sometimes +apetalous), with the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvate +sepals and alternate with them, accordingly opposite the petals! Drupe or +pod with only one erect seed in each cell, not arilled.</i>—Petals folded inwards +in the bud, hooded or concave, inserted along with the stamens +into the edge of the fleshy disk which lines the short tube of the calyx +and sometimes unites it to the lower part of the 2–5-celled ovary. +Ovules solitary, anatropous. Stigmas 2–5. Embryo large, with broad +cotyledons, in sparing fleshy albumen.—Flowers often polygamous, sometimes +diœcious. Leaves mostly alternate; stipules small or obsolete. +Branches often thorny. (Slightly bitter and astringent; the fruit often +mucilaginous, commonly rather nauseous or drastic.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Calyx and disk free from the ovary.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Berchemia.</b> Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and a +2-celled bony putamen.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Rhamnus.</b> Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with 2–4 +separate seed-like nutlets.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Calyx with the disk adherent to the base of the ovary.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Ceanothus.</b> Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="berchemi"><b>1. BERCHÈMI</b>, Necker. <span class="smcap">Supple-Jack.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx with a very short and roundish tube; its lobes equalling the 5 oblong +sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and flat, filling +the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, with thin flesh and a +bony 2-celled putamen.—Woody high-climbing twiners, with the pinnate veins +of the leaves straight and parallel, the small greenish-white flowers in small +panicles. (Name unexplained, probably personal.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. volùbilis</b>, DC. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely +serrulate; style short.—Damp soils, Va. to Ky. and Mo., and southward. +June.—Ascending tall trees. Stems tough and very lithe, whence the popular +name.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="rhamnus">2. <b>RHÁMNUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Buckthorn.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 4–5-cleft; the tube campanulate, lined with the disk. Petals small, +short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or sometimes +none. Ovary free, 2–4-celled. Drupe berry-like (black), containing +2–4 separate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture.—Shrubs or small +trees, with loosely pinnately veined leaves, and greenish polygamous or diœcious +flowers, in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek name.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. RHAMNUS proper. <i>Flowers usually diœcious; nutlets and seeds deeply +grooved on the back; rhaphe dorsal; cotyledons foliaceous, the margins +revolute.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Calyx-lobes and stamens 5; petals wanting.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. alnifòlia</b>, L'Her. A low shrub; leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly +straight-veined; fruit 3-seeded.—Swamps, Maine to Penn., Neb., and northward. +June.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page112"></a>[*][*] <i>Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens 4.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">cathártica</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Buckthorn.</span>) <i>Leaves ovate</i>, minutely serrate; +<i>fruit 3–4-seeded</i>; branchlets thorny.—Cultivated for hedges; sparingly +naturalized eastward. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. lanceolàta</b>, Pursh. <i>Leaves oblong-lanceolate</i> and acute, or on +flowering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth or minutely +downy beneath; petals deeply notched; <i>fruit 2-seeded</i>.—Hills and river-banks, +Penn. (Mercersburg, <i>Green</i>) to Ill., Tenn., and westward. May.—Shrub +tall, not thorny; the yellowish-green flowers of two forms on distinct plants, +both perfect; one with short pedicels clustered in the axils and with a short +included style; the other with pedicels oftener solitary, the style longer and +exserted.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. FRÁNGULA. <i>Flowers perfect; nutlets and seeds not furrowed; cotyledons +flat, thick; rhaphe lateral.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. Caroliniàna</b>, Walt. Thornless shrub or small tree; leaves (3–5´ +long) oblong, obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous; flowers 5-merous, +in one form umbelled, in another solitary in the axils, short peduncled; drupe +globose, 3-seeded. (Frangula Caroliniana, <i>Gray.</i>)—Swamps and river banks, +N. J., Va. to Ky., and southward. June.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="ceanothus"><b>3. CEANOTHUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">New Jersey Tea. Red-root.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-lobed, incurved; the lower part cohering with the thick disk to the +ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hooded, spreading, on +slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments elongated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry +and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed as in § Frangula.—Shrubby +plants; flowers in little umbel-like clusters, forming dense panicles or corymbs +at the summit of naked flower-branches; calyx and pedicels colored like the +petals. (An obscure name in Theophrastus, probably misspelled.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Americànus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">New Jersey Tea.</span>) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, +3-ribbed, serrate, more or less pubescent, often slightly heart-shaped at +base; common peduncles elongated.—Dry woodlands. July.—Stems 1–3° +high from a dark red root; branches downy. Flowers in pretty white clusters, +on leafy shoots of the same year. The leaves were used for tea during +the American Revolution.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. ovàtus</b>, Desf. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, finely +glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short common peduncles. +(C. ovalis, <i>Bigel.</i>)—Dry rocks, W. Vt. and Mass. to Minn., Ill., and +southwestward; rare eastward. May.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="vitaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 28.</span> <b>VITÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Vine Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Shrubs with watery juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small regular +flowers, a minute or truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete, and the stamens +as many as the valvate petals and opposite them! Berry 2-celled, usually +4-seeded.</i>—Petals 4–5, very deciduous, hypogynous or perigynous. +Filaments slender; anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or +none, and a slightly 2-lobed stigma; ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatropous +ovules from the base of each cell. Seeds bony, with a minute<a name="page113"></a> +embryo at the base of the hard albumen, which is grooved on one side.—Stipules +deciduous. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or compound; +tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves. Flowers small, greenish, +commonly polygamous. (Young shoots, foliage, etc., acid.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Ovary surrounded by a nectariferous or glanduliferous disk; plants climbing by the coiling +of naked-tipped tendrils.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Vitis.</b> Corolla caducous without expanding. Hypogynous glands 5, alternate with the +stamens. Fruit pulpy. Leaves simple.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Cissus.</b> Corolla expanding. Disk cupular. Berry with scanty pulp, inedible. Leaves +simple or pinnately compound.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] No distinct hypogynous disk; plants climbing by the adhesion of the dilated tips of the +tendril-branches.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Ampelopsis.</b> Corolla expanding. Leaves digitate.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="vitis"><b>1. VÌTIS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Grape.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers polygamo-diœcious (some plants with perfect flowers, others staminate +with at most a rudimentary ovary), 5-merous. Calyx very short, usually +with a nearly entire border or none at all. Petals separating only at base and +falling off without expanding. Hypogynous disk of 5 nectariferous glands +alternate with the stamens. Berry pulpy. Seeds pyriform, with beak-like +base.—Plants climbing by the coiling of naked-tipped tendrils. Flowers in a +compound thyrse, very fragrant; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. Leaves +simple, rounded and heart-shaped. (The classical Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. VITIS proper. <i>Bark loose and shreddy; tendrils forked; nodes solid.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>A tendril (or inflorescence) opposite each leaf.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>V. Labrúsca</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Northern Fox-Grape.</span>) Branchlets and young +leaves very woolly; leaves large, entire or deeply lobed, slightly dentate, continuing +rusty-woolly beneath; fertile panicles compact; berries large.—Moist +thickets, N. Eng. to the Alleghany Mountains, and south to S. Car. June. +Fruit ripe in Sept. or Oct., dark purple or amber-color, with a tough musky +pulp. Improved by cultivation, it has given rise to the Isabella, Catawba, +Concord and other varieties.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Tendrils intermittent (none opposite each third leaf).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Leaves pubescent and floccose, especially beneath and when young.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>V. æstivàlis</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Summer Grape.</span>) Branchlets terete; leaves +large, entire or more or less deeply and obtusely 3–5-lobed, with short broad +teeth, very woolly and mostly red or rusty when young; berries middle-sized, +black with a bloom, in compact bunches.—Thickets; common. May, June. +Berries pleasant, ripe in Sept.—V. <span class="smcap">bicolor</span>, LeConte, has its leaves smoothish +when old and pale or glaucous beneath; common north and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>V. cinèrea</b>, Engelm. (<span class="smcap">Downy Grape.</span>) Branchlets angular; pubescence +whitish or grayish, persistent; leaves entire or slightly 3-lobed; +inflorescence large and loose; berries small, black without bloom.—Central +Ill. to Kan. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Leaves glabrous and mostly shining, or short-hairy especially on the ribs +beneath, incisely lobed or undivided.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>V. cordifòlia</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Frost</span> or <span class="smcap">Chicken Grape</span>.) Leaves 3–4´ +wide, not lobed or slightly 3-lobed, cordate with a deep acute sinus, acuminate,<a name="page114"></a> +coarsely and sharply toothed; stipules small; inflorescence ample, loose; +berries small, black and shining, very acerb, ripening after frosts; seeds 1 or +2, rather large, with a prominent rhaphe.—Thickets and stream-banks, New Eng. +to central Ill., Mo., Neb., and southward. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>V. ripària</b>, Michx. Differing from the last in the larger and more persistent +stipules (2–3´´ long), more shining and more usually 3-lobed leaves with +a broad rounded or truncate sinus and large acute or acuminate teeth, smaller +compact inflorescence, and berries (4–5´´ broad) with a bloom, sweet and very +juicy, ripening from July to Sept.; seeds very small; rhaphe indistinct. (V. cordifolia, +var. riparia, <i>Gray.</i>)—Stream-banks or near water, W. New Eng. to +Penn., west to Minn. and Kan. Eastward the berries are sour and ripen late.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>V. palmàta</b>, Vahl. Branches bright red; leaves dark green and dull, +3–5-lobed, with a broad sinus, the lobes usually long-acuminate; inflorescence +large and loose; berries black, without bloom, ripening late; seeds very large +and rounded; otherwise like n. 5. (V. rubra, <i>Michx.</i>)—Ill. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>V. rupéstris</b>, Scheele. (<span class="smcap">Sand</span> or <span class="smcap">Sugar Grape</span>.) Usually low and +bushy, often without tendrils; leaves rather small, shining, broadly cordate, +abruptly pointed, with broad coarse teeth, rarely slightly lobed; berries rather +small, sweet, in very small close bunches, ripe in Aug.—Mo. to Tex.; also +found in Tenn., and reported from banks of the Potomac, near Washington.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. MUSCADÍNIA. <i>Bark closely adherent on the branches; pith continuous +through the nodes; tendrils simple, intermittent; seeds with transverse wrinkles +on both sides.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>V. rotundifòlia</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Muscadine, Bullace</span>, or <span class="smcap">Southern +Fox-Grape</span>.) Leaves shining both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped +base, very coarsely toothed with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed; +panicles small, densely flowered; berries large (½–¾´ in diameter), musky, +purplish without a bloom, with a thick and tough skin, ripe early in autumn. +(V. vulpina, <i>Man.</i>, not <i>L.</i>?)—River-banks, Md. to Ky., Mo., Kan., and +southward. May.—Branchlets minutely warty. This is the original of the +Scuppernong Grape, etc.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cissus"><b>2. CÍSSUS</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous, 4-merous or (in ours) 5-merous. +Petals expanding. Disk cup-shaped, surrounding the base of the ovary. +Berry inedible, with scanty pulp. Seeds usually triangular-obovate.—Tendrils +in our species few and mostly in the inflorescence. A vast genus, mainly +tropical. (Greek name of the Ivy.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Ampelópsis</b>, Pers. Nearly glabrous; <i>leaves heart-shaped</i> or truncate +at the base, coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate, not lobed; panicle +small and loose; style slender; berries of the size of a pea, 1–3-seeded, bluish +or greenish. (Vitis indivisa, <i>Willd.</i>)—River-banks, Va. to Ill., and southward. +June.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. stans</b>, Pers. Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather upright; <i>leaves +twice pinnate or ternate</i>, the leaflets cut-toothed; flowers cymose; calyx 5-toothed; +disk very thick, adherent to the ovary; berries black, obovate. +(Vitis bipinnata, <i>Torr. & Gray.</i>)—Rich soils, Va. to Mo., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ampelopsis"><a name="page115"></a><b>3. AMPELÓPSIS</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">Virginian Creeper.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall. +Disk none.—Leaves digitate, with 5 (3–7) oblong-lanceolate sparingly serrate +leaflets. Flower-clusters cymose. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks or +walls by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips. (Name from <span class="greek">ἄμπελος</span>, <i>a vine</i>, +and <span class="greek">ὄψις</span>, <i>appearance</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. quinquefòlia</b>, Michx. A common woody vine, in low or rich +grounds, climbing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its disk-bearing +tendrils, blossoming in July, ripening its small blackish berries in +October. Also called <i>American Ivy</i>, and still less appropriately, <i>Woodbine</i>. +Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="sapindaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 29.</span> <b>SAPINDÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Soapberry Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Trees or shrubs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly unsymmetrical +and often irregular flowers; the 4–5 sepals and petals imbricated in æstivation; +the 5–10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (perigynous or hypogynous) +disk; a 2–3-celled and -lobed ovary, with 1–2 (rarely more) ovules in +each cell; and the embryo</i> (except Staphylea) <i>curved or convolute, without +albumen.</i>—A large and diverse order.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder I.</span> <b>Sapindeæ.</b> Flowers (often polygamous) mostly unsymmetrical +and irregular. Stamens commonly more numerous than the +petals, rarely twice as many. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Embryo +curved or convolute, rarely straight; cotyledons thick and fleshy.—Leaves +alternate or sometimes opposite, without stipules, mostly compound.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Æsculus.</b> Flowers irregular. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens commonly 7. +Fruit a leathery 3-valved pod. Leaves opposite, digitate.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Sapindus.</b> Flowers regular. Sepals 4–5, in two rows. Petals 4–5. Stamens 8–10. +Fruit a globose or 2–3-lobed berry. Leaves alternate, pinnate.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder II.</span> <b>Acerineæ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Maple Family.</span>) Flowers (polygamous +or diœcious) small, regular, but usually unsymmetrical. Petals +often wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each +cell. Fruits winged, 1-seeded. Embryo coiled or folded; the cotyledons +long and thin.—Leaves opposite, simple or compound.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Acer.</b> Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Negundo.</b> Flowers diœcious. Leaves pinnate, with 3–5 leaflets.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder III.</span> <b>Staphyleæ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Bladder-Nut Family.</span>) Flowers +(perfect) regular; stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1–8 in each +cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen.—Shrubs +with opposite pinnately compound leaves, both stipulate and stipellate.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Staphylea.</b> Lobes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5. Fruit a 3-celled +bladdery-inflated pod.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aesculus"><b>1. ǼSCULUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Horse-chestnut. Buckeye.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, often oblique or gibbous at base. Petals 4–5, more +or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens 7 (rarely 6 or 8);<a name="page116"></a> +filaments long, slender, often unequal. Style 1; ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules +in each cell. Fruit a leathery pod, 3-celled and 3-seeded, or usually by abortion +1-celled and 1-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved. Seed very large, with thick +shining coat, and a large round pale scar. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, +their contiguous faces coherent, remaining under ground in germination; +plumule 2-leaved; radicle curved.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate; +leaflets serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a +terminal thyrse or dense panicle, often polygamous, most of them with imperfect +pistils and sterile; pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with +a bitter and narcotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other +mast-bearing tree.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. ÆSCULUS proper. <i>Fruit covered with prickles when young.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>Æ.</b> <span class="smcap">Hippocàstanum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Horse-chestnut.</span>) Corolla spreading, +white spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals; stamens declined; +leaflets 7.—Commonly planted. (Adv. from Asia via Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>Æ. glàbra</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Fetid</span> or <span class="smcap">Ohio Buckeye</span>.) Stamens curved, +longer than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals; leaflets usually 5.—River-banks, +W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., Kan., and southward. June.—A large +tree; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the genus. +Flowers small, not showy.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. PÀVIA. <i>Fruit smooth; petals 4, conniving; the 2 upper smaller and +longer than the others, with a small rounded blade on a very long claw.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>Æ. flàva</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Sweet Buckeye.</span>) <i>Stamens included</i> in the yellow +corolla; <i>calyx oblong-campanulate</i>; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often +minutely downy underneath.—Rich woods, Va. to Ohio, Mo., and southward. +May. A large tree or a shrub.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>purpuráscens</b>, Gray. Calyx and corolla tinged with flesh-color +or dull purple; leaflets commonly downy beneath.—From W. Va., south +and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>Æ. Pàvia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Red Buckeye.</span>) Stamens not longer than the corolla, +which is bright red, as well as the <i>tubular calyx</i>; leaflets glabrous or +soft-downy beneath.—Fertile valleys, Va., Ky., Mo., and southward. May. +A shrub or small tree.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sapindus"><b>2. SAPÌNDUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Soap-berry.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers regular, polygamous. Sepals 4–5, imbricated in 2 rows. Petals +4–5, with a scale at the base. Stamens 8–10, upon the hypogynous disk. +Ovary 3-celled, with an ascending ovule in each cell. Fruit a globose or 2–3-lobed +berry, 1–3-seeded. Seed crustaceous, globose.—Trees or shrubs, with +alternate abruptly pinnate leaves, and small flowers in terminal or axillary +racemes or panicles. (Name a contraction of <i>Sapo Indicus, Indian soap</i>, having +reference to the saponaceous character of the berries.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. acuminàtus</b>, Raf. A tree 20–60° high; leaflets 4–9 pairs, obliquely +lanceolate, sharply acuminate, entire, 1½–3´ long; the rhachis of the +leaf not winged; flowers white, in a large panicle, fruit mostly globose, 6´´ +broad. (S. marginatus of authors, not <i>Willd.</i>)—S. Kan. to La., Fla., and +Mex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="acer"><a name="page117"></a><b>3. ÀCER</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Maple.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers polygamo-diœcious. Calyx colored, 5- (rarely 4–12-) lobed or +parted. Petals either none or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with +short claws if any, inserted on the margin of the lobed disk, which is either +perigynous or hypogynous. Stamens 3–12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of +ovules in each cell; styles 2, long and slender, united only below, stigmatic +down the inside. From the back of each carpel grows a wing, converting the +fruit into two 1-seeded, at length separable samaras or keys. Embryo variously +coiled or folded, with large and thin cotyledons.—Trees, or sometimes +shrubs, with opposite palmately-lobed leaves, and small flowers. Pedicels not +jointed. (The classical name, from the Celtic <i>ac</i>, hard.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves; stamens 6–8.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Pennsylvánicum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Striped Maple.</span>) Leaves 3-lobed at +the apex, finely and sharply doubly serrate, the short lobes taper-pointed +and also serrate; <i>racemes drooping, loose; petals obovate</i>; fruit with large +diverging wings.—Rich woods, Maine to Minn., and southward to Va., Ky., +and Mo. June.—A small and slender tree, with light-green bark striped +with dark lines, and greenish flowers and fruit. Also called <i>Striped Dogwood</i> +and <i>Moose-Wood</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. spicàtum</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Mountain M.</span>) Leaves downy beneath, 3- (or +slightly 5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed; <i>racemes upright, +dense</i>, somewhat compound; <i>petals linear-spatulate</i>; fruit with small erect or +divergent wings.—Moist woods, with the same range as n. 1. June.—A tall +shrub, forming clumps.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers in nearly sessile terminal and lateral umbellate-corymbs, greenish-yellow, +appearing with the leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. saccharìnum</b>, Wang. (<span class="smcap">Sugar</span> or <span class="smcap">Rock M.</span>) Leaves 3–5-lobed, +with rounded sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate toothed lobes, either heart-shaped +or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or a little downy on +the veins beneath; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and lateral leafless buds, +drooping on very slender hairy pedicels; calyx hairy at the apex; petals none; +wings of the fruit broad, usually slightly diverging.—Rich woods, especially +northward and along the mountains southward. April, May.—A large and +handsome tree.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>nìgrum</b>, Torr. & Gray. (<span class="smcap">Black Sugar-M.</span>) Leaves scarcely paler +beneath, but often minutely downy, the lobes wider, often shorter and entire, +the sinus at the base often closed.—With the ordinary form; quite variable, +sometimes appearing distinct.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from separate lateral buds, and +much preceding the leaves; stamens 3–6.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. dasycárpum</b>, Ehrh. (<span class="smcap">White</span> or <span class="smcap">Silver M.</span>) <i>Leaves very deeply +5-lobed</i> with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young downy) +underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed; flowers (greenish-yellow) +on short pedicels; <i>petals none; fruit woolly when young</i>, with large +divergent wings.—River-banks; most common southward and westward. +March–April.—A fine ornamental tree.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page118"></a>5. <b>A. rùbrum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Red</span> or <span class="smcap">Swamp M.</span>) <i>Leaves 3–5 lobed</i>, with acute +sinuses, whitish underneath; the lobes irregularly serrate and notched, acute, +the middle one usually longest; <i>petals linear-oblong</i>; flowers (scarlet, crimson, +or sometimes yellowish) on very short pedicels; but the <i>smooth fruit</i> on prolonged +drooping pedicels.—Swamps and wet woods. April.—A small tree, +with reddish twigs; the leaves varying greatly in shape, turning bright crimson +in early autumn.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="negundo"><b>4. NEGÚNDO</b>, Moench. <span class="smcap">Ash-leaved Maple. Box-Elder.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious. Calyx minute, 4–5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4–5. +Disk none.—Sterile flowers in clusters on capillary pedicels, the fertile in +drooping racemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets. +Fruit as in Acer. (Name unmeaning.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. aceroìdes</b>, Moench. Leaflets smoothish when old, very veiny, +ovate, pointed, toothed; fruit smooth, with large rather incurved wings.—River-banks, +W. New Eng. to Dak., south and westward. April.—A small +but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate drooping clusters +of small greenish flowers, rather earlier than the leaves.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="staphylea"><b>5. STAPHYLÈA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Bladder-Nut.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulate, +inserted on the margin of the thick perigynous disk which lines the base of +the calyx. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Pistil of 3 several-ovuled +carpels, united in the axis, their long styles lightly cohering. Pod large, +membranaceous, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled, at length bursting at the summit; +the cells containing 1–4 bony anatropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo large +and straight, in scanty albumen, cotyledons broad and thin.—Upright shrubs, +with opposite pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in +drooping raceme-like clusters, terminating the branchlets. Stipules and stipels +deciduous. (Name from <span class="greek">σταφυλή</span>, <i>a cluster</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. trifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">American Bladder-nut.</span>) Leaflets 3, ovate, pointed.—Thickets, +in moist soil. May.—Shrub 10° high, with greenish striped +branches.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="anacardiaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 30.</span> <b>ANACARDIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Cashew Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Trees or shrubs, with resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate +leaves, and small, often polygamous, regular, 5-merous flowers, but the ovary +1-celled and 1-ovuled, with 3 styles or stigmas.</i>—Petals imbricated in the +bud. Fruit mostly drupaceous. Seed without albumen, borne on a +curved stalk that rises from the base of the cell. Stipules none. Juice +or exhalations often poisonous.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="rhus"><b>1. RHÚS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Sumach.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or +between the lobes of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small +and indehiscent, a sort of dry drupe.—Leaves usually compound. Flowers +greenish-white or yellowish. (The old Greek and Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page119"></a>§ 1. RHUS proper. <i>Fruit symmetrical, with the styles terminal.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle; fruit globular, clothed +with acid crimson hairs; stone smooth; leaves odd-pinnate. (Not poisonous.)</i>—(§ <span class="smcap">Sumac</span>, DC.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. týphina</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Staghorn Sumach.</span>) <i>Branches and stalks densely +velvety-hairy</i>; leaflets 11–31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, +rarely laciniate.—Hillsides. June.—Shrub or tree 10–30° high, with orange-colored +wood. Apparently hybridizes with the next.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. glàbra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Smooth S.</span>) <i>Smooth, somewhat glaucous</i>; leaflets 11–31, +whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate.—Rocky or barren +soil. June, July.—Shrub 2–12° high. A var. has laciniate leaflets.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. copallìna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf S.</span>) <i>Branches and stalks downy; petioles +wing-margined</i> between the 9–21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate (often entire) leaflets, +which are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above.—Rocky +hills. July.—Shrub 1–7° high, with running roots.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers polygamous, in loose and slender axillary panicles; fruit globular, +glabrous, whitish or dun-colored; the stone striate; leaves odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate, +thin. (Poisonous.)</i>—(§ <span class="smcap">Toxicodendron</span>, DC.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>R. venenàta</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">Poison S.</span> or <span class="smcap">Dogwood</span>.) Smooth, or nearly +so; <i>leaflets 7–13, obovate-oblong</i>, entire.—Swamps. June.—Shrub 6–18° +high. The most poisonous species; also called <i>Poison Elder</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>R. Toxicodéndron</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Poison Ivy. Poison Oak.</span>) Climbing +by rootlets over rocks, etc., or ascending trees, or sometimes low and erect; +<i>leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate</i>, mostly pointed, and rather downy beneath, variously +notched, sinuate, or cut-lobed,—high-climbing plants (R. radìcans, <i>L.</i>) having +usually more entire leaves.—Thickets, low grounds, etc. June.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Flowers polygamo-diœcious, in small solitary or clustered spikes or heads +which develop in spring before the leaves; leaves 3-foliolate; fruit as in first +group. (Not poisonous).</i>—(§ <span class="smcap">Lobadium</span>, Torr. & Gray.)</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>R. Canadénsis</b>, Marsh. Leaves soft-pubescent when young, becoming +glabrate; leaflets rhombic-obovate or ovate, unequally cut-toothed, 1–3´ +long, the terminal one cuneate at base and sometimes 3-cleft; flowers pale +yellow. (R. aromatica, <i>Ait.</i>)—Dry rocky banks, W. Vt. to Minn., and +southward.—A straggling bush, 3–7° high; the crushed leaves not unpleasantly +scented.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>trilobàta</b>, Gray. With smaller leaflets (½–1´ long), crenately few-lobed +or incised toward the summit.—Long Pine, Neb., and common westward. +Unpleasantly scented.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. CÒTINUS. <i>Ovary becoming very gibbous in fruit, with the remains of the +styles lateral; flowers in loose ample panicles, the pedicels elongating and +becoming plumose; leaves simple, entire.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>R. cotinoìdes</b>, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves thin, oval, 3–6´ +long; flowers and fruit as in the cultivated <i>Smoke-tree</i> (R. Cotinus).—Mo. to +Tenn., and southward.—A tree, 25–40° high.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="polygalaceae"><a name="page120"></a><span class="smcap">Order 31.</span> <b>POLYGALÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Milkwort Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Plants with irregular hypogynous flowers, 4–8 diadelphous or monadelphous +stamens, their 1-celled anthers opening at the top by a pore or chink, +the fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod.</i></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="polygala"><b>1. POLÝGALA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Milkwort.</span></p> + +<p>Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the upper +and the 2 lower) are small and often greenish, while the two lateral or inner +(called <i>wings</i>) are much larger, and colored like the petals. Petals 3, hypogynous, +connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower) +one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8; their filaments +united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less +with the petals, free above; anthers 1-celled, often cup-shaped, opening by a +hole or broad chink at the apex. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous +ovule pendulous in each cell; style prolonged and curved; stigma various. +Fruit a small, loculicidal 2-seeded pod, usually rounded and notched at the +apex, much flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds carunculate. +Embryo large, straight, with flat and broad cotyledons, in scanty albumen.—Bitter +plants (low herbs in temperate regions), with simple entire often +dotted leaves, and no stipules; sometimes (as in the first two species) bearing +cleistogamous flowers next the ground. (An old name composed of <span class="greek">πολύς</span>, +<i>much</i>, and <span class="greek">γάλα</span>, <i>milk</i>, from a fancied property of its increasing this secretion.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Perennial or biennial; flowers purple or white; leaves alternate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flowers showy, rose-purple, conspicuously crested; also bearing inconspicuous +colorless cleistogamous flowers on subterranean branches.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. paucifòlia</b>, Willd. <i>Perennial</i>; flowering stems short (3–4´ high), +from long slender prostrate or subterranean shoots, which also bear concealed +fertile flowers; lower leaves small and scale-like, scattered, the <i>upper ovate, +petioled, crowded</i> at the summit; <i>flowers 1–3, large</i>, peduncled; wings obovate, +rather shorter than the fringe-crested keel; stamens 6; caruncle of 2 or 3 awl-shaped +lobes longer than the seed.—Woods, in light soil, N. Eng. to Minn., +Ill., and southward along the Alleghanies. May.—A delicate plant, with +very handsome flowers, 9´´ long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes +called <i>Flowering Wintergreen</i>, but more appropriately <span class="smcap">Fringed Polygala</span>.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. polýgama</b>, Walt. Stems numerous from the <i>biennial</i> root, mostly +simple, ascending, very leafy (6–9´ high); <i>leaves oblanceolate or oblong</i>; +terminal <i>raceme loosely many-flowered</i>, the broadly obovate wings longer than +the keel; stamens 8; radical flowers racemed on short subterranean runners; +lobes of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed.—Dry sandy soil; +common. July.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers white, in a solitary close spike; none cleistogamous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. Sénega</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Seneca Snakeroot.</span>) Stems several from thick +and hard knotty rootstocks, simple (6–12´ high); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, +with rough margins; wings round-obovate, concave; crest short; +caruncle nearly as long as the seed.—Rocky soil, W. New Eng. to Minn., and +southward. May, June.</p> + +<p class="variety"><a name="page121"></a>Var. <b>latifòlia</b>, Torr. & Gray. Taller, sometimes branched; leaves ovate +or ovate-lanceolate, 2–4´ long, tapering to each end.—Md. to Mich. and Ky.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. álba</b>, Nutt. Stems several from a hard rootstock, 1° high; leaves +narrowly linear, 3–12´´ long, acute; wings oblong-obovate; crest small; lobes +of the caruncle half the length of the appressed-silky seed.—Neb. and Kan. +to Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Annuals, with all the leaves alternate; flowers in terminal spikes, heads or +racemes, purple or rose-color, in summer; none subterranean.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Keel conspicuously crested; claws of the true petals united into a long and +slender cleft tube much surpassing the wings.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. incarnàta</b>, L. Glaucous; stem slender, sparingly branched; leaves +minute and linear-awl-shaped; spike cylindrical; flowers flesh-color; caruncle +longer than the narrow stalk of the hairy seed.—Dry soil, Penn. to Wisc., +Iowa, Neb., and southward; rather rare.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Keel minutely or inconspicuously crested; the true petals not longer but +mostly shorter than the wings; seed pear-shaped.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. sanguínea</b>, L. Stem sparingly branched above, leafy to the top; +<i>leaves oblong-linear; heads globular, at length oblong</i>, very dense (4–5´´ thick), +bright red-purple (rarely paler or even white); pedicels scarcely any; <i>wings +broadly ovate, closely sessile</i>, longer than the pod; the 2-parted <i>caruncle almost +equalling the seed</i>.—Sandy and moist ground; common.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. fastigiàta</b>, Nutt. Stem slender, at length corymbosely branched; +<i>leaves narrowly linear</i>, acute, 3–8´´ long; <i>spikes short and dense</i> (3´´ in diameter); +the small rose-purple flowers on <i>pedicels of about the length of the pod</i>; +wings obovate- or oval-oblong, narrowed at the base, scarcely exceeding the +pod; <i>bracts deciduous</i> with the flowers or fruits, caruncle as long as and nearly +enveloping the stalk-like base of the minutely hairy seed.—Pine barrens of +N. J. and Del. to Ky., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. Nuttàllii</b>, Torr. & Gray. Resembles the last, but usually lower; +spikes cylindrical, narrow; flowers duller or greenish purple, on very short +<i>pedicels</i>; the awl-shaped scaly <i>bracts persistent</i> on the axis after the flowers or +fruits fall; seed very hairy, the caruncle smaller.—Dry sandy soil, coast of +Mass. to Mo., and southward.—Spike sometimes rather loose.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>P. Curtíssii</b>, Gray. Slender (9´ high), leaves, etc., as in the two preceding, +flowers rose-purple, in usually short racemes; pedicels about equalling +or exceeding the persistent bracts; <i>the narrow oblong erect wings fully twice the +length of the pod</i>; caruncle small, on one side of the stalk-like base of the very +hairy <i>seed</i>, which is <i>conspicuously apiculate at the broader end</i>.—Md. to Ga.—The +species was founded upon an abnormal form with elongated racemes and +pedicels.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Annuals with at least the lower stem-leaves whorled in fours, sometimes in +fives; spikes terminating the stem and branches; fl. summer and autumn.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Spikes short and thick (4–9´´ in diameter); bracts persisting after the fall of +the (middle-sized) rose or greenish purple flowers; crest small.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>P. cruciàta</b>, L. Stems (3–10´ high) almost winged at the angles, +with spreading opposite branches; leaves nearly all in fours, linear and somewhat +spatulate or oblanceolate; <i>spikes sessile or nearly so; wings broadly<a name="page122"></a> +deltoid-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, tapering to a bristly point</i> or rarely pointless; +caruncle nearly as long as the seed.—Margin of swamps, Maine to +Va. and southward near the coast, and west to Minn. and Neb.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>P. brevifòlia</b>, Nutt. Rather slender, branched above; leaves scattered +on the branches, narrower; <i>spikes peduncled; wings lanceolate-ovate, +pointless or barely mucronate</i>.—Margin of sandy bogs, R. I., N. J. and +southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Spikes slender (about 2´´ thick), the bracts falling with the flowers, which +are small, greenish-white or barely tinged with purple, the crest of the keel +larger.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>P. verticillàta, L.</b> Slender (6–10´ high), much branched; stem-leaves +all whorled, those of the (mostly opposite) branches scattered, linear, +acute; spikes peduncled, usually short and dense, acute; wings round, clawed; +the 2-lobed caruncle half the length of the seed.—Dry soil; common.</p> + +<p>Var. <b>ambígua.</b> Leaves (and branches) all scattered or the lowest in fours; +spikes long-peduncled, more slender, the flowers often purplish and scattered. +(P. ambigua, <i>Nutt.</i>)—N. Y. to Mo., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*] <i>Biennials or annuals, with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers, which +are disposed to turn greenish in drying; crest small; flowering all summer.</i></p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>P. lùtea, L.</b> Low; <i>flowers (bright orange-yellow) in solitary ovate or +oblong heads</i> (¾´ thick) terminating the stem or simple branches; leaves (1–2´ +long) obovate or spatulate; lobes of the <i>caruncle nearly as long as the seed.</i>—Sandy +swamps, N. J. and southward, near the coast.</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>P. ramòsa</b>, Ell. <i>Flowers (citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense +spike-like racemes</i> collected in a flat-topped <i>compound cyme</i>; leaves oblong-linear, +the lowest spatulate or obovate; <i>seeds</i> ovoid, minutely hairy, <i>twice the +length of the caruncle</i>.—Damp pine-barrens, Del. and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>P. cymòsa</b>, Walt. Stem short, naked above, the numerous racemes +in a usually nearly simple cyme, leaves narrow, acuminate; seeds globose, +without caruncle.—Del. and southward.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="leguminosae"><span class="smcap">Order 32.</span> <b>LEGUMINÒSÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Pulse Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely 5 and +sometimes many) monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and +a single simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds mostly without +albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound.</i> One of +the sepals inferior (i.e. next the bract); one of the petals superior (i.e. +next the axis of the inflorescence).—A very large order (nearly free +from noxious qualities), of which the principal representatives in northern +temperate regions belong to the first of the three suborders it +comprises.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder I.</span> <b>Papilionaceæ.</b> Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less +united, often unequally so. Corolla inserted into the base of the calyx, +of 5 irregular petals (or very rarely fewer), more or less distinctly <i>papilionaceous</i>, +i.e. with the upper or odd petal (<i>vexillum</i> or <i>standard</i>) larger +than the others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward<a name="page123"></a> +or spreading; the two lateral ones (<i>wings</i>) oblique and exterior to the +two lower, which last are connivent and commonly more or less coherent +by their anterior edges, forming the <i>carina</i> or <i>keel</i>, which usually encloses +the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the +corolla, monadelphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united into a tube +which is cleft on the upper side, and the tenth or upper one separate), +or occasionally distinct. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes 2-celled by an intrusion +of one of the sutures, or transversely 2–many-celled by cross-division +into joints; style simple; ovules amphitropous, rarely anatropous. Cotyledons +large, thick or thickish; radicle incurved.—Leaves simple or +simply compound, the earliest ones in germination usually opposite, the +rest alternate; leaflets almost always quite entire. Flowers perfect, solitary +and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or panicles.</p> + +<p class="key">I. Stamens (10) distinct.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Leaves palmately 3-foliolate or simple; calyx 4–5-lobed; herbs. (<span class="smcap">Podalyrieæ</span>.)</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Baptisia.</b> Pod inflated.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Thermopsis.</b> Pod flat, linear.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Leaves pinnate; calyx-teeth short. (<span class="smcap">Sophoreæ.</span>)</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Cladrastis.</b> Flowers panicled, white. Pod flat. A tree.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Sophora.</b> Flowers racemose, white. Pod terete, moniliform. Herbaceous.</p> + +<p class="key">II. Stamens monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 and 1, rarely 5 and 5); nearly +distinct in n. 14.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Anthers of two forms; stamens monadelphous; leaves digitate or simple; leaflets entire. +(<span class="smcap">Genisteæ.</span>)</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Crotalaria.</b> Calyx 5-lobed. Pod inflated. Leaves simple.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Genista.</b> Calyx 2-lipped. Pod flat. Seed estrophiolate. Leaves simple. Shrubby.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Cytisus.</b> Calyx 2-lipped. Pod flat. Seed strophiolate. Leaves 1–3-foliolate. Shrubby.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Lupinus.</b> Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Pod flat. Leaves 7–11-foliolate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Anthers uniform (except in n. 13 and 29).</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Leaves digitately (rarely pinnately) 3-foliolate; leaflets denticulate or serrulate; stamens +diadelphous, pods small, 1–few-seeded, often enclosed in the calyx or curved or +coiled. (<span class="smcap">Trifolieæ.</span>)</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Trifolium.</b> Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1–6-seeded. Petals adherent to +the stamen-tube.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Melilotus.</b> Flowers racemed. Pod coriaceous, wrinkled, 1–2-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Medicago.</b> Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled, 1–few-seeded.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Leaves unequally pinnate (or digitate in n. 13); pod not jointed; not twining nor +climbing (except n. 20).</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Flowers umbellate (solitary in ours) on axillary peduncles. (<span class="smcap">Loteæ.</span>)</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Hosaekia.</b> Leaves 1–3-foliolate. Peduncle leafy-bracteate. Pod linear.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads. (<span class="smcap">Galegeæ.</span>)</p> + +<p class="key">[=] Herbage glandular-dotted; stamens mostly monadelphous; pod small, indehiscent, +mostly 1-seeded; leaves pinnate (except in n. 13).</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Psoralea.</b> Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, half of the anthers often smaller +or less perfect. Leaves mostly palmately 3–5-foliolate.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Amorpha.</b> Corolla of one petal! Stamens 10, monadelphous at base.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Dalea.</b> Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10; the cleft tube of filaments +bearing 4 of the petals about its middle.</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Petalostemon.</b> Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5; the cleft tube of +filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page124"></a>[=][=] Herbage not glandular-dotted (except in n. 23); stamens mostly diadelphous; pod +2-valved, several-seeded; leaves pinnately several-foliolate; flowers racemose.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>a.</i> Wings cohering with the keel; pod flat or 4-angled; hoary perennial herbs.</p> + +<p class="genus">17. <b>Tephrosia.</b> Standard broad. Pod flat. Leaflets pinnately veined.</p> + +<p class="genus">18. <b>Indigofera.</b> Calyx and standard small. Pod 4-angled. Leaflets obscurely veined.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>b.</i> Flowers large and showy; standard broad; wings free; woody; leaflets stipellate.</p> + +<p class="genus">19. <b>Robinia.</b> Pod flat, thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs.</p> + +<p class="genus">20. <b>Wistaria.</b> Pod tumid, marginless. Woody twiners; leaflets obscurely stipellate.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>c.</i> Standard narrow, erect; pod turgid or inflated; perennial herbs.</p> + +<p class="genus">21. <b>Astragalus.</b> Keel not tipped with a point or sharp appendage. Pod with one or both +the sutures turned in, sometimes dividing the cell lengthwise into two.</p> + +<p class="genus">22. <b>Oxytropis.</b> Keel tipped with an erect point; otherwise as Astragalus.</p> + +<p class="genus">23. <b>Glycyrrhiza.</b> Flowers, etc., of Astragalus. Anther-cells confluent. Pod prickly or +muricate, short, nearly indehiscent.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] Herbs with pinnate or pinnately 1–3-foliolate leaves; no tendrils; pod transversely +2–several-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints indehiscent, or sometimes reduced to +one such joint. (<span class="smcap">Hedysareæ.</span>)</p> + +<p class="key">[=] Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, not stipellate.</p> + +<p class="genus">24. <b>Æschynomene.</b> Stamens equally diadelphous (5 and 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-jointed; +joints square.</p> + +<p class="genus">25. <b>Coronilla.</b> Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-toothed. Joints oblong, +4-angled. Flowers umbellate.</p> + +<p class="genus">26. <b>Hedysarum.</b> Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod several-jointed; +joints roundish.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate.</p> + +<p class="genus">27. <b>Desmodium.</b> Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped. +Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipellate.</p> + +<p class="genus">28. <b>Lespedeza.</b> Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); anthers uniform. Pod 1–2-jointed. Flowers +often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate.</p> + +<p class="genus">29. <b>Stylosanthes.</b> Stamens monadelphous; anthers of 2 sorts. Pod 1–2-jointed. Calyx +deciduous, the tube narrow and stalk-like. Leaflets not stipellate.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+][+] Herbs with abruptly pinnate leaves, terminated by a tendril or bristle; stamens +diadelphous; pod continuous, 2-valved, few–several-seeded. (<span class="smcap">Vicieæ.</span>)</p> + +<p class="genus">30. <b>Vicia.</b> Wings adherent to the keel. Style filiform, bearded with a tuft or ring of hairs +at the apex.</p> + +<p class="genus">31. <b>Lathyrus.</b> Wings nearly free. Style somewhat dilated and flattened upwards, bearded +down the inner face.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+][+][+] Twining (sometimes only trailing) herbs, leaves pinnately 3- (rarely 1- or +5–7-) foliolate; no tendrils; peduncles or flowers axillary, pod not jointed, 2-valved. +(<span class="smcap">Phaseoleæ.</span>)</p> + +<p class="key">[=] Leaves pinnate.</p> + +<p class="genus">32. <b>Apios.</b> Herbaceous twiner; leaflets 5–7. Keel slender and much incurved or coiled.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] Leaves 3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds several. Flowers not yellow.</p> + +<p class="genus">33. <b>Phaseolus.</b> Keel spirally coiled; standard recurved-spreading. Style bearded lengthwise. +Flowers racemose. Seeds round-reniform.</p> + +<p class="genus">34. <b>Strophostyles.</b> Keel long, strongly incurved. Style bearded lengthwise. Flowers +sessile, capitate, few. Seeds oblong, mostly pubescent.</p> + +<p class="genus">35. <b>Centrosema.</b> Calyx short, 5-cleft. Standard with a spur at the base; keel broad, +merely incurved. Style minutely bearded next the stigma.</p> + +<p class="genus">36. <b>Clitoria.</b> Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Standard erect, spurless; keel scythe-shaped. +Style bearded down the inner face.</p> + +<p class="genus">37. <b>Amphicarpæa.</b> Calyx tubular, 4–5-toothed. Standard erect; keel almost straight. +Style beardless. Some nearly apetalous fertile flowers next the ground.</p> + +<p class="genus"><a name="page125"></a>38. <b>Galactia.</b> Calyx 4 cleft, the upper lobe broadest and entire. Style beardless. Bract +and bractlets minute, mostly deciduous.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=][=] Leaves 1–3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds only one or two. Flowers yellow.</p> + +<p class="genus">39. <b>Rhynchosia.</b> Keel scythe shaped. Calyx 4–5-parted. Pod short.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder II.</span> <b>Cæsalpinieæ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Brasiletto Family.</span>) Corolla +perfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regular, imbricated +in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed by the others, +Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the calyx. Seeds +anatropous, often with albumen. Embryo straight.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect. Trees.</p> + +<p class="genus">40. <b>Cercis.</b> Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Flowers not at all papilionaceous, perfect. Calyx 5-parted. Herbs.</p> + +<p class="genus">41. <b>Cassia.</b> Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate, not glandular-punctate.</p> + +<p class="genus">42. <b>Hoffmanseggia.</b> Leaves bipinnate, glandular-punctate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Flowers not at all papilionaceous, polygamous or diœcious. Trees.</p> + +<p class="genus">43. <b>Gymnocladus.</b> Leaves all doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube elongated, at its summit +bearing 5 petals resembling the calyx lobes. Stamens 10.</p> + +<p class="genus">44. <b>Gleditschia.</b> Thorny; leaves simply and doubly pinnate. Calyx tube short; its lobes, +petals, and the stamens 3–5.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder III.</span> <b>Mimoseæ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Mimosa Family.</span>) Flower regular, +small. Corolla valvate in æstivation, often united into a 4–5-lobed cup, +hypogynous, as are the (often very numerous) exserted stamens. Embryo +straight. Leaves twice pinnate.</p> + +<p class="genus">45. <b>Desmanthus.</b> Petals distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod smooth.</p> + +<p class="genus">46. <b>Schrankia.</b> Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with +small prickles or rough projections.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="baptisia"><b>1. BAPTÍSIA</b>, Vent. <span class="smcap">False Indigo.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 4–5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed; +keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct. +Pod stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, +pointed, many seeded.—Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely +simple) leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flowers. +(Named from <span class="greek">βαπτίζω</span>, <i>to dye</i>, from the economical use of some species, which +yield a poor indigo.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Racemes many, short and loose, terminal, often leafy at base, flowers yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. tinctòria</b>, R. Br. (<span class="smcap">Wild Indigo.</span>) Smooth and slender (2–3° +high), rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile, leaflets rounded wedge-obovate +(½–1½´ long), stipules and bracts minute and deciduous, pods oval-globose, +on a stalk longer than the calyx.—Sandy dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to +Minn. and La.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Racemes fewer, opposite the leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flowers yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>B. villòsa</b>, Ell. Sometimes soft-hairy, usually minutely pubescent +when young, erect (2–3° high) with divergent branches; leaves almost sessile,<a name="page126"></a> +leaflets wedge-lanceolate or obovate, lower stipules lanceolate and persistent, +on the branchlets often small and subulate, racemes many-flowered; +pedicels short; bracts subulate, mostly deciduous; pods ovoid-oblong and +taper-pointed, minutely pubescent.—Va. to N. C. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers white or cream-color.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>B. leucophæ̀a</b>, Nutt. <i>Hairy, low</i> (1° high), with <i>divergent branches</i>; +<i>leaves almost sessile</i>, leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate; <i>stipules and +bracts large and leafy, persistent; racemes long</i> (often 1°), <i>reclined; flowers +on elongated pedicels, cream-color</i>; pods pointed at both ends, hoary.—Mich. +to Minn., south to Tex. April, May.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>B. leucántha</b>, Torr. & Gray. <i>Smooth</i>; stems, leaves, and racemes as +in n. 6; <i>stipules early deciduous; flowers white; pods oval-oblong, raised on a +stalk fully twice the length of the calyx</i>.—Alluvial soil, Ont. and Ohio to Minn., +south to Fla. and La.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>B. álba</b>, R. Br. <i>Smooth</i> (1–3° high), <i>the branches slender and widely +spreading; petioles slender; stipules and bracts minute</i> and deciduous; leaflets +oblong or oblanceolate; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle; <i>pods +linear-oblong</i> (1–1½´ long), <i>short-stalked</i>.—Dry soil, S. Ind. and Mo., to La., +N. C., and Fla. July.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Flowers indigo-blue.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>B. austràlis</b>, R. Br. (<span class="smcap">Blue False-Indigo.</span>) Smooth, tall and stout +(4–5°); leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, as long as the +petioles, rather persistent; raceme elongated (1–2°) and many-flowered, erect; +bracts deciduous; stalk of the oval-oblong pods about the length of the calyx.—Alluvial +soil, Penn. to Ga., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Ark.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="thermopsis"><b>2. THERMÓPSIS</b>, R. Br.</p> + +<p>Pod sessile or shortly stipitate in the calyx, flat, linear, straight or curved. +Otherwise nearly as Baptisia.—Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate +leaves and foliaceous stipules, not blackening in drying, and yellow flowers in +terminal racemes. (Name from <span class="greek">θέρμος</span>, <i>the lupine</i>, and <span class="greek">ὄψις</span> <i>resemblance</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. móllis</b>, M. A. Curtis. Finely appressed-pubescent, 2–3° high; +leaflets rhombic-lanceolate, 1–3´ long; stipules narrow, mostly shorter than +the petiole; raceme elongated; pods narrow, short stipitate, somewhat curved, +2–4´ long.—Mountains of S. Va. and N. C.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. rhombifòlia</b>, Nutt. Low, with smaller leaves and broad conspicuous +stipules; racemes short, few-flowered; pods broadly linear, spreading, +usually strongly curved.—Sask. to E. Col., near or in the mountains, reported +from central Kan.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cladrastis"><b>3. CLADRÁSTIS</b>, Raf. <span class="smcap">Yellow-Wood.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed; the distinct keel-petals +and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments slender, incurved +above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, +4–6-seeded, at length 2-valved.—A handsome tree, with yellow wood, smooth bark, +nearly smooth pinnate leaves of 7–11 oval or ovate leaflets, and ample +panicled racemes (10–20´ long) of showy white flowers drooping from the ends of<a name="page127"></a> +the branches. Stipules obsolete. Base of the petioles hollow, enclosing the +leaf buds of the next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name from <span class="greek">κλάδος</span>, +<i>a branch</i>, and <span class="greek">θραυστός</span>, <i>brittle</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>1. C. tinctòria</b>, Raf. Sometimes 50° high; pods 3–4´ long.—Rich +hillsides, central Ky. and Tenn. to N. C. Also in cultivation. The wood yields +a yellow dye.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sophora"><b>4. SOPHÒRA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, shortly 5-toothed. Standard rounded; keel nearly +straight. Stamens distinct or nearly so. Pod coriaceous, stipitate, terete, +more or less constricted between the seeds, indehiscent. Seeds subglobose.—Shrubby +or ours an herbaceous perennial, the leaves pinnate with numerous +leaflets, and flowers white or yellow in terminal racemes. (Said by Linnæus +to be the ancient name of an allied plant.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>1. S. serícea</b>, Nutt. Silky canescent, erect, 1° high or less; leaflets +oblong-obovate, 3–6´´ long; flowers white; pods few-seeded.—Central Kan. to +Col., Tex., and Ariz.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="crotalaria"><b>5. CROTALÀRIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Rattle-box.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped; keel scythe-shaped. +Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side; 5 of +the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded.—Herbs +with simple leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name from <span class="greek">κρόταλον</span>, <i>a rattle</i>; the +loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>1. C. sagittàlis</b>, L. Annual, hairy (3–6´ high); leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, +scarcely petioled, stipules united and decurrent on the stem, so as +to be inversely arrow-shaped; peduncles few-flowered; corolla not longer +than the calyx; pod blackish.—Sandy soil; Maine to Ill., Minn., Kan., and +southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="genista"><b>6. GENÍSTA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Woad-Waxen. Whin.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading; keel oblong, straight, +deflexed. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire; 5 alternate anthers +shorter. Pod mostly flat and several-seeded.—Shrubby plants, with simple +leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic <i>gen</i>, a bush.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">tinctòria</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Dyer's Green-weed.</span>) Low, not thorny, with striate-angled +erect branches; leaves lanceolate; flowers in spiked racemes.—Established +on sterile hills, eastern N. Y. and Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cytisus"><b>7. CÝTISUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Broom.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx campanulate, with 2 short broad lips. Petals broad, the keel obtuse +and slightly incurved. Stamens monadelphous. Pod flat, much longer than +the calyx. Seeds several, with a strophiole at the hilum.—Shrubs, with stiff +green branches, leaves mostly digitately 3-foliolate, and large bright yellow +flowers. (The ancient Roman name of a plant, probably a Medicago.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">scopàrius</span>, Link. (<span class="smcap">Scotch Broom.</span>) Glabrous or nearly so (3–5° +high); leaflets small, obovate, often reduced to a single one; flowers solitary +or in pairs, on slender pedicels, in the axils of the old leaves, forming leafy +racemes along the upper branches; style very long and spirally incurved.—Va. +and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lupinus"><a name="page128"></a>8. <b>LUPÌNUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Lupine.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed; keel scythe-shaped, +pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire; anthers +alternately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by constrictions +between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy.—Herbs, with +palmately 1–15-foliolate leaves, stipules adnate to base of the petiole, and +showy flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name from <i>Lupus</i>, a wolf, +because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. perénnis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Lupine.</span>) Perennial, somewhat hairy; stem +erect (1–2°); leaflets 7–11, oblanceolate; flowers in a long raceme, showy, +purplish-blue (rarely pale); pods broad, very hairy, 5–6-seeded.—Sandy soil, +N. Eng. to Minn., Mo., and south to the Gulf.—Var. <span class="smcap">occidentàlis</span>, Watson, +has stems and petioles more villous.—Mich. and Wisc.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. pusíllus</b>, Pursh. Annual, low, villous; leaflets usually 5; racemes +short, sessile; flowers purple or rose-color; pods oval, hirsute, 2-seeded.—Central +Dak. and Kan., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="trifolium">9. <b>TRIFÒLIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Clover. Trefoil.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla mostly withering +or persistent; the claws of all the petals, or of all except the oblong or ovate +standard, more or less united below with the stamen-tube; keel short and obtuse. +Tenth stamen more or less separate. Pods small and membranous, +often included in the calyx, 1–6-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by one of the +sutures.—Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palmately, sometimes pinnately +3-foliolate; leaflets usually toothed. Stipules united with the petiole. +Flowers in heads or spikes. (Name from <i>tres</i>, three, and <i>folium</i>, a leaf.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers sessile in dense heads; corolla purple or purplish, withering away after +flowering, tubular below, the petals more or less coherent with each other.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than the whitish corolla; root annual.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>T.</b> <span class="smcap">arvénse</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Rabbit-foot</span> or <span class="smcap">Stone Clover.</span>) Silky, branching +(5–10´ high); leaflets oblanceolate; heads becoming very soft-silky and +grayish, oblong or cylindrical.—Old fields, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Calyx scarcely hairy except a bearded ring in the throat, shorter than the rose-purple +elongated-tubular corolla. (Short-lived perennials; flowers sweet-scented.)</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>T.</b> <span class="smcap">praténse</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Red C.</span>) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy; <i>leaflets +oval or obovate, often notched</i> at the end and marked on the upper side with a +pale spot; <i>stipules broad, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, sessile</i>.—Fields and +meadows; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>T.</b> <span class="smcap">mèdium</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Zigzag C.</span>) Stems zigzag, smoothish; <i>leaflets oblong, +entire</i>, and spotless; <i>heads mostly stalked</i>; flowers deeper purple, otherwise too +like the last.—Dry hills, N. Scotia to E. Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers pedicelled in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle, their short +pedicels reflexed when old; corolla white or rose-color, withering-persistent +and turning brownish in fading; the tubular portion short.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. refléxum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Buffalo C.</span>) Annual or biennial; <i>stems ascending, +downy; leaflets obovate-oblong</i>, finely toothed; stipules thin, ovate; standard +rose-red, wings and keel whitish; calyx-teeth hairy; pods 3–5-seeded.—Western +N. Y. and Ont. to Iowa, Kan., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page129"></a>2. <b>T. stoloníferum</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Running Buffalo-C.</span>) Smooth, <i>perennial; +stems with long runners</i> from the base; <i>leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate</i>, +minutely toothed; heads loose; flowers white, tinged with purple; pods 2-seeded.—Open +woodlands and prairies, Ohio and Ky., west to Iowa and Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>T. rèpens</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">White C.</span>) Smooth, perennial; the slender <i>stems +spreading and creeping; leaflets inversely heart-shaped</i> or merely notched, obscurely +toothed; stipules scale-like, narrow; petioles and especially the peduncles +very long; heads small and loose; <i>calyx much shorter than the white corolla</i>; +pods about 4-seeded.—Fields and copses, everywhere. Indigenous only in +the northern part of our range, if at all.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>T. Caroliniànum</b>, Michx. Somewhat pubescent small perennial, +<i>procumbent, in tufts</i>; leaflets wedge-obovate and slightly notched; stipules +ovate, foliaceous; heads small on slender peduncles; <i>calyx-teeth</i> lanceolate, +nearly <i>equalling the purplish corolla; standard pointed</i>; pods 4-seeded.—Waste +ground near Philadelphia, south to Va., Fla., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>T.</b> <span class="smcap">hýbridum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Alsike C.</span>) Resembling T. repens, but the stems +erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes; flowers rose-tinted.—Becoming +common. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Flowers short-pedicelled in close heads, reflexed when old; corolla yellow, +persistent, turning dry and chestnut-brown with age, the standard becoming +hood-shaped; annuals, fl. in summer.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>T.</b> <span class="smcap">agràrium</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Yellow</span> or <span class="smcap">Hop-C.</span>) Smoothish, somewhat upright +(6–12´ high); <i>leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the same point</i> (palmate) and +nearly sessile; <i>stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than half its +length</i>.—Sandy fields and roadsides; N. Scotia to Va.; also in western N. Y. +(Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>T.</b> <span class="smcap">procúmbens</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Low Hop-C.</span>) Stems spreading or ascending, pubescent +(3–6´ high); <i>leaflets wedge-obovate</i>, notched at the end, <i>the lateral at +a small distance from the other</i> (pinnately 3-foliolate); <i>stipules ovate, short</i>.—Sandy +fields and roadsides, common.—Var. <span class="smcap">mìnus</span>, Gray, has smaller heads, +the standard not much striate with age. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="melilotus"><b>10. MELILÒTUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Melilot. Sweet Clover.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers much as in Trifolium, but in spike-like racemes, small; corolla deciduous, +free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer +than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1–2-seeded.—Annual or biennial herbs, +fragrant in drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, leaflets toothed. (Name +from <span class="greek">μέλι</span>, <i>honey</i>, and <span class="greek">λωτός</span>, some leguminous plant.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">officinàlis</span>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Yellow Melilot.</span>) Upright (2–4° high); +leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse; <i>corolla yellow</i>; the petals nearly of equal +length.—Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">álba</span>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">White M.</span>) Leaflets truncate; <i>corolla white</i>; the +standard longer than the other petals.—In similar places. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="medicago"><b>11. MEDICÀGO</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Medick.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1–several-seeded, scythe-shaped, incurved, +or variously coiled.—Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets toothed; +stipules often cut. (<span class="greek">Μηδική</span>, the name of Lucerne, because it came to the +Greeks from Media.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">satìva</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Lucerne. Alfalfa.</span>) Upright, smooth, perennial; leaflets +obovate-oblong, toothed; <i>flowers (purple) racemed</i>; pods spirally twisted.—Cultivated +for green fodder; spontaneous from Mass. to Minn. and Kan. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page130"></a><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">lupulìna</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black Medick. Nonesuch.</span>) Procumbent, pubescent, +annual; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex; <i>flowers in short +spikes</i> (yellow); <i>pods kidney-form</i>, 1-seeded.—Waste places, N. Eng. to Fla., +west to Mich., Iowa, and Mo. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">maculàta</span>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Spotted Medick.</span>) Spreading or procumbent +annual, somewhat pubescent; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely +toothed; <i>peduncles 3–5-flowered</i>; flowers yellow; <i>pods compactly spiral</i>, +of 2 or 3 turns, compressed, <i>furrowed on the thick edge</i>, and fringed with a +double row of curved prickles.—N. Brunswick to Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">denticulàta</span>, Willd. Nearly glabrous; <i>pods loosely spiral, deeply +reticulated</i>, and with a <i>thin keeled edge</i>; otherwise like the last, and with the +same range. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hosackia"><b>12. HOSÁCKIA</b>, Douglas.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the diadelphous stamens; standard +ovate or roundish, its claw often remote from the others; wings obovate +or oblong; keel incurved. Pod linear, compressed or somewhat terete, sessile, +several-seeded.—Herbs, with pinnate leaves (in ours 1–3-foliolate, with +gland-like stipules), and small yellow or reddish flowers in umbels (ours solitary) +upon axillary leafy-bracteate peduncles. (Named for <i>Dr. David Hosack</i>, of +New York.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. Purshiàna</b>, Benth. Annual, more or less silky-villous or glabrous, +often 1° high or more; leaves nearly sessile, the 1–3 leaflets ovate to +lanceolate (3–9´´ long); peduncles often short, bracteate with a single leaflet.—N. C.; +S. W. Minn. to Ark., and west to the Pacific. Very variable.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="psoralea"><b>13. PSORÀLEA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or +sometimes monadelphous. Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often +wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded.—Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all over +or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, etc.) with glandular dots or points. +Leaves mostly 3–5-foliolate. Flowers spiked or racemed, white or mostly +blue-purplish. Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name, <span class="greek">ψωραλέος</span>, +<i>scurfy</i>, from the glands or dots.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Onóbrychis</b>, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, <i>erect</i> +(3–5° high); <i>leaflets lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed</i> (3´ long); <i>stipules and +bracts awl-shaped</i>; racemes elongated; peduncle shorter than the leaves; pods +roughened and wrinkled.—River-banks, Ohio to Ill. and Mo.; also south and +east to S. C. July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. stipulàta</b>, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless; <i>stems diffuse; +leaflets ovate-elliptical</i>, reticulated; <i>stipules ovate; flowers in heads</i> on +rather short peduncles; <i>bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed</i>.—Rocks, S. Ind. +and Ky. June, July.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. melilotoìdes</b>, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glandular; +<i>stems erect</i> (1–2° high), slender; <i>leaflets lanceolate or narrowly oblong; +spikes oblong</i>, long-peduncled; <i>stipules awl-shaped</i>; bracts ovate or lanceolate, +taper-pointed; pods strongly wrinkled transversely.—Dry soil, Fla. to Tenn., +S. Ind. and Kan. June.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page131"></a>[*][*] <i>Leaves palmately 3–5-foliolate; roots not tuberous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. tenuiflòra</b>, Pursh. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy +(2–4° high), <i>minutely hoary-pubescent</i> when young; leaflets varying from +linear to obovate-oblong (½–1½´ long), glandular-dotted; <i>flowers</i> (2–3´´ long) +<i>in loose racemes</i>; lobes of the calyx and bracts ovate, acute; pod glandular. +(P. floribunda, <i>Nutt.</i>)—Prairies, Minn. to Ill., Tex., and westward. June–Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. argophýlla</b>, Pursh. <i>Silvery silky-white</i> all over, erect, divergently +branched (1–3° high); leaflets <i>elliptical-lanceolate; spikes interrupted</i>; lobes +of the calyx and <i>bracts lanceolate</i>.—High plains, N. Wisc. to Iowa, Kan., and +westward. June.—Flowers 4–5´´ long.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. digitàta</b>, Nutt. More slender and less hoary, 1–2° high; leaflets +linear-oblanceolate; bracts of the interrupted spike obcordate; calyx-lobes +oblong, acute.—Central Kan. to Col. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. lanceolàta</b>, Pursh. Glabrous or nearly so, yellowish green, densely +punctate; leaflets 3, linear to oblanceolate; flowers small, in very short spikes; +calyx 1´´ long, with short broad teeth.—Central Kan. to the Sask. and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Leaves palmately 5-foliolate; root tuberous; spike-like racemes dense.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. esculénta</b>, Pursh. Roughish hairy all over; stem stout (5–15´ +high) and erect from a tuberous or turnip-shaped farinaceous root; leaflets +obovate- or lanceolate-oblong; spikes oblong, long-peduncled; lobes of the +calyx and bracts lanceolate, nearly equalling the corolla (½´ long).—High +plains, Sask. to Wisc., Iowa, and Tex. June. The <span class="smcap">Pomme blanche</span>, or +<span class="smcap">Pomme de Prairie</span>, of the voyageurs.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>P. hypogæ̀a</b>, Nutt. Tuber small; nearly acaulescent, hoary with +appressed hairs; leaflets linear; spikes short-capitate, on peduncles ½–2´ long; +calyx narrow, 3–6´´ long.—Central Kan. to Col. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>P. cuspidàta</b>, Pursh. Stout, tall, from a deep-seated tuber, hoary +with appressed hairs; leaflets usually broadly oblanceolate, obtuse; flowers +large, the petals (6–8´´ long) exceeding the lanceolate-lobed calyx.—Central +Kan. to Col. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="amorpha"><b>14. AMÓRPHA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">False Indigo.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard (the other petals +entirely wanting!) wrapped around the stamens and style. Stamens 10, +monadelphous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than +the calyx, 1–2-seeded, roughened, tardily dehiscent.—Shrubs, with odd-pinnate +leaves; the leaflets marked with minute dots, usually stipellate, the +midvein excurrent. Flowers violet or purple, crowded in clustered terminal +spikes. (Name, <span class="greek">ἄμορφος</span>, <i>deformed</i>, from the absence of four of the petals.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Pods 1-seeded; leaflets small</i> (½´ long or less), <i>crowded</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. canéscens</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Lead-Plant.</span>) <i>Whitened with hoary down</i> +(1–3° high); leaflets 15–25 pairs, oblong-elliptical, becoming smoothish +above; spikes usually clustered at the summit.—Sask. to Ind. and Tex., west +to the Rocky Mts.; also eastward to Ga.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. microphýlla</b>, Pursh. <i>Nearly glabrous</i> throughout, 1° high or +less; leaflets rather rigid; spikes usually solitary.—Sask. to Minn. and Iowa, +west to the Rocky Mts.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page132"></a>[*][*] <i>Pods 2-seeded; leaflets larger, scattered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. fruticòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">False Indigo.</span>) A tall shrub, rather pubescent +or smoothish, leaflets 8–12 pairs, oblong to broadly elliptical.—River-banks, +S. Penn. to Fla., west to Sask., Tex., and the Rocky Mts. Very variable.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dalea"><b>15. DÀLEA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous; petals all on +claws; the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx; the +keel and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments, +which is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous, +1-seeded, indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx.—Mostly herbs, more +or less glandular-dotted, with minute stipules; the small flowers in terminal +spikes or heads. (Named for <i>Samuel Dale</i>, an English botanist.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Glabrous; flowers white or rose-color; leaflets 4–20 pairs; annuals.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. alopecuroìdes</b>, Willd. Erect (1–2° high); leaflets 10–20 pairs, +linear-oblong; flowers light rose-color or whitish, in cylindrical spikes; bracts +ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous; calyx very villous, with long slender +teeth.—Alluvial soil, Minn. to Ill. and Ala., west to the Rocky Mts.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>D. laxiflòra</b>, Pursh. Erect (1–4° high), branching; leaflets 3–5 +pairs, linear, 2–3´´ long; spikes loosely-flowered; bracts conspicuous, persistent, +almost orbicular and very obtuse; petals white; calyx densely villous, +the long teeth beautifully plumose.—Iowa and Mo. to Tex., west to Col.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Pubescent; leaflets 3–4 pairs; perennial herbs.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>D. aùrea</b>, Nutt. Stems erect and simple, 1–3° high; leaflets oblong-obovate +to linear-oblong, more or less silky-pubescent; spikes solitary, oblong-ovate, +very compact and densely silky; bracts short, rhombic-ovate; petals +yellow.—On the plains, Mo. to Tex., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>D. lanàta</b>, Spreng. Very pubescent throughout, 1–2° high, branching; +leaflets obovate to oblong-obovate, 2–3´´ long; spikes slender, rather +loose, the obovate acute bracts equalling the small short-toothed calyx; petals +short, purple.—Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="petalostemon"><b>16. PETALOSTÈMON</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">Prairie Clover.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous; petals all on thread-shaped +claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on the top of the +monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers; the +fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong. +Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1–2 seeded.—Chiefly +perennial herbs, upright, glandular-dotted, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves, +minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads +or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen, +alluding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. violàceus</b>, Michx. <i>Smoothish; leaflets 5, narrowly linear; heads +globose-ovate</i>, or oblong-cylindrical when old; bracts pointed, not longer than +the silky-hoary calyx; <i>corolla rose-purple</i>.—Dry prairies, Minn. to Ind. and +Tex., west to the Rocky Mts. July.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page133"></a>2. <b>P. cándidus</b>, Michx. <i>Smooth; leaflets 7–9, lanceolate or linear-oblong; +heads oblong</i>, when old cylindrical; bracts awned, longer than the nearly +glabrous calyx; <i>corolla white</i>.—With n. 1.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. villòsus</b>, Nutt. <i>Soft-downy or silky</i> all over; <i>leaflets 13–17, linear +or oblong</i>, small (4–5´´ long); <i>spikes cylindrical</i> (1–5´ long), short-peduncled, +soft-villous; <i>corolla rose-color</i>.—Wisc. to Mo., west to the Rocky Mts.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. foliòsus</b>, Gray. <i>Smooth</i>, very leafy; <i>leaflets 15–29, linear-oblong; +spikes cylindrical</i>, short-peduncled; bracts slender-awned from a lanceolate +base, exceeding the glabrous calyx; <i>petals rose-color</i>.—River-banks, Ill. and +Tenn.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. multiflòrus</b>, Nutt. <i>Glabrous</i> throughout, erect, branching; leaflets +3–9, linear to oblong; <i>spikes globose</i>, the subulate setaceous bracts much +shorter than the acutely toothed calyx, petals white.—Kan. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tephrosia"><b>17. TEPHRÒSIA</b>, Pers. <span class="smcap">Hoary Pea.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, turned +back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens monadelphous +or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several seeded, 2-valved.—Hoary perennial +herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers. +Leaflets mucronate, veiny. (Name from <span class="greek">τεφρός</span>, <i>ash-colored</i> or <i>hoary</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. Virginiàna</b>, Pers. (<span class="smcap">Goat's Rue. Catgut.</span>) <i>Silky-villous</i> with +whitish hairs when young; <i>stem erect and simple</i> (1–2° high), <i>leafy</i> to the top; +leaflets 17–29, linear-oblong; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a terminal +<i>oblong dense raceme or panicle</i>, yellowish-white marked with purple.—Dry +sandy soil. June, July.—Roots long and slender, very tough.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. spicàta</b>, Torr. & Gray. <i>Villous with rusty hairs</i>; stems branched +below, straggling or ascending (2° long), <i>few-leaved</i>; leaflets 9–15, obovate +or oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched; <i>flowers few</i>, in a loose and interrupted +<i>very long-peduncled spike</i>, reddish.—Dry soil, from Del. and Va. to +Fla. and Miss. July.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>T. hispídula</b>, Pers. Hairy with some long and rusty or only minute +and appressed pubescence; stems slender (9–24´ long), divergently branched, +straggling; leaflets 5–15, oblong, varying to obovate-wedge-shaped and oblanceolate; +<i>peduncles longer than the leaves, 2–4-flowered</i>, flowers reddish-purple.—Dry +sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and Ala.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="indigofera"><b>18. INDIGÒFERA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Indigo.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx small, equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, silky outside, wings coherent; +keel erect, gibbous or spurred at base. Stamens diadelphous; connective +gland-like. Pod 1–several-seeded, septate within between the seeds.—Herbs +or shrubs, mostly canescent with appressed hairs fixed by the middle, +with odd-pinnate faintly-nerved leaves, and pink or purplish flowers in naked +axillary spikes. (So named because some of the species yield the indigo of +commerce.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>I. leptosépala</b>, Nutt. A perennial herb, ½–2° high; leaflets 5–9, +oblanceolate; spikes very loose; pods linear, 6–9 seeded, obtusely 4-angled, +reflexed, 1´ long.—Kan. to Tex. and Fla.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="robinia"><a name="page134"></a><b>19. ROBÍNIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Locust-tree.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded, +turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. +Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length +2-valved.—Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves +odd-pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging +axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year. +(Named in honor of <i>John Robin</i>, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son +<i>Vespasian Robin</i>, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. Pseudacàcia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Locust</span> or <span class="smcap">False Acacia</span>.) Branches +naked; <i>racemes slender, loose</i>; flowers white, fragrant; pod smooth.—S. Penn. +to Ind., Iowa, and southward. Commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree, +and for its valuable timber; naturalized in many places. June.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. viscòsa</b>, Vent. (<span class="smcap">Clammy L.</span>) <i>Branchlets and leaf-stalks clammy; +flowers crowded in oblong racemes</i>, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodorous; +pod glandular-hispid.—Va. to N. C. and Ga., in the mountains. Cultivated, +like the last, and often escaped. June.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. híspida</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bristly L.</span> or <span class="smcap">Rose Acacia</span>.) Shrub 3–8° high; +<i>branchlets and stalks bristly</i>; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous; +pods glandular-hispid.—Varies with less bristly or nearly naked branchlets; +also with smaller flowers, etc.—Mts. of Va. to N. C. and Ga. May, June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="wistaria"><b>20. WISTÀRIA</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower +of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at +its base; keel scythe-shaped; wings doubly auricled at the base. Stamens diadelphous. +Pods elongated, thickish, knobby, stipitate, many-seeded, at length +2-valved. Seeds large.—Woody twiners, climbing high, with minute stipules, +pinnate leaves of 9–13 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, with or without minute stipels, +and dense racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedicated to the +late <i>Professor Wistar</i>, of Philadelphia.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>W. frutéscens</b>, Poir. Downy or smoothish when old; wings of the +corolla with one short auricle and an awl-shaped one as long as the claw.—Alluvial +grounds, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan. and La. May.—Sometimes +cultivated for ornament, as is the still handsomer Chinese species.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="astragalus"><b>21. ASTRÁGALUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Milk-Vetch.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow; standard narrow, equalling +or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexed or spreading. +Stamens diadelphous. Pod several–many-seeded, various, mostly turgid, one +or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly or so as to +divide the cavity lengthwise into two.—Chiefly herbs (ours perennials), with +odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. Mature pods are usually +necessary for certain identification of the species. (The ancient Greek name +of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone; but the connection between +the two is past all guess.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page135"></a>I. <i>Pod turgid, completely or imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal +suture, the ventral suture being not at all or less deeply inflexed.</i>—<span class="smcap">Astragalus</span> +proper.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Pod plum-shaped, succulent, becoming thick and fleshy, indehiscent, not stipitute, +completely 2-celled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. caryocárpus</b>, Ker. (<span class="smcap">Ground Plum.</span>) Pale and minutely appressed-pubescent; +leaflets narrowly oblong; flowers in a short spike-like +raceme; <i>corolla violet-purple; fruit glabrous, ovate-globular, more or less pointed</i>, +about {2/3}´ in diameter, <i>very thick-walled</i>, cellular or corky when dry.—Sask. +and Minn. to Mo., Col., and Tex. May.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. Mexicànus</b>, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs, +larger; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong; flowers larger (10–12´´ long); +calyx softly hairy; <i>corolla cream-color, bluish only at the tip; fruit globular, very +obtuse</i> and pointless, 1´ or more in diameter; otherwise like the last.—Prairies +and open plains, Ill. to Kan., south to Tex. The unripe fruits of both +resemble green plums—whence the popular name—and are eaten, raw or +cooked, by travellers.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. Platténsis</b>, Nutt. Loosely villous; stipules conspicuous; leaflets +oblong, often glabrous above; flowers crowded in a short spike or oblong head, +cream-color often tinged or tipped with purple; <i>fruit ovate, pointed</i>, and with +the calyx <i>villous</i>.—Gravelly or sandy banks, Minn. to Ind. and Ala., west to +Col. and Tex.—Var. <span class="smcap">Tennesseénsis</span>, Gray, has the pod oblong and slightly +curved, and much less fleshy. May.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Pod dry, coriaceous, cartilaginous or membranous, dehiscent.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Pod completely 2-celled, sessile.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. mollíssimus</b>, Torr. <i>Stout, decumbent, densely silky-villous throughout +and tomentose</i>; leaflets 19–29, ovate-oblong; peduncles elongated; spikes +dense, with rather <i>large violet flowers</i> (6–12´´ long); pod narrow-oblong (5–9´´ +long), glabrous, somewhat obcompressed and <i>sulcate at both sutures</i>, at length +incurved.—Neb. to Kan. and Tex., west to Col. The most common "loco"-plant, +and said to be very poisonous to cattle.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. Canadénsis</b>, L. <i>Tall and erect</i> (1–4° high), <i>somewhat pubescent +or glabrate</i>; leaflets 21–27, oblong; <i>flowers greenish cream-color</i>, very numerous, +in long dense spikes, pods crowded, oblong (6´´ long), glabrous, <i>terete, +scarcely sulcate</i> and only on the back, nearly straight.—River-banks, western +N. Y. to N. Ga., and far westward.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>A. adsúrgens</b>, Pall. Ascending or decumbent (4–18´ high), cinereous +with minute appressed pubescence or glabrate; leaflets about 21, narrowly or +linear-oblong; spike dense, with medium-sized pale or purplish flowers; <i>pubescence +of calyx appressed</i>; pod oblong (4–5´´ long), <i>finely pubescent, triangular-compressed, +with a deep dorsal furrow, straight</i>.—Red River valley, Minn., +to W. Kan., and westward. (Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>A. hypoglóttis</b>, L. <i>Slender</i> (6´–2° long), diffusely procumbent or +ascending, <i>with a rather loose pubescence</i> or nearly glabrous; leaflets 15–21, +oblong, obtuse or retuse; <i>flowers violet, capitate; calyx loosely pubescent; pod</i> +as in the last, but <i>ovate</i> and <i>silky-villous</i>.—Red River valley, Minn., to central +Kan. and westward.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page136"></a>[+][+] <i>Pod not completely 2-celled.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Pod stipitate, pendent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>A. alpìnus</b>, L. <i>Diffuse</i> (6–12´ high), smooth or slightly hairy; leaflets +13–25; flowers <i>violet-purple</i>, or at least the keel tipped with violet or blue; +calyx campanulate; pod narrowly oblong, short-acuminate, <i>black-pubescent</i>, +triangular-turgid, deeply grooved on the back, straight or curved, its stipe usually +rather exceeding the calyx.—Rocky banks, Lab. to Maine and N. Vt.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>A. Robbínsii</b>, Gray. Nearly smooth and <i>erect</i> (1° high), slender; +leaflets 7–11; calyx more oblong; <i>flowers white</i>; pod oblong (6´´ long), obtuse +or acutish, <i>minutely darkish-pubescent</i>, somewhat laterally compressed, <i>not +dorsally sulcate</i> or obsoletely so, straight or somewhat incurved, rather abruptly +narrowed at base into the often included stipe.—Rocky ledges, Vt.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>A. racemòsus</b>, Pursh. Stout (1–2° high), erect or ascending, appressed-pubescent +or glabrate; leaflets 13–25; flowers numerous, white, pendent; +calyx campanulate, gibbous, white-pubescent; pod straight, narrow, +1´ long, acute at both ends, triangular-compressed, deeply grooved on the back, +the ventral edge acute.—Neb. to Mo., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Pod sessile.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>A. grácilis</b>, Nutt. Subcinereous, slender (1° high or more); leaflets +11–17, linear, obtuse or retuse; racemes loose; flowers small (3´´ long); <i>pods +pendent</i>, 2–3´´ long, coriaceous, elliptic-ovate, <i>concave on the back</i>, the ventral +suture prominent, <i>white-hairy</i>, at length glabrous, <i>transversely veined</i>.—Minn. +to Neb. and Mo., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>A. distórtus</b>, Torr. & Gray. Low, diffuse, many-stemmed, subglabrous; +leaflets 17–25, oblong, emarginate; flowers in a short spike, pale-purple; +pod ovate- or lance-oblong, curved, 6–9´´ long, glabrous, thick-coriaceous, somewhat +grooved on the back, the ventral suture nearly flat.—Ill. to Iowa, Mo., +Ark. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>A. lotiflòrus</b>, Hook. Hoary or cinereous with appressed hairs; stems +very short; leaflets 7–13, lance-oblong; flowers yellowish, in few-flowered +heads, with peduncles exceeding the leaves or very short; <i>calyx campanulate, +the subulate teeth exceeding the tube</i>; pod oblong-ovate, 9–12´´ long, acuminate, +<i>acute at base</i>, canescent, the back more or less impressed, the acute ventral +suture nearly straight.—Sask. to Neb. and Tex., west to the mountains.</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>A. Missouriénsis</b>, Nutt. Short-caulescent, hoary with a closely +appressed silky pubescence; leaflets 5–15, oblong, elliptic or obovate; flowers +few, capitate or spicate, 5–8´´ long, violet; <i>calyx oblong, the teeth very slender</i>; +pod oblong (1´ long), acute, <i>obtuse at base</i>, pubescent, nearly straight, obcompressed +or obcompressed-triangular, depressed on the back and the ventral suture +more or less prominent, transversely rugulose.—Sask. to Neb. and N. Mex.</p> + +<p class="key">II. <i>Pod 1-celled, neither suture being inflexed or the ventral more intruded than +the dorsal.</i>—<span class="smcap">Phaca.</span></p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>A. Coòperi</b>, Gray. Nearly smooth, erect (1–2° high); leaflets 11–21, +elliptical or oblong, somewhat retuse, minutely hoary beneath; flowers white, +rather numerous in a short spike; calyx dark-pubescent; pod coriaceous, <i>inflated, +ovate-globose</i> (6–9´´ long), <i>acute, glabrous, slightly sulcate on both sides</i>, +cavity webby.—Ont. and western N. Y. to Minn. and Iowa.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page137"></a>16. <b>A. flexuòsus</b>, Dougl. Ashy-puberulent, ascending (1–2° high); +leaflets 11–21, mostly narrow; flowers small, in loose racemes; pod thin-coriaceous, +<i>cylindric</i> (8–11´´ long, 2´´ broad), pointed, straight or curved, puberulent, +very shortly stipitate.—Red River Valley, Minn., to Col.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="oxytropis"><b>22. OXÝTROPIS</b>, DC.</p> + +<p>Keel tipped with a sharp projecting point or appendage; otherwise as in +Astragalus. Pod often more or less 2-celled by the intrusion of the ventral +suture.—Our species are low, nearly acaulescent perennials, with tufts of +numerous very short stems from a hard and thick root or rootstock, covered +with scaly adnate stipules; pinnate leaves of many leaflets; peduncles scape-like, +bearing a head or short spike of flowers. (Name from <span class="greek">ὀξύς</span>, <i>sharp</i>, and +<span class="greek">τρόπις</span>, <i>keel</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves simply pinnate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. campéstris</b>, DC., var. <b>cærùlea</b>, Koch. <i>Pubescent or smoothish</i>; +leaflets lanceolate or oblong; flowers violet or blue, sometimes pure white; +<i>pods</i> ovate or oblong-lanceolate, of a <i>thin or papery</i> texture.—N. Maine to +Labrador.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>O. Lambérti</b>, Pursh. <i>Silky with fine appressed hairs</i>; leaflets mostly +linear; flowers larger, purple, violet, or sometimes white; <i>pods cartilaginous +or firm-coriaceous</i> in texture, silky-pubescent, strictly erect, cylindraceous-lanceolate +and long-pointed, almost 2-celled by intrusion of the ventral suture.—Dry +plains, Sask. and Minn. to Mo. and Tex., west to the mountains.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaflets numerous, mostly in fascicles of 3 or 4 or more along the rhachis.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>O. spléndens</b>, Dougl. Silvery silky-villous (6–12´ high); scape spicately +several to many-flowered; flowers erect-spreading; pod ovate, erect, 2-celled, +hardly surpassing the very villous calyx.—Plains of Sask. and W. Minn., +to N. Mex. and the Rocky Mts.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="glycyrrhiza"><b>23. GLYCYRRHÌZA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Liquorice.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx with the two upper lobes shorter or partly united. Anther-cells confluent +at the apex, the alternate ones smaller. Pod ovate or oblong-linear, +compressed, often curved, clothed with rough glands or short prickles, scarcely +dehiscent, few-seeded. The flower, etc., otherwise as in Astragalus.—Long +perennial root sweet (whence the name, from <span class="greek">γλυκύς</span>, <i>sweet</i>, and <span class="greek">ῥίζα</span>, <i>root</i>); +herbage glandular-viscid; leaves odd-pinnate, with minute stipules; flowers in +axillary spikes, white or bluish.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. lepidòta</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Wild Liquorice.</span>) Tall (2–3° high); leaflets +15–19, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales when +young, and with corresponding dots when old; spikes peduncled, short; flowers +whitish; pods oblong, beset with hooked prickles, so as to resemble the fruit +of Xanthium on a smaller scale.—Minn. to Iowa and Mo., and westward; Ft. Erie, +Ont.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aeschynomene"><b>24. ÆSCHYNÓMENE</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Sensitive Joint-Vetch.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Standard roundish; +keel boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened,<a name="page138"></a> +composed of several easily separable joints.—Leaves odd-pinnate with several +pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence +the name, from <span class="greek">αἰσχυνομένη</span>, <i>being ashamed</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>Æ. híspida</b>, Willd. Erect, rough-bristly annual; leaflets 37–51, linear; +racemes few-flowered; flowers yellow, reddish externally; pod stalked, +6–10-jointed.—Along rivers, S. Penn. to Fla. and Miss. Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="coronilla"><b>25. CORONÍLLA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-toothed. Standard orbicular; keel incurved. Stamens diadelphous, +9 and 1. Pod terete or 4-angled, jointed; the joints oblong.—Glabrous herbs +or shrubs, with pinnate leaves, and the flowers in umbels terminating axillary +peduncles. (Diminutive of <i>corona</i>, a <i>crown</i>, alluding to the inflorescence.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">vària</span>, L. A perennial herb with ascending stems; leaves sessile; leaflets +15–25, oblong; flowers rose-color; pods coriaceous, 3–7-jointed, the 4 angled +joints 3–4´´ long.—Conn. to N. J. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hedysarum"><b>26. HEDÝSARUM</b>, Tourn.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight, +obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadelphous, +5 and 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable +roundish joints connected in the middle.—Perennial herbs; leaves odd-pinnate. +(Name composed of <span class="greek">ἡδύς</span>, <i>sweet</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄρομα</span>, <i>smell</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. boreàle</b>, Nutt. Leaflets 13–21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly glabrous; +stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole; raceme of many deflexed +purple flowers; standard shorter than the keel; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth, +reticulated.—Lab. to northern Maine and Vt.; north shore of L. Superior, and +north and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="desmodium"><b>27. DESMÒDIUM</b>, Desv. <span class="smcap">Tick-Trefoil.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx usually more or less 2 lipped. Standard obovate; wings adherent to +the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little transverse +appendage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1, or +monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating +into few or many flat reticulated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked +hairs, by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing).—Perennial +herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. +Flowers (in summer) in axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or +3 from each bract, purple or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules +and bracts scale-like, often striate. (Name from <span class="greek">δεσμός</span>, <i>a bond</i> or <i>chain</i>, +from the connected joints of the pods.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) many times longer than the slightly toothed +calyx and nearly as long as the pedicel, straightish on the upper margin, deeply +sinuate on the lower; the 1–4 joints mostly half-obovate and concave on the +back; stamens monadelphous below; plants nearly glabrous; stems erect or +ascending; raceme terminal, panicled; stipules bristle-form, deciduous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. nudiflòrum</b>, DC. <i>Leaves all crowded at the summit of sterile stems</i>; +leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath; <i>raceme elongated on an ascending +mostly leafless stalk or scape from the root</i>, 2° long.—Dry woods, common.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page139"></a>2. <b>D. acuminàtum</b>, DC. <i>Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem +from which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle</i>; leaflets round-ovate, +taper-pointed, green both sides, the end one round (4–5´ long).—Rich woods, +from Canada to the Gulf.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>D. pauciflòrum</b>, DC. <i>Leaves scattered</i> along the low (8–15´ high) +ascending stems; leaflets rhombic-ovate, bluntish, pale beneath; <i>raceme few-flowered</i>, +terminal.—Woods, Ont. to Penn., Mich., Kan., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) little if at all surpassing the deeply deft calyx; +stems long and prostrate or decumbent; racemes axillary and terminal.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stipules conspicuous, ovate, attenuate, striate, persistent; racemes mostly simple.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>D. rotundifòlium</b>, DC. <i>Soft-hairy all over</i>, truly prostrate; <i>leaflets +orbicular</i>, or the odd one slightly rhomboid; <i>flowers purple</i>; pods almost equally +sinuate on both edges, 3–5-jointed; the joints rhomboid-oval.—Dry rocky +woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Mo., and La.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>glabràtum</b>, Gray, is almost glabrous, otherwise nearly as the ordinary +form.—Mass. and N. Y.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>D. ochroleùcum</b>, M. A. Curtis. <i>Stems sparsely hairy</i>, decumbent; +leaflets nearly glabrous, ovate, acute or obtuse, transversely reticulated beneath, +the lateral ones smaller or sometimes wanting; racemes much elongated; +<i>corolla whitish; pods twisted</i>, 2–4-jointed, the large rhomboid joints smooth and +reticulated but the margins downy.—Woodlands, Md. and Va.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stipules smaller, lanceolate and awl-shaped, less persistent; racemes panicled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>D. humifùsum</b>, Beck. <i>Glabrous or nearly so</i>, procumbent; <i>leaflets +ovate or ovate-oblong</i>, rather obtuse, much smaller than in the two preceding +(1¼–2´ long), corolla purple; pods 2–4-jointed, flat, the oval-rhomboid joints +minutely scabrous throughout.—Dry sandy soil, S. Penn. to Md.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <i>Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx; racemes panicled.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stems tall (3–5°) and erect; the persistent stipules and deciduous bracts large +and conspicuous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed; flowers rather large.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Pods of 4–7 unequal-sided rhombic joints, which are considerably longer than +broad (about 6´´ long).</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>D. canéscens</b>, DC. Stem loosely branched, <i>hairy; leaflets ovate, +bluntish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath</i>, both +sides roughish with a close fine pubescence; joints of the pod very adhesive.—Moist +grounds, Mass. and Vt. to Minn. and southward, chiefly westward. +Branches clothed with both minute and hooked, and longer, spreading, rather +glutinous hairs.—Var. <span class="smcap">villosíssimum</span>, Torr. & Gray, has the panicle and upper +part of the stem very villous, and leaflets oblong-ovate.—Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>D. cuspidàtum</b>, Torr. & Gray. <i>Very smooth</i> except the panicle; stem +straight; <i>leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed</i>, green both sides, longer +than the petiole (3–5´); joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, smoothish.—Thickets, +common. The conspicuous bracts and stipules ¾´ long.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Pods of 3–5 oval joints (not over 3´´ long).</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>D. Illinoénse</b>, Gray. Erect (3–5° high); stem and leaves with short +rough pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate (2–4´ long), obtuse, +subcoriaceous, cinereous beneath, veins and veinlets prominent, strongly reticulated,<a name="page140"></a> +the lower leaflets nearly equalling the petiole; pods scarcely over 1´ long, +sinuate on both margins (deeper below).—Dry ground, Ill. to Iowa and Kan.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stems (2–5° high) erect; stipules and bracts mostly deciduous, small and +inconspicuous; joints of the pod 3–5, triangular or half-rhombic or very unequal-sided +rhomboidal, longer than broad, 3´´ or less in length; flowers +middle-sized.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>D. lævigàtum</b>, DC. <i>Smooth</i> or nearly so throughout; stem straight; +<i>leaflets ovate</i>, bluntish, pale beneath (2–3´ long); panicles minutely rough-pubescent.—Pine +woods, N. J. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>D. viridiflòrum</b>, Beck. Stem <i>very downy</i>, rough at the summit; +<i>leaflets broadly ovate</i>, very obtuse, rough above, <i>whitened with a soft velvety +down underneath</i> (2–3´ long).—Southern N. Y. to N. J. and Fla., west to +Mich., Mo., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>D. Dillènii</b>, Darlingt. Stem pubescent; <i>leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate</i>, +commonly bluntish, pale beneath, <i>softly and finely pubescent</i>, mostly thin (2–3´ +long).—Open woodlands, common.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>D. paniculàtum</b>, DC. <i>Nearly smooth</i> throughout; stem slender, +tall; <i>leaflets oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, +thin</i> (3–5´ long); racemes much panicled.—Copses, common.</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>D. stríctum</b>, DC. Stem very straight and slender, simple (2–3° +high), the upper part and narrow panicle rough-glandular; <i>leaflets linear, blunt, +strongly reticulated, thickish, very smooth</i> (1–2´ long, ¼´ wide); joints of the pod +1–3, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2´´ long).—Pine woods, N. J. to +Fla. and La.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous; pods of few roundish +or obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints, 1½–2½´´ long.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Stems erect; bracts before flowering conspicuous; racemes densely flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>D. Canadénse</b>, DC. Stem hairy (3–6° high); <i>leaflets oblong-lanceolate</i> +or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous straightish veins, <i>much longer +than the petiole</i> (1½–3´ long); <i>flowers showy</i>, larger than in any other species +(½–{1/3}´ long).—Dry rich woods, N. Brunswick to N. C., Minn., and Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>D. sessilifòlium</b>, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent (2–4° high); +<i>leaves nearly sessile; leaflets linear</i> or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated, +rough above, downy beneath; branches of the panicle long; <i>flowers small</i>.—Copses, +Penn. and Ky., west to Mich., Iowa, Mo., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Stems ascending (1–3° high); bracts small; racemes or panicles elongated +and loosely flowered; flowers small.</i></p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>D. rígidum</b>, DC. Stem branching, <i>somewhat hoary</i>, like the lower +surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence; <i>leaflets ovate-oblong</i>, +blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, <i>the lateral ones longer than +the petiole</i>.—Dry hillsides, Mass. to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and La.</p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>D. ciliàre</b>, DC. Stem slender, <i>hairy or rough-pubescent; leaves +crowded, on very short hairy petioles; leaflets round-ovate or oval</i>, thickish, more +or less hairy on the margins and underneath (½–1´ long).—Dry hills and +sandy fields, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">19. <b>D. Marilándicum</b>, F. Boott. <i>Nearly smooth</i> throughout, slender; +<i>leaflets ovate or roundish</i>, very obtuse, thin, <i>the lateral ones about the length of<a name="page141"></a> +the slender petiole</i>; otherwise resembling the preceding.—Copses, N. Eng. to +Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and La.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Stems reclining or prostrate; racemes loosely flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">20. <b>D. lineàtum</b>, DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled; leaflets +orbicular, smoothish (½–1´ long), much longer than the petiole; pod +scarcely stalked in the calyx.—Dry soil, Md. and Va. to Fla. and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lespedeza"><b>28. LESPEDÈZA</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">Bush-Clover.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft; the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 and +1); anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seeded joint (sometimes 2 jointed, +with the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated.—Herbs +with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Flowers often +polygamous, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to <i>Lespedez</i>, the Spanish +governor of Florida in the time of Michaux.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Stipules subulate-setaceous; bracts minute; calyx-lobes attenuate; perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers of two sorts, the larger (violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fruitful, panicled +or clustered; with smaller pistillate and fertile but mostly apetalous ones +intermixed or in small subsessile clusters; calyx 1–2´´ long; pod exserted.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. procúmbens</b>, Michx. <i>Slender, trailing and prostrate</i>, minutely +appressed-hairy to soft-downy; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical, 3–9´´ long; +<i>peduncles very slender, few-flowered</i>; keel equalling the wings; pod small, +roundish, obtuse or acute. (Incl. L. repens, <i>Bart.</i>)—Dry sandy soil; common.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. violàcea</b>, Pers. <i>Stems upright</i> or spreading, slender, branched, +rather <i>sparsely leafy</i> and sparingly pubescent; <i>leaflets thin, broadly oval or oblong</i>, +finely appressed-pubescent beneath; <i>peduncles very slender, loosely few-flowered</i>, +mostly longer than the leaves; flowers 3–4´´ long, the keel often the +longest; <i>pod ovate</i>, 2–3´´ long, nearly glabrous.—Dry copses, N. Eng. to +Minn. and E. Kan., south to Fla. and La.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. reticulàta</b>, Pers. Stouter, <i>erect, very leafy; leaflets thickish, linear +to linear-oblong</i>, 6–15´´ long, finely appressed-pubescent; <i>flowers</i> (scarcely 3´´ +long) <i>clustered on peduncles much shorter than the leaves</i>, the keel shorter than +the standard; <i>pods ovate, acute</i>, 2´´ long, appressed-subpubescent. (L. violacea, +var. angustifolia, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Mass. to Minn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. Stùvei</b>, Nutt. <i>Stems</i> upright-spreading, <i>very leafy</i>, simple or somewhat +branched, <i>downy with spreading pubescence; leaflets oval or roundish</i> varying +to oblong or rarely linear-oblong, <i>silky or white-woolly beneath</i> and sometimes +above; flowers as in the last, often numerous and crowded; <i>pods ovate, acuminate</i>, +mostly 3´´ long, <i>downy</i>.—Mass. to Mich., and south to Va. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>intermèdia</b>, Watson. Pubescence more scanty and usually fine +and appressed as in n. 3, but the leaflets oval to oblong; inflorescence often +more open; pod of n. 4 or of n. 3. (L. violacea, var. sessiliflora, of <i>Man.</i>, +mainly.)—Mass. to Fla., and west to Mich., Ill., E. Kan., and Ark.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads; corolla whitish or +cream-color with a purple spot on the standard, about the length of the downy +5-parted calyx; pod included; stems upright, wand-like (2–4° high).</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. polystàchya</b>, Michx. Stem with mostly spreading pubescence; +<i>petioles 2–6´´ long; leaflets from orbicular to oblong-ovate</i>, hairy; <i>spikes oblong,<a name="page142"></a> +on elongated peduncles; pod</i> (at maturity) oblong-ovate, pubescent, nearly 3´´ +long, <i>hardly shorter than the calyx</i>. (L. hirta, <i>Ell.</i>)—Dry hills, common.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>L. capitàta</b>, Michx. <i>Stems rigid, woolly; petioles very short; leaflets +oblong to narrowly oblong</i>, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky +or sometimes downy beneath; <i>heads of flowers globular, on peduncles shorter +than the leaves; pod oblong-ovate, pubescent, much shorter than the calyx</i>.—Dry +and sandy soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Mo., and La.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>L. angustifòlia</b>, Ell. Like the last, but mostly appressed-silky, the +<i>leaflets linear, the smaller often oblong heads on distinct and sometimes slender +peduncles, the pod round-ovate</i>, acutish, 1½–2´´ long, <i>hardly shorter than the +calyx</i>. (L. capitata, var. angustifolia, <i>Pursh.</i>)—N. J. to Fla., west to Mich., +Iowa, and La.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>L. leptostàchya</b>, Gray. Clothed with appressed silky pubescence; +stems often branched, slender; <i>leaflets linear</i> to narrowly oblong; <i>spikes slender, +somewhat loosely-flowered</i>, on peduncles as long as the leaves; <i>pod ovate, +small</i> (1½´´ long), <i>about equalling the calyx</i>, densely pubescent.—Ill., Iowa, +and Minn.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Stipules and bracts broad and scarious; calyx-lobes broad; annual.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">striàta</span>, Hook. & Arn. Diffusely branched, decumbent, subpubescent; +petioles very short; leaflets oblong-obovate, 6´´ long or less; peduncles very +short, 1–5-flowered; pod small, little exceeding the calyx.—Common in the +Southern States, extending into Mo. (Nat. from E. Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="stylosanthes"><b>29. STYLOSÁNTHES</b>, Swartz.</p> + +<p>Calyx early deciduous; tube slender and stalk-like; limb unequally 4–5-cleft, +the lower lobe more distinct. Corolla and monadelphous stamens inserted +at the summit of the calyx-tube; standard orbicular; keel incurved. +Anthers 10, the 5 longer ones fixed near their base, and the 5 alternate shorter +ones fixed by the middle. Style filiform, its upper part falling off after flowering, +the lower part incurved or hooked, persistent on the 1–2-jointed small and +short reticulated pod; the lower joint when present empty and stalk-like.—Low +perennials, branched from the base, with wiry stems, pinnately 3-foliolate +leaves, the sheathing stipules united to the petiole, no stipels, and small, yellow +flowers in terminal heads or short spikes. (Name composed of <span class="greek">στύλος</span>, <i>a column</i>, +and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>a flower</i>, from the stalk-like calyx-tube.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. elàtior</b>, Swartz. Tufted; leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight-veined; +heads or clusters small and few-flowered.—Pine barrens, Long Island +and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Ark.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="vicia"><b>30. VÍCIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Vetch. Tare.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter, or the lowest +longer. Wings of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel. Stamens +more or less diadelphous (9 and 1); the orifice of the tube oblique. Style filiform, +hairy all round or only on the back at the apex. Pod flat, 2-valved, 2–several-seeded. +Seeds globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under +ground in germination.—Herbs, mostly climbing more or less by the tendril +at the end of the pinnate leaves. Stipules half-sagittate. Flowers or peduncles +axillary. (The classical Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page143"></a>[*] <i>Annual; flowers 1 or 2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, violet-purple.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>V.</b> <span class="smcap">satìva</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Vetch</span> or <span class="smcap">Tare</span>.) Somewhat pubescent; stem +simple; leaflets 5–7 pairs, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, notched +and mucronate at the apex; pod linear, several-seeded.—Cultivated fields and +waste places, N. Eng. to N. J. and southward, west to Mich. and Minn.—Var. +<span class="smcap">angustifòlia</span>, Seringe, has longer and narrow leaflets. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Annual, slender; peduncles elongated; flowers small.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>V.</b> <span class="smcap">tetraspérma</span>, L. <i>Peduncles 1–2-flowered</i>; leaflets 4–6 pairs, linear-oblong, +obtuse; calyx-teeth unequal; corolla whitish; <i>pods narrow, 4-seeded, +smooth</i>.—Waste places, near the coast, N. Scotia to N. J. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>V.</b> <span class="smcap">hirsùta</span>, Koch. <i>Peduncles 3–6-flowered</i>; leaflets 6–8 pairs, truncate; +calyx-teeth equal; corolla bluish; <i>pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy</i>.—N. Brunswick +to Mass. and Va. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Perennial; peduncles elongated; calyx-teeth unequal; pod several-seeded.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>V. Crácca</b>, L. Downy-pubescent; <i>leaflets 20–24, oblong-lanceolate, +strongly mucronate; spikes densely many-flowered</i>, 1-sided; flowers blue, turning +purple, 6´´ long, reflexed; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube.—Borders of +thickets, Newf. to N. J., west to Ky., Iowa, and Minn. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>V. Caroliniàna</b>, Walt. Nearly smooth; <i>leaflets 8–24, oblong, obtuse, +scarcely mucronate; peduncles loosely-flowered</i>; flowers small, more scattered +than in the preceding, whitish, the keel tipped with blue; calyx-teeth very +short.—River-banks, Ont. and N. Y. to Ga., west to Minn. and Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>V. Americàna</b>, Muhl. Glabrous; <i>leaflets 10–14, elliptical or ovate-oblong</i>, +very obtuse, many-veined; <i>peduncles 4–8-flowered</i>; flowers purplish +(8´´ long).—Moist soil, N. Y. and N. J., to Kan., Minn., and westward.—Var. +<span class="smcap">lineàris</span>, Watson, a low form with linear leaflets, occurs in Kan. and Neb., +and is common westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lathyrus"><b>31. LÁTHYRUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Vetchling. Everlasting Pea.</span></p> + +<p>Style flattish, dilated and flattish (not grooved) above, hairy along the inner +side (next the free stamen). Sheath of the filaments scarcely oblique at the +apex. Otherwise nearly as in Vicia.—Our species are perennial and mostly +smooth plants, the rhachis of the leaves in some not produced into a tendril. +(<span class="greek">Λάθυρος</span>, a leguminous plant of Theophrastus.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Tendrils present; stipules large and broad; leaflets 3–5 pairs.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. marítimus</b>, Bigelow. (<span class="smcap">Beach Pea.</span>) Stout (1° high or more); +<i>stipules broadly ovate and halberd-shaped, nearly as large as the leaflets</i>, the +lower lobe larger and usually coarsely toothed; leaflets <i>thick</i>, ovate-oblong +(1–2´ long); peduncles a little shorter than the leaves, 6–10-flowered, <i>flowers +large</i> (9´´ long), <i>purple</i>.—Seashore from N. J. and Oregon to the Arctic +Sea; also on the Great Lakes. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. ochroleùcus</b>, Hook. Stem slender (1–3° high); <i>stipules semi-cordate, +half as large as the thin ovate leaflets</i>; peduncles 7–10-flowered; <i>flowers +smaller, yellowish-white</i>.—Hillsides, N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Tendrils present; stipules narrow, semi-sagittate, acuminate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flowers purple; leaflets several pairs.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. venòsus</b>, Muhl. <i>Stout</i>, climbing, usually somewhat downy; stipules +very small and mostly slender; <i>leaflets 4–6 pairs, oblong ovate</i>, mostly<a name="page144"></a> +obtuse (about 2´ long); <i>peduncles many-flowered</i>; flowers 6–8´´ long.—Shady +banks, Penn. to Ga., west to Kan. and Minn.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. palústris</b>, L. <i>Slender</i>, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; stem +often winged; stipules lanceolate, sharp-pointed at both ends; <i>leaflets 2–4 +pairs, narrowly oblong to linear, acute</i> (1–2´ long); <i>peduncles 2–6-flowered</i>; +flowers 6´´ long.—Moist places, N. Scotia to N. J., and westward across the +continent. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>myrtifòlius</b>, Gray. Stipules usually broader and larger; leaflets +ovate to oblong (1´ long or less).—Same range, and extending south to N. C.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers yellow; leaflets a single pair.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">pratènsis</span>, L. Low and straggling; leaflets narrowly lanceolate to +linear, acute; peduncles several-flowered.—Spontaneous in Mass., N. Y., and +Ont. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Tendrils usually wanting; low, mostly erect; stipules semi-sagittate; flowers +very large, purple; pod stipitate in the calyx.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. polymórphus</b>, Nutt. Leaflets 3–6 pairs, narrowly oblong to +linear, thick and strongly nerved, 1–2´ long; seeds with a narrow footstalk +and short hilum.—Mo., Kan., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>L. ornàtus</b>, Nutt. Like the last, but leaflets always narrow, 3–12´´ +long; seeds with a very broad footstalk and long hilum.—Kan. to Col. and +Dak. Scarcely 1° high.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="apios"><b>32. ÁPIOS</b>, Boerhaave. <span class="smcap">Ground-nut. Wild Bean.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the upper +very short, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed; the long +scythe-shaped keel strongly incurved, at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous. +Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded.—A +perennial herb (with some milky juice!), twining and climbing over bushes, +and bearing edible tubers on underground shoots. Leaflets 3–7, ovate-lanceolate, +obscurely stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branching +racemes. (Name from <span class="greek">ἄπιον</span>, <i>a pear</i>, from the shape of the tubers.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. tuberòsa</b>, Moench. Flowers brown-purple or chocolate-color, violet-scented.—Low +grounds, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., Kan., and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="phaseolus"><b>33. PHASÈOLUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Kidney Bean.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth often higher united. Keel of +the corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled. Stamens diadelphous. +Style bearded along the upper side; stigma oblique or lateral. +Pod scythe-shaped, several–many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of +the style. Seeds round-reniform, with very short hilum. Cotyledons thick +and fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly unchanged in germination.—Twining +herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers racemose, produced +in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. perénnis</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Wild Bean.</span>) Stem climbing high from a +perennial root; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed; flowers purple, handsome, +but small; pods drooping, strongly curved, 4–5-seeded.—Copses, N. Eng. +to Fla., west to Minn. and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="strophostyles"><a name="page145"></a><b>34. STROPHOSTỲLES</b>, Ell.</p> + +<p>Keel of the corolla with the included stamens and style elongated, strongly +incurved, not spirally coiled. Pod linear, terete or flattish, straight or nearly +so. Seeds quadrate or oblong with truncate ends, mealy-pubescent or glabrate; +hilum linear. Flowers few, sessile and capitate clustered on the mostly long +peduncles. Otherwise as Phaseolus.—Stems prostrate or climbing, more or +less retrorsely hairy. Stipules and bracts striate. (Name from <span class="greek">στροφή</span>, <i>a turning</i>, +and <span class="greek">στῦλος</span>, <i>a style</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. angulòsa</b>, Ell. <i>Annual</i>; stems branched, 1–6° long; leaflets ovate +to oblong-ovate (rarely linear-oblong), <i>with a more or less prominent rounded +lobe toward the base (the terminal 2-lobed)</i>, or some or all often entire, about 1´ +(6–20´´) long; corolla greenish-white and purplish; pod terete, 2–3´ long by +3´´ wide, 4–8-seeded, nearly glabrous; <i>seeds oblong, about 3´´ long</i>, usually very +pubescent. (Phaseolus diversifolius, <i>Pers.</i> P. helvolus, <i>L.</i>)—Sandy shores +and river-banks; coast of Mass. and southward, along the Great Lakes to +Minn., and south to Kan. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Missouriénsis</b>, Watson in herb. Climbing high (10–30°); leaves +often 3´ long, rhombic-ovate, rarely at all lobed; seeds 3–4´´ long.—River-bottoms +near Independence, Mo.; nearly two months later. (<i>F. Bush.</i>)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. pedunculàris</b>, Ell. Stems <i>more slender</i>, from a <i>perennial</i> rootstock, +2–4° long; leaflets ovate to oblong-linear, <i>rarely at all lobed</i>, 1´ long or +less; pod 1½–2´ long and <i>scarcely 2´´ wide</i>; seeds <i>much smaller</i>, 1½–2´´ long, +short-oblong to quadrate. (Phaseolus helvolus, <i>Man.</i>, etc., not <i>L.</i>)—Sandy +ground, Long Island and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Ky., and La.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. pauciflòrus</b>, Watson in herb. <i>Annual</i>, slender, low-climbing, pubescent; +leaflets oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear, not lobed, 1´ long; +pod pubescent, 1´ long, flattish; seeds as in the last, very finely mealy, soon +glabrate. (Phaseolus pauciflorus, <i>Benth.</i>)—River-banks, Ind. to Minn., south +to Miss. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="centrosema"><b>35. CENTROSÈMA</b>, DC. <span class="smcap">Spurred Butterfly-Pea.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx short, 5-cleft. Corolla, etc., much as in Clitoria, but the spreading +standard with a spur-shaped projection on the back near the base; keel broad. +Style bearded at the apex around the terminal stigma. Pod long and linear, +flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges, +the valves marked with a raised line on each side next the margin.—Twining +perennials, with 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and large showy flowers. Stipules, +bracts, and bractlets striate, the latter longer than the calyx. (Name from +<span class="greek">κέντρον</span>, <i>a spur</i>, and <span class="greek">σήμα</span>, <i>a standard</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Virginiànum</b>, Benth. Rather rough with minute hairs; leaflets +varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining; peduncles +1–4-flowered; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped; corolla violet, 1´ long; pods +straight, 4–5´ long.—Sandy woods, Md. to Fla. and Ark. (Trop. Am.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="clitoria"><b>36. CLITÒRIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Butterfly-Pea.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Standard much larger than the rest of the flower, +erect, rounded, notched at the top, not spurred on the back; keel small, shorter<a name="page146"></a> +than the wings, incurved, acute. Stamens monadelphous below. Style bearded +down the inner face. Pod linear-oblong, flattish, knotty, several-seeded, pointed +with the base of the style.—Erect or twining perennials, with mostly pinnately +3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and very large flowers. Peduncles 1–3-flowered; +bractlets opposite, striate. (Derivation recondite.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Mariàna</b>, L. Low, ascending or twining, smooth; leaflets oblong-ovate +or ovate-lanceolate; stipules and bracts awl-shaped; peduncles short; +the showy pale-blue flowers 2´ long.—Dry banks, N. Y. to Va. and Fla., west +to Mo. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="amphicarpaea"><b>37. AMPHICARPÆ̀A</b>, Ell. <span class="smcap">Hog Pea-nut.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers of 2 kinds; those of the racemes from the upper branches perfect, +but seldom ripening fruit; those near the base and on filiform creeping branches +with the corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful. Calyx +about equally 4- (rarely 5-) toothed; bractlets none or minute. Keel and +wing-petals similar, almost straight; the standard partly folded round them. +Stamens diadelphous. Style beardless. Pods of the upper flowers, when +formed, somewhat scymetar-shaped, stipitate, 3–4-seeded; of the lower ones +commonly subterranean and fleshy, obovate or pear-shaped, ripening usually +but one large seed.—Low and slender perennials; the twining stems clothed +with brownish hairs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, stipellate. +Flowers in simple or compound racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent, +round, partly clasping, striate, as well as the stipules. (Name from <span class="greek">ἀμφί</span>, <i>both</i>, +and <span class="greek">καρπός</span>, <i>fruit</i>, in allusion to the two kinds of pods.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. monòica</b>, Nutt. Leaflets thin, ½–2´ long; racemes nodding; +calyx of upper flowers 2´´ long, the ovary glabrous except the hairy margin; +pod 1´ long; ovary and pod of the rudimentary flowers hairy.—Rich damp +woodlands, common. Aug., Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. Pítcheri</b>, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets usually 2–4´ long; rhachis of +the racemes usually villous; calyx 3´´ long, the teeth acuminate; ovary hairy.—Western +N. Y. to Ill., Mo., La., and Tex. The upper flowers more commonly +fertile; apparently producing subterranean fruit but rarely.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="galactia"><b>38. GALÁCTIA</b>, P. Browne. <span class="smcap">Milk-Pea.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 4-cleft; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest, entire. Keel scarcely +incurved. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Style beardless. Pod linear, +flat, several-seeded (some few of them rarely partly subterranean and fleshy or +deformed).—Low, mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually +3, stipellate. Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish; +in summer. (Name from <span class="greek">γάλα</span>, -<span class="greek">ακτος</span>, <i>milk</i>; some species being said to yield +a milky juice, which is unlikely.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. glabélla</b>, Michx. <i>Stems nearly smooth</i>, prostrate; leaflets elliptical +or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath; racemes short, 4–8-flowered; +<i>pods somewhat hairy</i>.—Sandy woods, southern N. Y. to Va., Fla., and Miss.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. pilòsa</b>, Ell. <i>Stems</i> (decumbent and somewhat twining) and <i>leaves +beneath soft-downy and hoary</i>; leaflets oval; racemes many-flowered, <i>pods very +downy</i>. (G. mollis, <i>Gray</i>, Manual; not <i>Michx.</i>)—Penn. to Fla. and Miss.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="rhynchosia"><a name="page147"></a><b>39. RHYNCHÒSIA</b>, Lour.</p> + +<p>Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, or deeply 4–5-parted. Keel scythe-shaped, or incurved +at the apex. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules only 2. Pod 1–2-seeded, +short and flat, 2-valved.—Usually twining or trailing perennial herbs, pinnately +3-foliolate, or with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose +or clustered. (Name from <span class="greek">ῥύγχος</span>, <i>a beak</i>, from the shape of the keel.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. tomentòsa</b>, Hook. & Arn. <i>Trailing and twining</i>, the stem and +leaves more or less <i>pubescent with spreading hairs</i>; leaflets 3, <i>roundish or round-rhombic</i>, +acute or acutish; <i>racemes</i> few-flowered, almost <i>sessile in the axils</i>; +calyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted, the upper lobe 2-cleft; pod oblong. +(R. tomentosa, var. volubilis, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Dry soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. erécta</b>, DC. <i>Erect</i>, 1–2° high; stem and leaves <i>more or less tomentose; +leaflets 3, oval to oblong</i>, obtuse or acutish; racemes short and shortly pedunculate. +(R. tomentosa, var. erecta, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Del. to Fla. and Miss.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. renifórmis</b>, DC. <i>Dwarf and upright</i>, 3–8´ high; <i>pubescence spreading; +leaflets solitary</i> (rarely 3), <i>round-reniform</i>, very obtuse or apiculate; racemes +few-flowered, sessile in the axils. (R. tomentosa, var. monophylla, +<i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Va. to Fla. and Miss.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cercis"><b>40. CÉRCIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Red-bud. Judas-tree.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous; standard smaller than +the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud; the keel-petals larger and not +united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, the +upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight.—Trees, with rounded +heart-shaped simple leaves, caducous stipules, and red-purple flowers in umbel-like +clusters along the branches of the last or preceding years, appearing before +the leaves, acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental <i>Judas-tree</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Red-bud.</span>) Leaves pointed; pods nearly sessile +above the calyx.—Rich soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Minn., Kan., +and La. A small ornamental tree, often cultivated.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cassia"><b>41. CÁSSIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Senna.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, scarcely united at base. Petals 5, little unequal, spreading. Stamens +5–10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading; anthers +opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross +partitions.—Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate +leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name of obscure derivation.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaflets large; stipules deciduous; the three upper anthers deformed and imperfect; +flowers in short axillary racemes, the upper ones panicled; herbage +glabrous</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Marilándica</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Senna.</span>) Stem 3–4° high; <i>leaflets 6–9 +pairs, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse</i>; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base; +pods linear, slightly curved, flat, at first hairy (2–4´ long); root perennial.—Alluvial +soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., S. E. Neb., Kan., and La.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. Tòra</b>, L. Annual; <i>leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse</i>, with +an elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair; pods slender,<a name="page148"></a> +6´ long, curved. (C. obtusifolia, <i>L.</i>)—River-banks, S. Va. to Fla., west +to S. Ind., Mo., and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">occidentàlis</span>, L. Annual; <i>leaflets 4–6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute</i>; +an ovate gland at the base of the petiole; pods long linear (5´ long) with a +tumid border, glabrous.—Va., S. Ind., and southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch; stipules striate, persistent; a +cup-shaped gland beneath the lowest pair of leaflets; anthers all perfect; +flowers in small clusters above the axils; pods flat; root annual.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. Chamæcrísta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Partridge Pea.</span>) Stems spreading (1° long); +leaflets 10–15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base; <i>flowers (large) on slender +pedicels</i>, 2 or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at base; +<i>anthers 10, elongated, unequal</i> (4 of them yellow, the others purple); style slender.—Sandy +fields; common, especially southward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. níctitans</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Sensitive-plant.</span>) Leaflets 10–20 pairs, +oblong-linear; <i>flowers (very small) on very short pedicels; anthers 5, nearly equal</i>; +style short.—Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ind., Kan., and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hoffmanseggia"><b>42. HOFFMANSÉGGIA</b>, Cav.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, nearly equal, oblong or oval. Stamens 10, distinct, +slightly declined; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Pod flat, oblong, +often falcate, few–several-seeded.—Low perennial herbs, or woody at base, +punctate with black glands, with bipinnate leaves, and naked racemes of yellow +flowers opposite the leaves or terminal. (Named for <i>Count von Hoffmansegg</i>, +a German botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. Jamèsii</b>, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous, finely pubescent; pinnæ 2 +or 3 pairs with an odd one, the small oblong leaflets 5–9 pairs; pods broad, +falcate, 1´ long, 2–3-seeded.—Central Kan. to Tex., Ariz., and Mex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gymnocladus"><b>43. GYMNÓCLADUS</b>, Lam. <span class="smcap">Kentucky Coffee-tree.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious or polygamous, regular. Calyx elongated-tubular below, +5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. +Stamens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the petals. Pod oblong, flattened, +hard, pulpy inside, several seeded. Seeds flattish.—A large tall tree, with +rough bark, stout branchlets, not thorny, and large unequally twice-pinnate +leaves; the leaflets standing vertically.—Flowers whitish, in terminal racemes. +(Name from <span class="greek">γυμνός</span>, <i>naked</i>, and <span class="greek">κλάδος</span>, <i>a branch</i>, alluding to the stout branches +destitute of spray.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. Canadénsis</b>, Lam. Leaves 2–3° long, with several large partial +leafstalks bearing 7–13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets; +stipules wanting; pod 6–10´ long, 2´ broad; the seeds over ½´ across.—Rich +woods, western N. Y. and Penn. to Minn., E. Neb., and Ark.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gleditschia"><b>44. GLEDÍTSCHIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Honey-Locust.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 3–5-cleft, the lobes spreading. Petals +as many as the sepals and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united. Stamens +3–10, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Pod flat,<a name="page149"></a> +1–many-seeded. Seeds flat.—Thorny trees, with abruptly once or twice pinnate +leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes. Thorns above +the axils. (Named in honor of <i>J. G. Gleditsch</i>, a botanist contemporary with +Linnæus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. triacánthos</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Three-thorned Acacia</span>, or <span class="smcap">Honey-Locust</span>.) +Thorns stout, often triple or compound; <i>leaflets lanceolate-oblong</i>, somewhat +serrate; <i>pods linear, elongated</i> (1–1½° long), often twisted, filled with sweet +pulp between the seeds.—Rich woods, western N. Y. and Penn. to Ga., west +to Mich., E. Neb., Kan., and La. A large tree, common in cultivation, with +very hard and heavy wood.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. aquática</b>, Marsh. (<span class="smcap">Water-Locust.</span>) Thorns slender, mostly +simple; <i>leaflets ovate or oblong; pods oval, 1-seeded</i>, pulpless. (G. monosperma, +<i>Walt.</i>)—Deep swamps, Mo. to S. Ind., S. Car., and southward. A smaller +tree, 30–40° high.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="desmanthus"><b>45. DESMÁNTHUS</b>, Willd.</p> + +<p>Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. +Petals 5, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat +coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth.—Herbs, with twice-pinnate leaves +of numerous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous +stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white +flowers. (Name composed of <span class="greek">δέσμα</span>, <i>a bond</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. brachýlobus</b>, Benth. Nearly glabrous perennial, erect (1–4° +high); pinnæ 6–15 pairs; leaflets 20–30 pairs; peduncles 1–3´ long; stamens +5; pods <i>numerous in dense globose heads, oblong or lanceolate</i>, curved, scarcely +1´ long, 2–6-seeded.—Prairies and alluvial banks, Ind. and Ky. to Minn., Mo., +and Tex.; also in Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>D. leptólobus</b>, Torr. & Gray. Pinnæ 5–8 pairs; leaflets 10–20 +pairs; peduncles 1´ long or less; heads rather loose, stamens 5; <i>pods usually +few, narrowly linear, erect</i>, 1–2´ long.—Central Kan. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="schrankia"><b>46. SCHRÁNKIA</b>, Willd. <span class="smcap">Sensitive Briar.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into +a funnel-form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10–12, distinct, or the filaments united +at base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i.e., +the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin.—Perennial +herbs, nearly related to the true Sensitive Plants (Mimosa); the procumbent +stems and petioles recurved-prickly, with twice-pinnate sensitive leaves of +many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose-colored +flowers. (Named for <i>F. P. Schrank</i>, a German botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. uncinàta</b>, Willd. Prickles hooked; pinnæ 4–6 pairs; <i>leaflets elliptical, +reticulated</i> with strong veins beneath; pods oblong-linear, nearly terete-short-pointed, +densely prickly (2´ long).—Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to +S. Ill., Kan., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. angustàta</b>, Torr. & Gray. <i>Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely veined</i>; +pods slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4´ long).—S. Va. (?) to +Fla., Tenn., and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="rosaceae"><a name="page150"></a><span class="smcap">Order 33.</span> <b>ROSÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Rose Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens inserted +on the calyx, and 1–many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the +last tribe) united and combined with the calyx tube. Seeds (anatropous) +1–few in each ovary, almost always without albumen. Embryo straight, +with large and thick cotyledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules</i>, these sometimes +caducous, rarely obsolete or wanting.—Calyx of 5 or rarely 3–4–8 +sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double +by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely wanting), +mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the +edge of a disk that lines the calyx tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs.—A +large and important order, almost destitute of noxious qualities, and producing +the most valuable fruits. Very intimately connected with Leguminosæ +on one hand, and with Saxifragaceæ on the other.</p> + +<p class="key">I. Ovary superior and not enclosed in the calyx tube at maturity.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Calyx deciduous, without bractlets, pistil solitary, becoming a drupe.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. PRUNEÆ.</b> Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly serrate leaves. Ovules 2, +pendulous, but seed almost always solitary. Style terminal.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Prunus.</b> Flowers perfect. Lobes of calyx and corolla 5. Stone of the drupe bony.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Calyx mostly persistent; pistils few to many (rarely solitary).</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Calyx without bractlets; ovules 2–many.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. SPIRÆEÆ.</b> Pistils mostly 5, becoming 2–several seeded follicles. Shrubs +or perennial herbs.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>a.</i> Calyx short, 5 cleft. Petals obovate, equal.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Spiræa.</b> Flowers perfect or diœcious. Pods 1-valved. Herbs or shrubs; leaves simple +or pinnate.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Physocarpus.</b> Pods inflated, 2-valved. Shrub; leaves palmately lobed.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>b.</i> Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Gillenia.</b> Herbs; leaves 3-foliolate.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. RUBEÆ.</b> Pistils several or numerous, becoming drupelets in fruit. Ovules +2 and pendulous, but seed solitary. Perennials, herbaceous or with biennial soft-woody +stems.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Rubus.</b> Pistils numerous, fleshy in fruit, crowded upon a spongy receptacle.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Dalibarda.</b> Pistils 5–10 in the bottom of the calyx, nearly dry in fruit.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Calyx lobes mostly with bractlets; ovule solitary.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe IV. POTENTILLEÆ.</b> Pistils few–many, 1-ovuled, becoming dry achenes. +Herbs.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>a.</i> Styles persistent and elongated after anthesis, often plumose or jointed.</p> + +<p class="genus"><b>7. Geum.</b> Calyx lobes usually with 5 alternating small bractlets. Stamens and carpels numerous, +styles becoming plumose or hairy tails, or naked and straight or jointed.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>b.</i> Styles not elongated after anthesis, mostly deciduous.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Waldsteinia.</b> Petals and calyx lobes 5; small or no bractlets. Stamens numerous. +Achenes 2–6; styles deciduous from the base.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Fragaria.</b> Flower as in Potentilla. Receptacle much enlarged and pulpy in fruit.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Potentilla.</b> Petals 5 (rarely 4) conspicuous. Calyx lobes as many, with an alternating +set of bractlets. Stamens and achenes numerous; the latter heaped on a dry receptacle. +Styles commonly more or less lateral, deciduous or not enlarging in fruit.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Sibbaldia.</b> Petals minute; stamens and achenes 5–10; otherwise as Potentilla.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page151"></a>II. Ovaries inferior or enclosed in the calyx-tube.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe V. POTERIEÆ.</b> Pistils 1–4, becoming achenes, completely enclosed in the +dry and firm calyx-tube, which is constricted or nearly closed at the throat. Herbs +with compound or lobed leaves. Petals often none.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Alchemilla.</b> Calyx urceolate, bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens 1–4. Flowers +minute, clustered.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Agrimonia.</b> Calyx turbinate, with a margin of hooked prickles. Stamens 5–12. +Flowers yellow, in long racemes.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Poterium.</b> Calyx lobes petaloid; tube 4-angled, naked. Petals none. Flowers densely +capitate or spicate.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe VI. ROSEÆ.</b> Pistils many, becoming bony achenes, enclosed in the globose or +urn-shaped fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals conspicuous. Stamens +numerous.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Rosa.</b> The only genus. Prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe VII. POMEÆ.</b> Carpels 2–5, enclosed in and coalescent with the fleshy or berry-like +calyx, in fruit becoming a 2–several-celled pome. Trees or shrubs, with stipules +free from the petiole.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>a.</i> Cells of the compound ovary as many as the styles (2–5), each 2- (rarely several-) ovuled.</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Pyrus.</b> Pome containing 2–5 papery or cartilaginous carpels.</p> + +<p class="genus">17. <b>Cratægus.</b> Pome drupe-like, with 1–5 bony stones or kernels. Usually thorny.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>b.</i> Cells of the compound ovary becoming twice as many as the styles, each 1-ovuled.</p> + +<p class="genus">18. <b>Amelanchier.</b> Pome usually of 5 carpels; each becomes incompletely 2-celled by a +projection from its back; otherwise as Pyrus.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="prunus"><b>1. PRÙNUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Plum, Cherry, etc.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft, the tube bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or tubular-obconical, deciduous +after flowering. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15–20. Pistil solitary, +with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe fleshy, with a bony stone.—Small trees or +shrubs, with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. PRUNUS proper (and <span class="smcap">Cerasus</span>). <i>Drupe smooth, and the stone smooth or +somewhat rugged; flowers (usually white) from separate lateral scaly buds +in early spring, preceding or coetaneous with the leaves; the pedicels few or +several in simple umbel-like clusters.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Americàna</b>, Marshall. (<span class="smcap">Wild Yellow</span> or <span class="smcap">Red Plum</span>.) Tree +thorny, 8–20° high; <i>leaves ovate</i> or somewhat obovate, <i>conspicuously pointed, +coarsely or doubly serrate; very veiny, glabrous when mature</i>; fruit nearly destitute +of bloom, roundish oval, yellow, orange, or red, ½–{2/3}´ in diameter, with +the turgid stone more or less acute on both margins, or in cultivated states 1´ +or more in diameter, the flattened stone with broader margins; pleasant-tasted, +but with a tough and acerb skin.—Woodlands and river banks, common.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. marítima</b>, Wang. (<span class="smcap">Beach Plum.</span>) Low and straggling (1–5°); +<i>leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath</i>; pedicels short, +pubescent; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom (½–1´ in diameter); +the stone very turgid, <i>acute on one edge</i>, rounded and minutely grooved on the +other.—Sea beaches and the vicinity, N. Brunswick to Va. It varies, when at +some distance from the coast (N. J. and southward), with the leaves smoother +and thinner and the fruit smaller.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. Alleghaniénsis</b>, Porter. A low straggling shrub or small tree +(3–15° high), seldom thorny; <i>leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, often long-acuminate,<a name="page152"></a> +finely and sharply serrate</i>, softly pubescent when young, glabrate with +age; <i>fruit globose-ovoid, very dark purple with a bloom</i> (less than ½´ in diameter); +stone turgid, a shallow groove on one side and a broad flat ridge on the other.—Bluffs +of the Alleghany Mts., Penn.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. Chicàsa</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Chickasaw Plum.</span>) Stem scarcely thorny +(8–15° high); <i>leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous</i>; fruit globular, +<i>red, nearly destitute of bloom</i> (½–{2/3}´ in diameter); the ovoid stone almost as +thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved.—Md. +to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. grácilis</b>, Engelm. & Gray. <i>Soft-pubescent</i>, 1–4° high; <i>leaves oblong-lanceolate +to ovate, acute, sharply serrate</i>, becoming nearly glabrous above, 1–2´ +long; <i>pedicels and calyx pubescent</i>; fruit less than ½´ in diameter; stone rather +turgid, suborbicular.—Prairies and sandy places, S. Kan. to Tex. and Tenn.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. pùmila</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf Cherry. Sand C.</span>) Smooth, depressed +and trailing (6´–6° high); <i>leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base</i>, somewhat +toothed near the apex, <i>pale underneath</i>; flowers 2–4 together; fruit +ovoid, dark red or nearly black when ripe, without bloom; stone ovoid, marginless, +of the size of a large pea.—Rocks or sandy banks, N. Brunswick to +Va., west to Minn. and Kan. Fruit usually sour and astringent.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. Pennsylvánica</b>, L. f. (<span class="smcap">Wild Red Cherry.</span>) Tree 20–30° high, +with light red-brown bark; <i>leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply +serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides</i>; flowers many in a cluster, on long +pedicels; fruit globose, light red, very small, with thin and sour flesh; stone +globular.—Rocky woods, Newf. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">spinòsa</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sloe. Black Thorn.</span>) Branches thorny; <i>leaves obovate-oblong +or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous</i>; pedicels glabrous; +fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one edge.—Var. +<span class="smcap">insitítia</span> (<span class="smcap">Bullace-Plum</span>), is less spiny, the pedicels and lower side +of the leaves pubescent.—Roadsides and waste places, N. Eng. to Penn. and +N. J. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. PADUS. <i>Drupe small, globose, without bloom; the stone turgid-ovate, marginless; +flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches, therefore appearing +after the leaves, late in spring.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. Virginiàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Choke-Cherry.</span>) A tall shrub, with grayish +bark; <i>leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, abruptly pointed, very sharply (often doubly) +serrate with slender teeth</i>, thin; petals roundish; fruit red turning to dark +crimson; stone smooth.—River-banks, Newf. to Ga., west to Minn., E. Neb., and +Tex.—Fruit very austere and astringent. A variety with very short dense +racemes and sweeter yellowish fruit has been found at Dedham, Mass.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>P. seròtina</b>, Ehrh. (<span class="smcap">Wild Black Cherry.</span>) A large tree, with +reddish-brown branches; <i>leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrate +with incurved short and callous teeth</i>, thickish, shining above; racemes elongated; +petals obovate; fruit purplish-black.—Woods, N. Scotia to Fla., west +to Minn., E. Neb., and La.—Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous +flavor.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>P. demíssa</b>, Walp. Low but tree-like in habit, 3–12° high, resembling +n. 8 in foliage, but the leaves rather thick and the teeth less slender; racemes +often elongated; fruit purplish-black, sweet and but slightly astringent.—Central +Kan. and Neb. to New Mex., Dak., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="spiraea"><a name="page153"></a><b>2. SPIRÆ̀A</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Meadow-Sweet.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft, short, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the +bud. Stamens 10–50. Pods (follicles) 5–8, not inflated, few–several-seeded. +Seeds linear, with a thin or loose coat and no albumen.—Shrubs or perennial +herbs, with simple or pinnate leaves, and white or rose-colored flowers in corymbs +or panicles. (The Greek name, from <span class="greek">σπειράω</span>, <i>to twist</i>, from the twisting +of the pods in the original species.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. SPIRÆA proper. <i>Erect shrubs, with simple leaves; stipules obsolete; pods +mostly 5, several-seeded.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. betulæfòlia</b>, Pall., var. <b>corymbòsa</b>, Watson. Nearly smooth (1–2° +high); leaves oval or ovate, cut-toothed toward the apex; <i>corymbs large, flat</i>, +several times compound; <i>flowers white</i>. (S. corymbosa, <i>Raf.</i>)—Mountains of +Penn. and N. J. to Ga., west to Ky. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. salicifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Meadow-Sweet.</span>) <i>Nearly smooth</i> (2–3° +high); leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate; <i>flowers in a crowded +panicle</i>, white or flesh-color; pods smooth.—Wet or low grounds, Newf. to the +mountains of Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.; also to the far northwest. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. tomentòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Hardhack. Steeple-Bush.</span>) <i>Stems and lower +surface of the</i> ovate or oblong serrate <i>leaves very woolly</i>; flowers in short racemes +crowded in a dense panicle, rose-color, rarely white; pods woolly.—Low +grounds, N. Scotia to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn. and Kan.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. ULMÀRIA. <i>Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panicled cymose +flowers; stipules kidney-form; pods 5–8, 1–2-seeded.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. lobàta</b>, Jacq. (<span class="smcap">Queen of the Prairie.</span>) Glabrous (2–8° high); +leaves interruptedly pinnate; the terminal leaflet very large, 7–9-parted, +the lobes incised and toothed; panicle compound-clustered, on a long naked +peduncle; flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome, the petals and sepals +often in fours.—Meadows and prairies, Penn. to Ga., west to Mich., Ky., and +Iowa.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. ARÚNCUS. <i>Perennial herbs, with diœcious whitish flowers in many slender +spikes, disposed in a long compound panicle; leaves thrice pinnate; stipules +obsolete; pods 3–5, several-seeded; pedicels reflexed in fruit.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. Arúncus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Goat's-Beard.</span>) Smooth, tall; leaflets thin, lanceolate-oblong, +or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply cut +and serrate.—Rich woods, N. Y. and Penn. to Ga. in the mountains, west to +Iowa and Mo.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="physocarpus"><b>3. PHYSOCÁRPUS</b>, Maxim. <span class="smcap">Nine-bark.</span></p> + +<p>Carpels 1–5, inflated, 2-valved; ovules 2–4. Seeds roundish, with a smooth +and shining crustaceous testa and copious albumen. Stamens 30–40. Otherwise +as Spiræa.—Shrubs, with simple palmately-lobed leaves and umbel-like +corymbs of white flowers. (Name from <span class="greek">φῦσα</span>, <i>a bladder</i>, and <span class="greek">καρπός</span>, <i>fruit</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. opulifòlius</b>, Maxim. Shrub 4–10° high, with long recurved +branches, the old bark loose and separating in numerous thin layers; leaves +roundish, somewhat 3-lobed and heart-shaped; the purplish membranaceous +pods very conspicuous. (Spiræa opulifolia, <i>L.</i> Neillia opulifolia,<a name="page154"></a> +<i>Benth. & Hook.</i>)—Rocky banks of streams, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mo., and the +Pacific northward. Often cultivated.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gillenia"><b>4. GILLÈNIA</b>, Moench. <span class="smcap">Indian Physic.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx narrow, somewhat constricted at the throat, 5-toothed; teeth erect. +Petals 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx, +convolute in the bud. Stamens 10–20, included. Pods 5, included, at first +lightly cohering with each other, 2–4-seeded. Seeds ascending, with a close +coriaceous coat, and some albumen.—Perennial herbs, with almost sessile +3-foliolate leaves; the thin leaflets doubly serrate and incised. Flowers loosely +paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or white. (Dedicated to an obscure German +botanist or physician, <i>A. Gille</i>, or <i>Gillenius</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. trifoliàta</b>, Moench. (<span class="smcap">Bowman's Root.</span>) Leaflets ovate-oblong, +pointed, cut-serrate; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire.—Rich woods, N. Y. +to N. J. and Ga., west to Mich., Ind., and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. stipulàcea</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">American Ipecac.</span>) Leaflets lanceolate, +deeply incised; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised.—Western N. Y. +and Penn. to S. Ind. and Kan., south to Ala. and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="rubus"><b>5. RÙBUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Bramble.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous. +Achenes usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming +small drupes; styles nearly terminal.—Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby +plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (The Roman +name, kindred with <i>ruber</i>, red.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole from the dry receptacle +when ripe, or of few grains which fall separately.</i>—<span class="smcap">Raspberry.</span></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves simple; flowers large; prickles none; fruit and receptacle flat and broad.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. odoràtus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Purple Flowering-Raspberry.</span>) <i>Stem shrubby</i> +(3–5° high); <i>branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with glandular clammy hairs</i>; +leaves 3–5-lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one prolonged; +peduncles many-flowered; flowers showy (2´ broad); calyx-lobes +tipped with a long narrow appendage; <i>petals rounded, purple rose-color</i>; fruit +reddish.—N. Scotia to N. J. and Ga., west to Mich.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. Nutkànus</b>, Moçino. (<span class="smcap">Salmon-berry.</span>) <i>Glandular</i>, scarcely +bristly; leaves almost equally 5-lobed, coarsely toothed; peduncles few-flowered; +<i>petals oval, white</i>.—Upper Mich., Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. Chamæmòrus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cloud-berry. Baked-apple Berry.</span>) +<i>Herbaceous, low, diœcious; stem simple, 2–3-leaved, 1-flowered</i>; leaves roundish-kidney-form, +somewhat 5-lobed, serrate, wrinkled; calyx-lobes pointless; +<i>petals obovate, white</i>; fruit of few grains, amber-color.—In sphagnous swamps, +highest peaks of White Mts., coast of E. Maine, and north and west to the +Arctic regions. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaflets (pinnately or pedately) 3–5; petals small, erect, white.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Stems annual, herbaceous, not prickly; fruit of few separate grains.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>R. triflòrus</b>, Richardson. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf Raspberry.</span>) Stems ascending +(6–12´ high) or trailing, leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate,<a name="page155"></a> +acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin, smooth; peduncle +1–3-flowered.—Wooded hillsides, Lab. to N. J., west to Minn. and Iowa. Sepals +and petals often 6 or 7. This appears to be more properly a blackberry.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Stems biennial and woody, prickly; receptacle oblong; fruit hemispherical.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>R. strigòsus</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Wild Red Raspberry.</span>) <i>Stems upright</i>, +and with the stalks, etc., <i>beset with stiff straight bristles</i> (or a few becoming +weak hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous; leaflets +3–5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath, the lateral +ones sessile; petals as long as the sepals; <i>fruit light red</i>.—Thickets and hills, +Lab. to N. J., and south in the mountains to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>R. occidentàlis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry.</span>) +<i>Glaucous all over; stems recurved, armed</i> like the stalks, etc., <i>with hooked +prickles, not bristly</i>; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, +whitened-downy underneath, the lateral ones somewhat stalked; petals +shorter than the sepals; <i>fruit purple-black</i> (rarely a whitish variety), ripe early +in July.—Common, especially northward.—An apparent hybrid (R. neglectus, +<i>Peck</i>) between this and the last species occurs, with characters intermediate +between the two, and growing with them.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy prolonged receptacle, +mostly ovate or oblong, blackish; stems prickly and flowers white.</i>—<span class="smcap">Blackberry.</span></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>R. villòsus</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Common</span> or <span class="smcap">High Blackberry</span>.) Shrubby (1–6° +high), furrowed, <i>upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles</i>; branchlets, +stalks, and lower surface of the leaves <i>hairy and glandular</i>; leaflets 3 (or +pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate, the terminal ones somewhat +heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked; <i>flowers racemed, numerous</i>; bracts short; +sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals.—Borders +of thickets, etc., common, and very variable in size, aspect, and +shape of fruit.—Var. <span class="smcap">frondòsus</span>, Torr., is smoother and much less glandular, +with flowers more corymbose, leafy bracts and roundish petals. With +the type, more common at the north.—Var. <span class="smcap">humifùsus</span>, Torr. & Gray, is +smaller and trailing, with peduncles few-flowered. More common southward, +and connecting with the next species.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>R. Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Low Blackberry. Dewberry.</span>) <i>Shrubby, +extensively trailing, slightly prickly</i>; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5–7), oval or ovate-lanceolate, +mostly pointed, thin, <i>nearly smooth</i>, sharply cut-serrate; flowers +racemed, with leaf-like bracts.—Dry fields, common; Newf. to Va., west to +central Minn. and E. Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>R. híspidus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Running Swamp-Blackberry.</span>) <i>Stems slender, +scarcely woody, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflexed prickles</i>; leaflets +3 (or rarely pedately 5), <i>smooth, thickish, mostly persistent</i>, obovate, obtuse, +coarsely serrate, entire toward the base; <i>peduncles leafless, several-flowered, +often bristly; flowers small</i>; fruit of few grains, black.—In low woods or +swampy grassy ground, N. Scotia to Ga., west to Minn. and E. Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>R. cuneifòlius</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Sand Blackberry.</span>) <i>Shrubby</i> (1–3° +high), <i>upright, armed with stout recurved prickles, branchlets and lower side of +the leaves whitish-woolly</i>; leaflets 3–5, wedge-obovate, thickish, serrate above;<a name="page156"></a> +peduncles 2–4-flowered; <i>petals large</i>.—Sandy woods, southern N. Y. and +Penn. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>R. triviàlis</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Low Bush-blackberry.</span>) <i>Shrubby, procumbent</i>, +bristly and prickly; <i>leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous</i>; leaflets +3 (or pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate; peduncles 1–3-flowered; +petals large.—Sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dalibarda"><b>6. DALIBÁRDA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx deeply 5–6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, +sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5–10, becoming nearly dry seed-like +drupes; styles terminal, deciduous.—Low perennials, with creeping and +densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves +on slender petioles. Flowers 1 or 2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named +in honor of <i>Thomas Dalibard</i>, a French botanist of the time of Linnæus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. rèpens</b>, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging +and enclosing the fruit.—Wooded banks; common northward. June–Aug.—In +aspect and foliage resembling a stemless Violet.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="geum"><b>7. GÈUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Avens.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at +the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenes numerous, heaped on a conical +or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or +naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect; radicle inferior.—Perennial +herbs, with pinnate or lyrate leaves. (A name used by Pliny, of unknown +meaning.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. GEUM proper. <i>Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper part +deciduous and mostly hairy, the lower naked and hooked, becoming elongated; +head of fruit sessile in the calyx; calyx-lobes reflexed.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Petals white or pale greenish-yellow, small, spatulate or oblong; stipules small.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. álbum</b>, Gmelin. <i>Smoothish or softly pubescent; stem slender</i> (2° +high); root-leaves of 3–5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute +leaflets on the petiole below; those of the stem 3-divided or lobed, or only +toothed; hairs upon the long slender peduncles ascending or spreading; <i>receptacle +of the fruit densely bristly-hirsute.</i>—Borders of woods, etc.; common. +May–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. Virginiànum</b>, L. <i>Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem</i>; lower +and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, +incised; petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx; heads of fruit larger, +on short stout peduncles hirsute with reflexed hairs; <i>receptacle glabrous</i> or +nearly so.—Borders of woods and low grounds; common. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Petals golden-yellow, conspicuous, broadly-obovate, exceeding the calyx; +stipules larger and all deeply cut.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>G. macrophýllum</b>, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (1–3° high); root-leaves +lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the <i>terminal leaflet very large +and round-heart-shaped</i>; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2–4, minute, the +terminal roundish, 3-cleft, the <i>lobes wedge-form and rounded; receptacle nearly +naked</i>.—N. Scotia and N. Eng. to Minn., Mo., and westward. June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page157"></a>4. <b>G. stríctum</b>, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3–5° high); root-leaves interruptedly +pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate; <i>leaflets of the stem-leaves 3–5, +rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute; receptacle downy.</i>—Moist meadows, Newf. to +N. J., west to Minn., Kan., and westward. July, Aug. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. STÝLIPUS. <i>Styles smooth; head of fruit conspicuously stalked in the +calyx; bractlets of the calyx none, otherwise nearly as § 1.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>G. vérnum</b>, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat pubescent; stems ascending, +few-leaved, slender; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3–5-lobed, or some of +them pinnate, with the lobes cut; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx; +receptacle smooth.—Thickets, Penn. to Ill., south to Ky. and Tex. April–June.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. CARYOPHYLLÀTA. <i>Style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper +joint plumose; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading; petals erect.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>G. rivàle</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Water</span>, or <span class="smcap">Purple Avens</span>.)—Stems nearly simple, +several-flowered (2° high); root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate, +those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; petals dilated-obovate, retuse, +contracted into a claw, purplish-orange; head of fruit stalked in the brown-purple +calyx.—Bogs and wet meadows, Newf. to N. J., west to Minn. and +Mo.—Flowers nodding; pedicels erect in fruit. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 4. SIEVÉRSIA. <i>Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight; head of +fruit sessile; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading. (Flowering stems +simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.)</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>G. triflòrum</b>, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy; root-leaves interruptedly +pinnate; leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply cut-toothed; +flowers 3 or more on long peduncles; <i>bractlets linear, longer than the +purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals; styles very long (2´), +strongly plumose in fruit</i>.—Rocks, Lab. and northern N. Eng., to Minn. and +Mo., rare. April–June.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>G. radiàtum</b>, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish; <i>root-leaves +rounded-kidney-shaped</i>, radiate-veined (2–5´ broad), doubly or irregularly cut-toothed +and obscurely 5–7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long +petiole; stems (8–18´ high) 1–5-flowered; <i>bractlets minute; petals yellow, +round-obovate</i> and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (½´ long), <i>spreading; +styles naked</i> except the base. (High mountains of N. C.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Péckii</b>, Gray. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves +sparsely hirsute.—Alpine tops of the White Mts.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dryas Octopetala</span>, L., a dwarf matted slightly shrubby plant, with simple +toothed leaves and large white solitary flowers, has the characters of this section +excepting its 8–9-parted calyx and 8 or 9 petals. It was said by Pursh +to have been found on the White Mountains, N. H., ninety years ago, but it +is not known to have been seen there since.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="waldsteinia"><b>8. WALDSTEÌNIA</b>, Willd.</p> + +<p>Calyx-tube inversely conical; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and deciduous +bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. +Achenes 2–6, minutely hairy; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the +base by a joint. Seed erect; radicle inferior.—Low perennial herbs, with<a name="page158"></a> +chiefly radical 3–5-lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted +scapes. (Named in honor of <i>Francis von Waldstein</i>, a German botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>W. fragarioìdes</b>, Tratt. (<span class="smcap">Barren Strawberry.</span>) Low; leaflets +3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed, scapes several-flowered; petals longer than +the calyx.—Wooded hillsides, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Ind., Mich., and Minn.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="fragaria">9. <b>FRAGÀRIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Strawberry.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit +much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry +achenes scattered over its surface.—Stemless perennials, with runners, and +with white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical; leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, +coarsely serrate, stipules cohering with the base of the petioles, +which with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the +fruit.)—Flowering in spring. (The species are indiscriminately called <span class="smcap">Wild +Strawberry</span>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>F. Virginiàna</b>, Mill. <i>Achenes imbedded in the deeply pitted fruiting +receptacle</i>, which usually has a narrow neck, calyx becoming erect after flowering +and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructified; <i>leaflets +of a firm or coriaceous texture; the hairs of the scapes</i>, and especially of the +<i>pedicels, silky and appressed</i>.—Moist or rich woodlands, fields, etc.; common.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Illinoénsis</b>, Gray, is a coarser or larger plant, with flowers more +inclined to be polygamo-diœcious, and the <i>villous hairs of the scape and pedicels +widely spreading</i>.—Rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>F. vésca</b>, L. <i>Achenes superficial on the glabrous conical or hemispherical +fruiting receptacle</i> (not sunk in pits); calyx remaining spreading or reflexed; +hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed; <i>leaflets +thin</i>, even the upper face strongly marked by the veins.—Fields and rocky +places; less common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>F.</b> <span class="smcap">Índica</span>, L., differing from the true strawberries in having leafy runners, +a calyx with incised leafy bractlets larger than the sepals, <i>yellow petals</i>, and +<i>insipid fruit</i>, has become somewhat established near Philadelphia and in the +S. States; an escape from cultivation. Flowers and fruit produced through +the summer and autumn. (Adv. from India.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="potentilla">10. <b>POTENTÍLLA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Cinque-foil. Five-finger.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appearing +10-cleft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenes many, +collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle; styles +lateral or terminal, deciduous. Radicle superior.—Herbs, or rarely shrubs, +with compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers; their parts rarely in +fours. (Name a diminutive from <i>potens</i>, powerful, originally applied to P. +Anserina, from its once reputed medicinal powers.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Styles thickened and glandular toward the base; achenes glabrous, numerous; +inflorescence cymose.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Style nearly basal; stamens 25–30; perennial glandular-villous herbs, with +pinnate leaves, and rather large white or yellow flowers.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. argùta</b>, Pursh. Stems erect, usually stout (1–4° high), brownish-hairy, +clammy above; leaflets 7–11, oval or ovate, cut-serrate, downy beneath;<a name="page159"></a> +cyme strict and rather close; stamens mostly 30, on a thick glandular disk.—Rocky +hills, N. Brunswick to N. J., Minn., Kan., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Style terminal; flowers small, yellow; leaves pinnate or ternate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Annual or biennial; leaflets incisely serrate, not white-tomentose; stamens 5–20.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. Norvégica</b>, L. <i>Stout, erect, hirsute</i> (½–2° high); <i>leaves ternate</i>; +leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate; <i>cyme rather close</i>, leafy; <i>calyx large</i>; +stamens 15 (rarely 20).—Lab. to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. rivàlis</b>, Nutt. <i>More slender and branched, softly villous; leaves +pinnate, with two pairs of closely approximate leaflets, or a single pair and the +terminal leaflet 3-parted</i>; leaflets cuneate-obovate or -oblong; <i>cyme loose, often +diffuse</i>, less leafy; <i>calyx small</i>; petals minute; stamens 10–20 (rarely 5).—Neb. +to Mo. and N. Mex., and westward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>millegràna</b>, Watson. Leaves all ternate; stems erect, or weak and +ascending; achenes often small and light-colored.—Minn. to Mo., N. Mex., +and westward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>pentándra</b>, Watson. Leaves ternate, the lateral leaflets of the lower +leaves parted nearly to the base; stamens 5, opposite to the sepals.—Iowa, +Mo., and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. supìna</b>, L. <i>Stems decumbent at base</i> or erect, often stout, leafy, +<i>subvillous; leaflets pinnately 5–11</i>, obovate or oblong; <i>cyme loose, leafy</i>; stamens +20; <i>achenes strongly gibbous on the ventral side</i>. (P. paradoxa, <i>Nutt.</i>)—Minn. +to Mo., and westward; also eastward along the Great Lakes.—Var. +<span class="smcap">Nicollétii</span>, Watson. Slender; leaflets mostly but 3; inflorescence much +elongated, leafy, and falsely racemose.—Devil's Lake, Minn.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Herbaceous perennials, more or less white-tomentose; leaflets incisely pinnatifid; +bractlets and sepals nearly equal; stamens 20–25.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. Pennsylvánica</b>, L. Stems erect or decumbent at base (½–2° +high); leaflets 5–9, white-tomentose beneath, short-pubescent and greener +above, oblong, obtuse, the linear segments slightly or not at all revolute; +cyme fastigiate but rather open.—Coast of Maine, N. H., and the lower St. Lawrence, +L. Superior, and westward. July, Aug.—Var. <span class="smcap">strigòsa</span>, Lehm. +Stems 6–12´ high; silky-tomentose throughout; leaflets deeply pinnatifid, the +margins of the narrow lobes revolute; cyme short and close.—Minn. and +westward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Styles filiform, not glandular at base; inflorescence cymose.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Style terminal; achenes glabrous; stamens 20; herbaceous perennials, with +rather large yellow flowers.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves pinnate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. Hippiàna</b>, Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silky throughout, +the upper surface of the leaves a little darker; stems ascending (1–1½° high), +slender, branching above into a diffuse cyme; leaflets 5–11, cuneate-oblong, +<i>incisely toothed at least toward the apex, diminishing uniformly down the petiole</i>; +carpels 10–30.—N. W. Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. effùsa</b>, Dougl. Tomentose throughout, with scattered villous hairs; +stems ascending (4–12´ high), diffusely branched above; leaflets 5–11, <i>interruptedly +pinnate, the alternate ones smaller</i>, cuneate-oblong, <i>coarsely-incised-serrate +or dentate</i>; carpels 10.—W. Minn. to Mont. and Col.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page160"></a>[+][+] <i>Leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets; tomentose or villous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. argéntea</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Silvery Cinque-foil.</span>) Stems ascending, paniculately +branched at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, +almost pinnatifid, entire toward the base, with revolute margins, green +above, white with silvery wool beneath.—Dry barren fields, etc., N. Scotia to +N. J., west to Dak. and E. Kan. June–Sept. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>P. frígida</b>, Vill. Dwarf (1–3' high), tufted, villous when young; +leaflets 3, broadly cuneate-obovate, deeply 3–5-toothed at summit, nearly glabrous +above; flowers mostly solitary, small, on very slender stems; bractlets +and sepals equal.—Alpine summits of the White Mts. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Style lateral; purple petals (shorter than the broad calyx) somewhat persistent; +disk thick and hairy; achenes glabrous; hairy receptacle becoming +large and spongy.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>P. palústris</b>, Scop. (<span class="smcap">Marsh Five-Finger.</span>) Stems stout, ascending +from a decumbent rooting perennial base (½–2° long), glabrous below; +leaves pinnate; leaflets 5–7, oblong, serrate, lighter colored and more or less +pubescent beneath; flowers few in an open cyme; calyx (1´ broad) dark purple +inside.—Cool bogs, N. J. to N. Ind., Ill., Minn., and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Style attached below the middle; achenes and receptacle densely villous; +woody perennials.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>P. fruticòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Shrubby Cinque-foil.</span>) <i>Stem erect, shrubby</i> +(1–4° high), much branched; <i>leaves pinnate, leaflets 5–7</i>, crowded, oblong-lanceolate, +<i>entire</i>, silky, usually whiter beneath and the margins revolute; +<i>petals yellow, orbicular</i>.—Wet grounds, Lab. to N. J., west to Minn., northern +Iowa, and north and westward. June–Sept. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>P. tridentàta</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Three-toothed C.</span>) Stems low (1–10´ high), +rather woody at base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-flowered; <i>leaves +palmate; leaflets 3</i>, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, <i>coarsely 3-toothed at +the apex; petals white</i>; achenes and receptacle very hairy.—Coast of N. Eng. +from Cape Cod northward, Norfolk, Ct. (<i>Barbour</i>), and mountain-tops of the +Alleghanies; also shores of the upper Great Lakes, and N. Iowa, Wisc., and +Minn.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <i>Styles filiform, lateral; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered; achenes +glabrous; receptacle very villous; herbaceous perennials, with yellow flowers.</i></p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>P. Anserìna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Silver-Weed.</span>) <i>Spreading by slender many-jointed +runners, white-tomentose and silky-villous; leaves all radical, pinnate</i>; +leaflets 7–21, with smaller ones interposed, <i>oblong</i>, sharply serrate, silky tomentose +at least beneath; bractlets and stipules often incisely cleft; peduncles +elongated.—Brackish marshes, river-banks, etc., New Eng. to N. J., N. Ind., +Minn., and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>P. Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Cinque-foil</span> or <span class="smcap">Five-Finger</span>.) <i>Stems +slender and decumbent or prostrate</i>, or sometimes erect; <i>pubescence villous, often +scanty; leaves ternate, but apparently quinate</i> by the parting of the lateral leaflets; +<i>leaflets cuneate-oblong or -obovate</i>, incisely serrate, nearly glabrous above; +bractlets entire.—Dry soil; common and variable. Apr.–July.—Often producing +summer runners.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sibbaldia"><a name="page161"></a><b>11. SIBBÁLDIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Stamens +5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk +which lines the base of the calyx. Achenes 5–10; styles lateral.—Low +and depressed mountain perennials; included by some in Potentilla. (Dedicated +to <i>Dr. Robert Sibbald</i>, professor at Edinburgh at the close of the 17th +century.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. procùmbens</b>, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the apex; +petals yellow.—Alpine summits of the White Mts., and northward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="alchemilla"><b>12. ALCHEMÍLLA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Lady's Mantle.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the throat; limb 4-parted with as +many alternate accessory lobes. Petals none. Stamens 1–4. Pistils 1–4; +the slender style arising from near the base; achenes included in the tube of +the persistent calyx.—Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, +and small corymbed greenish flowers. (From <i>Alkemelyeh</i>, the Arabic name, +having reference to the silky pubescence of some species.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">arvénsis</span>, Scop. (<span class="smcap">Parsley Piert.</span>) Small annual (3–8´ high), leafy; +leaves 3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2–3-cleft, pubescent; flowers +fascicled opposite the axils.—Va. and N. C. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="agrimonia"><b>13. AGRIMÒNIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Agrimony.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, beset with hooked bristles +above, indurated in fruit and enclosing the 2 achenes; the limb 5-cleft, closed +after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 5–15. Styles terminal. Seed suspended.—Perennial +herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and yellow flowers in +slender spiked racemes; bracts 3-cleft. (Name a corruption of <i>Argemonia</i>, of +the same derivation as Argemone, p. 59.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Eupatòria</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Agrimony.</span>) <i>Leaflets 5–7 with minute +ones intermixed, oblong-obovate</i>, coarsely toothed; petals twice the length of the +calyx.—Borders of woods, common. July–Sept. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. parviflòra</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Small-flowered A.</span>) <i>Leaflets crowded, 11–19, +with smaller ones intermixed, lanceolate</i>, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate, +as well as the stipules; petals small.—Woods and glades, N. Y. and +N. J. to Ga., west to Mich., Kan., and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="poterium"><b>14. POTÈRIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Burnet.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx with a top-shaped tube, constricted at the throat, persistent; the 4 +broad petal-like spreading lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. +Stamens 4–12 or more, with flaccid filaments and short anthers. Pistils 1–3; +the slender terminal style tipped with a tufted or brush-like stigma. Achene +(commonly solitary) enclosed in the 4-angled dry and thickish closed calyx-tube. +Seed suspended.—Chiefly perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate +leaves, stipules coherent with the petiole, and small, often polygamous or diœcious +flowers crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long and +naked peduncle, each bracteate and 2-bracteolate. (Name <span class="greek">ποτήριον</span>, <i>a drinking-cup</i>, +the foliage of Burnet having been used in the preparation of some medicinal +drink.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page162"></a>1. <b>P. Canadénse</b>, Benth. & Hook. (<span class="smcap">Canadian Burnet.</span>) Stamens 4, +long-exserted, club-shaped, white, as is the whole of the elongated and cylindrical +spike; stem 3–6° high; leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, +coarsely serrate, obtuse, heart shaped at base, as if stipellate; stipules serrate.—Bogs +and wet meadows, Newf. to mountains of Ga., west to Mich.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">Sanguisórba</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Garden Burnet.</span>) Stamens 12 or more in the +lower flowers of the globular greenish head, with drooping capillary filaments, +the upper flowers pistillate only; stems about 1° high; leaflets numerous, +small, ovate, deeply cut.—Fields and rocks, N. Y. to Md. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="rosa"><b>15. RÒSA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Rose.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit. +Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted with the many stamens into the edge +of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and within bears the numerous +pistils below. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenes in fruit.—Shrubby and +usually spiny or prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with +the petiole; stalks, foliage, etc., often bearing aromatic glands. Many of the +species are very variable in their characters, and are often indeterminable +upon imperfect specimens. (The ancient Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Styles cohering in a protruding column, as long as the stamens.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. setígera</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Climbing</span> or <span class="smcap">Prairie Rose</span>.) Stems climbing, +armed with stout nearly straight scattered prickles, not bristly; leaflets 3–5, +ovate, acute, sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath; stalks and calyx +glandular; flowers corymbed; sepals pointed; petals deep rose-color changing +to white; fruit (hip) globular.—Borders of prairies and thickets, Ont. to +Ohio, S. C., and Fla., west to Wisc., Neb., and Tex.; also cultivated. July.—The +only American climbing rose, or with united protruding styles; strong +shoots growing 10–20° in a season.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Styles distinct; sepals connivent after flowering and persistent; pedicels +and receptacles naked.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Fruit oblong-obovate to oblong; infrastipular spines usually none.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. Engelmánni</b>, Watson. Stems usually 3–4° high or less; infrastipular +spines, when present, straight and slender; prickles often abundant; +leaflets 5–7, often somewhat resinous-puberulent beneath and the teeth serrulate; +flowers solitary; sepals entire, naked or hispid; fruit 6–12´´ long.—Whisky +Island, L. Huron, shores of L. Superior, and west to the Red River +valley, and in the mountains from N. Mont, and N. Idaho to Col.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Fruit globose; infrastipular spines none; acicular prickles often present.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. blánda</b>, Ait. Stems 1–3° high, <i>wholly unarmed</i> (occasionally with +a few or very rarely numerous prickles); <i>stipules dilated</i>, naked and entire, or +slightly glandular-toothed; <i>leaflets 5–7</i>, usually oblong-lanceolate, <i>cuneate at +base and petiolulate, simply serrate, not resinous</i>; flowers usually large, corymbose +or solitary; <i>sepals hispid, entire</i>.—On rocks and rocky shores, Newf. to +N. Eng., central N. Y., Ill. (La Salle Co.), and the region of the Great Lakes.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>R. Sàyi</b>, Schwein. Stems usually low (1–2° high), <i>very prickly; +stipules usually dilated</i>, glandular-ciliate and resinous; <i>leaflets 3–7</i>, broadly +elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, <i>sessile and obtuse or subcordate at base, resinous-puberulent<a name="page163"></a> +and teeth serrulate</i>; flowers large, solitary (very rarely 2 or 3); outer +sepals usually with 1 or 2 narrow lateral lobes, not hispid.—N. Mich. and +Wisc. to Minn. and Col.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>R. Arkansàna</b>, Porter. Stems low, <i>very prickly; stipules narrow</i>, +more or less glandular-toothed above (or even glandular-ciliate); <i>leaflets 7–11</i>, +broadly elliptical to oblong-oblanceolate, <i>subcuneate at base</i>, sessile or petiolulate, +<i>simply toothed, not resinous</i>; flowers corymbose; <i>sepals rarely hispid, the outer +lobed</i>.—Minn. to Mo. and W. Tex., west to Col.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Fruit globose; infrastipular spines present.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>R. Woòdsii</b>, Lindl. Stems usually low (¼–3° high), with slender +straight or recurved spines, sometimes with scattered prickles, or wholly unarmed +above; leaflets 5–7, obovate to oblong or lanceolate, more or less toothed; +flowers corymbose or solitary; sepals naked or hispid, the outer usually lobed; +fruit globose with a short neck.—Minn. to Mo., west to Col.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Styles distinct; sepals spreading after flowering and deciduous; infrastipular +spines usually present, often with scattered prickles; sepals, globose +receptacle, and pedicel usually hispid; teeth simple; pubescence not resinous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaflets mostly finely many-toothed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>R. Carolìna</b>, L. Stems usually tall (1–7° high), with stout straight +or usually more or less curved spines; stipules long and very narrow; leaflets +dull green, 5–9 (usually 7), usually narrowly oblong and acute at each end +and petiolulate, but often broader, usually pubescent beneath.—Borders of +swamps and streams, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and Miss.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaflets coarsely toothed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>R. lùcida</b>, Ehrh. Stems often tall and stout (a few inches to 6° high), +<i>with at length stout and usually more or less hooked spines; stipules</i> usually +naked, <i>more or less dilated; leaflets</i> (mostly 7) dark green, rather thick, <i>smooth +and often shining above</i>; flowers corymbose or solitary; outer sepals frequently +with 1 or 2 small lobes.—Margins of swamps or moist places, Newf. to +N. Eng., N. Y., and E. Penn.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>R. hùmilis</b>, Marsh. Stems usually low (1–3°) and more slender, +less leafy, with <i>straight slender spines</i>, spreading or sometimes reflexed; <i>stipules +narrow</i>, rarely somewhat dilated; leaflets as in the last, but usually thinner +and paler; flowers very often solitary; <i>outer sepals always more or less +lobed</i>. (R. lucida of most authors.)—Mostly in dry soil or on rocky slopes, +Maine to Ga., west to Minn., Mo., Ind. Terr., and La.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>R. nítida</b>, Willd. Low, nearly or quite <i>glabrous throughout, the straight +slender spines often scarcely stouter than the prickles which usually thickly cover +the stem and branches; stipules mostly dilated</i>; leaflets bright green and shining, +usually narrowly oblong and acute at each end; flowers solitary (rarely 2 +or 3); <i>sepals entire</i>.—Margins of swamps, Newf. to N. Eng.</p> + +<p><i>Naturalized species.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">canìna</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Dog Rose.</span>) Stems armed with stout recurved spines, +without prickles, the branches sometimes unarmed; leaflets 5–7, elliptical or +oblong-ovate, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, simply toothed, not resinous-puberulent; +flowers solitary (or 2–4) on usually naked pedicels; sepals pinnatifid,<a name="page164"></a> +deciduous; fruit oblong-ovate to nearly globular.—Roadsides, E. Penn., +Tenn., etc. (Int. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">rubiginòsa</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sweetbrier. Eglantine.</span>) Resembling the last, +but of more compact habit, <i>the leaflets densely resinous beneath and aromatic, +and doubly serrate</i>; the short pedicels and pinnatifid sepals hispid. (Incl. +R. micrantha, <i>Smith</i>; less aromatic, with oblong fruit and glabrous styles.)—N. Scotia +and Ont. to S. C. and Tenn. (Int. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pyrus"><b>16. PỲRUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Pear. Apple.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish or obovate. Stamens +numerous. Styles 2–5. Pome fleshy or berry-like; the 2–5 carpels or +cells of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-seeded.—Trees or shrubs, with +handsome flowers in corymbed cymes. (The classical name of the Pear-tree.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. MÀLUS (<span class="smcap">Apple</span>). <i>Leaves simple; cymes simple and umbel-like; pome +fleshy, globular, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. coronària</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">American Crab-Apple.</span>) <i>Leaves ovate</i>, often +rather heart-shaped, <i>cut-serrate or lobed</i>, soon glabrous; <i>styles woolly and united +at base</i>.—Glades, Ont. and W. New York to N. C., west to Minn., Kan., and +La. May.—Tree 20° high, somewhat thorny, with large rose-colored very +fragrant blossoms, few in a corymb; fruit fragrant and greenish.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. angustifòlia</b>, Ait. Resembling the last, but with <i>leaves oblong or +lanceolate</i>, often acute at base, mostly toothed, glabrous; <i>styles distinct</i>.—Glades, +Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and La. April.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. ADENÒRHACHIS. <i>Leaves simple, the midrib glandular along the upper +side; cymes compound; styles united at base; fruit berry-like, small.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. arbutifòlia</b>, L. f. (<span class="smcap">Choke-berry.</span>) A shrub usually 1–3° high; +leaves oblong or oblanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate, finely glandular-serrate, +tomentose beneath; cyme tomentose; flowers white or reddish; fruit +pear-shaped, or globose when ripe, small, red or purple, astringent.—Swamps +and damp thickets; common, from N. Scotia to Fla., and west to Minn., Ill., +Mo., and La.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>melanocárpa</b>, Hook. Nearly smooth throughout, with larger black +fruit; leaves usually less acute.—Of apparently the same range.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. SÓRBUS. <i>Leaves odd-pinnate, with rather numerous leaflets; cymes compound; +styles separate; pome berry-like, small.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. Americàna</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">American Mountain-Ash.</span>) Tree or tall +shrub, <i>nearly glabrous</i> or soon becoming so; <i>leaflets 13–15, lanceolate, taper-pointed</i>, +sharply serrate with pointed teeth, bright green; cymes large and flat; +berries globose, bright red, not larger than peas; <i>leaf-buds pointed, glabrous</i> +and somewhat <i>glutinous</i>.—Swamps and mountain-woods, Newf. to mountains +of N. C., west to N. Mich, and Minn. Often cultivated.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. sambucifòlia</b>, Cham. & Schlecht. <i>Leaflets oblong, oval, or lance-ovate, +mostly obtuse</i> or abruptly short-pointed, serrate (mostly doubly) with +more spreading teeth, often pale beneath; cymes smaller; flowers and berries +larger, the latter (4´´ broad) when young ovoid, at length globose; <i>leaf-buds +sparingly hairy</i>; otherwise nearly as the preceding.—Lab. to northern N. Eng. +and Lake Superior, and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="crataegus"><a name="page165"></a>17. <b>CRATÆ̀GUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Hawthorn. White Thorn.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens many, +or only 10–15. Styles 1–5. Pome drupe-like, containing 1–5 bony 1-seeded +stones.—Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly lobed leaves, +and white (rarely rose-colored) blossoms. (Name from <span class="greek">κράτος</span>, <i>strength</i>, on +account of the hardness of the wood.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Corymbs many-flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Fruit small, depressed-globose (not larger than peas), bright red; flowers mostly +small; calyx-teeth short and broad (except in n. 3); styles 5; glabrous (except</i> +C. Pyracantha<i>) and glandless.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Pyracántha</span>, Pers. (<span class="smcap">Evergreen Thorn.</span>) <i>Leaves evergreen</i>, shining +(1´ long), <i>oblong</i> or spatulate-lanceolate, crenulate; the short petioles and +young branchlets pubescent; corymbs small.—Shrub, spontaneous near +Washington and Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. spathulàta</b>, Michx. Shrub or tree, 10–25° high; <i>leaves thickish, +shining</i>, deciduous, <i>spatulate</i> or oblanceolate, with a <i>long tapering base, crenate</i> +above, rarely cut-lobed, <i>nearly sessile</i>.—Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. cordàta</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Washington Thorn.</span>) Trunk 15–25° high; +<i>leaves broadly ovate or triangular</i>, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped at +the base, on a <i>slender petiole, variously 3–5-cleft or cut, serrate</i>.—Va. to Ga. +in the mountains, west to Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. víridis</b>, L. A small tree, often unarmed; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong +or lanceolate, or oblong-obovate, mostly acute at both ends, on slender +petioles, acutely serrate, often somewhat lobed, and often downy in the axils; +flowers larger, numerous; fruit bright red or rarely orange. (C. arborescens, +<i>Ell.</i>)—Mississippi bottoms from St. Louis to the Gulf, and from S. Car. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Fruit small (¼–{1/3}´ long), ovoid, deep red; flowers rather large; styles 1–3.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Oxyacántha</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">English Hawthorn.</span>) Smooth; <i>leaves obovate</i>, cut-lobed +and toothed, <i>wedge-form</i> at the base; calyx not glandular. More or less +spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. apiifòlia</b>, Michx. Softly pubescent when young; <i>leaves roundish</i>, +with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base, <i>pinnately 5–7-cleft</i>, the +crowded divisions cut-lobed and sharply serrate; petioles slender; calyx-lobes +glandular-toothed, slender.—S. Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Fruit large (½–1´ long), red; flowers large; styles and stones even in +the same species 1–3 (when the fruit is ovoid or pear-shaped) or 4–5 (in globular +fruit); stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, etc., often beset with glands; shrubs +or low trees.</i> [Species as characterized by Prof. <span class="smcap">C. S. Sargent</span>.]</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. coccínea</b>, L. Branches reddish; spines stout, chestnut-brown; +villous-pubescent on the shoots, glandular peduncles, and calyx; leaves on +slender petioles, thin, pubescent beneath or often glabrous, round-ovate, cuneate +or subcordate at base, acutely glandular-toothed, sometimes cut-lobed; +flowers ½´ broad; fruit coral-red, globose or obovate, ½´ broad.—Newf. to Minn. +and southward.—Var. <span class="smcap">macracántha</span>, Dudley; spines longer; leaves thicker, +cuneate at base, on stout petioles, often deeply incised; cymes broader; flowers +and fruit rather larger.—From the St. Lawrence and E. Mass. to Minn.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>móllis</b>, Torr. & Gray. Shoots densely pubescent; leaves large, +slender-petioled, cuneate, truncate or cordate at base, usually with acute narrow<a name="page166"></a> +lobes, often subscabrous above, more or less densely pubescent beneath; flowers +1´ broad, in broad cymes; fruit bright scarlet with a light bloom, 1´ broad. +(C. tomentosa, var. mollis, <i>Gray</i>. C. subvillosa, <i>Schrad.</i>)—E. Mass, to Mo. +and Tex. Sometimes 20–30° high, blooming two weeks before the type.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>C. tomentòsa</b>, L. Branches gray, rarely with stout gray spines; +shoots, peduncles, and calyx villous-pubescent; glands none; leaves large, +pale, prominently veined, densely pubescent beneath, ovate or ovate-oblong, +sharply serrate, usually incisely lobed, contracted into a margined petiole; +flowers small, ill-scented; fruit dull red, obovate, rarely globose (½´ broad), upright.—Western +N. Y. to Mich., Mo., and Ga. In flower 2–3 weeks after n. 3.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>C. punctàta</b>, Jacq. Branches horizontal; glands none; leaves smaller, +mostly wedge-obovate, attenuate and entire below, unequally toothed above, +rarely lobed, villous-pubescent becoming smooth but dull, the many veins more +impressed, prominent beneath; fruit globose (1´ broad), red or bright yellow. +(C. tomentosa, var. punctata, <i>Gray</i>.)—Quebec to Ont. and south to Ga.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>C. Crus-gálli</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cockspur Thorn.</span>) Branches horizontal, with +slender thorns often 4´ long; <i>glabrous; leaves thick</i>, dark green, <i>shining above, +wedge-obovate and oblanceolate</i>, tapering into a very short petiole, serrate above +the middle; fruit globular, dull red ({1/3}´ broad).—Thickets, common.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Corymbs simple, few- (1–6-) flowered; calyx, bracts, etc., glandular.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>C. flàva</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Summer Haw.</span>) Tree 15–20° high, somewhat pubescent +or glabrous; <i>leaves wedge-obovate or rhombic-obovate</i>, narrowed into a +glandular petiole, <i>unequally toothed and somewhat cut</i> above the middle, <i>rather +thin</i>, the teeth <i>glandular</i>; styles 4–5; fruit somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish, +greenish, or reddish (½´ broad).—Sandy soil, Va. to Mo., and southward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>pubéscens</b>, Gray. Downy or villous-pubescent when young; leaves +thickish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit; fruit larger (¾´ broad), +scarlet or sometimes yellow.—Va. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>C. parvifòlia</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf Thorn.</span>) Shrub 3–6° high, downy; +<i>leaves thick, obovate-spatulate, crenate-toothed</i> (½–1½´ long), almost sessile, the +upper surface at length shining; flowers solitary or 2–3 together on <i>very short +peduncles; calyx-lobes as long as the petals</i>; styles 5; fruit globular or pear-shaped, +yellowish.—Sandy soil, N. J. to Fla. and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="amelanchier"><b>18. AMELÁNCHIER</b>, Medic. <span class="smcap">June-berry.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft; lobes downy within. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens +numerous, short. Styles 5, united below. Ovary 5-celled, each cell 2-ovuled, +but a projection grows from the back of each and forms a false cartilaginous +partition; the berry-like pome thus 10-celled, with one seed in each cell (when +all ripen).—Small trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and +white racemose flowers. (<i>Amelancier</i> is the name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Canadénsis</b>, Torr. & Gray. (<span class="smcap">Shad-bush. Service-berry.</span>) A +tree 10–30° high, nearly or soon glabrous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, usually +somewhat cordate at base, pointed, very sharply serrate, 1–3½´ long; bracts +and stipules very long-silky-ciliate; flowers large, in drooping nearly glabrous +racemes; petals oblong, 6–8´´ long; fruit on elongated pedicels, globose, crimson +or purplish, sweet and edible. (Var. Botryapium, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Dry +open woodlands; Newf. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and La. Fruit ripening<a name="page167"></a> +in June.—Var. <span class="smcap">rotundifòlia</span>, Torr. & Gray, appears to be only a broad-leaved +form.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. (?) <b>oblongifòlia</b>, Torr. & Gray. A smaller tree or shrub (6–10° +high), the young leaves and racemes densely white-tomentose; leaves oblong +or sometimes rather broadly elliptical, acute, mostly rounded at base, finely +serrate, 1–2´ long; flowers in denser and shorter racemes; petals 3–4´´ long, +oblong-spatulate; fruit similar but more juicy, on shorter pedicels.—Low +moist grounds or swampy woods; N. Brunswick to Va., west to Minn. and Mo.—A +form of this with broader leaves (broadly elliptical or rounded), often very +obtuse at the summit, and rounded, subcordate or acute at base, and usually +coarsely toothed, is common from Manitoba to Minn. and Iowa, and is sometimes +cultivated for its fruit.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. oligocárpa</b>, Roem. A low shrub 2–4° high, soon glabrous; +leaves thin, <i>oblong, acute at both ends, finely serrate</i>, 1–2´ long; <i>flowers few</i> +(1–4), rather long-pedicelled; <i>petals oblong-obovate; fruit broad-pyriform</i>, dark +purple with a dense bloom. (A. Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Cold +swamps and mountain bogs; Lab. to northern N. Eng. and N. Y., and +the shores of Lake Superior.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. alnifòlia</b>, Nutt. A shrub 3–8° high, usually glabrate or nearly +so; leaves <i>somewhat glaucous</i> and thickish, <i>broadly elliptical or roundish</i>, +very <i>obtuse or rarely acute</i>, often subcordate at base, <i>coarsely toothed toward +the summit</i>, ½–2´ long; raceme short and rather dense; petals cuneate-oblong, +3–8´´ long; fruit globose, purple. (A. Canadensis, var. alnifolia, <i>Torr. & +Gray</i>.)—A western mountain species, which occurs in Minn. and N. Mich., +and which the broad-leaved form of A. Canadensis sometimes closely simulates.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="calycanthaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 34.</span> <b>CALYCANTHÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Calycanthus Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar +and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute; +the fruit like a rose-hip.</i> Chiefly represented by the genus</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="calycanthus"><b>1. CALYCÁNTHUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Carolina Allspice. Sweet-Scented +Shrub.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (with +some leaf-like bractlets growing from it); the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored +like the petals, which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top +of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals, +short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or +many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling +those of the Rose; but the enlarged hip dry when ripe, enclosing the achenes.—The +lurid purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage +aromatic; the crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of strawberries. +(Name composed of <span class="greek">κάλυξ</span>, <i>a cup</i> or <i>calyx</i>, and <span class="greek">άνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>, from the +closed cup which contains the pistils.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. flóridus</b>, L. <i>Leaves oval, soft-downy underneath</i>.—Virginia(?) and +southward, on hillsides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page168"></a>2. <b>C. lævigàtus</b>, Willd. <i>Leaves oblong</i>, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed, +<i>bright green and glabrous</i> or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale beneath; +flowers smaller.—Mountains of Franklin Co., Penn. (<i>Prof. Porter</i>), and southward +along the Alleghanies. May–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. glaùcus</b>, Willd. <i>Leaves</i> oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, <i>conspicuously +taper-pointed, glaucous-white beneath</i>, roughish above, glabrous, large (4–7´ +long), probably a variety of the preceding.—Virginia (?) near the mountains +and southward. May–Aug.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="saxifragaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 35.</span> <b>SAXIFRAGÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Saxifrage Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from</i> Rosaceæ <i>by having +copious albumen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and +usually no stipules; the stamens mostly definite, and the carpels commonly +fewer than the sepals</i>, either separate or partly so, or all combined into +one compound pistil. Calyx either free or adherent, usually persistent +or withering away. Stamens and petals almost always inserted on the +calyx. Ovules anatropous.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. SAXIFRAGEÆ.</b> Herbs. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite in n. 2 and 6). +Fruit dry, capsular or follicular, the styles or tips of the carpels distinct.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Ovary 2- (rarely 3-) celled with axile placentas, or of as many nearly distinct carpels.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Astilbe.</b> Flowers polygamous, panicled. Stamens (8 or 10) twice as many as the small +petals. Seeds few. Leaves decompound.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Saxifraga.</b> Flowers perfect. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Seeds numerous, with a close coat.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Boykinia.</b> Flowers perfect. Stamens only as many as the petals, which are convolute +in the bud and deciduous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Seed-coat close.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Sullivantia.</b> Flowers perfect. Stamens 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds wing-margined.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas alternate with the stigmas. Sterile stamens none.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Tiarella.</b> Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire. Stamens 10. Placentas +nearly basal.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Mitella.</b> Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifid. +Stamens 10.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Henchera.</b> Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire. +Stamens 5.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Chrysosplenium.</b> Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none. Stamens 10.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Ovary 1-celled, with 3–4 parietal placentas opposite the sessile stigmas. A cluster of +united sterile filaments at the base of each petal.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Parnassia.</b> Sepals, petals and proper stamens 5. Peduncle scape-like, 1-flowered.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. HYDRANGEÆ.</b> Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple. Ovary 2–5-celled; +the calyx coherent at least with its base. Fruit capsular.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Stamens 8 or 10.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Hydrangea.</b> Calyx-lobes minute in complete flowers. Petals valvate in the bud.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Stamens 20–40.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Decumaria.</b> Calyx-lobes small. Petals 7–10, valvate in the bud. Filaments subulate. +Style 1.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Philadelphus.</b> Calyx-lobes conspicuous. Petals 4–5, convolute in the bud. Filaments +linear. Styles 3–5.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. ESCALLONIEÆ.</b> Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple. Ovary 2–5-celled. +Fruit capsular.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Itea.</b> Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2-celled ovary, which becomes a septicidal capsule.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><a name="page169"></a><b>Tribe IV. RIBESIEÆ.</b> Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple, with stipules adnate +to the petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Ribes.</b> Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary. Placentas 2, parietal, many-seeded.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="astilbe"><b>1. ASTÍLBE</b>, Don. <span class="smcap">False Goatsbeard.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœciously polygamous. Calyx 4–5-parted, small. Petals 4–5, +spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-celled, almost +free, many-ovuled; styles 2, short. Capsule 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles, +each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end.—Perennial +herbs, with twice or thrice ternately-compound ample leaves, cut-lobed +and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes, +which are disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of <span class="greek">ἀ</span>- privative +and <span class="greek">στίλβη</span>, <i>a bright surface</i>, because the foliage is not shining.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. decándra</b>, Don. Somewhat pubescent (3–5° high); leaflets +mostly heart-shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers, stamens +10.—Rich woods; mountains of S. W. Va. to N. C. and Ga. Closely imitating +Spiræa Aruncus, but coarser.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="saxifraga"><b>2. SAXÍFRAGA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Saxifrage.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx either free from or cohering with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or +parted. Petals 5, entire, imbricated in the bud, commonly deciduous. Stamens +10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the +beaks, or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close +coat.—Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem +mostly alternate. (Name from <i>saxum</i>, a rock, and <i>frango</i>, to break; many +species rooting in the clefts of rocks.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stems prostrate, in tufts, leafy; leaves opposite; calyx free from the capsule.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. oppositifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Mountain Saxifrage.</span>) Leaves fleshy, ovate, +keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (1–2´´ long); flowers solitary, +large; petals purple, obovate, much longer than the 5-cleft-calyx.—Rocks, +Willoughby Mountain, Vt., and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stems ascending; leaves alternate; calyx coherent below with the capsule.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. rivulàris</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Alpine Brook-S.</span>) Small, stems weak, 3–5-flowered; +lower <i>leaves rounded, 3–5-lobed</i>, on slender petioles, the upper lanceolate; +<i>petals white, ovate</i>.—Alpine region of the White Mts., to Lab. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. aizoìdes</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Yellow Mountain-S.</span>) Low (3–5´ high), in tufts, +with few or several corymbose flowers; <i>leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, fleshy</i>, +distantly spinulose-ciliate; <i>petals yellow, spotted with orange, oblong</i>.—N. Vt. +to S. W. New York, N. Mich., and northward. June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. tricuspidàta</b>, Retz. Stems tufted (4–8´ high), naked above; flowers +corymbose, <i>leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid sharp teeth</i> at the summit; +<i>petals obovate-oblong, yellow</i>.—Shore of L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Leaves clustered at the root; scape many-flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Petals all alike.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. Aizòon</b>, Jacq. Scape 5–10´ high; <i>leaves persistent, thick, spatulate, +with white cartilaginous toothed margins</i>; calyx partly adherent; petals obovate,<a name="page170"></a> +cream-color, often spotted at the base.—Moist rocks, Lab. to N. Vt., +L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. Virginiénsis</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Early S.</span>) Low (4–9´ high); <i>leaves obovate +or oval-spatulate</i>, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, thickish; +flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loosely panicled; lobes +of the nearly free <i>calyx erect, not half the length of the oblong obtuse (white) petals</i>; +follicles united merely at the base, divergent, purplish.—Exposed rocks and +dry hillsides; N. Brunswick to Ga., and west to Minn., Ohio, and Tenn.; +common, especially northward. April–June.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>S. Pennsylvánica</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Swamp S.</span>) Large (1–2° high); <i>leaves oblanceolate, +obscurely toothed</i> (4–8´ long), narrowed at base into a short and broad +petiole; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered; lobes of the nearly +free <i>calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceolate (greenish) small +petals; filaments awl-shaped</i>, follicles at length divergent.—Bogs, N. Eng. +to Va., west to Minn. and Iowa.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>S. eròsa</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Lettuce S.</span>) <i>Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, +sharply toothed</i>, tapering into a margined petiole (8–12´ long); scape slender +(1–3° high); panicle elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels slender; <i>calyx reflexed, +entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse (white) petals; filaments +club-shaped</i>; follicles nearly separate, diverging, <i>narrow, pointed</i>, 2–3´´ long.—Cold +mountain brooks, Penn. to Va. and N. C.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>S. Forbèsii</b>, Vasey. Stem stout, 2–4° high; <i>leaves denticulate, oval +to elongated oblong</i> (4–8´ long); <i>filaments filiform; follicles short, ovate</i>; otherwise +as in the last.—Shaded cliffs, near Makanda, S. Ill. (<i>Forbes</i>); E. Mo. +(<i>Lettermann.</i>)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Petals unequal, with claws, white, all or some of them with a pair of yellow +spots near the base; leaves oblong, wedge-shaped or spatulate; calyx free +and reflexed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>S. leucanthemifòlia</b>, Michx. Leaves coarsely toothed or cut, tapering +into a petiole; stems (5–18´ high) bearing one or more leaves or leafy +bracts and a loose, spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme; <i>petals</i> lanceolate, +the <i>3 larger ones with a heart-shaped base</i> and a pair of spots, the 2 smaller +with a tapering base and no spots.—Mts. of Va. to N. C. and Ga.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>S. stellàris</b>, L., var <b>comòsa</b>, Willd. Leaves wedge-shaped, more +or less toothed; scape (4–5´ high) bearing a small contracted panicle, many +or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves, <i>petals all lanceolate +and tapering into the claw</i>.—Mt. Katahdin, Maine, north to Lab. and +Greenland. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="boykinia"><b>3. BOYKÍNIA</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-celled and 2-beaked capsule. +Stamens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly convolute in the +bud. Otherwise as in Saxifraga.—Perennial herbs, with alternate palmately +5–7-lobed or cut petioled leaves, and white flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to +the late <i>Dr. Boykin</i> of Georgia.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. aconitifòlia</b>, Nutt. Stem glandular (6–20´ high); leaves deeply +5–7-lobed.—Mountains of southwestern Va. to Ga. and Tenn. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sullivantia"><a name="page171"></a><b>4. SULLIVÁNTIA</b>, Torr. & Gray.</p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. +Petals 5, oblanceolate, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter +than the petals. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between +the beaks, the seeds wing-margined, imbricated upward.—A low and reclined-spreading +perennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed or slightly lobed +smooth leaves, on slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely +cymose panicle, raised on a nearly leafless slender stem (6–12´ long). Peduncles +and calyx glandular; pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished +bryologist who discovered our species.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Ohiònis</b>, Torr. & Gray.—Limestone cliffs, Ohio to Ind., Iowa, and +Minn. June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tiarella"><b>5. TIARÉLLA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">False Mitre-wort.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws, +entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, +1-celled, 2-valved; the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal +placenta, globular, smooth.—Perennials; flowers white. (Name a diminutive +from <span class="greek">τιάρα</span>, <i>a tiara</i>, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which +is like that of Mitella, to which the name of <i>Mitre-wort</i> properly belongs.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. cordifòlia</b>, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners +heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath; +stem leafless or rarely with 1 or 2 leaves (5–12´ high); raceme simple; petals +oblong, often subserrate.—Rich rocky woods, N. Eng. to Minn. and Ind., and +southward in the mountains. April, May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="mitella"><b>6. MITÉLLA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Mitre-wort. Bishop's-Cap.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender, +pinnatifid. Stamens 5 or 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Capsule short, +2-beaked, 1-celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentæ, 2-valved +at the summit. Seeds smooth and shining.—Low and slender perennials, +with round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on +slender petioles; those on the flowering stems opposite, if any. Flowers +small, in a simple slender raceme or spike. Fruit soon widely dehiscent. +(Diminutive of <i>mitra</i>, a cap, alluding to the form of the young pod.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. diphýlla</b>, L. <i>Hairy; leaves heart-shaped, acute</i>, somewhat 3–5-lobed, +toothed, <i>those on the many-flowered stem 2, opposite, nearly sessile</i>, with +interfoliar stipules; flowers white, in a raceme 6–8´ long; stamens 10.—Hillsides +in rich woods; N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo. May.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. nùda</b>, L. Small and slender; <i>leaves rounded or kidney-form</i>, deeply +and doubly crenate; <i>stem usually leafless, few-flowered</i>, very slender (4–6´ high); +flowers greenish; stamens 10.—Deep moist woods, in moss, N. Eng. to N. Y., +Mich., Minn., and northward. May–July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="heuchera"><b>7. HEÙCHERA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Alum-root.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals +5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Capsule 1-celled,<a name="page172"></a> +with 2 parietal many-seeded placentæ, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. +Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat.—Perennials, with the round +heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock; those on the stems, if any, +alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base. +Flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish +or purplish. (Named in honor of <i>John Henry Heucher</i>, a German botanist of +the beginning of the 18th century.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers small, loosely panicled; stamens and styles exserted; calyx regular.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. villòsa</b>, Michx. Stems (1–3° high), petioles, and veins of the +<i>acutely</i> 7–9-lobed leaves <i>villous with rusty hairs</i> beneath; calyx 1½´´ long; <i>petals +spatulate-linear, about as long as the stamens</i>, soon twisted.—Rocks, Md. to +Ga., west to Ind. and Mo. Aug., Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. Rugélii</b>, Shuttlw. Stems slender, ½–2° high, glandular-hirsute, as +well as the petioles, etc.; <i>leaves round-reniform, with 7–9 short and broad +rounded lobes</i>; flowers very small (1´´ long); petals linear-spatulate, twice as +long as the calyx-lobes; fruit narrow.—Shaded cliffs, S. Ill. to Tenn. and N. C.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>H. Americàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Alum-root.</span>) Stems (2–3° high), +etc., <i>glandular</i> and more or less <i>hirsute with short hairs</i>; leaves roundish, with +short rounded lobes and crenate teeth; <i>calyx very broad</i>, 2´´ long, the <i>spatulate +petals not longer than its lobes</i>.—Rocky woodlands, Conn. to N. C., west to +Minn., Mo., and Miss.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers larger, in a very narrow panicle; calyx (3–4´´ long) more or less +oblique; stamens short; leaves rounded, slightly 5–9-lobed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>H. híspida</b>, Pursh. Stems 2–4° high; <i>hispid or hirsute</i> with long +spreading hairs (occasionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular; <i>stamens +soon exserted, longer than the spatulate petals</i>.—Mountains of Va. and N. C., +west to Minn. and E. Kan. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>H. pubéscens</b>, Pursh. Stem (1–3° high) and petioles <i>granular-pubescent +or glandular above</i>, not hairy, below often glabrous; <i>stamens shorter +than the lobes of the calyx</i> and the spatulate petals.—Rich woods, in the mountains, +from Penn. to Ky., and southward. June, July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chrysosplenium"><b>8. CHRYSOSPLÈNIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Golden Saxifrage.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; the blunt lobes 4–5, yellow within. +Petals none. Stamens 8–10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. +Styles 2. Capsule inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1-celled +with 2 parietal placentæ, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded.—Low and +small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed +flowers. (Name compounded of <span class="greek">χρυσός</span>, <i>golden</i>, and <span class="greek">σπλήν</span>, <i>the spleen</i>; +probably from some reputed medicinal qualities.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Americànum</b>, Schwein. Stems slender, <i>decumbent</i> and forking; +<i>leaves principally opposite</i>, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, obscurely crenate-lobed; +<i>flowers distant</i>, inconspicuous, <i>nearly sessile</i> (greenish tinged with +yellow or purple).—Cold wet places, N. Scotia to N. Ga., west to Minn.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. alternifòlium</b>, L. <i>Stems erect; leaves alternate</i>, reniform-cordate, +doubly crenate or somewhat lobed; <i>flowers corymbose</i>.—Decorah, Iowa, west +to the Rocky Mts., and north through Brit. Amer. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="parnassia"><a name="page173"></a><b>9. PARNÁSSIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Grass of Parnassus.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, slightly united at the base, and sometimes +also with the base of the ovary, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length +deciduous, imbricated in the bud; a cluster of somewhat united gland-tipped +sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with the +petals, persistent; anthers introrse or subextrorse. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 +projecting parietal placentæ; stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentæ. +Capsule 4-valved, the valves bearing the placentæ on their middle. Seeds +very numerous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and little if any +albumen. Embryo straight; cotyledons very short.—Perennial smooth herbs, +with entire leaves, and solitary flowers on long scape-like stems, which usually +bear a single sessile leaf. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. +(Named from Mount Parnassus; called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. parviflòra</b>, DC. <i>Petals sessile</i>, little longer than the calyx (3´´ +long); <i>sterile filaments about 7 in each set, slender; leaves ovate or oblong</i>, tapering +at base.—Sandy banks, Lab. to Mich., N. Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. palústris</b>, L. Scapes 3–10´ high; leaves heart-shaped; flower +nearly 1´ broad; <i>petals sessile</i>, rather longer than the calyx, few-veined; <i>sterile +filaments 9–15 in each set, slender</i>.—Same range as the last. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. Caroliniàna</b>, Michx. Scapes 9´–2° high; flower 1–1½´ broad; +<i>petals sessile</i>, more than twice as long as the calyx, many-veined; <i>sterile filaments +3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to the base</i>; leaves thickish, ovate or +rounded, often heart shaped, usually but one low down on the scape and clasping.—Wet +banks, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., Iowa, and La.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. asarifòlia</b>, Vent. <i>Petals abruptly contracted into a claw</i> at base; +<i>sterile filaments 3 in each set; leaves rounded, kidney-shaped</i>; otherwise as in +the foregoing.—High mountains of Va. and N. C.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hydrangea"><b>10. HYDRÀNGEA</b>, Gronov.</p> + +<p>Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8–10 ribbed, coherent with the ovary, the limb +4–5-toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8–10, slender. Capsule +15-ribbed, crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled below, many-seeded, +opening by a hole between the styles.—Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, +no stipules, and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal flowers +are usually sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a showy membranaceous +and colored flat and dilated calyx. (Name from <span class="greek">ὕδωρ</span>, <i>water</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄγγος</span>, <i>a vase</i>, +from the shape of the capsule.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. arboréscens</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Hydrangea.</span>) Glabrous or nearly so, +1–8° high; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, <i>green both sides</i>; +cymes flat; flowers often all fertile, rarely all radiant.—Rocky banks, Penn. +to Fla., west to Iowa and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. radiàta</b>, Walt. Leaves <i>densely tomentose and paler or white +beneath</i>.—S. C. and Ga. to Tenn. and Mo.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="decumaria"><b>11. DECUMÀRIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Flowers all fertile. Calyx-tube turbinate, 7–10-toothed, coherent with the +ovary. Petals oblong, valvate in the bud. Stamens 20–30. Styles united<a name="page174"></a> +into one, persistent. Stigma thick, 7–10-rayed. Capsule 10–15-ribbed, 7–10-celled, +many-seeded, bursting at the sides, the thin partitions at length separating +into numerous chaffy scales.—A smooth climbing shrub, with opposite +ovate or oblong entire or serrate leaves, no stipules, and numerous fragrant +white flowers in compound terminal cymes. (Name said to be derived from +<i>decem</i>, ten, referring to the fact of its being often 10-merous.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. bárbara</b>, L. Leaves shining, sometimes pubescent; capsule with +the persistent style and stigma urn-shaped, pendulous.—Banks of streams; +Dismal Swamp, Va., to Fla. and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="philadelphus"><b>12. PHILADÉLPHUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Mock Orange</span> or <span class="smcap">Syringa</span>.</p> + +<p>Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary; the limb 4–5-parted, spreading, +persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, convolute +in the bud. Stamens 20–40. Styles 3–5, united below or nearly to the top. +Stigmas oblong or linear. Capsule 3–5-celled, splitting at length into as many +pieces. Seeds very numerous, on thick placentæ projecting from the axis, pendulous, +with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends.—Shrubs, +with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustered +showy white flowers. (An ancient name, applied by Linnæus to this genus for +no obvious reason.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. inodòrus</b>, L. <i>Glabrous</i>; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, +entire or with some spreading teeth; flowers single or few at the ends of the +diverging branches, pure white, scentless; <i>calyx-lobes acute</i>, scarcely longer +than the tube.—Mountains of Va. to Ga. and Ala.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. grandiflòrus</b>, Willd. A tall shrub, with long and recurved +branches; like the last, but <i>somewhat pubescent</i>, with <i>larger flowers</i>, and the +<i>calyx-lobes long and taper-pointed</i>. (P. modorus, var. grandiflorus, <i>Gray</i>.)—Along +streams, Va. to Fla. Often cultivated.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">coronàrius</span>, L., the common <span class="smcap">Mock Orange</span> or <span class="smcap">Syringa</span> of cultivation, +from S. Eu., with cream-colored odorous flowers, has sometimes escaped.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="itea"><b>13. ÍTEA</b>, Gronov.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary or nearly so. Petals 5, lanceolate, much +longer than the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Capsule oblong, 2-grooved, +2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when +mature, several-seeded.—Shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, without +stipules, and small white flowers in simple racemes. (Greek name of the +Willow.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>I. Virgínica</b>, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, pointed, minutely serrate; +seeds oval, flattish, with a crustaceous coat.—Wet places, Penn. and N. J. to +Fla., west to Mo. and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ribes"><b>14. RÌBES</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Currant. Gooseberry.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-lobed, often colored; the tube coherent with the ovary. Petals 5, +inserted in the throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. +Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentæ and 2 distinct or united styles. Berry +crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx, the surface of the numerous +seeds swelling into a gelatinous outer coat investing a crustaceous one. Embryo<a name="page175"></a> +minute at the base of hard albumen.—Low, sometimes prickly shrubs, +with alternate and palmately-lobed leaves, which are plaited in the bud (except +in one species), often fascicled on the branches; the small flowers from the +same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. (From <i>riebs</i>, a German popular +name for the currant. Grossularia was the proper name to have been adopted +for the genus.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. GROSSULÀRIA. (<span class="smcap">Gooseberry.</span>) <i>Stems mostly bearing thorns at the +base of the leafstalks or clusters of leaves, and often with scattered bristly +prickles; berries prickly or smooth. (Our species are indiscriminately called</i> +<span class="smcap">Wild Gooseberry</span>; <i>the flowers greenish.)</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Peduncles 1–3-flowered; calyx as high as broad; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, +3–5-lobed.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Calyx-lobes decidedly shorter than the tube; berries apt to be prickly.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. Cynósbati</b>, L. Stamens and undivided style not longer than the +broadly bell-shaped calyx; berries large, armed with long prickles or rarely +smooth.—Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to the mountains of N. C., and west to +Minn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Calyx-lobes decidedly longer than the short and rather narrow tube; berries +smooth, purple, sweet and pleasant.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. grácile</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Missouri Gooseberry.</span>) Spines often long, +stout and red; <i>peduncles long and slender; flowers white</i> or whitish; filaments +capillary, 4–6´´ <i>long</i>, generally connivent or closely parallel, soon <i>conspicuously +longer than the oblong-linear calyx-lobes</i>. (R. rotundifolium, <i>Man.</i>, in part.)—Mich. +to Tenn., west to Tex., Minn., and the Rocky Mts.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. rotundifòlium</b>, Michx. Spines short; <i>peduncles short; flowers +greenish</i> or the lobes dull purplish; filaments slender, 2–3´´ <i>long, more or less +exceeding the narrowly oblong-spatulate calyx-lobes</i>.—W. Mass, and N. Y., south +in the Alleghanies to N. C.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>R. oxyacanthoìdes</b>, L. <i>Peduncles very short, flowers greenish or +dull purplish; stamens usually scarcely equalling the rather broadly oblong calyx-lobes</i>. +(R. hirtellum, <i>Michx.</i>)—Newf. to N. J., west to Ind., Minn., and westward. +The common smooth-fruited gooseberry of the north, the whitish +spines often numerous.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers several in a nodding raceme, small and flattish, greenish.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>R. lacústre</b>, Poir. Young stems clothed with bristly prickles and +with weak thorns; leaves heart-shaped, 3–5-parted, with the lobes deeply cut; +calyx broad and flat; stamens and style not longer than the petals; fruit +bristly (small, unpleasant).—Cold woods and swamps, Newf. to N. Eng., west +to N. Y., Mich., and Minn.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. RIBÈSIA. (<span class="smcap">Currant.</span>) <i>Thornless and prickless; racemes few–many-flowered, +stamens short.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>R. prostràtum</b>, L'Her. (<span class="smcap">Fetid Currant.</span>) Stems reclined; leaves +deeply heart-shaped, 5–7-lobed, smooth, the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate; +<i>racemes erect</i>, slender, calyx flattish; <i>pedicels and the (pale red) fruit glandular-bristly</i>.—Cold +damp woods and rocks, Lab. to mountains of N. C., west to +Mich., Minn., and the Rocky Mts.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page176"></a>7. <b>R. flóridum</b>, L'Her. (<span class="smcap">Wild Black Currant.</span>) <i>Leaves sprinkled with +resinous dots</i>, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3–5-lobed, doubly serrate; <i>racemes +drooping, downy; bracts longer than the pedicels</i>; flowers large, whitish; calyx +tubular-bell-shaped, smooth; <i>fruit round-ovoid, black, smooth</i>.—Woods, N. Eng. +to Va., west to Ky., Iowa, and Minn.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>R. rùbrum</b>, L., var. <b>subglandulòsum</b>, Maxim. (<span class="smcap">Red Currant.</span>) +Stems straggling or reclined; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3–5-lobed, +serrate, downy beneath when young; <i>racemes from lateral buds distinct +from the leaf-buds, drooping</i>, calyx flat (green or purplish); <i>fruit globose, +smooth, red</i>.—Cold bogs and damp woods, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Ind. and +Minn.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. SIPHÓCALYX. <i>Thornless and prickless; leaves convolute in the bud; +racemes several-flowered; calyx-tube elongated; berry naked and glabrous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>R. aúreum</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Missouri</span> or <span class="smcap">Buffalo Currant.</span>) Shrub +5–12° high; leaves 3–5-lobed, rarely at all cordate; racemes short; flowers +golden-yellow, spicy-fragrant; tube of salverform calyx (6´´ long or less) 3 or 4 +times longer than the oval lobes; stamens short; berries yellow or black.—Banks +of streams, Mo. and Ark. to the Rocky Mts., and westward. Common +in cultivation.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="crassulaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 36.</span> <b>CRASSULÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Orpine Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers; viz., the petals and +pistils equalling the sepals in number (3–20), and the stamens the same or +double their number</i>,—technically different from Saxifrageæ only in this +complete symmetry, and in the carpels (in most of the genera) being quite +distinct from each other. Also, instead of a perigynous disk, there are +usually little scales on the receptacle, one behind each carpel. Fruit dry +and dehiscent; the pods (follicles) opening down the ventral suture, many-rarely +few-seeded.—Stipules none. Flowers usually cymose, small. +Leaves mostly sessile, in Penthorum not at all fleshy.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Not succulent; the carpels united, forming a 5-celled capsule.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Penthorum.</b> Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-beaked, many-seeded.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Leaves, etc., thick and succulent. Carpels distinct.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Tillæa.</b> Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Seeds few or many.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Sedum.</b> Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Stamens 8–10. Seeds many.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="penthorum"><b>1. PÉNTHORUM</b>, Gronov. <span class="smcap">Ditch Stone-crop.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, forming +a 5-angled, 5-horned, and 5-celled capsule, which opens by the falling off of the +beaks, many-seeded.—Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of +the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked +along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from <span class="greek">πέντε</span>, +<i>five</i>, and <span class="greek">ὅρος</span>, <i>a mark</i>, from the quinary order of the flower.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. sedoìdes</b>, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends.—Open wet +places, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July–Oct. +Parts of the flower rarely in sixes or sevens.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tillaea"><a name="page177"></a><b>2. TILLÆ̀A</b>, Mich.</p> + +<p>Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2–many-seeded.—Very +small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named +in honor of <i>Michael Angelo Tilli</i>, an early Italian botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. símplex</b>, Nutt. Rooting at the base (1–2´ high); leaves linear-oblong; +flowers solitary, nearly sessile; calyx half the length of the (greenish-white) +petals and the narrow 8–10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the +base of each.—Muddy river-banks, Mass. to Md. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sedum"><b>3. SÉDUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Stone-crop. Orpine.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Follicles many-seeded; a little +scale at the base of each.—Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs, +with the flowers cymose or one-sided. Petals almost always narrow and acute +or pointed. (Name from <i>sedeo</i>, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these +plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers perfect and sessile, as it were spiked along one side of spreading flowering +branches or of the divisions of a scorpioid cyme, the first or central flower +mostly 5-merous and 10-androus, the others often 4-merous and 8-androus.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flowers white or purple.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. pulchéllum</b>, Michx. Stems ascending or trailing (4–12´ high); +<i>leaves terete, linear-filiform</i>, much crowded; spikes of the cyme several, densely +flowered; <i>petals rose-purple</i>.—Va. to Ga., west to Ky., E. Kan., and Tex.; +also cultivated in gardens. July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. Névii</b>, Gray. Stems spreading, simple (3–5´ high); <i>leaves all alternate</i>, +those of the sterile shoots <i>wedge-obovate or spatulate</i>, on flowering stems +<i>linear-spatulate</i> and flattish; cyme about 3-spiked, densely flowered; <i>petals +white</i>, more pointed than in the next; the flowering 3 or 4 weeks later; leaves +and blossoms smaller.—Rocky cliffs, mountains of Va. to Ala.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. ternàtum</b>, Michx. Stems spreading (3–6´ high); <i>leaves flat, the +lower whorled in threes, wedge-obovate</i>, the upper scattered, <i>oblong</i>; cyme 3-spiked, +leafy; <i>petals white</i>.—Rocky woods, N. Y. to Ga., west to Ind. and Tenn.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">àcre</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Mossy Stone-crop.</span>) Spreading on the ground, moss-like; +leaves very small, alternate, almost imbricated on the branches, ovate, very +thick; petals yellow.—Escaped from cultivation to rocky roadsides, etc. +July. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. Torrèyi</b>, Don. Annual; stems simple or branched from the base +(2–4´ high); <i>leaves flat</i> or teretish, scattered, <i>oblong</i>, 2–3´´ long; petals rather +longer than the <i>ovate sepals</i>; carpels at length widely divergent.—Mo. to +Ark. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers in a terminal naked and regular cyme or cluster, more or less peduncled; +leaves flat, obovate or oblong, mostly alternate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flowers perfect, 5-merous, 10-androus.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. telephioìdes</b>, Michx. Stems ascending (6–12´ high), stout, leafy +to the top; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed; cyme small; +<i>petals flesh-color</i>, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed; <i>follicles tapering into a slender +style</i>.—Dry rocks, N. J. to Ga., west to western N. Y. and S. Ind. June.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page178"></a><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">Teléphium</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Garden Orpine</span> or <span class="smcap">Live-for-ever</span>.) Stems erect +(2° high), stout; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound; <i>petals purple</i>, +oblong-lanceolate; <i>follicles abruptly pointed with a short style</i>.—Rocks and +banks, escaped from cultivation in some places. July. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">refléxum</span>, L. Glabrous, erect, 1° high; <i>leaves crowded, cylindric, subulate-tipped, +spreading or reflexed; flowers yellow</i>, pedicelled.—Coast of Mass.; +western N. Y.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers diœcious, mostly 4-merous and 8-androus.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. Rhodìola</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">Roseroot.</span>) Stems erect (5–10´ high); leaves +oblong or oval, smaller than in the preceding; flowers in a close cyme, greenish-yellow, +or the fertile turning purplish.—Throughout Arctic America, extending +southward to the coast of Maine, and cliffs of Delaware River; also in the +western mountains. May, June. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="droseraceae"><span class="smcap">Order 37.</span> <b>DROSERÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Sundew Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pentamerous +and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers +fixed by the middle and turned outward, and a 1-celled capsule with twice +as many styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentæ.</i>—Calyx imbricated. +Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and +minute embryo at the base of the albumen.—Leaves circinate in the bud, +i.e., rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. A small family of +insectivorous plants.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="drosera"><b>1. DRÓSERA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Sundew.</span></p> + +<p>Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken +for 6 or 10, slender, stigmatose above on the inner face. Capsule 3- (rarely 5-) +valved; the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their middle for the whole +length.—Low perennials or biennials; the leaves clothed with reddish gland-bearing +bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base; the naked scape bearing +the flowers in a 1-sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the undeveloped +apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine) is +always highest. The plants yield a purple stain to paper. (The glands of the +leaves exude drops of a clear glutinous fluid, glittering like dew-drops, whence +the name, from <span class="greek">δροσερός</span>, <i>dewy</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. rotundifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Round-leaved Sundew.</span>) <i>Leaves orbicular</i>, +abruptly narrowed into the <i>spreading hairy petioles</i>; seeds spindle-shaped, the +coat loose and chaff-like; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes.—Peat-bogs, +Lab. to Minn., Ind., and southward; common. July, Aug. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>D. intermèdia</b>, Hayne, var. <b>Americàna</b>, DC. <i>Leaves spatulate-oblong</i>, +tapering into the long rather <i>erect naked petioles</i>; seeds oblong, with a +rough close coat; flowers white. (D. longifolia, <i>Gray</i>, Manual.)—Bogs, with +the same range but less common. June–Aug.—Plant raised on its prolonged +caudex when growing in water. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>D. lineàris</b>, Goldie. (<span class="smcap">Slender Sundew.</span>) <i>Leaves linear</i>, obtuse, the +blade (2–3´ long, scarcely 2´´ wide) <i>on naked erect petioles</i> about the same length; +seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat; flowers white.—Shore +of L. Superior, Mich., and Minn.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page179"></a>4. <b>D. filifórmis</b>, Raf. (<span class="smcap">Thread-leaved Sundew.</span>) <i>Leaves very long +and filiform</i>, erect, with no distinction between blade and stalk; seeds spindle-shaped; +flowers numerous, purple rose-color (½´ broad).—Wet sand, near the +coast, Mass. to N. J. and Fla.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dionæ̀a muscípula</span>, Ellis, the <span class="smcap">Venus's Fly-trap</span>,—so noted for the extraordinary +irritability of its leaves, closing quickly at the touch,—is a native +of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of N. C. It differs in several respects +from the character of the order given above; the stamens being 15, the styles +united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="hamamelideae"><span class="smcap">Order 38.</span> <b>HAMAMELÍDEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Witch-Hazel Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules; flowers +in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monœcious; the calyx cohering +with the base of the ovary, which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms +a 2-beaked, 2-celled woody capsule, opening at the summit, with a single bony +seed in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening.</i>—Petals inserted +on the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none +at all. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and +changed into scales, or numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and +straight, in scanty albumen; cotyledons broad and flat.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Flowers with a manifest calyx, or calyx and corolla, and a single ovule suspended from the +summit of each cell.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Hamamelis.</b> Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Fothergilla.</b> Petals none. Stamens about 24, long; filaments thickened upward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx and no corolla, crowded into catkin-like +heads. Ovules several or many in each cell.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Liquidambar.</b> Monœcious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Capsules consolidated +by their bases in a dense head.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hamamelis"><b>1. HAMAMÈLIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Witch-Hazel.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like +3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Petals +4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8, +very short; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect +and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Capsule opening loculicidally from the top; +the outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single large and +bony seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces.—Tall shrubs, +with straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From +<span class="greek">ἅμα</span>, <i>at the same time with</i>, and <span class="greek">μηλίς</span>, <i>an apple-tree</i>; a name anciently applied +to the Medlar, or some similar tree.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. Virginiàna</b>, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat +downy when young; blossoming late in autumn, when the leaves are falling, +and maturing its seeds the next summer.—Damp woods, N. Scotia to Fla., +west to E. Minn. and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="fothergilla"><b>2. FOTHERGÍLLA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, +the summit truncate, slightly 5–7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24,<a name="page180"></a> +borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike; filaments very long, +thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Capsule cohering with the +base of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell.—A +low shrub; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at +the summit; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered +by a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished <i>Dr. John Fothergill</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>F. Gardèni</b>, L. (F. alnifolia, <i>L. f.</i>)—Low grounds, Va. to N. C. +April, May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="liquidambar"><b>3. LIQUIDÁMBAR</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Sweet-Gum Tree.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers usually monœcious, in globular heads or catkins; the sterile arranged +in a conical cluster, naked; stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute +scales; filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked +ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering +together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head; the capsules +opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the +inner side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled +seed-coat.—Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved +deciduous involucre. (A mongrel name, from <i>liquidus</i>, fluid, and the Arabic +<i>ambar</i>, amber; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes +from the tree.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Styracíflua</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sweet Gum. Bilsted.</span>) Leaves rounded, +deeply 5–7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed.—Moist +woods, from Conn. to S. Ill., and south to Fla. and Tex. April.—A +large and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark commonly with +corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep +crimson in autumn. The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, resembling +sawdust.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="halorageae"><span class="smcap">Order 39.</span> <b>HALORÀGEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Water-Milfoil Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Aquatic or marsh plants (at least in northern countries), with the inconspicuous +symmetrical</i> (perfect or unisexual) <i>flowers sessile in the axils of +leaves or bracts, calyx-tube coherent with the ovary</i> (or calyx and corolla +wanting in Callitriche), <i>which consists of 2–4 more or less united carpels</i> +(or in Hippuris of only one carpel), <i>the styles or sessile stigmas distinct</i>. +Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in fertile flowers. Petals small +or none. Stamens 1–8. Fruit indehiscent, 1–4-celled, with a single +anatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in the +axis of fleshy albumen; cotyledons minute.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Myriophyllum.</b> Flowers monœcious or polygamous, the parts in fours, with or without +petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Leaves often whorled, the immersed pinnately dissected.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Proserpinaca.</b> Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Leaves alternate, +the immersed pinnately dissected.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Hippuris.</b> Flowers usually perfect. Petals none. Stamen, style, and cell of the ovary +only one. Leaves entire, in whorls.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Callitriche.</b> Flowers monœcious. Calyx and petals none. Stamen 1. Ovary 4-celled, +with 2 filiform styles. Leaves entire, opposite.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="myriophyllum"><a name="page181"></a>1. <b>MYRIOPHÝLLUM</b>, Vaill. <span class="smcap">Water-Milfoil.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, +of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4–8. Fruit nut-like, 4-celled, +deeply 4-lobed; stigmas 4, recurved.—Perennial aquatics. Leaves +crowded, often whorled; those under water pinnately parted into capillary +divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually above water +in summer; the uppermost staminate. (Name from <span class="greek">μυρίος</span>, <i>a thousand</i>, and +<span class="greek">φύλλον</span>, <i>a leaf</i>, i.e., Milfoil.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stamens 8; petals deciduous; carpels even; leaves whorled in threes or fours.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. spicàtum</b>, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except +the <i>floral ones or bracts</i>; these <i>ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than +the flowers</i>, which thus form an interrupted spike.—Deep water, Newf. to N. Eng. +and N. Y., west to Minn., Ark., and the Pacific. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. verticillàtum</b>, L. <i>Floral leaves much longer than the flowers, pectinate-pinnatifid</i>; +otherwise nearly as n. 1.—Ponds, etc., common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stamens 4; petals rather persistent; carpels 1–2-ridged and roughened on +the back; leaves whorled in fours and fives, the lower with capillary divisions.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3.<b> M. heterophýllum</b>, Michx. Stem stout; <i>floral leaves ovate and lanceolate</i>, +thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid; <i>fruit obscurely roughened.</i>—Lakes +and rivers, Ont. and N. Y. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>M. scabràtum</b>, Michx. Stem rather slender; lower leaves pinnately +parted with few capillary divisions; <i>floral leaves linear</i> (rarely scattered), <i>pectinate-toothed +or cut-serrate; carpels strongly 2-ridged and roughened on the back</i>.—Shallow +ponds, S. New Eng. to S. C., west to Mo. and La.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Stamens 4; petals rather persistent; carpels even on the back, leaves +chiefly scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>M. ambíguum</b>, Nutt. <i>Immersed leaves pinnately parted</i> into about 10 +very delicate capillary divisions; <i>the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral +linear</i> and sparingly toothed or entire; <i>flowers mostly perfect</i>; fruit (minute) +smooth.—Ponds and ditches, Mass. to N. J. and Penn.; also in Ind.—Var. +<span class="smcap">capillàceum</span>, Torr. & Gray, has stems floating, long and very slender, and +leaves all immersed and capillary. Var. <span class="smcap">limòsum</span>, Torr., is small, rooting in +the mud, with leaves all linear, incised, toothed, or entire.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>M. tenéllum</b>, Bigelow. <i>Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like</i> +(3–10´ high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted, bracts +small, entire; <i>flowers alternate, monœcious</i>; fruit smooth.—Borders of ponds, +Newf. to N. Eng., west to Mich.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="proserpinaca"><b>2. PROSERPINÀCA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Mermaid-weed.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Stamens +3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-like.—Low, +perennial herbs, with the stems creeping at base, alternate leaves, +and small flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3–4 together, in summer. +(Name applied by Pliny to a Polygonum, meaning <i>pertaining to Proserpine</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. palústris</b>, L. <i>Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate</i>, the lower pectinate +when under water; fruit sharply angled.—Wet swamps, N. Eng. to Fla., west +to Minn. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page182"></a>2. <b>P. pectinàcea</b>, Lam. <i>Leaves all pectinate</i>, the divisions linear-awl-shaped; +fruit rather obtusely angled.—Sandy swamps, near the coast, Mass. +to Fla. and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hippuris"><b>3. HIPPÙRIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Mare's Tail.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen one, +inserted on the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down +one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the large anther. Fruit +nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded.—Perennial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in +whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the axils in summer. (Name from <span class="greek">ἵππος</span> +<i>a horse</i>, and <span class="greek">οὐρά</span>, <i>a tail</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. vulgàris</b>, L. Stems simple (1–2° high); leaves in whorls of 8 or +12, linear, acute; fruit nearly 1´´ long.—Ponds and springs, Penn. to Ind. and +Minn., and northward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="callitriche"><b>4. CALLÍTRICHE</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Water-Starwort.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same leaf, +wholly naked or between a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a +single stamen; filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by confluence +becomes 1-celled, and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower a single 4-celled +ovary, either sessile or pedicelled, bearing 2 distinct and filiform sessile, +usually persistent stigmas. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4-lobed, 4-celled, separating +at maturity into as many closed 1-seeded portions. Seed pendulous, +filling the cell; embryo slender, straight or slightly curved, nearly the length +of the oily albumen.—Low, slender and usually tufted, glabrous, or beset +with minute (microscopic) stellate scales, with spatulate or linear entire leaves, +both forms of leaves often occurring on the same stem. (Name from <span class="greek">καλός</span>, +<i>beautiful</i>, and <span class="greek">θρίξ</span>, <i>hair</i>, from the often almost capillary stems.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Small annuals, forming tufts on moist soil, destitute of stellate scales; leaves +uniform, very small, obovate or oblanceolate, 3-nerved, crowded; bracts none.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. defléxa</b>, Braun. var. <b>Austìni</b>, Hegelm. Stems ½–1´ high; fruit +small ({1/3}´´ broad), broader than high, deeply notched above and below, on a +pedicel often nearly of its own length or nearly sessile; lobes of the fruit narrowly +winged and with a deep groove between them; persistent stigmas shorter +than the fruit, spreading or reflexed; leaves 1–2´´ long. (C. Austini, <i>Engelm</i>)—On +damp soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Ill., Mo., and Tex. (S. Am.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Amphibious perennials; leaves with stellate scales, the floating ones obovate +and 3-nerved, the submersed linear (all uniform and narrow in terrestrial +forms) flowers usually between a pair of bracts.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. vérna</b>, L. Fruit (½´´ long) higher than broad, obovate, slightly obcordate, +usually thickest at the base, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled or very +narrowly winged above, and with a wide groove between them; stigmas shorter +than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous; floating leaves crowded in a +tuft, obovate, narrowed into a petiole.—Common in stagnant waters, Penn. +and N. J. to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and the Pacific. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. heterophýlla</b>, Pursh. Fruit smaller, as broad or broader than +high, deeply emarginate, thick, almost ventricose, sessile or nearly so, its lobes<a name="page183"></a> +obtusely angled, with a small groove between them; stigmas as long as the +fruit, erect, persistent; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, broadly spatulate, +often retuse, abruptly narrowed into a long petiole.—Stagnant water, N. Y. +and N. J. to S. Ind. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Submersed perennial, with numerous uniform linear 1-nerved leaves; flowers +without bracts; carpels separate nearly to the axis.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4 <b>C. autumnàlis</b>, L. Stems 3–6´ high; fruit large (1´´ wide or more), +flattened, circular, deeply and narrowly notched, sessile or nearly so, its lobes +broadly winged, and with a very deep and narrow groove between them; +stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous; leaves all linear from a broader base, +retuse or notched at the tip (2–6´´ long).—W. Mass., Lake Champlain and +N. New York, Lake Superior, and westward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="melastomaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 40.</span> <b>MELASTOMÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Melastoma Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Plants with opposite 3–7-ribbed leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers +opening by pores at the apex; otherwise much as in the</i> Onagraceæ.—All +tropical, except the genus</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="rhexia"><b>1. RHÉXIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Deer-Grass. Meadow-Beauty.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above +it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, inserted +along with the 8 stamens on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers +long, 1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1; stigma 1. Capsule invested by +the permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentæ projecting from +the central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail shell, without albumen.—Low perennial +herbs, often bristly, with mostly sessile 3–5-nerved and bristly-edged +leaves, and large showy cymose flowers; in summer; the petals falling early. +(A name in Pliny for some unknown plant, probably from <span class="greek">ῥῆξις</span>, <i>a crevice</i>, from +the place of growth.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the +filament above its base; flowers cymose, peduncled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. Virgínica</b>, L. <i>Stem square</i>, with wing-like angles; <i>leaves oval-lanceolate, +sessile, acute</i>; calyx-tube and pedicels more or less hispid with gland-tipped +hairs; petals bright purple.—Sandy swamps; coast of Maine to Fla., +west to northern N. Y., Ind., Mo., and La. Slender rootstocks tuberiferous.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. aristòsa</b>, Britt. Branches somewhat wing-angled; leaves linear-oblong, +sessile, not narrowed at base, naked or very sparsely hairy; hairs of +the calyx mostly below the throat, not gland-tipped; petals sparsely villous, +bright purple.—Egg Harbor City, N. J. (<i>J. E. Peters</i>); also Sumter Co., +S. C. (<i>J. D. Smith</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. Mariàna</b>, L. <i>Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-oblong</i>, narrowed +below, mostly petiolate; petals paler.—Sandy swamps; N. J. to Fla., west +to Mo. and La.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur; flowers few, sessile.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>R. ciliòsa</b>, Michx. Stem square, glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, +ciliate with long bristles; calyx glabrous.—Md. to Fla. and La.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="lythraceae"><a name="page184"></a><span class="smcap">Order 41.</span> <b>LYTHRÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Loosestrife Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing +but free from the 1–4-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous capsule, +and bearing the 4–7 deciduous petals and 4–14 stamens on its throat; the +latter lower down. Style 1; stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed.</i>—Flowers +axillary or whorled, rarely irregular, perfect, sometimes dimorphous or +even trimorphous, those on different plants with filaments and style reciprocally +longer and shorter. Petals sometimes wanting. Capsule often +1-celled by the early breaking away of the thin partitions; placentæ in the +axis. Seeds anatropous, without albumen.—Branches usually 4-sided.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Flowers regular or nearly so.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Flowers mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves, sessile or nearly so.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Didiplis.</b> Calyx short, without appendages. Petals none. Stamens 4. Capsule indehiscent. +Small aquatic.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Rotala.</b> Calyx short, the sinuses appendaged. Petals and stamens 4. Capsule septicidal, +with 3–4 valves.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Ammannia.</b> Flowers not trimorphous. Petals generally 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsule +bursting irregularly.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Flowers in 3–many-flowered axillary cymes (rarely solitary).</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Lythrum.</b> Calyx tubular. Petals usually 6. Stamens mostly 6 or 12. Flowers +cymose-spicate in one species.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Decodon.</b> Flowers trimorphous. Petals 5 (rarely 4). Stamens 8–10. Capsule 3–4-valved, +loculicidal.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical, with 6 petals and 11 stamens.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Cuphea.</b> Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at base. Petals unequal.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="didiplis"><b>1. DIDÍPLIS</b>, Raf. <span class="smcap">Water Purslane.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with no appendages at the sinuses +(or a mere callous point). Petals none. Stamens 4, short. Capsule globular, +indehiscent, 2-celled.—Submersed aquatic (sometimes terrestrial), rooting in +the mud, with opposite linear leaves, and very small greenish flowers solitary +in their axils. ("Didiplis means <i>two doubling</i>;" from <span class="greek">δíς</span>, <i>twice</i>, and <span class="greek">διπλóος</span>, +<i>double</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. lineàris</b>, Raf. Leaves when submersed elongated, thin, closely +sessile by a broad base, when emersed shorter and contracted at base; calyx +with broad triangular lobes; style very short; capsules very small. (Ammannia +Nuttallii, <i>Gray</i>.)—From Minn. and Wisc. to Tex., east to N. C. and Fla.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="rotala"><b>2. ROTÀLA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with tooth-like appendages at the +sinuses (abnormally, in our species). Petals 4 (in ours). Stamens 4, short. +Capsule globular, 4-celled, septicidal, the valves (under a strong lens) transversely +and densely striate. (Name a diminutive of <i>rota</i>, a wheel, from the +whorled leaves of the original species.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. ramòsior</b>, Koehne. Leaves tapering at base or into a short petiole, +linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate; flowers solitary (rarely 3) in the +axils and sessile; accessory teeth of calyx as long as the lobes or shorter.<a name="page185"></a> +(Ammannia humilis, <i>Michx.</i>)—Low or wet ground, Mass. to Fla., west to +Ind., Kan., and Tex.—With Ammannia-like habit, an exception in the genus.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ammannia"><b>3. AMMÁNNIA</b>, Houston.</p> + +<p>Flowers in 3–many-flowered axillary cymes. Calyx globular or bell-shaped, +4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with a little horn-shaped appendage at each sinus. +Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4–8. +Capsule globular, 2–4-celled, bursting irregularly.—Low and inconspicuous +smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small flowers in their axils, +produced all summer. (Named after <i>Paul Ammann</i>, a German botanist anterior +to Linnæus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. coccínea</b>, Rottb. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2–3´ long), with a +broad auricled sessile base; cymes subsessile, dense; petals purplish; stamens +more or less exserted; style usually slender; capsule included. (A. latifolia, +<i>Gray</i>, Manual, not <i>L.</i>)—N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Tex. The +style varies much in length, sometimes in the same specimen. Apparently +the more developed form of the southern A. latifolium, L., which, as limited +by Koehne, has apetalous flowers, with included stamens and short style.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lythrum"><b>4. LÝTHRUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Loosestrife.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx cylindrical, striate, 5–7-toothed, with as many little processes in the +sinuses. Petals 5–7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, +inserted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Capsule oblong, 2-celled.—Slender +herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and +purple (rarely white) flowers; produced in summer. (Name from <span class="greek">λύθρον</span>, +<i>blood</i>; perhaps from the styptic properties of some species.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stamens and petals 5–7; flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils +of the mostly scattered upper leaves; proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the +intermediate processes; plants smooth.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Hyssopifòlia</b>, L. Low annual (6–10´ high), pale; leaves oblong-linear, +obtuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers; petals pale-purple; stamens +usually 4–6, included.—Marshes, near the coast, Maine to N. J. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. lineàre</b>, L. Stem slender and tall (3–4° high), bushy at top, <i>with +2 margined angles; leaves linear, chiefly opposite</i>; petals whitish; flowers with +6 included stamens and a short style, or the stamens exserted and style short; +<i>ovary on a thick short stalk; no fleshy hypogynous ring</i>.—Brackish marshes, +N. J. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. alàtum</b>, Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial; <i>branches with margined +angles; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute, with a cordate or +rounded base</i>, the upper mostly <i>alternate; calyx 2–4´´ long</i>; petals rather large, +deep-purple; <i>stamens of the short-styled flowers exserted; fleshy hypogynous +ring prominent</i>.—Ont. to Minn., south to Ga., Ark., and Col.; also near Boston.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stamens 12 (rarely 8 or 10), twice the number of the petals, 6 longer and 6 +shorter; flowers large, crowded and whorled in an interrupted spike.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">Salicària</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Spiked Loosestrife.</span>) More or less downy and tall; +leaves lanceolate, heart-shaped at base, sometimes whorled in threes; flowers +purple, trimorphous in the relative lengths of the stamens and style.—Wet +meadows, N. Scotia to Del. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="decodon"><a name="page186"></a><b>5. DÉCODON</b>, Gmel. <span class="smcap">Swamp Loosestrife.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5–7 erect teeth, and +as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petal 5. +Stamens 10 (rarely 8), exserted, of two lengths. Capsule globose, 3–5-celled, +loculicidal.—Perennial herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or +whorled leaves, and axillary clusters of trimorphous flowers. (Name from +<span class="greek">δέκα</span>, <i>ten</i>, and <span class="greek">ὀδούς</span>, <i>tooth</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. verticillàtus</b>, Ell. Smooth or downy; stems recurved (2–8° +long), 4–6-sided; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the +upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels; petals 5, wedge-lanceolate, +rose-purple (½´ long); stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Nesæa +verticillata, <i>HBK.</i>)—Swampy grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ont., Minn., +and La. Bark of the lower part of the stem often spongy-thickened.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cuphea"><b>6. CÙPHEA</b>, Jacq.</p> + +<p>Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the +base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little +processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approximate +in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next +the spur of the calyx, 1–2-celled; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong, +few-seeded, early ruptured through one side.—Flowers solitary or racemose, +stalked. (Name from <span class="greek">κυφός</span>, <i>gibbous</i>, from the shape of the calyx.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. viscosíssima</b>, Jacq. (<span class="smcap">Clammy Cuphea.</span>) Annual, very viscid-hairy, +branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple; +seeds flat, borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out of the +ruptured capsule.—Dry fields, R. I. to Ga., west to Kan. and La.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="onagraceae"><span class="smcap">Order 42.</span> <b>ONAGRÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Evening-Primrose Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with 4-merous (sometimes 2–3- or 5–6-merous) perfect and symmetrical +flowers; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2–4-celled ovary, +its lobes valvate in the bud, or obsolete, the petals convolute in the bud, sometimes +wanting; and the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or +calyx-lobes</i>, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slender; +stigma 2–4-lobed or capitate. Pollen grains often connected by +cobwebby threads. Seeds anatropous, small, without albumen.—Mostly +herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves. Stipules none or glandular.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Parts of the flower in fours or more.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually loculicidal.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Calyx-limb divided to the summit of the ovary, persistent.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Jussiæa.</b> Petals 4–6. Stamens twice as many. Capsule elongated.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Ludwigia.</b> Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsule short.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary (scarcely so in n. 3) and deciduous from it. +Flowers 4-merous.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Epilobium.</b> Seeds silky-tufted. Flowers small, not yellow. Lower leaves often +opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Œnothera.</b> Seeds naked. Flowers mostly yellow. Leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page187"></a>[+][+] Fruit dry and indehiscent, 1–4-seeded. Leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Gaura.</b> Calyx-tube obconical. Filaments appendaged at base.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Stenosiphon.</b> Calyx-tube filiform. Filaments not appendaged.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Parts of the flower in twos. Leaves opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Circæa.</b> Petals 2, obcordate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1–2-seeded, bristly.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="jussiaea"><b>1. JUSSIÆ̀A</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary; the lobes 4–6, +herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4–9. Stamens twice as many as the petals. +Capsule 4–6-celled, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very numerous.—Herbs +(ours glabrous perennials), with mostly entire and alternate +leaves, and axillary yellow flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to <i>Bernard de +Jussieu</i>, the founder of the Natural System of Botany.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>J. decúrrens</b>, DC. <i>Stem erect</i> (1–2° high), branching, <i>winged</i> by the +decurrent lanceolate leaves; <i>calyx-lobes 4</i>, as long as the petals; <i>capsule oblong-club-shaped, +wing-angled</i>; seeds in several rows in each cell.—Wet places, Va. +to Fla., west to S. Ill., Ark., and La.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>J. rèpens</b>, L. <i>Stem creeping, or floating and rooting</i>; leaves oblong, +<i>tapering into a slender petiole</i>; flowers large, long-peduncled; <i>calyx-lobes and +obovate petals 5</i>; pod woody, cylindrical, with a tapering base; seeds quadrate, +in 1 row in each cell, adherent to the spongy endocarp.—In water, Ill. and +Ky. to E. Kan., Ark., and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ludwigia"><b>2. LUDWÍGIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">False Loosestrife.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary; the lobes 4, usually persistent. +Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Capsule short or +cylindrical, many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked.—Perennial herbs, with axillary +(rarely capitate) flowers, through summer and autumn. (Named for <i>C. G. +Ludwig</i>, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with Linnæus.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves all alternate, sessile or nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow petals (4–8´´ +long), equalling the ovate or lanceolate foliaceous lobes of the calyx.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. alternifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Seed-box.</span>) <i>Smooth</i> or nearly so, branched +(3° high); <i>leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends</i>; +capsules cubical, rounded at base, wing-angled.—Swamps, E. Mass. to Fla., +west to Mich., E. Kan., and La.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. hirtélla</b>, Raf. <i>Hairy</i> all over; stems nearly simple (1–2° high); +<i>leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends</i>; capsules nearly as in the +last, but scarcely wing-angled.—Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers small, sessile (solitary or sometimes clustered) in the axils, with very +small greenish petals (in n. 5) or mostly none; leaves mostly lanceolate or linear +on the erect stems (1–3° high) and numerous branches; but prostrate or creeping +sterile shoots often produced from the base, thickly beset with shorter obovate +or spatulate leaves. (Our species glabrous, except n. 3.)</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. sphærocárpa</b>, Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or +nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering at base, those +of runners obovate with a wedge-shaped base and glandular-denticulate;<a name="page188"></a> +<i>bractlets minute, obsolete, or none; capsules globular or depressed</i> (sometimes +acute at base), not longer than the calyx-lobes (less than 2´´ long).—Water or +wet swamps, E. Mass. to Fla. and La. Bark below often spongy-thickened.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. polycárpa</b>, Short & Peter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at +both ends, those of the runners oblong-spatulate, acute, entire; <i>bractlets linear-awl-shaped +and conspicuous on the base of the 4-sided somewhat top-shaped capsule</i>, +which is longer than the calyx-lobes.—Wet places, E. Mass. and Conn. +to Mich., Minn., E. Kan., and Ky.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. lineàris</b>, Walt. Slender, mostly low; leaves narrowly linear, those +of the short runners obovate; minute petals usually present; <i>bractlets minute at +the base of the elongated top-shaped 4-sided capsule</i>, which is 3´´ long and much +longer than the calyx-lobes.—Bogs, pine barrens of N. J., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>L. cylíndrica</b>, Ell. Much branched; leaves oblong- or spatulate-lanceolate, +much tapering at the base or even petioled; <i>bractlets very minute at +the base of the cylindrical capsule</i>, which is 3´´ long, and several times exceeds +the calyx-lobes.—Swamps, S. Ill. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves all opposite; stems creeping or floating.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>L. palústris</b>, Ell. (<span class="smcap">Water Purslane.</span>) Smooth; leaves ovate or +oval, tapering into a slender petiole; petals none, or small and reddish when +the plant grows out of water; calyx-lobes very short; capsules oblong, 4-sided, +not tapering at base, sessile in the axils (2´´ long).—Ditches, common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>L. arcuàta</b>, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping; leaves oblanceolate, +nearly sessile; flowers solitary, long-peduncled; petals yellow, exceeding the +calyx (3´´ long); capsules oblong-club-shaped, somewhat curved ({1/3}´ long).—Swamps, +Va. to Fla.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="epilobium"><b>3. EPILÒBIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Willow-herb.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube not or scarcely prolonged beyond the ovary; the limb 4-cleft +or -parted, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8; anthers short. Capsule linear, +many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the end.—Mostly perennials, +with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple, or white flowers; in summer. A +large genus, many of its species of difficult limitation. The following provisional +arrangement has been made by Prof. <span class="smcap">W. Trelease</span>, mainly in accordance +with Haussknecht's revision of the genus. (Name composed of <span class="greek">ἐπί</span>, <i>upon</i>, +and <span class="greek">λόβιον</span>, <i>a little pod</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Flowers large, purple, in a long raceme; calyx-limb deeply parted; petals +entire; stamens and style successively deflexed; stigma of 4 long lobes.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. angustifòlium</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Great Willow-herb. Fire-weed.</span>) Stem +simple, tall (4–7°); leaves scattered, ample, lanceolate, nearly entire.—Low +grounds, especially in newly cleared lands; N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. +and E. Kan., and far north and westward. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Flowers mostly small and corymbed or panicled; calyx-limb 5-cleft; petals +mostly deeply notched; stamens and style erect.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stigma 4-parted; stem terete.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">hirsùrum</span>, L. Densely soft-hairy, stout, branching (3–5° high); leaves +mostly opposite, lance-oblong, serrulate, sessile; flowers in the upper axils or<a name="page189"></a> +in a leafy short raceme; petals 6´´ long, rose-purple.—Waste grounds, Mass. +to N. Y. and Ont. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stigma clavate; stem terete, without decurrent lines (or with traces in n. 2); +leaves numerous, the lower opposite, subentire, with revolute margins.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. lineàre</b>, Muhl. Usually much branched above and minutely hoary-pubescent, +1–2° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to a short but distinct +petiole, acutish; flowers numerous, pale; capsules hoary, on pedicels as long +as the leaves. (E. palustre, var. lineare, <i>Gray</i>, mainly.)—Bogs, N. Eng. to +Penn., Iowa, and northward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. stríctum</b>, Muhl. Erect, 1–2½° high, densely beset with soft spreading +somewhat glandular white hairs; leaves broader, more obtuse and with +evident veins, very short-petioled or sessile; pubescence of the capsule soft and +spreading. (E. molle, <i>Torr.</i>)—Bogs, Mass. to Minn., south to Va. and Ill.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Stigma clavate; stem somewhat quadrangular with 2–4 ridges or hairy lines +decurrent from some of the leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Tall and mostly branching, many-flowered; leaves rather large, toothed, not +revolute, the lower opposite; seeds papillose.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>E. coloràtum</b>, Muhl. Somewhat hoary-pubescent above or glandular, +1–3° high; leaves lanceolate, sharply serrulate or denticulate, acute, narrowed +to conspicuous petioles; flowers pale, more or less nodding; peduncles +shorter than the leaves; seeds dark, unappendaged; coma cinnamon-color.—Wet +places, common.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>E. adenocaùlon</b>, Haussk. Differs in its more glandular pubescence +above, the often blunter and less toothed leaves abruptly contracted to shorter +petioles, flowers erect, paler seeds with a slight prolongation at top, and a +merely dingy coma.—Wet places through the Northern States.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>E. glandulòsum</b>, Lehm. Subsimple; pubescence above not glandular; +leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly abruptly rounded to a sessile base and +more glandular-toothed; seeds larger.—Canada to the mountains of N. C. +(<i>fide</i> Haussknecht). (Asia.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Mostly low, slender and simple (except forms of n. 10); leaves chiefly opposite, +less toothed; flowers few, nodding; seeds appendaged at the apex.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Seeds areolate but not papillose; leaves not revolute.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>E. anagallidifòlium</b>, Lam. Glabrate, a span high or less; leaves +erect or ascending, about equalling the internodes, elliptical-oblong to narrowly +obovate, entire or the upper denticulate, tapering to short petioles; flowers +purple; sepals rather obtuse; capsules glabrous on peduncles exceeding the +leaves.—White Mts. and Adirondacks (<i>fide</i> Haussknecht). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>E. lactiflòrum</b>, Haussk. Glabrous except the pubescent lines, 6–12´ +high, with elongated internodes; leaves elliptical or the lowest round-obovate, +slightly repand-denticulate, obtuse, tapering into mostly elongated petioles; +flowers smaller, white; sepals more acute; seeds more prominently appendaged.—White Mts., +and northward (<i>fide</i> Haussknecht). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Seeds papillose-roughened.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>E. Hornemánni</b>, Reichenb. Glabrate, 8–18´ high; leaves mostly +horizontal, ovate, the upper acutish, remotely denticulate, abruptly contracted<a name="page190"></a> +to winged petioles, not revolute; seeds often only slightly roughened, short +and shortly appendaged. (E. alpinum, <i>Man.</i>)—White Mts., dells of the Wisconsin +River (<i>Lapham</i>), and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>E. palústre</b>, L. Slender, 1° high or less, often branched, finely pubescent; +leaves erect or ascending, about equalling or longer than the internodes, +sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, with revolute +margins; capsules pubescent to nearly glabrous, mostly shorter than the slender +peduncles; seeds fusiform, with long beak. (E. palustre, var. lineare, <i>Man.</i>, +in part.)—Penn. to Minn. and the White Mts., north and westward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="oenothera"><b>4. ŒNOTHÈRA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Evening Primrose.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4, reflexed. +Petals 4. Stamens 8; anthers mostly linear and versatile. Capsule 4-valved, +many-seeded. Seeds naked.—Leaves alternate. Flowers yellow, white or +rose-color. (An old name, of unknown meaning, for a species of Epilobium.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Stigma-lobes linear, elongated (except in n. 7); calyx-tube linear, slightly +dilated at the throat; anthers linear.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Caulescent annuals or biennials; flowers erect in the bud, nocturnal, yellow, the +calyx-tips free; capsules sessile, coriaceous; seeds in two rows in each cell.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flowers in a leafy spike; capsules stout, oblong, slightly narrowed above.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>Œ. biénnis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Evening Primrose.</span>) Rather stout, erect +(1–5° high), usually simple, more or less pubescent and hairy; leaves lanceolate +to oblong- or rarely ovate-lanceolate (2–6´ long), acute or acuminate, repandly +denticulate, the lowest petioled; calyx-tube 1–2½´ long, the tips of the sepals +contiguous; petals ½–¾´ long; capsule more or less pubescent or hirsute.—Throughout +the U. S.—Var. <span class="smcap">cruciàta</span>, Torr. & Gray, with small narrow +petals, appears to be merely a rare garden (?) sport. E. Mass.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>grandiflòra</b>, Lindl., has petals as long as the calyx-tube (1–2½´ +long).—Same range as the type, but not so common east.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>Œ. Oakesiàna</b>, Robbins. Annual, more slender, not hairy, the puberulence +mainly appressed; calyx-tips not contiguous at base; otherwise +nearly as in the typical form of the last. (Œ. biennis, var. Oakesiana, <i>Gray.</i>)—Dry +places, E. Mass., R. I., and Conn.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers in a leafy spike or axillary; capsules linear.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>Œ. rhombipétala</b>, Nutt. Rarely branching, appressed-puberulent +and subcanescent; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, the +lowest attenuate to a petiole and rarely pinnatifid, diminishing upward into +the close, elongated, conspicuously bracted spike; calyx silky-canescent (tube +1½´ long); petals rhombic-ovate (6–10´ long).—Ind. to Minn. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>Œ. humifùsa</b>, Nutt. Stems decumbent or ascending (½–2° long); +<i>hoary-pubescent with short dense appressed hairs; leaves</i> narrowly lanceolate or +oblanceolate (¼–1´ long), <i>sparingly repand-dentate or entire</i>, the radical leaves +pinnatifid, the floral not reduced; capsule ½–1´ long, silky, curved; seeds +smooth.—On the sea-coast, N. J. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>Œ. sinuàta</b>, L. Stems ascending or decumbent, simple or branched +(1° high or more), <i>more or less strigose-pubescent</i> and puberulent; <i>leaves</i> oblong +or lanceolate (1–2´ long), <i>sinuately toothed or often pinnatifid</i>, the floral similar;<a name="page191"></a> +capsule 1–1½´ long; <i>seeds strongly pitted</i>.—N. J. to Fla., west to E. Kan. +and Tex. Very variable.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Caulescent perennial; flowers axillary, nodding in the bud, white turning +rose-color; capsules sessile, linear; seeds in a single row.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>Œ. albicaùlis</b>, Nutt. Stems erect (½–4° high), simple or branched, +white and often shreddy, glabrous or puberulent; leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate +(1–3´ long), entire or repand-denticulate, or sinuate-pinnatifid toward +the base; calyx-tips free, throat naked; pods ½–2´ long, often curved or +twisted; seeds lance-linear, smooth.—W. Minn. to N. Mex., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Caulescent; flowers diurnal, yellow and erect in the bud (except in n. 11); +capsules obovate or clavate, quadrangular, the valves ribbed and the angles +more or less strongly winged (except in n. 7).</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>Œ. linifòlia</b>, Nutt. Annual or biennial, erect, very slender, simple +or diffuse (6–15´ high), glabrous, the branchlets and capsules puberulent; +radical leaves oblanceolate, <i>cauline linear-filiform</i> ½–1´ long; spikes loosely +flowered; corolla 2–3´´ long; <i>stigmas short; capsules</i> obovate to oblong-clavate, +2–3´´ long, <i>not winged</i>, nearly sessile.—Ill. to E. Kan., La., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>Œ. pùmila</b>, L. Biennial, puberulent, 1–2° high; <i>leaves</i> mostly glabrous, +<i>entire</i>, obtuse, the radical spatulate, the <i>cauline narrowly oblanceolate</i>; +<i>flowers loosely spiked</i>; corolla 4–12´´ long; <i>capsule glabrous</i>, oblong-clavate, +3–6´´ long, sessile or on a short pedicel, <i>slightly winged</i>. (Incl. Œ. chrysantha, +<i>Michx.</i>)—Dry fields, N. Scotia to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. June.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>Œ. fruticòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sundrops.</span>) Biennial or perennial, erect, often +tall and stout (1–3° high), villous-pubescent or puberulent or nearly glabrous; +leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, <i>mostly denticulate; raceme corymbed or loose</i>; +petals 9–12´´ long; <i>capsule subsessile or with a pedicel shorter than itself</i>, prominently +ribbed and <i>strongly winged</i>.—Common and very variable.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>lineàris</b>, Watson. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; capsule usually +shorter than the pedicel, rather less broadly winged. (Œ. linearis of <i>Man.</i>, in +part. Œ. riparia, <i>Nutt.</i>)—Conn. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>humifùsa</b>, Allen. Low, decumbent, somewhat woody, diffusely +branched, puberulent; branches slender, flexuous; leaves narrow; flowers +few, small; capsules pubescent, about equalling the pedicel. (Œ. linearis of +<i>Man.</i>, in part.)—Suffolk Co., L. Island.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>Œ. glaùca</b>, Michx. Perennial, erect (2–3° high), <i>glabrous and glaucous; +leaves ovate to ovate-oblong</i> (2–4´ long), repand-denticulate; <i>flowers in +short leafy corymbs; petals 9–15´´ long; capsule</i> glabrous, ovoid-oblong, <i>very +broadly winged</i>, usually abruptly contracted into a pedicel equalling or shorter +than itself.—Mountains of Va. to Ala., west to Ky. and E. Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>Œ. speciòsa</b>, Nutt. Perennial, erect or subdecumbent, finely pubescent; +leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, repand-denticulate, or more or less +deeply sinuate-pinnatifid; <i>flowers large, white or rose</i>; capsule clavate-obovate, +strongly 8-ribbed, rigid, acute, stoutly pedicelled.—Mo. to Kan. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*] <i>Capsule oblong to ovate or orbicular, broadly winged, rigid and sessile.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Acaulescent or nearly so; flowers white or rose-color.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>Œ. tríloba</b>, Nutt. Biennial or perennial, nearly glabrous; leaves +2–10´ long, somewhat ciliate, long-petioled, runcinate-pinnatifid or oblanceolate<a name="page192"></a> +and only sinuate-toothed; calyx-tips free, the tube slender (2–4´ long); +petals 6–12´´ long; capsule ovate, ½–1´ long, strongly winged, net-veined.—Ky. +to Miss. and Tex., west to the Pacific.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. (?) <b>parviflòra</b>, Watson. Flowers very small (1–2´ long), fertilized +in the bud and rarely fully opening; fruit abundant, forming at length a +densely crowded hemispherical or cylindrical mass nearly 2´ in diameter and +often 2–3´ high.—Plains of Kan. and Neb.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Low caulescent perennials; flowers axillary, yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>Œ. Missouriénsis</b>, Sims. Stems decumbent; pubescence short +and silky, closely appressed, sometimes dense or wholly wanting; leaves thick, +oval to linear, mostly narrowly lanceolate (2–5´ long), acuminate, entire or +repand-denticulate; calyx-tube 2–5´ long; petals broad, 1–2½´ long; capsules +orbicular, very broadly winged (1–3´ long).—Mo. and Kan. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>Œ. Fremóntii</b>, Watson. Hoary with appressed silky pubescence; +leaves linear, pointed, entire; calyx-tube 1–2´ long; petals ½–1´ long; capsule +hoary, oblong, narrowed at base, 9´´ long.—Central Kan.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Stigma discoid; calyx-tube more broadly dilated above; anthers oblong-linear; +capsule mostly sessile, linear-cylindric; perennial, somewhat woody, +with axillary yellow flowers.</i></p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>Œ. Hartwègi</b>, Benth., var. <b>lavandulæfòlia</b>, Watson. Stems +numerous from a woody base, 3–6´ high; <i>leaves numerous, hoary-puberulent</i>, +mostly linear, ¼–1´ long; <i>calyx-tube 1–2´ long</i>; capsule 8–10´´ long.—Central +Kan. to Col. and N. Mex.</p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>Œ. serrulàta</b>, Nutt. Slender (3–15´ high), simple or branched, +canescent or glabrous; leaves linear to lanceolate (1–3´ long), <i>irregularly and +sharply denticulate; calyx-tube broadly funnnelform (2–4´ long)</i>, strongly nerved; +petals broadly obovate (3–4´´ long), crenulate; capsule 9–15´´ long.—Wisc. +and Minn. to Mo., Tex., and N. Mex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gaura"><b>5. GAÙRA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4 (rarely +3), reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens +mostly 8, often turned down, as is also the long style. A small scale-like appendage +before the base of each filament. Stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a +ring or cup-like border. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3–4-ribbed or angled, indehiscent +or nearly so, usually becoming 1-celled and 1–4-seeded. Seeds naked.—Leaves +alternate, sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish +in fading, in spikes or racemes, in our species quite small (so that the name, +from <span class="greek">γαῦρος</span>, <i>superb</i>, does not seem appropriate).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Fruit sessile or nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. biénnis</b>, L. <i>Soft-hairy or downy</i> (3–8° high); <i>leaves oblong-lanceolate</i>, +denticulate; <i>spikes wand-like; fruit oval or oblong</i>, acute at both ends; 2–3´´ +long, ribbed, downy.—Dry banks, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. parviflòra</b>, Dougl. Soft-villous and puberulent, 2–5° high; <i>leaves +ovate-lanceolate</i>, repand-denticulate, <i>soft-pubescent; spikes dense; fruit oblong-clavate</i>, +narrowed to both ends, <i>4-nerved</i>, obtusely angled above, 3–4´´ long.—Mo. +to La. and westward.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page193"></a>3. <b>G. coccínea</b>, Nutt. <i>Canescent, puberulent or glabrate</i> (6–12´ high), +very leafy; <i>leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear</i>, repand-denticulate or entire; +flowers in simple spikes, rose-color turning to scarlet; <i>fruit terete below, 4-sided +and broader above</i>, 2–3´´ long.—Minn. to Kan., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Fruit slender-pedicelled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>G. fílipes</b>, Spach. Nearly smooth; stem slender (2–4° high); leaves +linear, mostly toothed, tapering at base; branches of the panicle very slender, +naked; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit.—Open places, Va. +to Fla., west to Ill., Kan., and Ark.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="stenosiphon"><b>6. STENÓSIPHON</b>, Spach.</p> + +<p>Calyx prolonged beyond the ovary into a filiform tube. Filaments (8) not +appendaged at base. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Otherwise as Gaura, which it +also resembles in habit. (From <span class="greek">στενός</span>, <i>narrow</i>, and <span class="greek">σίφων</span>, <i>a tube</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. virgàtus</b>, Spach. Slender, 2–4° high, glabrous, leafy, leaves narrowly +lanceolate to linear, pointed, entire, much reduced above; flowers numerous +in an elongated spike, white, ½´ long; fruit pubescent, oblong-ovate, +8-ribbed, small.—E. Kan. to Col. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="circaea"><b>7. CIRCÆ̀A</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Enchanter's Nightshade.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous; +lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Fruit indehiscent, +small and bur-like, bristly with hooked hairs, 1–2-celled; cells 1-seeded.—Low +and inconspicuous perennials, in cool or damp woods, with opposite thin +leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in +summer. (Named from <i>Circe</i>, the enchantress.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Lutetiàna</b>, L. Taller (1–2° high); <i>leaves ovate</i>, slightly toothed; +<i>bracts none</i>; hairs of the <i>roundish 2-celled fruit bristly</i>.—Very common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. alpìna</b>, L. <i>Low</i> (3–8´ high), <i>smooth and weak; leaves heart-shaped, +thin, shining, coarsely toothed; bracts minute</i>; hairs of the obovate-oblong <i>1-celled +fruit</i> soft and slender.—Deep woods, N. Eng. to Ga., Ind., and Minn. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="loasaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 43.</span> <b>LOASÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Loasa Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with a rough or stinging pubescence, no stipules, the calyx-tube +adherent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placentæ</i>;—represented +here only by the genus</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="mentzelia"><b>1. MENTZÈLIA</b>, Plumier.</p> + +<p>Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals +5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens indefinite, +rarely few, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles +3, more or less united into one; stigmas terminal, minute. Capsule at length +dry and opening by valves or irregularly at the summit, few–many-seeded. +Seeds flat, anatropous, with little albumen.—Stems erect. Leaves alternate, +very adhesive by the barbed pubescence. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose-clustered. +(Dedicated to <i>C. Mentzel</i>, an early German botanist.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page194"></a>[*] <i>Seeds few, oblong, not winged; petals 5, not large; filaments all filiform.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. oligospérma</b>, Nutt. Rough and adhesive (1–3° high), much +branched, the brittle branches spreading; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed +or angled, often petioled; flowers yellow (7–10´´ broad), opening in sunshine; +petals wedge-oblong, pointed; stamens 20 or more; capsule small, about 9-seeded.—Prairies +and plains, Ill. to Kan. and Col., south to Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Seeds numerous, rounded and wing-margined; petals 10, large and showy; +outer filaments petaloid in n. 3; capsule large, oblong; leaves sessile.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. ornàta</b>, Torr. & Gray. Stout, 1–2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, +deeply repand-toothed or pinnatifid, the segments acute; calyx-tube leafy-bracteate; +petals 2–3´ long, yellowish-white; filaments all filiform or the outer +dilated below; capsule 1{½}–2´ long; seeds narrowly margined.—On the plains, +W. Dak. to central Kan. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>M. nùda</b>, Torr. & Gray. More slender, 1–5° high; leaves somewhat +lanceolate, rather bluntly or shortly repand-dentate; <i>flowers half as large as +in the last; calyx not bracteate; outer filaments narrowly dilated</i>, sterile; <i>capsule +about 1´ long; seeds plainly winged</i>.—Plains of Dak. to central Kan. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="passifloraceae"><span class="smcap">Order 44.</span> <b>PASSIFLORÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Passion-Flower Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs or woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 monadelphous +stamens, and a stalked 1-celled ovary free from the calyx, with 3 or +4 parietal placentæ, and as many club-shaped styles.</i></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="passiflora">1. <b>PASSIFLÒRA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Passion-Flower.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base into a short cup, imbricated in the bud, +usually colored like the petals, at least within; the throat crowned with a double +or triple fringe. Petals 5, on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5; filaments +united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above; +anthers large, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-seeded; the +anatropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-coat brittle, +grooved.—Leaves alternate, generally palmately lobed, with stipules. Peduncles +axillary, jointed. Ours are perennial herbs. (An adaptation of <i>flos passionis</i>, +a translation of <i>fior della passione</i>, the popular Italian name early applied +to the flower from a fancied resemblance of its parts to the implements of the +crucifixion.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. lùtea</b>, L. Smooth, slender; <i>leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the +lobes entire</i>; petioles glandless; flowers greenish-yellow (1´ broad); fruit ½´ in +diameter.—Damp thickets, S. Penn. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo., and La.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. incarnàta</b>, L. Pubescent; <i>leaves 3–5-cleft, the lobes serrate</i>, the +base bearing 2 glands; flower large (2´ broad), nearly white, with a triple +purple and flesh-colored crown; involucre 3-leaved; fruit as large as a hen's +egg.—Dry soil, Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Ark. Fruit called <i>maypops</i>.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="cucurbitaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 45.</span> <b>CUCURBITÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Gourd Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils, diœcious or monœcious (often gamopetalous) +flowers, the calyx-tube cohering with the 1–3-celled ovary, and the<a name="page195"></a> +5 or usually 2½ stamens</i> (i.e., 1 with a 1-celled and 2 with 2-celled anthers) +<i>commonly united by their often tortuous anthers, and sometimes also by the +filaments. Fruit</i> (pepo) <i>fleshy, or sometimes membranaceous</i>.—Limb of +the calyx and corolla usually more or less combined. Stigmas 2 or 3. +Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albumen. Cotyledons leaf-like. +Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined.—Mostly a tropical +or subtropical order; represented in cultivation by the <span class="smcap">Gourd</span> (<span class="smcap">Lagenària +vulgàris</span>), <span class="smcap">Pumpkin</span> and <span class="smcap">Squash</span> (species of <span class="smcap">Cucurbita</span>), <span class="smcap">Muskmelon</span> +(<span class="smcap">Cùcumis Mèlo</span>), <span class="smcap">Cucumber</span> (<span class="smcap">C. satìvus</span>), and <span class="smcap">Watermelon</span> +(<span class="smcap">Citrúllus vulgàris</span>).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Fruit prickly. Seeds few, erect or pendulous. Flowers white. Annual.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Ovary 1-celled. Seed solitary, pendulous.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Sicyos.</b> Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-lobed. Fruit indehiscent.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Ovary 2–3-celled. Seeds few, erect or ascending.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Echinocystis.</b> Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Anthers 3. +Fruit bladdery, 2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at the top.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Cyclanthera.</b> Corolla 5-parted. Anther 1, annular. Fruit oblique and gibbous.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Fruit smooth. Seeds numerous, horizontal, attached to the 3–5 parietal placentæ. +Perennial.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Melothria.</b> Flowers small, greenish; corolla 5-parted. Slender, climbing. Fruit small.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Cucurbita.</b> Flowers large, yellow, tubular-campanulate. Prostrate. Fruit large.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sicyos"><b>1. SÍCYOS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">One-seeded Bur-Cucumber.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish +corolla. Anthers cohering in a mass. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended +ovule; style slender; stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by +the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached.—Climbing +annuals, with 3-forked tendrils, and small whitish flowers; the +sterile and fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter +in a capitate cluster, long-peduncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. angulàtus</b>, L. Leaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, +the lobes pointed; plant clammy-hairy.—River-banks, and a weed in damp +yards, N. H. and Quebec to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="echinocystis"><b>2. ECHINOCÝSTIS</b>, Torr. & Gray. <span class="smcap">Wild Balsam-apple.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open +spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect +ovules in each cell; stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length dry, clothed with +weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seeded, the inner part fibrous-netted. +Seeds large, flat, with a thickish hard and roughened coat.—Tall +climbing annual, nearly smooth, with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, and very +numerous small greenish-white flowers; the sterile in compound racemes often +1° long, the fertile in small clusters or solitary, from the same axils. (Name +composed of <span class="greek">ἐχῖνος</span>, <i>a hedgehog</i>, and <span class="greek">κύστις</span>, <i>a bladder</i>, from the prickly fruit.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. lobàta</b>, Torr. & Gray. Leaves deeply and sharply 5-lobed; fruit +oval (2´ long); seeds dark-colored.—Rich soil along rivers, W. New Eng. and +Penn. to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. Also cult. for arbors. July–Oct.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cyclanthera"><a name="page196"></a>3. <b>CYCLANTHÈRA</b>, Schrad.</p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens united into +a central column, the anther solitary in our species and annular. Ovary (1–3-) +usually 2-celled and 4-locellate with 4 erect or ascending ovules. Fruit spiny, +obliquely ovoid and gibbous, beaked, bursting irregularly. Seeds flattened.—Slender +glabrous climbing annuals or perennials, with very small racemose +or panicled white sterile flowers and a solitary fertile one in the same axil. +(Name from <span class="greek">κύκλος</span>, <i>a circle</i>, and <span class="greek">ἀνθήρα</span>, <i>anther</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. dissécta</b>, Arn. Annual; leaves digitately 3–7-foliolate, the oblong +divisions somewhat lobed or toothed; tendrils simple or bifid; fruit 1´ long, on +a short peduncle.—Central Kan. to Tex. and Mex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="melothria"><b>4. MELÒTHRIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Flowers polygamous or monœcious; the sterile campanulate, the corolla 5-lobed; +the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then campanulate. +Anthers more or less united. Berry small, pulpy, filled with many +flat and horizontal seeds.—Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered +from <span class="greek">μήλωθρον</span>, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. péndula</b>, L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing; leaves +small, roundish and heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish; sterile flowers +few in small racemes; the fertile solitary, greenish or yellowish; berry oval, +green, 4–6´´ long.—Copses, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cucurbita"><b>5. CUCÚRBITA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, mostly solitary. Calyx-tube campanulate; corolla campanulate, +5-lobed to the middle. Filaments distinct; anthers linear, united, +sigmoid. Ovary oblong, with short thick style, 3–5 2-lobed stigmas, and 3–5 +parietal placentas; ovules numerous, horizontal. Fruit smooth, fleshy with a +hard rind, indehiscent.—Prostrate scabrous vines, rooting at the joints, with +large yellow flowers and large fruit. (The Latin name for the Gourd.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. fœtidíssima</b>, HBK. Root very large, fusiform; leaves thick, +triangular-cordate; flowers 3–4´ long; fruit globose or obovoid, 2–3´ in diameter. +(C. perennis, <i>Gray</i>.)—Central Neb. to Tex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="cactaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 46.</span> <b>CACTÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Cactus Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of peculiar aspect, globular +or columnar and many-angled, or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles. +Flowers solitary, sessile; the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated</i> in several +rows, the bases adherent to the 1-celled ovary.—Stamens numerous, +with long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup +formed by the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1; stigmas numerous. +Fruit a 1-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds on several +parietal placentæ.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Mamillaria.</b> Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowers +from between the tubercles. Ovary naked; berry succulent.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Opuntia.</b> Branching or jointed plants; the joints flattened or cylindrical.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="mamillaria"><a name="page197"></a><b>1. MAMILLÀRIA.</b> Haw.</p> + +<p>Flowers about as long as wide, the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped. +Ovary often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, naked, the succulent +berry exserted. Seeds yellowish-brown to black, crustaceous.—Globose or +oval plants, covered with spine-bearing cylindrical, oval, or conical tubercles, +the flowers from distinct woolly or bristly areoles at their base. (Name from +<i>mamilla</i>, a nipple, referring to the tubercles.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. vivípara</b>, Haw. Simple or cespitose, 1–5´ high, the almost terete +tubercles bearing bundles of 5–8 reddish-brown spines (10´´ long or less), surrounded +by 15–20 grayish ones in a single series, all straight and very rigid; +flowers purple, with lance-subulate petals and fringed sepals; berry oval, +green; seeds pitted, light brown.—Plains of Dak. to Kan., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. Missouriénsis</b>, Sweet. Smaller, globose, with fewer (10–20) +weaker ash-colored spines; flowers yellow, 1–2´ broad; berry subglobose, +scarlet; seeds few, black, pitted. (M. Nuttallii, <i>Engelm.</i>)—S. Dak. to central +Kan., Tex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="opuntia"><b>2. OPÚNTIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Prickly Pear. Indian Fig.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the +inner roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds flat and margined, covered with +a white bony arillus. Embryo coiled around albumen; cotyledons large, foliaceous +in germination.—Stem composed of joints (flattened in ours), bearing +very small awl-shaped and usually deciduous leaves arranged in a spiral order, +with clusters of barbed bristles and often spines also in their axils. Flowers +in our species yellow, opening in sunshine for more than one day. (A name +of Theophrastus, originally belonging to some different plant.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Spines small or none; fruit pulpy.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. vulgàris</b>, Mill. Prostrate or spreading, <i>light green</i>; joints broadly +obovate (2–4´ long); <i>leaves minute</i> (2–2½´´ long), ovate-subulate, <i>generally appressed</i>, +bristles short, greenish yellow, rarely with a few small spines; flowers +pale yellow (<i>about 2´ broad), with about 8 petals</i>; fruit 1´ long.—Sandy fields +and dry rocks, Nantucket to S. C., near the coast; Falls of the Potomac.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>O. Rafinésquii</b>, Engelm. Prostrate, <i>deep green</i>; joints broadly obovate +or orbicular (3–5´ long); <i>leaves</i> (3–4´´ long), <i>spreading</i>; bristles bright +red-brown, with a few small spines and a single strong one (9–12´´ long) or +none; flowers yellow (<i>2½–3½´ broad), sometimes with a reddish centre; petals +10–12</i>; fruit 1½´ long, with an attenuated base.—Sterile soil, Nantucket and +southward along the coast to Fla., and in the Mississippi valley, from Mich. to +Minn., and south to Ky. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Very spiny, fruit dry and prickly.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>O. Missouriénsis</b>, DC. Prostrate, <i>joints</i> light green, <i>broadly obovate, +flat and tuberculate</i> (2–6´ long), leaves small (1½–2´´ long); <i>their axils +armed with a tuft of straw-colored bristles and 5–10 slender radiating spines</i> +(1–2´ long); flowers light yellow (2–3´ broad), fruit with spines of variable +length.—Wisc. to Mo., westward across the plains, very variable.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>O. frágilis</b>, Haw. Subdecumbent; <i>joints small</i> (1–2´ long or less), +<i>ovate, compressed or tumid, or even terete</i>; leaves hardly 1´´ long, red; <i>bristles<a name="page198"></a> +few, larger spines 1–4, cruciate, with 4–6 smaller white radiating ones below</i>; +flowers yellow.—Minn. to Iowa and Kan., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="ficoideae"><span class="smcap">Order 47.</span> <b>FICOÍDEÆ.</b></p> + +<p>A miscellaneous group, <i>chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with mostly +opposite leaves and no stipules</i>. Differing from Caryophyllaceæ and Portulacaceæ +by having the ovary and capsule 2–several-celled, and the +stamens and petals sometimes numerous, as in Cactaceæ (but the latter +wanting in most of the genera), seeds, as in all these orders, with the +slender embryo curved about mealy albumen. Our genera are apetalous +and with the calyx free from the ovary.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Sesuvium.</b> Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5–60. Capsule circumscissile. Succulent.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Mollugo.</b> Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sesuvium"><b>1. SESÙVIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Sea Purslane.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5–60, +inserted on the calyx. Styles 3–5, separate. Pod 3–5-celled, many-seeded, +circumscissile, the upper part falling off as a lid.—Usually prostrate maritime +herbs, with succulent stems, opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. +(An unexplained name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. pentándrum</b>, Ell. Annual, procumbent or sometimes erect; +leaves oblong- to obovate-spatulate, obtuse; flowers sessile, stamens 5. (S. +Portulacastrum, <i>Gray</i>, Manual, not <i>L.</i>)—Sea coast, N. J. to Fla.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="mollugo"><b>2. MOLLÙGO</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Indian-Chickweed.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, white inside. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate with the sepals, +or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, +3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded axis.—Low +homely annuals, much branched, the stipules obsolete. (An old Latin +name for some soft plant.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">verticillàta</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Carpet-weed.</span>) Prostrate, forming patches; +leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1-flowered pedicels +form a sort of sessile umbel, stamens usually 3.—Sandy river-banks, and cultivated +grounds. June–Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="umbelliferae"><span class="smcap">Order 48.</span> <b>UMBELLÍFERÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Parsley Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with small flowers in umbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx entirely +adhering to the 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted +on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 +styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels.</i> Limb of the calyx +obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals either imbricated in the bud +or valvate with the point inflexed. The two carpels (called <i>mericarps</i>) +cohering by their inner face (the <i>commissure</i>), when ripe separating from +each other and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation +of the axis (<i>carpophore</i>); each carpel marked lengthwise with <i>5 +primary ribs</i>, and often with 4 intermediate (<i>secondary</i>) ones; in the <i>interstices</i><a name="page199"></a> +or <i>intervals</i> between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (<i>vittæ</i>), +which are longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing +aromatic oil. (These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seed +suspended from the summit of the cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo +in hard albumen.—Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly compound, +the petioles expanded or sheathing at base, rarely with true +stipules. Umbels usually compound, in which case the secondary ones +are termed <i>umbellets</i>; the whorl of bracts which often subtends the general +umbel is the <i>involucre</i>, and those of the umbellets the <i>involucels</i>. The +base of the styles is frequently thickened and cushion-like, and called +the <i>stylopodium</i>. In many the flowers are <i>dichogamous</i>, i.e. the styles +are protruded from the bud some time before the anthers develop,—an +arrangement for cross-fertilization.—A large family, some of the plants +innocent and aromatic, others with very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties. +The flowers are much alike in all, and the fruits, inflorescence, +etc., likewise exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is consequently +difficult for the young student.</p> + +<p class="key">I. Fruit with the secondary ribs the most prominent, winged and armed with +barbed or hooked prickles, the primary ribs filiform and bristly.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Daucus.</b> Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally. Seed-face flat.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Caucalis.</b> Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally. Seed-face deeply sulcate.</p> + +<p class="key">II. Fruit with primary ribs only (hence but 3 dorsal ones on each carpel).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, with the lateral ribs prominently winged.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Caulescent branching plants, with white flowers.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Lateral wings distinct; oil-tubes usually more than one in the intervals.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Angelica.</b> Stylopodium mostly depressed, but the disk prominent and crenulate. +Dorsal ribs strong. Stout perennials, with mostly coarsely divided leaves.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Conioselinum.</b> Stylopodium slightly conical. Dorsal ribs prominent. Tall slender +glabrous perennial; leaves thin, finely pinnately compound.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Lateral wings closely contiguous; oil-tubes solitary; stylopodium thick-conical.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Tiedemannia.</b> Dorsal ribs apparently 5, filiform. Smooth swamp herbs with leaves +few or reduced to hollow cylindrical petioles.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Heracleum.</b> Dorsal ribs filiform, the broad wings with a marginal nerve. Oil-tubes +obclavate. Petals conspicuous. Tall stout perennials, with large leaves.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Caulescent branching plants, with depressed stylopodium and yellow flowers.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Pastinaca.</b> Fruit with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and solitary oil-tubes.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Polytænia.</b> Fruit with a thick corky margin, obscure dorsal ribs, and very numerous +oil-tubes.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] Acaulescent or nearly so, with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and no stylopodium.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Peucedanum.</b> Flowers white or yellow. Low western plants, of dry ground, with +thick roots and finely dissected leaves.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Fruit not flattened either way or but slightly, neither prickly nor scaly.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Ribs all conspicuously winged; stylopodium depressed or wanting.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Cymopterus.</b> Low and glabrous, mostly cespitose perennials, with pinnately compound +leaves and white flowers. Oil-tubes 1 to several. Western.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Thaspium.</b> Tall perennials, with ternately divided or simple leaves, and yellow flowers +(rarely purple). Oil-tubes solitary.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page200"></a>[+][+] Ribs all prominent and equal but not winged; flowers white.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Ligusticum.</b> Ribs acute, with broad intervals. Stylopodium conical. Oil-tubes numerous. +Smooth perennials, with large compound leaves.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Æthusa.</b> Ribs very broad and corky, acute. Stylopodium depressed. Oil-tubes solitary. +Introduced annual.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Cœlopleurum.</b> Ribs thick, corky (mostly obtuse). Oil-tubes solitary, adherent to +the seed, which is loose in the pericarp. Stout glabrous sea-coast perennial.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky; oil-tubes solitary.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Crantzia.</b> Small glabrous creeping perennials, rooting in the mud, with small simple +umbels and leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical jointed petioles.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Fruit flattened laterally.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Carpels depressed dorsally; fruit short.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Seed-face flat; flowers mostly yellow.</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Fœniculum.</b> Ribs prominent. Oil-tubes solitary. Stout aromatic herb, with filiform-dissected +leaves.</p> + +<p class="genus">17. <b>Pimpinella.</b> Ribs filiform. Oil-tubes numerous. Glabrous perennials, with compound +leaves.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Seed-face concave; flowers white (yellow in n. 20); ribs filiform or obsolete.</p> + +<p class="genus">18. <b>Eulophus.</b> Oil-tubes numerous. Stylopodium conical. Glabrous perennials from +fascicled tubers, with pinnately compound leaves.</p> + +<p class="genus">19. <b>Anthriscus.</b> Fruit linear, long-beaked, without ribs or oil-tubes, and with conical +stylopodium. Leaves ternately decompound.</p> + +<p class="genus">20. <b>Bupleurum.</b> Fruit oblong, with slender ribs, no oil-tubes, and prominent flat stylopodium. +Leaves simple, perfoliate.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Carpels terete or slightly flattened laterally; flowers white (except n. 24).</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Seed-face flat (or somewhat concave in n. 28); fruit short.</p> + +<p class="key">[=] Leaves 3-foliolate; stylopodium conical; oil-tubes solitary.</p> + +<p class="genus">21. <b>Cryptotænia.</b> Ribs obtuse, equal; fruit linear-oblong.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] Leaves once pinnate; stylopodium depressed; oil-tubes numerous. Aquatic perennials.</p> + +<p class="genus">22. <b>Sium.</b> Fruit ovate to oblong; ribs prominent, corky, nearly equal.</p> + +<p class="genus">23. <b>Berula.</b> Fruit nearly globose; ribs inconspicuous; pericarp thick and corky.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=][=] Leaves decompound. Oil-tubes solitary (none in n. 27). Perennials.</p> + +<p class="genus">24. <b>Zizia.</b> Ribs filiform; stylopodium none. Flowers yellow.</p> + +<p class="genus">25. <b>Carum.</b> Ribs filiform or inconspicuous; stylopodium short-conical. Leaf-segments +filiform. Roots tuberous.</p> + +<p class="genus">26. <b>Cicuta.</b> Ribs flattish, corky, the lateral largest. Marsh perennials, with serrate leaflets, +the veins often running to the notches.</p> + +<p class="genus">27. <b>Ægopodium.</b> Ribs filiform; oil-tubes none; stylopodium conical. Leaves biternate.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=][=][=] Leaves finely dissected; oil-tubes solitary. Very slender annuals.</p> + +<p class="genus">28. <b>Leptocaulis.</b> Fruit bristly or tuberculate, with rather prominent equal ribs.</p> + +<p class="genus">29. <b>Discopleura.</b> Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Seed-face concave; fruit ovate, glabrous, with depressed stylopodium, and no oil-tubes.</p> + +<p class="genus">30. <b>Conium.</b> An introduced biennial, with spotted stems, and large decompound leaves.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++][++] Seed-face concave. Fruit linear-oblong, with conical stylopodium.</p> + +<p class="genus">31. <b>Chærophyllum.</b> Fruit glabrous, with small mostly solitary oil-tubes.</p> + +<p class="genus">32. <b>Osmorrhiza.</b> Fruit bristly, with oil-tubes obsolete.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] Carpels (as well as fruit) strongly flattened laterally.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Seed lunate, deeply sulcate on the face; umbels compound, leafy-bracted.</p> + +<p class="genus">33. <b>Erigenia.</b> Fruit nearly orbicular, with numerous oil-tubes. Low, nearly acaulescent +from a deep-seated tuber. Leaves ternately decompound.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page201"></a>[++][++] Seed straight, not sulcate; umbels simple.</p> + +<p class="genus">34. <b>Hydrocotyle.</b> Fruit more or less orbicular, with no oil-tubes. Low perennials, in or +near water, with creeping stems, and peltate or reniform leaves.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*] Fruit obovoid or globose, densely prickly or scaly.</p> + +<p class="genus">35. <b>Eryngium.</b> Flowers sessile in dense bracteate heads, white or blue. Leaves mostly +rigid and more or less spinose.</p> + +<p class="genus">36. <b>Sanicula.</b> Flowers in irregularly compound few-rayed umbels, yellow. Leaves palmate.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="daucus"><b>1. DAÙCUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Carrot.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, flattened dorsally; stylopodium depressed; +carpel with 5 slender bristly primary ribs and 4 winged secondary +ones, each of the latter bearing a single row of barbed prickles; oil-tubes solitary +under the secondary ribs, two on the commissural side; seed-face somewhat +concave or almost flat.—Bristly annuals or biennials, with pinnately decompound +leaves, foliaceous and cleft involucral bracts, and white flowers in compound +umbels which become strongly concave. (The ancient Greek name.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>D.</b> <span class="smcap">Caròta</span>, L. Biennial; stem bristly; ultimate leaf-segments lanceolate +and cuspidate; rays numerous.—Naturalized everywhere, from Eu.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="caucalis"><b>2. CAUCÀLIS</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattened laterally; stylopodium +conical; prickles barbed or hooked; seed-face deeply sulcate. Otherwise +as Daucus.—Our species annual. (The ancient Greek name.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">nodòsa</span>, Hudson. Decumbent, branching only at base, stems 1–2° long, +retrorsely hispid; umbels naked, opposite the leaves and nearly sessile, of 2 or +3 very short rays.—Md., Iowa, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Anthríscus</span>, Hudson, has 1–2-pinnate leaves with broad leaflets, and +more regularly compounded umbels.—Ohio, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="angelica"><b>3. ANGÉLICA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally; primary ribs very +prominent, the laterals extended into broad distinct wings, forming a double-winged +margin to the fruit; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals or indefinite, +2 to 10 on the commissure.—Stout perennials, with ternately or pinnately +compound leaves, large terminal umbels, scanty or no involucres, small many-leaved +involucels, and white or greenish flowers. (Named <i>angelic</i> from its +cordial and medicinal properties.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Seed adherent to the pericarp; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals; uppermost +leaves mostly reduced to large inflated petioles.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Curtísii</b>, Buckley. Glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the divisions +quinate; <i>leaflets thin</i>, ovate-lanceolate (<i>1–3´ broad), sharply and irregularly +toothed; fruit glabrous</i>, 1½–3´´ broad; oil-tubes mostly one in the intervals +(sometimes 2 or 3).—Along the Alleghanies from Penn. to N. C. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. hirsùta</b>, Muhl. <i>Pubescent above</i>; leaves twice pinnately or ternately +divided; <i>leaflets thickish</i>, lanceolate to oblong (<i>5–10´´ broad), serrate; +fruit pubescent</i>, 2´´ broad; oil-tubes 3–6 in the intervals. (Archangelica hirsuta, +<i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Dry ground, Conn. to Minn., Tenn., and Fla. July.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Seed loose; oil-tubes indefinite (25–30); upper petioles not so prominent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. atropurpùrea</b>, L. Very stout, glabrous throughout, with dark +purple stem; leaves 2–3-ternately divided, the pinnate segments of 5–7 lanceolate<a name="page202"></a> +to ovate leaflets (1–1½´ broad), sharply mucronate-serrate. (Archangelica +atropurpurea, <i>Hoffm.</i>)—River-banks, Lab. to Del., Ill. and Minn. June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="conioselinum"><b>4. CONIOSELÌNUM</b>, Fisch. <span class="smcap">Hemlock-Parsley.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium slightly conical. Fruit oval, flattened +dorsally, glabrous, the dorsal ribs very prominent, the lateral ones extended +into broad wings; oil-tubes 1–4 in the intervals, 4–8 on the commissure; +seed slightly concave on the inner face.—Tall slender glabrous perennial, +with finely 2–3-pinnately compound leaves, few-leaved involucre or none, involucels +of elongated linear-setaceous bractlets, and white flowers. (Compounded +of <i>Conium</i> and <i>Selinum</i>, from its resemblance to these genera.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Canadénse</b>, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets pinnatifid; wings nearly as +broad as the seed; oil-tubes 2–3 in the intervals, sometimes 1 or 4.—Swamps +and cold cliffs, from Maine to Minn., southward to N. C. (in the higher mountains), +Ind., Ill., and Mo. Aug.–Oct.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tiedemannia"><b>5. TIEDEMÁNNIA</b>, DC.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth evident. Fruit ovate to obovate, flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs +filiform, the lateral broadly winged, closely contiguous and strongly nerved +next to the body (giving the appearance of 5 dorsal ribs); oil-tubes solitary in +the intervals, 2–6 on the commissure; stylopodium short, thick-conical.—Glabrous +erect aquatic herbs, with leaves reduced to petioles or of few narrow +leaflets; involucre and involucels present, and flowers white. (Dedicated to +the anatomist <i>Prof. Tiedemann</i>, of Heidelberg.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. teretifòlia</b>, DC. Stem hollow, 2–6° high; <i>leaves reduced to cylindrical +hollow pointed nodose petioles</i>; oil-tubes filling the intervals.—Ponds +and swamps, Del. to Fla., and west to La. Aug., Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. rígida</b>, Coult. & Rose. (<span class="smcap">Cowbane.</span>) Stem 2–5° high; <i>leaves +simply pinnate</i>, with 3–9 linear to lanceolate entire or remotely toothed leaflets; +oil-tubes mostly small. (Archemora rigida, <i>DC.</i>)—Swamps, N. Y. to +Minn., south to the Gulf. Aug. Poisonous; roots tuberiferous.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="heracleum"><b>6. HERACLÈUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Cow-Parsnip.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit broadly oval or obovate, like Pastinaca, but with +a thick conical stylopodium, and the conspicuous obclavate oil-tubes extending +scarcely below the middle.—Tall stout perennial, with large ternately compound +leaves, broad umbels, deciduous involucre, and many-leaved involucels, +white flowers, and obcordate petals, the outer ones commonly larger and 2-cleft. +(Dedicated to <i>Hercules</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. lanàtum</b>, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved, 4–8° high; leaflets +broad, irregularly cut-toothed.—Wet ground, Newf. to the Pacific, and southward +to N. C., Ky., and Kan. June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pastinaca"><b>7. PASTINÀCA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Parsnip.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, very much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs +filiform, the lateral extended into broad wings, which are strongly nerved toward +the outer margin; oil-tubes small, solitary in the intervals, 2–4 on the +commissure; stylopodium depressed.—Tall stout glabrous biennial, with pinnately<a name="page203"></a> +compound leaves, mostly no involucre or involucels, and yellow flowers. +(The Latin name, from <i>pastus</i>, food.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">satìva</span>, L. Stem grooved; leaflets ovate to oblong, cut-toothed.—Introduced +everywhere. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="polytaenia"><b>8. POLYTÆ̀NIA</b>, DC.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit obovate to oval, much flattened dorsally; +dorsal ribs small or obscure in the depressed back, the lateral with broad thick +corky closely contiguous wings forming the margin of the fruit; oil-tubes +12–18 about the seed and many scattered through the thick corky pericarp.—A +perennial mostly glabrous herb, with 2-pinnate leaves (upper opposite and +3-cleft), the segments cuneate and incised, no involucre, narrow involucels, and +bright yellow flowers in May. (Named from <span class="greek">πολύς</span>, <i>many</i>, and <span class="greek">ταινία</span>, <i>a fillet</i>, +alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Nuttàllii</b>, DC. Plant 2–3° high; pedicels and involucels pubescent.—Barrens, +Mich, to N. Ala., west to the Rocky Mts.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="peucedanum"><b>9. PEUCÉDANUM</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. Fruit roundish to oblong, much flattened +dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform and approximate; the lateral extended into +broad closely coherent wings; oil-tubes 1–4 in the intervals, 2–6 on the commissure.—Dry +ground acaulescent (or short caulescent) herbs, with fusiform +roots, dissected leaves, no involucre, yellow or white flowers, and stylopodium +depressed or wanting. (The ancient Greek name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. nudicaùle</b>, Nutt. Pubescent, with peduncles 3–8´ high; <i>leaves +bipinnate, the small oblong segments entire or toothed; involucels of scarious-margined +(often purplish) lanceolate bractlets; flowers white or pinkish; fruit almost +round</i>, emarginate at base, <i>glabrous</i>, with wings hardly as broad as the body, +and <i>indistinct or obsolete dorsal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals</i>.—Minn. +to Iowa and Kan., and westward. One of the earliest spring bloomers.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. fœniculàceum</b>, Nutt. Tomentose or glabrous, with peduncles +8–12´ long; <i>leaves finely dissected, with short filiform segments; involucels +gamophyllous, 5–7-cleft, with conspicuously hairy margins; flowers yellow; fruit +broadly oblong, glabrous</i>, with wings half as broad as the body, and <i>prominent +dorsal ribs; oil-tubes 1–3 in the intervals</i>.—Minn. to Tex. March–April.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. villòsum</b>, Nutt. More or less pubescent throughout, 3–8´ high; +<i>leaves finely dissected, with very numerous narrow crowded segments; involucels +of ovate to linear bractlets; flowers yellow; fruit oval</i>, with wings half as broad +as the body, and <i>prominent dorsal ribs; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals</i>.—Minn. +to Neb. and Dak., southwestward to Ariz. Root much elongated.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cymopterus"><b>10. CYMÓPTERUS</b>, Raf.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth more or less prominent. Fruit usually globose, with all the +ribs conspicuously winged; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals, 2–8 on +the commissure. Stylopodium depressed. Seed-face slightly concave.—Mostly +low (often cespitose) glabrous perennials, from a thick elongated root, +more or less pinnately compound leaves, with or without an involucre, +prominent involucels, and white flowers (in ours). (From <span class="greek">κῦμα</span>, <i>a wave</i>, and +<span class="greek">πτερόν</span>, <i>a wing</i>, referring to the often undulate wings.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page204"></a>1. <b>C. glomeràtus</b>, Raf. Low (3–8´), with a short erect caudex bearing +leaves and peduncles at the summit, glabrous; rays and pedicels very short, +<i>making a compact cluster; involucre none; involucel of a single palmately 5–7-parted +bractlet</i>; fruit globose (3–4´´ in diam.); wings rather corky; <i>oil-tubes 4 or +5 in the intervals</i>.—Minn. and Wisc. to Iowa and Ark., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. montànus</b>, Torr. & Gray. Of similar habit (1–6´ high), glaucous +and mostly glabrous; <i>rays 3–9´´ long</i>, pedicels very short; <i>involucre and involucels +of mostly broad membranaceous usually green-veined bracts</i> (more or less +united); fruit oblong to orbicular in outline (3–6´´ long); wings thin; <i>oil-tubes +1–3 in the intervals</i>.—Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward. April.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="thaspium"><b>11. THÁSPIUM</b>, Nutt. <span class="smcap">Meadow-Parsnip.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flattened dorsally; +carpel with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged; oil-tubes solitary in the +intervals, 2 on the commissure. Stylopodium wanting; styles long.—Perennials +(2–5° high), with ternately divided leaves (or the lower simple) +and broad serrate or toothed leaflets, mostly yellow flowers, and all the fruit +pedicelled. (Name a play upon <i>Thapsia</i>, so called from the island of Thapsus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. aùreum</b>, Nutt. <i>Glabrous; root-leaves mostly cordate, serrate; stem-leaves +simply ternate</i> (rarely biternate); leaflets ovate to lanceolate, round or +tapering at base, serrate; <i>flowers deep yellow</i>; fruit globose-ovoid, about 2´´ +long, <i>all the ribs equally winged</i>.—Thickets and woodlands, throughout the +Atlantic States and west into the Miss. Valley. Fl. in summer and maturing +fruit in late summer or autumn. Very variable, an extreme form being</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>trifoliàtum</b>, Coult. & Rose. Leaves or leaflets crenate or crenately +toothed. (T. trifoliatum, <i>Gray</i>, Man., in part.)—Ohio to Ill., westward to +Oregon. The common western form.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>atropurpùreum</b>, Coult. & Rose. Petals dark-purple. (T. trifoliatum, +var. atropurpureum, <i>Gray</i>, Man.)—Same range as the species.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. barbinòde</b>, Nutt. Loosely branched, <i>pubescent on the joints</i>, sometimes +puberulent in the umbels; <i>leaves 1–3-ternate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate</i>, +acute, with cuneate base, coarsely cut-serrate, often ternately cleft or parted; +<i>flowers light yellow</i>; fruit broadly oblong, about 3´´ long and 2´´ broad, <i>with +mostly 7 prominent wings</i>.—Banks of streams, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. +May–June.—Var. <span class="smcap">angustifòlium</span>, Coult. & Rose, has narrower, more sharply +cut leaflets, and fruit more or less puberulent.—Penn. to Ill.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>T. pinnatífidum</b>, Gray. Resembling the last, but <i>puberulent on the +branchlets, umbels, and fruit, with fewer leaves; leaflets 1–2-pinnatifid</i>, the lobes +linear or oblong; one or two leaves near the base often very large and long-petioled; +flowers light yellow; fruit oblong, 1½–2½´´ long and 1–1½´´ broad, +<i>all the ribs winged</i>, generally three of them narrowly so. (T. Walteri, <i>Shuttlew.</i> +in herb.)—Barrens and mountains, Ky. to Tenn. and N. C.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ligusticum"><b>12. LIGÚSTICUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Lovage.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or ovate, flattened laterally if at all, +glabrous; carpels with prominent equal acute ribs and broad intervals; oil-tubes +2–6 in the intervals, 6–10 on the commissure. Stylopodium conical.—Smooth +perennials, from large aromatic roots, with large ternately compound<a name="page205"></a> +leaves, mostly no involucre, involucels of narrow bractlets, and white +flowers in large many-rayed umbels. (Named from the country <i>Liguria</i>, where +the officinal <i>Lovage</i> of the gardens abounds.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. actæifòlium</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Nondo. Angelico.</span>) Stem stout, branched +above (2–6° high); <i>leaves very large, 3–4-ternate; leaflets broadly oblong (2–5´ +long), coarsely serrate; fruit ovate (2–3´´ long)</i>; seed with angled back.—Rich +ground, S. Penn. to Ky., southward to the Gulf.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. Scóticum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Scotch Lovage.</span>) Stem simple (1–2° high); +<i>leaves biternate; leaflets ovate (1–2´ long), coarsely toothed; fruit narrowly oblong +(4–5´´ long)</i>; seed with round back.—Salt marshes, along the coast from +Nantucket northward. Aug. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aethusa"><b>13. ÆTHÙSA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Fool's Parsley.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose, slightly flattened dorsally; carpel +with 5 thick sharp ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.—Poisonous +annuals, with 2–3-ternately compound leaves, divisions pinnate, +ultimate segments small and many cleft, no involucre, long narrow involucels, +and white flowers. (Name from <span class="greek">αἴθω</span>, <i>to burn</i>, from the acrid taste.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>Æ.</b> <span class="smcap">Cynàpium</span>, L. A fetid, poisonous European herb, in cultivated grounds, +from N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn. June–Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="coelopleurum"><b>14. CŒLOPLEÙRUM</b>, Ledeb.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose to oblong, with very prominent nearly +equal thick corky ribs (none of them winged); oil-tubes solitary in the intervals +and under the ribs, 2 on the commissure. Seed loose in the pericarp.—Stout +glabrous (or inflorescence puberulent) sea-coast perennial, with 2–3-ternate +leaves on very large inflated petioles, few-leaved deciduous involucre, involucels +of numerous small linear-lanceolate bractlets (rarely conspicuous or even +leaf-like), and greenish-white flowers in many-rayed umbels. (From <span class="greek">κοῖλος</span>, +<i>hollow</i>, and <span class="greek">πλευρόν</span>, <i>a rib</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Gmélini</b>, Ledeb. Stem 1–3° high; leaflets ovate, irregularly cut-serrate +(2–2½´ long); fruit 2–3½´´ long. (Archangelica Gmelini, <i>DC.</i>)—Rocky +coasts, Mass. to Greenland.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="crantzia"><b>15. CRÁNTZIA</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth small. Fruit globose or slightly flattened laterally; dorsal ribs +filiform, the lateral thick and corky; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on +the commissure.—Small perennials, creeping and rooting in the mud, with +hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped nodose petioles in place of leaves, simple few-flowered +umbels, and white flowers. (Named for <i>Prof. Henry John Crantz</i>, +an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. lineàta</b>, Nutt. Leaves very obtuse, 1–3´ long, 1–2´´ broad; fruit +1´´ long, the thick lateral wings forming a corky margin.—In brackish marshes +along the coast, from Mass. to Miss. July. Very widely distributed.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="foeniculum"><b>16. FŒNÍCULUM</b>, Adans. <span class="smcap">Fennel.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, glabrous, with prominent ribs and solitary +oil-tubes.—Stout glabrous aromatic herb, with leaves dissected into<a name="page206"></a> +numerous filiform segments, no involucre nor involucels, and large umbels of +yellow flowers. (The Latin name, from <i>fœnum</i>, hay.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>F.</b> <span class="smcap">officinàle</span>, All., the cultivated fennel from Europe, has become naturalized +along the shores of Md. and Va., and is a common escape.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pimpinella"><b>17. PIMPINÉLLA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong to ovate, glabrous, with slender equal +ribs, numerous oil-tubes, and depressed or cushion-like stylopodium.—Glabrous +perennials, with ternately or pinnately compound leaves, involucre and involucels +scanty or none, and white or yellow flowers. (Name said to be formed +from <i>bipinnula</i>, referring to the bipinnate leaves.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. integérrima</b>, Benth. & Hook. Glaucous, 1–3° high, slender, +branching; leaves 2–3-ternate, with lanceolate to ovate entire leaflets; flowers +yellow; fruit broadly oblong, 2´´ long; stylopodium small or wanting. (Zizia +integerrima, <i>DC.</i>)—Rocky hillsides, Atlantic States to Minn., E. Kan., and +Ark. May.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">Saxífraga</span>, L., var. <span class="smcap">màjor</span>, Koch. Leaves simply pinnate, with sharply +toothed leaflets; flowers white; fruit oblong, 1´´ long; stylopodium cushion-like.—Rocky +shores of Delaware River; Sycamore, Ohio. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="eulophus"><b>18. EÙLOPHUS</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with equal filiform +ribs; oil-tubes 1–5 in the intervals; stylopodium conical, with long recurved +styles; seed-face broadly concave, with a central longitudinal ridge.—Glabrous +perennials (3–5° high) from deep-seated fascicled tubers, with pinnately +or ternately compound leaves, involucels of numerous narrowly lanceolate +acuminate bractlets, and long-peduncled umbels of white flowers. (Name from +<span class="greek">εὖ</span>, <i>well</i>, and <span class="greek">λόφος</span>, <i>a crest</i>,—not well applied to a plant with no crest at all.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. Americànus</b>, Nutt. Radical and lower stem-leaves large, 1–2-pinnately +compound, with leaflets cut into short narrow segments; upper stem-leaves +ternate, with narrowly linear elongated leaflets; fruit 2–3´´ long.—Ohio +to Ill. and Mo., south to Tenn. and Ark. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="anthriscus"><b>19. ANTHRÍSCUS</b>, Hoffm. <span class="smcap">Chervil.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear, notched at base, long-beaked, glabrous, +without ribs (but beak ribbed); oil-tubes none, stylopodium conical, seed-face +sulcate.—Resembling <i>Chærophyllum</i> in vegetative characters. (The ancient +Roman name.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">Cerefòlium</span>, Hoffm. Mature fruit smooth and shining. (Chærophyllum +sativum, <i>L.</i>)—Naturalized in E. Penn. (From Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="bupleurum"><b>20. BUPLEÙRUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Thorough-wax.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, with very slender ribs, no oil-tubes, depressed +stylopodium, and seed-face somewhat concave.—Smooth annual, with +ovate perfoliate entire leaves, no involucre, involucels of 5 very conspicuous +ovate mucronate bractlets, and yellow flowers. (Name from <span class="greek">βοῦς</span>, <i>an ox</i>, and +<span class="greek">πλευρόν</span>, <i>a rib</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">rotundifòlium</span>, L., is very common in fields and cultivated ground, +N. Y. to N. C., west to Mo. and Ark. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cryptotaenia"><a name="page207"></a><b>21. CRYPTOTÆ̀NIA</b>, DC. <span class="smcap">Honewort.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, with obtuse equal ribs; +oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and beneath each rib; stylopodium slender-conical; +seed-face plane.—A glabrous perennial, with thin 3-foliolate leaves, +no involucre, involucels of minute bractlets or none, and white flowers. (Name +from <span class="greek">κρυπτός</span>, <i>hidden</i>, and <span class="greek">ταινία</span>, <i>a fillet</i>, referring to the concealed oil-tubes.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Canadénsis</b>, DC. Plant 1–3° high; leaflets large, ovate (2–4´ +long), pointed, doubly serrate, often lobed; umbels irregular and unequally +few-rayed; pedicels very unequal; fruit 2–3´´ long, often becoming curved.—N. Brunswick +to Ga., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. June–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sium"><b>22. SÌUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Water Parsnip.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with prominent corky +nearly equal ribs; oil-tubes 1–3 in the intervals; stylopodium depressed; +seed-face plane.—Smooth perennials, growing in water or wet places, with +pinnate leaves and serrate or pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and involucels of +numerous narrow bracts, and white flowers. (From <span class="greek">σίον</span>, the Greek name of +some marsh plant.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. cicutæfòlium</b>, Gmelin. <i>Stout</i>, 2–6° high; <i>leaflets 3–8 pairs</i>, +linear to lanceolate, sharply serrate and mostly acuminate, <i>2–5´ long</i> (lower +leaves sometimes submersed and finely dissected, as in the next); <i>fruit 1½´´ +long</i>, with prominent ribs. (S. lineare, <i>Michx.</i>)—Throughout N. America.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. Carsònii</b>, Durand. <i>Weak</i>, 1–2° high; <i>leaflets 1–3 pairs</i>, linear, +sharply serrate, <i>1–2´ long; when submersed or floating, very thin, ovate to oblong, +usually laciniately toothed or dissected</i>, the leaf sometimes reduced to the terminal +leaflet; <i>fruit about 1´´ long</i>.—Mass., R. I., Conn., and Penn.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="berula"><b>23. BÉRULA</b>, Koch.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit nearly round, emarginate at base, glabrous; +carpels nearly globose, with very slender inconspicuous ribs and thick corky +pericarp; oil-tubes numerous and contiguous about the seed-cavity; seed terete.—Smooth +aquatic perennial, with simply pinnate leaves and variously cut +leaflets, usually conspicuous involucre and involucels of narrow bracts, and +white flowers. (The Latin name of the Water-cress, of Celtic origin.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. angustifòlia</b>, Koch. Erect, ½–3° high, leaflets 5–9 pairs, linear +to oblong or ovate, serrate to cut-toothed, often laciniately lobed, sometimes +crenate (½–3´ long); fruit scarcely 1´´ long. (Sium angustifolium, <i>L</i>.)—Throughout +the U. S. July, Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="zizia"><b>24. ZÍZIA</b>, Koch.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with filiform ribs; +oil-tubes large and solitary in the broad intervals, and a small one in each rib; +stylopodium wanting; seed terete.—Smooth perennials (1–3° high), with +mostly Thaspium-like leaves, no involucre, involucels of small bractlets, yellow +flowers, and the central fruit of each umbellet sessile. Flowering in early +spring in open prairies and upland meadows. (Named for <i>I. B. Ziz</i>, a Rhenish +botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page208"></a>1. <b>Z. aùrea</b>, Koch. <i>Leaves</i> (except the uppermost) <i>2–3-ternate</i> the radical +very long-petioled; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, sharply serrate; rays 15–25, +stout (1–2´ long); <i>fruit oblong, about 2´´ long</i>. (Thaspium aureum, var. +apterum, <i>Gray</i>, Manual.)—Atlantic States, west to Minn. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Bébbii</b>, Coult. & Rose. A more slender mountain form, with leaflets +more coarsely serrate, the radical leaves smaller and more simple; rays +2–8, slender (2–3´ long); fruit oval, 1–1½´´ long.—W. Va. and Va. to Ga.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>Z. cordàta</b>, DC. Radical leaves mostly long-petioled, <i>cordate or even +rounder, crenately toothed</i>, very rarely lobed or divided; <i>stem-leaves simply ternate +or quinate</i>, with the ovate or lanceolate leaflets serrate, incised, or sometimes +parted; <i>fruit ovate, 1½´´ long</i>. (Thaspium trifoliatum, var. apterum, <i>Gray</i>, +Manual.)—Same range as the preceding, but extending farther westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="carum"><b>25. CÀRUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Caraway.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with filiform or inconspicuous +ribs; oil-tubes solitary; stylopodium conical; seed-face plane or nearly +so.—Smooth erect slender herbs, with fusiform or tuberous roots, pinnate +leaves, involucre and involucels of few to many bracts, and white (or yellowish) +flowers. (Name perhaps from the country, <i>Caria</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Cárui</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Caraway.</span>) Leaves pinnately compound, with filiform divisions.—Naturalized +in many places, especially northward. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Petroselìnum</span>, Benth., the common <span class="smcap">Parsley</span>, from Europe, with 3-pinnate +leaves, ovate 3-cleft leaflets, and greenish yellow flowers, is occasionally +found as an escape from cultivation. (Petroselinum sativum, <i>Hoffm.</i>)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cicuta"><b>26. CICÙTA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Water-Hemlock.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit oblong to nearly orbicular, glabrous, with +strong flattish corky ribs (the lateral largest); oil-tubes conspicuous, solitary; +stylopodium depressed; seed nearly terete.—Smooth marsh perennials, very +poisonous, with pinnately compound leaves and serrate leaflets, involucre usually +none, involucels of several slender bractlets, and white flowers. (The +ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. maculàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Spotted Cowbane. Musquash Root. Beaver-Poison.</span>) +Stem <i>stout</i>, 2–6° high, streaked with purple; leaves 2–3-pinnate, +the lower on long petioles; <i>leaflets lanceolate</i> to oblong-lanceolate (1–5´ long), +acuminate, coarsely serrate, the veins passing to the notches; pedicels in the +umbellets numerous, very unequal; fruit broadly ovate to oval, 1–1½´´ long.—Throughout +the U. S. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. bulbífera</b>, L. <i>Rather slender</i>, 1–3° high; leaves 2–3-pinnate +(sometimes appearing ternate); <i>leaflets linear</i>, sparsely toothed (1–2´ long); +<i>upper axils bearing clustered bulblets</i>; fruit (rare) scarcely 1´´ long.—Common +in swamps, N. Scotia to Del., west to Minn. and Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aegopodium"><b>27. ÆGOPÒDIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Goutweed.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, glabrous, with equal filiform ribs, and +no oil-tubes; stylopodium conical and prominent; seed nearly terete.—A +coarse glabrous perennial, with creeping rootstock, biternate leaves, sharply +toothed ovate leaflets, and rather large naked umbels of white flowers. (Name +from <span class="greek">αἴξ</span>, <i>goat</i>, and <span class="greek">πόδιον</span>, <i>a little foot</i>, probably from the shape of the leaflets.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>Æ.</b> <span class="smcap">Podagrària</span>, L., a common and troublesome weed in Europe, is reported +from R. I. to Del. and E. Penn.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="leptocaulis"><a name="page209"></a><b>28. LEPTOCAÙLIS</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit very small, ovate, usually bristly or tuberculate, +with somewhat prominent ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals; stylopodium +conical; seed-face plane or somewhat concave.—Very slender smooth branching +annuals, with finely dissected leaves (segments filiform or linear), and +small white flowers in very unequally few-rayed pedunculate umbels. (Name +from <span class="greek">λεπτός</span>, <i>slender</i>, and <span class="greek">καυλός</span>, <i>a stem</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. divaricàtus</b>, DC. Plant 1–2° high, with branches and umbels +diffusely spreading, the very slender rays ½–1´ long and the longer pedicels +often 3–6´´ long; fruit tuberculate, ½´´ long. (Apium divaricatum, <i>Benth. & +Hook.</i>)—N. C. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex.; reported from Kan. April.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. pàtens</b>, Nutt. Of similar habit, but the umbels shorter and more +strict, the rays 3–6´´ long or less and the pedicels short; fruit densely sharp-tuberculate +or nearly smooth. (Apiastrum patens, <i>Coult. & Rose.</i>)—Central +Neb. to Tex. and N. Mex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="discopleura"><b>29. DISCOPLEÙRA</b>, DC. <span class="smcap">Mock Bishop-weed.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate, glabrous; carpel with dorsal +ribs filiform to broad and obtuse, the lateral very thick and corky, those of +the two carpels closely contiguous and forming a dilated obtuse or acute corky +band; oil-tubes solitary, stylopodium conical; seed nearly terete.—Smooth +branching annuals, with finely dissected leaves, involucre of foliaceous bracts, +involucels of prominent or minute bractlets, and white flowers. (Name from +<span class="greek">δίσκος</span>, <i>a disk</i>, and <span class="greek">πλευρόν</span>, <i>a rib</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. capillàcea</b>, DC. Plant 1–2° high (or even 5–6°); leaves dissected +into filiform divisions; umbel 5–20-rayed, involucre of filiform bracts usually +cleft or parted, and involucels more or less prominent, fruit 1–1½´´ long, ovate, +acute.—Wet ground, Mass. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo., and Tex. June–Oct.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>D. Nuttàllii</b>, DC. Similar in habit; involucral bracts short and entire; +fruit very small (½´´ long), as broad as high, blunt.—Ill. (?) to Ark., La., +and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="conium"><b>30. CONÌUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Poison Hemlock.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, somewhat flattened at the sides, glabrous, +with prominent wavy ribs; oil-tubes none, but a layer of secreting cells +next the seed, whose face is deeply and narrowly concave.—Poisonous biennial, +with spotted stems, large decompound leaves with lanceolate pinnatifid +leaflets, involucre and involucels of narrow bracts, and white flowers. (<span class="greek">Κώνειον</span>, +the Greek name of the Hemlock, by which criminals and philosophers were +put to death at Athens.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">maculàtum</span>, L. A large branching European herb, in waste places, +N. Eng. to Penn., and west to Iowa and Minn.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chaerophyllum"><b>31. CHÆROPHÝLLUM</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit narrowly oblong to linear, notched at base, with +short beak or none, and equal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, seed-face +more or less deeply grooved.—Moist ground annuals, with ternately decompound +leaves, pinnatifid leaflets with oblong obtuse lobes, mostly no involucre,<a name="page210"></a> +involucels of many bractlets, and white flowers. (Name from <span class="greek">χαίρω</span>, <i>to gladden</i>, +and <span class="greek">φύλλον</span>, <i>a leaf</i>, alluding to the agreeable odor of the foliage.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. procúmbens</b>, Crantz. More or less hairy; stems slender, spreading +(6–18´ high); umbels few-rayed; fruit narrowly oblong (2½–3½´´ long), +glabrous, contracted but not tapering at the summit, the intervals broader +than the ribs.—N. Y. to N. C., west to Mich., Iowa, Ark., and Miss.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Shórtii</b>, Torr. & Gray, has more broadly oblong to ovate (often +somewhat pubescent) fruit, not at all contracted at the summit.—Ky. to Ark. +and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="osmorrhiza"><b>32. OSMORRHÌZA</b>, Raf. <span class="smcap">Sweet Cicely.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear to linear-oblong, with prominent caudate +attenuation at base, very bristly, with equal ribs; oil-tubes obsolete; seed-face +concave.—Glabrous to hirsute perennials (1–3° high) from thick aromatic +roots, with ternately compound leaves, ovate variously toothed leaflets, few-leaved +involucres and involucels, and white flowers in few-rayed and few-fruited +umbels. (Name from <span class="greek">ὀσμή</span>, <i>a scent</i>, and <span class="greek">ῥίζα</span>, <i>a root</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. brevístylis</b>, DC. Rather stout, <i>villous-pubescent</i>; leaves 2–3-ternate; +leaflets 2–3´ long, acuminate; fruit (not including the caudate attenuation) +6´´ long; <i>stylopodium and style ½´´ long</i>.—From N. Scotia westward +through the Northern States, and in the mountains to N. C. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>O. longístylis</b>, DC. <i>Glabrous or slightly pubescent</i>; like the last, but +with the <i>style 1´´ long or more</i>, and the seed-face more deeply and broadly concave.—N. Scotia +to Va., and west to Tenn., E. Kan., and Dak.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="erigenia"><b>33. ERIGÈNIA</b>, Nutt. <span class="smcap">Harbinger-of-Spring.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit didymous, +nearly orbicular and laterally flattened, the carpels incurved at top and +bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender ribs, and several (1–3) small +oil-tubes in the intervals; inner face of the seed hollowed into a broad deep +cavity.—A small glabrous vernal plant, producing from a deep round tuber a +simple stem, bearing one or two 2–3-ternately divided leaves, and a somewhat +imperfect and leafy-bracted compound umbel. Flowers few, white. (Name +from <span class="greek">ἠριγένεια</span>, <i>born in the spring</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. bulbòsa</b>, Nutt. Stem 3–9´ high; leaf-segments linear-oblong; +fruit 1´´ long, 1½´´ broad.—W. New York to Md. and Tenn., and west to Wisc., +S. E. Minn., and Kan.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hydrocotyle"><b>34. HYDROCÓTYLE</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Water Pennywort.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-shaped; +the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a +thickened margin; oil-tubes none, but usually a conspicuous oil-bearing layer +beneath the epidermis.—Low, mostly smooth, marsh or aquatic perennials, +with slender creeping stems, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves, +with scale-like stipules. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, +which are either single or proliferous (one above another), appearing all summer. +(Name from <span class="greek">ὕδωρ</span>, <i>water</i>, and <span class="greek">κοτύλη</span>, <i>a flat cup</i>, the peltate leaves of +several species being somewhat cup-shaped.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page211"></a>[*] <i>Pericarp thin except at the broad corky dorsal and lateral ribs; leaves round-peltate, +crenate; peduncles as long as the petioles, from creeping rootstocks.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Fruit notched at base and apex; intermediate ribs corky.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. umbellàta</b>, L. <i>Umbels many-flowered, simple</i> (sometimes proliferous); +<i>pedicels 2–6´´ long; fruit about 1½´´ broad</i>, strongly notched, the +dorsal ribs prominent but obtuse.—Mass. to Minn., south to the Gulf.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. Cánbyi</b>, Coult. & Rose. <i>Umbels 3–9-flowered, generally proliferous; +pedicels very short</i>, but distinct; <i>fruit about 2 lines broad</i>; carpels broader and +more flattened than in the preceding, sharper margined, the dorsal and lateral +ribs much more prominent; seed-section much narrower. (H. umbellata, var.? +ambigua, <i>Gray</i>, Manual).—N. J. to Md.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Fruit not notched; intermediate ribs not corky.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>H. verticillàta</b>, Thunb. Umbels few-flowered, proliferous, forming +an interrupted spike; pedicels very short or none; fruit 1½–2´´ broad; dorsal +and lateral ribs very prominent. (H. interrupta, <i>Muhl.</i>)—Mass. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Pericarp uniformly corky-thickened and ribs all filiform; leaves not peltate; +peduncles much shorter than the petioles.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Fruit small, without secondary ribs or reticulations; involucre small or none.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>H. Americàna</b>, L. Stems filiform, <i>branching and creeping; leaves +thin</i>, round-reniform, <i>crenate-lobed</i> and the lobes crenate, shining; few-flowered +umbels <i>axillary and almost sessile</i>; fruit less than 1´´ broad; intermediate ribs +prominent; no oil-bearing layer; seed-section broadly oval.—Common. +(Addendum) Propagating by filiform tuberiferous stolons.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>H. ranunculoìdes</b>, L. f. <i>Usually floating; leaves thicker</i>, round-reniform, +3–7-cleft, the lobes crenate; <i>peduncles 1–3´ long, reflexed in fruit</i>; capitate +umbel 5–10-flowered; fruit 1–1½´´ broad; ribs rather obscure; seed-section +oblong.—E. Penn. to Fla., thence westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Fruit larger (2–2½´´ broad), with prominent secondary ribs and reticulations; +the 2–4-flowered umbel subtended by two conspicuous bracts.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>H. Asiática</b>, L. Petioles and peduncles (1–2´ long) clustered on +creeping stems or runners; leaves ovate-cordate, repand-toothed, thickish; +seed-section narrowly oblong. (H. repanda, <i>Pers.</i>)—Md. to Fla. and Tex. +(Widely distributed in the tropics and southern hemisphere.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="eryngium"><b>35. ERÝNGIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Eryngo.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth prominent, rigid and persistent. Styles slender. Fruit ovate +or obovate, covered with little hyaline scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and +usually 5 slender oil-tubes on each carpel.—Chiefly perennials, with coriaceous, +toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white bracted flowers closely sessile +in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, of uncertain origin.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stout, with parallel-veined elongated linear thick leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. yuccæfòlium</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Rattlesnake-Master. Button Snake-root.</span>) +Branching above, 1–6° high; leaves rigid, tapering to a point (lower +sometimes 2–3° long), the margins remotely bristly; heads ovate-globose (9´´ +long), with ovate-lanceolate mostly entire cuspidate-tipped bracts shorter than +the head, and similar bractlets.—Dry or damp soil, N. J. to Minn., south to +Fla. and Tex. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page212"></a>[*][*] <i>Tall and often stout; leaves thick, not parallel-veined.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. Virginiànum</b>, Lam. <i>Slender</i> (1–3° high); <i>radical and lower +stem-leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate, on long</i> (sometimes 1° long) <i>fistulous +petioles</i>, entire or with small hooked teeth; upper leaves sessile, spiny-toothed +or laciniate; heads ovate-oblong (6´´ long), with spiny-toothed or entire reflexed +bracts, and <i>bractlets with 3 spiny cusps</i> (the middle one largest).—Margins of +ponds and streams, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Aug., Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. Leavenwórthii</b>, Torr. & Gray. Stout (1–3° high); lowest stem-leaves +broadly oblanceolate, spinosely toothed, the rest sessile and <i>deeply +palmately-parted into narrow incisely-pinnatifid spreading pungent segments</i>; +heads ovate-oblong (1–1½´ long), with pinnatifid spinose bracts and 3–7-cuspidate +bractlets, the terminal ones very prominent and resembling the bracts.—Dry +soil, E. Kan., Ark., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Prostrate and slender, rooting at the joints, diffusely branched, with small +thin unarmed leaves and very small heads.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>E. prostràtum</b>, Nutt. Lower leaves oblong, entire, few-toothed, or +lobed at base; upper leaves smaller, clustered at the rooting joints, ovate, few-toothed +or entire (occasionally some additional trifid ones); reflexed bracts +longer than the oblong heads (2–4´´ long).—Wet places, S. Mo. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sanicula"><b>36. SANÍCULA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Sanicle. Black Snakeroot.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular; the carpels not separating +spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil-tubes.—Perennial +rather tall glabrous herbs, with few palmately-lobed or +parted leaves, those from the root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, +the flowers (greenish or yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, +and with staminate ones intermixed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. +(Name said to be from <i>sano</i>, to heal; or perhaps from <i>San Nicolas</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Marylándica</b>, L. Stem 1–3° high; leaves 3–7-parted, the divisions +mostly sharply cut and serrate; sterile flowers numerous and long-pedicelled; +fruit 1½–2´´ long, the styles longer than the prickles.—Throughout our +range, south to Ga. and Tenn., west to E. Kan. and Minn. May–Aug.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Canadénsis</b>, Torr., has comparatively few and short-pedicelled +sterile flowers, and styles shorter than the prickles. (S. Canadensis, <i>L.</i>)—With +the last, but westward only to Minn. and E. Kan.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="araliaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 49.</span> <b>ARALIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Ginseng Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with much the same characters as</i> Umbelliferæ, +<i>but with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a few–several-celled drupe.</i>—Albumen +mostly fleshy. Petals not inflexed.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aralia"><b>1. ARÀLIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Ginseng. Wild Sarsaparilla.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the +teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, epigynous, oblong or obovate, +lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate +with the petals. Styles 2–5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile<a name="page213"></a> +flowers short and united. Ovary 2–5-celled, with a single anatropous ovule +suspended from the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, with as +many seeds as cells. Embryo minute.—Leaves compound or decompound. +Flowers white or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fruit, etc., +warm and aromatic. (Derivation obscure.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. ARALIA. <i>Flowers monœciously polygamous or perfect, the umbels usually +in corymbs or panicles; styles and cells of the (black or dark purple) fruit +5; stems herbaceous or woody; ultimate divisions of the leaves pinnate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Umbels numerous in a large compound panicle; leaves very large, decompound.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. spinòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Angelica-tree. Hercules' Club.</span>) <i>Shrub, or a +low tree; the stout stem and stalks prickly</i>; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale +beneath.—River-banks, Penn. to Ind., and south to the Gulf. July, Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. racemòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Spikenard.</span>) <i>Herbaceous; stem widely branched; +leaflets heart-ovate</i>, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy; umbels racemose; +<i>styles united</i>.—Rich woodlands, N. Brunswick to Minn., south to the mountains +of Ga. July. Well known for its spicy-aromatic large roots.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Umbels 2–7, corymbed; stem short, somewhat woody.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. híspida</b>, Vent. (<span class="smcap">Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder.</span>) <i>Stem</i> +(1–2° high) <i>bristly, leafy</i>, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels; +leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate.—Rocky and +sandy places, Newf. to Dak., south to the mountains of N. C. June.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. nudicaùlis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Sarsaparilla.</span>) <i>Stem scarcely rising out +of the ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf</i> (1° high) <i>and a shorter +naked scape</i>, with 2–7 umbels; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, +5 on each of the 3 divisions.—Moist woodlands; range of n. 3. May, June. +The long horizontal aromatic roots a substitute for officinal Sarsaparilla.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. GÍNSENG. <i>Flowers diœciously polygamous; styles and cells of the red or +reddish fruit 2 or 3; stem herbaceous, low, simple, bearing a whorl of 3 palmately +3–7-foliolate leaves, and a simple umbel on a slender peduncle.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. quinquefòlia</b>, Decsne. & Planch. (<span class="smcap">Ginseng.</span>) <i>Root large and +spindle-shaped, often forked</i> (4–9´ long, aromatic); stem 1° high; <i>leaflets long-stalked</i>, +mostly 5, large and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed; styles mostly 2; +<i>fruit bright red</i>.—Rich and cool woods, Vt. and W. Conn. to Minn., south to +the mountains of Ga. July.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>A. trifòlia</b>, Decsne. & Planch. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf Ginseng. Ground-nut.</span>) +<i>Root or tuber globular</i>, deep in the ground (pungent to the taste, not aromatic); +stems 4–8´ high; <i>leaflets 3–5, sessile</i> at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly +oblong, obtuse; styles usually 3; <i>fruit yellowish</i>.—Rich woods, N. Scotia to +Minn., south to Ga. April, May.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="cornaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 50.</span> <b>CORNÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Dogwood Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with opposite or alternate simple leaves, +the calyx-tube coherent with the 1–2-celled ovary, its limb minute, the petals +(valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an epigynous +disk in the perfect flowers; style one; a single anatropous ovule hanging +from the top of the cell; the fruit a 1–2-seeded drupe; embryo nearly<a name="page214"></a> +as long as the albumen, with large foliaceous cotyledons.</i>—Including two +genera, of which Nyssa is partly apetalous. Bark bitter and tonic.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Cornus.</b> Flowers perfect, 4-merous. Leaves mostly opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Nyssa.</b> Flowers diœciously polygamous, 5-merous. Leaves alternate.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cornus"><b>1. CÓRNUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Cornel. Dogwood.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species diœcious). Calyx minutely 4-toothed. +Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4; filaments slender. Style +slender; stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and +2-seeded stone.—Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers +small, in open naked cymes, or in close heads surrounded by a corolla-like +involucre. (Name from <i>cornu</i>, a horn; alluding to the hardness of the wood.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Flowers greenish, in a head or close cluster, surrounded by a large and showy, +4-leaved, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish involucre; fruit bright red.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf Cornel. Bunch-berry.</span>) <i>Stems low +and simple</i> (5–7´ high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody +trunk; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into +an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed; <i>leaves of the involucre +ovate</i>; fruit globular.—Damp cold woods, N. J. to Ind. and Minn., and +the far north and west. June.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. flórida</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Flowering Dogwood.</span>) <i>Tree</i> 12–40° high; leaves +ovate, pointed, acutish at the base; <i>leaves of the involucre obcordate</i> (1½´ long); +<i>fruit oval</i>.—Dry woods, from S. New Eng. to Ont. and S. Minn., south to Fla. +and Tex. May, June. Very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Flowers white, in open flat spreading cymes; involucre none; fruit spherical; +leaves all opposite (except in n. 9).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Pubescence woolly and more or less spreading.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. circinàta</b>, L'Her. (<span class="smcap">Round-leaved Cornel</span> or <span class="smcap">Dogwood.</span>) +Shrub 6–10° high; <i>branches greenish</i>, warty-dotted; <i>leaves round-oval, abruptly +pointed, woolly beneath</i> (2–5´ broad); cymes flat; <i>fruit light blue</i>.—Copses, +in rich or sandy soil, or on rocks, N. Scotia to Dak., south to Va. and Mo. +June.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. serícea</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik.</span>) Shrub 3–10° +high; <i>branches purplish; the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly +ovate or elliptical pointed leaves silky-downy</i> (often rusty), pale and dull; +cymes flat, close; calyx-teeth lanceolate; <i>fruit pale blue</i>.—Wet places, Canada +to Dak., south to Fla. and La. June.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. asperifòlia</b>, Michx. <i>Branches brownish; the branchlets, etc., rough-pubescent; +leaves oblong or ovate</i>, on short petioles, pointed, <i>rough</i> with a harsh +pubescence <i>above, and downy beneath</i>; calyx-teeth minute; fruit white. (C. +Drummondii, <i>Mey.</i>)—Dry or sandy soil, N. shore of L. Erie to Minn. and the +Gulf. May, June. A rather tall shrub.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Pubescence closely appressed, straight and silky, or none.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>C. stolonífera</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Red-osier Dogwood.</span>) <i>Branches, especially +the osier-like shoots</i> of the season, <i>bright red-purple, smooth; leaves ovate</i>, +rounded at base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence<a name="page215"></a> +on both sides, <i>whitish underneath</i>; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, +smooth; <i>fruit white or lead-color</i>.—Wet places; common, especially northward. +Multiplies freely by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms broad +clumps, 3–6° high. June.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>C. strícta</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Stiff Cornel.</span>) A shrub 8–15° high; branches +brownish or reddish, smooth; <i>leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate</i>, taper-pointed, +acutish at base, <i>glabrous, of nearly the same hue both sides; cymes loose, flattish</i>; +<i>anthers and fruit pale blue</i>.—Swamps, Va. to Ga. and Fla. April, May.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>C. paniculàta</b>, L'Her. (<span class="smcap">Panicled Cornel.</span>) Shrub 4–8° high, +much branched; <i>branches gray, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate</i>, taper-pointed, +acute at base, <i>whitish beneath</i> but not downy; <i>cymes convex, loose</i>, often panicled; +<i>fruit white</i>, depressed-globose.—Thickets and river-banks. June.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>C. alternifòlia</b>, L. f. Shrub or tree 8–25° high; <i>branches greenish +streaked with white, the alternate leaves clustered at the ends</i>, ovate or oval, long-pointed, +acute at base, whitish and minutely pubescent beneath; cymes very +broad and open; <i>fruit deep blue</i> on reddish stalks.—Hillsides in copses, N. Brunswick +to Minn., south to Ga. and Ala. May, June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="nyssa"><b>2. NÝSSA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Tupelo. Pepperidge. Sour-Gum Tree.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœciously polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit +of axillary peduncles. <i>Stam. Fl.</i> numerous in a simple or compound dense +cluster of fascicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals as in fertile flower or none. +Stamens 5–12, oftener 10, inserted on the outside of a convex disk; filaments +slender; anthers short. No pistil. <i>Pist. Fl.</i> solitary, or 2–8, sessile in a bracted +cluster, much larger than the staminate flowers. Calyx with a very short repand-truncate +or minutely 5-toothed limb. Petals very small and fleshy, deciduous, +or often wanting. Stamens 5–10, with perfect or imperfect anthers. Style +elongated, revolute, stigmatic down one side. Ovary 1-celled. Drupe ovoid +or oblong, with a bony and grooved or striate 1-celled and 1-seeded stone.—Trees +with entire or sometimes angulate-toothed leaves, which are alternate, +but mostly crowded at the ends of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appearing +with the leaves. (The name of a Nymph: "so called because it [the +original species] grows in the water.")</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. sylvática</b>, Marsh. (<span class="smcap">Tupelo. Pepperidge. Black</span> or <span class="smcap">Sour +Gum</span>.) Middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches; leaves oval or obovate, +commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous pubescent when young, at least on +the margins and midrib, shining above when old (2–5´ long); <i>fertile flowers +3–8</i>, at the summit of a slender peduncle; <i>fruit ovoid</i>, acid, <i>bluish-black</i> (about +½´ long). (N. multiflora, <i>Wang.</i>)—Rich soil, either moist or nearly dry, +S. Maine and N. Vt. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. April, May. Leaves +turning bright crimson in autumn. Wood firm, close-grained and very unwedgeable, +on account of the oblique direction and crossing of its fibres.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>N. uniflòra</b>, Wang. (<span class="smcap">Large Tupelo.</span>) A large tree; leaves oblong +or ovate, sometimes slightly cordate at base, long-petioled, entire or angulate-toothed, +pale and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young (4–12´ +long); <i>fertile flower solitary</i> on a slender peduncle; <i>fruit oblong, blue</i> (1´ or +more in length).—Deep swamps, S. Va. to S. Ill. and Mo., south to Fla. and +Tex. April. Wood soft; that of the roots very light and spongy.</p> + + + + +<h2 class="division"><a name="page216"></a><span class="smcap">Division II.</span> GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.</h2> + +<p>Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter +composed of more or less united petals, that is, gamopetalous.[A]</p> + +<p>[Footnote A: In certain families, as in Ericaceæ, etc., the petals in some genera are nearly or quite +separate. In Compositæ and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or a mere +border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The student +might look for these in the first or the third division; but the <i>artificial analysis</i> prefixed to +the volume provides for such anomalies, and will lead him to the proper order.]</p> + + +<p class="order" id="caprifoliaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 51.</span> <b>CAPRIFOLIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Honeysuckle Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the +calyx-tube coherent with the 2–5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as</i> (one +fewer in Linnæa, doubled in Adoxa) <i>the lobes of the tubular or rotate +corolla, and inserted on its tube.</i>—Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1–several-seeded. +Seeds anatropous, with small embryo in fleshy albumen.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. SAMBUCEÆ.</b> Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed. +Stigmas 3–5, sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence terminal and cymose.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Dwarf herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Adoxa.</b> Fruit a dry greenish drupe, with 3–5 cartilaginous nutlets. Cauline leaves a +single pair and ternate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Shrubs, with stamens as many as corolla-lobes and flowers in broad compound cymes.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Sambucus.</b> Fruit berry-like, containing three small seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Viburnum.</b> Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. LONICEREÆ.</b> Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style +slender; stigma capitate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Herbs, with axillary flowers.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Triosteum.</b> Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-celled drupe. Erect; +flowers sessile.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Linnæa.</b> Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but +only 1-seeded. Creeping, with long-pedunculate twin flowers.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Erect or climbing shrubs, with scaly winter-buds.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Symphoricarpos.</b> Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular +corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded; two of the cells sterile.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Lonicera.</b> Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular +corolla. Berry several-seeded; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Diervilla.</b> Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, +many-seeded, slender.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="adoxa"><b>1. ADÓXA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Moschatel.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube reaching not quite to the summit of the 3–5-celled ovary; limb +of 3 or more teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4–6-cleft, bearing at each sinus a +pair of separate or partly united stamens with 1-celled anthers. Style 3–5-parted. +Dry drupe greenish, with 3–5 cartilaginous nutlets.—A dwarf perennial +herb with scaly rootstock and ternately divided leaves, the cauline a +single pair. An anomalous genus. (From <span class="greek">ἄδοξος</span>, obscure or insignificant.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page217"></a>1. <b>A. Moschatéllina</b>, L. Smooth, musk-scented; radical leaves 1–3-ternate, +the cauline 3-cleft or 3-parted; leaflets obovate, 3-cleft; flowers several +in a close cluster on a slender peduncle, greenish or yellowish.—N. Iowa, +Wisc., and Minn., and northward. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sambucus"><b>2. SAMBÙCUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Elder.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open urn-shaped, with a broadly +spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy +drupe, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets.—Shrubby plants, with a rank +smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate-pointed leaflets, and numerous +small and white flowers in compound cymes. (The Latin name, perhaps from +<span class="greek">σαμβύκη</span>, an ancient musical instrument.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Elder.</span>) Stems scarcely woody (5–10° +high); <i>leaflets 5–11, oblong</i>, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-parted; +<i>cymes flat; fruit black-purple</i>.—Rich soil, in open places, throughout our +range, and south and west. June, July.—Pith white.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. racemòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Red-berried Elder.</span>) Stems woody (2–12° +high), the bark warty; <i>leaflets 5–7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath; cymes +panicled, convex or pyramidal; fruit bright red</i> (rarely white). (S. pubens, +<i>Michx.</i>)—Rocky woods, N. Scotia to Ga., and westward across the continent. +May; the fruit ripening in June.—Pith brown. Both species occur with the +leaflets divided into 3–5 linear-lanceolate 2–3-cleft or laciniate segments.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="viburnum"><b>3. VIBÚRNUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Arrow-wood. Laurestinus.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas +1–3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaceous +(flattened or tumid) stone.—Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in +flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages which are +evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales. (The classical +Latin name, of unknown meaning.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Cyme radiant, the marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat corollas +as in</i> Hydrangea; <i>drupes coral-red turning darker, not acid; stone +sulcate; leaves pinnately veined; winter-buds naked.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>V. lantanoìdes</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Hobble-bush. American Wayfaring-tree.</span>) +Leaves (4–8´ across) round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at +the base, closely serrate, the veins and veinlets beneath with the stalks and +branchlets very rusty-scurfy; cymes sessile, very broad and flat.—Cold moist +woods, N. Brunswick to Ont. and Penn., and in the mountains to N. C. May. +A straggling shrub; the reclining branches often taking root.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Cyme peduncled, radiant in n. 2; drupe light red, acid, globose; stone +very flat, orbicular, not sulcate; leaves palmately veined; winter-buds scaly.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>V. Ópulus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cranberry-tree.</span>) Nearly smooth, upright (4–10° +high); leaves 3–5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate +at base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire in the +sinuses; petioles bearing 2 glands at the apex.—Low ground, along streams, +from N. Brunswick far westward, and south to Penn. June, July.—The acid +fruit is a substitute for cranberries, whence the names <i>High Cranberry-bush</i>,<a name="page218"></a> +etc. The well-known <span class="smcap">Snow-ball Tree</span>, or <span class="smcap">Guelder-Rose</span>, is a cultivated +state, with the whole cyme turned into showy sterile flowers. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>V. pauciflòrum</b>, Pylaie. A low straggling shrub; leaves glabrous +or loosely pubescent beneath, 5-ribbed at base, unequally serrate nearly all +round, with 3 short lobes at the summit; cyme few-flowered; stamens shorter +than the corolla.—Cold woods, Newf. and Lab. to the mountains of N. Eng., +westward to N. Mich. and the Rocky Mts.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <i>Cyme never radiant; drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at maturity.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves 3-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate base, somewhat 3-lobed; stipules +bristle-shaped.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>V. acerifòlium</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Dockmackie. Arrow-wood.</span>) Shrub 3–6° +high; leaves soft-downy beneath, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally +toothed; cymes small, slender-peduncled; stamens exserted; fruit crimson +turning purple; stone lenticular, hardly sulcate.—Cool rocky woods, from +N. Brunswick to N. C., and west to S. Minn.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves (with base inclined to heart-shaped) coarsely toothed, prominently pinnately +veined; stipules narrowly subulate; no rusty scurf; fruit ovoid, blue +or purple; the stone grooved; cymes peduncled.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Stone flat; leaves all short-petioled or subsessile.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>V. pubéscens</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Downy A.</span>) A low, straggling shrub; leaves +ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or taper-pointed, the veins and teeth fewer and +less conspicuous than in the next, the lower surface and very short petioles +soft-downy, at least when young; fruit dark-purple; the stone lightly 2-sulcate +on the faces.—Rocks, etc., Lower Canada to the mountains of Ga., west +to Iowa and Minn. June.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Stone very deeply sulcate ventrally; leaves rather slender-petioled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>V. dentàtum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Arrow-wood.</span>) Smooth, 5–15° high, with ash-colored +bark; leaves broadly ovate, very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly +veined; fruit 3´´ long; cross-section of stone between kidney- and horseshoe-shaped.—Wet +places, N. Brunswick to N. Ga., and west to Minn. June.—The +pale leaves often with hairy tufts in the axils of the straight veins.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>V. mólle</b>, Michx. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or ovate, scarcely +pointed, coarsely crenate or repand-toothed, the lower surface, branchlets and +cymes soft-downy, the latter with stellate pubescence; fruit oily, larger and +more pointed, the stone as in n. 6, but less deeply excavated.—Coast of N. +Eng. (Martha's Vineyard), to Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Leaves finely serrate or entire, bright green; veins not prominent; stipules +none; whole plant glabrous or with some minute rusty scurf; fruit black or +with a blue bloom, sweet, stone very flat and even, broadly oval or orbicular.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Cymes peduncled, about 5-rayed; drupes globose-ovoid, 3´´ long, shrubs 5–12° +high, in swamps.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>V. cassinoìdes</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Withe-rod.</span>) Shoots scurfy-punctate; leaves +thickish and <i>opaque or dull</i>, ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse acumination, +<i>obscurely veiny</i> (1–3´ long), <i>with margins irregularly crenulate-denticulate</i> or +sometimes entire; <i>peduncle shorter than the cyme</i>. (V. nudum, var. cassinoides, +<i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Newf. to N. J. and Minn. Flowers earlier than the next.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page219"></a>9. <b>V. nùdum</b>, L. Obscurely scurfy-punctate; <i>leaves more veiny</i>, thickish, +oval, oblong or lanceolate, entire or obsoletely denticulate, <i>lucid above</i> (2–4´ +long); <i>peduncle usually equalling the cyme</i>.—N. J. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Compound cymes sessile, 3–5-rayed; drupes oval, 5–7´´ long.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>V. Lentàgo</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sweet Viburnum. Sheep-berry.</span>) <i>Leaves ovate, +strongly pointed</i>, closely and very <i>sharply serrate</i>; petioles long and margined; +cyme large; fruit oval, ½´ long or more, ripe in autumn, edible; tree 15–30° +high.—Woods and banks of streams, from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and +northward. Fl. in spring.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>V. prunifòlium</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black Haw.</span>) <i>Leaves oval, obtuse</i> or slightly +pointed, <i>finely and sharply serrate</i>, smaller than in the preceding (1–2´ long); +fruit similar or rather smaller.—Dry or moist ground, N. Y. to Mich., Kan., +and southward. Flowering early.—A tall shrub or small tree.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>V. obovàtum</b>, Walt. Shrub 2–8° high; leaves obovate or spatulate, +obtuse, entire or denticulate, thickish, small (1–1½´ long), shining; cymes +small; fruit 5´´ long, black.—River-banks and swamps, Va. to Fla. May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="triosteum"><b>4. TRIÓSTEUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Fever-wort. Horse-Gentian.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous +at base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. +Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing as many +ribbed 1-seeded bony nutlets.—Coarse, hairy, perennial herbs, leafy to the top; +the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but connate round the +simple stem. Flowers sessile, solitary or clustered in the axils. (Name an +abbreviation of <i>Triosteospermum</i>, alluding to the three bony nutlets.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. perfoliàtum</b>, L. <i>Softly hairy</i> (2–4° high); <i>leaves oval, abruptly +narrowed below</i>, downy beneath; flowers brownish-purple, mostly clustered; +fruit orange-color, ½´ long.—Rich woodlands, Canada and N. Eng. to Minn., +Iowa, and Ala. June. Also called <span class="smcap">Tinker's-weed, Wild Coffee</span>, etc.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. angustifòlium</b>, L. Smaller, <i>bristly-hairy; leaves lanceolate, tapering +to the base</i>; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils.—Shady +grounds, Va. to Ill., Mo., and Ala. May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="linnaea"><b>5. LINNÆ̀A</b>, Gronov. <span class="smcap">Twin-flower.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost +equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of +the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, two of +the cells having only abortive ovules.—A slender creeping and trailing little +evergreen, somewhat hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted +at the base into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking +into 2 pedicels at the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding +flower. Corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal +<i>Linnæus</i>, who first pointed out its characters, and with whom this pretty little +plant was a special favorite.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. boreàlis</b>, Gronov.—Moist mossy woods and cold bogs, N. Eng. +to N. J. and the mountains of Md., west to Minn.; also far north and west. +June. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="symphoricarpos"><a name="page220"></a><b>6. SYMPHORICÁRPOS</b>, Dill. <span class="smcap">Snowberry.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth short, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4–5-lobed, with +as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celled, only 2 of the +cells with a fertile ovule; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2-seeded. Seeds +bony.—Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled leaves, +which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy toothed or lobed on the young +shoots. Flowers white tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or clusters. +(Name composed of <span class="greek">συμφορέω</span>, <i>to bear together</i>, and <span class="greek">καρπός</span>, <i>fruit</i>; from the +clustered berries.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Style bearded; fruit red; flowers all in short dense axillary clusters.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. vulgàris</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Indian Currant. Coral-berry.</span>) Flowers +in the axils of nearly all the leaves; corolla sparingly bearded; berries small.—Rocky +banks, western N. Y. and Penn. to Dak., Neb., and Tex. July.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Style glabrous; fruit white; flowers in clusters or sometimes solitary.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. occidentàlis</b>, Hook. (<span class="smcap">Wolfberry.</span>) <i>Flowers in dense terminal +and axillary spikes</i>; corolla much bearded within; stamens and style protruded.—Rocky +ground, N. Mich. and Ill., west to the Rocky Mts.—Flowers +larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. racemòsus</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Snowberry.</span>) <i>Flowers in a loose and somewhat +leafy interrupted spike</i> at the end of the branches; corolla bearded inside; +berries large.—Rocky banks, N. New Eng. and Penn., to Minn. and westward; +common in cultivation. June–Sept. Berries ripe in autumn.—Var. <span class="smcap">pauciflòrus</span>, +Robbins. Low, diffusely branched and spreading; leaves smaller +(about 1´ long), the spike reduced to one or two flowers in the uppermost axils.—Mountains +of Vt. and Penn. to Minn., Dak., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lonicera"><b>7. LONÍCERA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Honeysuckle. Woodbine.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at +the base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2–3-celled. +Berry several-seeded.—Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and +fragrant. (Named in honor of <i>Adam Lonitzer</i>, latinized <i>Lonicerus</i>, a German +herbalist of the 16th century.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. XYLÓSTEON. <i>Upright bushy shrubs; leaves all distinct; peduncles axillary, +single, 2-flowered at the summit; the two berries sometimes united into +one; calyx-teeth not persistent.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Bracts (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries minute.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. ciliàta</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Fly-Honeysuckle.</span>) Branches straggling (3–5° +high); <i>leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin</i>, downy beneath; +<i>filiform peduncles shorter than the leaves</i>; corolla funnel-form, almost spurred +at the base (greenish-yellow, ¾´ long), the lobes nearly equal; <i>berries separate +(red)</i>.—Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to Penn. and Minn. May.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. cærùlea</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Mountain F.</span>) Low (1–2° high); branches upright; +<i>leaves oval</i>, downy when young; <i>peduncles very short; bracts awl-shaped, +longer than the ovaries, which are united into one (blue) berry</i>; flowers yellowish.—Mountain +woods and bogs, Lab. to R. I., Minn., and northward. May. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page221"></a>3. <b>L. oblongifòlia</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Swamp F.</span>) Shrub 2–5° high, branches +upright; <i>leaves</i> (2–3´ long) <i>oblong</i>, downy when young, smooth when old; +<i>peduncles long and slender; bracts minute or deciduous; corolla deeply 2-lipped</i> +(½´ long, yellowish-white); <i>berries (purple) united</i> or nearly distinct.—Bogs, +N. New Eng. and N. Y., to Minn. June.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>The two flowers involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad foliaceous bracts.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. involucràta</b>, Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous; branches +4-angular; leaves (2–5´ long) ovate-oblong, mostly pointed, petioled, and with +a strong midrib, exceeding the peduncle; corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent, +cylindraceous (6–8´´ long); ovaries and globose dark-purple berries distinct.—Deep +woods; shores of L. Superior, and north and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. CAPRIFÒLIUM. <i>Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorled +clusters from the axils of the (often connate) upper leaves, forming interrupted +terminal spikes; calyx-teeth persistent on the (red or orange) berry.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regular; stamens and style little exserted.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. sempérvirens</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Trumpet Honeysuckle.</span>) Flowers in +somewhat distant whorls, scentless, nearly 2´ long, deep red outside, yellowish +within or rarely throughout; leaves oblong, smooth, the lower petioled, the +uppermost pairs connate.—Copses, Conn. to Ind., and southward; common in +cultivation. May–Oct.—Leaves deciduous at the north.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Corolla ringent; the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and 4-lobed; stamens +and style conspicuously exserted.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Corolla-tube an inch long, glabrous inside; stamens and style glabrous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>L. gràta</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">American Woodbine.</span>) Leaves smooth, glaucous +beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united; flowers whorled in the uppermost +axils; corolla whitish with a purple tube, fading yellowish, not gibbous +at base, fragrant.—Rocky woodlands, N. J. and Penn. to Mich. and Mo., and +southward; also cultivated. May.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Corolla hairy within, the tube 6´´ long or less.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>L. hirsùta</b>, Eaton. (<span class="smcap">Hairy Honeysuckle.</span>) Twining and rather +high-climbing; leaves deep green above, downy-hairy beneath, as well as the +branches, veiny, dull, broadly oval, the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled; +flowers in approximate whorls; tube of the (orange-yellow) clammy-pubescent +corolla gibbous at base, slender.—Damp copses and rocks, Maine +to Penn., Mich., and Minn. July.—A coarse large-leaved species.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>L. Sullivántii</b>, Gray. At length <i>much whitened with glaucous bloom</i>, +3–6° high, glabrous; leaves oval and obovate-oblong (2–4´ long), sessile and +mostly connate on the flowering stems, the uppermost into an orbicular disk; +corolla pale yellow; <i>filaments nearly glabrous</i>. (L. flava of former edition, +mainly.)—Ohio to Ill., Minn., and L. Winnipeg; also in Tenn. and N. C.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>L. glaùca</b>, Hill. Glabrous, or lower leaf surface sometimes puberulent, +3–5° high; leaves oblong (2–3´ long), glaucous but less whitened than +in the last, the 1–4 <i>upper pairs connate</i>; corolla greenish-yellow or purplish; +<i>tube only 3–4´´ long, within and also style and base of filaments hirsute</i>. (L. parviflóra, +<i>Lam.</i>, and part of var. Douglásii, <i>Gray.</i>)—Rocky grounds, N. Eng. +and Penn. to Minn., and northward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="diervilla"><a name="page222"></a><b>8. DIERVÍLLA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Bush-Honeysuckle.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube tapering at the summit; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent. +Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong, +pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded.—Low upright shrubs, +with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3–several-flowered +peduncles, from the upper axils or terminal. (Named in compliment to <i>Dr. +Dierville</i>, who brought it from Canada to Tournefort.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. trífida</b>, Moench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled; +peduncles mostly 3-flowered; pod long-beaked.—Rocks, Newf. to the mountains +of N. C., west to Minn. June–Aug.—Flowers honey-color, not showy, +as are the Japanese species cultivated under the name of <span class="smcap">Weigela</span>.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="rubiaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 52.</span> <b>RUBIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Madder Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, +or in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2–4-celled +ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (4–5), and +inserted on its tube.</i>—Flowers perfect, but often dimorphous (as in Mitchella +and Houstonia). Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. +Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen.—A very large +family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as the +Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical.</p> + +<p class="key">I. CINCHONEÆ. Ovules numerous in each cell; leaves opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Houstonia.</b> Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, 4-lobed. Seeds rather few, +thimble-shaped or saucer-shaped. Low herbs.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Oldenlandia.</b> Corolla wheel-shaped in our species, 4-lobed. Seeds very numerous and +minute, angular. Low herbs.</p> + +<p class="key">II. COFFEINEÆ. Ovules solitary in the cells; leaves mostly opposite.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Flowers in a close and globose long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Cephalanthus.</b> Corolla tubular; lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2–4-seeded.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Flowers twin; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2-eyed berry.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Mitchella.</b> Corolla funnel-form; its lobes 4. A creeping herb.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Spermacoce.</b> Corolla funnel-form or salver-form; lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe +into 2 carpels, one or both of them opening.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Diodia.</b> Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels; otherwise as n. 5.</p> + +<p class="key">III. STELLATÆ. Ovules solitary; leaves in whorls, without stipules.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Galium.</b> Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit +twin, separating into 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Sherardia.</b> Corolla funnel-form. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Flowers subsessile, +involucrate.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="houstonia"><b>1. HOUSTÒNIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx 4-lobed, persistent; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla salver-form or +funnel-form, usually much longer than the calyx-lobes, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate +in the bud. Stamens 4; anthers linear or oblong. Style 1; stigmas 2. +Ovary 2-celled. Pod top-shaped, globular, or didymous, thin, its summit or upper +half free from and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx, loculicidal across<a name="page223"></a> +the top. Seeds rather few (4–20 in each cell), peltate and saucer-shaped or +globular-thimble-shaped, pitted.—Small herbs, with short entire stipules connecting +the petioles or narrowed bases of the leaves, and cymose or solitary and +peduncled flowers. These are dimorphous, in some individuals with exserted +anthers and short included style; in others the anthers included and the style +long, the stigmas therefore protruding. (Named for <i>Dr. Wm. Houston</i>, an +English botanist who collected in Central America.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Small and delicate, vernal-flowering; peduncles 1-flowered; corolla salver-form; +upper half of the broad and somewhat 2-lobed pod free; seeds globular, +with a very deep round cavity occupying the inner face.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Perennial by delicate filiform creeping rootstocks or creeping stems; peduncles +filiform, 1–2´ long.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. cærùlea</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bluets. Innocence.</span>) Glabrous; <i>stems erect</i>, slender, +sparingly branched from the base (3–5´ high); <i>leaves oblong-spatulate</i> (3–4´´ +long); peduncle filiform, erect; corolla <i>light blue</i>, pale lilac or nearly white +with a yellowish eye, with tube much longer than its lobes or than those of the +calyx.—Moist and grassy places, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Mich. and Ala.; producing +from early spring to midsummer its delicate little flowers.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. serpyllifòlia</b>, Michx. Like the last, but filiform <i>stems prostrate</i>, +extensively creeping and rooting; <i>leaves orbicular to ovate</i> (2–4´´ long); corolla +rather larger, and <i>deep violet-blue</i>.—Along streamlets and on mountain-tops, +Va. to Tenn. and S. C.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Winter-annuals, branching from the simple root; peduncles much shorter.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>H. pàtens</b>, Ell. An inch to at length a span high, with ascending +branches and erect peduncles; leaves spatulate to ovate; corolla much smaller +than that of n. 1, violet-blue or purplish without yellowish eye, <i>the tube longer +than its lobes, twice the length of the calyx-lobes</i>.—Dry or sandy soil, S. Va. to +Tex. and Ill. (?)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>H. mínima</b>, Beck. More diffuse, <i>commonly scabrous</i>; stems at length +much branched and spreading (1–4´ high); lowest leaves ovate or spatulate, +the upper oblong or nearly linear; earlier peduncles elongated and spreading +in fruit, the later ones short; <i>tube of the purplish corolla not longer than its lobes +or the ample calyx-lobes</i> (1½´´ long).—Dry hills, Mo. to Tex. March–May.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Erect, mostly perennial herbs (6–20´ high), with stem-leaves sessile, and flowers +in small terminal cymes or clusters; corolla funnel-form, purplish, often +hairy inside; seeds meniscoidal, with a ridge across the hollowed inner face.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>H. purpùrea</b>, L. Pubescent or smooth (8–15´ high); <i>leaves varying +from roundish-ovate to lanceolate</i>, 3–5-ribbed; calyx-lobes longer than the +half-free globular pod.—Woodlands, Md. to Ark., and southward. May–July.—Varying +wonderfully, as into—</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>ciliolàta</b>, Gray. A span high; leaves only ½´ long, thickish; cauline +oblong-spatulate; radical oval or oblong, rosulate, hirsute-ciliate; calyx-lobes +a little longer than the pod.—Rocky banks, from the Great Lakes and Minn. +to Ky.; passing into</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>longifòlia</b>, Gray. A span or two high, mostly glabrous, thinner-leaved; +leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear (6–20´´ long); radical oval or oblong,<a name="page224"></a> +less rosulate, not ciliate.—Rocky or gravelly ground, Maine to Minn., south +to Ga. and Mo.; also northward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>tenuifòlia</b>, Gray. Slender, lax, diffuse, 6–12´ high, with loose inflorescence, +and almost filiform branches and peduncles; cauline leaves all +linear, hardly over 1´´ wide.—S. E. Ohio to Va., N. C., and Tenn.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>calycòsa</b>, Gray. Almost 1° high; leaves broadly lanceolate, thickish; +calyx-lobes elongated (2–4´´ long), much surpassing the pod.—From +Ill. (<i>Hall</i>) to Ark. and N. Ala.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>H. angustifòlia</b>, Michx. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root; +<i>leaves narrowly linear</i>, acute, 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled; flowers crowded, +short-pedicelled; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside; <i>pod obovoid, acute +at base, only its summit free</i>, opening first across the top, at length through the +partition.—Barrens, Ill. to Kan., south to Tex., Tenn., and Fla.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="oldenlandia"><b>2. OLDENLÁNDIA</b>, Plumier.</p> + +<p>Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla short, in our species wheel-shaped; the +limb 4-parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4; anthers short. Style 1 or none; +stigmas 2. Pod thin, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening loculicidally across the +summit. Seeds very numerous, minute and angular.—Low herbs, with small +stipules united to the petioles. (Dedicated to the memory of <i>Oldenland</i>, a +German physician and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. glomeràta</b>, Michx. An inconspicuous, pubescent or smoothish, +branched and spreading annual (2–12´ high); leaves ovate to oblong; flowers +in sessile axillary clusters; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter +than the calyx.—Wet places, near the coast, N. Y. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cephalanthus"><b>3. CEPHALÁNTHUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Button-bush.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-toothed; +the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. +Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2–4-celled, +at length splitting from the base upward into 2–4 closed 1-seeded portions.—Shrubs, +with the white flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. +(Name composed of <span class="greek">κεφαλή</span>, <i>a head</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>a flower</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. occidentàlis</b>, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate or +lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening +stipules.—Swamps and along streams, throughout the continent. July, Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="mitchella"><b>4. MITCHÉLLA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Partridge-berry.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, +4-lobed; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the +bud. Stamens 4. Style 1; stigmas 4, linear. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, +crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, with 4 small seed-like bony +nutlets to each flower.—A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with +round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers +often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) berries, +which remain over winter. Flowers occasionally 3–6-merous, always +dimorphous; all those of some individuals having exserted stamens and included +stigmas; of others, included stamens and exserted style. (This very<a name="page225"></a> +pretty plant commemorates <i>Dr. John Mitchell</i>, an early correspondent of Linnæus, +and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. rèpens</b>, L.—Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees, especially +Coniferæ, throughout our range and southward. June, July.—Leaves often +variegated with whitish lines. Rarely the two flowers are completely confluent +into one, with a 10-lobed corolla.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="spermacoce"><b>5. SPERMACÒCE</b>, Dill. <span class="smcap">Button-weed.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or +salver-form, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft. Fruit +small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one of them +usually carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other open on +the inner face.—Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by +a bristle-bearing stipular membrane. Flowers small, whitish, crowded into +sessile axillary whorled clusters or heads. (Name compounded of <span class="greek">σπέρμα</span>, <i>seed</i>, +and <span class="greek">ακωκή</span>, <i>a point</i>, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on the fruit.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. glàbra</b>, Michx. Glabrous perennial; stems spreading (9–20´ long); +leaves oblong-lanceolate; heads many-flowered; corolla little exceeding the +calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base; filaments and +style hardly any.—River-banks, S. Ohio to Ark., Tex., and Fla. Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="diodia"><b>6. DIÒDIA</b>, Gronov. <span class="smcap">Button-weed.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth 2–5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled; the crustaceous +carpels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. Flowers 1–3 in each +axil. Otherwise resembling Spermacoce. Flowering all summer. (Name +from <span class="greek">δίοδος</span>, <i>a thoroughfare</i>; the species often growing by the wayside.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. Virginiàna</b>, L. Smooth or hairy perennial; stems spreading (1–2° +long); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile; corolla white (½´ long), +the <i>slender tube abruptly expanded into the large limb; style 2-parted; fruit +oblong, strongly furrowed</i>, crowned mostly with 2 slender calyx-teeth.—Low +grounds along streams, southern N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>D. tères</b>, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent annual; stem spreading +(3–9´ long), nearly terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid; <i>corolla +funnel-form</i> (2–3´´ long, whitish), with short lobes, not exceeding the long +bristles of the stipules; <i>style undivided; fruit</i> obovate-turbinate, <i>not furrowed</i>, +crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth.—Sandy soil, N. J. to W. Ill., Fla., and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="galium"><b>7. GÀLIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Bedstraw. Cleavers.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped, valvate +in the bud. Stamens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, +globular, twin, separating when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehiscent, 1-seeded +carpels.—Slender herbs, with small cymose flowers (produced in summer), +square stems, and whorled leaves, the roots often containing a red coloring +matter. (Name from <span class="greek">γάλα</span>, <i>milk</i>, which some species are used to curdle.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Naturalized species; fruit dry.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">vèrum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Yellow Bedstraw.</span>) Perennial; stems smooth, erect; +leaves 8 or sometimes 6 in the whorls, linear, roughish, soon deflexed; flowers<a name="page226"></a> +very numerous, paniculate, yellow; fruit usually smooth.—Dry fields, E. Mass. +(Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">Mollùgo</span>, L. Perennial, smooth throughout; stems erect or diffuse, +2 or 3° long; leaves 8, or 6 on the branchlets, oblanceolate to nearly linear; +flowers very numerous in ample almost leafless panicles; fruit smooth.—Roadsides +and fields, N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">Ánglicum</span>, Huds. Annual, slender, diffuse, seldom 1° high, glabrous; +leaves 5–7, oblanceolate to nearly linear (3´´ long), their margins and the +angles of the stem spinulose-scabrous; flowers rather few, cymulose on leafy +branches, greenish-white, very small; fruit glabrous, more or less tuberculate.—Roadsides, +Bedford Co., Va. (<i>Curtiss</i>). (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">tricórne</span>, With. Annual, resembling <i>G. Aparine</i>, rather stout, with +simple branches; leaves 6 or 8, oblanceolate, cuspidate-mucronate, the margins +and stem retrorsely prickly-hispid; flowers mostly in clusters of 3, dull white; +fruits rather large, tuberculate-granulate, not hairy, pendulous.—Fields, eastward. +(Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Indigenous species; fruit dry.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Annual; leaves about 8 in a whorl; peduncles 1–3-flowered, axillary; fruit +bristly with hooked prickles.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. Aparìne</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cleavers. Goose-Grass.</span>) Stem weak and reclining, +bristle-prickly backward, hairy at the joints; leaves lanceolate, tapering +to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib (1–2´ long); +flowers white.—Shaded grounds, throughout the continent; probably as an +introduced plant eastward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Perennials; leaves in 4's, comparatively large, and broad (narrower in n. 7 +and 8), not cuspidate-pointed, more or less distinctly 3-nerved; fruit uncinate-hispid +(except in n. 6 and 7).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Peduncles loosely 3–several-flowered; flowers dull purple to yellowish-white.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. pilòsum</b>, Ait. <i>Hairy; leaves oval</i>, dotted, hairy (1´ long), the lateral +nerves obscure; <i>peduncles 2–3-forked, the flowers all pedicelled</i>.—Dry +copses, R. I. and Vt. to Ill., E. Kan., and southward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>puncticulòsum</b>, Torr. & Gray. Almost glabrous; leaves varying +to elliptical-oblong, hispidulous-ciliate.—Va. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>G. Kamtscháticum</b>, Steller. Stems weak, mainly glabrous (1° +high); <i>leaves orbicular</i> to oblong-ovate, thin (½–1´ long), slightly pilose; +flowers slenderly pedicellate; <i>corolla glabrous, yellowish-white</i>, not turning +dark, <i>its lobes merely acute</i>. (G. circæzans, var. montanum, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Higher +mountains of N. Eng., L. Canada, and far westward. (Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>G. circæ̀zans</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Wild Liquorice.</span>) Smooth or downy (1° +high); <i>leaves oval</i>, varying to ovate-oblong, <i>mostly obtuse</i>, ciliate (1–1½´ long); +<i>peduncles usually once forked, the branches elongated</i> and widely diverging in +fruit, <i>bearing several remote flowers on very short lateral pedicels</i>, reflexed in +fruit; lobes of the <i>greenish corolla hairy outside, acute or acuminate</i>.—Rich +woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>G. lanceolàtum</b>, Torr. (<span class="smcap">Wild Liquorice.</span>) Nearly glabrous; +<i>leaves</i> (except the lowest) <i>lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex</i> (2´ +long); <i>corolla glabrous, yellowish turning dull purple, lobes more acuminate</i>; +otherwise like the last.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to N. Mich. and Minn.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>G. latifòlium</b>, Michx. Smooth (1–2° high); <i>leaves lanceolate or +ovate-lanceolate</i>, acute (2´ long), the midrib and margins rough; cymes panicled,<a name="page227"></a> +loosely many-flowered, the purple flowers on <i>slender spreading pedicels; fruit +smooth</i>, rather fleshy.—Dry woods, mountains of Penn. to N. C. and Tenn.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>G. Arkansànum</b>, Gray. Similar but lower; leaves lanceolate to +linear (1´ long or less), the lateral nerves obscure or none.—S. Mo. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves narrow; flowers bright white, numerous in a compact panicle.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>G. boreàle</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Northern Bedstraw.</span>) Smooth (1–2° high); +leaves linear-lanceolate; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth.—Rocky +banks of streams, Maine to Penn., Iowa, Minn., and westward. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Leaves in 4's, 5's, or 6's, small, 1-nerved; flowers white; fruit smooth +(flowers greenish and fruit hispid in n. 12.)</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves pointless.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>G. trífidum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Small Bedstraw.</span>) Stems weak, ascending (5–20´ +high), branching, mostly roughened backwards on the angles; <i>leaves in +whorls of 4 to 6</i>, linear or oblanceolate, the margins and midrib rough; <i>peduncles +scattered, 1–7-flowered</i>; corolla-lobes and stamens often only 3.—Sphagnous +bogs and wet ground, throughout the continent. Exceedingly variable.—Var. +<span class="smcap">pusíllum</span>, Gray, the smallest form; leaves only in 4's, 3–4´´ long, narrow, in +age often reflexed; peduncles 1-flowered. In cold bogs, northward.—Var. +<span class="smcap">latifòlium</span>, Torr., the larger and broadest-leaved form; leaves 6 or 7´´ long, +often 2´´ wide. From Canada, south and west. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>G. concínnum</b>, Torr. & Gray. Stems low and slender (6–12´ high), +with minutely roughened angles; <i>leaves all in 6's, linear, slightly pointed</i>, veinless, +the margins upwardly roughened; <i>peduncles 2–3 times forked, diffusely panicled</i>; +pedicels short.—Dry hills, Penn. to Va., west to Minn., Iowa, and Ark.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves cuspidately mucronate or acuminate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>G. aspréllum</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Rough Bedstraw.</span>) <i>Stem</i> much branched, +<i>rough backwards with hooked prickles</i>, leaning on bushes (3–5° high); <i>leaves +in whorls of 6, or 4–5 on the branchlets, oval-lanceolate</i>, with almost prickly margins +and midrib; peduncles short, 2–3 times forked.—Alluvial ground, N. Eng. +to N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>G. triflòrum</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Sweet-scented Bedstraw.</span>) Stem (1–3° +long) bristly-roughened backward on the angles; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, +bristle pointed, with slightly roughened margins (1–2´ long); peduncles 3-flowered, +the flowers all pedicelled, greenish; fruit beset with hooked bristles.—Rich +woodlands, throughout the continent. Sweet-scented in drying. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <i>Perennial; fruit a berry; leaves in 4's, 1-nerved.</i></p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>G. hispídulum</b>, Michx. Hirsute-pubescent, scabrous, or sometimes +nearly smooth, 1–2° high, diffusely branched; leaves oblong or oval, mucronate +(3–6´´ long), pedicels solitary or commonly 2 or 3 from the small involucral +whorl, all naked, or one of them bracteolate; flowers white; berry purple, +glabrate.—Dry or sandy soil, southern N. J. to Fla., along the coast.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sherardia"><b>8. SHERÁRDIA</b>, Dill.</p> + +<p>Calyx-lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, the limb 4–5-lobed. +Stamens 4–5. Style filiform, 2-cleft, stigmas capitate. Fruit dry, twin, of 2 +indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.—A slender procumbent herb, with square stems,<a name="page228"></a> +lanceolate pungent leaves in whorls of 4–6, and small subsessile blue or pinkish +flowers surrounded by a gamophyllous involucre. (Named for <i>Dr. William +Sherard</i>, patron of Dillenius.)</p> + +<p class="species">S. <span class="smcap">arvénsis</span>, L. The only species; sparingly naturalized from Eu.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="valerianaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 53.</span> <b>VALERIANÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Valerian Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules; the calyx-tube coherent with +the ovary, which has one fertile 1-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones; +the stamens distinct, 1–3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted +on its tube.</i>—Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5-lobed, +the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender; stigmas 1–3. +Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappearing), +or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended, +anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen.—Flowers in panicled +or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="valeriana"><b>1. VALERIÀNA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Valerian.</span></p> + +<p>Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled +up inward in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit matures. +Corolla commonly gibbous near the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly regular. +Stamens 3.—Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots, and +simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly diœcious or dimorphous. +(A mediæval Latin name of uncertain origin.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6–12´ long); leaves thickish.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>V. édulis</b>, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young; stem +straight (1–4° high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely ciliate, +those of the root spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately parted into +3–7 long and narrow divisions; flowers in a long and narrow interrupted panicle, +nearly diœcious; corolla whitish, obconical (2´´ long).—Wet plains and +prairies, Ohio and Ont. to Iowa, Minn., and westward. June.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Root fibrous; leaves thin. (Stems 1–3° high.)</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>V. sylvática</b>, Banks. Smooth or minutely pubescent; <i>root-leaves +ovate or oblong, entire</i>, rarely with 2 small lobes; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3–11 +oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets; cyme at first close, many-flowered; +<i>corolla inversely conical</i> (3´´ long, rose-color or white).—Wet ground, +Newf. to southern N. Y., N. Mich., westward and northward. June.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>V. pauciflòra</b>, Michx. Smooth, slender, surculose; <i>root-leaves ovate, +heart-shaped, toothed</i>, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions; stem-leaves +pinnate, with 3–7 ovate toothed leaflets; branches of the panicled cyme +few-flowered; tube of the (pale pink) <i>corolla long and slender</i> (½´ long).—Woods +and alluvial banks, Penn. to S. Ill., Mo., and Tenn. June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="valerianella"><b>2. VALERIANÉLLA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Corn Salad. Lamb-Lettuce.</span></p> + +<p>Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally +or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells +empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded.—Annuals and<a name="page229"></a> +biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent +leaves (entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered +and bracted small flowers.—Our species all have the limb of the +calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers, etc., that good characters +are only to be taken from the fruit. They all have a rather short corolla, +the limb of which is nearly regular. (Name a diminutive of Valeriana.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Corolla bluish; fruit with a corky mass at the back of the fertile cell.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>V.</b> <span class="smcap">olitòria</span>, Poll. Fruit flattish, obliquely rhomboidal; empty cells as +large as the fertile, contiguous, the thin partition at length breaking up.—Old +fields, N. Y. to Penn. and La. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Corolla white; no corky mass behind the fertile cell.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Fertile cell broader than the empty ones; cross-section of fruit triangular.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>V. chenopodifòlia</b>, DC. Stems with long internodes and few forks; +glomerate cymes few, slender-peduncled; bracts broadly lanceolate; fruit glabrous +or pubescent, 2´´ long. (Fedia Fagopyrum, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Moist +grounds, western N. Y. to Minn., south to Va. and Ky.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Fertile cell as broad as the empty ones, beaked; cross-section quadrate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>V. radiàta</b>, Dufr. Fruit ovate-tetragonal, <i>downy-pubescent</i> (sometimes +glabrous); empty cells as thick as the oblong-ovate fertile one, or thicker, <i>a +broad shallow groove between them</i>. (Fedia radiata, <i>Michx.</i>)—Low grounds, +Penn. to Minn., Tex., and Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>V. stenocárpa</b>, Krok. Fruit oblong-tetragonal, <i>commonly glabrous</i>; +oblong fertile cell thicker than the linear-oblong approximate empty ones. +(Fedia stenocarpa, <i>Engelm.</i>)—W. Mo. and E. Kan. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Fertile cell much the narrowest, dorsally 1-nerved; section roundish.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>V. Woodsiàna</b>, Walp. Fruit 1´´ long or more; fertile cell ovate, +tipped with a tooth; empty ones inflated, with oblong depression (sometimes +an open cavity) in the middle.—Moist grounds, N. Y. and Penn. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>umbilicàta</b>, Gray. Empty cells becoming confluent, vesicular by +incurvation of the circular margin, forming a deep and round umbilication. +(Fedia umbilicata, <i>Sulliv.</i>)—N. Y. to Ohio and southward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>patellària</b>, Gray. Fruit saucer-shaped, emarginate at base and apex, +winged by the divergent cells. (Fedia patellaria, <i>Sulliv.</i>)—Same range.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="dipsaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 54.</span> <b>DIPSÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Teasel Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in +dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the</i> Composite Family; <i>but +the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen.</i>—Represented +by the following introduced species and by the cultivated Sweet +Scabious (<i>Scabiosa atropurpurea</i>).</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dipsacus"><b>1. DÍPSACUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Teasel.</span></p> + +<p>Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bracts +among the densely capitate flowers; each flower with a 4-leaved calyx-like involucel +investing the ovary and fruit (achene). Calyx-tube coherent with the +ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft. +Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender.—Stout and coarse biennials,<a name="page230"></a> +hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from <span class="greek">διψάω</span>, <i>to thirst</i>, +probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some species +hold water.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D.</b> <span class="smcap">sylvéstris</span>, Mill. (<span class="smcap">Wild Teasel.</span>) Prickly; leaves lance-oblong; +leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chaff) tapering +into a long flexible awn with a straight point.—Roadsides; rather rare. +(Nat. from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>D.</b> <span class="smcap">Fullònum</span>, L., the <span class="smcap">Fuller's Teasel</span>, which has a shorter involucre, +and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising a nap upon +woollen cloth; it has escaped from cultivation in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="scabiosa">(Addendum) <b>2. SCABIOSA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Scabious.</span></p> + +<p>Characters of Dipsacus, but the green leaves of the involucre and involucels +not rigid nor spinescent. (Name from <i>scabies</i>, the itch, from its use as a +remedy.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">austràlis</span>, Wulf. Perennial, sparsely branched, nearly glabrous, 1½–3° +high; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, the lower oblanceolate, slightly +toothed or entire; heads short-oblong; calyx obtusely short-lobed; corolla +pale blue.—Central N. Y. and Penn.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="compositae"><span class="smcap">Order 55.</span> <b>COMPÓSITÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Composite Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Flowers in a close head</i> (the compound flower of the older botanists), +<i>on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) +stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious).</i>—Calyx-tube +united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a <i>pappus</i>) +crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc., or +cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular; +in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering +the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex (in sterile flowers +usually entire). Fruit seed-like (<i>achene</i>), dry, containing a single erect +anatropous seed, with no albumen.—An immense family, in temperate +regions chiefly herbs, without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monœcious +or diœcious flowers. The flowers with a strap-shaped (<i>ligulate</i>) +corolla are called <i>rays</i> or <i>ray-flowers</i>; the head which presents such +flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is <i>radiate</i>. The tubular +flowers compose the <i>disk</i>; and a head which has no ray-flowers is said +to be <i>discoid</i>. When the head contains two sorts of flowers it is said to +be <i>heterogamous</i>; when only one sort, <i>homogamous</i>. The leaves of the +involucre, of whatever form or texture, are termed <i>scales</i>. The bracts +or scales, which often grow on the receptacle among the flowers, are +called the <i>chaff</i>; when these are wanting, the receptacle is said to be +<i>naked</i>.—The largest order of Phænogamous plants. The genera are +divided by the corolla into three series, only two of which are represented +in the Northern United States. The first is much the larger.</p> + + +<p><b>Systematic Synopsis.</b></p> + +<p class="series"><span class="smcap">Series I.</span> <b>TUBULIFLORÆ.</b></p> + +<p>Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3–4-) +lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present +are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil).</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. VERNONIACEÆ.</b> Heads discoid; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, +never yellow. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely +bristly-hairy all over.—Leaves alternate or scattered.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Elephantopus.</b> Heads 3–5-flowered, several crowded together into a compound head. +Involucre of 8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Vernonia.</b> Heads several–many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pappus +double, the inner capillary, the outer of minute chaffy bristles.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><a name="page231"></a><b>Tribe II. EUPATORIACEÆ.</b> Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, +never yellow. Branches of the style thickened upward or club-shaped, obtuse, +very minutely and uniformly pubescent; the stigmatic lines indistinct.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Pappus a row of hard scales.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Sclerolepis.</b> Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Pappus of slender bristles.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Achene 5-angled; bristles of the pappus roughish.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Mikania.</b> Flowers and involucral scales only 4. Stems twining.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Eupatorium.</b> Involucre of more than 4 scales and the flowers few or many. Stems +not twining.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Achene 10-ribbed; involucral scales striate-nerved.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Kuhnia.</b> Pappus very strongly plumose. Scales of the involucre few.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Brickellia.</b> Involucral scales in several series. Pappus merely scabrous.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Liatris.</b> Pappus plumose or only barbellate. Corolla red-purple, strongly 5-lobed. +Heads spicate or racemose, the involucre well imbricated.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Trilisa.</b> Pappus minutely barbellate. Corolla rose-purple. Heads corymbed or panicled, +the involucre little imbricated.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. ASTEROIDEÆ.</b> Heads discoid, the flowers all alike and tubular; or else +radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers not caudate at base. Branches +of the style in the perfect flowers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal +stigmatic lines abruptly terminate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped +or triangular appendage which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside.—Leaves alternate. +Receptacle naked (destitute of chaff) in all our species.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 1. Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Pappus of not numerous slender bristles. Heads radiate. Involucre of firm scales with +greenish tips, commonly coated with resin. West of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Gutierrezia.</b> Heads small, numerous. Ray and disk-flowers 3 or 4 each, all fertile. +Pappus of several short chaffy scales. Suffrutescent; leaves very narrow.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Amphiachyris.</b> Heads small. Ray-flowers 5–10; pappus coroniform. Disk-flowers +infertile; pappus of several bristle-like scales. Annual; leaves very narrow.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Grindelia.</b> Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers all fertile. Pappus of 2–8 rigid +caducous awns. Coarse herbs with toothed leaves.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Pappus (at least of the disk) of copious slender or capillary bristles.</p> + +<p class="key">[=] Pappus double.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Heterotheca.</b> Resembling Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thicker than those +of the disk and without pappus or nearly so. Western.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Chrysopsis.</b> Heads many-flowered; rays numerous. The outer pappus of very small +chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious capillary bristles.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] Pappus simple.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Aplopappus.</b> Heads many-flowered, many-radiate. Involucre hemispherical. Pappus +of many unequal bristles. Western.</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Bigelovia.</b> Heads 3–4-flowered; rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus a single +row of capillary bristles.</p> + +<p class="genus">17. <b>Solidago.</b> Heads few–many-flowered; rays 1–16. Pappus of numerous slender and +equal capillary bristles.</p> + +<p class="genus">18. <b>Brachychæta.</b> Heads 8–10-flowered, clustered; rays 4 or 5. Pappus a row of minute +bristles shorter than the achene.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 2. Ray-flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Pappus none or very short, with or without a few awns.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Receptacle conical. Awns none.</p> + +<p class="genus">19. <b>Bellis.</b> Achenes marginless, flattened; pappus none. Involucral scales equal.</p> + +<p class="genus">20. <b>Aphanostephus.</b> Achenes prismatic; pappus coroniform. Outer scales shorter.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page232"></a>[++][++] Receptacle flat or convex. Pappus usually with awns.</p> + +<p class="genus">21. <b>Chætopappa.</b> Achenes fusiform; pappus of 5 or fewer thin chaff and alternating +awns. Western.</p> + +<p class="genus">22. <b>Boltonia.</b> Achenes very flat, thick-winged; pappus of short bristles and usually 2–4 +awns.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Pappus of a single row of awns or coarse rigid bristles, or in the ray scale-like.</p> + +<p class="genus">23. <b>Townsendia.</b> Low or stemless, with linear-spatulate leaves and large aster-like flowers.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles; receptacle flat.</p> + +<p class="genus">24. <b>Sericocarpus.</b> Heads 12–20-flowered; rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped, +imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenes short, narrowed downward, silky.</p> + +<p class="genus">25. <b>Aster.</b> Heads many-flowered, on leafy peduncles. Involucral scales unequal, loosely +or closely imbricated. Achenes flattish; pappus simple (rarely double), copious.</p> + +<p class="genus">26. <b>Erigeron.</b> Heads many-flowered, on naked peduncles. Involucre of narrow equal +scales, little imbricated. Achenes flattened; pappus simple and rather scanty, or +with some outer minute scales.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 3. Rays none. Heads diœcious (all pistillate or all staminate).</p> + +<p class="genus">27. <b>Baccharis.</b> Heads many-flowered. Pappus capillary. Smooth glutinous shrubs.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe IV. INULOIDEÆ.</b> Heads discoid (radiate only in Inula), the pistillate flowers +mostly filiform and truncate. Anthers sagittate, the basal lobes attenuate into tails. +Style-branches with unappendaged obtuse or truncate naked tips. Pappus capillary +or none.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 1. Receptacle naked. Involucre not scarious, imbricated. Not woolly.</p> + +<p class="genus">28. <b>Pluchea.</b> Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many +pistillate fertile ones around them. Pappus capillary.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 2. Receptacle chaffy. Involucral scales few, mostly scarious. Low floccose-woolly +annuals; flowers as in n. 28.</p> + +<p class="genus">29. <b>Evax.</b> Receptacle convex. Achenes obcompressed. Pappus none. Western.</p> + +<p class="genus">30. <b>Filago.</b> Receptacle subulate. Achenes terete. Outer flowers without pappus.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 3. Receptacle naked. Involucral scales many, scarious. Floccose-woolly herbs.</p> + +<p class="genus">31. <b>Antennaria.</b> Heads diœcious. Pappus of sterile flowers club-shaped, of the fertile +united at base and deciduous together.</p> + +<p class="genus">32. <b>Anaphalis.</b> Heads diœcious or nearly so. Pappus not thickened above nor at all +united at base.</p> + +<p class="genus">33. <b>Gnaphalium.</b> Heads all fertile throughout. Pappus all capillary.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 4. Corollas all somewhat broadly tubular and lobed. Involucre not scarious. Receptacle +naked. Pappus none.</p> + +<p class="genus">34. <b>Adenocaulon.</b> Head few-flowered and scales few; outer flowers pistillate. Somewhat +woolly.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 5. Heads radiate. Receptacle naked. Involucre herbaceous. Pappus copious.</p> + +<p class="genus">35. <b>Inula.</b> Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers yellow. Stout perennial.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe V. HELIANTHOIDEÆ.</b> Heads radiate or discoid. Involucre not scarious +(nut-like in fruit in n. 43, 44). Receptacle chaffy. Pappus never capillary, sometimes +none. Anthers not caudate. Style-branches truncate or hairy-appendaged.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 1. Heads radiate (obscurely so in n. 41, sometimes discoid in n. 36), the ray pistillate and +fertile, the disk perfect but sterile.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Achenes turgid, triangular-obovoid; pappus none.</p> + +<p class="genus">36. <b>Polymnia.</b> Involucral scales in 2 rows, the 5 outer leaf-like, the inner small.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Achenes flattened dorsally (obcompressed).</p> + +<p class="genus">37. <b>Silphium.</b> Achenes wing-margined, in several rows; pappus none or 2 teeth. Scales +thick, in several rows.</p> + +<p class="genus"><a name="page233"></a>38. <b>Berlandiera.</b> Achenes wingless, 5–12 in one row, without pappus. Inner involucral +scales obovate, outer smaller and more foliaceous. Western.</p> + +<p class="genus">39. <b>Chrysogonum.</b> Achenes wingless, about 5; pappus a one-sided 2–3-toothed crown. +Inner scales 5, chaff-like, the 5 outer longer and leaf-like.</p> + +<p class="genus">40. <b>Engelmannia.</b> Achenes wingless, 8–10; pappus a scarious hispid crown. Outer +scales (about 10) leaf-like, inner coriaceous with green tips. Western.</p> + +<p class="genus">41. <b>Parthenium.</b> Rays 5, very short, persistent. Pappus of 2 small scales. Involucral +scales short, roundish, in 2 rows.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 2. Fertile flowers 1–5, the corolla none or reduced to a tube; staminate corolla funnel-form. +Pappus none.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Heads with 1–5 pistillate flowers. Receptacle chaffy.</p> + +<p class="genus">42. <b>Iva.</b> Achenes short, thick. Involucre of few roundish scales.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Heads of two sorts on the same plant, the upper staminate with an open cup-shaped +involucre, the lower pistillate, of 1–4 flowers in a closed bur-like involucre.</p> + +<p class="genus">43. <b>Ambrosia.</b> Scales of staminate involucre united. Fruit 1-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">44. <b>Xanthium.</b> Scales of staminate involucre distinct. Fruit 1–4-celled, 1–4-beaked.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 3. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Anthers blackish. +Pappus none, or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of +several uniform chaffy scales.—Leaves more commonly opposite.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Involucre double; the outer forming a cup.</p> + +<p class="genus">45. <b>Tetragonotheca.</b> Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenes obovoid; pappus none.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Chaff of the flat receptacle bristle-shaped.</p> + +<p class="genus">46. <b>Eclipta.</b> Ray short. Involucral scales 10–12, in two rows, herbaceous.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Chaff scale-like, embracing or subtending the achenes.</p> + +<p class="key">[=] Receptacle high, conical or columnar in fruit. Pappus none or a short crown.</p> + +<p class="genus">47. <b>Heliopsis.</b> Rays fertile. Achenes 4-sided. Leaves opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus">48. <b>Echinacea.</b> Rays rose-colored, pistillate, sterile. Achenes short, 4-sided. Chaff +spinescent.</p> + +<p class="genus">49. <b>Rudbeckia.</b> Rays neutral. Achenes 4-sided, flat at the top, marginless.</p> + +<p class="genus">50. <b>Lepachys.</b> Rays few, neutral. Achenes flattened laterally and margined.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] Receptacle flat to convex. Achenes not winged nor very flat.</p> + +<p class="genus">51. <b>Borrichia.</b> Achenes 3–4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown. Shrubby.</p> + +<p class="genus">52. <b>Helianthus.</b> Achenes flattened, bearing 2 very deciduous chaffy pointed scales.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=][=] Receptacle convex (rarely conical). Achenes flat-compressed laterally, winged or +wingless, 2-awned. Leaves decurrent.</p> + +<p class="genus">53. <b>Verbesina.</b> Involucral scales closely imbricated in 2 or more rows.</p> + +<p class="genus">54. <b>Actinomeris.</b> Scales few, soon deflexed. Achenes obovate, squarrosely spreading.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 4. Rays few, neutral, or wanting. Achenes obcompressed, i.e., flattened parallel with the +scales of the involucre (rarely terete). Involucre double; the outer spreading and often +foliaceous. Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus">55. <b>Coreopsis.</b> Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or +barbed upward, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown.</p> + +<p class="genus">56. <b>Bidens.</b> Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns or teeth.</p> + +<p class="genus">57. <b>Thelesperma.</b> Inner involucre connate to the middle. Achenes terete. Awns retrorsely +bearded.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 5. Heads radiate or discoid; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; +pappus of several chaffy scales.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Leaves alternate, entire. Disk-flowers purplish.</p> + +<p class="genus">58. <b>Baldwinia.</b> Rays numerous, long, neutral. Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle +deeply honey-combed.</p> + +<p class="genus">59. <b>Marshallia.</b> Rays none. Involucre of narrow leafy equal scales. Receptacle chaffy.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page234"></a>[+][+] Leaves opposite, serrate. Disk-flowers yellow.</p> + +<p class="genus">60. <b>Galinsoga.</b> Rays few, short, pistillate, whitish. Involucre of 4–5 thin ovate scales. +Receptacle chaffy.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe VI. HELENIOIDEÆ.</b> Nearly as Tribe V., but receptacle not chaffy (somewhat +so in n. 64). In our genera, the disk-flowers perfect and fertile; the pappus a row +of several chaffy scales (bristly-dissected in n. 65); the involucre hardly at all imbricated +(partly scarious in n. 61).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Involucral scales distinct, not glandular-punctate.</p> + +<p class="genus">61. <b>Hymenopappus.</b> Rays none. Receptacle flat. Involucre colored. Western.</p> + +<p class="genus">62. <b>Actinella.</b> Rays fertile, 3-toothed. Receptacle elevated. Involucre appressed. Western.</p> + +<p class="genus">63. <b>Helenium.</b> Rays fertile or sterile, 3–5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, +reflexed. Leaves decurrent.</p> + +<p class="genus">64. <b>Gaillardia.</b> Ray 3-toothed, or none. Receptacle usually beset with fine fimbrillate +chaff. Outer involucral scales loose and leafy. Pappus-chaff tipped with the projecting +midvein. Western.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Dotted with oil-glands. Involucral scales united into a cup.</p> + +<p class="genus">65. <b>Dysodia.</b> Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEÆ.</b> Distinguished from the last two tribes by the more or +less dry and scarious imbricated scales of the involucre. Heads radiate (ray mostly +white) or discoid, the perfect flowers sometimes sterile and the pistillate rarely tubular. +Achenes small; pappus a short crown or none.—Mostly strong-scented; leaves +alternate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Receptacle chaffy, at least in part. Heads radiate, many-flowered.</p> + +<p class="genus">66. <b>Anthemis.</b> Achenes terete, angled or ribbed. Heads hemispherical, rather large.</p> + +<p class="genus">67. <b>Achillea.</b> Achenes obcompressed. Heads small, campanulate or obovate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Receptacle naked.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Heads rather large, pedunculate, radiate or rarely rayless.</p> + +<p class="genus">68. <b>Matricaria.</b> Receptacle conical. Rays pistillate or none. Pappus crown-like or none.</p> + +<p class="genus">69. <b>Chrysanthemum.</b> Receptacle flattish. Rays many, pistillate. Pappus none.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Heads mostly small, discoid, corymbed or paniculate.</p> + +<p class="genus">70. <b>Tanacetum.</b> Heads corymbed. Achene with broad summit; pappus a short crown.</p> + +<p class="genus">71. <b>Artemisia.</b> Heads in panicled spikes or racemes. Achenes with narrow summit; +pappus none.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDEÆ.</b> Heads radiate or discoid, the involucre little or +not at all imbricated, not scarious. Receptacle naked. Anthers tailless. Pappus +capillary.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Heads monœcious or subdiœcious, the perfect flowers mostly sterile, and the small (ligulate +or tubular) ray-flowers in more than one row (at least in the fertile heads). Style-branches +obtuse, not appendaged nor hispid. Leaves all radical.</p> + +<p class="genus">72. <b>Tussilago.</b> Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monœcious.</p> + +<p class="genus">73. <b>Petasites.</b> Heads corymbed, subdiœcious. Flowers white or purplish.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Flowers all fertile. Style-branches truncate or capitellate, often appendaged. Involucral +scales connivent-erect.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Leaves opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus">74. <b>Arnica.</b> Heads showy. Pappus rather rigid, scabrous.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Leaves alternate. Pappus soft-capillary, copious.</p> + +<p class="genus">75. <b>Senecio.</b> Heads usually radiate. Corollas yellow, 5-toothed.</p> + +<p class="genus">76. <b>Cacalia.</b> Heads discoid. Corollas white or cream-colored, 5-cleft.</p> + +<p class="genus">77. <b>Erechtites.</b> Heads discoid. Flowers whitish, the outer pistillate with filiform corollas.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><a name="page235"></a><b>Tribe IX. CYNAROIDEÆ.</b> Flowers all tubular and perfect (the outer ray-like and +neutral in n. 82). Involucre much imbricated. Anthers caudate, long-appendaged +at tip. Style-branches short or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, with often a +pubescent ring below. Pappus mostly bristly.—Leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Achenes attached by the base. Flowers all alike.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Leaves not prickly. Style-branches partly distinct. Filaments glabrous.</p> + +<p class="genus">78. <b>Arctium.</b> Involucral scales hooked at the tip. Pappus of short rough bristles.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Leaves prickly. Style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring below.</p> + +<p class="genus">79. <b>Cnicus.</b> Pappus bristles plumose. Receptacle densely bristly.</p> + +<p class="genus">80. <b>Carduus.</b> Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle densely bristly.</p> + +<p class="genus">81. <b>Onopordon.</b> Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle deeply honeycombed.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Achenes attached obliquely. Marginal flowers often enlarged and ray-like.</p> + +<p class="genus">82. <b>Centaurea.</b> Involucral scales appendaged. Pappus double and bristly, or very short +or none.</p> + +<p class="series"><span class="smcap">Series II.</span> <b>LIGULIFLORÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe X. CICHORIACEÆ.</b></p> + +<p>Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers perfect.—Herbs, +with milky juice. Leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Pappus none.</p> + +<p class="genus">83. <b>Lampsana.</b> Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8–12-flowered.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles.</p> + +<p class="genus">84. <b>Krigia.</b> Involucre simple, not calyculate. Pappus of both chaff and bristles.</p> + +<p class="genus">85. <b>Cichorium.</b> Involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Pappus plumose.</p> + +<p class="genus">86. <b>Tragopogon.</b> Involucre simple, not calyculate. Achenes long-beaked. Stems leafy.</p> + +<p class="genus">87. <b>Leontodon.</b> Involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform. Leaves radical.</p> + +<p class="genus">88. <b>Picris.</b> Outer involucral scales spreading. Achenes terete. Stems leafy.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*] Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Achenes not flattened, columnar or terete, often slender.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Achenes not beaked.</p> + +<p class="key">[=] Flowers yellow or orange.</p> + +<p class="genus">89. <b>Hieracium.</b> Involucre imbricated. Pappus tawny. Pilose perennials.</p> + +<p class="genus">90. <b>Crepis.</b> Involucral scales in one row. Pappus white, soft. Not pilose.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] Flowers white or cream color or pinkish. Involucre calyculate.</p> + +<p class="genus">91. <b>Prenanthes.</b> Achenes short, blunt. Pappus tawny or brown. Stems leafy and heads +often nodding.</p> + +<p class="genus">92. <b>Lygodesmia.</b> Achenes long, tapering. Pappus white. Stems nearly leafless; heads +erect. Western.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Achenes beaked (sometimes beakless in n. 93). Flowers yellow.</p> + +<p class="genus">93. <b>Troximon.</b> Scapose. Involucre loosely imbricated. Achenes 10-ribbed.</p> + +<p class="genus">94. <b>Taraxacum.</b> Scapose. Involucre calyculate. Achenes 4–5-ribbed.</p> + +<p class="genus">95. <b>Pyrrhopappus.</b> Scapose or branched. Pappus reddish, the base surrounded by a +soft villous ring.</p> + +<p class="genus">96. <b>Chondrilla.</b> Stem branching, leafy. Involucre few-flowered, calyculate. Pappus +white.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Achenes flat or flattish. Pappus white, fine and soft. Involucre imbricated. Leafy-stemmed, +with panicled heads.</p> + +<p class="genus">97. <b>Lactuca.</b> Achenes more or less beaked. Flowers yellow or purplish.</p> + +<p class="genus">98. <b>Sonchus.</b> Achenes flattish, not at all beaked. Flowers yellow.</p> + +<p><a name="page236"></a>The technical characters of the tribes, taken from the styles, require a magnifying-glass +to make them out, and will not always be clear to the student. +The following artificial analysis, founded upon other and more obvious distinctions, +will be useful to the beginner.</p> + +<p class="key"><b>Artificial Key to the Genera of the Tubulifloræ.</b></p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none; corollas all tubular (or rarely none).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 1. Flowers of the head all perfect and alike.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Pappus composed of bristles:</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles <span class="right">No. 2</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Simple, the bristles all of the same sort.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense cluster <span class="right">1</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly-hairy <span class="right">78, 79, 80</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like <span class="right">81</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Receptacle naked.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple <span class="right">8</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish <span class="right">6</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles <span class="right">4, 5, 7, 9, 16</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles <span class="right">76, 77</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Pappus composed of scales or chaff.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls <span class="right">3</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate, dissected <span class="right">61</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers <span class="right">59, 64</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Pappus of 2 or few awns or teeth <span class="right">53, 57, barbed in 55, 56</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit <span class="right">36, 68, 71</span></p> + +<p class="key">[*] 2. Flowers of two kinds in the same head.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous <span class="right">82</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers <span class="right">29, 30</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Receptacle convex, chaffy. Achene flat, 2-awned <span class="right">52</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated <span class="right">28, 32, 33</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales <span class="right">26, 73, 77</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Pappus a short crown or none.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Achenes becoming much longer than the involucre <span class="right">34</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Achenes not exceeding the involucre <span class="right">42, 70, 71</span></p> + +<p class="key">[*] 3. Flowers of two kinds in separate heads, the one pistillate, the other staminate.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Heads diœcious; in both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary <span class="right">27, 31, 32, 79</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Heads monœcious; the fertile 1–2-flowered and closed. Pappus none <span class="right">43, 44</span></p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. Rays present; i.e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 1. Pappus of capillary bristles, at least in the disk. (Rays all pistillate.)</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Rays occupying several rows <span class="right">26, 72, 73</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Rays in one marginal row, and</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">White, purple or blue, never yellow <span class="right">17, 24, 25, 26, 73</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Yellow, of the same color as the disk.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Pappus (at least in the disk) double, the outer short and minute <span class="right">13, 14</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Pappus simple.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate <span class="right">75</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite <span class="right">74</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate <span class="right">10, 11, 15, 17, 35</span></p> + +<p class="key">[*] 2. Pappus a circle of awns or rigid bristles (at least in the disk).</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Ray yellow, awns few (2–8) <span class="right">12</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Ray rose-color <span class="right">23</span></p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page237"></a> +[*] 3. Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles <span class="right">65</span></p> + +<p class="key">[*] 4. Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy <span class="right">60</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Heads 8–10-flowered. Receptacle naked <span class="right">18</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed <span class="right">58</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Heads many-flowered. Receptacle naked <span class="right">62, 63</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Heads many-flowered. Receptacle chaffy <span class="right">64</span></p> + +<p class="key">[*] 5. Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding +with the edges or angles of the achene, often with intervening minute bristles or scales.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Receptacle naked.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Achene flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles and usually 2–4 awns <span class="right">22</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Achene flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical <span class="right">19</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Achene terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish <span class="right">69</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Achene angled. Pappus a little cup or crown (or none). Receptacle conical <span class="right">20, 68</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Achene fusiform. Pappus of few scales, usually with alternating awns <span class="right">21</span></p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Receptacle chaffy.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile); the disk-flowers perfect and fertile.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Receptacle mostly elevated (varying from convex to columnar), and</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Chaffy only at the summit; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none <span class="right">66</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Chaffy throughout. Achene flattened laterally if at all <span class="right">48, 49, 50, 52, 54</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Receptacle flat or flattish. Achene flattened, parallel with the scales or chaff <span class="right">55, 56</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Receptacle flat. Achene terete, 2-awned <span class="right">57</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Achene much flattened laterally, 1–2-awned <span class="right">53</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Achene flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none <span class="right">67</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Achene 3–4-angular, terete or laterally flattish, awnless.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected <span class="right">66</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Achene obovoid. Involucre a leafy cup <span class="right">45</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Achene 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales <span class="right">47</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple <span class="right">46, 51</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers staminate and sterile (pistil imperfect).</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Receptacle chaffy <span class="right">36–41</span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="elephantopus"><b>1. ELEPHÁNTOPUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Elephant's-foot.</span></p> + +<p>Heads discoid, 2–5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound +pedunculate head; flowers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong +dry scales. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the +base.—Perennials, with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name composed +of <span class="greek">ἔλεφας</span>, <i>elephant</i>, and <span class="greek">ποῦς</span>, <i>foot</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stem leafy; upper leaves very like the basal.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. Caroliniànus</b>, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy; leaves +ovate-oblong, thin.—Dry soil, Penn. to Ill. and Kan., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stem scape-like, with a few bract-like leaves or naked.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. tomentòsus</b>, L. Somewhat hairy; basal leaves obovate to narrowly +spatulate, silky and prominently veined beneath; heads large; pappus-scales +attenuate.—Va., Ky., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. nudàtus</b>, Gray. Strigose-puberulent; basal leaves thin, green, +spatulate-obovate or oblanceolate, not prominently veined beneath; heads +smaller; pappus scales broadly deltoid.—Del. and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="vernonia"><a name="page238"></a>2. <b>VERNÒNIA</b>, Schreb. <span class="smcap">Iron-weed.</span></p> + +<p>Heads discoid, 15–many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers perfect. +Involucre shorter than the flowers, of many much imbricated scales. Receptacle +naked. Achenes cylindrical, ribbed; pappus double, the outer of minute +scale-like bristles, the inner of copious capillary bristles.—Perennial herbs, +with leafy stems, alternate and acuminate or very acute leaves and mostly +purple flowers. Species very difficult. (Named for <i>Wm. Vernon</i>, an early +English botanist who travelled in this country.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Heads large, 50–70-flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>V. Arkansàna</b>, DC. Tall, rather glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, +retrorsely denticulate; involucre very squarrose, the scales with long filiform +tips.—Mo., Kan., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Heads ½´ high or less, 15–40-flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves narrowly linear, glabrous, veinless, mostly entire.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>V. Jamèsii</b>, Torr. & Gray. Low, nearly glabrous; heads few-flowered; +scales obtuse or acute.—Plains of Neb. and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves broader, mostly sharply denticulate or rigidly serrate, veined.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>V. fasciculàta</b>, Michx. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate; heads +many, crowded; scales close, obtuse or the uppermost mucronate; achene +smooth.—Low grounds, Ohio and Ky. to Dak., and southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>V. altíssima</b>, Nutt. Usually tall; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong; +cyme loose; scales close, obtuse or mucronate; achenes hispidulous on the +ribs.—Low grounds, W. Penn. to Ill., and southward.—Heads variable, 2–4´´ +high and the scales in few or many ranks; the var. <span class="smcap">grandiflòra</span>, Nutt., +with large heads, the involucre of 35–40 scales in many ranks.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>V. Noveboracénsis</b>, Willd. Rather tall; leaves long-lanceolate to +lance-oblong; cyme open; involucre usually purplish; scales ovate and lance-ovate +tipped with a slender cusp or awn.—Low grounds near the coast, Maine +to Va., west to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>latifòlia</b>, Gray. Leaves broader; heads few; scales merely acute or +acuminate.—Penn. to Ohio and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>V. Baldwínii</b>, Torr. Tomentulose; heads small, at first globose; +leaves lance-oblong or -ovate; involucre hoary-tomentose, greenish, squarrose, +the scales acute or acuminate.—Prairies and barren hills; E. Mo. to Kan. and +Tex. July, Aug. Passes into n. 4.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sclerolepis"><b>3. SCLERÓLEPIS</b>, Cass.</p> + +<p>Head discoid, many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales linear, equal, +in 1 or 2 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; +pappus a single row of 5 almost horny oval and obtuse scales.—A smooth +perennial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls +of 4–6, and a terminal head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name composed of +<span class="greek">σκληρός</span>, <i>hard</i>, and <span class="greek">λεπίς</span>, <i>a scale</i>, from the pappus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. verticillàta</b>, Cass.—In water; pine barrens, New Jersey and +southward. Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="mikania"><a name="page239"></a><b>4. MIKÀNIA</b>, Willd. <span class="smcap">Climbing Hemp-weed.</span></p> + +<p>Heads discoid, 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers, +achenes, etc., as in Eupatorium.—Twining perennials, climbing bushes, +with opposite commonly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled +flesh-colored flowers. (Named for <i>Prof. Mikan</i>, of Prague.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. scándens</b>, L. Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat triangular-heart-shaped +or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base.—Copses along +streams, E. New Eng. to Ky., and southward. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="eupatorium"><b>5. EUPATÒRIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Thoroughwort.</span></p> + +<p>Heads discoid, 3–many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or +bell-shaped, of more than 4 scales. Receptacle flat or conical, naked. Corolla +5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of slender capillary barely +roughish bristles.—Erect perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous +dots, with generally corymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing +near the close of summer. (Dedicated to <i>Eupator Mithridates</i>, who is +said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. EUPATORIUM proper. <i>Receptacle flat.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Heads cylindrical, 5–15-flowered; the purplish scales numerous, closely imbricated +in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate; stout herbs, with +ample mostly whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. purpùreum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Joe-Pye Weed. Trumpet-Weed.</span>) Stems tall +and stout, simple; leaves 3–6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, +very veiny, roughish, toothed; corymbs very dense and compound.—Varies +greatly in size (2–12° high), etc., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted +stems, etc.,—including several nominal species.—Low grounds; common.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>amœ̀num</b>, Gray. Low; leaves fewer, ovate or oblong; heads few, +3–5-flowered.—Mountains of Va. and N. Y.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Heads 3–20-flowered; involucre 8–15 more or less imbricated and unequal +scales, the outer ones shorter; flowers white.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected; heads panicled, very small, 3–5-flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. fœniculàceum</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Dog-Fennel.</span>) Smooth or nearly so, +paniculately much-branched (3–10° high); leaves 1–2-pinnately parted, filiform.—Va., +near the coast, and southward. Adv. near Philadelphia.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves long-petioled, the upper ones alternate; heads 12–15-flowered, in +compound corymbs.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. serótinum</b>, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched +(3–7° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and +veiny, coarsely serrate (3–6´ long); involucre very pubescent.—Alluvial +ground, Md. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a narrow base, mostly opposite; heads +mostly 5-flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Involucral scales with white and scarious acute tips.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>E. álbum</b>, L. <i>Roughish-hairy</i> (2° high), <i>leaves oblong-lanceolate, +coarsely toothed, veiny</i>; heads clustered in the corymb; <i>involucral scales</i> closely<a name="page240"></a> +imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, <i>longer than the flowers</i>.—Sandy and +barren places, pine barrens of Long Island to Va., and southward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>subvenòsum</b>, Gray. Less rough; leaves 1–2´ long, finely toothed +and less veiny.—Long Island and N. J.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>E. leucólepis</b>, Torr. & Gray. Minutely pubescent, simple (1–2° high); +<i>leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, 1-nerved</i>, obtuse, <i>minutely serrate, rough +both sides</i>; corymb hoary.—Sandy bogs, Long Island, N. J., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Scales not scarious or obscurely so, obtuse, at length shorter than the flowers.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>E. hyssopifòlium</b>, L. Minutely pubescent (1–2° high); <i>leaves +narrow, linear or lanceolate</i>, elongated, obtuse, 1–3-nerved, entire, or the lower +toothed, often crowded in the axils, <i>acute at the base</i>.—Sterile soil, Mass. to +Va., E. Ky., and southward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>laciniàtum</b>, Gray. Leaves irregularly and coarsely toothed or +laciniate.—Penn., Ky., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>E. semiserràtum</b>, DC. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2–3° +high); <i>leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny</i>, serrate above the +middle, <i>tapering to the base</i>, the lower slightly petioled; heads small. (E. parviflorum, +<i>Ell.</i>)—Damp soil, Va. to Ark., and southward.—Leaves sometimes +whorled in threes, or the upper alternate.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>E. altíssimum</b>, L. Stem stout and tall (3–7° high), <i>downy; leaves +lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved</i>, entire, or toothed above +the middle, the uppermost alternate; corymbs dense; <i>scales of the involucre +obtuse</i>, shorter than the flowers.—Dry soil, Penn. to Minn. and Ky.—Leaves +3–4´ long, somewhat like those of a Solidago.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+][+] <i>Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a broad base, opposite or in threes; +heads pubescent.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Heads 5–8-flowered; leaves not clasping.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>E. teucrifòlium</b>, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2–8° high); <i>leaves +ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate</i>, obtuse or truncate at base, slightly triple-nerved, +veiny, <i>coarsely toothed or incised toward the base, the lower shortly petioled, +the upper alternate</i>; branches of the corymb few, unequal; <i>scales of the +involucre oblong-lanceolate, at length shorter than the flowers</i>.—Low grounds, +Mass. to Va., and southward near the coast.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>E. rotundifòlium</b>, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high); <i>leaves roundish-ovate, +obtuse</i>, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate-toothed, +triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (1–2´ long); corymb large and dense; <i>scales of +the (5-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate</i>, slightly pointed.—Dry soil, R. I. to +Va., near the coast, and southward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>ovàtum</b>, Torr. Usually taller, leaves ovate, acute, hardly truncate +at base, more strongly serrate; heads 5–8-flowered. (E. pubescens, <i>Muhl.</i>)—Mass. +to Va., near the coast.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>E. sessilifòlium</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Upland Boneset.</span>) Stem tall (4–6° high), +<i>smooth</i>, branching; <i>leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the +rounded sessile base to the sharp point</i>, serrate, veiny, smooth (3–6´ long); corymb +very compound, pubescent; <i>scales of the 5-flowered involucre oval and +oblong, obtuse</i>.—Copses and banks, Mass. to Ill., and southward along the +mountains.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page241"></a>[=][=] <i>Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long, widely spreading; +heads mostly 10–15-flowered; corymbs very compound and large.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>E. perfoliàtum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Thoroughwort. Boneset.</span>) Stem stout +(2–4° high), <i>hairy; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem</i> (connate-perfoliate), +tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy +beneath (5–8´ long); scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate.—Low grounds; +common and well-known.—Varies with the heads 30–40-flowered, or with +some or all of the leaves separated and truncate at base.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>cuneàtum</b>, Engelm. Leaves smaller, narrowed at base and separate, +and heads fewer-flowered. Perhaps a hybrid with n. 7.—Mo. and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>E. resinòsum</b>, Torr. <i>Minutely velvety-downy</i> (2–3° high); <i>leaves +linear-lanceolate, elongated</i>, serrate, <i>partly clasping</i>, tapering to the point, slightly +veiny beneath (4–6´ long); scales of the involucre oval, obtuse.—Wet pine +barrens, N. J.—Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Heads 8–30-flowered; involucral scales nearly equal, in one row; leaves +opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved, not resinous-dotted; flowers white.</i></p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>E. ageratoìdes</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">White Snake-root.</span>) Smooth, branching (3° +high); <i>leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-petioled</i>, +thin (3–5´ long); corymbs compound.—Rich woods; common northward.</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>E. aromáticum</b>, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly simple; +<i>leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed</i>, thickish.—Copses, +Mass. to Va., and southward, near the coast.—Lower and more slender +than n. 14, with fewer, but usually larger heads; not aromatic.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. CONOCLÍNIUM. <i>Receptacle conical; involucral scales nearly equal, +somewhat imbricated.</i></p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>E. cœlestìnum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Mist-flower.</span>) Somewhat pubescent (1–2° +high), leaves opposite, petiolate, triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, +coarsely and bluntly toothed; heads many-flowered, in compact cymes; flowers +blue or violet. (Conoclinium cœlestinum, <i>DC.</i>)—Rich soil, N. J. to Mich., +Ill., and southward. Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="kuhnia"><b>6. KÙHNIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Heads discoid, 10–25-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales thin, +few and loosely imbricated, narrow, striate-nerved. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. +Achenes cylindrical, 10-striate; pappus a single row of very plumose (white) +bristles.—A perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate leaves, and +paniculate-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to <i>Dr. Kuhn</i>, +of Pennsylvania, who carried the living plant to Linnæus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>K. eupatorioìdes</b>, L. Stems 2–3° high; pubescence minute; leaves +varying from broadly lanceolate and toothed, to linear and entire.—Dry soil, +N. J. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Sept. Very variable.—Var. <span class="smcap">corymbulòsa</span>, +Torr. & Gray, is a western form, stouter and somewhat more pubescent, +the heads rather crowded.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="brickellia"><b>7. BRICKÉLLIA</b>, Ell.</p> + +<p>Characters as in Kuhnia; involucral scales more numerous, and the bristles +of the pappus merely scabrous or at the most barbellate or subplumose; leaves<a name="page242"></a> +often all opposite. (<i>Dr. John Brickell</i> of Georgia, correspondent of Elliott +and Muhlenberg.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. grandiflòra</b>, Nutt. Nearly glabrous, 2–3° high; leaves deltoid, +cordate, the upper deltoid-lanceolate, coarsely dentate-serrate, acuminate, 4´ +long or less; heads about 40-flowered.—Shannon Co., Mo. (<i>Bush</i>), Kan. to +Col., New Mex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="liatris"><b>8. LIÀTRIS</b>, Schreb. <span class="smcap">Button Snakeroot. Blazing-Star.</span></p> + +<p>Head discoid, few–many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales well +imbricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes long and +slender. Achenes slender, tapering to the base, 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15–40 +capillary bristles, manifestly plumose or only barbellate.—Perennial herbs, +often resinous-dotted, with simple stems from a roundish corm or tuber, rigid +alternate narrow entire leaves (sometimes twisted so as to become vertical), +and spicate or racemed heads of handsome rose-purple flowers, appearing late +in summer or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Pappus very plumose; scales of the 5-flowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate +spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the flowers.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. élegans</b>, Willd. Stem (2–3° high) and involucre hairy; leaves +linear, short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (3–20´ long).—Barren +soil, Va. and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Pappus very plumose; scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre imbricated +in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like; corolla-lobes hairy within.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. squarròsa</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Blazing-Star</span>, etc.) Often hairy (6´–2° +high); leaves rigid, linear, elongated; heads usually few (1´ long); <i>scales mostly +with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips.</i>—Dry soil, Penn. to Minn., and +southward.—Var. <span class="smcap">intermèdia</span>, DC. Heads narrow; scales shorter, erect or +nearly so.—Ont. to Neb. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. cylindràcea</b>, Michx. Commonly smooth (6–18´ high); leaves +linear; <i>heads</i> few (½–{2/3}´ long); <i>scales with short and rounded abruptly mucronate +appressed tips.</i>—Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Minn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Pappus very plumose; heads 4–6-flowered; scales acuminate; corolla-lobes naked.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. punctàta</b>, Hook. Stout (10–30´ high), from a branching or globose +rootstock; leaves narrowly linear or the upper acerose, rigid; heads usually +many in a dense spike.—Minn. to Kan., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*] <i>Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye; corolla-lobes smooth inside.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. scariòsa</b>, Willd. Stem stout (2–5° high), pubescent or hoary; +<i>leaves</i> (smooth, rough, or pubescent) <i>lanceolate</i>; the lowest <i>oblong-lanceolate or +obovate-oblong</i>, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 25–40-flowered; +<i>scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous, +with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins.</i>—Dry soil, New Eng. +to Minn., and southward.—Widely variable; heads 1´ or less in diameter.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>L. pycnostàchya</b>, Michx. Hairy or smoothish; stem stout (3–5° +high), very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear; +<i>spike thick and dense</i> (6–20´ long), heads about 5-flowered (½´ long); <i>scales<a name="page243"></a> +of the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored +tips</i>.—Prairies, from Ind. to Minn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>L. spicàta</b>, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy, +stout (2–5° high); leaves linear, the lower 3–5-nerved; heads 8–12-flowered +({1/3}–½´ long), crowded in a long spike; <i>scales of the cylindrical-bell-shaped involucre +oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins; achenes pubescent or +smoothish</i>.—Moist grounds; common from Mass. to Minn., and southward.—Involucre +often resinous, very smooth.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>montàna</b>, Gray. Low and stout; leaves broader, obtuse; spike +short and heads large.—Mountain-tops, Va., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>L. graminifòlia</b>, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (1–3° high) +slender, leafy; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerved; heads several or numerous, +in a spike or raceme, 7–12-flowered; <i>scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre +spatulate or oblong, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed; achenes hairy</i>.—Va. +and southward.—Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>dùbia</b>, Gray. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, +often ciliate.—Wet pine barrens, N. J., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="trilisa"><b>9. TRÍLISA</b>, Cass.</p> + +<p>Heads discoid, 5–10-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales nearly +equal, little imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla-lobes short-ovate or oblong. +Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of rather rigid bristles, not plumose.—Perennial +herbs, fibrous-rooted, with broad entire leaves, obscurely or not at +all punctate, and cymules of small heads in a thyrse or panicle. Flowers rose-purple, +in autumn. (Name an anagram of <i>Liatris</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. odoratíssima</b>, Cass. (<span class="smcap">Vanilla-plant.</span>) <i>Very smooth; leaves +pale</i>, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping; <i>heads corymbed</i>. +(Liatris odoratissima, <i>Willd.</i>)—Low pine barrens, Va., and southward.—Leaves +exhaling the odor of Vanilla when bruised.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. paniculàta</b>, Cass. <i>Viscid-hairy</i>; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, +smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, <i>heads panicled</i>. (Liatris +paniculata, <i>Willd.</i>)—Va. and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gutierrezia"><b>10. GUTIERRÈZIA</b>, Lag.</p> + +<p>Heads few–several-flowered, radiate; rays 1–6, pistillate. Involucre oblong-clavate; +scales coriaceous with green tips, closely imbricated, the outer +shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Achenes short, terete; pappus of about 9 +chaffy scales, shorter in the ray-flowers.—Suffrutescent (our species), glabrous +and often glutinous, much branched, with narrowly linear entire alternate +leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers in fastigiate or paniculate cymes. +(From <i>Gutierrez</i>, a noble Spanish family.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. Euthámiæ</b>, Torr. & Gray. Low; leaves numerous, 1–2´ long; +heads usually crowded, the disk- and short ray-flowers usually 3 or 4 each.—Dry +plains, Mont. and Minn. to central Kan., southward and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="amphiachyris"><b>11. AMPHIÁCHYRIS</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Heads hemispherical; rays 5–10. Disk-flowers perfect but infertile. Pappus +of the ray minute, coroniform; of the disk-flowers of almost bristle-like<a name="page244"></a> +scales, more or less dilated and united at base.—A diffusely much-branched +annual, with heads solitary on the branchlets; otherwise as Gutierrezia. (From +<span class="greek">ἀμφί</span>, <i>around</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄχυρον</span>, <i>chaff</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. dracunculoìdes</b>, Nutt. Rather low, slender; leaves narrowly +linear, the upper filiform; disk-flowers 10–20, their pappus of 5–8 bristle-like +chaff united at base and slightly dilated upward.—Plains, Kan. and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="grindelia"><b>12. GRINDÈLIA</b>, Willd.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate (or rayless); ray pistillate. Scales of the +hemispherical involucre imbricated in several series, with slender more or less +spreading green tips. Achenes short and thick, compressed or turgid, truncate, +glabrous; pappus of 2–8 caducous awns. Coarse perennial or biennial +herbs, often resinous-viscid, ours glabrous and leafy with sessile or clasping +alternate and spinulose-serrate or laciniate rigid leaves, and large heads terminating +leafy branches. Disk and ray yellow. (Prof. <i>Grindel</i>, a Russian +botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. squarròsa</b>, Dunal. Leaves spatulate- to linear-oblong; involucre +squarrose; achenes not toothed; pappus-awns 2 or 3.—Prairies, Minn., +southward and westward; Evanston, Ill.—Var. <span class="smcap">nùda</span>, Gray. Rays wanting. +About St. Louis and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. lanceolàta</b>, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate or linear; involucral scales +erect or the lower tips spreading; achenes with 1 or 2 short teeth at the summit; +awns 2.—Prairies, eastern Kan. to Ark., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="heterotheca"><b>13. HETEROTHÈCA</b>, Cass.</p> + +<p>Characters as in Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thickish or triangular, +without pappus or obscurely crowned, and those of the disk compressed, +with a double pappus, the inner of numerous long bristles, the outer of many +short and stout bristles.—(From <span class="greek">ἕτερος</span>, <i>different</i>, and <span class="greek">θήκη</span>, <i>case</i>, alluding to +the unlike achenes.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. Lamárckii</b>, Cass. Annual or biennial, 1–3° high, bearing numerous +small heads; leaves oval or oblong, the lower with petioles auricled at +base, the upper mostly subcordate-clasping.—S. E. Kan., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chrysopsis"><b>14. CHRYSÓPSIS</b>, Nutt. <span class="smcap">Golden Aster.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Involucral +scales linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenes +obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, hairy; pappus in all the flowers double, the +outer of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of long capillary +bristles.—Chiefly perennial, low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often +corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers yellow. +(Name composed of <span class="greek">χρυσός</span>, <i>gold</i>, and <span class="greek">ὄψις</span>, <i>aspect</i>, from the golden blossoms.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear; achenes linear.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. graminifòlia</b>, Nutt. <i>Silvery-silky</i>, with long close-pressed hairs; +stem slender, often with runners from the base, naked above, bearing few +heads; <i>leaves lanceolate or linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining</i>, entire.—Dry +sandy soil, Del. to Va., and southward. July–Oct.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page245"></a>2. <b>C. falcàta</b>, Ell. <i>Stems</i> (4–10´ high) very woolly; <i>leaves crowded, +linear, rigid, about 3-nerved</i>, entire, <i>somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy</i>, or +smooth when old, sessile; heads (small) corymbed.—Dry sandy soil on the +coast, pine barrens of N. J. to Nantucket and Cape Cod, Mass. Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, +not nerved; achenes obovate, flattened.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. gossýpina</b>, Nutt. <i>Densely woolly all over; leaves spatulate or oblong, +obtuse</i> (1–2´ long); heads larger than in the next.—Pine barrens, Va., +and southward. Aug.–Oct.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. Mariàna</b>, Nutt. <i>Silky with long and weak hairs</i>, or when old smoothish; +<i>leaves oblong</i>; heads corymbed, on glandular peduncles.—Dry barrens, +from S. New York and Penn., southward, near the coast. Aug.–Oct.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. villòsa</b>, Nutt. <i>Hirsute and villous-pubescent</i>; stem corymbosely +branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads; <i>leaves +narrowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence</i> (as also the involucre), <i>bristly-ciliate</i> +toward the base.—Dry plains and prairies, Wisc. to Ky., and westward. July–Sept. +Very variable.—Var. <span class="smcap">híspida</span>, Gray. Low, hirsute and hispid, not +canescent; heads small. Kan., west and southward.—Var. <span class="smcap">canéscens</span>, Gray. +Wholly canescent with short appressed pubescence; leaves narrow, mostly +oblanceolate.—Kan. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>C. pilòsa</b>, Nutt. Annual, soft-hirsute or villous; leaves oblong-lanceolate; +involucre viscid; outer pappus chaffy and conspicuous—Kan. and +southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aplopappus"><b>15. APLOPÁPPUS</b>, Cass.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays many, pistillate. Involucre hemispherical, +of many closely imbricated scales in several series. Receptacle flat. +Achenes short, turbinate to linear; pappus simple, of numerous unequal +bristles.—Mostly herbaceous perennials, with alternate rigid leaves. Ray- and +disk-flowers yellow. (From <span class="greek">ἁπλόος</span>, <i>simple</i>, and <span class="greek">πάππος</span>, <i>pappus</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. ciliàtus</b>, DC. Annual or biennial, glabrous, 2–5° high, leafy; +leaves oval (or lower obovate), obtuse, dentate with bristle-pointed teeth; +heads very large, few and clustered, the outer scales spreading; achenes glabrous, +the central abortive.—Mo., Kan., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. spinulòsus</b>, DC. Perennial, branching, puberulent or glabrate, +low; leaves narrow, pinnately or bipinnately parted, the lobes and teeth bristle-tipped; +heads small, the appressed scales bristle-tipped; achenes pubescent.—Minn. +to Kan., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. divaricàtus</b>, Gray. Annual, 1–2° high, slender and diffusely +paniculate, rough-pubescent or glabrate; leaves rigid, narrow, entire or with +a few spinulose teeth, much reduced above; heads small and narrow, the appressed +scales subulate, attenuate; achenes silky.—Southern Kan.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="bigelovia"><b>16. BIGELÒVIA</b>, DC. <span class="smcap">Rayless Golden-rod.</span></p> + +<p>Heads 3–4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre club-shaped, +yellowish; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely imbricated +and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation in +centre. Achenes somewhat obconical, hairy; pappus a single row of<a name="page246"></a> +capillary bristles.—Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblanceolate or linear, +1–3-nerved. A large western genus, few species approaching our limits. +(Dedicated by De Candolle to <i>Dr. Jacob Bigelow</i>, author of the Florula Bostoniensis, +and of the American Medical Botany.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. nudàta</b>, DC. A smooth perennial; the slender stem (1–2° high) +simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, +bearing small heads in a flat-topped corymb.—Low pine barrens, N. J. (rare), +and southward. Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="solidago"><b>17. SOLIDÀGO</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Golden-rod.</span></p> + +<p>Heads few–many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1–16, pistillate. Scales of the +oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except n. 1 and 2). +Receptacle small, not chaffy. Achenes many-ribbed, nearly terete; pappus +simple, of equal capillary bristles.—Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like +stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed +or clustered; flowers both of the disk and ray (except n. 6) yellow. +(Name from <i>solidus</i> and <i>ago</i>, to join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed +vulnerary qualities.) Flowering in autumn.</p> + +<p class="key"><b>Conspectus of Groups.</b></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Heads small, sessile in flat-topped corymbs; leaves linear <span class="right">41, 42</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Heads all more or less pedicelled.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Involucral scales rigid, with spreading herbaceous tips <span class="right">1, 2</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Involucral scales without green tips.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Heads in a compound terminal corymb, not at all racemose <span class="right">37–40</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Heads small, mostly clustered in the axils of feather-veined leaves <span class="right">3–7</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Heads mostly large, in a terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Western species <span class="right">8, 9</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Northern or mountain species <span class="right">10–12</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Heads mostly small or middle-sized; inflorescence paniculate (sometimes thyrsoidal).</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Leaves 3-ribbed; heads in 1-sided spreading panicled racemes.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Stem and leaves smooth and glabrous <span class="right">29–32</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Pubescent or scabrous <span class="right">33–36</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Leaves not 3-ribbed, or only obscurely triple-nerved.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Heads large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire. Seashore <span class="right">13</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Panicle virgate or thyrsoid; leaves nearly entire <span class="right">14–17</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Heads very small in a short broad panicle; leaves nearly entire <span class="right">18–20</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Heads racemosely paniculate; leaves ample, the lower serrate <span class="right">21–28</span></p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <b>VIRGAÙREA.</b> <i>Rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers; heads all more +or less pedicelled.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Scales of the much imbricated and rigid involucre with abruptly spreading +herbaceous tips; heads in clusters or glomerate racemes, disposed in a dense +somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. squarròsa</b>, Muhl. Stem stout (2–5° high), hairy above; leaves +large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, +serrate, veiny; heads numerous; scales obtuse or acute; disk-flowers 16–24, +the rays 12–16.—Rocky and wooded hills, Maine and W. Vt. to Penn., +Ohio, and the mountains of Va.; rather rare.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. petiolàris</b>, Ait. Minutely hoary or downy; stem strict, simple (1–3° +high); leaves small (½–2´ long), oval or oblong, mucronate, veiny, rough-ciliolate; +the upper entire and abruptly very short-petioled, the lower often serrate<a name="page247"></a> +and tapering to the base; heads few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on +slender bracted pedicels; rays about 10, elongated; scales of the pubescent involucre +lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, the outer loose and spreading, more or +less foliaceous.—S. W. Ill. to Kan. and southward.—The name is misleading, +as the leaves are hardly petioled.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Involucral scales without green tips and wholly appressed.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Heads small (3´´ long), clustered along the stem in the axils of the feather-veined +leaves, or the upper forming a thyrse.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Achenes pubescent.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. cæ̀sia</b>, L. Smooth; <i>stem terete, mostly glaucous</i>, at length much +branched and diffuse; <i>leaves lanceolate</i> or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, +sessile; heads in very short clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled on the +branches.—Rich woodlands, common; west to S. E. Minn., Ill., and Ky.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. latifòlia</b>, L. Smooth or nearly so; <i>stem angled, zigzag</i>, simple or +paniculate-branched (1–3° high); <i>leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly +and sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends</i> (thin, 3–6´ long); heads +in very short axillary clusters, or the clusters somewhat prolonged at the end +of the branches; rays 3–4.—Moist shaded banks; common northward, and +south along the mountains.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. Curtísii</b>, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so; stem angled, usually +branched; leaves oblong to long-lanceolate with narrowed entire base, serrate +above with subulate teeth; heads in small, loose clusters; rays 4–7.—Open +woods at low elevations in the mountains of Va. and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Achenes glabrous; inflorescence more thyrsoid.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. bícolor</b>, L. <i>Hoary or grayish with soft hairs</i>; stem mostly simple; +leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and +tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate; <i>clusters or short racemes from the axils +of the upper leaves</i>, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle; scales +very obtuse; <i>rays (5–14) small, cream-color or nearly white</i>.—Var. <span class="smcap">cóncolor</span>, +Torr. & Gray, has the <i>rays yellow</i>.—Dry copses, west to Minn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>S. montícola</b>, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous; stem slender, 1–2° +high; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or tapering at both ends, the +lower sparingly serrate; heads small, the scales acutish; rays 5–6.—Alleghany +Mts., from Md. southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Heads mostly large (smaller in n. 12), many-flowered, forming an erect terminal +thyrse; leaves feather-veined.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Leaves numerous, short, sessile, entire, uniform in size and shape; western.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>S. Bigelòvii</b>, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, 2° high; leaves oval and +oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends; thyrse rather loose; involucre broad.—S. Kan. +and southward. Probably running into the next.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>S. Lindheimeriàna</b>, Scheele. Less puberulent; leaves lanceolate +or oblong, more acute; heads narrower and more densely clustered; achenes +glabrous.—S. Kan. and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Northern or mountain species, bright green.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>S. macrophýlla</b>, Pursh. <i>Stem stout</i> (1–4° high), <i>wand-like</i>, pubescent +near the summit, simple; <i>leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely serrate<a name="page248"></a> +with sharp salient teeth, large</i> (lower 3–4´ long), all but the uppermost abruptly +contracted into <i>long and margined petioles; heads large</i> (5–6´´ long), many-flowered, +crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2–18´ +long); scales loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed; rays 8–10, +elongated; achenes smooth. (S. thyrsoidea, <i>E. Mey</i>.)—Wooded sides of +mountains, N. Maine to N. Y. (south to the Catskills), shore of L. Superior +and northward.—Very near a European form of S. Virgaurea.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>S. Virgaùrea</b>, Linn. An extremely variable and confused species +in the Old World, represented in North America by</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>alpìna</b>, Bigel. Dwarf (1–8´ high), with few (1–12) pretty large +heads (3–4´´ long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves +thickish, mostly smooth, spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse, finely serrate or +nearly entire, the uppermost lanceolate; heads few in a terminal cluster or +subsolitary in the upper axils; <i>scales</i> lanceolate, <i>acute or acutish</i>; rays about +12.—Alpine summits of Maine, N. H., and N. Y., and shore of L. Superior.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>S. hùmilis</b>, Pursh. Low (6–12´ high) and smooth, bearing several +or numerous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, etc., +are mostly somewhat glutinous; <i>scales obtuse</i>; rays 6–8, short; upper leaves +lanceolate to linear, entire, the lower becoming spatulate and sparingly serrate. +(S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, <i>Gray</i>.)—Rocky banks, W. Vt., along the Great +Lakes, and northward; also on islands in the Susquehanna, near Lancaster, +and at the Falls of the Potomac.—At the base of the White Mountains, on +gravelly banks, occurs a form with the minutely pubescent stout stem 1–2° +high, the leaves larger, broader, and coarsely toothed, and the heads very +numerous in an ample compound raceme; rays occasionally almost white.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Gillmàni</b>, Gray. Larger (2° high), rigid, with compound ample +panicle and laciniately toothed leaves.—Sand-hills of the lake-shores, N. Mich.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Heads small or middle-sized (large in n. 13 and 17), panicled or sometimes +thyrsoidal, not in a terminal corymbiform cyme; not alpine.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Leaves veiny, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] 1. <i>Heads commonly large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated.</i></p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>S. sempérvirens</b>, L. Smooth and stout (1–8° high); leaves lanceolate, +slightly clasping, or the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple-nerved; +racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle.—Salt marshes, or +rocks on the shore, Maine to Va.—Heads showy; the golden rays 7–10. +Varies, in less brackish swamps, with thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, +tapering to each end, and more erect racemes in a narrower panicle.</p> + +<p class="key">[=] 2. <i>Heads small, in a narrow virgate or thyrsoid panicle; scales thin, acute; +leaves nearly entire.</i></p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>S. strícta</b>, Ait. <i>Very smooth</i> throughout; <i>stem strict and simple, wand-like</i> +(2–4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceolate-oblong +thickish leaves, gradually reduced upward to mere bracts, the lowest +oblong-spatulate; <i>heads crowded in a very narrow compound spicate raceme</i>; +rays 5–7. (S. virgata, <i>Michx.</i>)—Damp pine barrens, N. J. and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>S. pubérula</b>, Nutt. <i>Stem</i> (1–3° high, simple or branched) <i>and panicle +minutely hoary; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base</i>, smoothish; +the lower wedge-lanceolate and <i>sparingly toothed, heads</i> very numerous and<a name="page249"></a> +<i>crowded in compact short racemes forming a prolonged and dense</i> narrow or +pyramidal <i>panicle; scales linear-awl-shaped</i>, appressed; rays about 10.—Sandy +soil, Maine to Va. and southward, mostly near the coast.</p> + +<p class="key">[=] 3. <i>Heads middle-sized, in a thyrsoid panicle; involucral scales rather firm, +obtuse; leaves entire or little serrate, smooth.</i></p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>S. uliginòsa</b>, Nutt. <i>Smooth</i> nearly throughout; stem simple, strict +(2–3° high); <i>leaves lanceolate</i>, pointed, the lower tapering into winged petioles, +partly sheathing at the base, sparsely serrulate or entire; <i>racemes much +crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like panicle</i>; scales linear-oblong; rays +5–6, small. (S. stricta, <i>Ait.</i>)—Peat-bogs, Maine to Penn., Minn., and northward. +Root-leaves 6–10´ long. Flowers earlier than most species, beginning +in July.</p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>S. speciòsa</b>, Nutt. Stem stout (3–6° high), smooth; <i>leaves thickish, +smooth</i> with rough margins, <i>oval or ovate</i>, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, +the lower contracted into a margined petiole; <i>heads</i> somewhat +crowded <i>in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform +panicle</i>; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy; scales of the cylindrical involucre +oblong; rays about 5, large.—Var. <span class="smcap">angustàta</span>, Torr. & Gray, is a dwarf form, +with the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound +spike.—Copses, Maine to Minn., and southward.—A very handsome species; +the lower leaves 4–6´ long and 2–4´ wide in the larger forms.</p> + +<p class="key">[=] 4. <i>Heads very small in slender spreading secund clusters forming a mostly +short and broad panicle; leaves entire or nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>S. odòra</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Sweet Golden-rod.</span>) <i>Smooth</i> or nearly so throughout; +<i>stem slender</i> (2–3° high), <i>often reclined; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire</i>, +shining, <i>pellucid-dotted</i>; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays +3–4, rather large.—Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Maine and Vt. to +Ky., and southward.—The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor; but +an occasional form is nearly scentless.</p> + +<p class="species">19. <b>S. tortifòlia</b>, Ell. Stem scabrous-puberulent, 2–3° high; leaves +linear, short, commonly twisted, roughish-puberulent or glabrate; rays very +short.—Dry soil, coast of Va. and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">20. <b>S. pilòsa</b>, Walt. <i>Stem stout, upright</i> (3–7° high), <i>clothed with spreading +hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy beneath</i>, at least on the midrib, +serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong and entire, closely sessile; +racemes many, recurved, in a dense pyramidal panicle; rays 7–10, very short.—Low +grounds, pine barrens of N. J. to Va. and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[=] 5. <i>Heads small or middle-sized, racemosely paniculate; leaves broad or ample, +veiny, at least the lower serrate (or entire in n. 28); involucral scales obtuse.</i></p> + +<p class="species">21. <b>S. pátula</b>, Muhl. <i>Stem strongly angled, smooth</i> (2–4° high); <i>leaves</i> +(4–8´ long) <i>ovate</i>, acute, serrate, pale, <i>very smooth and veiny underneath</i>, but +the <i>upper surface very rough</i>, like shagreen; racemes rather short and numerous +on the spreading branches; heads rather large.—Swamps; common.</p> + +<p class="species">22. <b>S. rugòsa</b>, Mill. <i>Rough-hairy, especially the very leafy stem</i> (1–6° +high); <i>leaves ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose</i>; +racemes spreading; involucral scales linear; rays 6–9; the disk-flowers 4–7. +(S. altissima, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>, not <i>L.</i>)—Borders of fields and copses; very common,<a name="page250"></a> +presenting a great variety of forms; usually one of the lowest of +common <i>Golden-rods</i>. It flowers early. Aug.–Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">23. <b>S. ulmifòlia</b>, Muhl. <i>Stem smooth</i>, the branches hairy; <i>leaves thin, +elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate</i>, pointed, <i>tapering to the base</i>, loosely veined, +beset with soft hairs beneath; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading; involucral +scales lanceolate-oblong; rays about 4.—Low copses; common.—Too +near the last; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves.</p> + +<p class="species">24. <b>S. Ellióttii</b>, Torr. & Gray. <i>Smooth</i>; stem stout (1–3° high), <i>very +leafy; leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate</i>, acute (2–3´ long), closely sessile, +slightly serrate, strongly veined, <i>thick, smooth both sides, shining above; heads +in dense spreading racemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle</i>; +peduncles and achenes strigose-pubescent. (S. elliptica, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>, not +<i>Ait.</i>)—Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, Mass. to N. J. and southward.—Heads +showy, 3´´ long; the rays 8–12.</p> + +<p class="species">25. <b>S. neglécta</b>, Torr. & Gray. <i>Smooth</i>; stem stout (2–4° high), less +leafy; <i>leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque; the upper oblong-lanceolate</i>, +mostly acute and nearly entire; the <i>lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong</i>, sharply +serrate, tapering into a petiole; <i>racemes short and dense, at length spreading</i>, +disposed in an elongated or pyramidal close panicle; peduncles and achenes +nearly glabrous.—Swamps, Maine to Md., Wisc., and Minn.—Heads rather +large, crowded; the racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. Very +variable, the forms approaching n. 16 and 27.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>linoìdes</b>, Gray. The most slender form; radical leaves 4–8´ long +and 4–6´´ wide, the upper very small, erect, branches of panicle rather few, +one-sided; rays 2–5. (S. linoides, <i>Torr. & Gray.</i>)—Mass. to N. J.</p> + +<p class="species">26. <b>S. Boòttii</b>, Hook. Smooth, or scabrous-pubescent or below hirsute, +slender, often branched, 2–5° high; leaves rather finely serrate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, +pointed; the upper small, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, often +entire; heads loosely racemose; rays 1–5 or none; achenes pubescent.—Dry +grounds, Va. and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">27. <b>S. argùta</b>, Ait. <i>Smooth; stem angled; leaves</i> (large and thin) <i>ovate</i>, +and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, <i>very sharply and strongly serrate</i> (entire only +on the branches), <i>pointed at both ends</i>, the lowest on margined petioles; <i>racemes +pubescent, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle; rays 6–7, large</i>; +achenes usually glabrous. (S. Muhlenbergii, <i>Torr. & Gray.</i>)—Copses and +moist woods, N. H. to Penn., Ont., and N. E. Minn.—Racemes much shorter +and looser than in the next; the involucral scales thin and more slender; the +heads somewhat larger, fully 3´´ long.</p> + +<p class="species">28. <b>S. júncea</b>, Ait. <i>Smooth throughout</i> (1–3° high); <i>radical and lower +stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate</i> with spreading teeth, +<i>pointed</i>, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles; <i>the others lanceolate or narrowly +oblong</i>, slightly triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the <i>uppermost entire; +racemes dense, naked, at length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and +flat corymb-like panicle; rays 8–12, small</i>. (S. arguta, <i>Torr. & Gray.</i>)—Var. +<span class="smcap">scabrélla</span>, Gray, is somewhat roughish-pubescent (Wisc. to Ky.).—Copses +and banks; common. Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and +the closely appressed rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, etc. Heads seldom +over 2´´ long, the scales small and pale.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page251"></a>[++][++] <i>Leaves more or less plainly 3-ribbed; heads in one-sided spreading or recurved +racemes, forming an ample panicle. Not maritime.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Smooth and glabrous, at least the stem and bright green leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="key"><i>a.</i> <i>Leaves firm and rather rigid; involucral scales thickish, obtuse, quite unequal.</i></p> + +<p class="species">29. <b>S. Missouriénsis</b>, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1–3° high); <i>leaves +linear-lanceolate</i>, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with +very rough margins; teeth, if any, sharp and rigid; heads and dense crowded +racemes nearly as in n. 28; <i>achenes nearly glabrous</i>.—Dry prairies, from Wisc. +and Ind. south and westward.—Heads 1½–2´´ long.</p> + +<p class="species">30. <b>S. Shórtii</b>, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, simple (2–4° high), minutely +roughish-pubescent above; <i>leaves</i> (the larger 2–3´ long) <i>oblong-lanceolate</i>, +acute, the lower mostly serrate with a few fine teeth; racemes mostly +short in a crowded panicle; <i>achenes silky-pubescent</i>.—Rocks at the Falls of +the Ohio; Ark.—A handsome species; heads 3´´ long, narrow.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>b.</i> <i>Leaves thinner; involucral scales thin, chiefly linear, obtuse.</i></p> + +<p class="species">31. <b>S. serótina</b>, Ait. <i>Stem</i> stout (2–7° high), <i>smooth, often glaucous; +leaves quite smooth both sides</i>, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, +except the narrowed base, rough-ciliate; the ample panicle pubescent; <i>rays +7–14, rather long</i>. (S. gigantea, of previous ed.)—Copses and fence-rows; +common, and presenting many varieties. Seldom very tall.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>gigantèa</b>, Gray. Commonly tall, 5–8° high; leaves more or less +pubescent or hispidulous beneath. (S. gigantea, <i>Ait.</i>; S. serotina of previous +ed.)—Thickets and low grounds, Can. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">32. <b>S. rupéstris</b>, Raf. <i>Stem smooth, slender</i>, 2–3° high; <i>leaves linear-lanceolate, +tapering both ways, entire</i> or nearly so; panicle narrow; <i>heads very +small; rays 4–6, very short</i>.—Rocky river-banks, W. Va. to Ky. and Ind.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Pubescent (at least the stem) or hispidulous-scabrous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">33. <b>S. Canadénsis</b>, L. <i>Stem rough-hairy</i>, tall and stout (3–6° high); +<i>leaves lanceolate</i>, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), <i>more or +less pubescent beneath and rough above; heads small; rays very short</i>.—Borders +of thickets and fields; very common.—Varies greatly in the roughness and +hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated +linear-lanceolate;—in var. <span class="smcap">pròcera</span>, whitish-woolly underneath; and in var. +<span class="smcap">scàbra</span> also very rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined.</p> + +<p class="species">34. <b>S. nemoràlis</b>, Ait. <i>Clothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary</i> +(soft or roughish) <i>pubescence</i>; stem simple or corymbed at the summit (½–2½° +high); leaves <i>oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong</i>, the lower somewhat crenate-toothed +and tapering into a petiole; racemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, +forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is +usually turned to one side; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed; +rays 5–9.—Dry sterile fields; very common. Flowers very bright yellow, +beginning early in Aug.—Var. <span class="smcap">incàna</span>, Gray, of Minn., and westward, is a +dwarf form, with rigid oval or oblong leaves, rather strongly serrate or entire, +and the clusters of heads in a dense oblong or conical thyrse.</p> + +<p class="species">35. <b>S. rádula</b>, Nutt. Stem and <i>oblong or obovate-spatulate leaves rigid +and very rough, not hoary</i>, the upper sessile; scales oblong, rigid; rays 3–6; +otherwise nearly as in n. 34.—Dry hills, W. Ill., Minn. Kan., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page252"></a>36. <b>S. Drummóndii</b>, Torr. & Gray. <i>Stem</i> (1–3° high) <i>and lower surface +of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety-pubescent</i>, +some of the leaves almost entire; racemes panicled, short; scales of +the involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5.—S. W. Ill., Mo., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+][+] <i>Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at all +racemose; leaves mostly with a strong midrib.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] Leaves flat, not 3-nerved.</p> + +<p class="species">37. <b>S. rígida</b>, L. <i>Rough and somewhat hoary</i> with a minute pubescence; +stem stout (2–5° high), very leafy; corymb dense; <i>leaves oval or oblong</i>, copiously +feather-veined, thick and rigid; the upper closely sessile by a broad base, +slightly serrate, the uppermost entire; heads large, over 30-flowered; the rays +7–10.—Dry soil, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">38. <b>S. Ohioénsis</b>, Riddell. <i>Very smooth</i> throughout; stem wand-like, +slender, leafy (2–3° high); <i>stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat</i>, entire, obscurely +feather-veined, closely sessile; the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly +serrate toward the apex, tapering into long margined petioles; head numerous, +on smooth pedicels, small, 16–20-flowered; the rays 6 or 7.—Moist +meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ind. and Wisc.—Root-leaves 1° long; +the upper reduced to 1–2´, with rough margins, like the rest.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Leaves somewhat folded, entire, the lower slightly 3-nerved.</i></p> + +<p class="species">39. <b>S. Riddéllii</b>, Frank. <i>Smooth and stout</i> (2–4° high), <i>very leafy</i>, the +branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent; <i>leaves linear-lanceolate, +elongated</i> (4–6´ long), acute, partly clasping or sheathing, <i>mostly recurved</i>, +the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long keeled petiole; <i>heads +very numerous</i>, clustered, 20–30-flowered; the rays 7–9.—Wet grassy prairies, +Ohio to Minn. and Mo.; Ft. Monroe, Va.—Heads larger than in the +last, 2–3´´ long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the base, then +gradually recurved-spreading.</p> + +<p class="species">40. <b>S. Houghtònii</b>, Torr. & Gray. <i>Smooth; stem rather low and slender</i> +(1–2° high); <i>leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish</i>, tapering into a narrowed +slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined petioles; <i>heads few +or several</i>, 20–30-flowered; the rays 7–9.—Swamps, north shore of Lake +Michigan; Genesee Co., N. Y. July, Aug.—Leaves rough-margined, 2–5´ +long, 2–4´´ wide, 1-nerved, or the lower obscurely 3-nerved above; veins +obscure. Heads large, nearly ½´ long. Scales of the involucre obtuse.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. EUTHÀMIA. <i>Corymbosely much branched; heads small, sessile, in little +clusters crowded in flat-topped corymbs; the closely appressed involucral +scales somewhat glutinous; receptacle fimbrillate; rays 6–20, short, more +numerous than the disk-flowers; leaves narrow, entire, sessile.</i></p> + +<p class="species">41. <b>S. lanceolàta</b>, L. <i>Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3–5-nerved</i>; the nerves, +margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent; heads obovoid-cylindrical, +in dense corymbed clusters; <i>rays 15–20</i>.—River-banks, etc., in +moist soil; common.—Stem 2–3° high; leaves 3–5´ long.</p> + +<p class="species">42. <b>S. tenuifòlia</b>, Pursh. Smooth, slender; <i>leaves very narrowly linear, +mostly 1-nerved, dotted</i>; heads obovoid-club-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2 +or 3, disposed in a loose corymb; <i>rays 6–12</i>.—Sandy fields, Mass. to Ill., and +southward; common near the coast.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="brachychaeta"><a name="page253"></a><b>18. BRACHYCHÆ̀TA</b>, Torr. & Gray. <span class="smcap">False Golden-rod.</span></p> + +<p>Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row +of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene.—A perennial herb, +with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the <i>lower ones heart-shaped</i>; the small +yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name +composed of <span class="greek">βραχύς</span>, <i>short</i>, and <span class="greek">χίτη</span>, <i>bristle</i>, from the pappus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. cordàta</b>, Torr. & Gray. Wooded hills, S. Ind. and E. Ky. to +N. Ga. Oct.—Plant 2–4° high, slender, more or less pubescent.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="bellis"><b>19. BÉLLIS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Daisy.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre +herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Achenes +obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus.—Low herbs (all but our +single species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true <i>Daisy</i>, +B. <span class="smcap">perennis</span> (which is found as an occasional escape from cultivation), or +leafy-stemmed, as is the following. (The Latin name, from <i>bellus</i>, pretty.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. integrifòlia</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Western Daisy.</span>) Annual or biennial, +diffusely branched (4´–1° high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the +lower spatulate-obovate; heads on slender peduncles; rays pale violet-purple.—Prairies +and banks, Ky. and southwestward. March–June.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="aphanostephus"><b>20. APHANÓSTEPHUS</b>, DC.</p> + +<p>Involucral scales in few series, broadly lanceolate, the outer shorter. +Achenes prismatic, the broad truncate apex bearing a short coroniform pappus. +Otherwise as Bellis.—Southwestern leafy-stemmed and branching pubescent +herbs, with solitary terminal daisy-like heads. (<span class="greek">Ἀφανής</span>, <i>inconspicuous</i>, +and <span class="greek">στέφος</span>, <i>crown</i>; in allusion to the pappus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Arkansànus</b>, Gray. Diffuse, 1° high; leaves oblong-spatulate to +broadly lanceolate, the lower often toothed or lobed; rays white to purple, ½´ +long; pappus mostly 4–5-lobed.—Plains of Kan. and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chaetopappa"><b>21. CHÆTOPÁPPA</b>, DC.</p> + +<p>Heads several-flowered, radiate; disk-flowers often sterile. Involucral bracts +imbricated in 2 or more rows, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked. +Achenes fusiform or compressed; pappus of 5 or fewer thin nerveless paleæ, +alternating with rough bristly awns, or these wanting.—Low southwestern +branching annuals, with narrow entire leaves and solitary terminal heads; ray +white or purple. (<span class="greek">Χαίτη</span>, <i>a bristle</i>, and <span class="greek">πάππος</span>, <i>pappus</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. asteroìdes</b>, DC. Slender, 2–10´ high, pubescent; involucres narrow, +2´´ long; rays 5–12; achenes pubescent.—Dry grounds, Vernon Co., +Mo., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="boltonia"><b>22. BOLTÒNIA</b>, L'Her.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the +hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, with narrow +membranaceous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. +Achenes very flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous<a name="page254"></a> +wing, or in the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles +and usually 2–4 longer awns.—Perennial and bushy-branched smooth herbs, +pale green, with the aspect of Aster; the thickish leaves chiefly entire, often +turned edgewise. Flowers autumnal; disk yellow; rays white or purplish. +(Dedicated to <i>James Bolton</i>, an English botanist of the last century.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Heads middle-sized, loosely corymbed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. asteroìdes</b>, L'Her. Stems 2–8° high; leaves lanceolate; involucral +scales acuminate; pappus of few or many minute bristles and 2 awns +or none. (B. glastifolia, <i>L'Her.</i>, the awned form.)—Moist places along +streams; Penn. to Ill., and southward to Fla. Sept., Oct.—Var. <span class="smcap">decúrrens</span>, +Engelm., a large form with the leaves alate-decurrent upon the stem and +branches. Mo. (<i>Eggert</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>B. latisquàma</b>, Gray. Heads rather larger; involucral scales oblong +to ovate, obtuse or mucronate-apiculate; pappus-awns conspicuous.—W. Mo. +and Kan.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Heads small, panicled on the slender branches.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>B. diffùsa</b>, L'Her. Stem diffusely branched; leaves lance-linear, those +on the branchlets very small and awl-shaped; rays short, mostly white; pappus +of several very short bristles and 2 short awns.—Prairies of S. Ill. (<i>Vasey</i>), +and southwestward. Aug.–Oct.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="townsendia"><b>23. TOWNSÉNDIA</b>, Hook.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, the numerous ray-flowers (violet to white) in a single +series, fertile. Involucre broad, the lanceolate scariously margined scales imbricated +in several series. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes obovate or oblong, +flattened, with thickish margins and beset with forked-capitellate hairs; pappus +a single row of long awns or coarse rigid bristles, or reduced in the ray to +chaffy scales.—Low scarcely caulescent herbs, with linear to spatulate entire +leaves and large heads. (Named for <i>David Townsend</i>, botanical associate of +Dr. Darlington of Penn.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. serìcea</b>, Hook. Acaulescent silky-pubescent perennial; heads +sessile, solitary or few, ½–1´ high; ray-pappus mostly bristly.—Dry plains, +central Neb., north and westward. April, May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sericocarpus"><b>24. SERICOCÁRPUS</b>, Nees. <span class="smcap">White-topped Aster.</span></p> + +<p>Heads 12–20-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre +somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely imbricated in several +rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spreading +green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenes short, inversely pyramidal, +very silky; pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles.—Perennial +tufted herbs (1–2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small +heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb. Disk-flowers pale +yellow. (Name from <span class="greek">σηρικός</span>, <i>silky</i>, and <span class="greek">καρπός</span>, <i>fruit</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Pappus rusty; leaves sparingly serrate, veiny, rather thin.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. conyzoìdes</b>, Nees. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate +or the lower spatulate, ciliate; heads rather loosely corymbed, obconical (4–6´´ +long).—Dry ground; Maine to Ohio, and southward. July.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page255"></a>[*][*] <i>Pappus white; leaves entire, obscurely veined, firmer and smaller.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2 <b>S. solidagíneus</b>, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse, +with rough margins, tapering to the base; heads narrow (3´´ long), in close +clusters, few-flowered.—Thickets, S. New Eng. to Tenn., and southward. July.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. tortifòlius</b>, Nees. Hoary-pubescent; leaves obovate or oblong-spatulate, +short (½–1´ long), vertical, both sides alike; heads rather loosely +corymbed, obovoid (4–5´´ long).—Pine woods, Va. and southward. Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aster"><b>25. ÁSTER</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Starwort. Aster.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile. +Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or +leaf-like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenes more or less flattened; +pappus simple, of capillary bristles (double in §§ 4 and 5).—Perennial herbs +(annual only in §§ 7 and 8), with corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads; +flowering in autumn. Rays white, purple, or blue; the disk yellow, often +changing to purple. (Name <span class="greek">ἀστήρ</span>, <i>a star</i>, from the radiate heads of flowers.)</p> + +<p class="key"><b>Conspectus of Groups.</b></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Annuals, with copious fine soft pappus <span class="right">53, 54</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Pappus double <span class="right">46–48</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Scales closely imbricated, not green-tipped, often scarious-edged <span class="right">49–52</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Scales closely imbricated, scarcely at all herbaceous; leaves cordate, serrate <span class="right">2, 3</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Scales nearly equal, rigid, more or less foliaceous; pappus-bristles rigid, some thickened at top <span class="right">1</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Scales with herbaceous tips or the outer wholly foliaceous. <span class="smcap">Aster</span> proper.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Pappus rigid; stem-leaves sessile, none cordate or clasping; heads few, large <span class="right">4–8</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Leaves silvery-silky both sides, sessile, entire <span class="right">14, 15</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Lower leaves more or less cordate, petiolate <span class="right">17–24</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Leaves entire, lower not cordate, cauline sessile with cordate-clasping base <span class="right">16</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Involucre (and branchlets) viscid or glandular; leaves not cordate, mostly entire, the cauline all sessile or clasping <span class="right">9–13</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Lower leaves all acute at base; not glandular nor viscid nor silky-canescent.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Smooth and glabrous, usually glaucous; scales coriaceous at base; leaves firm, usually entire <span class="right">25–30</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; scales squarrose; stem-leaves small, linear, entire <span class="right">31, 32</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Scales closely imbricated, not coriaceous at base; branches divaricate; heads many, small <span class="right">33–35</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Remaining species; branches erect or ascending.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Stem-leaves auriculate-clasping or with winged-petiole-like base; involucre lax <span class="right">42–45</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Stem-leaves sessile, but rarely cordate or auriculate at base <span class="right">36–41</span></p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. HELIÁSTRUM. <i>Pappus simple, coarse and rigid, the stronger bristles +somewhat clavate; scales rigid, more or less foliaceous, nearly equal.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. paludòsus</b>, Ait. Stems 1° high; glabrous or nearly so; heads +½´ high, rather few, racemose or spicate; outer scales lax, foliaceous; rays +purple; leaves linear, entire.—Mo. to Tex., thence to Car. and Ga.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. BIÒTIA. <i>Involucre obovoid-bell-shaped; the scales regularly imbricated +in several rows, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips; rays 6–18 +(white or nearly so); achenes slender; pappus slightly rigid, simple; lower +leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely serrate; heads in open corymbs.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. corymbòsus</b>, Ait. <i>Stem slender</i>, somewhat zigzag; <i>leaves thin, +smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, taper-pointed,</i><a name="page256"></a> +ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and +on slender naked petioles; <i>rays 6–9</i>.—Woodlands; common; especially +northward. July, Aug.—Plant 1–2° high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, +rounder and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves +than the next; not rough, but sometimes pubescent.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. macrophýllus</b>, L. <i>Stem stout and rigid</i> (2–3° high); <i>leaves +thickish, rough, closely serrate</i>, abruptly pointed; the lower heart-shaped (4–10´ +long, 3–6´ wide), long-petioled; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on margined +petioles; heads in ample rigid corymbs; <i>rays 10–15</i> (white or bluish).—Moist +woods; common northward, and southward along the mountains. +Aug., Sept.—Involucre ½´ broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, +the innermost much larger and thinner.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. ASTER proper. <i>Scales imbricated in various degrees, with herbaceous or +leaf-like summits, or the outer entirely foliaceous; rays numerous; pappus +simple, soft and nearly uniform (coarser and more rigid in the first group); +achenes flattened.</i> (All flowering late in summer or in autumn.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 1. <i>Scales well imbricated, coriaceous, with short herbaceous mostly obtuse spreading +tips; pappus of rigid bristles; stem-leaves all sessile, none heart-shaped +or clasping; heads few, or when several corymbose, large and showy.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Lowest leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, some rounded or subcordate at base.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. Hervèyi</b>, Gray. Slightly scabrous, 1–2° high, the summit and +peduncles glandular-puberulent; leaves roughish, obscurely serrate, the lower +ovate on nearly naked petioles, the upper lanceolate; heads loosely corymbose, +½´ high; involucre nearly hemispherical, the scales obscurely glandular, all +erect, with very short or indistinct green tips; rays violet, ½´ long.—Borders +of oak woods, in rather moist soil, E. Mass, and R. I.; Mt. Desert. An +ambiguous species, approaching the last.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Radical leaves all tapering into margined petioles; involucres squarrose +(hardly so in n. 8); rootstocks slender.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. spectábilis</b>, Ait. Stems 1–2° high, roughish and glandular-puberulent +above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lower spatulate-oblong, +obscurely serrate or the upper entire; heads few, hemispherical, ½´ high; <i>scales +glandular-puberulent and viscid</i>; mostly with the <i>upper half herbaceous and +spreading</i>; rays about 20, bright violet, nearly 1´ long.—sandy soil, Mass. to +Del., near the coast, and perhaps southward. Sept.–Nov. One of the handsomest +species of the genus.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>A. surculòsus</b>, Michx. Stems 1° high or less, <i>from long filiform +rootstocks; leaves entire</i> or nearly so, <i>rigid</i>, lanceolate or the upper linear; +<i>heads</i> few or solitary, as in the last but generally <i>smaller</i>, the <i>scales hardly +glandular</i>.—Moist ground, coast of N. J., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>A. grácilis</b>, Nutt. Rootstocks occasionally tuberous-thickened; stems +slender, 1° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, small (1–2´ +long); heads few or several; involucre top-shaped, 3–4´´ long, glabrous, not +glandular nor viscid, the <i>coriaceous whitish scales with very short deltoid or ovate +tips</i>; rays 9–12, 3–6´´ long.—Pine barrens, N. J. to N. C., E. Ky. and Tenn.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>A. rádula</b>, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth +or sparsely hairy, many-leaved (1–3° high); <i>leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed,<a name="page257"></a> +sharply serrate in the middle, very rough both sides and rugose-veined</i>, closely +sessile (2–3´ long), nearly equal; <i>scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, appressed, +with very short and slightly spreading herbaceous tips</i>; achenes smooth.—Bogs +and low grounds, Del. to Maine and northward, near the coast; also +Pocono Mountain, Penn. A dwarf form (var. <span class="smcap">stríctus</span>, Gray) has oblong- to +linear-lanceolate nearly entire leaves, and usually solitary heads; White Mountains, +N. H., to Lab. Aug.—Rays light violet. Involucre nearly smooth, +except the ciliate margins.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 2. <i>Involucre and usually the branchlets viscidly or pruinose-glandular, well +imbricated or loose; pubescence not silky; leaves entire (or the lower with +few teeth), the cauline all sessile or clasping; rays showy, violet to purple.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Heads small; involucre not squarrose. Extreme western.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>A. Féndleri</b>, Gray. Rigid, 1° high or less; leaves firm, linear, 1-nerved, +hispid-ciliate, 1´ long or mostly much less; heads scattered, 3´´ high; +scales linear-oblong, obtuse, or the inner acute.—Central Kan. (Ellis, <i>Dr. L. Watson</i>) +and southwestward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Heads larger; involucral scales spreading, in few or many ranks.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>A. grandiflòrus</b>, L. <i>Rough with minute hispid hairs</i>; stems slender, +loosely much branched (1–3° high); <i>leaves very small</i> (¼–1´ long), oblong-linear, +obtuse, rigid, the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical +squarrose many-ranked involucre; rays bright violet (1´ long); achenes hairy.—Dry +open places, Va. and southward.—Heads large and very showy.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>A. oblongifòlius</b>, Nutt. <i>Minutely glandular-puberulent</i>, much +branched above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (1–2° high); <i>leaves narrowly oblong +or lanceolate</i>, mucronate-pointed, partly clasping, thickish (1–2´ long by +2–5´´ wide); involucral scales nearly equal, broadly linear, appressed at the +base; rays violet-purple; achenes canescent.—Banks of rivers, from Penn. +and Va. to Minn. and Kan.—Heads middle-sized or smaller.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>rigídulus</b>, Gray. Low, with more rigid and hispidulous scabrous +leaves.—In drier places, Ill., Wisc., and southwestward.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>A. Nòvæ-Ángliæ</b>, L. <i>Stem stout, hairy</i> (3–8° high), corymbed at +the summit; <i>leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute, auriculate-clasping, +clothed with minute pubescence</i>, 2–5´ long; <i>scales nearly equal, linear-awl-shaped, +loose, glandular-viscid</i>, as well as the branchlets; rays violet-purple (in var. +<span class="smcap">ròseus</span> rose-purple), very numerous; achenes hairy.—Moist grounds; common.—Heads +large. A peculiar and handsome species.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>A. modéstus</b>, Lindl. Pubescent or glabrate; stem slender, simple, +with few large heads terminating slender branchlets; leaves lanceolate, very +acute, narrowed to a sessile base, sparingly serrate or serrulate; scales linear-attenuate, +equal, mostly herbaceous; rays blue.—N. Dak. and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 3. <i>Leaves whitened, silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronulate; +involucre imbricated in 3 to several rows; rays showy, purple-violet.</i></p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>A. serìceus</b>, Vent. Stems slender, branched; leaves silver-white, +lanceolate or oblong, <i>heads mostly solitary</i>, terminating the short branchlets; +<i>scales of the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spreading</i>, except the short +coriaceous base; <i>achenes smooth</i>, many-ribbed.—Prairies and dry banks, Wisc. +and Minn. to Ky., and southward.—Heads large; rays 20–30.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page258"></a>15. <b>A. cóncolor</b>, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple; <i>leaves crowded, +oblong or lanceolate, appressed</i>, the upper reduced to little bracts; <i>heads in a +simple or compound wand-like raceme</i>; scales of the obovoid involucre closely +imbricated in several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate; <i>achenes +silky</i>.—Dry sandy soil near the coast, R. I., N. J., and southward.—Plant 1–3° +high, with the short leaves 1´ or less in length, grayish-silky both sides.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 4.<i>Leaves entire, the lower not heart-shaped, the cauline all with sessile and +cordate-clasping base, the auricles generally meeting around the stem.</i></p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>A. pàtens</b>, Ait. Rough-pubescent; stem loosely panicled above (1–3° +high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, terminating +slender branchlets; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted +below the middle, rough, especially above and on the margins; scales of the +minutely roughish involucre with spreading pointed tips; achenes silky.—Var. +<span class="smcap">phlogifòlius</span>, Nees, is a form of shady moist places, with larger and elongated +thin scarcely rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above, +mostly much contracted below the middle.—Dry ground; common, Mass. to +Minn., and southward. Heads ½´ broad, with showy deep blue-purple rays.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 5 <i>Lower leaves heart-shaped and petioled; no glandular or viscid pubescence; +heads with short and appressed green-tipped scales (except in n. 16 and 23), +mostly small and numerous, racemose or panicled.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Heads middle-sized, with many rays, and squarrose foliaceous involucre.</i></p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>A. anómalus</b>, Engelm. Somewhat pubescent and scabrous; stems +slender (2–4° high), simple or racemose-branched above; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, +pointed, entire, the upper small and almost sessile; scales of the +hemispherical involucre imbricated in several rows, appressed, with linear +spreading leafy tips; achenes smooth.—Limestone cliffs, W. Ill. and Mo. to +Ark.—Rays violet-purple.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Rays 10–20; involucral scales appressed or erect.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Leaves entire or slightly serrate; heads middle-sized; rays bright-blue.</i></p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>A. azùreus</b>, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound +at the summit, the branches slender and rigid; <i>leaves rough, the lower ovate-lanceolate +or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often hairy petioles; the others lanceolate +or linear, sessile</i>, on the branches awl-shaped; involucre inversely conical.—Copses +and prairies, western N. Y., and Ohio to Minn., and southwestward. +Involucre much as in A. lævis, but smaller and slightly pubescent.</p> + +<p class="species">19. <b>A. Shórtii</b>, Hook. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing +very numerous heads in racemose panicles; <i>leaves smooth above, minutely pubescent +underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated</i>, tapering gradually +to a sharp point, <i>all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at base, and on +naked petioles</i>, none clasping; involucre bell-shaped.—Cliffs and banks, Ohio +to Ill., and southward.—A pretty species, 2–4° high; leaves 3–5´ long.</p> + +<p class="species">20. <b>A. undulàtus</b>, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence; +stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles; <i>leaves ovate or +ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, roughish above, downy underneath</i>, +the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others <i>abruptly contracted +into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping at the<a name="page259"></a> +base</i>, or directly sessile by a heart-shaped base; involucre obovoid, the scales +less rigid.—Dry copses; common.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Leaves conspicuously serrate; heads small; rays pale blue or nearly white.</i></p> + +<p class="species">21. <b>A. cordifòlius</b>, L. Stem much branched above, <i>the spreading or diverging +branches bearing very numerous panicled heads</i>; lower leaves all heart-shaped, +on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles; <i>scales of the inversely +conical involucre all appressed and tipped with very short green points, obtuse or +acutish</i>.—Woodlands; very common.—Heads profuse, but quite small. Varies +with the stem and leaves either smooth, roughish, or sometimes hairy, also +with the leaves all narrower. Apparent hybrids with n. 35 also occur.</p> + +<p class="species">22. <b>A. sagittifòlius</b>, Willd. Stem rigid, erect, with <i>ascending branches +bearing numerous racemose heads</i>; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the lower +heart-shaped at base, on margined petioles; the upper lanceolate or linear, +pointed at both ends; <i>scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped +slender and loose tips</i>.—Dry ground, N. Y. and Penn. to Ky., and northward.—Green, +but usually more or less hairy or downy; the heads rather +larger than in the last, almost sessile.</p> + +<p class="species">23. <b>A. Drummóndii</b>, Lindl. Pale with fine gray pubescence; <i>leaves +cordate to cordate-lanceolate, mostly on margined petioles</i>, the uppermost lanceolate +and sessile; <i>scales acute or acutish</i>.—Passing into the last. Open +ground, etc., Ill. to Minn. and Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">24. <b>A. Lindleyànus</b>, Torr. & Gray. Rather stout, 1–2° high, sparsely +pubescent or nearly glabrous; <i>radical and lowest leaves ovate, moderately or +obscurely cordate</i>, the uppermost sessile and pointed at both ends; <i>heads larger</i>, +rather few in a loose thyrse or panicle, <i>the linear-attenuate scales looser and less +imbricated</i>; rays pale violet.—Lab. to L. Superior; Lisbon, N. H. (<i>C. E. Faxon</i>), +and Mt. Desert (<i>Rand</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 6. <i>Without heart-shaped petioled leaves, the radical and lower all acute or +attenuate at base; not glandular nor viscid, nor silky-canescent.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Smooth and glabrous throughout (or nearly so, except forms of n. 29), and usually +pale and glaucous; involucral scales closely imbricated, firm and whitish-coriaceous +below, green-tipped; leaves firm, usually entire.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Rays violet or blue; scales rather abruptly green-tipped; leaves on the branchlets +reduced to rigid subulate bracts.</i></p> + +<p class="species">25. <b>A. turbinéllus</b>, Lindl. Stem slender, 3° high, paniculately branched; +leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate, tapering to each end, with rough margins; +<i>involucre elongated-obconical</i> or almost club-shaped (½´ long); the scales linear, +with very short and blunt green tips; rays violet-blue; achenes nearly smooth.—Dry +hills, etc., Ill., Mo., and southwestward.—Well-marked and handsome.</p> + +<p class="species">26. <b>A. læ̀vis</b>, L. Stouter, 2–4° high; heads in a close panicle; leaves +thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less +clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base; scales of the <i>short-obovoid or +hemispherical involucre</i> with short abrupt green tips; rays sky-blue; achenes +smooth.—Borders of woodlands; common. A variable and elegant species.</p> + +<p class="species">27. <b>A. virgàtus</b>, Ell. Slender, strict and simple, with few or several +<i>racemose or terminal heads</i>, like those of the last; <i>leaves lanceolate or linear, +the lower usually long and narrow</i>.—S. W. Va., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page260"></a>28. <b>A. concínnus</b>, Willd. Not glaucous, slender, 1–3° high; leaves +lanceolate, mostly somewhat serrate, the lowest spatulate-lanceolate on winged +petioles; <i>heads smaller</i> than in the preceding, <i>numerous, panicled</i>; rays violet.—Rare; +Penn. and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Rays white or turning purplish; scales narrow, subulately green-tipped; +leaves mostly narrow, narrowed at base, on the branchlets lax and attenuate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">29. <b>A. polyphýllus</b>, Willd. Often tall (4 or 5° high), with virgate +branches; cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, 4 or 5´ long; heads +paniculate; scales lanceolate-subulate, the outermost much shorter; rays 4´´ +long.—N. Vt. to Wisc., and southward. Heads larger and flowering earlier +than the next.</p> + +<p class="species">30. <b>A. ericoìdes</b>, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (1–3° high); the simple +branchlets or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like +spreading branches; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed; the +others linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped; heads 3´´ high or less; involucral +scales often nearly equal, with attenuate or awl-shaped green tips.—Dry open +places, S. New Eng. to Minn., and southward.—Var. <span class="smcap">villòsus</span>, Torr. & Gray, +is a hairy form, often with broader leaves; chiefly in the Western States.—Var. +<span class="smcap">pusíllus</span>, Gray, is a dwarf slender and glabrous form of the barrens of +Lancaster, Penn. (<i>Porter</i>), with very narrow or filiform leaves and very small +few-flowered heads.—Var. <span class="smcap">Prínglei</span>, Gray, a low strict form, with few erect +branches and rather small heads. About Lake Champlain.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; herbaceous tips of the involucral scales squarrose +or spreading; cauline leaves small, linear, entire, scarcely narrowed at +the sessile or partly clasping base; heads numerous, small, racemose.</i></p> + +<p class="species">31. <b>A. amethýstinus</b>, Nutt. Tall (2–5° high), upright, much branched, +puberulent or somewhat hirsute; leaves not rigid; heads 3´´ high, the tips of +the scales merely spreading; rays light clear blue.—Moist grounds, E. Mass. +to Ill. and Iowa. With the habit of n. 11.</p> + +<p class="species">32. <b>A. multiflòrus</b>, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence +(1° high), much branched and bushy; the heads much crowded on the spreading +racemose branches; leaves rigid, crowded, spreading, with rough or ciliate +margins, the uppermost passing into the spatulate obtuse scales; heads 2–3´´ +long; rays white or rarely bluish, 10–20.—Dry sandy soil; common.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Scales glabrous, closely imbricated (the outer regularly shorter), not coriaceous, +with short appressed green tips; branches slender, divaricate or divergent; +leaves lanceolate to subulate; heads small (2–3´´ high) and numerous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Heads scattered, terminating minutely foliose slender branchlets.</i></p> + +<p class="species">33. <b>A. dumòsus</b>, L. Smooth or nearly so, 1–3° high; leaves linear +or the upper oblong, crowded, entire, with rough margins; scales linear spatulate, +obtuse, in 4–6 rows.—Thickets; common.—A variable species, loosely +branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an obconical or bell-shaped +involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the succeeding. +Rays pale purple or blue, larger than in n. 34. Runs into several peculiar forms.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Heads racemosely unilateral upon very short minutely leafy branchlets.</i></p> + +<p class="species">34. <b>A. vimíneus</b>, Lam. <i>Smooth or smoothish</i>, 2–5° high, bushy; leaves +linear or narrowly lanceolate, elongated, the larger ones remotely serrate in<a name="page261"></a> +the middle with fine sharp teeth; <i>scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute +or acutish</i>, in 3 or 4 rows. (A. Tradescanti, of previous ed.)—Var. <span class="smcap">foliolòsus</span>, +Gray, has linear entire leaves, the ascending branches with more scattered +paniculate heads.—Moist banks; very common.—Heads very numerous, +and usually crowded, smaller than in the last. Rays white or nearly so.</p> + +<p class="species">35. <b>A. diffùsus</b>, Ait. <i>More or less pubescent</i>, much branched; <i>leaves</i> +lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, <i>sharply serrate +in the middle; scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse</i>, imbricated +in 3 or 4 rows. (A. miser, of previous ed.)—Thickets, fields, etc.; +very common, and extensively variable. Leaves larger than in either of the +preceding (2–5´); the involucre intermediate between them, as to the form of +the scales. Rays mostly short, white or pale bluish-purple.—Var. <span class="smcap">thyrsoídeus</span>, +Gray, with ovate-oblong to lanceolate leaves, the branches ascending +and often short, and the thyrsoid or spicate-glomerate heads less secund. +N. Y. to Ill.—Var. <span class="smcap">hirsuticaùlis</span>, Gray, the slender stem and the midveins +of the long narrow leaves very hirsute. N. Y. and Ky.—Var. <span class="smcap">bífrons</span>, Gray, +a luxuriant form with large thin leaves and rather larger heads loosely disposed +on the spreading branches. Ky. to Ill.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+][+] <i>Involucre various, the heads when numerous densely or loosely paniculate +on erect or ascending branches.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Cauline leaves sessile, but the base not cordate nor auriculate (except in forms +of n. 41), nor winged-petiole-like; glabrous or nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Heads small or middle-sized; scales narrow, in several lengths, the erect green +tips not dilated.</i></p> + +<p class="species">36. <b>A. Tradescánti</b>, L. Stem much branched (2–4° high); the numerous +heads (2–3´´ high) somewhat panicled or racemed; leaves lanceolate +to linear, tapering to a long slender point (2–6´ long), the lower somewhat +serrate in the middle; involucral scales linear, acutish, partly green down the +back. (A. tenuifolius, previous ed.)—Low grounds, Mass. to Minn., and south +to Va. and Ill. Rays short and narrow, white or purplish. Some forms approach +n. 32–34, others differ from A. paniculatus only in the smaller heads +and shorter ray.</p> + +<p class="species">37. <b>A. paniculàtus</b>, Lam. Stem (2–8° high) much branched; the +branches and scattered heads (about 4´´ high) loosely paniculate; leaves long-oblong +to narrowly lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate; scales narrowly +linear, with attenuate green tips or the outermost wholly green. (A. simplex, +previous ed.)—Shady moist banks; common. Rays white or purplish, 3–4´´ +long. Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following. +A slender form with linear leaves, in northern bogs, resembles n. 40.</p> + +<p class="species">38. <b>A. salicifòlius</b>, Ait. Like the last; the leaves commonly shorter, +firmer, often scabrous, less serrate or entire; involucre more imbricated, the +firmer linear scales with shorter acute or obtusish green tips; heads as large, +disposed to be thyrsoid or racemose-clustered; rays rarely white. (A. carneus, +previous ed.)—Low grounds, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; most abundant +westward.—Var. <span class="smcap">subásper</span>, Gray, a rigid scabrous form, with contracted leafy +inflorescence, the broad heads usually leafy-bracteate and the broader scales +often obtuse. Ill. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page262"></a>[=][=] <i>Heads small or middle-sized, the looser linear scales somewhat equal and +erect, and the acute green tips not dilated, the outer often wholly herbaceous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">39. <b>A. júnceus</b>, Ait. Slender, 1–3° high, simple with few heads or +loosely branching; leaves linear or narrow, 3–5´ long, entire or the lower +sparsely denticulate; heads small (3´´ high); scales small, narrow, in 2 or 3 +rows, the outer more or less shorter; rays light purple, 4–5´´ long. (A. +æstivus, previous ed., mainly.)—Wet meadows and cold bogs, N. Scotia and +N. Y. to Mich. and Minn.</p> + +<p class="species">40. <b>A. longifòlius</b>, Lam. (not of previous ed.) Stem 1–3° high, more or +less branched and corymbosely panicled; leaves long-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate +(3–7´ long), narrowed to both ends, entire or sparsely serrulate; heads +4–5´´ high, the scales nearly equal and usually little imbricated, the outer +looser; rays 3–4´´ long, violet or purplish, rarely whitish.—Low grounds, +Lab. and northern N. Eng. to Minn.—Var. <span class="smcap">villicaùlis</span>, Gray, a low simple +form, with few or solitary heads, and the stem and midrib of the leaves densely +white-villous beneath. N. Maine, at Fort Kent (<i>Miss Furbish</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=][=] <i>Heads middle-sized; scales in few to several rows, more or less unequal, +linear to spatulate, more herbaceous and firmer, the tips often slightly spreading +or squarrose.</i></p> + +<p class="species">41. <b>A. Nòvi-Bélgii</b>, L. Rarely tall; leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, +entire or sparsely serrate, the upper partly clasping and often somewhat auriculate; +heads 4–5´´ long; rays bright blue-violet. (A. longifolius, previous +ed.)—N. Brunswick to Ill. and Ga. The commonest late-flowered Aster of +the Atlantic border, and very variable. The typical form has thin narrowly +to oblong-lanceolate leaves, sometimes scabrous above, and linear scales with +narrow acute spreading or recurved tips.—Var. <span class="smcap">lævigàtus</span>, Gray, is usually +glabrous throughout, the thin leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, the upper half-clasping +by an abrupt base; scales nearly equal, loosely erect, with short +acutish tips. N. Eng. and eastward.—Var. <span class="smcap">litòreus</span>, Gray, rigid, usually +low, very leafy; leaves thickish, usually very smooth, oblong to lanceolate, the +upper sometimes auriculate; scales in several loose rows, all but the innermost +with broadish obtuse tips, the outer usually spatulate. Salt-marshes and +shores, Can. to Ga.—Var. <span class="smcap">elòdes</span>, Gray, slender, often low and simple; leaves +thickish, long, narrowly linear, entire, the uppermost small and bract-like; scales +narrow, with short and mostly spreading acutish tips. Swamps, N. J. to Va.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Cauline leaves conspicuously contracted into a winged-petiole-like base or +auriculate-clasping; involucre lax.</i></p> + +<p class="species">42. <b>A. pátulus</b>, Lam. Glabrous or subpubescent, 1–4° high; leaves +ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, narrowed at both +ends, the lower to a winged petiole, none auriculate or only obscurely so; heads +loosely panicled, about 4´´ high; scales unequal, erect or nearly so; rays light +purple or white.—N. Brunswick and eastern N. England.</p> + +<p class="species">43. <b>A. tardiflòrus</b>, L. Glabrous or stem somewhat pubescent (not hispid), +1–2° high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly +with gradually narrowed and somewhat auricled base; heads often few, +corymbose, 4–5´´ high; scales subequal, the outer foliaceous; rays pale violet.—Lab. +to the Mass. coast and White Mts. Not late-flowering.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page263"></a>44. <b>A. prenanthoìdes</b>, Muhl. Stem 1–3° high, corymbose-panicled, +hairy above in lines; leaves rough above, smooth underneath, ovate-lanceolate, +sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and rather abruptly +narrowed to a long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated +into a conspicuously auricled base; heads mostly 4´´ high, on short divergent +peduncles; scales narrowly linear, tips recurved spreading; rays light +blue.—Borders of streams and rich woods, W. New Eng. to Penn., Iowa, and +Wisc.</p> + +<p class="species">45. <b>A. puníceus</b>, L. Stem tall and stout 3–7° high, rough-hairy all +over or in lines, usually purple below, panicled above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, +not narrowed or but slightly so to the auricled base, coarsely serrate to sparingly +denticulate in the middle, rough above, nearly smooth beneath, pointed; +heads 4–6´´ high, subsessile; scales narrowly linear, acute, loose, equal, in about +2 rows; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler in shade).—Low thickets and +swamps, very common.—Var. <span class="smcap">lævicaùlis</span>, Gray; stem mostly green, smooth +and naked below, sparsely hirsute above, 1–3° high; leaves serrate.—Var. +<span class="smcap">lucídulus</span>, Gray; the very leafy stems glabrous or sparingly hispidulous; +leaves lanceolate, entire or slightly denticulate, glabrous and somewhat shining; +heads usually numerous, the scales less loose and less attenuate.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 4. DŒLLINGÈRIA. <i>Pappus manifestly double, the inner of long capillary +bristles (some thickened at top), the outer of very short and rigid bristles; +scales short, without herbaceous tips; heads small, corymbose or solitary; +rays rather few, white; leaves not rigid, veiny.</i></p> + +<p class="species">46. <b>A. umbellàtus</b>, Mill. Smooth, leafy to the top (2–7° high); <i>leaves +lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed</i> and tapering at the base (3–6´ long); heads +very numerous in compound flat corymbs; involucral scales rather close, obtusish, +scarcely longer than the achenes. (Diplopappus umbellatus, <i>Torr. & +Gray</i>.)—Moist thickets; common, especially northward. Aug.—Var. <span class="smcap">pùbens</span>, +Gray; the lower surface of the leaves and the branchlets tomentulose. +Upper Mich. to Minn.—Var. <span class="smcap">latifòlius</span>, Gray; with shorter leaves ovate-lanceolate +to ovate, less narrowed or even rounded at base. (D. amygdalinus, +<i>Torr. & Gray</i>.) Pine barrens, etc., N. J., Penn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">47. <b>A. infírmus</b>, Michx. Stem slender, often flexuous, 1–3° high, less +leafy, bearing few or several heads on divergent peduncles; leaves obovate to +ovate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base and ciliate, the midrib hairy beneath; +scales more imbricated, thicker and more obtuse; pappus more rigid. +(D. cornifolius, <i>Darl.</i>)—Open woodlands, E. Mass. to Tenn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 5. IÁNTHE. <i>Pappus less distinctly double, the inner of bristles not thickened +at top, the outer shorter; scales well imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous +tips; rays violet; achenes narrow, villous; leaves numerous, rigid, small, +linear, 1-nerved and veinless.</i></p> + +<p class="species">48. <b>A. linariifòlius</b>, L. Stems 3–20´ high, several from a woody root; +heads solitary or terminating simple branches, rather large; leaves about 1´ +long, rough-margined, passing above into the rigid acutish scales. (D. linariifolius, +<i>Hook</i>.)—Dry soil, common. Sept., Oct. Ray rarely white.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 6. ORTHÓMERIS. <i>Pappus simple; scales imbricated, appressed, without +herbaceous tips, often scarious-edged or dry. Perennial, as all the preceding.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page264"></a>49. <b>A. ptarmicoìdes</b>, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or roughish; stems clustered +(6–20´ high), simple; <i>leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid</i>, entire, tapering +to the base, 1–3-nerved, with rough margins (2–4´ long); <i>heads small, in a +flat corymb</i>; scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; <i>rays white</i> (2–4´´ long).—Dry +rocks, W. New Eng. to Minn., along the Great Lakes, and northward. +Aug.—Var. <span class="smcap">lutéscens</span>, Gray; rays small, pale yellow.—N. Ill. to Sask.</p> + +<p class="species">50. <b>A. acuminàtus</b>, Michx. Somewhat hairy; stem (about 1° high) +simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender; <i>leaves +oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed</i> above, wedge-form and +entire at the base; involucral scales few and loosely imbricated, linear-lanceolate, +pointed, thin (3–5´´ long); heads few or several; rays 12–18, white, or +slightly purple.—Cool rich woods; S. Lab. to Penn., and southward along +the Alleghanies. Aug.—There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on +the White Mountains. A monstrous form occurs in Maine, having a chaffy +receptacle and the flowers turned to tufts of chaffy paleæ.</p> + +<p class="species">51. <b>A. nemoràlis</b>, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent; stem slender, +simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (1–2° high); <i>leaves</i> small (1–1½´ +long), rather <i>rigid, lanceolate</i>, nearly <i>entire, with revolute margins</i>; scales of +the inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing +into awl-shaped bracts; rays lilac-purple, elongated.—Bogs and swamps, N. J. +to Newf. and Hudson's Bay. Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">52. <b>A. tenuifòlius</b>, L. Very glabrous; stem often zigzag, simple or +forked, 6´–2° high; heads rather large, terminal; <i>leaves few, long-linear, tapering +to both ends, rather thick and fleshy, entire</i>, the upper subulate, pointed; +involucre top-shaped, the scales subulate-lanceolate with attenuate acute points; +rays large, numerous, pale purple. (A. flexuosus, <i>Nutt.</i>)—Salt marshes, +Mass. to Fla. Sept.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 7. OXYTRIPÒLIUM. <i>Involucre as in § 6; pappus simple, fine and soft; +glabrous annuals, bearing numerous small heads and with narrow entire leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="species">53. <b>A. subulàtus</b>, Michx. Stem 6–24´ high; leaves linear-lanceolate, +pointed, flat, on the branches awl-shaped; scales of the oblong involucre linear-awl-shaped, +in few rows; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting beyond +the disk, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. linifolius, +of previous ed.)—Salt marshes on the coast, Maine to Va. Aug.–Oct.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 8. CONYZÓPSIS. <i>Scales of the campanulate involucre in 2 or 3 rows, nearly +equal, linear, the outer foliaceous and loose; pappus copious, very soft; rays +very short or without ligules; low annuals with numerous rather small heads.</i></p> + +<p class="species">54. <b>A. angústus</b>, Torr. & Gray. Branching, 6–20´ high, nearly glabrous; +leaves linear, entire, more or less short-ciliate; ray-flowers reduced to a +tube much shorter than the elongated style.—Minn. to Sask. and westward, +spreading east to Chicago, etc. (Siberia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="erigeron"><b>26. ERÍGERON</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Fleabane.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical; the narrow +rays very numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales narrow, equal and little imbricated, +never coriaceous, foliaceous, nor green-tipped. Receptacle flat or +convex, naked. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerved; pappus a<a name="page265"></a> +single row of capillary bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a distinct +short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy scales.—Herbs, with entire +or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary or corymbed naked-pedunculate +heads. Disk yellow; ray white or purple. (Name from <span class="greek">ἦρ</span>, <i>spring</i>, and +<span class="greek">γέρων</span>, <i>an old man</i>, suggested by the hoariness of some vernal species.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. CÆNÒTUS. <i>Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer than +the pappus; pappus simple; annuals.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Horse-weed. Butter-weed.</span>) Bristly-hairy; +<i>stem erect, wand-like</i> (1–5° high); leaves linear, mostly entire, the radical cut-lobed; +<i>heads</i> very numerous and small, cylindrical, <i>panicled</i>.—Waste places; +a common weed, now widely diffused over the world. July–Oct.—Ligule +of the ray-flowers much shorter than the tube, white.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. divaricàtus</b>, Michx. <i>Diffuse and decumbent</i> (3´–1° high); leaves +linear or awl-shaped, entire; <i>heads loosely corymbed; rays purple</i>; otherwise +like n. 1.—Ind. to Minn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. TRIMORPHÆ̀A. <i>Like § 1, but a series of filiform rayless pistillate flowers +within the outer row of ray-flowers; biennial or sometimes perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. àcris</b>, L. Hirsute-pubescent or smoothish; stem erect (10–20´ +high); leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-oblong, entire; heads several +or rather numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly hemispherical +(4–5´´ long), hirsute; rays purplish or bluish, equalling or a little exceeding +the copious pappus.—Lower St. Lawrence, across the continent and northward. +The var. <span class="smcap">Drœbachénsis</span>, Blytt, more glabrous and with the green +involucre nearly or quite naked, occurs on the shores of L. Superior. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. ERIGERON proper. <i>Rays elongated (short in a form of n. 5), crowded +in one or more rows.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Annuals (or sometimes biennial), leafy-stemmed and branching; pappus double, +the outer a crown of minute scales, the inner of deciduous fragile bristles, +usually wanting in the ray.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>E. ánnuus</b>, Pers. (<span class="smcap">Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabious.</span>) Stem +stout (3–5° high), branched, <i>beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and +sharply toothed; the lowest ovate</i>, tapering into a margined petiole, the upper +ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends; heads corymbed; rays white, +tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre.—Fields and +waste places; a very common weed. June–Aug. (Nat. in Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>E. strigòsus</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Daisy Fleabane.</span>) Stem panicled-corymbose +at the summit, <i>roughish</i> like the leaves <i>with minute appressed hairs, or +almost smooth; leaves entire</i> or nearly so, the upper <i>lanceolate</i>, scattered, the +lowest oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole; rays white, twice +the length of the minutely hairy involucre.—Fields, etc., common. June–Aug.—Stem +smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller heads but +longer rays. A form with the rays minute, scarcely exceeding the involucre, +occurs in S. New England.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leafy-stemmed perennials; pappus simple (double in n. 6).</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>E. glabéllus</b>, Nutt. Stem (6–15´ high) stout, hairy above, the leafless +summit bearing 1–7 large heads; leaves nearly glabrous, except the<a name="page266"></a> +margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or +partly clasping, the lower spatulate and petioled; rays (more than 100, purple) +more than twice the length of the hoary-hispid involucre; pappus double, the +outer of minute bristles.—Plains of N. Wisc., and westward. June.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>E. hyssopifòlius</b>, Michx. Slightly pubescent, slender (6–12´ high), +from filiform rootstocks; leaves short, very numerous, narrowly linear; +branches prolonged into slender naked peduncles, bearing solitary small +heads; rays 20–30, rose-purple or whitish. (Aster graminifolius, <i>Pursh.</i>)—Northern +borders of N. Eng., L. Superior, and northward.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>E. bellidifòlius</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Robin's Plantain.</span>) Hairy, <i>producing +offsets from the base; stem simple, rather naked above</i>, bearing few (1–9) large +heads on slender peduncles; root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed, +the cauline distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire; <i>rays (about 50) +rather broad, light bluish-purple.</i>—Copses and moist banks; common. May.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>E. Philadélphicus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Fleabane.</span>) Hairy; <i>stem leafy</i>, +corymbed, bearing several small heads; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, oblong; +the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire, the +lowest spatulate, toothed; <i>rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple</i> or +flesh-color.—Moist ground; common. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Perennial by rosulate offsets, with scape-like stems; pappus simple.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>E. nudicaùlis</b>, Michx. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root, +oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (1–2° high), bearing 5–12 small +corymbed heads; rays white. (E. vernum, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>).—Low grounds, E. Va. +and southward. May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="baccharis"><b>27. BÁCCHARIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Groundsel-Tree.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, diœcious, i.e., the pistillate +and staminate borne by different plants. Involucre imbricated. Corolla of +the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like; of the staminate, larger +and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenes ribbed; pappus of capillary bristles, +in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous; in the fertile very long and copious.—Shrubs, +commonly smooth and resinous or glutinous. Flowers whitish or +yellow, autumnal. (Name of some shrub anciently dedicated to <i>Bacchus</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. halimifòlia</b>, L. Smooth and somewhat scurfy; branches angled; +leaves obovate and wedge-form, petiolate, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire; +heads scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the involucre acutish.—Sea +beaches, Mass. to Va., and southward.—Shrub 6–12° high; the fertile plant +conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white pappus.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>B. glomeruliflòra</b>, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or nearly +so; heads larger, sessile in the axils or in clusters; scales of the bell-shaped +involucre broader, very obtuse.—Pine barrens, E. Va. (?), and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pluchea"><b>28. PLÙCHEA</b>, Cass. <span class="smcap">Marsh-Fleabane.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the central perfect, but sterile, +few, with a 5-cleft corolla; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla, +pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers +with tails. Achenes grooved; pappus capillary, in a single row.—Herbs,<a name="page267"></a> +somewhat glandular, emitting a strong or camphoric odor, the heads cymosely +clustered. Flowers purplish, in summer. (Dedicated to the Abbé <i>Pluche</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. bífrons</b>, DC. <i>Perennial</i>, 2–3° high; <i>leaves closely sessile or half-clasping</i>, +oblong to lanceolate, sharply denticulate, veiny (only 2–3´ long); +heads clustered in a corymb; scales lanceolate.—Low ground, Cape May, +N. J., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. camphoràta</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">Salt-marsh Fleabane.</span>) <i>Annual, pale</i> +(2–5° high); <i>leaves scarcely petioled</i>, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thickish, +obscurely veiny, serrate; corymb flat; involucral scales ovate to lanceolate. +(P. fœtida, <i>DC.</i>)—Salt marshes, Mass. to Va., and southward, and on river-banks +westward to Ky., Ill., and Neb. (?)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="evax"><b>29. ÈVAX</b>, Gaertn.</p> + +<p>Heads rather many-flowered, discoid; flowers as in Pluchea, the central usually +sterile. Involucral scales few, woolly. Receptacle convex to subulate, +chaffy, the scarious chaff not embracing the smooth dorsally compressed +achenes. Anthers with tails or acutely sagittate; pappus none.—Low, densely +floccose-woolly annuals; extreme western. (Name of uncertain signification.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. prolífera</b>, Nutt. A span high or less, simple or branching from +the base; leaves numerous, small and spatulate; heads in dense proliferous +clusters; receptacle convex; chaff subtending the sterile flowers woolly-tipped, +the rest more scarious and naked, oval or oblong.—Dak. and W. Kan. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="filago"><b>30. FILÀGO</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Cotton-Rose.</span></p> + +<p>Heads and flowers as in Evax. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked +at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base; the chaff resembling +the proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. +Achenes terete; pappus of the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones +mostly none.—Annual, low, branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves, and +small heads in capitate clusters. (Name from <i>filum</i>, a thread, in allusion to +the cottony hairs of these plants.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>F.</b> <span class="smcap">Germánica</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Herba Impia.</span>) Stem erect, short, clothed with +lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly +heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar +head, and so on;—hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, +as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent.—Dry +fields, N. Y. to Va. July–Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="antennaria"><b>31. ANTENNÀRIA</b>, Gaertn. <span class="smcap">Everlasting.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, diœcious; flowers all tubular; pistillate corollas very +slender. Involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. Receptacle +convex or flat, not chaffy. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish; +pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flowers capillary, united at base +so as to fall in a ring, and in the sterile thickened and club-shaped or barbellate +at the summit.—Perennial white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and +corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. (Name from the resemblance +of the sterile pappus to the <i>antennæ</i> of certain insects.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. plantaginifòlia</b>, Hook. (<span class="smcap">Plantain-leaved Everlasting.</span>) +Spreading by offsets and runners, low (3–18´ high); leaves silky-woolly when +young, at length green above and hoary beneath; those of the simple and scape-like<a name="page268"></a> +flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed; the radical obovate or oval-spatulate, +petioled, ample, 3-nerved; heads in a small crowded corymb; scales +of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower +in the fertile plant.—Sterile knolls and banks; common. March–May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="anaphalis"><b>32. ANÁPHALIS</b>, DC. <span class="smcap">Everlasting.</span></p> + +<p>Characters as of Antennaria, but the pappus in the sterile flowers not thickened +at the summit or scarcely so, and that of the fertile flowers not at all +united at base; fertile heads usually with a few perfect but sterile flowers in +the centre. (Said to be an ancient Greek name of some similar plant.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. margaritàcea</b>, Benth. & Hook. (<span class="smcap">Pearly Everlasting.</span>) Stem +erect (1–2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves +broadly to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile, soon green above; involucral +scales pearly-white, very numerous, obtuse or rounded, radiating in age. +(Antennaria margaritacea, <i>R. Br.</i>)—Dry hills and woods, common northward. +Aug. (N. E. Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gnaphalium"><b>33. GNAPHÀLIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Cudweed.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the outer pistillate and very slender, +the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or +colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate. +Achenes terete or flattish; pappus a single row of capillary rough bristles.—Woolly +herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves, and clustered or corymbed +heads; fl. in summer and autumn. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from +<span class="greek">γνάφαλον</span>, <i>a lock of wool</i>, in allusion to the floccose down.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. GNAPHALIUM proper. <i>Bristles of the pappus distinct.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. polycéphalum</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Common Everlasting.</span>) Erect, woolly +annual (1–3° high), fragrant; <i>leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base</i>, with undulate +margins, <i>not decurrent</i>, smoothish above; <i>heads clustered at the summit of +the panicled-corymbose branches</i>, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate; +scales (whitish) ovate and oblong, rather obtuse; perfect flowers few.—Old +fields and woods; common.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. decúrrens</b>, Ives. (<span class="smcap">Everlasting.</span>) Stout, erect (2° high), annual +or biennial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the +branches, bearing numerous <i>heads in dense corymbed clusters; leaves linear-lanceolate, +partly clasping, decurrent</i>; scales yellowish-white, oval, acutish.—Hillsides, +N. J. and Penn. to Maine, Mich., Minn., and northward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>G. uliginòsum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Low Cudweed.</span>) <i>Diffusely branched</i>, appressed-woolly +annual (3–6´ high); leaves spatulate-oblanceolate or linear, +not decurrent; <i>heads (small) in terminal sessile capitate clusters</i> subtended by +leaves; scales brownish, less imbricated.—Low grounds; common, especially +east and northward; perhaps introduced. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>G. supìnum</b>, Villars. (<span class="smcap">Mountain Cudweed.</span>) Dwarf and tufted +perennial (2´ high); leaves linear, woolly; heads solitary or few and spiked on +the slender simple flowering stems; scales brown, lanceolate, acute, nearly +glabrous; achenes broader and flatter.—Alpine summit of Mount Washington; +very rare. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page269"></a>§ 2. GAMOCHÆ̀TA. <i>Bristles of the pappus united at the very base into a +ring, so falling off all together.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>G. purpùreum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Purplish Cudweed.</span>) Annual, simple or +branched from the base, ascending (6–20´ high), silvery-canescent with dense +white wool; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse, not decurrent, green above; <i>heads</i> +in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the wand-like +summit of the stem; scales tawny, the inner often marked with purple.—Sandy +or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Va., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="adenocaulon"><b>34. ADENOCAÙLON</b>, Hook.</p> + +<p>Heads 5–10-flowered; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas; the +marginal ones pistillate, fertile; the others perfect but sterile. Involucral +scales few, equal, in a single row, not scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers +caudate. Achenes elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with stalked +glands above; pappus none.—Slender perennials, with the alternate thin and +petioled leaves smooth and green above, white-woolly beneath, and few small +(whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, from +<span class="greek">ἀδήν</span>, <i>a gland</i>, and <span class="greek">καυλός</span>, <i>a stem</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. bícolor</b>, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angular-toothed +margins; petioles margined.—Moist woods, shore of Lake Superior, +and westward. Stem 1–3° high.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="inula"><b>35. ÍNULA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Elecampane.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Involucre +imbricated, hemispherical, the outer scales herbaceous or leaf-like. Receptacle +naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes more or less 4–5-ribbed; pappus +simple, of capillary bristles.—Coarse herbs, not floccose-woolly, with alternate +simple leaves, and large yellow flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>I.</b> <span class="smcap">Helènium</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Elecampane.</span>) Stout perennial (3–5° high); leaves +large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the others +partly clasping; rays very many, narrow.—Roadsides and damp pastures. +Aug.—Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="polymnia"><b>36. POLÝMNIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Leaf-Cup.</span></p> + +<p>Heads broad, many-flowered, radiate, rays several (rarely abortive), pistillate; +disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucral scales in two rows; the outer +about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading; the inner small and membranaceous, +partly embracing the thick triangular-obovoid achenes. Receptacle flat, membranous-chaffy. +Pappus none.—Tall branching perennial herbs, viscid-hairy, +exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, opposite, or the uppermost +alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules at the base. Heads +in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow; in summer and autumn. (Dedicated +to the Muse, <i>Polyhymnia</i>, for no obvious reason.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Canadénsis</b>, L. <i>Clammy-hairy</i>, 2–5° high; lower leaves deeply +pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3–5-lobed or angled, petioled; +heads small; <i>rays 5, obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre</i>, often minute +or abortive, whitish-yellow; achenes 3-costate, not striate.—Moist shaded +ravines, Conn. to W. Vt., Minn., and southward.—Var. <span class="smcap">radiàta</span>, Gray; ligules +more developed, 3-lobed, 3–6´´ long, whitish. Ill. to Kan., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page270"></a>2. <b>P. Uvedàlia</b>, L. <i>Roughish-hairy, stout</i> (4–10° high); leaves broadly +ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly +narrowed into a winged petiole; outer involucral scales very large; <i>rays 10–15, +linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre</i>, yellow; achenes +strongly striate.—Rich soil, W. New York and N. J. to Mo., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="silphium"><b>37. SÍLPHIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Rosin-weed.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their +broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows; disk-flowers apparently perfect, +but with entire style and sterile. Scales of the broad and flattish involucre +imbricated in several rows, thickish, broad and with loose leaf-like summits, +except the innermost, which resemble the linear chaff of the flat receptacle. +Achenes broad and flat, dorsally compressed, surrounded by a wing notched +at the top, without pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin, +the achene and its subtending chaff usually falling together; those of the disk +sterile and stalk-like.—Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with copious +resinous juice, and large corymbose-panicled, yellow-flowered heads. (<span class="greek">Σίλφιον</span>, +the ancient name of some resinous plant, transferred by Linnæus to this +American genus.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stem terete, alternate-leaved (root very large and thick).</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. laciniàtum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Rosin-weed. Compass-Plant.</span>) <i>Rough-bristly +throughout</i>, stem stout (3–12° high), leafy; <i>leaves pinnately parted</i>, petioled +but dilated and clasping at the base; <i>their divisions lanceolate or linear</i>, acute, +<i>cut-lobed or pinnatifid</i>, rarely entire; heads few (1–2´ broad), sessile or short-peduncled +along the naked summit; <i>scales ovate, tapering into long and spreading +rigid points</i>; achenes broadly winged and deeply notched, 6´´ long.—Prairies, +Mich. to Dak., and southward. July.—Lower and root-leaves vertical, +12–30´ long, ovate in outline; on the wide open prairies disposed to +present their edges north and south; hence called <i>Compass-Plant</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. terebinthinàceum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Prairie Dock.</span>) <i>Stem smooth, slender</i> +(4–10° high), panicled at the summit and bearing several or many, large +heads, leafless except toward the base; <i>leaves ovate</i> and ovate-oblong, somewhat +heart-shaped, <i>serrate-toothed</i>, thick, rough, especially beneath (1–2° long, +on slender petioles); <i>scales roundish, obtuse</i>, smooth; achenes narrowly winged, +slightly notched and 2-toothed.—Var. <span class="smcap">pinnatífidum</span>, Gray, has the leaves +deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies into the ordinary form.—Prairies and oak-openings, +Ohio and Mich. to Minn., and southward. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stem terete or slightly 4-angled, leafy; leaves undivided (not large), some +opposite.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. trifoliàtum</b>, L. <i>Stem smooth, often glaucous</i>, rather slender (4–7° +high), branched above; stem-<i>leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire</i> or scarcely serrate, +rough, <i>short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4</i>, the uppermost opposite; heads loosely +panicled; achenes rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top.—Dry +plains and banks, Penn. to Ohio, and southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. Asteríscus</b>, L. <i>Stem hispid</i> (2–4° high); <i>leaves opposite, or the +lower rarely in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely +toothed</i>, rarely entire, <i>rough-hairy</i>, the lower short-petioled; heads nearly solitary<a name="page271"></a> +(large), squarrose; achenes obovate, winged, 2-toothed, the teeth usually +awn-like.—Dry sandy soil, Va. and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. integrifòlium</b>, Michx. <i>Stem smooth or rough</i>, rather stout (2–4° +high), rigid, 4-angular and grooved; <i>leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate</i>, +entire or denticulate, tapering to a sharp point <i>from a roundish heart-shaped +and partly clasping base</i>, rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3–5´ long); +heads in a close forking corymb, short-peduncled; achenes broadly winged, +deeply notched.—Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Stem square; leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6–15´ long).</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. perfoliàtum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cup-Plant.</span>) Stem stout, often branched above +(4–8° high), leafy; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their +bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged +petioles which are connate by their bases; heads corymbose; scales ovate; +achenes winged and variously notched.—Rich soil along streams, Mich. to +Minn., and southward; common. Also escaped from gardens eastward. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="berlandiera"><b>38. BERLANDIÈRA</b>, DC.</p> + +<p>With the characters of Silphium, but the 5–12 fertile ray-flowers in a single +series. Involucral scales in about 3 series, thinner, the inner dilated obovate, +exceeding the disk, the outer smaller and more foliaceous. Achenes +obovate, not winged nor notched at the apex, and without pappus, deciduous +with the subtending scale and 2 or 3 of the inner chaff.—Alternate-leaved +perennials of the southern and southwestern States; head pedunculate. +(Named for <i>J. L. Berlandier</i>, a Swiss botanist who collected in Texas +and Mexico.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. Texàna</b>, DC. Hirsute-tomentose or villous, 2–3° high, very leafy; +leaves crenate, the radical oblong, petiolate, the cauline oblong-cordate to subcordate-lanceolate, +the upper closely sessile; heads somewhat cymose, ½´ broad.—S. W. Mo. +to La. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chrysogonum"><b>39. CHRYSÓGONUM</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile; the +disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 outer leaf-like oblong +scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like concave +scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenes +all in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by +the short scale of the involucre behind it; pappus a small chaffy crown, 2–3-toothed, +and wanting on the inner side.—A hairy, perennial herb, with opposite +long-petioled leaves, and solitary long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers, +nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the flowerless shoots forming runners. +(The Greek name of some plant, composed of <span class="greek">χρυσός</span>, <i>golden</i>, and <span class="greek">γόνυ</span>, +<i>knee</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Virginiànum</b>, L. Usually low (2–15´ high); leaves ovate, mostly +obtuse, crenate, rarely somewhat cordate, or the radical obovate with cuneate +base; rays ½´ long.—Dry soil, from southern Penn. to Fla. May–Aug.—Var. +<span class="smcap">dentàtum</span>, Gray; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely dentate-serrate; +involucral scales more acute.—High Island at the Falls of the Potomac.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="engelmannia"><a name="page272"></a><b>40. ENGELMÁNNIA</b>, Torr. & Gray.</p> + +<p>Heads and flowers of the preceding genera. Rays 8–10. Involucre of +about 10 outer loose foliaceous scales, more or less dilated and coriaceous at +base, and several firm-coriaceous, oval or obovate, concave inner ones with short +abrupt green tips. Chaff of the flat receptacle firm and persistent. Achenes +flat, obovate, wingless, tardily deciduous with the attached scale and chaff; +pappus a firm scarious hispid crown, more or less lobed.—A coarse hispid perennial, +with alternate deeply pinnatifid leaves, and somewhat paniculately disposed +heads on slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Named for the +eminent botanist, <i>Dr. George Engelmann</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. pinnatífida</b>, Torr. & Gray. Stems 1–2° high; heads ½´ broad, +and rays ½´ long.—Central Kan. to La., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="parthenium"><b>41. PARTHÈNIUM</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate; ray-flowers 5, with very short +and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistillate +and fertile; disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Involucre +hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle conical, +chaffy. Achenes only in the ray, obcompressed, surrounded by a slender callous +margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2 small +chaffy scales.—Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed; the flowers whitish. +(An ancient name of some plant, from <span class="greek">παρθένος</span>, <i>virgin</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. integrifòlium</b>, L. Rough-pubescent perennial (1–3° high); +leaves oblong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3–6´ long) cut-lobed below +the middle; heads many in a very dense flat corymb.—Dry soil, Md. to +Ill., Minn., and southward. June–Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="iva"><b>42. ÌVA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Marsh Elder. Highwater-shrub.</span></p> + +<p>Heads several flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the staminate +sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1–5) and marginal, with a +small tubular or no corolla; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothed corolla. +Anthers nearly separate. Scales of the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle +small, with narrow chaff among the flowers. Achenes obovoid or lenticular, +pappus none.—Herbaceous or shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the +lower opposite, and small nodding greenish-white heads of flowers; in summer +and autumn. (Name of unknown derivation.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Heads spicate or racemose in the axils of leaves or leaf-like bracts; fertile +flowers with evident corolla.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>I. frutéscens</b>, L. <i>Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth</i> (3–8° high); +leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper +reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, in leafy +panicled racemes; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5.—Salt marshes, +coast of Mass. to Va. and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>I. ciliàta</b>, Willd. <i>Annual</i> (2–6° high), <i>rough and hairy; leaves</i> ovate, +pointed, coarsely toothed, <i>downy beneath, on slender ciliate petioles</i>; heads in +dense spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts; scales of +the involucre and fertile flowers 3–5.—Moist ground, from Ill. southward.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page273"></a>§ 2. CYCLACHÆ̀NA. <i>Heads in panicled spikes, scarcely bracteate; corolla +of the 5 fertile flowers a mere rudiment or none.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>I. xanthiifòlia</b>, Nutt. Annual, tall, roughish; leaves nearly all opposite, +hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest heart-shaped, doubly +or cut-toothed, or obscurely lobed; heads small, crowded, in axillary and terminal +panicles.—N. W. Wisc. to Minn., Kan., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ambrosia"><b>43. AMBRÒSIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Ragweed.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant; the +fertile 1–3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of +the racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped, +of 7–12 scales united into a cup, containing 5–20 funnel-form staminate flowers, +with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Anthers almost separate. Fertile +involucre (fruit) oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, resembling an achene +(usually with 4–8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row), and enclosing a +single flower which consists of a pistil only; the elongated style-branches protruding. +Achenes ovoid; pappus none.—Coarse homely weeds, with opposite +or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers, in +late summer and autumn; ours annuals, except the last. (The Greek and +later Latin name of several plants, as well as of the food of the gods.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Sterile heads sessile in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre extended on +one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded, bristly-hairy tooth or appendage; +fertile involucre oblong and 4-angled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. bidentàta</b>, Michx. Hairy (1–3° high), very leafy; leaves alternate, +lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on +each side near the base; fruit with 4 stout spines and a central beak.—Prairies +of Ill., Mo., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves opposite, only once lobed; sterile involucre 3-ribbed on one side.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. trífida</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Great Ragweed.</span>) Stem stout (3–12° high), +rough-hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval lanceolate +and serrate; petioles margined; fruit obovate, 5–6-ribbed and tubercled.—Var. +<span class="smcap">integrifòlia</span>, Torr. & Gray, is only a smaller form, with the upper +leaves, or all of them, undivided, ovate or oval.—Moist river-banks; common.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves many of them alternate, all once or twice pinnatifid.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. artemisiæfòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Roman Wormwood. Hog-weed. Bitter-weed.</span>) +Much branched (1–3° high), hairy or roughish-pubescent; +<i>leaves thin, twice-pinnatifid</i>, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath; <i>fruit</i> +obovoid or globular, <i>armed with about 6 short acute teeth or spines</i>.—Waste +places everywhere.—Extremely variable, with finely cut leaves, on the flowering +branches often undivided; rarely the spikes bear all fertile heads.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. psilostàchya</b>, DC. Paniculate-branched (2–5° high), rough and +somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs; <i>leaves once pinnatifid, thickish</i>, the +lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised; <i>fruit</i> obovoid, <i>without +tubercles or with very small ones</i>, pubescent.—Prairies and plains, Ill., Wisc., +Minn., and southwestward. Perennial, with slender running rootstocks.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="xanthium"><a name="page274"></a><b>44. XÁNTHIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Cocklebur. Clotbur.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads, the latter clustered +below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile involucres and +flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate and receptacle cylindrical. +Fertile involucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked +prickles so as to form a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered; the flower consisting +of a pistil and slender thread-form corolla. Achenes oblong, flat, destitute +of pappus.—Coarse and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching +stout stems, and alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves; flowering in summer +and autumn. (The Greek name of some plant that was used to dye the +hair yellow; from <span class="greek">ξανθός</span>, <i>yellow</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves attenuate to both ends, with triple spines at the base.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>X.</b> <span class="smcap">spinòsum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Spiny Clotbur.</span>) Hoary-pubescent; stems slender, +with slender yellow 3-parted spines at the axils; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, +tapering to a short petiole, white-downy beneath, often 2–3-lobed +or cut; fruit ({1/3}´ long) pointed with a single short beak.—Waste places on the +sea-board and along rivers, Mass. and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-nerved, dentate and often lobed, long-petiolate; +axils unarmed; fruit 2-beaked.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>X.</b> <span class="smcap">strumàrium</span>, L. Low (1–2° high); fruit 6–8´´ long, glabrous or puberulent, +with usually straight beaks and rather slender spines.—A weed of +barnyards, etc., sparingly nat. from Eu. (?) or Ind. (?).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>X. Canadénse</b>, Mill. Stouter, the stem often brown-punctate; fruit +about 1´ long, densely prickly and more or less hispid, the stout beaks usually +hooked or incurved.—River-banks and waste places, common.—Var. <span class="smcap">echinàtum</span>, +Gray, usually low, with still denser and longer, conspicuously hirsute +or hispid prickles. Sandy sea-shores and on the Great Lakes.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tetragonotheca"><b>45. TETRAGONOTHÈCA</b>, Dill.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 6–9, fertile. Involucre double; +the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, united below by their margins into +a 4-angled or winged cup; the inner of small chaffy scales, as many as the +ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenes. Receptacle convex or conical, +with narrow and membranaceous chaff. Achenes very thick and obovoid, flat +at the top; pappus none.—Erect perennial herbs, with opposite coarsely +toothed leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads +of pale yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of <span class="greek">τετράγωνος</span>, +<i>four-angled</i>, and <span class="greek">θήκη</span>, <i>a case</i>, from the shape of the involucre.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. helianthoìdes</b>, L. Villous and somewhat viscid, 1–2° high, +simple; leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, sessile by a narrow base; involucral +scales and rays about 1´ long.—Sandy soil, Va. and southward. June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="eclipta"><b>46. ECLÍPTA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays short; disk-flowers perfect, 4-toothed, +all fertile. Involucral scales 10–12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. +Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff. Achenes short, 3–4-sided, or +in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy at the summit; +pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown.—An annual rough herb, with<a name="page275"></a> +slender stems and opposite leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers white; +anthers brown. (Name from <span class="greek">ἐκλείπω</span>, <i>to be deficient</i>, alluding to the absence +of pappus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. álba</b>, Hassk. Rough with fine appressed hairs; stems procumbent, +or ascending and 1–3° high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, +mostly sessile, slightly serrate; rays equalling the disk. (E. procumbens, +<i>Michx.</i>)—Wet river-banks, N. J. to Ill. and southward. Peduncles very +variable. (All tropical countries.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="heliopsis"><b>47. HELIÓPSIS</b>, Pers. <span class="smcap">Ox-eye.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays 10 or more, fertile. Involucral scales +in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the +inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical; chaff linear. Achenes +smooth, thick, 4-angular, truncate; pappus none, or a mere border.—Perennial +herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, terminal. Leaves opposite, +petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of +<span class="greek">ἥλιος</span>, <i>the sun</i>, and <span class="greek">ὄψις</span>, <i>appearance</i>, from the likeness to the Sunflower.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. læ̀vis</b>, Pers. Nearly smooth (1–4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate +or oblong-ovate, rather narrowly pointed, occasionally ternate; scales (as in the +next) with a rigid strongly nerved base; rays linear; pappus none or of 2–4 +obscure teeth.—Banks and copses, N. Y. to Ill. and southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. scàbra</b>, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves, which are disposed +to be less narrowly pointed, the upper sometimes entire; rays broadly +oblong to linear or oblanceolate; pappus coroniform and chaffy or of 2 or 3 +conspicuous teeth. (H. lævis, var. scabra, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Western N. Y. to +Minn., Mo., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="echinacea"><b>48. ECHINÀCEA</b>, Moench. <span class="smcap">Purple Cone-flower.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but +sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle +conical; the lanceolate carinate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. +Achenes thick and short, 4-sided; pappus a small toothed border.—Perennial +herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by +a single large head; leaves chiefly alternate, 3–5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, +rather persistent; disk purplish. (Name formed from <span class="greek">ἐχῖνος</span>, <i>the hedgehog</i>, or +<i>sea-urchin</i>, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. purpùrea</b>, Moench. <i>Leaves</i> rough, often serrate; the lowest +<i>ovate, 5-nerved</i>, veiny, long-petioled; the others <i>ovate-lanceolate</i>; involucre imbricated +in 3–5 rows; stem smooth, or in one form rough-bristly, as well as +the leaves.—Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Va. to Iowa, and southward; +occasionally adv. eastward. July.—Rays 15–20, dull purple (rarely +whitish), 1–2´ long or more. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, +used in popular medicine under the name of <i>Black Sampson</i>.—Very variable, +and probably connects with</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. angustifòlia</b>, DC. <i>Leaves</i>, as well as the slender simple stem, +<i>bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, 3-nerved, entire</i>; +involucre less imbricated and heads often smaller; rays 12–15 (2´ long), rose-color +or red.—Plains from Ill. and Wisc., southwestward. June–Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="rudbeckia"><a name="page276"></a><b>49. RUDBÉCKIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Cone-flower.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre +leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar; the +short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenes 4-angular (in our species), smooth, +not margined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border.—Chiefly +perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy terminal heads; +the rays generally long, yellow, often darker at base. (Named in honor of +the <i>Professors Rudbeck</i>, father and son, predecessors of Linnæus at Upsal.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow; leaves divided and cut.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. laciniàta</b>, L. Stem smooth, branching (2–7° high); leaves smooth +or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5–7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; upper leaves +irregularly 3–5-parted, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the uppermost +undivided; heads long-peduncled; disk at first globular or hemispherical; +chaff truncate, downy at the tip; rays oblanceolate (1–2´ long), drooping.—Low +thickets; common. July–Sept.—Var. <span class="smcap">hùmilis</span>, Gray, low and glabrous, +some of the radical leaves undivided or with roundish divisions; heads smaller +(½´ high) and ray shorter. Mountains of Va. and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Disk hemispherical to oblong-ovoid in fruit, dark purple or brown.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Lower leaves 3-lobed or parted.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. tríloba</b>, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2–5° high), the +branches slender and spreading; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly +toothed, the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely-serrate (those from +the root pinnately parted or undivided); rays 8, oval or oblong; chaff of the +black-purple depressed-globular disk smooth, awned.—Dry soil, Penn. to +Mich., Mo., and southward. Aug.—Heads small, but numerous and showy.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. subtomentòsa</b>, Pursh. Stem branching above (3–4° high), +downy, as well as the petiolate ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves beneath; +heads short-peduncled; disk globular, dull brown; receptacle sweet-scented; +chaff downy at the blunt apex.—Prairies, Wisc., Ill., Mo., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves undivided, rarely laciniately toothed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>R. hírta</b>, L. <i>Biennial</i>, very rough and bristly-hairy throughout; stems +simple or branched near the base, stout (1–2° high), naked above, bearing +single large heads; <i>leaves nearly entire; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile</i>; +the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding +the involucre; <i>chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip</i>, acutish.—Dry +soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., and southward. Now common as a weed +in eastern meadows, introduced with clover-seed from the West. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>R. fúlgida</b>, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bearing +single heads; <i>leaves spatulate-oblong</i> or lanceolate, <i>partly clasping, triple-nerved, +the upper entire, mostly obtuse</i>; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding +the ample involucre; <i>chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth</i> and blunt.—Dry +soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ky., Mo., and southward.—Variable, 1–3° high; +the rays orange-yellow.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>R. spathulàta</b>, Michx. Pubescence short and appressed; slender, +8´–3° high; leaves obovate or spatulate or the upper ovate to lanceolate,<a name="page277"></a> +sometimes all lanceolate or oblanceolate to linear, denticulate; heads long-peduncled, +smaller than in the preceding, the rays fewer and broader.—Pine +woods, Va. to Tenn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>R. speciòsa</b>, Wenderoth. Roughish-hairy (1–2° high), branched; +the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large +heads; <i>leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3–5-nerved, +coarsely and unequally toothed or incised</i>; involucre much shorter than +the numerous elongated (1–1½´) rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, +smooth.—Dry soil, W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lepachys"><b>50. LÉPACHYS</b>, Raf.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, neutral. Involucral scales few +and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar; the chaff truncate, +thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined +achenes. Pappus none or 2 teeth.—Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately +divided leaves; the grooved stems or branches naked above, bearing single +showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, drooping; disk grayish. (Name +from <span class="greek">λεπίς</span>, <i>a scale</i>, and <span class="greek">παχύς</span>, <i>thick</i>, from the thickened tips of the chaff.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. pinnàta</b>, Torr. & Gray. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slender +(4° high), branching; leaflets 3–7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much +shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2´ long).—Dry +soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. July.—The receptacle exhales +a pleasant anisate odor when bruised. Achenes slightly margined on +the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. columnàris</b>, Torr. & Gray. Branching from the base, 1–2° high; +leaflets 5–9, oblong to narrowly linear, entire or 2–3-cleft; disk columnar, +often 1´ long or more; ray as long or shorter, yellow or (var. <span class="smcap">pulchérrima</span>, +Torr. & Gray) in part or wholly brown-purple.—Minn. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="borrichia"><b>51. BORRÍCHIA</b>, Adans. <span class="smcap">Sea Ox-eye.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical +involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and persistent +chaff. Achenes somewhat wedge-shaped, 3–4-angled; pappus a short +4-toothed crown.—Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with +opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow +flowers; anthers blackish. (Named for <i>Olof Borrich</i>, a Danish botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. frutéscens</b>, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6´–3° +high); leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near +the base; chaff rigidly pointed.—Va. and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="helianthus"><b>52. HELIÁNTHUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Sunflower.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several or many, neutral. Involucre +imbricated, herbaceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex; the persistent +chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed smooth achenes, +which are neither winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin +chaffy scales on the principal angles, and sometimes 2 or more small intermediate +scales.—Coarse and stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and +yellow rays; flowering toward autumn. (Named from <span class="greek">ἥλιος</span>, <i>the sun</i>, and +<span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>a flower</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page278"></a>§ 1. <i>Annuals; leaves mostly alternate, petiolate; receptacle flat; disk brownish.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. ánnuus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Sunflower.</span>) Tall, rough; leaves triple-ribbed, +ovate or the lower cordate, serrate; involucral scales broadly ovate to +oblong, long-pointed, ciliate; disk usually 1´ broad or more.—Minn. to Tex., +and westward; long cultivated, and occasionally found in waste grounds.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. petiolàris</b>, Nutt. More slender, 1–3° high; leaves oblong- or +ovate-lanceolate, smaller (1–3´ long), mostly entire; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, +seldom ciliate; disk ½´ broad or more.—Minn. to Tex., and +westward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Perennials; receptacle convex or at length low-conical; lower leaves usually +opposite.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Involucral scales loose, becoming squarrose, narrowly lanceolate, pointed (½´ +long); disk usually purple or brownish; leaves linear, 1-nerved.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>H. orgyàlis</b>, DC. Stem glabrous, tall, very leafy; leaves mostly alternate, +linear to filiform and entire, or the lowest lanceolate and serrulate; +scales filiform-attenuate.—Dry plains, Mo. to Neb., south and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>H. angustifòlius</b>, L. Stem slender (2–6° high), usually scabrous; +leaves long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins; heads loosely +corymbed, long-peduncled; scales acute or pointed.—Low pine barrens, N. J. +to Ky., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Involucral scales closer, more imbricated, short, unequal and not foliaceous; +leaves lanceolate to ovate, mostly opposite and 3-nerved.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Disk dark.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>H. atròrubens</b>, L. <i>Rough-hairy; stem slender</i> (2–4° high), smooth +and naked and forking above; <i>leaves thinnish, ovate or oval to oblong-lanceolate</i>, +or the lowest heart-shaped (3–6´ long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a +margined petiole; heads small, corymbed; scales ovate, obtuse, ciliolate, appressed; +rays 10–16; pappus of 2 fringed scales.—Dry soil, Va. to Ark., and +southward.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>H. rígidus</b>, Desf. <i>Stem stout</i> (2–6° high or more), simple or sparingly +branched, rough; <i>leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate</i>, +usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, entire or serrate, the lowest +oval; heads nearly solitary, pretty large; scales ovate or oblong, obtuse, or +mostly acute, ciliate, appressed; rays 20–25, pappus of 2 large and often several +small scales.—Dry prairies, Mich. to Ill., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Disk yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>H. lætiflòrus</b>, Pers. Closely resembling the last; leaves rather +thinner; heads single or corymbed; scales rather fewer (in 2 or 3 rows), narrower +and acute or mostly acuminate.—Dry open places, Ohio to Wisc. and +Minn., and southward.—Rays showy, 1–2´ long.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>H. occidentàlis</b>, Riddell. Somewhat hairy, stem <i>slender, simple, +naked above</i> (1–3° high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1–5 +small heads on long peduncles; <i>lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate</i>, entire or +obscurely serrate, <i>roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy +petioles; the upper small and remote</i>; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed, +sometimes ciliate.—Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page279"></a>[*][*][*] <i>Involucre looser, the scales more acuminate or elongated or foliaceous; +disk yellow (anthers dark).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate; pubescence rather soft.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>H. móllis</b>, Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top (2–3° high); leaves +ovate to lanceolate, with broad cordate clasping base, pointed; scales lanceolate, +seldom exceeding the disk.—Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves mostly alternate and 3-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath, scabrous above; +scales very long and loose, hairy; tips of chaff and corolla-lobes hirsute.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>H. tomentòsus</b>, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4–8° high); leaves +oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely serrate, +large (5–12´ long), somewhat petioled; disk 1´ broad; rays 12–16, about 1´ +long.—Rich woods, Ill.(?), Va., and southward along the mountains.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Leaves narrow, chiefly alternate, not 3-nerved, scabrous both sides; heads +rather small; scales loose, attenuate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>H. grósse-serràtus</b>, Martens. <i>Stem smooth and glaucous</i>, 6–10° +high; <i>leaves elongated-lanceolate</i> or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply +serrate or denticulate, acute or attenuate at base, <i>petioled</i>, often whiter and +finely pubescent beneath; scales lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate.—Dry +plains, Ohio to Dak., Mo., and southwestward.—Probably runs into the +next.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>H. gigantèus</b>, L. <i>Stem hairy or rough</i> (3–10° high), branched +above; <i>leaves lanceolate</i>, pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire, green both +sides, narrowed and ciliate at base, but <i>nearly sessile</i>; scales long, linear-lanceolate, +pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate.—Var. <span class="smcap">ambíguus</span>, Torr. & Gray; +leaves mostly opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base; perhaps a hybrid +with n. 17.—Low thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed; +the pale yellow rays 15–20; roots often becoming tuber-like.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>H. Maximiliàni</b>, Schrad. Resembling the last; stout, often simple, +1–10° high; leaves becoming rigid and very scabrous, entire or sparingly denticulate; +heads rather large, usually short-peduncled, terminal and in the upper +axils; scales longer attenuate, more rigid.—Prairies, Minn. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+][+] <i>Leaves all or most of them opposite, 3-nerved (faintly in n. 15).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Heads very small (about 4´´ broad); rays 5–8; scales few, short, irregularly +imbricated, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips; stems smooth.</i></p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>H. parviflòrus</b>, Bernh. Stem 3–6° high, with numerous slender +branches above; <i>leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed</i>, somewhat serrate, +petioled, <i>rough above</i>, pale and puberulent beneath; peduncles slender, rough; +scales ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. (H. microcephalus, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Thickets, +Penn. to Ill., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>H. lævigàtus</b>, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender (1–6° high), simple or +sparingly branched, glaucous, <i>glabrous throughout</i>, as well as the slightly serrate +<i>lanceolate leaves</i> which are usually narrow and attenuate to the base.—Dry +soil, Alleghany Mts., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Heads larger; rays usually over 10; spreading by creeping root stocks.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Leaves sessile or subsessile to short-petiolate, serrulate or entire.</i></p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>H. doronicoìdes</b>, Lam. Finely pubescent and roughish, 3–7° +high; leaves <i>sessile</i>, ovate-oblong, acute, <i>triply-nerved above, the broadly cuneate<a name="page280"></a> +base, serrulate</i>; scales loose, attenuate, mostly 6–8´´ long, hairy. (H. cinereus, +var. Sullivantii, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Dry ground, Ohio to Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>H. divaricàtus</b>, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top +(1–4° high), <i>smooth below; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, +3-nerved from the rounded or truncate sessile base</i>, tapering gradually to a sharp +point (3–6´ long), serrate, <i>thickish, rough both sides</i>; scales narrowly lanceolate, +attenuate, ciliate, equalling the disk; rays 8–12.—Thickets and barrens; +common.—Disk 6´´ wide; rays 1´ long.</p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>H. hirsùtus</b>, Raf. <i>Stem</i> simple or forked above, stout (1–4° high), +<i>bristly-hairy; leaves all shortly petioled, ovate-lanceolate</i>, gradually pointed, +<i>slightly serrate</i>, rounded or obtuse at the base, <i>very rough</i> above, usually rough-hairy +beneath; scales ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk; rays about +12.—Dry plains, Ohio to Wisc., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">19. <b>H. strumòsus</b>, L. Stem (3–6° high) very smooth below, often +glaucous; <i>leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point</i>, or the lower +ovate and acute, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough +above, <i>whitish and naked or minutely downy underneath</i>; scales broadly lanceolate +with spreading tips, ciliate, equalling the disk; rays 9–15.—Var. +<span class="smcap">móllis</span>, Torr. & Gray, has the leaves downy underneath, often subcordate, +the scales looser and more attenuate.—River-banks and low copses; common, +especially westward.</p> + +<p class="species">20. <b>H. tracheliifòlius</b>, Willd. Like the last; leaves thinner and +nearly equally green both sides, more sharply serrate, all distinctly petioled; +scales all loose and spreading, exceeding the disk, often much elongated.—Copses, +Penn. and Ohio to Minn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Leaves longer-petiolate, thinnish or soft, coarsely serrate, commonly broad; +scales loose, hirsute-ciliate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">21. <b>H. decapétalus</b>, L. Stem branching (2–5° high), smooth below; +leaves smooth or roughish, ovate, pointed, abruptly contracted into margined +petioles; scales lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, sometimes foliaceous, +the outer longer than the disk; rays about 10.—Copses and low banks +of streams; N. Eng. to Minn. and southward, common.</p> + +<p class="species">22. <b>H. tuberòsus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Jerusalem Artichoke.</span>) Pubescent or hirsute, +5–10° high; leaves ovate or subcordate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, +scabrous above, minutely pubescent or cinereous beneath; scales lanceolate, +attenuate, little exceeding the disk; rays 12–20. (H. doronicoides, former +ed.)—Penn. to Minn., and southward; often cultivated.—Var. <span class="smcap">subcanéscens</span>, +Gray; usually dwarf, the lower side of the leaves whitish with soft fine +pubescence. Minn. to Mo.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="verbesina"><b>53. VERBESÌNA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Crownbeard.</span></p> + +<p>Heads several–many-flowered; the rays pistillate, or sometimes neutral and +sterile, few, or sometimes none. Involucral scales imbricated in 2 or more +rows. Receptacle rather convex (conical in n. 3); the chaff concave. Achenes +flat (compressed laterally), winged or wingless, 2-awned.—Mostly perennial +herbs; the toothed leaves decurrent on the stem. Flowers mostly yellow. +("Name metamorphosed from Verbena.")</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page281"></a>[*] <i>Heads narrow, small, cymosely paniculate; rays few, pistillate, usually fertile; +involucre erect.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>V. occidentàlis</b>, Walt. Stem tall, 4-winged; <i>leaves opposite</i>, ovate +to oblong-lanceolate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubescent +beneath (large and thin); heads in compound corymbs; receptacle flattish; +<i>flowers yellow</i>; rays 1–5, lanceolate; achenes wingless. (V. Siegesbeckia, +<i>Michx.</i>)—Rich soil, S. Penn. to Ill., and southward. July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>V. Virgínica</b>, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, <i>downy-pubescent, +like the lower surface of the</i> ovate-lanceolate feather-veined <i>alternate +leaves</i>; heads in compound corymbs; receptacle convex; <i>flowers white</i>; rays +3–4, oval; achenes winged.—Dry soil, Penn.(?) to Ill., and southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Heads broader, solitary or few.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>V. helianthoìdes</b>, Michx. Perennial; stem hairy (1–3° high), +widely winged by the ovate to the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, +which are rough above and soft-hairy beneath; involucre appressed; rays +8–15, pistillate or neutral, usually sterile; achenes winged, tipped with 2 +fragile awns. (Actinomeris helianthoides, <i>Nutt.</i>)—Prairies and copses, Ohio +to Iowa and southward. July.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>V. encelioìdes</b>, Benth. & Hook. Annual, branching, 1–2° high, cinereous; +leaves alternate, ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, the petioles +mostly winged and auriculate at base; involucral scales linear, equal, foliaceous, +spreading; rays numerous, fertile.—Kan. to Tex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="actinomeris"><b>54. ACTINÓMERIS</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; rays neutral, few or none. Involucral scales few, +herbaceous, nearly equal, soon deflexed beneath the globular disk. Receptacle +small, chaffy. Achenes flat, obovate, winged or wingless, at maturity +spreading in all directions; pappus of 2 or 3 smooth persistent awns.—Tall +branching perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base +and mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed; flowers chiefly yellow. +(Name from <span class="greek">ἀκτίς</span>, <i>a ray</i>, and <span class="greek">μερίς</span>, <i>a part</i>; alluding to the irregularity of the +rays.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. squarròsa</b>, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy, usually winged above +(4–8° high); leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, +pointed at both ends; rays 2–8, irregular.—Rich soil, Penn. and W. New York +to Iowa, and southward. Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="coreopsis"><b>55. COREÓPSIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Tickseed.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. Involucre +double; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and somewhat +spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous. +Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenes +flat, obcompressed (i.e., parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, +not narrowed at the top, 2-toothed or 2-awned, or sometimes naked at the summit, +the awns not barbed downwardly.—Herbs, generally with opposite leaves, +and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from <span class="greek">κόρις</span>, <i>a bug</i>, and +<span class="greek">ὄψις</span>, <i>resemblance</i>; from the form of the achene.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page282"></a>§ 1. <i>Style-tips truncate or nearly so; outer involucre small and short; rays rose-color +or yellow with brown base; pappus an obscure border or none.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. ròsea</b>, Nutt. Perennial; stem branching, leafy, smooth (6–20´ +high); leaves linear, entire; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short peduncles; +rays rose-color, 3-toothed; achenes oblong, wingless.—Sandy grassy +swamps, Plymouth, Mass., to N. J., and southward; rare. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. cardaminefòlia</b>, Torr. & Gray. Annual, 6´–2° high; leaves +1–2-pinnately divided, the lobes oval to lanceolate or above linear; rays yellow +with brown-purple base; achenes short, smooth or papillose, winged.—Kan. +to La. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. tinctòria</b>, Nutt. Annual, glabrous, 2–3° high; leaves 1–2-pinnately +divided, the lobes lanceolate to linear; achenes oblong, wingless; rays +yellow with more or less of crimson-brown.—Minn. to Tex., etc.; common +in cultivation.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Style-tips abruptly cuspidate, hispid; involucres nearly equal; achenes +roundish, winged, incurved, often papillose and with a callus inside at base +and apex; pappus 2 small teeth or none; ray mostly yellow and palmately +lobed; perennials, with long-pedunculate heads; lower leaves petiolate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. lanceolàta</b>, L. Smooth or hairy (1–2° high), tufted, branched +only at the base; leaves all entire (the lower rarely with a pair of small lateral +lobes), lanceolate, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate; outer scales ovate-lanceolate.—Rich +or damp soil, Mich. and Ill. to Va., and southward. July. +Also cultivated in gardens. Heads showy; rays 1´ long.—Var. <span class="smcap">angustifòlia</span>, +Torr. & Gray, is a low form with crowded narrow leaves and elongated +peduncles.—Var. <span class="smcap">villòsa</span>, Michx., is hirsute below, the leaves rather broad.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. grandiflòra</b>, Nutt. Mostly glabrous; lower leaves lanceolate and +spatulate, entire, the <i>upper 3–5-parted with lanceolate to linear and sometimes +2–3-parted lobes</i>; heads as in the last or larger.—S. Mo. to Tex. and Ga.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>C. pubéscens</b>, Ell. More leafy, 1–4° high, pubescent or nearly +glabrous; leaves thickish, oblong or the lower oval-obovate and the upper +oblong-lanceolate, entire or with 2–4 small lateral lobes; heads usually +smaller.—Va. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>C. auriculàta</b>, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems 1–4° high, +branching, sometimes with runners; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong +or oval-lanceolate, entire; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously +3–5-lobed or divided; outer scales oblong-linear or lanceolate; achenes narrowly +winged and strongly involute.—Rich woods and banks, Va. to Ill., and +southward. June–Sept.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <i>Style-tips cuspidate; achenes oblong, nearly straight, without callus, the +wing narrow or none; rays yellow, mostly entire or slightly toothed.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Outer scales narrow, about the length of the inner, all more or less united at +base; rays mostly entire, acute; pappus 2-toothed or none; leaves opposite, +sessile, mostly 3-divided, appearing as if whorled; perennial, 1–3° high.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves 3-cleft, but not to the base.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>C. palmàta</b>, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, +rigid; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobed.—Prairies, +Mich. to Minn., and southwestward. July.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page283"></a>[+][+] <i>Leaves divided to the base, uppermost and lowest sometimes simple.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>C. senifòlia</b>, Michx. Plant minutely soft-pubescent; leaves each divided +into 3 sessile <i>ovate-lanceolate entire leaflets</i>, therefore appearing like 6 in +a whorl.—Sandy woods, Va. and southward. July.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>stellàta</b>, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, and the leaves narrower.—Va., +Ky., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>C. delphinifòlia</b>, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves divided into +3 sessile <i>leaflets</i> which are 2–5-<i>parted, their divisions lance-linear</i> (1–3´´ broad), +rather rigid; disk brownish.—Pine woods, Va. and southward. July.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>C. verticillàta</b>, L. Glabrous; leaves divided into 3 sessile <i>leaflets</i> +which are 1–2-<i>pinnately parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions</i>.—Damp +soil, from Ont. and Mich. to Md., Ark., and southward. Cultivated in +old gardens, but not showy. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Outer scales narrow, shorter, all united at base; rays entire, obtuse; pappus +none; leaves petiolate, pinnately 3–5-divided; perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>C. trípteris</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Tall Coreopsis.</span>) Smooth; stem simple (4–9° +high), corymbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire.—Penn. to Wisc., +Iowa, and southward. Aug.–Sept.—Heads exhaling the odor of anise when +bruised; disk turning brownish.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Scales mostly distinct, the outer leafy, reflexed or spreading; achenes +flat, obovate or cuneate-oblong, 1-nerved on each face, 2-toothed or 2-awned +(rarely 4-awned); leaves petiolate, usually pinnately 3–7-divided, the lobes +serrate; annuals (or biennial), branching. Approaching</i> Bidens.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Rays conspicuous, golden yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Achenes cuneate, obscurely ciliate or naked; outer scales about 8.</i></p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>C. aùrea</b>, Ait. Nearly glabrous, 1–3° high; leaves variable, commonly +3–7-divided, or some or all undivided, the segments incisely serrate or +lobed; <i>achenes broadly cuneate</i>, 1–2´´ long, with 2 <i>very short blunt spreading +teeth</i>.—Wet ground, Va. to Fl.</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>C. trichospérma</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Tickseed Sunflower.</span>) Smooth, +branched; leaves short-petioled, nearly all 3–7-divided; leaflets lanceolate or +linear, cut-toothed, or the upper leaves only 3–5-cleft and almost sessile; heads +panicled-corymbose; <i>achenes narrowly wedge-oblong or the inner ones wedge-linear</i>, +about 4´´ long, smooth or sparsely hairy, marginless, <i>crowned with 2 +erect triangular or awl-shaped stout teeth</i>.—Swamps, Mass. to Va. near the +coast. Also Buffalo, N. Y., to Ill., where is a var. <span class="smcap">tenuíloba</span>, Gray, with +shorter achenes, approaching the last. Aug.–Oct.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Achenes obovate, very flat, with thin ciliate margins.</i></p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>C. aristòsa</b>, Michx. Somewhat pubescent; leaves 1–2-pinnately 5–7-divided, +petioled; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid; heads panicled-corymbose; +outer scales 8–10, not exceeding the inner, barely ciliate; +<i>achenes</i> with 2 (rarely 4) <i>long and slender diverging awns</i> as long as the achene +itself.—Swamps, Ohio to Mich., Minn., and southwestward. Aug.–Oct.—Var. +<span class="smcap">mùtica</span> has two short divergent teeth or points in place of the awns.—W. Ill. +and southwestward. Forms occur with the barbs of the awns spreading +or retrorse, hybrids with <i>Bidens frondosa</i> or other species.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page284"></a>16. <b>C. involucràta</b>, Nutt. Heads rather larger, the outer scales 12–20, +mostly exceeding the inner, slender and hispid; achenes with 2 short acute +teeth.—W. Ill. to Kan. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Rays none, or rarely rudimentary; outer scales usually 3–5, loose, leafy, +commonly surpassing the short-pedunculate heads; achenes narrowly cuneate; +plants glabrous, 1–3° high; leaves petiolate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>C. bidentoìdes</b>, Nutt. Paniculately branched; <i>leaves undivided, +lanceolate</i>, coarsely toothed, tapering at both ends; heads 6–10´´ long; <i>achenes +nearly subulate</i>, bearing a pair of <i>very slender</i> upwardly roughened <i>awns surpassing +the corolla</i> (4´´ long), but shorter than the achene, often also 2 minute +teeth alternate with the awns.—Shores of Delaware River, near Philad., and +Delaware Bay, to Md. Hybridizes with <i>Bidens frondosa</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>C. discoídea</b>, Torr. & Gray. Diffusely branched, 1–2° high; <i>leaves +ternately divided</i>, slender-petioled; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely +serrate; heads 2–3´´ long; <i>achenes linear-wedge-shaped</i> (2–3´´ long), bearing +a pair of <i>short and stout</i> upwardly-barbed <i>awns of the length of the corolla</i>.—Wet +banks and swamps, Conn. to Ohio, Ill., and southward. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="bidens"><b>56. BÌDENS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Bur-Marigold.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; the rays when present 3–8, neutral. Involucre double, +the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish; the chaff deciduous +with the fruit. Achenes flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre, +or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns which +are downwardly barbed.—Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite various +leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin, <i>bidens</i>, two-toothed.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Achenes flat, not tapering at the summit; outer involucre foliaceous; annuals.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Heads erect, nearly rayless; leaves mostly petiolate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. frondòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Beggar-ticks. Stick-tight.</span>) Smooth +or rather hairy, tall (2–6° high), branching, <i>leaves 3–5-divided; leaflets +mostly stalked</i>, lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed; outer involucre much +longer than the head, ciliate below; <i>achenes wedge-obovate, 2-awned, ciliate</i> (the +bristles ascending except near the summit).—Moist waste places; a coarse +troublesome weed, the achenes, as in the other species, adhering to clothing, +etc., by their retrorsely barbed awns. Hybrids occur with <i>Coreopsis aristosa</i> +and other species. July–Oct.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>B. connàta</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Swamp Beggar-ticks.</span>) Smooth (1–2° high); +<i>leaves lanceolate</i> or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering into +margined slightly united petioles; <i>the lower often 3-divided, their lateral divisions +united at the base and decurrent on the petiole</i>; outer scales longer than +the head, few, mostly obtuse; <i>rays none; achenes narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2–4-) +awned, the margins minutely retrorsely ciliate</i>.—E. New Eng. to Minn., and +southward.—Var. <span class="smcap">comòsa</span>, Gray, is stouter, the leaves commonly all simple, +upper ones nearly sessile, the heads larger and with very leafy involucre. Ill., +Ky., and westward. Aug.–Oct.—Var. <span class="smcap">pinnàta</span>, Watson; leaves nearly all +pinnately divided, the 5–7 narrow divisions sparingly incised; achenes 4-awned. +Hennepin Co., Minn. (<i>F. L. Conillard</i>).</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page285"></a>[+][+] <i>Heads somewhat nodding, commonly radiate; leaves sessile, undivided.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>B. cérnua</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Smaller Bur-Marigold.</span>) Nearly smooth (5´–3° +high), <i>leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate; heads</i> nodding, +<i>with or without</i> (light yellow) <i>rays</i>; outer involucre longer than the head; +achenes wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed.—Wet +places, N. Eng. to Va., Mo., Minn., and northward. July–Sept.—Rays, +if any, smaller than in n. 4, and the outer involucre more leaf-like. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>B. chrysanthemoìdes</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Larger Bur-Marigold.</span>) Smooth, +erect, or reclining at the base (6´–2° high); <i>leaves lanceolate</i>, tapering at both +ends, more or less connate, <i>regularly serrate</i>; outer involucre mostly shorter +than the <i>showy golden-yellow (1´ long) rays</i>; achenes wedge-shaped, with almost +prickly downwardly barbed margins; awns 2, 3, or 4.—Swamps; common. +Aug.–Oct.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Achenes linear, 4-sided, the inner longer and tapering upward.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>B. bipinnàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Spanish Needles.</span>) Smooth annual, branched; +leaves 1–3-pinnately parted, petioled; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly wedge-shaped +at the base; heads small, on slender peduncles; outer involucre of linear +scales equalling the short pale yellow rays, achenes 4-grooved and angled, +nearly smooth, 3–4-awned.—Damp soil, R. I. to N. Y., Ill., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Achenes terete, truncate at both ends, with 3–6 very long awns smooth below.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>B. Béckii</b>, Torr. (<span class="smcap">Water Marigold.</span>) Aquatic, perhaps perennial, +smooth; stems long and slender; immersed leaves crowded, capillary, many +times dissected, the few emerging ones lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed; +heads single, short-peduncled; involucre much shorter than the showy (golden +yellow) rays; achenes thickish, smooth (½´ long), the stout divergent awns +(1´ long) barbed only toward the apex.—Ponds and slow deep streams, Mass. +to N. J., Mo., and northward. Aug.–Oct.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="thelesperma"><b>57. THELESPÉRMA</b>, Less.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; rays about 8, neutral, or none. Involucre as in Coreopsis, +the inner connate to the middle, scarious-margined. Receptacle flat, +the scarious chaff falling with the nearly terete wingless and beakless achenes; +pappus of 2 stout subulate retrorsely hispid awns.—Smooth herbs, with opposite +dissected leaves and pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. (From <span class="greek">θηλή</span>, <i>a +nipple</i>, and <span class="greek">σπέρμα</span>, <i>seed</i>, on account of the papillose achenes.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. grácile</b>, Gray. Perennial, rather rigid, 1–2° high; leaves with +narrow or filiform divisions or the upper entire; outer scales very short; rays +short or usually none; achenes papillose.—Kan., south and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="baldwinia"><b>58. BALDWÍNIA</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate, the long and narrowly wedge-shaped +rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or +4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep +honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenes; +pappus of 7–9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales.—A perennial herb, smoothish, +with slender simple stems (2–3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves,<a name="page286"></a> +and a large showy long-pedunculate head. Rays yellow (1´ long); the disk +often turning dark purple. (Named for the late <i>Dr. William Baldwin</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. uniflòra</b>, Nutt.—Borders of swamps, Va. (?) and southward. Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="marshallia"><b>59. MARSHÁLLIA</b>, Schreb.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular and perfect, the corolla-lobes slender +and spreading. Involucral scales linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one +or two rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear +rigid chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-angled; pappus of 5 or 6 membranaceous +and pointed chaffy scales.—Smooth and low perennials, with alternate entire +3-nerved leaves, and long-pedunculate heads (like those of a Scabious) terminating +the simple stem or branches. Flowers purplish; anthers blue. (Named +for <i>Humphrey Marshall</i>, of Pennsylvania, author of <i>Arbustum Americanum</i>, +one of the earliest works on the trees and shrubs of this country.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. latifòlia</b>, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, +sessile.—Dry soil, Va. and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. cæspitòsa</b>, Nutt. Stem commonly leafy only at base; leaves +narrowly oblanceolate to linear or the radical spatulate, obtuse.—Kan. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="galinsoga"><b>60. GALINSÒGA</b>, Ruiz & Pavon.</p> + +<p>Heads several-flowered, radiate; rays 4–5, small, roundish, pistillate. Involucre +of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff. +Achenes angled; pappus of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales (sometimes +wanting).—Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved thin leaves, and small +heads; disk yellow; rays whitish. (Named for <i>Galinsoga</i>, a Spanish botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">parviflòra</span>, Cav. Smoothish (1° high); leaves ovate, acute, somewhat +toothed; scales of the pappus 8–16.—Waste places, especially eastward; +spreading from year to year. (Adv. from S. Amer.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hymenopappus"><b>61. HYMENOPÁPPUS</b>, L'Her.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular and perfect, with large revolute +corolla-lobes. Involucral scales 6–12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part +petal-like (usually white). Receptacle small, naked. Achenes top-shaped, +with a slender base, striate; pappus of 15–20 blunt scales in a single row, +very thin (whence the name of the genus, from <span class="greek">ὑμήν</span>, <i>membrane</i>, and <span class="greek">πάππος</span>, +<i>pappus</i>.)—Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dissected leaves, +and corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Pappus of very small roundish nerveless scales.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. scabiosæ̀us</b>, L'Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young, +leafy to the top (1–3° high); leaves 1–2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong +lobes; involucral scales roundish, mainly whitish.—Sandy barrens, Ill. +and southward. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. corymbòsus</b>, Torr. & Gray. More slender, glabrate, naked +above; scales obovate-oblong, petaloid at apex.—Neb. to Ark. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Pappus of conspicuous spatulate 1-nerved scales; involucre greener.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>H. tenuifòlius</b>, Pursh. Slightly tomentose or glabrate, leafy, 1–2° +high; divisions of the leaves narrowly linear or filiform, revolute; involucral +scales obovate-oblong; achenes long-villous.—Neb. to Ark. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="actinella"><a name="page287"></a><b>62. ACTINÉLLA</b>, Pers., Nutt.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; rays several, wedge-oblong, 3-toothed, pistillate. +Scales of the hemispherical involucre ovate or lanceolate, membranaceous or +coriaceous, nearly equal, appressed in 2 or 3 ranks, little shorter than the disk. +Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked. Achenes top-shaped, densely +silky-villous; pappus of 5 or more ovate or lanceolate very thin chaffy scales.—Low +herbs, with narrow alternate leaves, dotted or sprinkled with resinous +atoms as in the next genus and bitter-aromatic; the solitary heads terminating +scapes or slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Name a diminutive +of <i>Actinea</i>, from <span class="greek">ἀκτίς</span>, <i>ray</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Involucre of numerous distinct not rigid scales; leaves entire.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. linearifòlia</b>, Torr. & Gray. Annual or biennial, villous or glabrate, +1° high or less, simple or branched; leaves linear; peduncles filiform.—S. Kan. +to La., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. acaùlis</b>, Nutt. Perennial, densely cespitose, the branches of the +caudex short and thick, with scape-like peduncles, canescently villous or silky; +leaves spatulate to linear, short.—Hills and plains bordering the Rocky Mts. +and scarcely reaching our limits; the var. <span class="smcap">glàbra</span>, Gray (A. scaposa, var. glabra, +<i>Man.</i>), a greener glabrate form, has been found on an Indian mound near +Joliet, Ill. The less densely cespitose A. <span class="smcap">scapòsa</span>, Nutt., more loosely villous +and the caudex with more slender branches, is probably in S. Kan.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Scales rigid, in 2 rows, the outer connate at base; leaves ternately parted.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. odoràta</b>, Gray. Annual, 1–2° high, branching, leafy, somewhat +floccose-woolly; heads small, scattered; leaves 1–3-pinnately divided, the lobes +filiform.—Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="helenium"><b>63. HELÈNIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Sneeze-weed.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several, wedge-shaped, 3–5-cleft, fertile +or rarely sterile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-shaped. +Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenes top-shaped, ribbed; pappus of +5–8 thin and 1-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve usually extended into a bristle +or point.—Erect, branching herbs (ours perennial), with alternate leaves decurrent +on the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or +corymbed (yellow, rarely purple) heads; often sprinkled with bitter aromatic +resinous globules. (The Greek name of some plant, said to be named after +<i>Helenus</i>, son of Priam.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. nudiflòrum</b>, Nutt. Somewhat puberulent, 1–3° high; leaves +narrowly lanceolate or oblong to linear, entire, or the radical spatulate and dentate; +heads mostly small; disk brownish, globose; ray yellow or partly brown-purple, +sterile (neutral or style abortive), shorter than or exceeding the disk. +(Leptopoda brachypoda, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Ill. and Mo. to N. Car. and Tex.; +nat. near Philadelphia. Hybridizes with the next. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. autumnàle</b>, L. Nearly smooth, 1–6° high; leaves mostly toothed, +lanceolate to ovate-oblong; heads larger (about 6´´ broad); disk yellow; ray +fertile, yellow.—Alluvial river-banks and wet ground, Conn. to Minn., south +and westward. Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gaillardia"><a name="page288"></a><b>64. GAILLÁRDIA</b>, Foug.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; rays 3-cleft or -toothed, neutral or sometimes fertile, +or none. Involucral scales in 2–3 rows, the outer larger, loose and foliaceous. +Receptacle convex to globose, beset with bristle-like or subulate or short and +soft chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-costate, villous; pappus of 5–10 long thin +scales, awn-tipped by the excurrent nerve.—Erect herbs with alternate leaves +and large showy heads of yellow or purplish fragrant flowers on terminal or +scapiform peduncles. (Named after <i>Gaillard de Merentonneau</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. símplex</b>, Scheele. Annual; leaves all radical, usually spatulate, +pinnatifid to entire; head globose on a naked scape, usually rayless.—S. Kan. +to Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. lanceolàta</b>, Michx. Annual, leafy-stemmed, branched, 1–2° high, +finely pubescent; leaves oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire; rays rather few +or none; chaff very short or obsolete.—S. Kan. to Tex. and Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>G. aristàta</b>, Pursh. Perennial, hirsute, often 2° high; leaves lanceolate +to oblanceolate, broad or narrow, entire to coarsely pinnatifid; rays usually +numerous and long; chaff bristly or subulate.—Dak., west and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dysodia"><b>65. DYSÒDIA</b>, Cav. <span class="smcap">Fetid Marigold.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, usually radiate; rays pistillate. Involucre of one row +of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Receptacle +flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenes slender, 4-angled; +pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles.—Herbs, +mostly annuals or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a +strong odor (as in Tagètes, the <span class="smcap">French Marigold</span> of the gardens, which +belongs to the same group); heads terminating the branches; flowers yellow. +(Name <span class="greek">δυσωδία</span>, <i>an ill smell</i>, which the plants exemplify.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. chrysanthemoìdes</b>, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched (6–18´ +high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-toothed +or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre.—Roadsides, and banks of +rivers, Minn. to Ill., Tenn., and southwestward. Aug.–Oct.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="anthemis"><b>66. ÁNTHEMIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Chamomile.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate or (in n. 1) neutral. Involucre +hemispherical, of many small imbricated dry and scarious scales shorter than +the disk. Receptacle conical, with slender chaff at least near the summit. +Achenes terete or ribbed, glabrous, truncate; pappus none or a minute crown.—Branching +strong-scented herbs, with finely pinnately dissected leaves and +solitary terminal heads; rays white; disk yellow. (<span class="greek">Ἀνθεμίς</span>, the ancient Greek +name of the Chamomile.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">Cótula</span>, DC. (<span class="smcap">May-weed.</span>) Annual, acrid; rays mostly neutral; +receptacle without chaff near the margin; pappus none; leaves finely 3-pinnately +dissected. (Maruta Cotula, <i>DC.</i>)—Common by roadsides. (Nat. +from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">arvénsis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Corn Chamomile.</span>) Pubescent <i>annual or biennial</i>, +resembling May-weed, but not ill-scented; leaves less finely 1–2-pinnately +parted; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, pointed; pappus a minute border.—Waste +places; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">nóbilis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Garden Chamomile.</span>) More downy and <i>perennial</i>, +pleasantly strong-scented; sterile shoots depressed or creeping; leaves very<a name="page289"></a> +finely dissected; chaff of the receptacle blunt; pappus none.—Established +near Lewiston, Delaware, <i>Nuttall.</i> (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="achillea"><b>67. ACHILLÈA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Yarrow.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, fertile. Involucral scales imbricated, +with scarious margins. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenes oblong, +flattened, margined; pappus none.—Perennial herbs, with small corymbose +heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by +<i>Achilles</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Millefòlium</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Yarrow</span> or <span class="smcap">Milfoil.</span>) Stems simple; +<i>leaves twice-pinnately parted</i>; the divisions linear, 3–5-cleft, crowded; corymb +compound, flat-topped; <i>involucre oblong; rays 4–5, short</i>, white (sometimes rose-color).—Fields +and hills; common. Green and more glabrate in fields in the +Atlantic States, and perhaps in such cases introduced. Aug. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">Ptármica</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sneezewort.</span>) <i>Leaves simple, lance-linear</i>, sharply +serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; <i>rays 8–12, much longer than the +broader campanulate involucre</i>; flowers white.—Mass., Mich., etc.; rare. Apparently +indigenous on the Lower St. Lawrence. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="matricaria"><b>68. MATRICÀRIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Wild Chamomile.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the involucre +imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit, naked. +Achenes 3–5-ribbed, wingless; pappus a membranaceous crown or border, or +none.—Smooth and branching herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with finely +divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white or none; disk yellow. +(Named for reputed medicinal virtues.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">inodòra</span>, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into fine almost filiform +lobes; <i>heads large</i>, naked-peduncled, and <i>with many long rays</i>; achenes +strongly 3-ribbed; pappus a short crown or border.—(Wild far northward.) +Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, <i>Prof. Verrill</i>. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">discoídea</span>, DC. Low (6–9´ high); leaves 2–3-pinnately parted into +short linear lobes; <i>heads rayless</i>, short-peduncled; scales oval, with broad +margins, much shorter than the conical disk; achenes more terete; pappus +obsolete.—Banks of the Mississippi opposite St. Louis. An immigrant from +Oregon, extending eastward and becoming naturalized near railroad stations; +also established in N. Europe. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chrysanthemum"><b>69. CHRYSÁNTHEMUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Ox-eye Daisy.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and flat +involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. +Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenes of disk and ray similar, striate, +without pappus.—Perennial herbs, with toothed, pinnatifid, or divided leaves, +and single or corymbed heads. Rays white; disk yellow. (Old Greek name, +<span class="greek">χρυσάνθεμον</span>, i.e. golden flower.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Leucánthemum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Ox-eye</span> or <span class="smcap">White Daisy. White-weed.</span>) +Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head; root-leaves +spatulate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatifid-toothed; +scales of the involucre with rusty-brown margins. (Leucanthemum vulgare, +<i>Lam.</i>)—Fields and meadows; abundant eastward. June, July. A pernicious +weed, with large and showy heads. It occurs with abortive, deformed, or tubular +and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Parthènium</span>, Pers. (<span class="smcap">Feverfew.</span>) Tall, branched, leafy; leaves +twice-pinnately divided, the <i>divisions ovate, cut; heads corymbed</i>, rather small. +(Leucanthemum Parthenium, <i>Godron</i>.)—Escaped from gardens in some +places. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tanacetum"><a name="page290"></a><b>70. TANACÈTUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Tansy.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid; flowers all fertile, the marginal chiefly +pistillate and 3–5-toothed. Involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle convex, +naked. Achenes angled or ribbed, with a large flat top; pappus a short crown.—Bitter +and acrid strong scented herbs (ours perennial), with 1–3-pinnately +dissected leaves, and corymbed heads. Flowers yellow; in summer. (Name +of uncertain derivation.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>T.</b> <span class="smcap">vulgàre</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Tansy.</span>) Stem (2–4° high) smooth; leaflets +and the wings of the petiole cut-toothed; corymb dense; pistillate flowers +terete, with oblique 3-toothed limb; pappus 5-lobed.—Var. <span class="smcap">críspum</span> has the +leaves more cut and crisped.—Escaped from gardens to roadsides; Atlantic +States. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. Huronénse</b>, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (1–3° +high); lobes of the leaves oblong; heads large (½–{2/3}´ wide) and usually few; +pistillate flowers flattened, 3–5-cleft; pappus toothed.—St. John's River, +Maine (<i>G. L. Goodale</i>), shores of the upper Great Lakes, and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="artemisia"><b>71. ARTEMÍSIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Wormwood.</span></p> + +<p>Heads discoid, few–many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal ones +pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Involucre imbricated, dry and +scarious. Receptacle small and flattish, naked. Achenes obovoid, with a +small summit and no pappus.—Herbs or shrubby plants, bitter and aromatic, +with small commonly nodding heads in panicled spikes or racemes; flowering +in summer. Corolla yellow or purplish. (Ancient name of the Mugwort, in +memory of <i>Artemisia</i>, wife of Mausolus.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Receptacle smooth; marginal flowers pistillate and fertile; disk-flowers perfect +but sterile, the style mostly entire; root perennial, except in n. 1.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves dissected.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. caudàta</b>, Michx. Smooth (2–5° high); upper leaves pinnately, +the lower 2–3-pinnately divided; <i>the divisions thread-form</i>, diverging; <i>heads +small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle</i>; root biennial.—Sandy soil, +coast of N. H. to Va.; also Mich. to Minn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. Canadénsis</b>, Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down (1–2° +high); lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, the upper 3–7-divided, <i>the divisions +linear, rather rigid; heads rather large, in panicled racemes</i>.—Northern +N. Eng. to the Great Lakes, Minn., and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves entire or some 3-cleft.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. dracunculoìdes</b>, Pursh. Tall (2–5°), somewhat woody at base, +slightly hoary or glabrous; leaves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft; heads +small and numerous, panicled.—Sandy banks of streams, Minn. to Ill., Mo., +and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. glaùca</b>, Pall. Strict, 1–2° high, somewhat woody at base, minutely +silky-pubescent or glabrate; leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate; heads as in +the last.—Sask. to Minn. (Sib.)</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. filifòlia</b>, Torr. Suffruticose, finely canescent, 1–3° high; leaves +all filiform, the lower commonly 3-parted; heads very small and numerous, +crowded in a long leafy panicle.—Central Kan. to Neb., and southwestward.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page291"></a>§ 2. <i>Receptacle smooth; flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect.</i></p> + +<p>Two cultivated shrubby species, from Europe, with filiformly divided leaves, +have occasionally escaped from gardens and become spontaneous, viz., A. <span class="smcap">Abrótinum</span>, +L. (the <span class="smcap">Southernwood</span>), of strict habit, with leaves 1–2-pinnatifid +and pubescent heads, and A. <span class="smcap">pròcera</span>, L., with more spreading branches, all +the leaves finely 2-pinnatifid, and heads glabrous.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Tall (1–5°) and branching perennials, whitened with fine and close-pressed +wool; heads small, in leafy panicles.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>A. serràta</b>, Nutt. Very leafy, 6–9° high; leaves lanceolate or the +upper linear, serrate, white-tomentose beneath, green above; heads greenish, +oblong, 2´´ long or less.—Ill. to Dak.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>A. longifòlia</b>, Nutt. Stem 2–5° high; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, +entire, usually glabrate above; heads oblong, canescent, 2–3´´ long—Minn. +to Neb., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>A. Ludoviciàna</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Western Mugwort.</span>) <i>Whitened woolly</i> +throughout; <i>leaves lanceolate</i>, the upper <i>mostly entire</i>, the lower usually cut-lobed, +toothed or pinnatifid, the upper surface sometimes glabrate and green; +heads campanulate, mostly sessile in narrow panicles.—Dry banks, Sask. to +Mich., Ill., Tex., and westward. Very variable.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">vulgàris</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Mugwort.</span>) <i>Leaves mostly glabrous and +green above</i>, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all pinnatifid, with the +divisions often cut-lobed, linear-lanceolate; heads small in open panicles.—Waste +places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Densely white-tomentose perennial; heads large, racemose-glomerate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>A. Stelleriàna</b>, Bess. Stout, 1–2° high, from a creeping base; +leaves obovate or spatulate, pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse.—Sandy sea-beaches, +E. Mass.; locally nat. from N. E. Asia?</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Less branched (1–3°), biennial or annual, glabrous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>A. biénnis</b>, Willd. Strict, 1–3° high; lower leaves twice-pinnately +parted, the upper pinnatifid; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves cut-toothed; +heads in short axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a narrow and +glomerate leafy panicle.—Gravelly banks, Ohio to Tenn., Mo., and northwestward; +rapidly extending eastward by railroad to Buffalo, Philadelphia, etc.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">ánnua</span>, L. Tall, much branched; leaves 2-pinnately divided, the oblong +segments deeply pinnatifid; heads small, in a loose ample panicle.—Ind. to +Kan. (Nat. from Old World.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <i>Receptacle hairy; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">Absínthium</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wormwood.</span>) Rather shrubby (2–3° high), silky-hoary; +leaves 2–3-pinnately parted, lobes lanceolate; heads hemispherical, +panicled.—Roadsides, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>A. frígida</b>, Willd. Low (6–20´ high), in tufts, slightly woody at the +base, white-silky; leaves pinnately parted and 3–5-cleft, the divisions narrow-linear; +heads globose, racemose.—Dry hills and rocks, Sask. to Minn., W. Tex., +and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tussilago"><b>72. TUSSILÀGO</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Coltsfoot.</span></p> + +<p>Head many-flowered; ray-flowers in several rows, narrowly ligulate, pistillate, +fertile; disk-flowers with undivided style, sterile. Involucre nearly simple. +Receptacle flat. Achenes cylindrical-oblong; pappus copious, soft and capillary.—A<a name="page292"></a> +low perennial, with horizontal creeping rootstocks, sending up simple +scaly scapes in early spring, bearing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped +angled or toothed leaves later in the season, woolly when young. +Flowers yellow. (Name from <i>tussis</i>, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed +remedy.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>T.</b> <span class="smcap">Fárfara</span>, L.—Wet places, and along brooks, N. Eng., N. Y., and Penn.; +thoroughly wild. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="petasites"><b>73. PETASÌTES</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Sweet Coltsfoot.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, somewhat diœcious; in the substerile plant with a +single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular sterile ones in +the disk; in the fertile plant wholly or chiefly of pistillate flowers, tubular or +distinctly ligulate. Otherwise as Tussilago.—Perennial woolly herbs, with +the leaves all from the rootstock, white-woolly beneath, the scape with sheathing +scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish fragrant flowers, in a +corymb. (The Greek name for the coltsfoot, from <span class="greek">πέτασος</span>, a broad-brimmed +hat, on account of its large leaves.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Pistillate flowers ligulate; flowers whitish.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. palmàta</b>, Gray. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, palmately +and deeply 5–7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. (Nardosmia palmata, <i>Hook.</i>)—Swamps, +Maine and Mass. to Mich., Minn., and northwestward; rare. +April, May.—Full-grown leaves 6–10´ broad.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. sagittàta</b>, Gray. Leaves deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate, acute +or obtuse, repand-dentate.—N. Minn. and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Ligules none; flowers purplish.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">vulgàris</span>, Desf. Rootstock very stout; leaves round-cordate, angulate-dentate +and denticulate.—About Philadelphia. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="arnica"><b>74. ÁRNICA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped +involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. +Achenes slender or spindle-shaped; pappus a single row of rather rigid and +strongly roughened-denticulate bristles.—Perennial herbs, chiefly of mountains +and cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed +large heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a +corruption of <i>Ptarmica</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Chamissònis</b>, Less. Soft-hairy; <i>stem leafy</i> (1–2° high), bearing +1 to 5 heads; <i>leaves thin, veiny</i>, smoothish when old, toothed; the upper <i>ovate-lanceolate</i>, +closely sessile, the lower narrower, tapering to a margined petiole; +scales pointed; pappus almost plumose. (A. mollis, <i>Hook</i>.)—N. Maine, mountains +of N. H. and northern N. Y., shores of L. Superior, and westward. July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. nudicaùlis</b>, Nutt. Hairy and rather glandular (1–3° high); +<i>leaves thickish, 3–5-nerved, ovate or oblong</i>, all sessile, mostly entire and near +the root, the <i>cauline small</i> and only one or two pairs; heads several, corymbed, +showy.—Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward. April, May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="senecio"><b>75. SENÈCIO</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Groundsel.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or none; involucre cylindrical to bell-shaped, +simple or with a few bractlets at the base, the scales erect-connivent.<a name="page293"></a> +Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of numerous very soft and slender capillary +bristles.—Herbs, in the United States, with alternate leaves and solitary or +corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from <i>senex</i>, an old man, +alluding to the hoariness of many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Root annual or in n. 3 biennial; heads several or many in a corymb; herbage +glabrous or soon becoming so.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Rays none or minute.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">vulgàris</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Groundsel.</span>) Low, corymbosely branched, +glabrate; leaves pinnatifid and toothed; clasping tips of involucral scales +blackish; rays none.—Waste grounds. July–Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">viscòsus</span>, L. Coarser, viscid-pubescent and strong-scented; leaves 2-pinnatifid; +scales not black-tipped; rays minute.—Waste grounds, coast of +N. Eng. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Heads conspicuously radiate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. lobàtus</b>, Pers. (<span class="smcap">Butter-weed.</span>) Rather tall; leaves somewhat +fleshy, <i>lyrate or pinnate</i>, the divisions or leaflets crenate or cut-lobed, variable; +heads small in a naked corymb; <i>rays 6–12, conspicuous</i>.—Wet grounds, N. Car. +to S. Ill., Mo., and southward. April–July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. palústris</b>, Hook. Annual or biennial, loosely woolly or glabrate; +stem stout, 6´–2° high; <i>leaves</i> oblong-lanceolate, <i>irregularly toothed or laciniate</i>, +the upper with a heart-shaped clasping base; <i>rays 20 or more</i>, short, pale yellow; +pappus copious and becoming very long.—Wet ground, Iowa to N. Wisc., +Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Root perennial; heads small or middle-sized, in a naked corymb.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. aùreus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Golden Ragwort. Squaw-weed.</span>) <i>Smooth, or +floccose-woolly when young</i> (1–3° high); leaves thin, the radical <i>simple and +rounded</i>, the larger ones mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, <i>long-petioled</i>; +<i>lower stem-leaves lyrate</i>; upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly +clasping; corymb umbel-like; rays 8–12.—Common everywhere. May, +June. Varies greatly.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>obovàtus</b>, Torr. & Gray. Root-leaves thicker, round-obovate with +a cuneate or truncate base, or the earliest almost sessile in rosulate tufts. (S. Elliottii, +<i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Open grounds, Can. to Ind. and Ga.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Balsámitæ</b>, Torr. & Gray. Less glabrate; root-leaves oblong, spatulate, +or lanceolate, narrowed to the petiole, serrate, the upper lyrate-pinnatifid; +heads rather small and numerous.—Common.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. tomentòsus</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Woolly Ragwort.</span>) <i>Clothed with scarcely +deciduous hoary wool</i> (1–2° high); <i>root-leaves oblong</i>, obtuse, crenate or entire, +often large, on elongated stout petioles; the upper sessile, similar or lyrate-pinnatifid; +corymb flat-topped; rays 12–15.—Del. and mountains of Penn. +(<i>Pursh.</i>), to Fla. and Ark. May.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. cànus</b>, Hook. Usually low, persistently tomentose, rarely at all +glabrate; leaves much smaller, spatulate to oblong, all entire or some cut-toothed +or pinnatifid; achenes glabrous.—N. Minn., Dak., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. integérrimus</b>, Nutt. Woolly pubescent when young, soon glabrate +and green; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, entire or denticulate, +the upper bract-like, attenuate from a broad base; heads rather large (6´´ +high), with green-tipped scales.—Sask. to Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page294"></a>7. <b>S. lùgens</b>, Richards. Like the last; leaves usually repand- or callous-denticulate; +heads usually smaller, with mostly black-tipped scales.—Subarc. Amer. +to New Mex., in the mountains; reported from Minn. and N. Iowa.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Root perennial; heads large and often solitary.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>S. Pseùdo-Árnica</b>, Less. Loosely white-woolly, sometimes becoming +glabrous; stem stout, 6–12´ high, leafy to the top; leaves oblong, repand, +tapering into a narrow petiole-like base; heads 1–4, over an inch in diameter; +rays 20 or more, large.—Grand Manan Island, off Maine (<i>Prof. Verrill</i>), to +Lab., and northward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cacalia"><b>76. CACÀLIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Indian Plantain.</span></p> + +<p>Heads 5–many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucral +scales in a single row, erect-connivent, with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle +naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenes oblong, smooth; pappus of +numerous soft capillary bristles.—Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate +often petioled leaves, and rather large heads, in flat corymbs. Flowers +white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Involucre 25–30-flowered, with several bracts at its base; receptacle flat.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. suavèolens</b>, L. Stem grooved (3–5° high); <i>leaves triangular-lanceolate, +halberd-shaped</i>, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles.—Rich +woods, Conn. to Mich., Iowa, and southward; rare. Sept.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, its bracts minute or none; receptacle bearing +a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. renifórmis</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Great Indian Plantain.</span>) Not glaucous; +stem (4–9° high) grooved and angled; <i>leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, +or the lowest kidney-form</i> (1–2° broad), <i>repand-toothed</i> and angled, +palmately veined, petioled; the teeth pointed; corymbs large.—Rich damp +woods, N. J. to Ill., Minn., and southward along the mountains. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. atriplicifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Pale Indian P.</span>) Glaucous; stem terete +(3–6° high); leaves <i>palmately veined and angulate-lobed</i>, the lower triangular-kidney-form +or slightly heart-shaped, the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, <i>toothed</i>.—Rich +woodlands, western N. Y. to Wisc., Minn., and southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. tuberòsa</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Tuberous Indian P.</span>) Stem angled and grooved +(2–6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; <i>leaves green both sides</i>, thick, +strongly <i>5–7-nerved</i>; the lower <i>lance-ovate or oval</i>, nearly entire, tapering into +long petioles; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the +apex.—Wet prairies, etc., Ohio to Wisc., Minn., and southward. June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="erechtites"><b>77. ERECHTÌTES</b>, Raf. <span class="smcap">Fireweed.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and fertile; the marginal pistillate, +with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single +row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. +Achenes oblong, tapering at the end; pappus copious, of very fine and white +soft hairs.—Erect and coarse annuals, of rank smell, with alternate simple +leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name +of some species of Groundsel, probably called after <i>Erechtheus</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page295"></a>1. <b>E. hieracifòlia</b>, Raf. (<span class="smcap">Fireweed.</span>) Often hairy; stem grooved +(1–6° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile, the upper +auricled at base.—Moist woods; common, especially northward, and in recent +clearings that have been burned over; whence the popular name. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="arctium"><b>78. ÁRCTIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Burdock.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar. Involucre +globular; the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at base, attenuate to +long stiff points with hooked tips. Receptacle bristly. Achenes oblong, flattened, +wrinkled transversely; pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, separate +and deciduous.—Coarse biennial weeds, with large unarmed and petioled +leaves, and small solitary or clustered heads; flowers purple, rarely white. +(Name probably from <span class="greek">ἄρκτος</span>, <i>a bear</i>, from the rough involucre.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">Láppa</span>, L. Stout, 1–3° high; leaves roundish or ovate and mostly +cordate, or lanceolate with cuneate base, smooth above, somewhat floccose-tomentose +beneath, mostly sinuate-denticulate. (Lappa officinalis, <i>All.</i>)—The +several reputed species of the genus are scarcely distinguishable even as +varieties. Var. <span class="smcap">mìnus</span>, has rather small ovoid subracemose heads (about 8´´ +broad), on short peduncles, glabrous or somewhat cottony, the inner scales +somewhat purplish-tipped, equalling the flowers; leaves occasionally cut-toothed. +By roadsides; very common.—Var. <span class="smcap">màjus</span>, with broader (1´) green +and glabrous subcorymbose rather long-pedunculate heads. Less frequent.—Var. +<span class="smcap">tomentòsum</span>, a form of the last with more spherical webbed heads, with +purplish scales shorter than the flowers. Rare.—July–Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cnicus"><b>79. CNÌCUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Common</span> or <span class="smcap">Plumed Thistle.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, rarely imperfectly +diœcious. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in many +rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with soft +bristles or hairs. Achenes oblong, flattish, not ribbed; pappus of numerous +bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous.—Herbs, +mostly biennial, with sessile alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, prickly. +Heads usually large, terminal. Flowers reddish-purple, rarely white or yellowish; +in summer. (Latin name of the Safflower, from the Greek <span class="greek">κνῆκος</span>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">lanceolàtus</span>, Hoffm. (<span class="smcap">Common Thistle.</span>) Leaves decurrent on the +stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above, woolly +with deciduous webby hairs beneath, prickly; flowers purple. (Cirsium, <i>Scop.</i>)—Pastures +and roadsides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Heads leafy-bracteate at base</i> (see also n. 8); <i>proper scales not prickly.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. horrídulus</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Yellow Thistle.</span>) Stem stout (1–3° high), +webby-haired when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth, lanceolate, +pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish +prickles; heads (1–1½´ broad) surrounded by leaf-like and very prickly bracts, +which usually equal the narrow scales; flowers pale yellow or purple. (Cirsium, +<i>Michx.</i>)—Sandy fields, Mass. to Va., and southward, near the coast.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Scales appressed, the inner not at all prickly.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above; outer scales successively +shorter, and tipped with short prickles.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. Pítcheri</b>, Torr. <i>White-woolly throughout</i>, low; stem very leafy; +<i>leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated, sometimes<a name="page296"></a> +again pinnatifid divisions</i>, with revolute margins; flowers cream-color. (Cirsium, +<i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. undulàtus</b>, Gray. <i>White-woolly throughout</i>, low and stout, leafy; +<i>leaves lanceolate-oblong</i>, partly clasping, undivided, <i>undulate-pinnatifid</i>, or rarely +pinnately parted, moderately prickly; flowers reddish-purple. (Cirsium, +<i>Spreng.</i>)—Islands of L. Huron to Minn., Kan., and westward. The heads +vary much in size.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. altíssimus</b>, Willd. Stem downy, branching (3–10° high), <i>leafy +quite to the heads; leaves</i> roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath, +<i>oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, undivided, sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatifid, +or twice pinnatifid</i>, the lobes or teeth weakly prickly; heads 1½–2´ +high; flowers chiefly purple. (Cirsium, <i>Spreng.</i>)—Fields and copses, Mass. +to Minn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>discolor</b>, Gray. Stem 2–6° high; leaves nearly all deeply pinnatifid +into lanceolate or linear lobes. (Cirsium discolor, <i>Spreng.</i>)—Common; +N. Eng. to Ill., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. Virginiànus</b>, Pursh. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly +branched (1–3° high), the <i>branches or long peduncles naked; leaves lanceolate</i>, +green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, +<i>entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed</i>, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid; +heads small; outer scales scarcely prickly; flowers purple. (Cirsium, <i>Michx.</i>)—Woods +and plains, Va., Ohio, and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves green both sides, or only with loose cobwebby hairs underneath; heads +large; scales scarcely prickly-pointed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>C. mùticus</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Swamp Thistle.</span>) <i>Stem tall</i> (3–8° high), +angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit; branches sparingly leafy, bearing +single or few rather large <i>heads; leaves</i> somewhat hairy above, whitened <i>with +loose webby hairs beneath</i> when young, <i>deeply pinnatifid, the divisions lanceolate</i>, +acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed; <i>scales of the webby and glutinous</i> (sometimes +glabrate) <i>involucre</i> closely appressed, <i>pointless</i> or barely mucronate; flowers +purple. (Cirsium, <i>Michx.</i>)—Swamps and low woods; common.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>C. pùmilus</b>, Torr. (<span class="smcap">Pasture Thistle.</span>) <i>Stem low</i> and stout (1–2° +high), hairy, bearing 1–3 very large <i>heads</i> (1½´ broad), which are often <i>leafy-bracted</i> +at the base; <i>leaves green</i>, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, <i>somewhat +hairy, pinnatifid, with short and cut very prickly-margined lobes; outer scales +prickly-pointed</i>, the inner very slender; flowers purple or rarely white (fragrant, +2´ long). (Cirsium, <i>Spreng.</i>)—Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the coast.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*] <i>Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed; heads +imperfectly diœcious, small and numerous.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">arvénsis</span>, Hoffm. (<span class="smcap">Canada Thistle.</span>) Perennial, slender, 1–2° high, +the roots extensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly +woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; flowers rose-purple. +(Cirsium, <i>Scop.</i>)—Cultivated fields, pastures, and roadsides, common; a most +troublesome weed, extremely difficult to eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="carduus"><b>80. CÁRDUUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Plumeless Thistle.</span></p> + +<p>Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. +Otherwise as in Cnicus. (The ancient Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page297"></a><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">nùtans</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Musk Thistle.</span>) Biennial; leaves decurrent, sinuate, +spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple.—Fields near Harrisburg, +Pa., <i>Prof. Porter</i>. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="onopordon"><b>81. ONOPÓRDON</b>, Vaill. <span class="smcap">Cotton</span> or <span class="smcap">Scotch Thistle.</span></p> + +<p>Receptacle deeply honeycombed, not setose. Pappus not plumose. Otherwise +as Cnicus.—Coarse, branching annuals, or biennials, with the stems +winged by the decurrent base of the lobed and toothed somewhat prickly leaves. +Heads large; flowers purple. (The ancient Greek name of the plant.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>O.</b> <span class="smcap">Acánthium</span>, L. Stem (2–4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scales +linear-awl-shaped.—Roadsides and waste places in the Atlantic States; rather +rare. July–Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="centaurea"><b>82. CENTAURÈA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Star-Thistle.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger +(as it were radiate) and sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre ovoid or globose, +imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Achenes obovoid or +oblong, attached obliquely at or near the base; pappus setose or partly chaffy +or none.—Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the +<i>Centaur</i>, Chiron, famous for his skill in healing.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Achenes terete, 10-dentate; pappus of 10 long bristles and 10 short inner ones.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">benedícta</span>, L. Low branching annual, with clasping scarcely pinnatifid +cut leaves, and large sessile leafy-bracted heads; flowers yellow. (Cnicus +benedictus, <i>L.</i>)—Roadsides and waste grounds, S. Atlantic States; rare. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Achenes compressed or 4-angled; pappus very short or none.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Cỳanus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bluebottle.</span>) Scales of the globular involucre fringe-margined; +<i>false rays large</i>; pappus very short; <i>leaves linear, entire</i>, or toothed +at the base; root annual.—Roadsides, escaped from gardens. July.—Flowers +blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">nìgra</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Knapweed.</span>) Scales of the globular involucre appendaged, +and with a black pectinately ciliate fringe; <i>rays wanting</i>; pappus very short; +<i>leaves lanceolate</i>, entire, or the lower lyrate-toothed, rough; root perennial.—Waste +places, E. New Eng. Aug.—Flowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Calcítrapa</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Star-Thistle.</span>) Stem diffusely much branched; +<i>leaves pinnately lobed</i> or spinulose-toothed; heads sessile, the middle <i>scales of +the ovoid involucre spiny</i>; pappus none; flowers purple; root annual.—Seaports, +N. Y., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Jácea</span>, L. Like the last; heads rather larger, the brownish scale-appendages +lacerate; rays conspicuous, palmate.—Charlotte, Vt. (<i>Pringle</i>); +near N. Y., etc., on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lampsana"><b>83. LÁMPSANA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Nipple-wort.</span></p> + +<p>Heads 8–12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one +row. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong; pappus none.—Slender branching +annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads; +flowers yellow. (The <span class="greek">λαμψάνη</span> of Dioscorides was evidently a wild Mustard.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">commùnis</span>, L. Nearly smooth, 1–2° high; lower leaves ovate, sometimes +lyre-shaped.—Roadsides, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="krigia"><b>84. KRÍGIA</b>, Schreber. <span class="smcap">Dwarf Dandelion.</span></p> + +<p>Heads several–many-flowered. Involucral scales several, in about 2 rows, +thin. Achenes short and truncate, top-shaped or columnar, terete or angled;<a name="page298"></a> +pappus double, the outer of thin pointless chaffy scales, the inner of delicate +bristles.—Small herbs, branched from the base; the leaves chiefly radical, +lyrate or toothed; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or branches. +Flowers yellow. (Named after <i>D. Krieg</i>, an early German botanical collector +in this country.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. KRIGIA proper. <i>Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of 5–7 short +roundish chaff and as many alternating bristles. Annual.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>K. Virgínica</b>, Willd. Stems or scapes several (1–10´ high), becoming +branched and leafy; earlier leaves roundish and entire, the others narrower +and often pinnatifid.—New Eng. to Minn., and southward. April–Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. CÝNTHIA. <i>Achenes more slender; pappus of 10–15 small oblong chaff +and 15–20 bristles. Perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>K. Dandélion</b>, Nutt. Roots slender, tuberiferous; <i>scapes leafless</i>, +6–18´ high; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire +or few-lobed. (Cynthia, <i>DC.</i>)—Moist ground, Md. to Ky., and southward. +March–July.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>K. amplexicáulis</b>, Nutt. <i>Roots fibrous; stem-leaves 1–3</i>, oblong +or oval, clasping, mostly entire; the radical ones on short winged petioles, +often toothed, rarely pinnatifid; peduncles 2–5. (Cynthia Virginica, <i>Don.</i>)—Moist +banks, Conn. to Minn., and southward. June.—Stem 1–2° high.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cichorium"><b>85. CICHÒRIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Succory</span> or <span class="smcap">Chicory</span>.</p> + +<p>Heads several-flowered. Involucre double, herbaceous, the inner of 8–10 +scales, the outer 5, short and spreading. Achenes striate; pappus of numerous +small chaffy scales, forming a short crown.—Branching perennials, +with deep roots; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. +Flowers bright blue, varying to purple or pink, showy. (Altered from the +Arabian name of the plant.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Íntybus</span>, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest +runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute.—Roadsides; N. Eng. +to Iowa and Minn. July–Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tragopogon"><b>86. TRAGOPÒGON</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Goat's-beard.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered. Involucre simple, of several erect lanceolate attenuate +equal scales. Achenes narrowly fusiform, 5–10-ribbed, long-beaked; +pappus of numerous long-plumose bristles.—Stout glabrous biennials or perennials, +with entire grass-like clasping leaves and large solitary heads of yellow +or purple flowers. (Name from <span class="greek">τράγος</span>, <i>goat</i>, and <span class="greek">πώγων</span>, <i>beard</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>T.</b> <span class="smcap">porrifòlius</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Salsify. Oyster-plant.</span>) Stem 2–3° high; peduncle +thickened and fistulous below the head; flowers purple; achenes and +pappus 3´ long.—Sparingly escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>T.</b> <span class="smcap">praténsis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Goat's-beard.</span>) Very similar; leaves somewhat broader +at base; peduncle little thickened; flowers yellow.—Fields, etc., N. Eng. to +N. J. and Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="leontodon"><b>87. LEÓNTODON</b>, L., Juss. <span class="smcap">Hawkbit.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bractlets +at the base. Achenes spindle-shaped, striate, all alike; pappus persistent, +composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened toward the base.—Low +and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes<a name="page299"></a> +bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from <span class="greek">λέων</span>, <i>a lion</i>, and <span class="greek">ὀδούς</span>, <i>a tooth</i>, +in allusion to the toothed leaves.)—The following belongs to the subgenus +<span class="smcap">Oporínia</span>, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">autumnàlis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Fall Dandelion.</span>) Leaves laciniate-toothed or +pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent; scape branched, 5–15´ high; peduncles +thickened at the summit, scaly-bracteate.—Meadows and roadsides; N. Eng. +to Penn. June–Nov. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="picris"><b>88. PÍCRIS</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer scales loose or spreading. +Achenes terete, with 5–10 rugose ribs; pappus of 1 or 2 rows of plumose +bristles.—Coarse rough-bristly annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. (The +Greek name of some allied bitter herb, from <span class="greek">πικρός</span>, <i>bitter</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">hieracioìdes</span>, L. Rather tall, corymbosely branched, the bristles +somewhat barbed at tip; leaves lanceolate or broader, clasping, irregularly +toothed; achenes oblong, with little or no beak.—Sparingly introduced. +(Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hieracium"><b>89. HIERÀCIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Hawkweed.</span></p> + +<p>Heads 12–many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes +short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked; pappus a single row of tawny +and fragile capillary rough bristles.—Hispid or hirsute and often glandular +perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly +yellow flowers; summer and early autumn. (Name from <span class="greek">ἱέραξ</span>, <i>a hawk</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Involucre not much imbricate, scarcely calyculate; achenes oblong; pappus +not copious.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>H.</b> <span class="smcap">aurantìacum</span>, L. Low, long-hirsute, above hispid and glandular, the +involucral hairs dark; leaves all near the base of the simple peduncle; heads +clustered; flowers deep orange to flame-color.—Roadsides and fields; N. Eng. +to N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>H.</b> <span class="smcap">præáltum</span>, Vill. Glaucous, 2° high, only the base and lanceolate +leaves hairy; heads in an open cyme; flowers yellow.—N. New York (<i>Ward</i>). +(Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Heads large; involucre irregularly imbricated; achenes columnar; pappus +copious, unequal.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>H.</b> <span class="smcap">muròrum</span>, L. Stem scape-like, low; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, +toothed toward the subcordate base; heads few, dark-glandular.—Open woods +near Brooklyn, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. Canadénse</b>, Michx. Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at the summit +(1–3° high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, remotely +and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost slightly clasping.—Dry +woods, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <i>Heads small; involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Achenes columnar, not attenuate upward when mature; panicle not virgate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. paniculàtum</b>, L. <i>Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched</i>, +hairy only below (1–3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly +toothed, smooth; <i>heads</i> (very small) <i>in a loose panicle</i>, on slender and diverging +pedicels, <i>12–20-flowered; achenes short</i>.—Open woods; rather common.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>H. venòsum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Rattlesnake-weed.</span>) Stem or <i>scape</i> (1–2° +high) <i>naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading<a name="page300"></a> +loose corymb</i>; leaves all radical or near the base, obovate or oblong, nearly +entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath +(often hairy along the midrib), marked above with purple veins; pedicels very +slender; involucre 12–35-flowered; <i>achenes linear</i>.—Dry plains and pine +woods; common from the Atlantic to Minn. and Iowa.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>H. Mariànum</b>, Willd. <i>Somewhat leafy</i>, 2–3° high, hairy below; +leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed below, <i>the radical petiolate, rarely purplish-veiny</i>; +heads 20–40-flowered in a very open cymose panicle, <i>the slender inflorescence +commonly whitish-tomentulose and sparingly glandular-hispid</i>.—Open +woods and clearings; R. I. to western N. Y., and southward.—Var. <span class="smcap">spathulàtum</span>, +Gray, a mountain form with leaves all or mainly radical and very +hairy. On Two-top Mountain, Penn.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>H. scàbrum</b>, Michx. Stem rather stout (1–3° high), leafy, <i>rough-hairy</i>, +the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose; the thickish +pedicels and the hoary 40–50-flowered involucre densely clothed with dark +glandular bristles; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy.—Dry open +woods; common.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Achenes tapering upward; heads 15–30-flowered in a narrow or virgate +panicle.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>H. Gronòvii</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Hairy H.</span>) Stem wand-like, mostly simple (1–3° +high), <i>leafy and very hairy below, naked above</i> and forming a long and narrow +panicle; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy; slender peduncles and +involucre sparingly glandular-bristly; <i>achenes with a very taper summit</i>.—Dry +sterile soil; common, especially southward.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>H. longípilum</b>, Torr. (<span class="smcap">Long-bearded H.</span>) Stem wand-like, simple, +stout (2–3° high), <i>very leafy toward the base, naked above</i>, and bearing a +small racemed panicle; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceolate +or spatulate entire leaves thickly <i>clothed with very long and upright bristles</i> +(often 1´ long); peduncles and involucre glandular-bristly; <i>achenes narrowed +at the apex</i>.—Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southwestward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="crepis"><b>90. CRÈPIS</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Involucre few–many-flowered, commonly of a single row of equal scales, +often becoming thickened at base. Pappus copious, white and soft. Annuals +or biennials, not pilose. Otherwise as Hieracium. (The Greek name of some +plant, from <span class="greek">κρηπίς</span>, <i>a sandal</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">biénnis</span>, L. Somewhat pubescent, 2° high, leafy; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid; +heads rather large, corymbose; achenes oblong, glabrous.—Vt., Mass.; +rare. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">tectòrum</span>, L. Slender, branching from the base, 1° high; leaves narrow, +runcinate; heads small, in a loose panicle; achenes fusiform, the ribs scabrous.—In +fields, Lansing, Mich., and on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="prenanthes"><b>91. PRENÁNTHES</b>, Vaill. <span class="smcap">Rattlesnake-root.</span></p> + +<p>Heads 5–30-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in a +single row, and a few small bractlets at base. Achenes short, linear-oblong, +striate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious straw-color +or brownish and rough capillary bristles.—Perennial herbs, with upright +leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable<a name="page301"></a> +leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white +or yellowish, often tinged with purple; late summer and autumn. Our species +belong to the subgenus <i>Nábalus</i>. The original European species has soft +white pappus. (Name from <span class="greek">πρηνής</span>, <i>drooping</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθη</span>, <i>blossom</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Heads rather broad, 25–35-flowered, in a corymbose panicle.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. crepidínea</b>, Michx. Somewhat smooth; stem stout (5–9° high), +bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters; leaves large (6–12´ long), +broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, strongly-toothed, contracted into +winged petioles; pappus brown. (Nabalus, <i>DC.</i>)—Rich soil, Penn. and +western N. Y. to Minn., and southward.—Flowers cream-color.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Heads narrow, 8–15-flowered, in a long raceme-like or thyrsoid inflorescence; +stems simple; cauline leaves sessile; pappus straw-color.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Inflorescence pubescent, strict; heads nearly erect, 12–15-flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. racemòsa</b>, Michx. Stem 2–5° high, smooth and glaucous, as +well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves; the lower tapering +into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping; heads +in crowded clusters; flowers purplish. (Nabalus, <i>DC.</i>)—Plains, N. Maine to +N. J., Mo., and northward.—Var. <span class="smcap">pinnatífida</span>, Gray, the leaves all lyrately +pinnatifid. Hackensack marshes, N. J.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. áspera</b>, Michx. Stem 2–4° high, rough-pubescent, as well as the +oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves; upper leaves not clasping; +heads in small clusters; flowers larger, cream-color. (Nabalus asper, <i>Torr. & +Gray</i>.)—Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Iowa, and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Whole plant glabrous; heads nodding, 8–12-flowered; thyrse looser.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. virgàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Slender Rattlesnake-root.</span>) Slightly glaucous; +stem 2–4° high, prolonged into a naked and slender spiked raceme (1{½}–2° long); +heads clustered and mostly unilateral; leaves lanceolate, acute, +closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnatifid; +involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales. (Nabalus, <i>DC.</i>)—Sandy pine barrens, +N. J. to Va., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. Mainénsis</b>, Gray. Stem 2° high, leafy; leaves as in n. 2, but the +radical ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short petiole; heads persistently +drooping on slender pedicels.—St. John's River, N. Maine (<i>Pringle</i>). +Perhaps a hybrid between n. 2 and 7.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Heads 5–18-flowered, racemose or paniculate, commonly pendulous; +leaves variable, mostly petiolate, the lower cordate or truncate or hastate at base.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Involucre cylindrical; scales scarious-margined, the outer very short, appressed.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Pappus reddish-brown; stem tall, generally purplish.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. álba</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root.</span>) Smooth and +glaucous (2–4° high); stem corymbose-panicled at the summit; leaves angulate +or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed or 3–5-cleft, the uppermost +oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8–12-flowered. +(Nabalus, <i>Hook</i>.)—Borders of rich woods; common, especially northward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Pappus dirty straw-color or whitish; leaves very variable.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. serpentària</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Lion's-foot. Gall-of-the-earth.</span>) Nearly +smooth; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit, commonly 2° high; leaves<a name="page302"></a> +mostly deltoid, roughish; the lower variously 3–7-lobed, on margined petioles; +the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile; involucre (greenish, +rarely purplish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8–12-flowered; +flowers purplish, greenish white, or cream-color. (Nabalus Fraseri, <i>DC.</i>)—Dry +sandy or sterile soil, New Eng. to Va., and southward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>nàna</b>, Gray. Stem more simple and strict, 6–16´ high, smooth and +glabrous; inflorescence contracted, the clusters often sessile in most of the +axils. (Nabalus nanus, <i>DC.</i>)—Mountains of northern N. Eng. and N. Y., +and northeastward.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. altíssima</b>, L. Smooth; stem tall and slender (3–7° high); the +heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and wand-like +leafy panicle; leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, heart-shaped, +or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or +frequently 3–5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft; involucre slender +(greenish), of 5 scales, 5–6-flowered. (Nabalus, <i>Hook.</i>)—Rich moist +woods; N. Eng. to Minn., and southward in the mountains to Ga.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Involucre campanulate-oblong; secondary basal scales 2–3, linear, loose.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>P. Boòttii</b>, Gray. Stem simple, dwarf (5–6´ high), pubescent at the +summit; the heads in an almost simple raceme; lowest leaves halberd-shaped +or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapering +into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10–18-flowered, the proper scales +10–15, very obtuse; pappus straw-color.—Alpine region, mountains of Maine, +N. H., and N. New York.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lygodesmia"><b>92. LYGODÉSMIA</b>, Don.</p> + +<p>Heads and flowers (5–10) nearly as in Nabalus; the cylindrical involucre +more elongated, and the achenes long and slender, tapering at the summit; +pappus whitish.—Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials, with single erect +heads of rose-purple flowers terminating almost leafless or rush-like stems or +branches. (Name composed of <span class="greek">λύγος</span>, <i>a pliant twig</i>, and <span class="greek">δέσμη</span>, <i>a bundle</i>, from +the fascicled twiggy or rush-like stems.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. júncea</b>, Don. Stems (1° high) tufted, branched, striate; lower leaves +lance-linear, 1–2´ long, rigid, the upper awl-shaped and minute; heads 5-flowered.—St. Croix +River, Wisc., to Kan., and westward. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="troximon"><b>93. TRÓXIMON</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Head large, solitary, many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre +ovate or lanceolate, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenes +smooth, 10-ribbed, with distinct beak or none, pappus longer than the achene, +white, of copious and unequal rigid capillary bristles.—Perennial scapose +herbs, with elongated linear tufted root-leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name +probably from <span class="greek">τρώγω</span>, <i>to chew</i>, of no obvious application.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. cuspidàtum</b>, Pursh. Scape 1° high, from a thickened caudex, +leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a sharp point, entire, woolly on the +margins; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-pointed, achene beakless.—Prairies, +Wisc., N. Ill., and westward. April, May.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page303"></a>2. <b>T. glaùcum</b>, Nutt. Scape 1–2° high; leaves linear to lanceolate, +entire to dentate or laciniate; head often pubescent or villous; achene long-beaked.—Minn. +to Neb. and southwestward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="taraxacum"><b>94. TARÁXACUM</b>, Haller. <span class="smcap">Dandelion.</span></p> + +<p>Head many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape. Involucre +double, the outer of short scales; the inner of long linear scales, erect in a +single row. Achenes oblong-ovate to fusiform, 4–5-ribbed, the ribs roughened, +the apex prolonged into a very slender beak, bearing the copious soft +and white capillary pappus.—Perennials or biennials; leaves radical, pinnatifid +or runcinate; flowers yellow. (Name from <span class="greek">ταράσσω</span>, <i>to disquiet</i> or <i>disorder</i>, +in allusion to medicinal properties.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>T.</b> <span class="smcap">officinàle</span>, Weber. (<span class="smcap">Common Dandelion.</span>) Smooth, or at first +pubescent; outer involucre reflexed. (T. Dens-leonis, <i>Desf.</i>)—Pastures and +fields everywhere. Indigenous forms occur northward and in the Rocky +Mountains. April–Sept.—After blossoming, the inner involucre closes, and +the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit is forming; +the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the naked fruits, +with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pyrrhopappus"><b>95. PYRRHOPÁPPUS</b>, DC. <span class="smcap">False Dandelion.</span></p> + +<p>Heads, etc., nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft pappus reddish or rusty-color, +and surrounded at base by a soft-villous ring.—Mostly annual or biennial +herbs, scapose or often branching and leafy below. Heads solitary, terminating +the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow. (Name +composed of <span class="greek">πυῤῥός</span>, <i>flame-colored</i>, and <span class="greek">παππός</span>, pappus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Caroliniànus</b>, DC. Annual or biennial, stem branching (1–2° +high); leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves +partly clasping.—Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April–July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. scapòsus</b>, DC. Low, scapose, perennial by roundish tubers; leaves +all radical, pinnatifid.—Prairies; Kan. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chondrilla"><b>96. CHONDRÍLLA</b>, Tourn.</p> + +<p>Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal +scales, and a row of small bractlets at base. Achenes terete, several-ribbed, +smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly projections, from among +which springs an abrupt slender beak; pappus of copious very fine and soft +capillary bristles, bright white.—Herbs of the Old World, with wand-like +branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name of Dioscorides +for some plant which exudes a gum.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">júncea</span>, L. Biennial, bristly-hairy below, smooth above (1–3° high); +root-leaves runcinate; stem-leaves few and small, linear; heads scattered on +nearly leafless branches, 6–8´´ long.—Fields and roadsides, abundant in Md. +and northern Va. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lactuca"><b>97. LACTÙCA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Lettuce.</span></p> + +<p>Heads several–many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or in fruit conical; +scales imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenes flat (obcompressed, +parallel to the scales), abruptly contracted into a beak, which is dilated +at the apex, bearing a copious and fugacious very soft and white capillary pappus,<a name="page304"></a> +its bristles falling separately.—Leafy-stemmed herbs, with panicled heads; +flowers of variable color, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient +name of the Lettuce, <i>L. sativa</i>; from <i>lac</i>, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. SCARÌOLA. <i>Achenes very flat, orbicular to oblong, 1-nerved on each face, +with a filiform beak; biennial or annual; cauline leaves sagittate-clasping.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">Scarìola</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Prickly Lettuce.</span>) Stem below sparsely prickly-bristly, +as also the midrib on the lower face of the oblong or lanceolate spinulose-denticulate +vertical leaves; panicle narrow; heads small, 6–12-flowered; +achenes striate.—Waste grounds and roadsides, Atlantic States to Mo. and +Minn. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Lettuce.</span>) Mostly tall (4–9° high), +very leafy, smooth or nearly so, glaucous; leaves 6–12´ long, pale beneath, +mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, the upper lanceolate and entire (rarely all but the +lower narrow and entire); heads about 20-flowered, 3–6´´ long, numerous, in +long and narrow or diffuse panicles; flowers pale yellow; achene oval, rather +longer than the beak.—Rich damp soil, borders of fields or thickets; common.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. integrifòlia</b>, Bigel. Less leafy, 3–4° high, loosely branched +above or heads loosely panicled; leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, +denticulate or entire; flowers yellow or purplish. (L. Canadensis, var. integrifolia, +<i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—N. Eng. to Ill., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. hirsùta</b>, Muhl. Rather few-leaved, 2–3° high, commonly hirsute +at base; leaves hirsute both sides or only on the midrib, mostly runcinate-pinnatifid; +heads in a loose open panicle; achenes oblong-oval, about as long as +the beak; flowers yellow-purple, rarely whitish. (L. Canadensis, var. sanguinea, +<i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—E. Mass. to Minn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. Ludoviciàna</b>, DC. Glabrous, leafy, 2–5° high; leaves oblong, +sinuate-pinnatifid and spinulosely dentate, ciliate; heads in an open panicle; +involucre more imbricate; flowers yellow.—Minn., Iowa, and southwestward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. LACTUCÁSTRUM. <i>Achenes flat, lanceolate-oblong, tapering to a short +slender beak; perennial; flowers blue.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. pulchélla</b>, DC. Pale or glaucous; stem simple, 1–2° high; +leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runcinate-pinnatifid; +heads few and large, racemose, erect on scaly-bracted peduncles; involucral +scales imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks. (Mulgedium, <i>Nutt.</i>)—Upper Mich. +to Minn.; common on the plains westward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. MULGÈDIUM. <i>Achenes thickish, oblong, contracted into a short thick +beak or neck; annual or biennial; flowers chiefly blue.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>L. acuminàta</b>, Gray. Tall biennial (3–7° high), with many small +heads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, +pointed, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, sometimes hairy on +the midrib beneath, contracted into a winged petiole, the lowest occasionally +sinuate or cleft at base, and the cauline sagittate or hastate; achenes beakless; +pappus white. (Mulgedium, <i>DC.</i>)—Borders of woods, N. Y. to Ill. +and Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>L. Floridàna</b>, Gaertn. Leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the upper +often with a heart-shaped clasping base; panicle larger; achenes distinctly +beaked; otherwise as n. 7.—Rich soil, Penn. to Ill., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page305"></a>8. <b>L. leucophæ̀a</b>, Gray. Nearly smooth biennial; stem tall (3–12° +high), very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely +toothed, the upper cauline sessile and auriculate, sometimes clasping; heads +in a large and dense compound panicle; flowers bluish to cream-color; achene +short-beaked; pappus tawny. (Mulgedium, <i>DC.</i>)—Low grounds; rather +common.—Var. <span class="smcap">integrifòlia</span>, Gray. Leaves undivided, or the lower sinuate-pinnatifid. +Ohio to Ill.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sonchus"><b>98. SÓNCHUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Sow-Thistle.</span></p> + +<p>Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less imbricated. +Achenes obcompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked; pappus copious, +of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly falling together.—Leafy-stemmed +coarse weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate +heads of yellow flowers; produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient +Greek name.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Annual (1–5° high); flowers pale yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">oleràceus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Sow-Thistle.</span>) Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, +or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by +a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute; involucre downy when young; achenes +striate, also wrinkled transversely.—Waste places in manured soil and around +dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">ásper</span>, Vill. (<span class="smcap">Spiny-leaved S.</span>) Stem leaves less divided and more +spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded; achenes margined, +3-nerved on each side, smooth.—With and like the last. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Perennial, with creeping rootstocks; flowers bright yellow, in large heads.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">arvénsis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Field S.</span>) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, +clasping by a heart-shaped base; peduncles and involucre bristly; achenes +transversely wrinkled on the ribs.—Roadsides, etc., N. Eng. and N. Y.; becoming +more common. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="lobeliaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 56.</span> <b>LOBELIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Lobelia Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs with acrid milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an +irregular monopetalous 5-lobed corolla, the 5 stamens free from the corolla, +and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their +anthers.</i>—Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1; stigma +often fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious +albumen.—Nearly passing into the following order.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lobelia"><b>1. LOBÈLIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on +the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip of 2 rather erect +lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species +bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top.—Flowers +axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes, in summer and early autumn. (Dedicated +to <i>Matthias De l'Obel</i>, an early Flemish herbalist.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers deep red, large; stem simple.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. cardinàlis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cardinal-flower.</span>) Tall (2–4° high), smoothish; +leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed; raceme elongated, rather 1-sided; +the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts.—Low grounds,<a name="page306"></a> +common.—Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy intensely red flowers, varying +rarely to rose-color or even white. Hybrids with the next species also +occur.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flowers rather large (corolla-tube 5–6´´ long), spicate-racemose; stems leafy, +1–3° high; perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Leaves ovate to lanceolate, numerous; lip of corolla glabrous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. syphilítica</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Great Lobelia.</span>) <i>Somewhat hairy; leaves +thin, acute at both ends</i> (2–6´ long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly 1´ +long) pedicelled, longer than the leafy bracts; calyx hirsute, the <i>sinuses with +conspicuous deflexed auricles</i>, the short <i>tube hemispherical</i>.—Low grounds, +common.—Flowers light blue, rarely white.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. pubérula</b>, Michx. <i>Finely soft-pubescent; leaves thickish, obtuse</i> +(1–2´ long), with small glandular teeth; spike rather 1-sided; bracts ovate; +<i>sinuses of the calyx with short and rounded or often inconspicuous auricles, the +hairy tube top-shaped</i>.—Moist sandy grounds, N. J. to Iowa, and south to Tex. +and Fla.—Corolla bright blue, ½´ long.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. amœ̀na</b>, Michx. <i>Glabrous</i> or nearly so; raceme virgate; leaves +narrower; bracts lanceolate or linear, often glandular-denticulate; calyx-lobes +long and very slender, usually without auricles, the tube glabrous.—S. Atlantic +States, in swamps.—Var. <span class="smcap">glandulífera</span>, Gray; a slender form with secund +raceme, oval to lance-oblong obtuse gland-toothed leaves, and the bracts and +calyx-teeth beset with slender gland-tipped teeth. S. Va. and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Leaves long and narrow, sparse above; lip of corolla pubescent at base.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. glandulòsa</b>, Walt. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; leaves, +bracts, and usually the lobes of the calyx, strongly glandular-toothed; calyx-tube +densely hispid, rarely sparsely so or smoothish, the sinuses not auriculate.—Pine-barren +swamps, S. Va. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers smaller (corolla-tube not more than 2–3´´ long).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Stem leafy, mostly simple, continued into an elongated virgate spike-like raceme; +leaves lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or repand.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>L. leptóstachys</b>, A. DC. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate, +oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts; calyx-lobes +nearly equalling the corolla, with 10 <i>reflexed awl-shaped appendages +as long as the hemispherical tube</i>.—Sandy soil, Ohio to Ill. and Mo.; also Va. +to Ga.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>L. spicàta</b>, Lam. Stem slender, <i>strict</i> (1–4° high) from a biennial (?) +root, below and the barely denticulate leaves minutely pubescent; lower and +root-leaves obovate or spatulate, the upper reduced to linear or club-shaped +bracts; calyx-tube short, obconical or becoming almost hemispherical, <i>sinuses +not appendaged</i>.—Moist or dry, mostly gravelly or sandy soil, N. New Eng. +to Sask., south to Ark. and La. Fl. through summer.—Var. <span class="smcap">parviflòra</span>, +Gray, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly subulate, and pale corolla but 3´´ +long. Swamps, Lancaster, Penn. (<i>Porter</i>); beginning to flower in June.—Var. +<span class="smcap">hirtélla</span>, Gray; with somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely hirsute-ciliate +bracts and calyx-lobes. Chiefly toward and beyond the Mississippi.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page307"></a>[++][++] <i>Stem leafy, often paniculately branched; flowers loosely racemose; sinuses +of calyx not appendaged; annual or biennial.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Leaves chiefly linear, entire or denticulate; pod not inflated.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>L. Cánbyi</b>, Gray. Stem strict (1–2° high), minutely angled; <i>pedicels +shorter than the bracts and flowers</i>, minutely roughened under a lens; +<i>bractlets none; calyx-tube top-shaped, acute at base, only half the length of the +lobes</i> (which, with the linear leaves, are sparsely glandular-denticulate), in fruit +becoming oblong, covering the whole pod; corolla deep blue (fully 5´´ long), +more or less <i>bearded in the throat</i>.—Wet places, N. J., Del., and S. C.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>L. Kálmii</b>, L. Stem mostly low (4–18´ high), minutely angled; <i>pedicels +filiform, not exceeding</i> the linear or setaceous <i>bracts but as long as the flower, +minutely 2-bracteolate or 2-glandular above the middle; calyx-tube top-shaped or +obovoid</i>, fully half the length of the lobes, in fruit rather longer than they, +covering the whole pod, corolla light blue, 4–5´´ long.—Wet limestone rocks +and banks, N. Eng. to L. Winnipeg, south to Penn., Ind., and Minn.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>L. Nuttàllii</b>, Roem. & Schult. Stem very slender (1–2° high), +terete; <i>pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower</i>, usually +with very minute bractlets near the base; <i>calyx-tube very short, depressed-hemispherical +in fruit</i>, the globular pod half free; corolla pale blue, barely 3´´ +long.—Sandy swamps, N. J. and Penn. to Ga.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Leaves ovate or oblong, obtusely toothed; pod inflated, wholly inferior.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>L. inflàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Indian Tobacco.</span>) Stems paniculately much branched +from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (1–2° high); leaves +gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which exceed the lower short-pedicelled +flowers; calyx-tube ovoid.—Dry open fields.—Corolla only 1½–2´´ +long. Plant poisonous and a noted quack medicine.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++][++] <i>Stem scape-like, mostly simple, hollow; leaves fleshy; fibrous-rooted perennials, +very glabrous, mostly aquatic, with pale blue or whitish flowers.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>L. paludòsa</b>, Nutt. Nearly smooth; stem slender (1–4° high); +<i>leaves flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate</i> or oblong-linear, glandular-denticulate, +mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of corolla bearded in the +middle; calyx-tube about half the length of the short lobes, hemispherical in +fruit.—In water (but foliage emerged), Del. to Fla. and La.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>L. Dortmánna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Water Lobelia.</span>) Very smooth; <i>scape thickish</i> +(5–12´ high), <i>few-flowered; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow</i>, +with a partition lengthwise; lower lip of corolla slightly hairy; calyx-tube +about as long as the lobes, in fruit much longer.—Borders of ponds (often +immersed), N. Eng. to N. Penn., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="campanulaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 57.</span> <b>CAMPANULÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Campanula Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers; calyx +adherent to the ovary; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the +bud; the 5 stamens usually free from the corolla and distinct.</i>—Style 1, +usually beset with collecting hairs above; stigmas 2 or more. Capsule +2–several-celled, many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight +embryo in fleshy albumen. Flowers generally blue and showy.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="specularia"><a name="page308"></a>1. <b>SPECULÀRIA</b>, Heister. <span class="smcap">Venus's Looking-glass.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5- (or 3–4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate; +the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. +Capsule prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral +valves.—Low annuals, with axillary blue or purplish flowers, in American +species dimorphous, the earlier being cleistogamous. (Name from <i>Speculum +Veneris</i>, the early name of the common European species.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. perfoliàta</b>, A. DC. Somewhat hairy (3–20´ high); <i>leaves roundish +or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base</i>, toothed; flowers sessile, solitary +or 2–3 together in the axils, only the upper or later ones having a conspicuous +and expanding corolla; <i>capsule oblong, short, straight, opening rather below +the middle</i>; seeds lenticular.—Sterile open ground; common. May–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. leptocárpa</b>, Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous (6–12´ +high); <i>leaves lanceolate</i>, with flowers closely sessile in their axils; calyx-lobes +of lower flowers 3; <i>capsule nearly cylindrical (6–9´´ long, 1´´ thick), inclined to +curve, opening by one or two uplifted valves near the summit</i>; seeds oblong.—W. Mo. +and Ark. to Col. and W. Tex. Expanded corolla 6–9´´ wide.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="campanula">2. <b>CAMPÁNULA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Bellflower.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate; +the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells +of the capsule 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many +valves or holes.—Herbs, with terminal or axillary flowers; in summer. (A +diminutive of the Italian <i>campana</i>, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Style straight; openings of capsule below the middle.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Coarse pubescent many-flowered European species, sparingly naturalized; +perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">rapunculoìdes</span>, L. Smoothish, slender, erect; stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, +pointed, the lower long-petioled and heart-shaped; flowers nodding, +single in the axil of bracts, forming racemes; corolla oblong, 1´ long.—Roadsides +and fields, Canada and N. Eng. to Penn.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">glomeràta</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Clustered B.</span>) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect, +1° high; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping; flowers sessile, +clustered in the upper axils, forming a leafy head; corolla open-bell-shaped, +1´ long.—Roadsides, E. Mass.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Slender perennials, mostly glabrous; flowers one or few, on slender peduncles.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. rotundifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Harebell.</span>) Slender, branching (5–12´ high), +1–10-flowered; <i>root-leaves round-heart-shaped</i> or ovate, mostly toothed or crenate, +long-petioled, early withering away; <i>stem-leaves</i> numerous, <i>linear or narrowly +lanceolate, entire, smooth; calyx-lobes awl-shaped</i>, from {1/3} to {2/3} the length +of the bright-blue corolla (which is 6–9´´ long); <i>capsule nodding</i>.—Rocky +shaded banks, throughout the northern part of our range, and southward in +the mountains.—A delicate and pretty species, but with a most inappropriate +name, since the round root-leaves are rarely obvious. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>árctica</b>, Lange. Stems more upright and rather rigid; lowest leaves +spatulate; the very slender calyx-lobes soon spreading or deflexed; corolla +{2/3}–1´ long. (C. rotundifolia, var. linifolia, <i>of Man</i>.)—Shores of the Great +Lakes, and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety"><a name="page309"></a>Var. <b>velutìna</b>, DC., has the whole herbage canescently pubescent.—Sand-hills +of Burt Lake, Mich. (<i>E. J. Hill</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. aparinoìdes</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Marsh Bellflower.</span>) <i>Stem simple and +slender, weak</i> (8–20´ high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, <i>rough backward +on the angles, as are the</i> slightly toothed <i>edges and midrib of the linear-lanceolate +leaves; peduncles diverging</i>, slender; <i>lobes of the calyx triangular</i>, half the +length of the bell-shaped nearly white corolla; <i>capsule erect</i>.—Wet grassy +grounds, throughout our range. With somewhat the habit of a Galium.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. divaricàta</b>, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1–3° +high); <i>leaves oblong-lanceolate</i>, pointed at both ends, <i>coarsely and sharply +toothed; flowers numerous</i> on the branches of the large compound panicle; +<i>calyx-lobes awl-shaped</i>, about half the length of the pale-blue small corolla (3´´ +long); style exserted.—Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Va., E. Ky., and +southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Style declined and upwardly curved, much longer than the rotate corolla; +openings of the capsule close to the summit; inflorescence spicate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. Americàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Tall Bellflower.</span>) Annual; stem mostly +simple (3–6° high); leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, +mostly on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2½–6´ long); spike 1–2° +long; corolla light blue, 1´ broad.—Moist rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn., +south to Ga. and Ark.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="ericaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 58.</span> <b>ERICÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Heath Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so; stamens +as many or twice as many as the 4–5-lobed or 4–5-petalled corolla, free +from but inserted with it; anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged, or opening +by terminal chinks or pores, introrse</i> (except in Suborder 3); <i>style 1; +ovary 3–10-celled</i>. Pollen compound, of 4 united grains (except in Suborder +4). Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, +in fleshy albumen.—A large family, very various in many of the characters, +comprising four well-marked suborders, as follows:—</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder I.</span> <b>Vaccinieæ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Whortleberry Family.</span>) Calyx-tube +adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-like +fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anther-cells opening at the +apex.—Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Gaylussacia.</b> Ovary 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried drupe +with 10 small seed-like nutlets.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Vaccinium.</b> Berry 4–5-celled (or imperfectly 8–10-celled by false partitions), many-seeded. +Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Chiogenes.</b> Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged +into a tube, but each 2-pointed. Slender trailing evergreen.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder II.</span> <b>Ericineæ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Heath Family</span> proper.) Calyx free +from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, rarely polypetalous, hypogynous.—Shrubs +or small trees.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. ARBUTEÆ.</b> Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Arctostaphylos.</b> Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5–10-seeded.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><a name="page310"></a><b>Tribe II. ANDROMEDEÆ.</b> Fruit a loculicidal capsule (berry-like in n. 6). Corolla +deciduous.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Anther cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Epigæa.</b> Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Gaultheria.</b> Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the capsule. Anthers 4-awned at top.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Corolla urceolate to cylindrical, 5-toothed; not heath-like.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Andromeda.</b> Calyx valvate and very early open, naked. Capsule globular. Seeds +mostly hanging on the central placenta.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Oxydendrum.</b> Calyx short, early open, naked. Capsule oblong-pyramidal. Seeds +all ascending. A small tree.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Leucothoe.</b> Calyx slightly or much imbricated, naked or bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous. +Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Cassandra.</b> Calyx of rigid imbricated ovate sepals, bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous. +Capsule splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Corolla campanulate, 4–5-lobed or -parted; heath-like, with acerose imbricated leaves.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Cassiope.</b> Calyx of ovate imbricated sepals. Capsule globular-ovoid, 4–5-valved, the +valves 2-cleft.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. ERICEÆ.</b> Corolla persistent, becoming scarious. Capsule septicidal.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Calluna.</b> Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted. Leaves minute, opposite, imbricate.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe IV. RHODODENDREÆ.</b> Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Flowers not from scaly buds; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Bryanthus.</b> Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Kalmia.</b> Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as +many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Menziesia.</b> Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous.</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Rhododendron.</b> Flowers usually 5-merous. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, +lobed or parted, often somewhat irregular. Leaves deciduous or evergreen.</p> + +<p class="genus">17. <b>Ledum.</b> Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5–10. Leaves evergreen.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales firm and persistent.</p> + +<p class="genus">18. <b>Leiophyllum.</b> Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted.</p> + +<p class="genus">19. <b>Loiseleuria.</b> Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder III.</span> <b>Pyroleæ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Pyrola Family.</span>) Calyx free from +the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse in the bud, opening +by pores at the base (inverted in the flower). Seeds with a loose and +translucent cellular coat much larger than the nucleus.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. CLETHREÆ.</b> Shrubs or trees, with deciduous foliage (in ours). Pollen-grains +simple. Capsule 3-celled.</p> + +<p class="genus">20. <b>Clethra.</b> Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. PYROLEÆ.</b> Herbs or nearly so, with evergreen foliage. Pollen-grains +compound. Capsules 5- (rarely 4-) celled.</p> + +<p class="genus">21. <b>Chimaphila.</b> Stems leafy. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. +Style very short and top-shaped. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.</p> + +<p class="genus">22. <b>Moneses.</b> Scape 1-flowered. Petals widely spreading. Style straight, exserted; stigma +5-rayed. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.</p> + +<p class="genus"><a name="page311"></a>23. <b>Pyrola.</b> Acaulescent. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Filaments +awl-shaped. Style long. Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder IV.</span> <b>Monotropeæ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Indian-pipe Family.</span>) Flowers +nearly as in Suborders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root-parasitic, +entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech-drops. +Seeds as in Suborder 3.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Corolla monopetalous; anthers 2-celled.</p> + +<p class="genus">24. <b>Pterospora.</b> Corolla ovate, 5-toothed; anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise.</p> + +<p class="genus">25. <b>Schweinitzia.</b> Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed; anthers opening at the top.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals; calyx imperfect or bract-like.</p> + +<p class="genus">26. <b>Monotropa.</b> Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gaylussacia">1. <b>GAYLUSSÁCIA</b>, HBK. <span class="smcap">Huckleberry.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10; anthers +awnless; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening +by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 10 seed-like nutlets.—Branching +shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with +resinous dots; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and +bracted racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, <i>Gay-Lussac</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, not resinous-dotted.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. brachýcera</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Box-Huckleberry.</span>) Very smooth (1° +high); leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed; racemes short and nearly sessile; +pedicels very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped.—Wooded hills, Perry Co., +Penn., to Del. and Va. May.—Leaves resembling those of the Box.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. dumòsa</b>, Torr. & Gray. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf Huckleberry.</span>) <i>Somewhat +hairy</i> and glandular, low (1–5° high from a creeping base), bushy; <i>leaves</i> obovate-oblong, +<i>mucronate, green both sides</i>, rather thick and shining when old; +racemes elongated; <i>bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels; ovary +bristly or glandular</i>; corolla bell-shaped, fruit black (insipid).—Var. <span class="smcap">hirtélla</span> +has the young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy.—Sandy swamps, +Newf., along the coast to Fla. and La.; the var. chiefly southward. June.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>G. frondòsa</b>, Torr. & Gray. (<span class="smcap">Blue Tangle. Dangleberry.</span>) <i>Smooth</i> +(3–6° high); branches slender and divergent; <i>leaves</i> obovate-oblong, blunt, +<i>pale, glaucous beneath</i>; racemes slender, loose, <i>bracts oblong or linear, deciduous, +shorter than the slender drooping pedicels</i>; corolla globular-bell-shaped; +fruit dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible).—Low copses, coast of +N. Eng. and mountains of Penn. to Ky., south to La. and Fla. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>G. resinòsa</b>, Torr. & Gray. (<span class="smcap">Black Huckleberry.</span>) Much branched, +rigid, <i>slightly pubescent</i> when young (1–3° high), <i>leaves</i> oval, oblong-ovate or +oblong, thickly clothed and at first <i>clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining +resinous globules</i>, racemes short, clustered, one-sided; pedicels about the length +of the flowers; <i>bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous</i>, corolla ovoid-conical, +or at length cylindrical with an open mouth; fruit black, without bloom +(pleasant, very rarely white).—Rocky woodlands and swamps, Newf. to Minn., +south to N. Ga. May, June.—The common <i>Huckleberry</i> of the markets.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="vaccinium"><a name="page312"></a><b>2. VACCÍNIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Blueberry. Bilberry. Cranberry.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla various in shape; the limb 4–5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10; +anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate and prolonged upward +into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4–5-celled, many-seeded, +or sometimes 8–10-celled by a false partition stretching from the back of each +cell to the placenta.—Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers; the +corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. BATODÉNDRON. <i>Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed; anthers with long +tubes, and 2-awned on the back; berry (hardly edible) spuriously 10-celled; +leaves deciduous but firm; flowers solitary or in leafy-bracted racemes, +slender-pedicelled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>V. arbòreum</b>, Marshall. (<span class="smcap">Farkle-berry.</span>) <i>Tall</i> (6–25° high), +smoothish; leaves obovate to oblong, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright +green, shining above, at the south evergreen; <i>corolla white; anthers included</i>; +berries black, globose, small, many-seeded.—Sandy soil, S. Ill. to Tex., Fla., +and N. C.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>V. stamíneum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Deerberry. Squaw Huckleberry.</span>) Diffusely +branched (2–3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, +glaucous or whitish underneath; <i>corolla greenish-white or purplish; anthers +much exserted</i>; berries greenish or yellowish, globular or pear-shaped, large, +few-seeded.—Dry woods, Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. CYANOCÓCCUS. (<span class="smcap">Blueberries.</span>) <i>Corolla cylindraceous to campanulate, +5-toothed; filaments hairy; anthers included, awnless; berry (sweet +and edible) blue or black with bloom, completely or incompletely 10-celled; +flowers in fascicles or short racemes, short-pedicelled, appearing from large +scaly buds with or before the leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Corolla cylindraceous when developed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>V. virgàtum</b>, Ait. Low, more or less pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong +to cuneate-lanceolate, usually acute and minutely serrulate, thinnish, shining +at least above; flower-clusters sometimes virgate on naked branches; corolla +rose-color; berry black.—In swamps, south of our range, but represented by</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>tenéllum</b>, Gray. Low form, mostly small-leaved, with smaller +nearly white flowers in shorter or closer clusters.—Va. to Ark., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Corolla shorter and broader.</i> (<span class="smcap">Blueberries</span> or <span class="smcap">Blue Huckleberries</span>.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>V. Pennsylvánicum</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf Blueberry.</span>) Dwarf (6–15´ +high), smooth, with green warty stems and branches; <i>leaves lanceolate or +oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides</i> +(or sometimes downy on the midrib underneath); corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped; +berries bluish-black and glaucous.—Dry hills, N. J. to Ill., north +to Newf. and Sask. The lowest and earliest ripened of the blueberries.—Var. +<span class="smcap">angustifòlium</span>, Gray; a dwarfer high-mountain or northern form, with narrower +lanceolate leaves.—White Mts. of N. H., Newf., and far northward.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>V. Canadénse</b>, Kalm. Low (1–2° high); <i>leaves oblong-lanceolate or +elliptical, entire, downy both sides</i>, as well as the crowded branchlets; corolla +shorter; otherwise as the last.—Swamps or moist woods, N. New Eng. to +mountains of Penn., Ill., Minn., and northward.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page313"></a>6. <b>V. vacíllans</b>, Solander. (<span class="smcap">Low Blueberry.</span>) <i>Low</i> (1–2½° high), +<i>glabrous</i>, with yellowish-green branchlets; <i>leaves obovate or oval, very pale or +dull, glaucous</i>, at least underneath, minutely ciliolate-serrulate or entire; corolla +between bell-shaped and cylindraceous, the mouth somewhat contracted.—Dry +places, especially in sandy soil, New Eng. to Mich. and Iowa, south to +N. C. and Mo.—Berries ripening later than those of n. 4.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>V. corymbòsum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common</span> or <span class="smcap">Swamp-Blueberry</span>.) <i>Tall</i> (5–10° +high); <i>leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate</i>; corolla varying +from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical, 3–4´´ long.—Swamps +and low thickets, throughout our range and southward. This yields +the common <i>blueberry</i> or <i>blue huckleberry</i> of the latter part of the season. The +typical form has leaves with naked entire margins, and may be pubescent or +glabrous (var. <span class="smcap">glàbrum</span>, <i>Gray</i>, Man.) Numerous gradations unite the +following varieties:—</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>amœ̀num</b>, Gray. Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both +sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins.—Middle Atlantic States.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>pállidum</b>, Gray. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous +especially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth.—Common in the Alleghanies +southward, mostly on the higher ridges.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>atrocóccum</b>, Gray. The most distinct form; leaves entire, downy +or woolly underneath even when old, as also the branchlets; berries smaller, +black, without bloom.—New Eng. to Penn.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. VACCINIUM proper. (<span class="smcap">Bilberries.</span>) <i>Corolla ovate to globular, 4–5-toothed; +filaments glabrous; anthers 2-awned on the back, included; berry +4–5-celled; leaves deciduous; flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or few +together, appearing with or after the leaves; mostly glabrous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Parts of the flower mostly in fours; stamens 8.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>V. uliginòsum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bog Bilberry.</span>) Low and spreading (4´–2° +high), tufted; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubescent +underneath; flowers single or 2–3 together from a scaly bud, almost +sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped; berries black with a bloom, sweet.—Alpine +tops of the high mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., shore of L. Superior, and +northwestward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Parts of the flower in fives; stamens 10; leaves membranaceous; flowers +solitary on short axillary peduncles, nodding.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>V. cæspitòsum</b>, Michx. Dwarf (3–6´ high), tufted, <i>leaves obovate</i>, +narrowed at the base, smooth and <i>shining, serrate; corolla oblong</i>, slightly urn-shaped; +berries blue.—Alpine region of the White Mts., and high northward.—Var. +<span class="smcap">cuneifòlium</span>, Nutt., is a foot high or less, bushy, with cuneate-spatulate +leaves rounded at the apex, passing in one form to spatulate-lanceolate +and acute.—Shores of L. Superior and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>V. myrtilloìdes</b>, Hook. More erect, 1–5° high; branchlets somewhat +angled; <i>leaves mostly ovate and acute or pointed</i>, sharply and closely +<i>serrulate, bright green</i>, nearly smooth; border of the calyx almost entire; <i>corolla +depressed-globular</i>, rather large; berries large, black, rather acid.—Damp +woods, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May, June.—Pedicels 3–6´´ +long, drooping in flower, erect in fruit.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page314"></a>11. <b>V. ovalifòlium</b>, Smith. Straggling, 2–12° high; <i>leaves elliptical, +obtuse, nearly entire, pale</i>, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth; <i>corolla ovoid</i>; +berries blue.—Peat-bogs, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 4. VÌTIS-IDÆ̀A. <i>Corolla, berry, etc., as in § 3; filaments hairy; anthers +awnless; leaves coriaceous and persistent; flowers in clusters from separate +buds, 4-merous (in our species); mostly glabrous; leaves 3–6´´ long.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>V. Vìtis-Idæ̀a</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cowberry. Mountain Cranberry. Foxberry.</span>) +Low (6–10´ high); branches erect from tufted creeping stems; leaves +obovate with revolute margins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted +with blackish bristly points underneath; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft; berries +dark red, acid and rather bitter, edible when cooked. Coast and mountains of +N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Superior, and far northward. June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 5. OXYCÓCCUS. <i>Corolla deeply 4-parted or -cleft, with linear reflexed +lobes; anthers exserted, awnless, with very long terminal tubes; berry 4-celled; +flowers axillary or terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries; flowers axillary +and solitary; corolla deeply 4-cleft; berries light red, turning purple, insipid.</i></p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>V. erythrocárpon</b>, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1–4° +high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin.—Damp +woods, higher Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stems very slender, creeping or trailing; leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, +evergreen; pedicels erect, the pale rose-colored flower nodding; corolla +4-parted; berries red, acid.</i>—<span class="smcap">Cranberries</span>.</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>V. Oxycóccus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Small Cranberry.</span>) Stems very slender (4–9´ +long); <i>leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins</i> (2–3´´ long); pedicels +1–4, terminal; filaments fully ½ as long as the anthers.—Peat-bogs, N. Eng. +and Penn. to Minn., and northward. June.—Berry 3–4´´ broad, often +speckled with white when young, seldom gathered for market. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>V. macrocárpon</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Large</span> or <span class="smcap">American Cranberry</span>.) Stems +elongated (1–4° long), the flowering branches ascending; <i>leaves oblong, obtuse</i>, +less revolute (4–6´´ long); pedicels several, becoming lateral, filaments scarcely +one third the length of the anthers.—Peat-bogs, N. C. to Minn. and everywhere +northward, but scarcely westward. June.—Berry ½–1´ long.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chiogenes"><b>3. CHIÓGENES</b>, Salisb. <span class="smcap">Creeping Snowberry.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; limb 4-parted, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, +deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk, +filaments very short and broad; anther-cells ovate-oblong, separate, not awned +on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large +chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded.—A +trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely +woody stems, and small Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, +with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset +with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short +nodding peduncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from <span class="greek">χιών</span>, +<i>snow</i>, and <span class="greek">γένος</span>, <i>offspring</i>, in allusion to the snow-white berries.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page315"></a>1. <b>C. serpyllifòlia</b>, Salisb. Leaves 3–4´´ long; berries 3´´ broad, bright +white. (C. hispidula, <i>Torr. & Gray</i>.)—Peat-bogs, and mossy woods, N. J. and +Penn. to Minn., and northward; also southward in the Alleghanies to N. C. +May.—Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or Sweet Birch.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="arctostaphylos"><b>4. ARCTOSTÁPHYLOS</b>, Adans. <span class="smcap">Bearberry.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens +10, included; anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening +by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5–10 seed-like nutlets.—Shrubs, +with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes +or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of <span class="greek">ἄρκτος</span>, <i>a bear</i>, and +<span class="greek">σταφυλή</span>, <i>a grape</i> or <i>berry</i>, the Greek of the popular name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Ùva-úrsi</b>, Spreng. (<span class="smcap">Bearberry.</span>) Trailing; <i>leaves thick and +evergreen</i>, obovate or spatulate, <i>entire, smooth; fruit red</i>.—Rocks and bare +hills, N. J. and Penn. to Mo., and far north and westward. May. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. alpìna</b>, Spreng. (<span class="smcap">Alpine Bearberry.</span>) Dwarf, tufted and depressed; +<i>leaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled</i> with strong netted veins, obovate; +<i>fruit black</i>.—Alpine summits in N. Eng., and high northward. (Arctic-alpine +around the world.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="epigaea"><b>5. EPIGÆ̀A</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla salver-form; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate +pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender filaments; +anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex +(as in Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar around and partly adnate to the +5 little lobes of the stigma. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-celled, +many-seeded.—A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant, bristly with +rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alternate +leaves, on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axillary +clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of <span class="greek">ἐπί</span>, <i>upon</i>, and <span class="greek">γῆ</span>, <i>the earth</i>, +from the trailing growth.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. rèpens</b>, L.—Sandy woods, or in rocky soil, especially in the shade +of pines, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla., and Ky.—Flowers appearing in early +spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance, dimorphous as to style and stamens +and subdiœcious. In New England called <span class="smcap">Mayflower</span>.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gaultheria"><b>6. GAULTHÈRIA</b>, Kalm. <span class="smcap">Aromatic Wintergreen.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, included; +anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore. +Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe +by the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red +berry!—Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves +and axillary (nearly white) flowers; pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by +Kalm to "<i>Dr. Gaulthier</i>," of Quebec.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. procúmbens</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Creeping Wintergreen.</span>) Stems slender +and extensively creeping on or below the surface; the flowering branches ascending, +leafy at the summit (3–5´ high); leaves obovate or oval, obscurely +serrate; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding.—Cool damp woods,<a name="page316"></a> +mostly in the shade of evergreens, Maine to Minn., and southward to N. Ga.; +also far northward. July.—The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and +the foliage have the well-known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. +Usually called <i>Wintergreen</i>, or sometimes in the interior <i>Tea-berry</i>. Eastward +it is often called <i>Checkerberry</i> or <i>Partridge-berry</i> (names also applied to Mitchella, +the latter especially so), also <i>Boxberry</i>.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="andromeda"><b>7. ANDRÓMEDA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the +bud, but very soon separate or open. Corolla urceolate (in ours), 5-toothed. +Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal +pore. Capsule globular, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentæ borne +on the summit or middle of the columella. Seeds pendulous or spreading.—Shrubs, +with umbelled, clustered, or panicled and racemed (mostly white) +flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnæus in allusion to the fable of <i>Andromeda</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Anthers awned; capsule more or less globose; leaves thick and evergreen.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. polifòlia</b>, L. <i>Glabrous</i>, 6–18´ high; leaves linear to lanceolate-oblong, +strongly revolute, <i>white beneath</i>; flowers in terminal umbels; pedicels +from axils of persistent scaly bracts; <i>each anther-cell with a slender terminal ascending +awn</i>.—Wet bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Minn., and northward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. floribúnda</b>, Pursh. Very leafy, 2–6° high; <i>young branchlets, etc., +strigose-hairy</i>; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, ciliate-serrulate, +<i>glandular-dotted beneath</i> (2´ long); <i>racemes crowded in short terminal panicles</i>, +densely flowered; <i>each anther-cell with a slender deflexed awn on the back</i>.—Moist +hillsides, in the Alleghanies from Va. to Ga.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Anthers awnless; capsule 5-angled, with a thickened ridge at the dorsal sutures; +leaves thinnish and deciduous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. Mariàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Stagger-bush.</span>) <i>Mostly glabrous</i>, 2–4° high; +leaves oblong or oval (1–3´ long); <i>fascicles of nodding flowers racemose on +naked shoots; filaments 2-toothed near the apex; capsule ovate-pyramidal, truncate +at the contracted apex</i>.—Low grounds, R. I. to Fla.; also in Tenn. and Ark. +Foliage said to poison lambs and calves.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. ligustrìna</b>, Muhl. <i>Minutely pubescent</i>, 3–10° high; leaves obovate +to lanceolate-oblong (1–2´ long), serrulate or entire; <i>racemes crowded in +naked or leafy panicles; filaments flat, not appendaged; capsule globular</i>.—Wet +grounds, Canada to Fla. and Ark.—Var. <span class="smcap">pubéscens</span>, Gray, is a form +with dense soft pubescence.—Va. to Ga.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="oxydendrum"><b>8. OXYDÉNDRUM</b>, DC. <span class="smcap">Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. +Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, puberulent. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the +base, linear, awnless, the cells tapering upward and opening by a long chink. +Capsule oblong-pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentæ at +the base of the cells. Seeds <i>all ascending</i>, slender, the thin and loose reticulated +coat extended at both ends into awl-shaped appendages.—A tree with +deciduous, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender +petioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle,<a name="page317"></a> +terminating the branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, +deciduous. Foliage acid (whence the name, from <span class="greek">ὀξύς</span>, <i>sour</i>, and <span class="greek">δένδρον</span>, <i>tree</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>1. O. arbòreum</b>, DC. Tree 15–40° high; leaves in size and shape like +those of the peach.—Rich woods, from Penn. to Ind., and southward, mostly +along the Alleghanies, to Fla. June, July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="leucothoe"><b>9. LEUCÓTHOË</b>, Don.</p> + +<p>Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla ovate or +cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers naked, or the cells with 1 or +2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore. Capsule depressed, more or less +5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thickened; valves entire; the many-seeded +placentæ borne on the summit of the short columella. Seeds mostly +pendulous.—Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and white scaly-bracted +flowers in dense axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (A mythological name.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Anthers awnless; stigma 5-rayed; racemes sessile, dense, with persistent bracts, +in the axils of thick and shining evergreen leaves; calyx not bracteolate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. axillàris</b>, Don. <i>Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed</i> +or acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, <i>on very short petioles; sepals broadly +ovate</i>.—Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Feb.–April.—Shrub 2–4° high.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. Catesbæ̀i</b>, Gray. <i>Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed</i>, serrulate +with ciliate-spinulose appressed teeth, <i>conspicuously petioled</i> (3–6´ long); <i>sepals +ovate-oblong</i>, often acute.—Moist banks of streams, Va. to Ga. along the mountains. +May.—Shrub 2–4° high, with long spreading or recurved branches. +Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Anthers awned; stigma simple; flowers very short-pedicelled, in long one-sided +racemes mostly terminating the branches; bracts deciduous; leaves +membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate; calyx bibracteolate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. recúrva</b>, Buckley. <i>Branches and racemes recurved-spreading</i>; +leaves lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed; <i>sepals ovate; anther-cells 1-awned; +pod 5-lobed, seeds flat and cellular-winged</i>.—Dry hills, Alleghanies of Va. to +Ala. April.—Lower and more straggling than the next.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. racemòsa</b>, Gray. <i>Branches and racemes mostly erect</i>; leaves oblong +or oval-lanceolate, acute; <i>sepals ovate-lanceolate; anther-cells each 2-awned; +pod not lobed; seeds angled and wingless</i>.—Moist thickets, Mass. to Fla. and +La., near the coast. May, June.—Shrub 4–10° high. Corolla cylindrical.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cassandra"><b>10. CASSÁNDRA</b>, Don. <span class="smcap">Leather-Leaf.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and +with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Stamens +10; anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at +the apex, awnless. Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded, the pericarp of +2 layers, the outer 5-valved, the cartilaginous inner layer at length 10-valved. +Seeds flattened, wingless.—Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly evergreen +and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers +white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-sided leafy +racemes. (<i>Cassandra</i>, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page318"></a>1. <b>C. calyculàta</b>, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat.—Bogs, Newf. to +Minn., and south to Ga.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cassiope"><b>11. CASSÌOPE</b>, Don.</p> + +<p>Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in +the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4–5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10; +anthers fixed by the apex; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal +pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Capsule ovoid or globular, +4–5-celled, 4–5-valved, the valves 2-cleft; placentæ many-seeded, pendulous +from the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless.—Small, +arctic or alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers +solitary, nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (<i>Cassiope</i> +was the mother of Andromeda.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. hypnoìdes</b>, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1–4´ high); +leaves needle-shaped, imbricated; corolla 5-cleft; style short and conical.—Alpine +summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y., and high northward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="calluna"><b>12. CALLÙNA</b>, Salisb. <span class="smcap">Heather. Ling.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and +less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Stamens +8, distinct; anthers with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the +cells opening each by a long chink. Capsule 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved.—Evergreen +undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly +extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches. +Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches, +forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or +sometimes white, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of +which are more or less scarious. (Named from <span class="greek">καλλύνω</span>, <i>to brush</i> or <i>sweep</i>, +brooms being made of its twigs.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. vulgàris</b>, Salisb. Low grounds, Mass., at Tewksbury and W. +Andover; Maine, at Cape Elizabeth; also N. Scotia, C. Breton, Newf., etc. +Probably only introduced.</p> + +<p>Two European heaths, <span class="smcap">Erìca cinèrea</span> and <span class="smcap">E. Tétralix</span>, have been found +in small patches on Nantucket Island.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="bryanthus"><b>13. BRYÁNTHUS</b>, Steller.</p> + +<p>Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, deciduous. Stamens +10, anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. +Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, septicidal (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded.—Low +alpine Heath-like evergreen undershrubs, clothed with scattered linear +and obtuse smooth or rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on +solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the branches. Our species +belongs to § Phyllódoce. (<span class="greek">Βρύον</span>, <i>moss</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span> <i>flower</i>, because growing +among mosses.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. taxifòlius</b>, Gray. Calyx pubescent; corolla oblong-urn-shaped, +5-toothed, purplish, smooth; style included. (Phyllodoce taxifolia, <i>Salisb.</i>)—Alpine +summits of the mountains of N. H. and Maine, and northward. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="kalmia"><a name="page319"></a><b>14. KÁLMIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">American Laurel.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, +furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged; +filaments long and thread-form. Capsule globose, 5-celled, many-seeded.—Evergreen +mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous +leaves, naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to <i>Peter Kalm</i>, a pupil of +Linnæus, who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, +afterwards Professor at Abo.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Flowers in simple or clustered naked umbel-like corymbs; pedicels from the +axils of small and firm foliaceous persistent bracts; calyx smaller than the +pod, persistent; leaves and branches glabrous, or nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>K. latifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Calico-bush. Mountain Laurel. Spoon-wood.</span>) +<i>Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate</i> or oblong, acute +at each end, petioled; flowers profuse, large and very showy, varying from +deep rose-color to nearly white; <i>corymbs terminal</i>, many-flowered, clammy-pubescent; +pod depressed, glandular.—Rocky hills and damp soil, Canada +and Maine, chiefly along the mountains to W. Fla., west to Ohio, Ky., and +Tenn. Usually a shrub 4–8° high, but in the mountains from Penn. southward +forming dense thickets and often tree-like (10–30° high). May, June.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>K. angustifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sheep Laurel. Lambkill. Wicky.</span>) Shrub +1–3° high; <i>leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, +light green above, narrowly oblong</i>, obtuse, petioled; <i>corymbs lateral</i> (appearing +later than the shoots of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod +depressed, nearly smooth; <i>pedicels recurved in fruit</i>.—Hillsides, Newf. to +Mich., south to N. Ga.; common. May, June. The flowers more crimson and +two thirds smaller than in the last.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>K. glaùca</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Pale Laurel.</span>) <i>Branchlets 2-edged; leaves opposite, +nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with revolute margins</i>; corymbs +terminal, few-flowered, smooth; bracts large; flowers ½´ broad, lilac-purple; +pod ovoid, smooth.—Cold peat-bogs and mountains, Newf. to Penn., Minn., +and northward. May, June.—Straggling, about 1° high.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils; calyx leafy, larger than the pod, +nearly equalling the corolla, deciduous; leaves and branches bristly-hairy.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>K. hirsùta</b>, Walt. Branches terete; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4´´ +long), becoming glabrous.—Sandy pine-barren swamps, S. E. Va. to Fla. +May–Sept.—Shrub 1° high; corolla rose-color.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="menziesia"><b>15. MENZIÈSIA</b>, Smith.</p> + +<p>Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous-urn-shaped +and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included; anther-cells +opening at the top by an oblique pore. Capsule ovoid, woody, +4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat.—A low +shrub; the straggling branches and the alternate deciduous leaves usually +hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers small, developed +with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish-white and +purplish, nodding. (Named for <i>Archibald Menzies</i>, who in Vancouver's voyage +brought the original species from the Northwest Coast.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page320"></a>1. <b>M. glabélla</b>, Gray. Strigose-chaffy scales mostly wanting; leaves +obovate, barely mucronate-tipped, <i>glabrous</i> or nearly so (1–2´ long); <i>filaments +ciliate below; capsule glabrous</i> or nearly so; <i>seeds long-caudate at each end</i>.—Minnesota +Point, L. Superior, and northwestward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. globulàris</b>, Salisb. More or less chaffy, 2–5° high; leaves obovate-oblong, +prominently glandular-mucronate, <i>strigose-hirsute</i> especially above; +<i>filaments glabrous; capsule beset with short gland-tipped bristles; seeds merely +apiculate</i>. (M. ferruginea, var. globularis, of Manual.)—In the Alleghanies +from Penn. to Ga.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="rhododendron"><b>16. RHODODÉNDRON</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Rose Bay, Azalea</span>, etc.</p> + +<p>Flowers almost always 5-merous. Calyx mostly small or minute. Corolla +various (but not contracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even parted, often +somewhat irregular. Stamens sometimes as few as the corolla-lobes, more +commonly twice as many, usually declined; anther-cells opening by a round +terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like.—Shrubs +or small trees, of diverse habit and character, with chiefly alternate +entire leaves, and large and showy flowers in umbelled clusters from large +scaly-bracted terminal buds. (<span class="greek">Ῥοδοδενδρον</span>, <i>rose-tree</i>; the ancient name.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. AZÀLEA. <i>Leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate; stamens (5 to 10) +and style more or less exserted and declined.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales; corolla with conspicuous +funnel-form tube; stamens (chiefly 5) and style long-exserted; 3–10° high, +with leaves obovate to oblong-oblanceolate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flowers appearing after the leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. arboréscens</b>, Torr. (<span class="smcap">Smooth Azalea.</span>) <i>Branchlets smooth; +leaves</i> obovate, obtuse, <i>very smooth both sides, shining above</i>, glaucous beneath, +the margins bristly-ciliate; <i>calyx-lobes long and conspicuous</i>, corolla slightly +clammy. (Azalea arborescens, <i>Pursh.</i>)—Mountains of Penn. to N. C. June. +Rose-colored flowers very fragrant.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. viscòsum</b>, Torr. (<span class="smcap">Clammy A. White Swamp-Honeysuckle.</span>) +<i>Branchlets bristly</i>, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate +otherwise smooth leaves; <i>calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy, the tube much +longer than the lobes</i>. (Azalea viscosa, <i>L.</i>)—Swamps, mostly near the coast, +Canada and Maine, to Fla. and Ark. June, July.—Var. <span class="smcap">glaùcum</span>, Gray. +Leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or on both sides, sometimes +rough-hairy. N. Eng. to Va.—Var. <span class="smcap">nítidum</span>, Gray. Dwarf, with oblanceolate +leaves green both sides. Mountains, N. Y. to Va.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. nudiflòrum</b>, Torr. (<span class="smcap">Purple A. Pinxter-flower.</span>) Leaves +downy underneath; <i>tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, +slightly glandular</i>. (Azalea nudiflora, <i>L.</i>)—Swamps, Canada to Fla., Ill., Mo., +and Tex. April, May. The showy flowers vary from flesh-color to pink and +purple. There are numberless varieties, some of them with 10 stamens.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>R. calendulàceum</b>, Torr. (<span class="smcap">Flame-colored Azalea.</span>) Leaves +hairy; <i>tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy</i>. (Azalea calendulacea,<a name="page321"></a> +<i>Michx.</i>)—Woods, mountains of Penn. to Ga. May. Covered just when the +leaves appear with a profusion of large orange blossoms, usually turning to +flame-color, not fragrant.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales; corolla irregular, with +short or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to the base; the limb equalling +the 10 stamens and style.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>R. Rhodòra</b>, Don. Young parts sparingly strigose-hairy (1–2° high); +leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent; corolla hardly 1´ long, purplish-rose-color, +bilabiate, with the posterior lip 3-lobed, the anterior of 2 oblong-linear +and recurving nearly or quite distinct petals. (Rhodora Canadensis, <i>L.</i>)—Cool +bogs, Newf. and N. Eng. to mountains of Penn.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. RHODODÉNDRON proper. <i>Leaves coriaceous and persistent; stamens +(commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes +equally spreading.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>R. máximum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Great Laurel.</span>) <i>Leaves</i> 4–10´ long, very +thick, <i>elliptical-oblong</i> or lance-oblong, <i>acute, narrowed toward the base, very +smooth</i>, with somewhat revolute margins; pedicels viscid; corolla bell-shaped, +1´ broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish in the throat on the upper +side, and spotted with yellow or reddish.—Damp deep woods, rare from Maine +to Ohio, but very common through the Alleghanies from N. Y. to Ga. July.—Shrub +or tree 6–35° high.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>R. Catawbiénse</b>, Michx. <i>Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends, +smooth</i>, pale beneath (3–5´ long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple; +pedicels rusty-downy.—High Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. June. Shrub 3–6° +(rarely 20°) high.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>R. Lappónicum</b>, Wahl. <i>Dwarf</i>, prostrate in broad tufts (6´ high); +<i>leaves</i> (½´ long) <i>elliptical, obtuse, dotted</i> (like the branches) with rusty scales; +umbels few-flowered; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted, violet-purple; <i>stamens</i> +5–10.—Alpine summits of northern N. Y. and N. Eng., to the Arctic Coast. +July. (Arct. Eu. and Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ledum"><b>17. LÈDUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Labrador Tea.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct +petals. Stamens 5–10; anthers opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, +splitting from the base upward, many-seeded; placentæ borne on the summit +of the columella.—Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with +rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolute; herbage slightly fragrant +when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters +from large scaly buds; bracts or scales thin and caducous. (<span class="greek">Λῆδον</span>, the ancient +Greek name of the Cistus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. latifòlium</b>, Ait. Erect, 1–3° high; leaves oblong or linear-oblong +(1–2´ long), mostly ½´ wide, very obtuse; stamens 5–7; capsule oblong, +acutish.—N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and northward, in cold bogs and +mountain woods.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">palústre</span>, L., with linear leaves, 10 stamens, and short-oval capsule, is +found in Newfoundland and northwestward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="leiophyllum"><a name="page322"></a><b>18. LEIOPHÝLLUM</b>, Pers. <span class="smcap">Sand Myrtle.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. +Stamens 10, exserted; anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule +2–3-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many-seeded.—A low much-branched +evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, etc., of the last genus, but the +crowded leaves sometimes opposite, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in +terminal umbel-like clusters. (Name formed of <span class="greek">λεῖος</span>, <i>smooth</i>, and <span class="greek">φύλλον</span>, <i>leaf</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. buxifòlium</b>, Ell. Shrub 6–10´ high; leaves oval or oblong, +smooth and shining, 3–6´´ long.—Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="loiseleuria"><b>19. LOISELEÙRIA</b>, Desv. <span class="smcap">Alpine Azalea.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, nearly as long as the bell-shaped and deeply 5-cleft regular +corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included; anthers opening lengthwise. +Style short. Capsule ovoid, 2–3-celled, many-seeded, 2–3-valved; valves 2-cleft +from the apex; placentæ borne on the middle of the columella.—A +small depressed shrubby evergreen, much branched and tufted, smooth, with +coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with revolute margins. +Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2–5 in a cluster, from a terminal scaly bud; +scales or bracts thick and persistent. (Named for <i>Loiseleur-Delongchamps</i>, a +French botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. procúmbens</b>, Desv.—Alpine summits of the White Mountains, +N. H., and northward. June. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="clethra"><b>20. CLÈTHRA</b>, Gronov. <span class="smcap">White Alder.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong +petals. Stamens 10, often exserted; anthers arrow-shaped, erect in the +bud, becoming inverted and opening by basal pores or short slits. Style slender, +3-cleft at the apex. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in +the calyx.—Shrubs or trees, with alternate serrate deciduous leaves, and white +flowers in terminal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (<span class="greek">Κλήθρα</span>, the ancient +Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. alnifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sweet Pepperbush.</span>) Shrub 3–10° high; <i>leaves +wedge-obovate, sharply serrate</i>, entire toward the base, prominently straight-veined, +smooth, green both sides, <i>racemes upright</i>, panicled; <i>bracts shorter than +the flowers</i>; filaments smooth.—Wet copses, Maine to Va., near the coast, and +southward. Covered in July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. acuminàta</b>, Michx. A tall shrub or small tree; <i>leaves oval or +oblong, pointed</i>, thin, finely serrate (3–7´ long), pale beneath; <i>racemes solitary, +drooping; bracts longer than the flowers</i>; filaments and pods hairy.—Woods +in the Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chimaphila"><b>21. CHIMÁPHILA</b>, Pursh. <span class="smcap">Pipsissewa.</span></p> + +<p>Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10; filaments enlarged +and hairy in the middle; anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less conspicuously +2-horned. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the +depressed summit of the globular ovary; stigma broad and orbicular, disk-shaped, +the border 5-crenate. Capsule, etc., as in Pyrola, but splitting from<a name="page323"></a> +the apex downward, the edges of the valves not woolly.—Low, nearly herbaceous +plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and +shining leaves, somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems; +the fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelled on a terminal +peduncle. (Name from <span class="greek">χεῖμα</span>, <i>winter</i>, and <span class="greek">φιλέω</span>, <i>to love</i>, in allusion to one of +the popular names, viz., <i>Wintergreen</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. umbellàta</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa.</span>) Leafy, 4–10´ +high; <i>leaves wedge-lanceolate</i>, sharply serrate, <i>not spotted</i>; peduncles 4–7-flowered; +petals flesh-color; anthers violet.—Dry woods, Nova Scotia to Ga., +west to the Pacific. June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. maculàta</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Spotted Wintergreen.</span>) <i>Leaves ovate-lanceolate, +obtuse at the base</i>, remotely toothed, <i>the upper surface variegated with +white</i>; peduncles 1–5-flowered.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. +and Miss. June, July.—Plant 3–6´ high.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="moneses"><b>22. MONÈSES</b>, Salisb. <span class="smcap">One-flowered Pyrola.</span></p> + +<p>Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped, naked; anthers +as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted; +stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and conspicuous radiating lobes. Valves +of the capsule naked. (Flowers occasionally tetramerous.) Scape 1-flowered. +Otherwise as Pyrola; intermediate between it and Chimaphila. (Name formed +of <span class="greek">μόνος</span>, <i>single</i>, and <span class="greek">ἧσις</span>, <i>delight</i>, from the pretty solitary flower.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. grandiflòra</b>, Salisb. A small perennial, with the rounded and +veiny serrate thin leaves (6–9´´ long) clustered at the ascending apex of creeping +subterranean shoots; the 1–2-bracted scape (2–4´ high) bearing a white +or rose-colored terminal flower 6´´ wide. (M. uniflora, <i>Gray</i>.)—Deep cold +woods, Labrador to Penn., Ind., Minn., and westward. June. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pyrola"><b>23. PÝROLA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Wintergreen. Shin-leaf.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging, +deciduous. Stamens 10; filaments awl-shaped, naked; anthers extrorse in +the bud, but in the flower inverted by the inflexion of the apex of the filament, +more or less 4-celled, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or somewhat +2-horned base (by inversion the apparent apex). Style generally long; +stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved +from the base upward (loculicidal); the valves cobwebby on the +edges. Seeds minute, innumerable, resembling sawdust, with a very loose +cellular-reticulated coat.—Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running +subterranean shoots, bearing a cluster of rounded petioled evergreen root-leaves, +and a simple raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less +scaly-bracted scape. (Name a diminutive of <i>Pyrus</i>, the Pear-tree, from some +fancied resemblance in the foliage.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Style straight, much narrower than the peltate 5-rayed stigma, petals and +stamens erect and connivent; anthers not narrowed below the openings.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. mìnor, L.</b> Scape 5–10´ high; <i>leaves roundish</i>, slightly crenulate, +thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole; flowers small, crowded, +white or rose-color; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, very much shorter than the<a name="page324"></a> +nearly <i>globose corolla; style short and included</i>.—Cold woods, Lab., White +Mts., L. Superior, and northward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. secúnda</b>, L. Subcaulescent, 3–6´ high; <i>leaves ovate, thin</i>, longer +than the petiole, scattered, <i>finely serrate</i>; racemes dense and spike-like, the +numerous small (greenish-white) <i>flowers all turned to one side</i>, scarcely nodding; +calyx-lobes ovate, very much shorter than the oblong-oval petals; <i>style +long, exserted</i>.—Rich woods, Lab. to Minn., south to Md., and far northward. +July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>pùmila</b>, Gray, is a smaller form, with rounded leaves 6´´ or little +more in diameter, and 3–8-flowered scape.—High peat-bogs, N. Y. to L. Superior, +and northward. July, Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Style strongly declined, the apex curved upward, longer than the connivent +or spreading petals; stigma much narrower than the truncate excavated +ring-like apex of the style; anthers contracted below the openings, forming +a short neck; leaves denticulate or entire.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Petals and leaves acute, the latter ovate, coriaceous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. oxypétala</b>, C. F. Austin. Leaves ovate, small (8–12´´ long), +shorter than the slender petiole; scape (7–8´ high) several-flowered; flowers +on ascending pedicels, not nodding; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, short; +petals lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, greenish; anthers conspicuously mucronate +at the apex, obtusely 2-horned at base, not inverted; style straightish, +scarcely exserted.—Wooded hill near Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y. (<i>C. F. +Austin</i>, in 1860). Not since found; probably monstrous.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Petals and leaves orbicular to oblong, very obtuse.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. chlorántha</b>, Swartz. <i>Leaves small</i> (1´ long), <i>roundish, thick, dull, +shorter than the petiole; scape few-flowered</i>, naked (5–8´ high); <i>calyx-lobes +roundish-ovate, very short</i>; the elliptical petals converging (greenish-white); +<i>anther-cells contracted into a distinct neck</i>; style little exserted.—Open woods, +Lab. to Penn., Minn., north and westward. June, July.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. ellíptica</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Shin-leaf.</span>) <i>Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or +obovate-oval, longer than the margined petiole</i>; raceme many-flowered; <i>calyx-lobes +ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the</i> obovate rather spreading +(greenish-white) <i>petals; anther-cells blunt</i>.—Rich woods, N. Eng. to Md., +Iowa, Minn., and northward. June.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. rotundifòlia</b>, L. <i>Leaves orbicular, thick, shining</i>, usually shorter +than the petiole; scape many-bracted (6–12´ high), raceme elongated, many-flowered; +<i>calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate</i>, acutish, with somewhat +spreading tips, <i>one half or one third the length of the</i> roundish-obovate rather +spreading (chiefly white) <i>petals; anther-cells nearly blunt</i>.—Damp or sandy +woods, throughout the continent, south to N. Ga. Exhibits many varieties, +such as, Var. <span class="smcap">incarnàta</span>, DC., with flesh-colored to rose-purple flowers, and +triangular-lanceolate calyx-lobes. Cold woods and bogs, N. Eng. to Minn., +and northward.—Var. <span class="smcap">asarifòlia</span>, Hook., with oblate or round-reniform +leaves, and shorter ovate calyx-lobes; petals flesh- or rose-colored (rarely +white). With same range.—Var. <span class="smcap">uliginòsa</span>, Gray, with short broadly +ovate calyx-lobes, subcordate to obovate dull leaves, and rose-colored or purple +flowers. Same range. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pterospora"><a name="page325"></a><b>24. PTERÓSPORA</b>, Nutt. <span class="smcap">Pine-drops.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens +10; anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short; +stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but +the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering +to each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times +larger than the body of the seed.—A stout and simple purplish-brown +clammy-pubescent root-parasitic herb (1–2° high); the wand-like stem furnished +towards the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, +above bearing many nodding (white) flowers, in a long bracted raceme. +(Name from <span class="greek">πτερόν</span>, <i>a wing</i>, and <span class="greek">σπορά</span>, <i>seed</i>, alluding to the singular wing +borne by the seeds.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Andromedèa</b>, Nutt.—Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the +roots of pines, from W. New Eng. to N. Penn., N. Mich., and westward; rare.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="schweinitzia"><b>25. SCHWEINÍTZIA</b>, Ell. <span class="smcap">Sweet Pine-sap.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla +persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at the +base. Stamens 10; anthers much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the +summit, awnless; the two sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Capsule ovoid, +5-celled, with a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable.—A +low and smooth brownish plant, 3–4´ high, with the aspect +of Monotropa, scaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first +nodding, flesh-color, with the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late <i>L. D. +von Schweinitz</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. odoràta</b>, Ell.—Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Md. (near +Baltimore) to N. C. April.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="monotropa"><b>26. MONÓTROPA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Indian Pipe. Pine-sap.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx of 2–5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate +erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or +saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments awl-shaped; +anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1-celled, opening across the top. +Style columnar; stigma disk-like, 4–5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8–10-grooved, +4–5-celled, loculicidal; the very thick placentæ covered with innumerable +minute seeds, which have a very loose coat.—Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, +reddish, or white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable +matter like a Fungus; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted +fibrous rootlets, furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1–several-flowered; +the summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of +<span class="greek">μόνος</span>, <i>one</i>, and <span class="greek">τρόπος</span>, <i>turn</i>, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. MONOTROPA proper. <i>Plant inodorous, 1-flowered; calyx of 2–4 irregular +scales or bracts; anthers transverse, opening equally by 2 chinks; +style short and thick.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. uniflòra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Indian Pipe. Corpse-plant.</span>) Smooth, waxy-white +(turning blackish in drying, 3–8´ high); stigma naked.—Dark and +rich woods, nearly throughout the continent. June–Aug. (Asia.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page326"></a>§ 2. HYPÓPITYS. <i>Plant commonly fragrant; flowers several in a scaly +raceme; the terminal one usually 5-merous, the rest 3–4-merous; bract-like +sepals mostly as many as the petals; anthers opening by a continuous line +into 2 very unequal valves; style longer than the ovary, hollow.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. Hypópitys</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Pine-sap. False Beech-drops.</span>) Somewhat +pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4–12´ high); pod globular +or oval; stigma ciliate.—Oak and pine woods, from Canada to Fla., west to +Oregon. June–Aug. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="diapensiaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 59.</span> <b>DIAPENSIÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p><i>Low perennial herbs or suffruticulose tufted plants, glabrous or nearly +so, with simple leaves, no stipules, regular 5-merous flowers (except the 3-celled +ovary), stamens adnate to the corolla and sometimes monadelphous +(those opposite its lobes when present reduced to staminodia); pollen simple; +loculicidal capsule and seeds of</i> Ericaceæ.—Flowers solitary or +racemose. Style 1, with 3-lobed stigma. Distinguished from the Ericaceæ +chiefly by the insertion of the stamens upon the corolla.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. DIAPENSIEÆ.</b> Dwarf woody evergreens, with small entire crowded coriaceous +leaves. Staminodia none; filaments adnate to the campanulate corolla up to +the sinuses; anthers 2-celled. Calyx conspicuously bracteolate. Flowers solitary.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Pyxidanthera.</b> Flowers sessile on short leafy branchlets. Anther-cells awn-pointed +at base, opening transversely.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Diapensia.</b> Flower (or at least fruit) on a scape-like peduncle. Anther-cells blunt, +obliquely dehiscent.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. GALACINEÆ.</b> Acaulescent, with creeping rootstocks sending up long-petioled +evergreen leaves, and a 1–several-flowered scape. Staminodia present.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Galax.</b> Calyx minutely 2-bracteolate. Stamens monadelphous; anthers 1 celled.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pyxidanthera"><b>1. PYXIDANTHÈRA</b>, Michx.</p> + +<p>Sepals thin. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base, opening by a strictly transverse +line. Otherwise much as in Diapensia.—Prostrate and creeping, with +narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed leaves, mostly alternate on the sterile +branches and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers solitary and sessile, +very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from <span class="greek">πυξίς</span>, <i>a small box</i>, and +<span class="greek">ἀνθήρα</span>, <i>anther</i>, the anther opening as if by a lid.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. barbulàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Flowering Moss. Pyxie.</span>) Leaves 3´´ +long.—Sandy pine barrens of N. J. to N. C. April, May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="diapensia"><b>2. DIAPÉNSIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx of 5 concave imbricated coriaceous sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed; +lobes rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up +to the sinuses, short; anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, +each opening therefore by a transverse-descending line. Capsule, enclosed +in the calyx, cartilaginous; cells few-seeded.—Alpine, growing in very dense +convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly +spatulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a scape-like 1-flowered peduncle, +3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (½´ wide). (Said to be an<a name="page327"></a> +ancient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by +Linnæus to this plant.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. Lappónica</b>, L. Leaves 3–5´´ long; peduncle at length 1–2´ long.—Alpine +summits of N Eng. and N. Y., and northward to Lab. and the +Arctic coast. July. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="galax"><b>3. GÀLAX</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obovate-spatulate, +rather erect, deciduous. Filaments united in a 10-toothed tube, slightly +cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth opposite the petals naked, +the alternate ones shorter and bearing roundish 1-celled anthers, which open +across the top. Style short, stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled; columella +none. Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end.—Evergreen +herb, with a thick matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset +with fibrous red roots, sending up round heart-shaped crenate-toothed and +veiny shining leaves (about 2´ wide) on slender petioles, and a slender naked +scape, 1–2° high, bearing a wand-like spike or raceme of small and minutely-bracted +white flowers. (Name from <span class="greek">γάλα</span>, <i>milk</i>,—of no conceivable application +to this plant.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. aphýlla</b>, L.—Open woods, Va. to Ga. June.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="plumbaginaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 60.</span> <b>PLUMBAGINÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Leadwort Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Maritime herbs, with regular 5-merous flowers, a plaited calyx, the 5 stamens +opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary +one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from +the base of the cell.</i>—Only the <span class="smcap">Statíceæ</span> or <span class="smcap">Marsh-Rosemary Tribe</span> +is represented in our region, in gardens by the Thrift (<i>Armèria vulgàris</i>), +on the coast by a single species of</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="statice"><b>1. STÁTICE</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Sea-Lavender. Marsh-Rosemary.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2–3-bracted. +Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or +quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens severally attached to their +bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, in +the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen.—Sea-side perennials, +with thick and stalked radical leaves; the naked flowering stems or +scapes branched into panicles. (<span class="greek">Στατική</span>, an ancient name given to this or some +other herb, on account of its astringency.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Limònium</b>, L. Root thick and woody, very astringent; leaves +oblong, spatulate or obovate-lanceolate, 1-ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly +point, petioled; scape much-branched, corymbose-panicled (1–2° high); spikelets +1–3-flowered; flowers lavender-color; calyx-tube hairy on the angles, the +lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Caroliniàna</b>, Gray, the plant of the Northern States, has more erect +branches, rather panicled inflorescence with at length scattered flowers, and +very acute or acuminate calyx-lobes.—Salt marshes along the coast, from +Lab. to Tex. Aug., Sept.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="primulaceae"><a name="page328"></a><span class="smcap">Order 61.</span> <b>PRIMULÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Primrose Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as +many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla and +inserted opposite them</i> (on the tube or base), <i>and a 1-celled ovary with a +central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds.</i>—Calyx +free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none +in Glaux.) Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 6 or 8. Style and stigma one. Seeds +with a small embryo in fleshy albumen. Ovules amphitropous, except +in Tribe I.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. HOTTONIEÆ.</b> Ovary wholly free; ovules anatropous. Aquatic; immersed +leaves pectinate.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Hottonia.</b> Corolla short salver-form. Flowers verticillate and racemose.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. PRIMULEÆ.</b> Ovary wholly free.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Stemless, leaves all in a cluster from the root; capsule dehiscent by valves or teeth.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Dodecatheon.</b> Corolla reflexed, 5-parted. Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Primula.</b> Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Androsace.</b> Corolla short, very small, constricted at the throat. Stamens included.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Stems leafy; corolla rotate (none in Glaux); leaves entire.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Trientalis.</b> Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy only at the summit.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Steironema.</b> Corolla 5-parted. Five slender staminodia between the fertile stamens.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Lysimachia.</b> Corolla 5–6-parted or 5–6-petalled. Staminodia none. Leaves dotted.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Glaux.</b> Corolla none; the calyx petal-like. Flowers axillary.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Globose capsule circumscissile, the top falling off as a lid; flowers axillary.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Anagallis.</b> Corolla longer than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Centunculus.</b> Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4–5-cleft. Leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. SAMOLEÆ.</b> Ovary connate at base with the base of the calyx.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Samolus.</b> Corolla bell-shaped, with 5 staminodia in the sinuses. Flowers racemose.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hottonia"><b>1. HOTTÒNIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Featherfoil. Water Violet.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short +tube; limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, 5-valved; +the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds anatropous.—Aquatic +perennials, with pectinate immersed leaves, and the erect hollow flower-stems +almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at the joints, forming an +interrupted raceme. (Named for <i>Prof. Hotton</i>, a botanist of Leyden.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. inflàta</b>, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered +on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of +peduncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints (often as thick as +one's finger); pedicels short.—Pools and ditches, Mass. to S. Ind., and south +to the Gulf. June–Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dodecatheon"><b>2. DODECÀTHEON</b>, L. <span class="smcap">American Cowslip.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a very +short tube, thickened throat, and 5-parted reflexed limb; the divisions long +and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at base; anthers long and linear, +approximate in a slender cone.—Perennial smooth herb, with fibrous roots, a +cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involucrate<a name="page329"></a> +with small bracts at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, +nodding on slender pedicels. Corolla rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name +from <span class="greek">δώδεκα</span>, <i>twelve</i>, and <span class="greek">θεοί</span>, <i>gods</i>, given by Pliny to the primrose, which was +believed to be under the care of the superior gods.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. Meàdia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Shooting-Star.</span>) Rich woods, Penn. and Md. to +Wisc., south to Ga. and Tex. May, June.—Very handsome in cultivation.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="primula"><b>3. PRÍMULA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Primrose. Cowslip.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the +insertion of the stamens; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. +Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves +or 10 teeth.—Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the +root, and simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive +of <i>primus</i>, from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. farinòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bird's-eye Primrose.</span>) Scape 3–10´ high; leaves +elliptical or obovate-lanceolate, denticulate, <i>the lower side</i> and the 3–20-flowered +<i>involucre, etc., covered with a white mealiness</i>, at least when young; +corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye.—Maine to N. shore of L. Superior, and +northward. June, July. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. Mistassínica</b>, Michx. Scape 2–6´ high; leaves spatulate or +wedge-oblong, thin and veiny, <i>not mealy</i>; involucre 1–8-flowered; lobes of the +flesh-colored corolla broadly and deeply obcordate.—Wet banks and shores, +northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward. May. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="androsace"><b>4. ANDRÓSACE</b>, Tourn.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft; tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form; the tube +shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat; limb 5-parted. Stamens and +style included. Capsule 5-valved.—Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves, +and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An ancient Greek name of a +polyp, formerly believed to be a plant.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. occidentàlis</b>, Pursh. Smoothish annual; scapes diffuse (2–4´ +high), many-flowered; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, +sessile; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla.—Bare +hills, from Minn. to Ill. and Ark., and west to the mountains.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="trientalis"><b>5. TRIENTÀLIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Chickweed-Wintergreen.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx mostly 7-parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla +mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without tube. Filaments slender, united in a +ring at the base; anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Capsule few-seeded.—Low +and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate +usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at +the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and +star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding +to the height of the plant.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. Americàna</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Star-flower.</span>) Spreading by very slender +elongated rootstocks; leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends; petals +finely pointed.—Damp cold woods, from Lab. to Minn., south to N. Ind., and +the mountains of Va. May.—Rootstocks often 1–2° long (<i>Hitchings</i>).</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="steironema"><a name="page330"></a><b>6. STEIRONÈMA</b>, Raf.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply 5-parted, the +sinuses rounded; divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above, +each separately involute around its stamen. Filaments distinct or nearly so +on the ring at base of corolla, alternating with 5 subulate staminodia; anthers +linear. Capsule 10–20-seeded.—Leafy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except +the ciliate petioles, not punctate, the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming +whorls on the flowering branches. Peduncles slender, axillary, bearing yellow +flowers. (From <span class="greek">στεῖρος</span>, <i>sterile</i>, and <span class="greek">νῆμα</span>, <i>thread</i>, referring to the staminodia.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. ciliàtum</b>, Raf. <i>Stem erect</i> (2–4° high); <i>leaves lanceolate-ovate</i> +(2–6´ long), tapering to an acute point, <i>rounded or heart-shaped at base</i>, all on +long and fringed petioles; <i>corolla longer than the calyx</i>. (Lysimachia ciliata, +<i>L.</i>)—Low grounds and thickets, common. July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. radìcans</b>, Gray. <i>Stem slender, soon reclined</i>, the elongated branches +often rooting in the mud; <i>leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at base, on +slender petioles</i>; corolla about the length of the calyx. (Lysimachia radicans, +<i>Hook.</i>)—Swampy river-banks, W. Va. to Ark. and La.—Leaves and flowers +nearly one half smaller than in the last.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. lanceolàtum</b>, Gray. <i>Stem erect</i> (10´–2° high); <i>leaves lanceolate, +varying to oblong and linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole</i> or tapering +base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. (Lysimachia lanceolata, +<i>Walt.</i>)—Low grounds and thickets, Ont. to Fla., Dak., and Tex. Polymorphous; +the extremes are var. <span class="smcap">hýbridum</span>, Gray, with cauline leaves from oblong +to broadly linear, common north and west,—and var. <span class="smcap">angustifòlium</span>, +Gray, with stems more branched, a span to 2° high, and the cauline leaves +linear, acute at both ends, more sessile, 1–2´´ broad; mainly southward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. longifòlium</b>, Gray. <i>Stem erect</i>, 4-angled, slender (1–3° high), +often branched below; <i>stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated</i> (2–4´ +long, 2–3´´ wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often +a little revolute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla +(8–9´´ broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (Lysimachia +longifolia, <i>Pursh.</i>)—Banks of streams, from western N. Y. to Va., +Minn., and Iowa. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lysimachia"><b>7. LYSIMÁCHIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Loosestrife.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5–6 parted. Corolla rotate, the divisions entire, convolute in bud. +Filaments commonly monadelphous at base; anthers oblong or oval; staminodia +none. Capsule few–several-seeded.—Leafy-stemmed perennials, with +herbage commonly glandular-dotted. (In honor of King <i>Lysimachus</i>, or from +<span class="greek">λύσις</span>, <i>a release from</i>, and <span class="greek">μάχη</span>, <i>strife</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. LYSIMACHIA proper. <i>Corolla yellow, rotate, and very deeply parted, +and with no teeth between the lobes; stamens more or less monadelphous, often +unequal; leaves opposite or whorled, or some abnormally alternate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers (middle-sized) in a terminal leafy panicle; corolla without marks.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">vulgáris</span>, L., a coarse and tall European species, pubescent and branching, +with ovate-lanceolate distinctly petioled leaves, and glandular filaments +united to near the middle.—Naturalized in a few places in E. Mass.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page331"></a>[*][*] <i>Flowers (small) in a virgate terminal raceme or in the upper axils; corolla +dark-dotted or streaked; filaments conspicuously monadelphous, unequal.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. quadrifòlia</b>, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (1–2° high); +<i>leaves whorled</i> in fours or fives (sometimes in twos, threes, or sixes, rarely only +opposite or partly alternate), ovate-lanceolate; <i>flowers</i> on long capillary peduncles +<i>from the axils of the leaves</i>; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong.—Moist +or sandy soil, N. Brunswick to Minn., and Ga. June.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. strícta</b>, Ait. Stems 1–2° high, often bearing oblong or moniliform +bulblets in the axils; smooth, at length branched, very leafy; <i>leaves opposite</i> +or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end; <i>flowers</i> on slender pedicels +<i>in a long raceme</i> (5–12´), leafy at base; lobes of the corolla lance-oblong.—Low +grounds, Newf. to Minn., Ark., and N. Ga. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Flowers (rather large) solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves; corolla +not dark-dotted nor streaked; filaments slightly monadelphous.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">nummulària</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Moneywort.</span>) Smooth; stems trailing and creeping; +leaves roundish, small, short-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered; +divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate calyx-lobes +and stamens.—Escaped from gardens into damp ground in some places. +July–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. NAUMBÚRGIA. <i>Corolla very deeply 5- (or 6–7-) parted into linear +divisions (somewhat purplish-dotted), with a small tooth in each sinus; filaments +distinct, equal; leaves opposite, the lowest scale-like.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. thyrsiflòra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Tufted Loosestrife.</span>) Smooth; stem simple +(1–2° high); all but the lower leaves lanceolate, the axils of one or two middle +pairs bearing short-peduncled head-like or spike-like clusters of small light +yellow flowers.—Cold swamps, from Penn. to S. Ill., Iowa, and northwestward. +June, July. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="glaux"><b>8. GLAÙX</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Sea-Milkwort.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft; lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Stamens +5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Capsule 5-valved, +few-seeded.—A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire +sessile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their +axils. (An ancient Greek name, from <span class="greek">γλαυκός</span>, <i>sea-green</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. marítima</b>, L.—Sea-shore of N. Eng. from Cape Cod northward. +Also in subsaline soil, Minn. to Neb., and westward. June. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="anagallis"><b>9. ANAGÁLLIS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Pimpernel.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer +than the calyx; the divisions broad. Stamens 5; filaments bearded. Capsule +membranaceous, circumscissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded.—Low, +spreading or procumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled +entire leaves, and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek +name, probably from <span class="greek">ἀνά</span>, <i>again</i>, and <span class="greek">ἀγάλλω</span>, <i>to delight in</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">A. <span class="smcap">arvénsis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Pimpernel.</span>) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter +than the peduncles; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth or +stalked glands.—Waste sandy fields. June–Aug.—Flowers variable in +size, scarlet, sometimes purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach +of bad weather; whence the English popular name of "<i>Poor Man's Weather-glass</i>." +(Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="centunculus"><a name="page332"></a><b>10. CENTÚNCULUS</b>, Dill. <span class="smcap">Chaffweed.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 4–5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4–5-cleft, wheel-shaped, +with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod +(which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4 or 5; filaments beardless.—Small +annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers +in their axils. (Derivation obscure.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. mínimus</b>, L. Stems ascending (2–6´ long); leaves ovate, obovate +or spatulate-oblong; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours.—Low +grounds, from Ill. and Minn, to Fla. and Tex., and westward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="samolus"><b>11. SÁMOLUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat +bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. True +stamens 5, on the corolla-tube, included. Capsule globose, 5-valved at the summit, +many-seeded.—Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small +white racemed flowers. ("According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name.")</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Valerándi</b>, L. Stem erect (6–12´ high), leafy; leaves obovate +or spatulate, the basal rosulate; bracts none; slender pedicels ascending, +bracteolate in the middle. (Eu.)—Var. <b>Americànus</b>, Gray. More slender, +becoming diffuse; racemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading.—Wet +places, through the U. S. June–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="sapotaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 62.</span> <b>SAPOTÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Sapodilla Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate +leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usually +in axillary clusters; the calyx free and persistent; the fertile stamens +commonly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite +them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages +and scales (or sterile stamens); anthers turned outward; ovary 4–12-celled, +with a single anatropous ovule in each cell; seeds large.</i>—Albumen +mostly none; but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style +single, pointed.—A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sapodilla +or Star-apple, and some other edible fruits.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="bumelia"><b>1. BUMÈLIA</b>, Swartz.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each +sinus. Fertile stamens 5; anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like, +alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, +resembling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a +roundish scar at its base.—Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axils of +the leaves. Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. +Wood very hard. (The ancient name of a kind of Ash.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. lycioìdes</b>, Pers. (<span class="smcap">Southern Buckthorn.</span>) Spiny (10–25° high); +<i>leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate</i>, with a tapering base, often acute, +<i>reticulated, nearly glabrous</i> (2–4´ long); <i>clusters densely many-flowered</i>, glabrous, +fruit ovoid.—Moist ground, Va. to S. Ill., Fla., and Tex. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page333"></a>2. <b>B. lanuginòsa</b>, Pers. Spiny (10–40° high); <i>leaves oblong-obovate or +wedge-obovate, rusty-woolly beneath</i>, obtuse (1½–3´ long); <i>clusters 6–12-flowered</i>, +pubescent; fruit globular.—Woods, S. Ill. to Fla. and Tex. July.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="ebenaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 63.</span> <b>EBENÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Ebony Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flowers +which have a calyx free from the 3–12-celled ovary; the stamens 2–4 +times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their +anthers turned inward, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2, +suspended from the summit of each cell.</i> Seeds anatropous, mostly single +in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument; the +embryo shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyledons. +Styles wholly or partly separate.—Wood hard and dark-colored. +No milky juice.—A small family, chiefly tropical.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="diospyros"><b>1. DIOSPỲROS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Date-Plum. Persimmon.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 4–6-lobed. Corolla 4–6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens commonly +16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect. +Berry large, globular, surrounded at base by the thickish calyx, 4–8-celled, +4–8-seeded.—Flowers diœciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary, +the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, <span class="greek">Διός</span>, <i>of Jove</i>, and <span class="greek">πυρός</span>, <i>grain</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>1. D. Virginiàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Persimmon.</span>) Leaves thickish, ovate-oblong, +smooth or nearly so; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted; corolla +pale yellow, thickish, between bell-shaped and urn-shaped, 6–8´´ long in the +fertile flowers, much smaller in the sterile; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex; +ovary 8-celled.—Woods and old fields, R. I. and N. Y. to Iowa, and south +to Fla. and La. June.—Tree 20–70° high, with very hard blackish wood; +plum-like fruit 1´ in diameter, exceedingly astringent when green, yellow +when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to frost.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="styracaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 64.</span> <b>STYRACÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Storax Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and perfect +regular flowers; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2–5-celled +ovary; the corolla of 4–8 petals, commonly more or less united at base; +the stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous +or polyadelphous at base; style 1; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1–5-celled, the +cells commonly 1-seeded.</i>—Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length +of the albumen; radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons. +Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free; the stamens adherent +to its base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell.—A small family, mostly of +warm countries, comprising two very distinct tribes.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. STYRACEÆ.</b> Calyx 4–8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2–4 times as many +as the petals, in one series; anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Cotyledons flat.—Flowers +white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Styrax.</b> Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly +5-parted. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus"><a name="page334"></a>2. <b>Halesia.</b> Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2–4-celled ovary, which is +2–4-winged and 2–4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. SYMPLOCINEÆ.</b> Calyx 5-cleft, imbricate. Stamens in several series; +anthers short, innate. Embryo terete. Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Symplocos.</b> Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="styrax"><b>1. STỲRAX</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Storax.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with +the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4–8-parted), +large, the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the +lobes of the corolla; filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube; anthers +linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the persistent calyx, +1-celled, mostly 1-seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard +coat.—Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary +or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on drooping peduncles; produced +in spring. Pubescence scurfy or stellate. (The ancient Greek name of the +tree which produces <i>storax</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. grandifòlia</b>, Ait. Shrub 4–12° high; leaves obovate, acute or +pointed, <i>white-tomentose beneath</i> (3–6´ long); <i>flowers mostly in elongated racemes</i>; +corolla ({1/3}´ long) convolute-imbricated in bud.—Woods, S. Va. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. pulverulénta</b>, Michx. Shrub 1–4° high; leaves oval or obovate +(1 or 2´ long), <i>above sparingly puberulent, and scurfy-tomentose beneath; flowers</i> +(½´ long) <i>1–3 together in the axils</i> and at the tips of the branches, fragrant.—Low +pine barrens, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. Americàna</b>, Lam. Shrub 4–8° high; leaves oblong, acute at +both ends (1–3´ long), <i>smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary +or in 3–4-flowered racemes</i> (½´ long); corolla valvate in the bud.—Along +streams, Va. to Fla., La., and Ark.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="halesia"><b>2. HALÈSIA</b>, Ellis. <span class="smcap">Snowdrop</span> or <span class="smcap">Silver-bell-Tree.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2–4-celled +ovary. Petals 4, united at base, or oftener to the middle, into an open +bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8–16; filaments +united into a ring at base, and usually a little coherent with the base +of the corolla; anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and +dry, 2–4-winged, within bony and 1–4-celled. Seeds single, cylindrical.—Shrubs +or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and +showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short racemes, +from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. +(Named for <i>Stephen Hales</i>, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. tetráptera</b>, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged, 1½´ long.—Banks +of streams, W. Va. to Ill., south to Fla.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="symplocos"><b>3. SÝMPLOCOS</b>, Jacq. <span class="smcap">Sweet-Leaf.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. +Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at base. Stamens very numerous, +in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal; filaments slender; +anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded.—Shrubs<a name="page335"></a> +or small trees, the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, +and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. +(Name <span class="greek">σύμπλοκος</span>, <i>connected</i>, from the union of the stamens.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. tinctòria</b>, L'Her. (<span class="smcap">Horse-Sugar</span>, &c.) Leaves elongated-oblong, +acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and +pale beneath (3–5´ long); flowers 6–14, in close and bracted clusters, odorous.—Rich +ground, Del. to Fla. and La. April.—Leaves sweet, greedily +eaten by cattle.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="oleaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 65.</span> <b>OLEÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Olive Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft (or +sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous +corolla, sometimes apetalous; the stamens only 2 (rarely or accidentally 3 +or 4); the ovary 2-celled, with 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell.</i>—Seeds +anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or +without albumen.—The Olive is the type of the true Oleaceæ, to which +belongs the Lilac (<i>Syringa</i>), etc.; and the Jessamine (<i>Jasminum</i>) represents +another division of the order.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. FRAXINEÆ.</b> Fruit dry, indehisccnt, winged, a samara. Leaves pinnate.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Fraxinus.</b> Flowers diœcious, mostly apetalous, sometimes also without calyx.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. OLEINEÆ.</b> Fruit, a drupe, or rarely a berry. Leaves simple.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Forestiera.</b> Flowers apetalous, diœcious or polygamous, from a scaly catkin-like bud. +Stamens 2–4.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Chionanthus.</b> Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous. Calyx and corolla 4-merous, +the latter with long and linear divisions.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Ligustrum.</b> Corolla funnel-form, 4-cleft, the tube longer than the calyx.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="fraxinus"><b>1. FRÁXINUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Ash.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers polygamous or (in our species) diœcious. Calyx small and 4-cleft, +toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, or altogether wanting in our species. +Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4; anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single; +stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a 1–2-celled samara or <i>key-fruit</i>, flattened, winged at +the apex, 1–2-seeded. Cotyledons elliptical; radicle slender.—Light timber-trees, +with petioled pinnate leaves of 3–15 either toothed or entire leaflets; +the small flowers in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's +leaves. (The classical Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaflets petiolulate; anthers linear-oblong; calyx small, persistent.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Fruit winged only at the upper part of the terete or nearly terete body.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>F. Americàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">White Ash.</span>) <i>Branchlets and petioles glabrous</i>; +leaflets 7–9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubescent +underneath, entire or sparingly serrate or denticulate; <i>fruit</i> (about 1½´ +long) <i>marginless below, abruptly dilated into a lanceolate, oblanceolate, or wedge-linear +wing</i> 2 or 3 times as long as the terete cylindraceous body.—Rich or +moist woods, common from the Atlantic to Minn., E. Neb. and Kan. April, +May.—A large and very valuable forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth +gray branchlets and rusty-colored buds. Monœcious flowers rarely occur.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page336"></a>[++][++] <i>Body of fruit more slender, tapering gradually from summit to base, more +or less margined upward by the decurrent wing.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>F. pubéscens</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Red Ash.</span>) <i>Branchlets and petioles velvety-pubescent</i>; +leaflets 7–9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire, +pale or more or less pubescent beneath; <i>fruit 1½–2´ long, the edges gradually +dilated into the linear or spatulate wing</i>.—Low grounds, throughout our +range; rare west of Ohio.—Tree of middle or large size; inner face of outer +bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>F. víridis</b>, Michx. f. (<span class="smcap">Green Ash.</span>) <i>Glabrous throughout; leaflets +5–9</i>, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate +above, <i>bright green both sides; fruit</i> much as in n. 2.—Along streams; common.—Intermediate +forms occur with paler leaves somewhat pubescent beneath. +A small or middle-sized tree.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Fruit with compressed and wing-margined body.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>F. platycárpa</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Water-Ash.</span>) <i>Branchlets terete</i>, glabrous +or pubescent; leaflets 5–7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short-stalked; +<i>fruit broadly winged</i> (not rarely 3-winged), <i>oblong</i> (9´´ wide), <i>with a tapering +base</i>.—Deep river-swamps, Va. to La. March. Tree of middle size.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>F. quadrangulàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Blue Ash.</span>) <i>Branchlets square</i>, at +least on vigorous shoots, glabrous; leaflets 7–9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate +or lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides; <i>fruit narrowly oblong, +blunt, and of the same width at both ends</i>, or slightly narrowed at the base, often +notched at the apex (1½´ long, 3–4´´ wide).—Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio +to Mich. and Minn., south to Tenn.—Large timber tree, the inner bark yielding +a blue color to water.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Lateral leaflets sessile; anthers short-oblong; flowers wholly naked</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>F. sambucifòlia</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Black Ash.</span>) Branchlets and petioles +glabrous; leaflets 7–11, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, obtuse +or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides, when young with +some rusty hairs along the midrib; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly elliptical, +blunt at both ends.—Swamps and wet banks, N. Scotia to Minn., south to +Va. and Mo.—Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough and fissile wood. +Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Elder.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="forestiera"><b>2. FORESTIÈRA</b>, Poir.</p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last +year's leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx of 4 minute sepals. +Stamens 2–4; anthers oblong. Ovary ovate, 2-celled, with 2 pendulous +ovules in each cell; style slender; stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Drupe small, +ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded.—Shrubs, with opposite and often fascicled deciduous +leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, 1–3-flowered. (Named for +<i>M. Forestier</i>, a French physician.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>F. acuminàta</b>, Poir. Glabrous, somewhat spinescent, 5–10° high; +leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, often +serrulate; drupe elongated-oblong, usually pointed.—Wet river banks, S. W. +Ind. to Mo., south to Tex. April.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chionanthus"><a name="page337"></a><b>3. CHIONÁNTHUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Fringe-tree.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals, +which are barely united at base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base +of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming +1-celled, 1–3-seeded.—Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire petioled +leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles, from lateral +buds. (Name from <span class="greek">χιών</span>, <i>snow</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>blossom</i>, alluding to the light +and snow-white clusters of flowers.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Virgínica</b>, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate; flowers +on slender pedicels; petals 1´ long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to 5 or 6 in +number; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid (6–8´´ long).—River banks, N. J. +and S. Penn. to Fla., Tex., and Mo.; very ornamental in cultivation. June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ligustrum"><b>4. LIGÙSTRUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Privet.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 2, on the tube of the +corolla, included. Berry 2-celled, 1–2 seeded.—Shrubs, with entire leaves +and small white flowers in terminal panicles. (The classical name.)</p> + +<p class="species">L. <span class="smcap">vulgàre</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Privet</span>, or <span class="smcap">Prim</span>.) Leaves very smooth; berries black.—Used +for low hedges, and naturalized eastward; from Europe.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="apocynaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 66.</span> <b>APOCYNÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Dogbane Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Plants almost all with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite) leaves +without stipules, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers; the 5 lobes of the +corolla convolute and twisted in the bud; the filaments distinct, inserted on +the corolla, and the pollen granular</i>; calyx free from the two ovaries, +which (in our genera) are distinct (forming follicles), though their styles +or stigmas are united into one.—Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, +with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of +down (comose).—Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), +represented in gardens by the Oleander and Periwinkle.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Amsonia.</b> Seeds naked. Corolla-tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the filaments. +Leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Trachelospermum.</b> Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments +slender. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Apocynum.</b> Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments +short, broad and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="amsonia"><b>1. AMSÒNIA</b>, Walt.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded +inside, especially at the throat; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. +Stamens 5, inserted on the tube, included; anthers obtuse at both ends, longer +than the filaments. Ovaries 2; style 1; stigma rounded, surrounded with a +cup-like membrane. Pod (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds +cylindrical, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked.—Perennial herbs, +with <i>alternate leaves</i>, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said +to be named for a <i>Mr. Charles Amson</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page338"></a>1. <b>A. Tabernæmontàna</b>, Walt. Loosely pubescent or hairy when +young, soon glabrous; leaves from ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed; +calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped; tube of the bluish corolla little longer +than the lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or glabrous.—Low +grounds, N. C. to S. Ind. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="trachelospermum"><b>2. TRACHELOSPÉRMUM</b>, Lemaïre.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, with 3–5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, +not appendaged; limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included; filaments slender; anthers +arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip. Pods (follicles) 2, slender, many-seeded. +Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down.—Twining plants, more or less +woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Name from +<span class="greek">τράξηλος</span>, <i>a neck</i>, and <span class="greek">σπέρμα</span>, <i>seed</i>, upon the supposition that the seed was +beaked.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. diffórme</b>, Gray. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous; leaves oval-lanceolate, +pointed, thin; calyx-lobes taper-pointed; corolla pale yellow. (Forsteronia +difformis, <i>A. DC.</i>)—Damp grounds, Va. to Fla. and Tex. April.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="apocynum"><b>3. APÓCYNUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Dogbane. Indian Hemp.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 triangular +appendages below the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, on the +very base of the corolla; filaments flat, shorter than the arrow shaped anthers, +which converge around the stigma, and are slightly adherent to it. Style +none; stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit of 2 long (2–7´) and slender +follicles. Seeds comose, with a tuft of long silky down at the apex.—Perennial +herbs, with upright branching stems, opposite mucronate-pointed +leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose flowers on short pedicels. +(Ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of <span class="greek">ἀπό</span>, <i>from</i>, and <span class="greek">κύων</span>, <i>a dog</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. androsæmifòlium</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Spreading Dogbane.</span>) Smooth, or +rarely soft-tomentose, branched above; <i>branches divergently forking; leaves +ovate, distinctly petioled; cymes loose, spreading</i>, mostly longer than the leaves; +<i>corolla</i> (pale rose-color, 4´´ broad) <i>open-bell-shaped, with revolute lobes, the tube +much longer than the ovate pointed divisions of the calyx</i>.—Borders of thickets; +common. June, July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. cannábinum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Indian Hemp.</span>) Glabrous or more or less +soft-pubescent; stem and branches <i>upright or ascending</i> (2–3° high), terminated +by <i>erect and close many-flowered cymes</i>, which are usually shorter than +the leaves; leaves from oval to oblong and even lanceolate, short-petioled or +sessile, with rounded or obscurely cordate base; <i>corolla</i> (greenish-white) <i>with +nearly erect lobes, the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx</i>.—Moist +grounds and banks of streams; common. Very variable. July, Aug.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="asclepiadaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 67.</span> <b>ASCLEPIADÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Milkweed Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Plants with milky juice, and opposite or whorled (rarely scattered) entire +leaves; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connected with the stigma), sensible +properties, etc., just as in the last family, from which they differ in the<a name="page339"></a> +commonly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with +the stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses</i> (pollinia), +etc., as explained under the typical genus Asclepias.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Períploca Græ̀ca</span>, L., a woody climbing plant of the Old World, in ornamental +cultivation, and in one or two places inclined to be spontaneous, represents +a tribe with granulose pollen loosely aggregated in two masses in each +anther-cell. It has a brownish rotate corolla, very hairy within, and with 5 +awned scales in the throat.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. CYNANCHEÆ.</b> Anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect scarious +membrane, the cells lower than the top of the stigma; pollinia suspended.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Stems erect or merely decumbent.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Asclepiodora.</b> Corolla rotate, merely spreading. Crown of 5 hooded fleshy bodies, +with a salient crest in each. Leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Asclepias.</b> Corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown as in n. 1, but with an incurved +horn rising from the cavity of each hood. Leaves usually opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Acerates.</b> Corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in n. 1, but with neither +crest nor horn inside. Leaves mainly alternate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Stems twining. Leaves mostly opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Enslenia.</b> Corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous flat bodies, terminated by a 2-cleft +tail or awn.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Vincetoxicum.</b> Corolla rotate, spreading. Crown a fleshy 5–10-lobed ring or disk.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. GONOLOBEÆ.</b> Anthers with short if any scarious tip, borne on the margin +of or close under the disk of the stigma; pollinia horizontal.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Gonolobus.</b> Corolla rotate. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring. Stems twining.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="asclepiodora"><b>1. ASCLEPIODÒRA</b>, Gray.</p> + +<p>Nearly as in Asclepias, but the corolla-lobes ascending or spreading, and +the hoods destitute of a horn, widely spreading and somewhat incurved, slipper-shaped +and laterally compressed, the cavity divided at the apex by a crest-like +partition.—Umbels solitary and terminal or corymbed, loosely-flowered. +Follicles oblong or ovate, often somewhat muricate with soft spinous projections. +(<span class="greek">Ἀσκληπιός</span> and <span class="greek">δῶρον</span> or <span class="greek">δωρεά</span>, <i>the gift of Æsculapius</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. víridis</b>, Gray. Almost glabrous; stems short (1° high); leaves +alternate, short-petioled, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 1–2´ wide; umbels several +in a cluster, short-peduncled; flowers large (1´ in diameter), green, with +a purplish crown. (Acerates paniculata, <i>Decaisne</i>.)—Prairies, Ill. to Tex. +and S. Car. June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="asclepias"><b>2. ASCLÈPIAS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Milkweed. Silkweed.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the divisions small, reflexed. Corolla deeply +5-parted, the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. <i>Crown</i> of 5 +hooded bodies seated on the tube of stamens, each containing an incurved horn. +Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments united in a tube which +encloses the pistil, anthers adherent to the stigma, each with 2 vertical cells, +tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell containing a flattened pear-shaped +and waxy pollen-mass; the two contiguous pollen-masses of adjacent +anthers, forming pairs which hang by a slender prolongation of their summits +from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the stigma (extricated +from the cells by insects, and directing copious pollen-tubes into the point<a name="page340"></a> +where the stigma joins the apex of the style). Ovaries 2, tapering into very +short styles; the large depressed 5-angled fleshy stigmatic disk common to the +two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds +anatropous, flat, margined, bearing a tuft of long silky hairs (<i>coma</i>) at the hilum, +downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta, which separates from +the suture at maturity. Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in +thin albumen.—Perennial upright herbs, with thick and deep roots; peduncles +terminal or lateral and between the usually opposite petioles, bearing +simple many-flowered umbels, in summer. (The Greek name of <i>Æsculapius</i>, +to whom the genus is dedicated.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Corneous anther-wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate and salient +at base; horn conspicuous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers orange-color; leaves mostly scattered; juice not milky.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. tuberòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.</span>) Roughish-hairy +(1–2° high); stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the +summit, and bearing usually numerous umbels in a terminal corymb; leaves +from linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled; divisions of the +corolla oblong (greenish-orange); hoods narrowly oblong, bright orange, +scarcely longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns; pods +hoary, erect on deflexed pedicels.—Dry fields, common, especially southward.—Var. +<span class="smcap">decúmbens</span>, Pursh. Stems reclining; leaves broader and more commonly +opposite, and umbels from most of the upper axils.—Ohio to Ga., etc.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Corolla bright red or purple; follicles naked, fusiform, erect on the deflexed +pedicels</i> (except in n. 5); <i>leaves opposite, mostly broad</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flowers rather large; hoods about 3´´ long and exceeding the anthers; leaves +transversely veined.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. paupércula</b>, Michx. Glabrous; stem slender (2–4° high); leaves +elongated-lanceolate or linear (5–10´ long), tapering to both ends, slightly +petioled, <i>umbels 5–12-flowered</i>; divisions of the red corolla narrowly oblong; +the <i>bright orange hoods</i> broadly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the incurved +horn.—Wet pine-barrens on the coast, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. rùbra</b>, L. <i>Glabrous; leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from a +rounded or heart-shaped base</i> to a very acute point, sessile or nearly so (2–6´ +long, ½–2½´ wide), bright green; umbels many-flowered; divisions of the corolla +and hoods <i>oblong-lanceolate, purple-red; the horn long and slender, straightish</i>.—Wet +pine-barrens, etc., N. J. and Penn. to Fla., La., and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. purpuráscens</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Purple M.</span>) Stem rather slender (1–3° +high); <i>leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong</i>, the upper taper-pointed, <i>minutely velvety-downy +underneath</i>, smooth above, <i>contracted at base into a short petiole; pedicels</i> +shorter than the peduncle, <i>3–4 times the length of the dark purple lanceolate-ovate +divisions of the corolla</i>; hoods oblong, abruptly narrowed above; <i>the horn +broadly scythe-shaped, with a narrow and abruptly inflexed horizontal point</i>.—Dry +ground, N. Eng. to Minn., Tenn., and southward.—Flowers 6´´ long.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers small; hoods 1´´ long, equalling the anthers; veins ascending.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. incarnàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Swamp Milkweed.</span>) Smooth, or nearly so, in +the typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches<a name="page341"></a> +of the peduncles (2–3° high), very leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or +pointed, obtuse or obscurely heart-shaped at base; flowers rose-purple; hoods +scarcely equalling the slender needle-pointed horn.—Swamps, common.—Var. +<span class="smcap">púlchra</span>, Pers.; leaves broader and shorter-petioled, more or less hairy-pubescent, +as well as the stem. Milky juice scanty.—With the smooth form.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Flowers greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged; leaves opposite +or whorled, or the upper rarely scattered.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes, densely tomentose (smooth, and +only minutely echinate at the apex in n. 8), large (3–5´ long), ovate and acuminate, +erect on deflexed pedicels; leaves large and broad, short-petioled; +umbels terminal and lateral.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>A. speciòsa</b>, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose or glabrate, <i>the many-flowered +umbel and calyx densely tomentose</i>; leaves <i>subcordate-oval</i> to oblong; +corolla-lobes purplish, ovate-oblong, 4–5´´ long; hoods 5–6´´ long, with a short +inflexed horn, <i>the truncate summit abruptly produced into a very long lanceolate-ligulate +appendage</i>.—Along streams, Minn. to Ark., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>A. Cornùti</b>, Decaisne. (<span class="smcap">Common Milkweed</span> or <span class="smcap">Silkweed</span>.) Stem +tall and stout, finely soft-pubescent; <i>leaves</i> oval-oblong (4–8´ long), pale, <i>minutely +downy beneath, as well as the peduncles</i>, etc.; corolla-lobes dull purple +to white, 3–4´´ long; <i>hoods</i> rather longer than the anthers, <i>ovate, obtuse, with +a tooth each side of the short stout claw-like horn</i>.—Rich ground, everywhere.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>A. Sullivántii</b>, Engelm. <i>Very smooth</i> throughout, tall; leaves ovate-oblong +with a somewhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile; <i>hoods obovate</i>, entire, +<i>obtusely 2-eared at the base</i> outside; flowers larger (9´´ long) and more +purple than in the last; anther-wings 2-toothed at base; <i>pod</i> nearly glabrous, +obscurely <i>spiny chiefly on the beak</i>.—Low grounds, Ohio to Kan. and Minn.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Follicles wholly unarmed, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubescent</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Erect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fruiting pedicels.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Umbel solitary, on a naked terminal peduncle; leaves sessile, broad, transversely +veined, wavy; glabrous and pale or glaucous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>A. Obtusifòlia</b>, Michx. Stem 2–3° high; <i>leaves oblong with a heart-shaped +clasping base</i>, very obtuse or retuse (2½–5´ long); peduncle 3–12´ long; +corolla pale greenish purple; hoods truncate, somewhat toothed at the summit, +shorter than the slender awl-pointed horn.—Sandy woods and fields, not +rare, especially southward. A second umbel at the base of the peduncle occasionally +occurs.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>A. Meádii</b>, Torr. Stem slender (1–2° high); leaves <i>ovate or oblong-ovate</i>, +obtuse or acutish (1½–2½´ long), peduncle only twice the length of the +upper leaves, pedicels rather short, corolla greenish-white; hoods rounded-truncate +at summit, and with a sharp tooth at each margin, somewhat exceeding +the stouter horn.—Dry ground, Ill. and Iowa. June.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Umbels mostly more than one; peduncle not overtopping the leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="key"><i>a.</i> <i>Leaves large, orbicular to oblong-lanceolate; hoods broad, little if at all exceeding +the anthers; glabrous or some minute pubescence on young parts.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>A. Jamèsii</b>, Torr. Stem stout (1° high or more); leaves about 5 +pairs, approximate, <i>remarkably thick, rounded or broadly oval, often emarginate,<a name="page342"></a> +subcordate at base, nearly sessile</i>; umbels 2–3, densely many-flowered, on short +peduncles, corolla-lobes ovate, <i>greenish</i>; hoods truncate, entire.—Plains of +central Kansas and southwestward.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>A. phytolaccoìdes</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Poke-milkweed.</span>) Stem 3–5° +high; <i>leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both ends, +short-petioled</i>, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5–8´ long); lateral umbels +several, <i>pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, long</i> and slender (1–3´ long), +equalling the peduncle; <i>corolla-lobes</i> ovate-oblong, greenish; hoods (white) +truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, <i>the horn with a long projecting +awl-shaped point</i>.—Moist copses, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>A. variegàta</b>, L. Stem 1–2° high; <i>leaves</i> (4–5 pairs) <i>ovate, oval, +or obovate</i>, somewhat wavy, <i>contracted into short petioles</i>, middle ones sometimes +whorled; <i>pedicels (numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy</i>; divisions +of the <i>corolla ovate (white)</i>; hoods orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish, +the horn semilunar with a horizontal point.—Dry woods, southern N. Y. to +Ind., south to Fla., Ark., and W. La. July.—Remarkable for its compact +umbels of nearly white flowers.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>b.</i> <i>Leaves mostly pubescent or puberulent; hoods obtuse, entire, twice or thrice +the length of the anthers.</i></p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>A. ovalifòlia</b>, Decaisne. Low (6–18´ high), soft-downy, especially +the lower surface of the ovate or lanceolate-oblong acute short-petioled leaves +(1½–3´ long); umbels loosely 10–18-flowered, sessile or peduncled; pedicels +slender, hoods oblong, yellowish, with a small horn, about the length of the +oval greenish-white corolla-lobes (tinged with purple outside).—Prairies and +oak-openings, N. Ill. and Iowa, to Wisc. and Dak.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Follicles and pedicels erect; leaves often whorled; glabrous or nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, thin, rather slender-petioled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>A. quadrifòlia</b>, L. Stem slender (1–2° high), mostly leafless below, +bearing usually <i>one or two whorls</i> of four in the middle and one or two +pairs <i>of ovate or ovate-lanceolate</i> taper-pointed petioled leaves (2–4´ long); +pedicels slender; corolla-lobes (<i>pale pink</i>) oblong; hoods white, elliptical-ovate, +the incurved horn short and thick.—Dry woods and hills, N. Eng. to Minn., +south to N. C. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>A. perénnis</b>, Walt. Stems (1–2° high) <i>persistent or somewhat woody +at the base; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both ends</i>, thin, rather +slender-petioled; <i>flowers white</i>, small; the small hoods of the crown shorter +than the needle-shaped horn; seeds sometimes destitute of a coma!—Low +grounds, S. Ind. and Ill. to Tex., and eastward.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Leaves narrowly linear to filiform; horn subulate, exserted; column conspicuous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>A. verticillàta</b>, L. Stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, +very leafy to the summit, leaves filiform-linear, with revolute margins (2–3´ +long, 1´´ wide), 3–6 in a whorl; umbels small, lateral and terminal; divisions +of the corolla ovate (greenish-white); hoods roundish-oval, about half the +length of the incurved claw-shaped horns.—Dry hills, common, especially +southward.—Var. <span class="smcap">pùmila</span>, Gray, is low and many-stemmed from a fascicled +root; leaves much crowded, filiform.—Dry plains, Neb. to Kan. and N. Mex.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page343"></a>§ 2. <i>Anther-wings broadly rounded at base and conspicuously auriculate-notched +just above it; hoods with a minute horn exserted from the 2-lobed apex.</i></p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>A. stenophýlla</b>, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous; stems +slender (1–2° high), leaves narrowly linear (3–7´ long, 1–2½´´ wide), the +upper alternate, lower opposite; umbels several, short-peduncled, 10–15-flowered; +corolla-lobes oblong, greenish; hoods whitish, equalling the anthers, +conduplicate-concave; follicles erect on ascending pedicels.—Dry prairies, +Neb. to E. Kan., south and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="acerates">3. <b>ACERÀTES</b>, Ell. <span class="smcap">Green Milkweed.</span></p> + +<p>Nearly as in Asclepias; but the hoods destitute of crest or horn (whence the +name, from <span class="greek">α</span> privative, and <span class="greek">κέρας</span>, <i>a horn</i>).—Flowers greenish, in compact +many-flowered umbels. Leaves opposite or irregularly alternate, short-petioled +or sessile. Pollen-masses slender-stalked. Follicles smooth, slender.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Crown upon a short column and shorter than the globular mass of anthers and +stigma, leaves mainly alternate-scattered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. longifòlia</b>, Ell. Minutely roughish-hairy or smoothish; stem +erect (1–3° high), very leafy; leaves linear (3–7´ long); umbels lateral, on +peduncles of about the length of the slender pedicels; flowers 3´´ long when +expanded.—Moist prairies and pine-barrens, Ohio to Minn., south to Fla. and +Tex. July–Oct.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Crown sessile, the oblong hoods nearly equalling the anthers; leaves often +opposite and broader.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. viridiflòra</b>, Ell. Minutely <i>soft-downy, becoming smoothish</i>; stems +ascending (1–2° high); leaves oval to linear, thick (1½–4´ long); <i>umbels +nearly sessile, lateral</i>, dense and globose; flower (when the corolla is reflexed) +nearly ½´ long, short-pedicelled.—Dry soil, common, especially southward. +July–Sept.—Runs into var. <span class="smcap">lanceolàta</span>, Gray, with lanceolate leaves 2½–4´ +long;—and var. <span class="smcap">lineàris</span>, Gray, with elongated linear leaves and low stems; +umbels often solitary. The latter form from Minn., Dak., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. lanuginòsa</b>, Decaisne. <i>Hairy</i>, low (5–12´ high); leaves lanceolate +or ovate-lanceolate; <i>umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled</i>; flowers +smaller; <i>pedicels slender</i>.—Prairies, N. Ill. to Minn., and westward. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="enslenia">4. <b>ENSLÉNIA</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate. +Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobed +at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at base. Anthers +nearly as in Asclepias; pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed below +the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Follicles oblong-lanceolate, +smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias.—A perennial twining herb, +smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small +whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedicated +to <i>A. Enslen</i>, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United +States early in the present century.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. álbida</b>, Nutt. Climbing 8–12° high; leaves 3–5´ wide.—River-banks, +S. Penn. and Va. to Ill., Mo., and Tex. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="vincetoxicum"><a name="page344"></a><b>5. VINCETÓXICUM</b>, Moench.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Crown flat and fleshy, +disk-like, 5–10-lobed, simple. Anthers, smooth follicles and seeds much as in +Asclepias.—Herbs, often twining. (Name from <i>vincens</i>, binding, and <i>toxicum</i>, +poison.)</p> + +<p class="species">V. <span class="smcap">nìgrum</span>, Moench. More or less twining, nearly smooth; leaves ovate +or lance-ovate; flowers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster, on a peduncle +shorter than the leaves.—N. Eng. to Penn.; a weed escaping from gardens. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gonolobus"><b>6. GONÓLOBUS</b>, Michx.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spreading; +the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown small and fleshy, annular or cup-shaped, +in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under +the flattened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. +Follicles turgid, mostly muricate with soft warty projections, sometimes ribbed. +Seeds with a coma.—Twining herbs or shrubs (ours herbaceous), with opposite +heart-shaped leaves, and corymbose-umbelled greenish or dark purple +flowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. Our species belong to +the typical section, with the crown simple and unappendaged, and the corolla +nearly veinless. (Name composed of <span class="greek">γωνία</span>, <i>an angle</i>, and <span class="greek">λοβός</span>, <i>a pod</i>, from +the angled follicles of some species.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Crown a low undulately 10-lobed fleshy disk; follicles unarmed, glabrous, 3–5-costate +or angled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. suberòsus</b>, R. Br. Leaves cordate with an open shallow or sometimes +deeper and narrow sinus, pointed, glabrate or hairy (3–5´ long); umbels +3–9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole; <i>corolla broadly conical in bud, +abruptly pointed, twisted; lobes ovate</i> or triangular-lanceolate, <i>acute, pubescent +inside; calyx half as long</i>. (G. macrophyllus, <i>Chapman</i>.)—Near the coast, +Va. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. læ̀vis</b>, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate with a deep and narrow open +sinus, conspicuously acuminate (3–6´ long); umbels 5–10-flowered, barely +equalling the petiole; <i>corolla elongated-conical in bud, not twisted; lobes narrowly +or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous inside, 3–4 times as long as the calyx</i>.—South +of our range.—Passes into var. <span class="smcap">macrophýllus</span>, Gray, with <i>larger</i> +broadly cordate <i>leaves</i>, the <i>sinus often closed</i>, finely pubescent beneath. (G. +macrophyllus, <i>Michx.</i>)—River-banks, Va. to S. Ind., Mo., S. C., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers; follicles muricate, not costate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Crown fleshy, merely 10-crenate, or the crenatures bidentate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>G. oblìquus</b>, R. Br. Leaves rounded- to ovate-cordate with a narrow +sinus, abruptly acuminate (3–8´ long); <i>umbel many-flowered; corolla in bud +oblong-conical; its lobes linear-ligulate</i> (5–6´´ long, 1´´ wide), crimson-purple +inside, dull or greenish and <i>minutely pubescent outside</i>.—River-banks, mountains +of Penn. and Va., to Ohio and Mo. Flowers said to be fragrant.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>G. hirsùtus</b>, Michx. Commonly more hairy; leaves with the basal +lobes sometimes overlapping; <i>peduncles fewer-flowered; corolla in bud ovate, +its lobes elliptical-oblong</i> (3–4´´ long), <i>barely puberulent outside</i>, dull or brownish-purple.—Md. +and Va. to Tenn. and Fla.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page345"></a>[+][+] <i>Crown thinner, the border lobed or toothed; leaves as in the preceding.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>G. Shórtii</b>, Gray. Resembles n. 3, but larger-leaved; corolla oblong-conical +in bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate (fully 6´´ long); <i>crown +about 10-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner, narrower and longer, either emarginate +or 2-parted</i>.—Along the mountains, E. Ky. (<i>Short</i>) to N. W. Ga. (<i>Chapman</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>G. Carolinénsis</b>, R. Br. Flower-bud oblong; corolla brownish-purple; +its lobes oblong or linear-oblong (4–5´´ long); <i>crown undulately and +very obtusely 5-lobed and with a longer bifid subulate process in each sinus</i>.—From +Va. to La., extending north to Ark. and central Mo.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="loganiaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 68.</span> <b>LOGANIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Logania Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a +stipular membrane or line between them, and with regular 4–5-merous 4–5-androus +perfect flowers, the ovary free from the calyx</i>; a connecting group +between Gentianaceæ, Apocynaceæ, Scrophulariaceæ (from all which they +are known by their stipules) and Rubiaceæ, from which they differ in +their free ovary; our representatives of the family are all most related +to the Rubiaceæ, to which, indeed, they have been appended.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Woody twiners; leaves evergreen, stigmas 4.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Gelsemium.</b> Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Herbs; stigma single, entire or 2-lobed.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Polypremum.</b> Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Spigelia.</b> Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Mitreola.</b> Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at +the summit, and with a common stigma.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gelsemium"><b>1. GELSÉMIUM</b>, Juss. <span class="smcap">Yellow (False) Jessamine.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed; the lobes imbricated in +the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender; +stigmas 2, each 2-parted, the divisions linear. Capsule elliptical, flattened contrary +to the narrow partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or +several, winged. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen; the ovate flat cotyledons +much shorter than the slender radicle.—Smooth and twining shrubby +plants with ovate or lanceolate leaves, minute deciduous stipules, and showy +yellow flowers, of two sorts as to relative length of stamens and style. (<i>Gelsomino</i>, +the Italian name of the Jessamine.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. sempérvirens</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Yellow Jessamine</span> of the South.) Stem +climbing high; leaves short-petioled, shining, nearly persistent; flowers in +short axillary clusters; pedicels scaly-bracted; flowers very fragrant (the bright +yellow corolla 1–1½´ long); capsule flat, pointed.—Low grounds, E. Va. to +Fla. and Tex. March, April.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="polypremum"><b>2. POLYPRÈMUM</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx 4-parted; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margined +base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the +throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short; anthers +globular. Style 1, very short; stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule ovoid, a little<a name="page346"></a> +flattened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded.—A +smooth, diffuse, much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped +leaves, connected at base by a slight stipular line; the small flowers +solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches; corolla inconspicuous, +white. (Name altered from <span class="greek">πολύπρεμνος</span>, <i>many-stemmed</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. procúmbens</b>, L.—Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Md. to Tex.; +also adventive in Penn. June–Oct.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="spigelia"><b>3. SPIGÈLIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Pink-root. Worm-grass.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at +the summit, valvate in bud. Stamens 5; anthers linear. Style 1, slender, +hairy above, jointed near the middle. Capsule short, 2-celled, twin, laterally +flattened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which +open loculicidally, few-seeded.—Chiefly herbs, with opposite leaves united by +stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for <i>Adrian +Spiegel</i>, latinized <i>Spigelius</i>, who wrote on botany early in the 17th century, +and was perhaps the first to give directions for preparing an herbarium.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Marilándica</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Maryland Pink-root.</span>) Stems simple and +erect from a perennial root (6–18´ high); leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, +acute; spike simple or forked, short; corolla 1½´ long, red outside, yellow +within; tube 4 times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate; anthers +and style exserted.—Rich woods, N. J. to Wisc. and Tex. June, July.—A +well-known officinal anthelmintic, and a showy plant.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="mitreola"><b>4. MITRÈOLA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Mitrewort.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, +5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at the base slightly +adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled; styles 2, short, converging and +united above by a common stigma. Capsule exserted, strongly 2-horned or +mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded.—Annual +smooth herbs, 6´–2° high, with small stipules between the leaves, and +small white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal petioled +cyme. (Diminutive of <i>mitra</i>, a mitre, from the shape of the pod.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. petiolàta</b>, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, petioled.—Damp +soil, from E. Va. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="gentianaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 69.</span> <b>GENTIANÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Gentian Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and +simple leaves</i> (except in Tribe II.) <i>without stipules, regular flowers with the +stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely imbricated +and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal +placentæ, or nearly the whole inner face of the ovary ovuliferous; the fruit +usually a 2-valved and septicidal many-seeded capsule</i>.—Flowers solitary +or cymose (racemose in n. 8). Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-persistent; +the stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with +a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. (Bitter-tonic plants.)</p> + +<p class="suborder"><a name="page347"></a><span class="smcap">Suborder I.</span> <b>Gentianeæ.</b> Leaves always simple and entire, sessile, +never alternate. Æstivation of corolla never valvate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Lobes of corolla convolute in the bud.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Style filiform, usually deciduous; anthers oblong to linear, mostly twisting or curving +in age.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Erythræa.</b> Parts of flower 5 or 4; corolla salver-form; anthers twisting spirally.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Sabbatia.</b> Parts of flower 5–12; corolla rotate; anthers recurved or revolute.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Eustoma.</b> Parts of flower 5 or 6; corolla campanulate-funnel-form; anthers versatile, +straight or recurving; calyx-lobes long-acuminate.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Style stout and persistent or none; anthers remaining straight.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Gentiana.</b> Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses, without +spurs or glands. Calyx 4–5-cleft.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Frasera.</b> Corolla 4-parted, rotate; a fringed glandular spot on each lobe.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Halenia.</b> Corolla 4–5-cleft, campanulate, and 4–5-spurred at the base.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Lobes of corolla imbricate in the bud; no appendages.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Bartonia.</b> Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat campanulate.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Obolaria.</b> Calyx of 2 foliaceous sepals. Corolla 4-lobed, oblong-campanulate.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder II.</span> <b>Menyantheæ.</b> Leaves all alternate and mostly +petioled, sometimes trifoliolate or crenate. Æstivation of corolla induplicate-valvate. +Marsh or aquatic perennials.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Menyanthes.</b> Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Limnanthemum.</b> Corolla naked, or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple, +rounded.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="erythraea"><b>1. ERYTHRÆ̀A</b>, Richard. <span class="smcap">Centaury.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 4–5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, +with slender tube and 4–5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting spirally. +Style slender, single; stigma capitate or 2-lipped.—Low and small +branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers (whence the +name, from <span class="greek">ἐρυθρός</span>, <i>red</i>); in summer.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">Centaùrium</span>, Pers. (<span class="smcap">Centaury.</span>) Stem upright (6–12´ high), <i>corymbosely +branched</i> above; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish, the basal rosulate, +the uppermost linear; <i>cymes clustered, flat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile</i>; +tube of the (purple-rose-colored) corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes.—Waste +grounds, shores of Lakes Ontario and Michigan. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">ramosíssima</span>, Pers. Low (2–6´ high); <i>stem many times forked above +and forming a diffuse cyme</i>; leaves ovate-oblong or oval, not rosulate below; +<i>flowers all on short pedicels</i>; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the length +of the elliptical-oblong lobes.—Wet or shady places, N. J., E. Penn., and +southward. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">spicàta</span>, Pers. Stem strictly upright (6–10´ high); the <i>flowers sessile +and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches</i>; leaves oval +and oblong, rounded at base, acutish; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) +corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong.—Sandy sea-shore, +Nantucket, Mass., and Portsmouth, Va. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sabbatia"><b>2. SABBÀTIA</b>, Adans.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5–12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5–12-parted, wheel-shaped. +Stamens 5–12; anthers soon recurved. Style 2-cleft or -parted, +slender.—Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled +handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to <i>L. Sabbati</i>, +an early Italian botanist.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page348"></a>[*] <i>Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6–7-parted.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Branches all opposite and stems more or less 4-angled; flowers cymose; calyx +with long and slender lobes.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. paniculàta</b>, Pursh. <i>Stem brachiately much-branched</i> (1–2° high); +<i>leaves linear or the lower oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved</i>, nearly equalling the internodes; +calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla.—Low grounds, Va. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. lanceolàta</b>, Torr. & Gray. <i>Stem simple</i> (2–3° high) bearing a +flat-topped cyme; <i>leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved</i>, the upper acute, +much shorter than the internodes; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than +in n. 1.—Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. brachiàta</b>, Ell. <i>Stem slightly angled</i>, simple below (1–2° high); +<i>leaves linear and linear-oblong, obtuse</i>, or the upper acute; branches rather few-flowered, +forming an oblong panicle; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the +corolla.—Dry or low places, Ind. and N. C. to La. and Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. angulàris</b>, Pursh. <i>Stem somewhat 4-winged-angled</i>, much branched +above (1–2½° high), many-flowered; <i>leaves ovate</i>, acutish, 5-nerved, with a +<i>somewhat heart-shaped clasping</i> base; calyx-lobes one third or half the length +of the corolla.—Rich soil, N. Y. to Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. and La.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Branches alternate (or the lower opposite in n. 5); peduncles 1-flowered</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Calyx-lobes foliaceous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. calycòsa</b>, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale, 1° high or less; leaves +oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at base; calyx-lobes spatulate-lanceolate +({2/3}–1´ long), exceeding the rose-colored or almost white corolla.—Sea-coast +and near it, Va. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Calyx-lobes slender and tube very short (prominently costate in n. 6, and +longer, nearly or quite enclosing the retuse capsule).</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. campéstris</b>, Nutt. Span or two high, divergently branched above; +leaves ovate with subcordate clasping base (½–1´ long), on the branches lanceolate; +calyx equalling the lilac corolla (1½–2´ broad).—Prairies, S. E. Kan. +and W. Mo. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>S. stellàris</b>, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking; <i>leaves oblong to +lanceolate</i>, the upper narrowly linear; <i>calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, varying +from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla</i>; style nearly 2-parted.—Salt +marshes, Mass. to Fla. Appears to pass into the next; corolla +in both at times pink or white.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>S. grácilis</b>, Salisb. <i>Stem very slender</i>, at length diffusely branched; +branches and long peduncles filiform; <i>leaves linear</i>, or the lower lance-linear, +the uppermost similar to the <i>setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple +corolla</i>; style cleft to the middle.—Brackish marshes, Nantucket, Mass., and +N. J., to Fla. and La.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>S. Ellióttii</b>, Steud. Effusely much branched; <i>leaves small</i>, lower +cauline (6´´ long or less) thickish, <i>from obovate to lanceolate</i>, upper narrowly +linear and rather longer, on the flowering branches subulate; <i>calyx-lobes slender-subulate,<a name="page349"></a> +very much shorter than the white corolla</i>; style 2-parted.—Pine +barrens, S. Va. (?) to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Corolla 8–12-parted, large (about 2´ broad).</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>S. chloroìdes</b>, Pursh. Stem (1–2° high), loosely panicled above; +peduncles slender, 1-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes linear, +half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla.—Borders of +brackish ponds, Mass. to Fla. and Ala.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="eustoma"><b>3. EÙSTOMA</b>, Salisb.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5- (rarely 6-) parted; its lobes long-acuminate, with carinate midrib. +Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, deeply 5–6-lobed. Anthers oblong, versatile, +straight or recurving in age. Style filiform, nearly persistent; stigma of +2 broad lamellæ.—Glaucous large-flowered annuals, with more or less clasping +and connate leaves, and slender terminal and more or less paniculate +1-flowered peduncles. (From <span class="greek">εὖ</span>, <i>well</i>, and <span class="greek">στόμα</span>, <i>mouth</i>, alluding to the open-mouthed +corolla.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. Russelliànum</b>, Griseb. One or two feet high; leaves from ovate- to +lanceolate-oblong; lobes of lavender-purple corolla obovate (1½´ long), 4 +times longer than the tube; anthers hardly curving in age.—Neb. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gentiana"><b>4. GENTIÀNA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Gentian.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 4–5-cleft. Corolla 4–5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate +plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or +none; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule oblong, 2-valved; the innumerable seeds +either borne on placentæ at or near the sutures, or in most of our species covering +nearly the whole inner face of the pod.—Flowers solitary or cymose, +showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name from <i>Gentius</i>, king of Illyria, +who used some species medicinally.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. GENTIANÉLLA. <i>Corolla (not rotate) destitute of extended plaits or +lobes or teeth at the sinuses; root annual.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] (<span class="smcap">Fringed Gentians.</span>) <i>Flowers large, solitary on long terminal peduncles, +mostly 4-merous; corolla campanulate-funnel-form, its lobes usually fimbriate +or erose, not crowned; a row of glands between the bases of the filaments. +Autumn-flowering.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. crinìta</b>, Froel. Stem 1–2° high; <i>leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate +from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base</i>; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx +unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the blue corolla +(2´ long), the <i>lobes</i> of which are <i>wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around +the summit; ovary lanceolate</i>.—Low grounds, N. Eng. to Dak., south to Iowa, +Ohio, and in the mountains to Ga.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. serràta</b>, Gunner. Stem 3–18´ high; <i>leaves linear or lanceolate-linear</i>; +lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or triangular and +lanceolate, pointed; <i>lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong</i>, with ciliate-fringed +margins, <i>the fringe shorter or almost obsolete at the summit; ovary elliptical +or obovate</i>. (G. detonsa, <i>Manual</i>.)—Moist grounds, Newf. and W. New +York, to Iowa and Minn., north and westward.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page350"></a>[*][*] <i>Flowers smaller, 4–5-merous; corolla somewhat funnel-form or salver-form, +its lobes entire; peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on the acute-angled +stem.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>G. Amarélla</b>, L. Stems 2–20´ high; leaves lanceolate to narrowly +oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate, the margins minutely scabrous; calyx-lobes +(4–5) foliaceous, lanceolate or linear; corolla mostly blue, ½´ long or +more, <i>with a fimbriate crown at the base of the oblong acute lobes; capsule sessile.</i>—Var. <b>acùta</b>, +Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted; crown usually of fewer and +sometimes very few setæ.—Lab. to N. Vt. and N. Minn., west and northward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>G. quinqueflòra</b>, Lam. Stem rather slender, branching (1–2° +high); leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and heart-shaped base, +3–7-nerved, tipped with a minute point; branches racemed or panicled, about +5-flowered at the summit; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear; +corolla pale blue, 6–9´´ long, its lobes <i>triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, without +crown, but the glands at the base</i> of the slender obconical tube <i>manifest; capsule +stipitate</i>.—Moist hills, Maine to Ont., Ill., and south along the mountains to +Fla.—Var. <span class="smcap">occidentàlis</span>, Gray. Sometimes 2–3° high, and paniculately +much-branched; calyx-lobes more leaf-like, linear-lanceolate, reaching to the +middle of the broader funnel-form corolla.—Va. and Ohio to Minn., south to +Tenn. and La.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. PNEUMONÁNTHE. <i>Corolla (funnel-form or salver-form) with thin-membranaceous +toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses; no crown nor glands, +capsule stipitate; autumn-flowering perennials, the flowers large, sessile or +short pedunculate and bibracteate (except in n. 12).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Anthers unconnected or soon separate; leaves rough-margined; seeds winged.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>G. affìnis</b>, Griseb. <i>Stems clustered</i>, 1° high or less; leaves oblong +or lanceolate to linear; <i>flowers numerous and thyrsoid-racemose</i> or few or rarely +almost solitary; <i>calyx-lobes</i> unequal, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the +shortest sometimes minute; corolla (blue or bluish) 1´ long or less, rather +<i>narrowly funnel-form</i>, with ovate spreading lobes, the plaits with <i>conspicuous +laciniate appendages sometimes equalling the lobes</i>.—Minn. to the Pacific.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>G. pubérula</b>, Michx. Stems (<i>mostly solitary</i>) erect or ascending +(8–16´ high), mostly <i>rough</i> and minutely pubescent above; <i>leaves rigid</i>, linear-lanceolate +to oblong-lanceolate (1–2´ long); <i>flowers clustered</i>, rarely solitary; +<i>calyx-lobes lanceolate</i>, much shorter than the <i>bell-funnel-form open bright-blue +corolla</i>, the spreading ovate <i>lobes</i> of which are <i>twice or thrice the length of the +cut-toothed appendages</i>.—Dry prairies and barrens, western N. Y., Ohio, and +Ky., to Minn. and Kan. Oct.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube; flowers in terminal and often axillary +clusters.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous; seeds conspicuously winged; leaves +rough-margined.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>G. Saponària</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Soapwort G.</span>) Stem erect or ascending, smooth; +leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, narrowed at the base; +<i>calyx-lobes linear or spatulate</i>, acute, <i>equalling or exceeding the tube</i>, half the +length of the corolla; <i>lobes</i> of the club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse,<a name="page351"></a> +erect or converging, short and broad, but <i>distinct</i>, and more or less <i>longer than +the conspicuous</i> 2-cleft and minutely toothed <i>appendages</i>.—Moist woods, N. Y. +and N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>G. Andréwsii</b>, Griseb. (<span class="smcap">Closed G.</span>) Stems upright, smooth; leaves +ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed; <i>calyx-lobes +lanceolate to ovate</i>, recurved, <i>shorter than the top-shaped tube</i>, and much +shorter than the more oblong and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is closed +at the mouth, <i>its proper lobes obliterated</i>, the apparent lobes consisting of the +broad fringe-toothed and notched appendages.—Moist ground, N. Eng. to +Minn., south to N. Ga. Corolla blue with white plaits, or sometimes all white.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Margins of leaves, bracts, etc., smooth and naked; terminal flower-cluster +leafy-involucrate; seeds winged.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>G. álba</b>, Muhl. Stems upright, stout; flowers sessile and crowded in +a dense terminal cluster; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely +clasping base, gradually tapering; calyx-lobes ovate or subcordate, many times +shorter than the tube of the corolla, reflexed-spreading; corolla white more or +less tinged with greenish or yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its +short and broad ovate lobes twice the length of the broad toothed appendages.—Low +grounds and mountain meadows, Ont. to Ill., Ky., and Va.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>G. lineàris</b>, Froel. Stems slender and strict, 1–2° high; flowers +1–5 in the terminal cluster; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, with somewhat +narrowed base; bracts sometimes very finely scabrous; calyx-lobes linear +or lanceolate; corolla blue, narrow funnel-form, its erect roundish-ovate +lobes little longer than the triangular acute appendages. (G. Saponaria, var. +linearis, <i>Gray</i>.)—Bogs, mountains of Md. to N. Y., N. Eng., and northward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>lanceolàta</b>, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate +ones almost ovate-lanceolate, appendages of corolla sometimes very short and +broad.—Minn. and L. Superior; also Herkimer Co., N. Y.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>latifòlia</b>, Gray. Stout; leaves closely sessile, not contracted at base, +the lowest oblong-linear, the upper ovate-lanceolate; appendages broad, acute +or subtruncate.—L. Superior; N. Brunswick (flowers blue).</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth margins or nearly so; seeds completely +marginless.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>G. ochroleùca</b>, Froel. Stems ascending, mostly smooth; leaves +obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppermost somewhat +lanceolate, all narrowed at base, calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much +longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla, +which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes; its lobes +ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages.—Dry +or damp grounds, Penn. to Fla. and La.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Anthers not connected; flowers terminal, solitary, commonly peduncled +and naked; seeds wingless.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>G. angustifòlia</b>, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6–15´ high), +mostly simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla open-funnel-form +(2´ long), azure-blue, also a greenish and white variety, about +twice the length of the thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice +as long as the cut-toothed appendages.—Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.</p> + +<p><a name="page352"></a><span class="smcap">Pleurógyne Carinthìaca</span>, Griseb., var. <span class="smcap">pusílla</span>, Gray, a low few-flowered +annual, with rotate blue or bluish 4–5 parted corolla and a pair of scale-like +appendages on the base of its divisions, is found from the Arctic Coast to the +Lower St. Lawrence and Newfoundland, and was reported by Pursh from the +summits of the White Mountains, but has not since been found.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="frasera"><b>5. FRÀSERA</b>, Walt. <span class="smcap">American Columbo.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division +with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-shaped, usually +somewhat monadelphous at base; anthers oblong, versatile. Style persistent; +stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oval, flattened, 4–14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, +wing-margined.—Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly +simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open +cymes, disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to <i>John Fraser</i>, an +indefatigable collector in this country toward the close of the last century.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>F. Carolinénsis</b>, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (3–8° high); +leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny; panicle pyramidal, +loosely flowered; corolla (1´ broad) light greenish-yellow, marked +with small brown-purple dots, its divisions oblong, mucronate, longer than +the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large round gland below the +middle; capsule much flattened parallel with the flat valves.—Rich dry soil, +western N. Y. to Wisc., south to Ga.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="halenia"><b>6. HALÈNIA</b>, Borkh. <span class="smcap">Spurred Gentian.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 4–5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4–5-cleft, without folds or +fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are +glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish +capsule. Seeds rather numerous, oblong.—Small and upright herbs, with +yellowish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Named for <i>John Halen</i>, a +German botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. defléxa</b>, Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9–18´ high), simple +or branched above; leaves 3–5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and petioled, +the others oblong-lanceolate, acute; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved, +descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla.—Damp and cool +woods, from N. Maine and W. Mass. to L. Superior, Minn., and northward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="bartonia"><b>7. BARTÒNIA</b>, Muhl.</p> + +<p>Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds. +Stamens short. Capsule oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at +length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner +surface of the pod.—Small annuals or biennials (3–10´ high), with thread-like +stems, and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, +peduncled. (Dedicated to <i>Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton</i>, of Philadelphia.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. tenélla</b>, Muhl. Stems branched above, the branches or peduncles +mostly opposite, 1–3-flowered; <i>lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer +than the calyx</i>, or sometimes twice as long; <i>anthers roundish</i>; ovary 4-angled, +the cell somewhat cruciform.—Open woods, Newf. to Wisc., south to Va. +and La. Aug.—Scales and branches occasionally alternate.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page353"></a>2. <b>B. vérna</b>, Muhl. Stem 1–few-flowered; flowers 3–4´´ long, larger; <i>lobes +of the corolla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx; anthers +oblong</i>; ovary flat.—Bogs near the coast, S. Va. to Fla. and La. March.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="obolaria"><b>8. OBOLÀRIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, +withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age +spatulate, imbricated in the bud! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, +short. Style short, persistent; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, +the cell cruciform; the seeds covering the whole face of the walls.—A low +and very smooth purplish-green perennial (3–8´ high), with a simple or sparingly +branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish +flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly +sessile; in spring. (Name from <span class="greek">ὀβολός</span>, a small Greek coin, from the thick +rounded leaves.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. Virgínica</b>, L. Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves +scale-like; flowers 4´´ long.—Moist woods, N. J. to Ill., south to Ga. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="menyanthes"><b>9. MENYÁNTHES</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Buckbean.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-cleft, deciduous, the whole +upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward. +Style slender, persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule bursting somewhat +irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining.—A perennial +alternate-leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the +membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets; +the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish. +(The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from <span class="greek">μήν</span>, <i>month</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>a +flower</i>, some say from its flowering for about that time.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. trifoliáta</b>, L.—Bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Ind. and Iowa, and far +north and westward. May, June. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="limnanthemum"><b>10. LIMNÁNTHEMUM</b>, Gmelin. <span class="smcap">Floating Heart.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed +or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inward in the bud, bearing a +glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none; stigma 2-lobed, persistent. +Capsule few–many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat +hard.—Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, +which, in most species, bear near the summit the umbel of (polygamous) +flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting +forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous +stolons, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of <span class="greek">λίμνη</span>, <i>a marsh</i> or <i>pool</i>, +and <span class="greek">ἄνθεμον</span>, <i>a blossom</i>, from the situations where they grow.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. lacunòsum</b>, Grisebach. <i>Leaves entire</i>, round-heart-shaped (1–2´ +broad), thickish, petioles filiform; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, +naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at the base, twice the length of +the lanceolate calyx-lobes; style none; <i>seeds smooth and even</i>.—Shallow +water, from Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page354"></a>2. <b>L. trachyspérmum</b>, Gray. <i>Leaves larger</i> (2–6´ broad) and rounder, +thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate or pitted +beneath; petioles stouter; <i>seeds glandular-roughened</i>.—Ponds and streams, +Md. and Va. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="polemoniaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 70.</span> <b>POLEMONIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Polemonium Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus +flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a 3-celled ovary and +3-lobed style; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, few–many-seeded, +the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column.</i>—Seeds +amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened +and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of copious +albumen. Calyx persistent, imbricated. Corolla with a 5-parted border. +Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants; many are ornamental +in cultivation.)</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Phlox.</b> Corolla salver-form. Calyx narrow. Leaves opposite, entire.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Gilia.</b> Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Calyx narrow, partly scarious. +Leaves mostly alternate, entire.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Polemonium.</b> Corolla open-bell shaped. Calyx herbaceous, bell-shaped. Filaments +slender, equal. Leaves alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="phlox"><b>1. PHLOX</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver-form, +with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the +corolla, included. Capsule ovoid, with sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only +a single seed in each cell.—Perennials (except a few southern species, such +as P. Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite and sessile perfectly entire +leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted; the open +clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. (<span class="greek">Φλόξ</span>, <i>flame</i>, an ancient name +of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of our species +are cultivated in gardens.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Herbaceous, with flat (broad or narrow) leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stem strictly erect; panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered; peduncles +and pedicels very short; corolla-lobes entire. (Very common in gardens.)</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. paniculàta</b>, L. Stem stout (2–4° high), smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate +and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper +often heart-shaped at the base; <i>panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed; calyx-teeth +awn-pointed</i>; corolla pink-purple varying to white.—Open woods, Penn. to +Ill., south to Fla. and La. June, July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. maculàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Sweet-William.</span>) Smooth, or barely +roughish; <i>stem spotted with purple</i>, rather slender (1–2° high); lower leaves +lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the +broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base, <i>panicle narrow, oblong</i>, +leafy below; <i>calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed</i>; corolla +pink-purple.—Rich woodlands and along streams, N. J. and N. Penn. to +Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.—Var. <span class="smcap">cándida</span>, Michx., is a white-flowered +form, commonly with spotless stem. With the ordinary form.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page355"></a>[*][*] <i>Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect; flowers in corymbed +or simple cymes; corolla-lobes obovate or obcordate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate; corolla-lobes rounded, entire; glabrous or +nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. ovàta</b>, L. Stems ascending (½–2° high), often from a prostrate +base; <i>leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate</i>, and sometimes +heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed; flowers pink or rose-red, crowded, +short-peduncled; <i>calyx-teeth</i> short and broad, <i>acute</i>. (P. Carolina, <i>L.</i>)—Open +woods, in the mountain region from Penn. to Ala. June, July.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. glabérrima</b>, L. Stems slender, erect (1–3° high); <i>leaves linear-lanceolate +or rarely oblong-lanceolate</i>, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes +revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3–4´ long); cymes +few-flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish); +<i>calyx-teeth</i> narrower and very <i>sharp-pointed</i>.—Prairies and open woods, N. Va. +to Ohio and Minn., south to Fla. and Mo. July.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Calyx-teeth long and slender; more or less hairy or glandular-pubescent.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>No runners or prostrate sterile shoots.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. pilòsa</b>, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1–1½° high), usually hairy, +as are the <i>lanceolate or linear leaves</i> (1–4´ long), which commonly <i>taper to a +sharp point</i>; cymes at length open; <i>calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like</i>, +longer than the tube, loose or spreading; lobes of the pink-purple or rose-red +(rarely white) corolla obovate, entire.—Dry or sandy woods, prairies, etc., +N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. amœ̀na</b>, Sims. Stems ascending (½–1½° high), mostly simple; +<i>leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong</i>, abruptly acute or blunt (½–1½´ +long), on sterile shoots often ovate; <i>cyme mostly compact and sessile, leafy-bracted; +calyx-teeth awl-shaped or linear</i>, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, +rather longer than the tube, straight; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire +(or rarely notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (P. procumbens, <i>Gray</i>; +not <i>Lehm.</i>)—Dry hills and barrens, Va. to Ky., south to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Sterile shoots from the base creeping or decumbent; leaves rather broad.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. réptans</b>, Michx. <i>Runners creeping</i>, bearing <i>roundish-obovate</i> smoothish +and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4–8´ high) and their <i>oblong or ovate +obtuse leaves</i> (½´ long) <i>pubescent</i>, often clammy; cyme close, few-flowered; +calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; <i>lobes of the reddish-purple +corolla round-obovate, mostly entire</i>.—Damp woods, in the Alleghany +region, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. divaricàta</b>, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent +base (9–18´ high); <i>leaves oblong- or lance-ovate</i> or the lower oblong-lanceolate +(1½´ long), acutish; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered; +calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, longer than the tube; <i>lobes of the pale lilac or +bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched</i> at the end, or <i>often entire</i>, +½-{2/3}´ long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses between +them.—Rocky damp woods, W. Canada and N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. +and Ark. May.—A form occurs near Crawfordsville, Ind., with reduced flowers, +the narrow entire acuminate corolla-lobes scarcely half as long as the tube.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page356"></a>[*][*][*] <i>Stems low, diffuse and branching; flowers scattered or barely cymulose; +corolla-lobes narrowly cuneate, bifid; calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>P. bífida</b>, Beck. <i>Minutely pubescent</i>; stems ascending, branched (5–8´ +high); leaves linear, becoming nearly glabrous (½–1½´ long, 1½´´ wide); flowers +few, on slender peduncles; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about as long as the tube; +<i>lobes of the pale purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle</i> (4´´ long), equalling +the tube, the <i>divisions linear-oblong</i>.—Prairies of Ind. to Iowa and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>P. Stellària</b>, Gray. <i>Very glabrous</i>; leaves barely somewhat ciliate +at base, linear (1–2´ long, 1´´ wide or more), acute, rather rigid; flowers scattered, +mostly long-peduncled; <i>lobes of the pale blue or almost white corolla bifid +at the apex into barely oblong lobes</i>.—Cliffs of Ky. River (<i>Short</i>), S. Ill., and +Tenn. (<i>Gattinger</i>). May.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, with mostly crowded and +fascicled subulate and rigid leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>P. subulàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Ground</span> or <span class="smcap">Moss Pink</span>.) Depressed, in broad +mats, pubescent (glabrate when old); leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly +linear (3–6´´ long); cymes few-flowered; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid; +corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker centre (sometimes white); lobes +wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire.—Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, +southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. and Ky.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gilia"><b>2. GÍLIA</b>, Ruiz & Pav.</p> + +<p>Calyx-lobes narrow and acute, the tube scarious below the sinuses. Corolla +tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Stamens equally or unequally inserted. +Capsule with solitary to numerous seeds.—Mostly herbs with alternate leaves. +Our species belongs to the § <i>Collomia</i>, in which the flowers are capitate-glomerate +and foliose-bracted or scattered, stamens unequally inserted in the narrow +tube of the salver-form corolla, ovules solitary, and leaves sessile and entire; +annuals. (Dedicated to <i>Philip Gil</i>, a Spanish botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. lineàris</b>, Gray. Branching and in age spreading, 6–18´ high; +leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute; +corolla 6´´ long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, very slender, with small +limb. (Collomia linearis, <i>Nutt.</i>)—From Minn. west to the Pacific.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="polemonium"><b>3. POLEMÒNIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Greek Valerian.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, herbaceous. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of +the very short tube of the open-bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla; filaments +slender, declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Capsule few–several-seeded.—Perennials, +with alternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes +confluent; the (blue or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An +ancient name, from <span class="greek">πόλεμος</span>, <i>war</i>, of doubtful application.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. réptans</b>, L. Smooth throughout or slightly pubescent; stems +weak and spreading (6–10´ high, never creeping as the name denotes); leaflets +5–15, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; corymbs few-flowered; flowers nodding, +calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the tube; <i>stamens and style</i> included; corolla +light blue, about ½´ wide; <i>capsules about 3-seeded</i>.—Woods, N. Y. to Minn., +south to Ala. and Mo. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page357"></a>2. <b>P. cærùleum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Jacob's Ladder.</span>) Stem erect (1–3° high); +leaflets 9–21, linear-lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, mostly crowded; +flowers numerous, in a thyrsus or contracted panicle; lobes of the calyx longer +than the tube; <i>stamens and style mostly exserted</i> beyond the bright blue corolla, +which is nearly 1´ broad; capsule several-seeded.—Rare in our range, occurring +in swamps and on mountains in N. H., N. Y., N. J., and Md., but common +in the western mountains and far northward.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="hydrophyllaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 71.</span> <b>HYDROPHYLLÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Waterleaf Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and +5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next order; but +the ovary entire and 1-celled with 2 parietal 4–many-ovuled placentæ, or +rarely 2-celled by the union of the placentæ in the axis; style 2-cleft, or 2 +separate styles; fruit a 2-valved 4–many-seeded capsule.</i>—Seeds mostly +reticulated or pitted. Embryo small in copious albumen.—Flowers +chiefly blue or white, in one-sided cymes or false racemes, which are +mostly bractless and coiled from the apex when young, as in the Borage +Family. A small order of plants of no marked properties; some cultivated +for ornament.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. HYDROPHYLLEÆ.</b> Ovary and capsule 1-celled. Seeds pitted or reticulated; +albumen cartilaginous. Leaves cut-toothed, lobed or pinnate. Style 2-cleft.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentæ, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in +our plants only 4) like an inner pericarp.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Hydrophyllum.</b> Stamens exserted; anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Nemophila.</b> Stamens included; anthers short. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Ellisia.</b> Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Ovary with narrow parietal placentæ, in fruit projecting inward more or less.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Phacelia.</b> Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of appendages.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. HYDROLEÆ.</b> Ovary and capsule 2-celled, the placentæ often projecting +from the axis far into the cells. Albumen fleshy. Leaves entire. Styles 2.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Hydrolea.</b> Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hydrophyllum"><b>1. HYDROPHÝLLUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Waterleaf.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open +in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes convolute in the bud; the +tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which +cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inward, forming a nectariferous +groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted; filaments more or less +bearded; anthers linear. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family); the +2 fleshy placentæ expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon +free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules +on the inner face. Capsule ripening 1–4 seeds, spherical.—Perennials, with +petioled ample leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name +formed of <span class="greek">ὕδωρ</span>, <i>water</i>, and <span class="greek">φύλλον</span>, <i>leaf</i>; of no obvious application.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Calyx with minute if any appendages; rootstocks creeping, scaly-toothed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. macrophýllum</b>, Nutt. <i>Rough-hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate and +pinnatifid; the divisions 9–13, ovate, obtuse</i>, coarsely cut-toothed; root-leaves<a name="page358"></a> +1° long; <i>peduncle shorter than the petiole</i>; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from +a broad base, very hairy; flowers (6´´ long) crowded in a globular cluster; anthers +short-oblong.—Rich woods, Ohio to Va. and Ala., west to the Mississippi. +July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. Virgínicum</b>, L. <i>Smoothish</i> (1–2° high); <i>leaves pinnately divided</i>; +<i>the divisions 5–7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed</i>, sharply cut-toothed, the +lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent; <i>peduncles longer than the petioles</i> +of the upper leaves, forked; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate; +flowers 3´´ long; anthers oblong-linear.—Rich woods. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>H. Canadénse</b>, L. <i>Nearly smooth</i> (1° high); <i>leaves</i> (3–5´ broad) +<i>palmately 5–7-lobed, rounded</i>, heart-shaped at base, unequally toothed, those +from the root sometimes with 2–3 small and scattered lateral leaflets; <i>peduncles +mostly shorter than the petioles</i>, forked, the nearly white flowers on very +short pedicels; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth, often with minute +teeth in the sinuses.—Damp rich woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of Va., and +west to the Mississippi. June–Aug.—Rootstocks thickened and very strongly +toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases of the stout petioles.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Calyx with a small reflexed lobe in each sinus; stamens little exserted.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>H. appendiculàtum</b>, Michx. Hairy; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, +rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided, cymes +rather loosely flowered; filiform pedicels and calyx bristly-hairy.—Damp +woods, Ont. to mountains of N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and Mo. June, July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="nemophila"><b>2. NEMÓPHILA</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, with a reflexed appendage in each sinus, more or less enlarged +in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped; the lobes convolute +in the bud; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Stamens +included; anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentæ (bearing each 2–12 ovules), +capsule and seeds as in Hydrophyllum.—Diffuse and fragile annuals, with +opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered peduncles; +the corolla white, blue, or marked with purple. (Name composed of <span class="greek">νέμος</span>, +<i>a grove</i>, and <span class="greek">φιλέω</span>, <i>to love</i>.) Some handsome species are garden annuals.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. micròcalyx</b>, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent; stems +diffusely spreading (2–8´ long); leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3–5 roundish +or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alternate; +peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles; flowers +minute; corolla white, longer than the calyx; placentæ each 2-ovuled; capsule +1–2-seeded.—Moist woods, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. April–June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ellisia"><b>3. ELLÍSIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corolla +bell-shaped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above; +the lobes imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages +within. Stamens included. Placentæ (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds +much as in Hydrophyllum.—Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or +divided leaves, the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for <i>John +Ellis</i>, a distinguished naturalist, an English correspondent of Linnæus.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page359"></a>1. <b>E. Nyctèlea</b>, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently +branched (6–12´ high); leaves pinnately parted into 7–13 lanceolate or linear-oblong +sparingly cut-toothed divisions; peduncles solitary in the forks or opposite +the leaves, 1-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate, pointed, about the length of +the cylindraceous (whitish) corolla (in fruit ovate-lanceolate, nearly ½´ long), +capsule pendulous. (E. ambigua, <i>Nutt.</i>; merely a slender form.)—Shady +damp places, N. J. to Va., west to Minn. and Mo. May–July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="phacelia"><b>4. PHACÈLIA</b>, Juss.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed; the +lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style) +exserted; anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placentæ adherent +to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inward more or less, the two +often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4–many seeded capsule. +(Ovules 2–30 on each placenta.)—Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with +simple, lobed, or divided leaves, and often handsome (blue, purple, or white) +flowers in scorpioid raceme-like cymes. (Name from <span class="greek">φάκελος</span>, <i>a fascicle</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. PHACELIA proper. <i>Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta); +corolla campanulate, with narrow folds or appendages within, the lobes entire.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. bipinnatífida</b>, Michx. Biennial; stem upright, hairy (1–2° +high), leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3–5-divided, the divisions or leaflets +ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or pinnatifid, +racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent; pedicels +about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved.—Shaded banks, in +rich soil, Ohio to Ill. and southward. May, June.—Corolla bright blue, 6´´ +broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal ciliate folds, covering as many externally +keeled deep grooves. Stamens bearded below and with the style exserted.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. COSMÁNTHUS. <i>Ovules and seeds as in § 1; corolla almost rotate, with +fimbriate lobes, and no appendages within; filaments villous-bearded, rarely +exserted; leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasping.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. Púrshii</b>, Buckley. Sparsely hairy; stem erect or ascending, branched +(8–12´ high); <i>lobes of the stem-leaves 5–9, oblong or lanceolate, acute; raceme +many-flowered; calyx-lobes lance-linear; corolla light blue</i>, varying to white +(about ½´ in diameter).—Moist wooded banks, W. Penn. to Minn., and southward. +April–June.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. fimbriàta</b>, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or ascending +(5–8´ long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3–5-divided into roundish leaflets; +the upper 5–7-cleft or cut-toothed, the <i>lobes obtuse; raceme 3–10-flowered; +calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse</i>, becoming spatulate; <i>corolla white</i> (3–4´´ broad).—Woods, +high mountains of Va. to Ala. May.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. COSMANTHOÌDES. <i>Ovules and seeds 2–8 on each placenta; corolla +rotate or campanulate, with entire lobes and no appendages.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. parviflòra</b>, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading +(3–8´ high); leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3–5 short lobes; +racemes solitary, loosely 5–15-flowered, pedicels filiform, at length several +times longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla open-campanulate, bluish-white<a name="page360"></a> +(4–6´´ broad); filaments hairy; capsule globular, 6–12-seeded, a half +shorter than the calyx.—Shaded banks, Penn. and Ohio to Mo., south to +S. C. and Tex. April–June.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>hirsùta</b>, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently +growing in more open dry soil; corolla larger, 5–7´´ in diameter; seeds 4–8.—Prairies +and barrens, S. W. Mo. to E. Tex.; also Va. and Ga.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. Covíllei</b>, Watson. Like the last; racemes 2–5-flowered; calyx-lobes +linear, in fruit 3´´ long or more; corolla tubular-campanulate with erect +limb; filaments glabrous; capsule depressed-globose; seeds 4, large.—Larkspur +Island in the Potomac, five miles above Washington. (<i>F. V. Coville.</i>)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 4. EÙTOCA. <i>Ovules and seeds numerous on each placenta; corolla rotate-campanulate, +with 10 vertical lamellæ within.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. Franklínii</b>, Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6–15´ high), rather +stout; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, +which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid; racemes short, dense, +crowded into an oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear; corolla blue.—Shores of +L. Superior, thence north and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hydrolea"><b>5. HYDRÒLEA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-campanulate or almost wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. +Filaments dilated at base. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule globular, 2-celled, with +very large and fleshy many-seeded placentæ, thin-walled, 2–4-valved or bursting +irregularly. Seeds minute, striate-ribbed.—Herbs or scarcely shrubby, +growing in water or wet places (whence the name, from <span class="greek">ὕδωρ</span>, <i>water</i>), with +entire leaves, often having spines in their axils, and clustered blue flowers.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. affìnis</b>, Gray. Glabrous throughout; stem ascending from a creeping +base, armed with small axillary spines; leaves lanceolate, tapering to a +very short petiole; flowers in small axillary leafy-bracted clusters; divisions +of the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting +globose capsule.—Banks of streams, S. Ill. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="borraginaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 72.</span> <b>BORRAGINÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Borage Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical +flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla</i> (except in Echium), +<i>5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a usually deeply 4-lobed +ovary</i> (<i>as in</i> Labiatæ), <i>forming in fruit 4 seed-like 1-seeded nutlets, or +separating into two 2-seeded or four 1-seeded nutlets</i>.—Albumen none. +Cotyledons plano-convex; radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. +Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla imbricated (in Myosotis +convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side of the branches of +a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is rolled up from the +end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate or scorpioid), +often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, mucilaginous, and +slightly bitter plants; the roots of some species yielding a red dye.)</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. HELIOTROPIEÆ.</b> Ovary not lobed; fruit separating into 2–4 nutlets.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Heliotropium.</b> Corolla salver-form. Stamens included. Nutlets 1–2-celled.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><a name="page361"></a><b>Tribe II. BORRAGINEÆ.</b> Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded +nutlets in fruit; style rising from the centre between them.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Corolla and stamens regular.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Nutlets armed, attached laterally; corolla short, closed by 5 scales.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Cynoglossum.</b> Nutlets horizontally radiate, much produced downward, covered +with barbed prickles.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Echinospermum.</b> Nutlets erect or ascending, the margin or back armed with +barbed prickles.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Nutlets not armed, attached more or less laterally.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Krynitzkia.</b> Corolla short, white, with closed throat. Nutlets attached along the +inner angle.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Mertensia.</b> Corolla trumpet-shaped with open throat, usually blue. Nutlets fleshy, +attached just above the base.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] Nutlets unarmed, attached by the very base, ovoid, mostly smooth and shining.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Scar flat, small. Racemes leafy-bracteate, except in n. 6.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Myosotis.</b> Corolla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and throat crested.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Lithospermum.</b> Corolla salver-form to funnel-form, its rounded lobes spreading; +the throat either naked or with low crests.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Onosmodium.</b> Corolla tubular, unappendaged, its erect lobes acute.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Scar large and excavated.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Symphytum.</b> Corolla oblong-tubular, enlarged above and closed by 5 scales.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Corolla irregular, limb and throat oblique and lobes unequal.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Lycopsis.</b> Corolla-tube curved, closed with hispid scales. Stamens included.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Echium.</b> Dilated throat of corolla unappendaged. Stamens unequal, exserted.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Asperùgo procúmbens</span>, L., a European annual, well marked by its much +enlarged membranaceous and veiny fructiferous calyx, has sparingly appeared +in waste grounds about New York and Philadelphia, and at Pipestone, Minn.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="heliotropium"><b>1. HELIOTRÒPIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Tournsole, Heliotrope.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, unappendaged, more or less plaited in +the bud. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short; stigma conical or capitate. +Fruit 2–4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed carpels, +or more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets.—Herbs or low shrubby +plants; leaves entire; fl. in summer, white (in our species). (The ancient +name, from <span class="greek">ἥλιος</span>, <i>the sun</i>, and <span class="greek">τροπή</span>, <i>a turn</i>, with reference to its flowering at +the summer solstice.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. HELIOTROPIUM proper. <i>Fruit 4-lobed, separating into four 1-celled +1-seeded nutlets. Style short.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers in bractless one-sided scorpioid spikes.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">H. Europæ̀um</span>, L. Erect annual (6–18´ high), hoary-pubescent; leaves +oval, long-petioled; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs; calyx spreading +in fruit, hairy.—Waste places, southward; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. Curassávicum</b>, L. Apparently annual, glabrous; stems ascending; +leaves lance-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless; spikes in +pairs.—Sandy seashore, Va.; saline soils, S. Ill., and south and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Inflorescence not at all scorpioid; flowers scattered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. tenéllum</b>, Torr. A span to a foot high, paniculately branched, +slender, strigose-canescent; leaves narrowly linear, with revolute margins; +flowers often bractless.—Open dry ground, Ky. to Mo. and Kan., south to +Ala. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page362"></a>§ 2. EÙPLOCA. <i>Fruit didymous, the 2 carpels each splitting into two 1-seeded +nutlets; style elongated; flowers scattered, large.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>H. convolvulàceum</b>, Gray. Low annual, strigose-hirsute and +hoary, much branched; leaves lanceolate, or ovate or even linear, short-petioled; +flowers opposite the leaves and terminal; corolla 6´´ broad, the +strigose-hirsute tube about twice as long as the linear sepals.—Sandy plains, +Neb. to W. Tex. A showy plant, with sweet-scented flowers.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. TIARÍDIUM. <i>Fruit 2-lobed, separating into two 2-celled 2-seeded carpels, +with sometimes a pair of empty false cells; style very short; flowers in +bractless scorpioid spikes.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">H. Índicum</span>, L. Erect and hairy annual; leaves petioled, ovate or oval +and somewhat heart-shaped; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, with +an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliophytum Indicum, +<i>DC.</i>)—Waste places, along the great rivers, from S. Ind. to Mo., and southward. +(Adv. from India.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cynoglossum"><b>2. CYNOGLÓSSUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Hound's-Tongue.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla funnel-form, the tube about equalling the 5-parted calyx, and throat +closed with 5 obtuse scales; lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nutlets depressed +or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, roughened +all over with short barbed or hooked prickles.—Coarse herbs, with a +strong scent and petioled lower leaves; the mostly panicled (so-called) racemes +naked above, usually bracted at base. Fl. all summer. (Name from <span class="greek">κύων</span>, <i>a +dog</i>, and <span class="greek">γλῶσσα</span>, <i>tongue</i>; from the shape and texture of the leaves.)</p> + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">C. officinàle</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Hound's-Tongue.</span>) Biennial; <i>clothed with +short soft hairs, leafy</i>, panicled above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile +by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; racemes nearly bractless; <i>corolla +reddish-purple</i> (rarely white); nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat +margined.—Waste ground and pastures; a familiar and troublesome weed; +the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Virgínicum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Comfrey.</span>) Perennial; <i>roughish with +spreading bristly hairs</i>; stem simple, <i>few-leaved</i> (2–3° high); stem-leaves +lanceolate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base; <i>racemes few and +corymbed, raised on long naked peduncles</i>, bractless; <i>corolla pale blue</i>; nutlets +strongly convex.—Open woods, Ont. and Sask. to Fla. and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="echinospermum"><b>3. ECHINOSPÉRMUM</b>, Lehm. <span class="smcap">Stickseed.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla salver-form, short, imbricated in the bud, the throat closed with 5 +short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed laterally to the base of +the style or central column, triangular or compressed, the back armed all over +or with 1–3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise +naked.—Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue to whitish flowers +in racemes or spikes; ours annuals or biennials, flowering all summer. (Name +compounded of <span class="greek">ἐχῖνος</span>, <i>a hedgehog</i>, and <span class="greek">σπέρμα</span>, <i>seed</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Racemes panicled, leafy-bracteate at base; slender pedicels recurved or deflexed +in fruit; calyx-lobes short, at length reflexed; biennial, not hispid.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. Virgínicum</b>, Lehm. (<span class="smcap">Beggar's Lice.</span>) Stem 2–4° high; radical +leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled; cauline (3–8´ long) ovate-oblong<a name="page363"></a> +to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; loosely paniculate +racemes divaricate; pedicel and flower each a line long; <i>nutlets of the globose +fruit equally short-glochidiate over the whole back</i>. (Cynoglossum Morisoni, +<i>DC.</i>)—Borders of woods and thickets, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Va. and La.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. defléxum</b>, Lehm., var. <b>Americànum</b>, Gray. Diffusely branched, +about 1° high, leaves oblong to lanceolate, racemes lax, loosely paniculate; +flowers small; <i>nutlets of the globular-pyramidal fruit only marginally glochidiate</i>.—Iowa, +Minn., and northward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. floribúndum</b>, Lehm. Rather strict, 2° high or more; leaves +oblong- to linear-lanceolate, the lowest tapering into margined petioles; racemes +numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict; corolla larger +(blue, sometimes white), 2–3´´ in diameter; nutlets scabrous and margined +with a close row of flat subulate prickles.—Minn. and Sask., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Racemes leafy-bracteate, stout pedicels not deflexed; calyx becoming foliaceous; +leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate; hispid annuals.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">Láppula</span>, Lehm. Erect, 1–2° high, nutlets rough-granulate or tuberculate +on the back, the margins with a double row of slender distinct prickles, +or these irregular over most of the back.—Waste and cultivated grounds, +from Canada to the Middle Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>E. Redówskii</b>, Lehm., var. <b>occidentàle</b>, Watson. Erect, 1–2° +high, at length diffuse; nutlets irregularly and minutely sharp-tuberculate, +the margins armed with a single row of stout flattened prickles sometimes +confluent at base.—Minn. to Tex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="krynitzkia"><b>4. KRYNÍTZKIA</b>, Fisch. & Meyer.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted or deeply cleft, erect or little spreading in fruit. Corolla +short, usually with more or less fornicate throat. Nutlets erect and straight, +unarmed, attached to the axis either at inner edge of base or ventrally from +the base upward.—Ours are very hispid annuals or biennials, with small +white flowers in scorpioid spikes. A large western genus. (Dedicated to +<i>Prof. J. Krynitzki</i>, of Cracow.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>K. crassisépala</b>, Gray. Annual, diffusely much branched, a span +high, very rough-hispid; <i>leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate</i>; flowers very +small, short-pedicelled, mostly bracteate; <i>lobes of the persistent calyx closed +over the fruit, the midrib below becoming much thickened</i> and indurated; nutlets +ovate, acute, <i>dissimilar</i>, 3 of them muricate-granulate and 1 larger and smooth, +<i>attached from the base to the middle</i>.—Plains, Sask. to Kan., Tex. and N. Mex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="mertensia"><b>5. MERTÉNSIA</b>, Roth. <span class="smcap">Lungwort.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, longer than the deeply 5-cleft +or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in the +open throat. Anthers oblong or arrow-shaped. Style long and thread-form. +Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached next +the base by a prominent internal angle, the scar small.—Smooth or soft-hairy +perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue +(rarely white) flowers, in loose and short panicled or corymbed raceme-like +clusters, only the lower one leafy-bracted; pedicels slender. (Named for +<i>Prof. Francis Charles Mertens</i>, a German botanist.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page364"></a>[*] <i>Corolla trumpet-shaped, with spreading nearly entire limb and naked throat; +filaments slender, exserted; hypogynous disk 2-lobed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. Virgínica</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort. Blue Bells.</span>) +Very smooth, pale, erect (1–2° high); leaves obovate, veiny, those at the root +(4–6´ long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1´ long, many times exceeding +the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white; nutlets dull and roughish.—Alluvial +banks, N. Y. to Minn., S. C., and Ark. May. Cultivated for ornament.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Corolla with conspicuously 5-lobed limb, and crested throat.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Filaments broad and short; nutlets dull, wrinkled or roughish when dry.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. paniculàta</b>, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (1–2° +high), loosely branched, <i>leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ribbed, +thin</i>; corolla (6´´ long) somewhat funnel-form, 3–4 times the length of the +lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx, filaments broader and shorter than the +anthers.—Shore of L. Superior and north and westward. July and Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>M. lanceolàta</b>, DC. Glabrous or hirsute, pale, 1° high or less, simple +or branched, <i>leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear, smaller (1–2´ long), +nearly veinless, obtuse or acute</i>; corolla-tube somewhat longer than the lanceolate +calyx-lobes; <i>filaments generally longer than the anthers</i>.—Dak. to N. Mex. +and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Filaments longer and narrower than the anthers; nutlets shining, utricular.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>M. marítima</b>, Don. (<span class="smcap">Sea Lungwort.</span>) Spreading or decumbent, +smooth, glaucous; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate or spatulate, the upper surface +becoming papillose; corolla white, bell-funnel-form (3´´ long), twice the +length of the calyx.—Sea-coast, on rocks and sand, Cape Cod to Maine and +northward; scarce. June–Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="myosotis"><b>6. MYOSÒTIS</b>, Dill. <span class="smcap">Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft +calyx, the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the +rounded lobes; the latter convolute in the bud! Stamens included, on very +short filaments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base; the scar minute.—Low +and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem +sessile, and with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless, +or occasionally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and +straightened in fruit. Flowering through the season. (Name composed of +<span class="greek">μύς</span>, <i>mouse</i>, and <span class="greek">οὖς</span>, <span class="greek">ὠτός</span>, <i>ear</i>, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft +leaves in some species; one popular name is <span class="smcap">Mouse-ear</span>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked or glandular.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">palústris</span>, Withering. (<span class="smcap">True Forget-me-not.</span>) Perennial; stems +ascending from an oblique creeping base (9–20´ high), loosely branched, +smoothish; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong; calyx-lobes +much shorter than its tube; limb of corolla 3 or 4 lines broad, sky-blue +with a yellow eye.—In wet ground, probably only escaped from cultivation. +(Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. láxa</b>, Lehm. Perennial from filiform subterranean shoots; stems +very slender, decumbent; pubescence all appressed; leaves lanceolate-oblong<a name="page365"></a> +or somewhat spatulate; calyx-lobes as long as its tube; limb of corolla 2 or +3´´ broad, paler blue. (M. palustris, var. laxa, <i>Gray</i>.)—In water and wet +ground, Newf. to N. Y. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Calyx closing or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, some +minutely hooked or gland-tipped; corolla small; annual or biennial.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. arvénsis</b>, Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or ascending +(6–15´ high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish; <i>racemes naked at the base +and stalked</i>; corolla blue, rarely white; <i>pedicels spreading in fruit and longer +than the 5-cleft equal calyx</i>.—Fields, etc.; not very common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>M. vérna</b>, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4–12´ +high); <i>leaves obtuse</i>, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong; <i>racemes +leafy at the base</i>; corolla very small, white, with a short limb; <i>pedicels in fruit +erect and appressed</i> at the base, usually abruptly bent outward near the apex, +<i>rather shorter than the deeply 5-cleft unequal</i> (somewhat 2-lipped) <i>very hispid +calyx</i>.—Dry ground, rather common. May–July.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">versícolor</span>, Pers. More slender than the last, simple at base; racemes +loose, mostly naked at base; <i>flowers almost sessile; corolla pale yellow changing +to blue or violet; calyx deeply and equally 5-cleft</i>.—Fields, Del. (Nat. +from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lithospermum"><b>7. LITHOSPÉRMUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Gromwell. Puccoon.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped; the open throat naked, or +with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite +each lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft, its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, +almost sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or +stony, fixed by the base; scar nearly flat.—Herbs, with thickish and commonly +red roots and sessile leaves; flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and +leafy-bracted, sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of +style. (Name formed of <span class="greek">λίθος</span>, <i>stone</i>, and <span class="greek">σπέρμα</span>, <i>seed</i>, from the hard nutlets.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull; throat of the +(nearly white) corolla destitute of any evident folds or appendages.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">arvénse</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Corn Gromwell.</span>) Minutely rough-hoary, annual or +biennial; stems erect (6–12´ high); leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless; +corolla scarcely longer than the calyx.—Sandy banks and roadsides. May–Aug. +(Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Nutlets smooth and shining, white like ivory; corolla greenish-white or pale-yellow, +small, with 5 distinct pubescent scales in the throat; perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">officinàle</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Gromwell.</span>) Much branched above, erect +(1–2° high); <i>leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute</i>, with a few distinct +veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; <i>corolla exceeding the calyx</i>.—Roadsides, +N. Eng. to Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. latifòlium</b>, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2–3° high), +rough; <i>leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed</i> (even the floral +ones 2–4´ long), <i>ribbed-veined</i>, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, +the root leaves large and rounded; <i>corolla shorter than the calyx</i>.—Open +ground and borders of woods, W. New York to Minn., south to Va. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <b>BÁTSCHIA.</b> <i>Nutlets white, smooth and shining; corolla large, salver-form +or nearly so, deep orange-yellow, somewhat pubescent, the tube much<a name="page366"></a> +exceeding the calyx, and the throat appendaged. (Roots perennial, long +and deep, yielding a red dye.)</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Corolla-tube one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than the +ample limb, the lobes entire; appendages little if at all projecting.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. hírtum</b>, Lehm. <i>Hispid</i> with bristly hairs (1–2° high); stem-leaves +lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches ovate-oblong, +bristly-ciliate; <i>corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside</i> (limb 8–12´´ broad); +<i>flowers distinctly peduncled</i>, crowded, showy; <i>fruiting calyx</i> (½´ long) 3–4 +times longer than the nutlets.—Pine barrens, etc., N. Y. to Minn., south and +westward. April–June.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. canéscens</b>, Lehm. (<span class="smcap">Puccoon</span> of the Indians.) <i>Softly hairy</i> and +more or less <i>hoary</i> (6–15´ high); <i>leaves obtuse</i>, linear-oblong, or the upper +ovate-oblong, more or less <i>downy beneath</i> and roughish with close appressed +hairs above; <i>flowers sessile; corolla naked at the base within; fruiting calyx</i> +(3´´ long) <i>barely twice the length of the nutlets</i>.—Plains and open woods, in +sandy soil, Ont. to Va., Ala., and westward. May.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Corolla-tube in well-developed flowers 2–4 times the length of the calyx and +of its erose-toothed lobes, and the appendages conspicuous and arching; later +flowers small, cleistogenous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. angustifòlium</b>, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the +base, 6–18´ high, minutely rough-strigose and hoary; leaves linear; flowers +pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts; the earlier large and showy (corolla-tube +8–18´´ long), the later and those of more diffusely branching plants, +with inconspicuous or small and pale corollas, without crests, and the pedicels +commonly recurved in fruit; nutlets usually punctate. (L. longiflorum, +<i>Spreng.</i>; the long-flowered form.)—Dry and sterile or sandy soil, Ind. and +Mich. to Dak. and Tex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="onosmodium"><b>8. ONOSMÒDIUM</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">False Gromwell.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular-funnel-form, +not crested (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed), the 5 acute +lobes converging or barely spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow-shaped, +mucronate, inserted in the throat. Style thread-form, much exserted. +Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, erect, fixed by the base; the scar +minute, not hollowed out.—Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with +oblong and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish +flowers, in at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like clusters; in summer.—Our +species belong to true <span class="smcap">Onosmodium</span>, with smooth included anthers +on very short filaments; the corolla rarely twice the length of the calyx. +(Named from the likeness to the genus <i>Onosma</i>, which name means <i>ass-smell</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. Virginiànum</b>, DC. <i>Clothed all over with harsh and rigid appressed +short bristles</i>; stems rather slender (1–2° high); <i>leaves narrowly +oblong</i>, or oblong-lanceolate (1–2½´ long), the lower narrowed at base; <i>lobes +of the narrow corolla lance-awl-shaped</i>, sparingly bearded outside with long +bristles.—Banks and hillsides, N. Eng. to Fla., Mo., and La.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>O. Caroliniànum</b>, DC. <i>Shaggy all over with long and spreading +bristly hairs</i>; stem stout, upright (2–4° high); <i>leaves ovate-lanceolate or<a name="page367"></a> +oblong-lanceolate</i>, acute; lobes of the rather broad corolla <i>ovate-triangular or +triangular-lanceolate, thickly hirsute outside</i>.—Alluvial grounds, W. New York +to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>mólle</b>, Gray. <i>Pubescence shorter and less spreading or appressed</i>, +1–2° high; leaves mostly smaller (2´ long), when young softly strigose-canescent +beneath. (O. molle, <i>Michx.</i>)—Ill. to Minn., Tex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="symphytum"><b>9. SÝMPHYTUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Comfrey.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed, the short teeth spreading; +the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens +included; anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, +erect, fixed by the large hollowed base, which is finely toothed on its margin.—Coarse +perennial herbs, with thickened bitterish mucilaginous roots; +the nodding raceme-like clusters either single or in pairs. (Ancient Greek +name from <span class="greek">συμφεῖν</span>, <i>to grow together</i>, probably for its reputed healing virtues.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">officinàle</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Comfrey.</span>) Hairy, branched, winged +above by the decurrent leaves; the lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering +into a petiole, the upper narrower; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish.—Moist +places; escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lycopsis"><b>10. LYCÓPSIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Bugloss.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla funnel-shaped, with curved tube and slightly unequal limb; the +throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales opposite the lobes. Stamens +and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed-out +base.—Annuals. (Name from <span class="greek">λύκος</span>, <i>a wolf</i>, and <span class="greek">ὄψις</span>, <i>face</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">arvénsis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Small Bugloss.</span>) Very rough-bristly (1° high); +leaves lanceolate; flowers in leafy raceme-like clusters; calyx as long as the +tube of the small blue corolla.—Dry or sandy fields, New Eng. to Va.; +scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="echium"><b>11. ÉCHIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Viper's Bugloss.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less unequal +spreading 5-lobed border; lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. +Stamens mostly exserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or +wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from <span class="greek">ἔχις</span>, <i>a viper</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">vulgàre</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Blue-weed.</span>) Rough-bristly biennial; stem erect +(2° high), mostly simple; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers showy, +in short lateral clusters, disposed in a long and narrow thyrsus; corolla reddish-purple +changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale).—Roadsides and meadows +of the Middle Atlantic States. June. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="convolvulaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 73.</span> <b>CONVOLVULÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Convolvulus Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with +alternate leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers; a calyx of 5 +imbricated sepals, a 5-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in +the bud (imbricate in n. 6); a 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary (or in one +tribe 2 separate pistils), with a pair of erect ovules in each cell, the cells +sometimes doubled by a false partition between the seeds, so becoming +4-celled; the embryo large, curved or coiled in mucilaginous albumen.</i>—Fruit +a globular 2–6-seeded capsule. Flowers mostly showy, on axillary +peduncles; pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are cultivated<a name="page368"></a> +for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous +roots, those of several species are cathartic; e.g. Jalap.)</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. DICHONDREÆ.</b> Carpels 2 or 4, distinct or nearly so; styles 2 basilar. +Creeping herbs.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Dichondra.</b> Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Pistils 2, one-seeded.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. CONVOLVULEÆ.</b> Ovary entire. Leafy plants, mostly twiners.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Ipomœa.</b> Style undivided, with stigma capitate or 2–3-globose.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Convolvulus.</b> Style undivided or 2-cleft only at apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to +subulate or ovate.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Breweria.</b> Style 2-cleft or 2-parted; the divisions simple; stigmas capitate.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Evolvulus.</b> Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Not twining.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. CUSCUTEÆ.</b> Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, never green. +Embryo filiform, coiled, without cotyledons.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Cuscuta.</b> The only genus of the group.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dichondra"><b>1. DICHÓNDRA</b>, Forst.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included. +Styles, ovaries, and utricular 1–2-seeded capsules 2, distinct. Stigmas thick.—Small +and creeping perennial herbs, soft pubescent, with kidney-shaped +entire leaves, and axillary 1-flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yellowish +or white. (Name from <span class="greek">δίς</span>, <i>double</i>, and <span class="greek">χόνδρος</span>, <i>a grain</i>, from the +fruit.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. rèpens</b>, Forst. Leaves round kidney-shaped, pubescent, green +both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (1–1½´´ long).—Wet ground, +Va. to Tex., near the coast.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ipomoea"><b>2. IPOMŒ̀A</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Morning Glory.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. Corolla +salver-form or funnel-form to nearly campanulate; the limb entire or slightly +lobed. Style undivided, terminated by a single capitate or 2–3-globose stigma. +Capsule globular, 4–6 (by abortion fewer) -seeded, 2–4-valved. (Name, +according to Linnæus, from <span class="greek">ἴψ</span>, <i>a Bindweed</i>, and <span class="greek">ὅμοιος</span>, <i>like</i>; but <span class="greek">ἴψ</span> is <i>a worm</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1 QUÁMOCLIT. <i>Corolla salver-form, or with somewhat funnel-form but narrow +tube; stamens and style exserted; flowers red. Annual twiners.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>I.</b> <span class="smcap">Quámoclit</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cypress-Vine.</span>) Leaves pinnately parted into linear-thread-shaped +delicate parallel lobes; peduncles 1-flowered; corolla narrow, +scarlet-red, or sometimes white. (Quamoclit vulgaris, <i>Choisy</i>.)—Sparingly +spontaneous southward. (Trop. Amer., etc.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>I.</b> <span class="smcap">coccínea</span>, L. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire or angled, sepals +awn-pointed; corolla light scarlet (1´ long). (Quamoclit coccinea, <i>Moench</i>.)—River +banks, etc., Ohio to Ill., Va., and southward. (Probably indigenous in +N. Mex. and Arizona.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. IPOMŒ̀A proper. <i>Corolla funnel-form or nearly campanulate, contorted +in the bud; stamens and style not exserted.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] (<span class="smcap">Morning Glory.</span>) <i>Lobes of stigma and cells 3; sepals long and narrow, +attenuate upward, mostly hirsute below, corolla purple, blue, and white.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>I.</b> <span class="smcap">hederàcea</span>, Jacq. Stems retrorsely hairy, <i>leaves heart-shaped, 3-lobed</i>, +the lobes acute or acuminate; peduncles short, or rather long, 1–3-flowered; +calyx densely hairy below; corolla white and purple or pale blue (1–1½´ +long). (I. Nil. of Manual, not <i>Roth</i>.)—Waste and cultivated ground, Penn. +to Fla., and La. (Trop. Amer.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page369"></a><b>I.</b> <span class="smcap">purpùrea</span>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Common Morning-Glory.</span>) Annual, stems retrorsely +hairy; <i>leaves heart shaped, acuminate, entire</i>; peduncles long, umbellately +3–5-flowered; calyx bristly hairy below; corolla funnel-form (2´ long), +purple, varying to white.—Escaped in cultivated grounds. (Trop. Amer.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stigma 2-lobed or entire; cells 2, each 2-seeded; sepals broader, imbricated.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves cordate, acuminate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1 <b>I. panduràta</b>, Meyer. (<span class="smcap">Wild Potato-vine. Man-of-the-Earth.</span>) +Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining; +leaves occasionally contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped; <i>peduncles +longer than the petioles</i>, 1–5-flowered; <i>sepals smooth, ovate-oblong, very obtuse</i>; +corolla open-funnel-form (3´ long), white with purple in the tube.—Dry +ground, Conn. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. June–Aug. Stems long +and stout, from a huge root, which often weighs 10–20 pounds.</p> + +<p class="species">2 <b>I. lacunòsa</b>, L. Annual; rather smooth; stem twining and creeping, +slender; leaves entire or angled-lobed; <i>peduncles short</i>, 1–3-flowered; +<i>sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-ciliate</i> or hairy, half the length of the +sharply 5-lobed (white, ½–{1/3}´ long) corolla.—River-banks and low grounds, +Penn. to Ill., south to S. C. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves linear; not twining.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3 <b>I. leptophýlla</b>, Torr. Perennial, very glabrous; stems erect or +ascending (2–4° high), with slender recurving branches, from an immense +root (weighing 10–100 pounds); leaves 2–4´ long, 2–3´´ wide, short-petioled, +acute; peduncles short, 1–2-flowered; sepals broadly ovate, very obtuse, outer +ones shorter; corolla pink-purple, funnel-form, about 3´ long.—Plains of +Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="convolvulus"><b>3. CONVÓLVULUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Bindweed.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla funnel-form to campanulate. Stamens included. Style undivided +or 2-cleft only at the apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate. +Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled by spurious partitions between +the 2 seeds, or by abortion 1-celled, mostly 2–4-valved.—Herbs or +somewhat shrubby plants, either twining, erect, or prostrate. (Name from +<i>convolvo</i>, to entwine.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1 CALYSTÈGIA. <i>Stigmas oval to oblong; calyx enclosed in 2 broad +leafy brats.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1 <b>C. spithamæ̀us</b>, L. <i>Downy; stem low and mostly simple, upright +or ascending</i> (6–12´ long); leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped or +auricled base; corolla white (2´ long); stigmas oval. (Calystegia spithamæa, +<i>Pursh</i>.)—Dry and sandy or rocky soil; not rare.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. sèpium</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Hedge Bindweed.</span>) Glabrous, or more or less +pubescent; stem <i>twining or sometimes trailing extensively</i>; leaves triangular-halberd-shaped +or arrow-shaped, acute or pointed, the basal lobes obliquely +truncate and often somewhat toothed or sinuate-lobed; peduncles 4-angled; +bracts commonly acute; corolla white or tinged with rose-color (1½–2´ long). +(Calystegia sepium, <i>R. Br.</i>)—Moist alluvial soil, or along streams; N. Atlantic +States and westward. (Eu., etc.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Americànus</b>, Sims. Glabrous; corolla pink or rose-purple; bracts +obtuse. (C. sepium of Am. authors mainly.)—Common, across the continent.</p> + +<p class="variety"><a name="page370"></a>Var. <b>rèpens</b>, Gray. More or less pubescent; sterile and sometimes +flowering stems extensively prostrate; leaves more narrowly sagittate or cordate, +the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire; corolla from +almost white to rose-color; bracts very obtuse or acute. (Calystegia sepium, +var. pubescens, <i>Gray</i>.)—Common.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Stigmas filiform; no bracts at or near the base of the calyx.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">arvénsis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bindweed.</span>) Perennial; stem procumbent or twining, +and low; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute; +peduncles mostly 1-flowered; bracts minute, remote; corolla (9´´ long) white +or tinged with reddish.—Old fields, N. Atlantic States. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="breweria"><b>4. BREWÈRIA</b>, R. Br.</p> + +<p>Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below; +stigmas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus.—Perennial +prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs; flowers small; in summer; +corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named for <i>Samuel Brewer</i>, an +English botanist or amateur of the 18th century.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. humistràta</b>, Gray. <i>Sparsely hairy</i> or nearly smooth; leaves +varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base to linear, mucronate +or emarginate; peduncles 1–7-flowered; bracts shorter than the pedicels; +<i>sepals pointed, glabrous</i> or nearly so; <i>corolla white; filaments hairy; styles +united at base</i>. (Bonamia humistrata, <i>Gray</i>.)—Dry pine barrens, Va. to La.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>B. aquática</b>, Gray. <i>Minutely soft downy</i> and somewhat hoary; peduncles +1–3-flowered; <i>sepals silky; corolla pink or purple; filaments smooth; +styles almost distinct</i>; otherwise nearly as n. 1. (Bonamia aquatica, <i>Gray</i>.)—Wet +pine barrens and margins of ponds, N. C. to Tex., extending into Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>B. Pickeríngii</b>, Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish; <i>leaves very +narrowly linear</i> or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly +sessile; peduncles 1–3-flowered; <i>bracts resembling the leaves</i>, mostly exceeding +the flowers; <i>sepals hairy; filaments</i> (scarcely hairy) <i>and styles (united far +above the middle) exserted from the open white corolla</i>. (Bonamia Pickeringii, +<i>Gray</i>.)—Dry pine barrens and prairies, N. J. and southward; also W. Ill.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="evolvulus"><b>5. EVÓLVULUS</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at base. Corolla open funnel-form or almost rotate. +Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas obtuse. Capsule 2-celled; the cells +2-seeded.—Low and small herbs or suffrutescent plants, mostly diffuse, never +twining (hence the name, from <i>evolvo</i>, to unroll, in contrast with Convolvulus).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. argénteus</b>, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base, +dwarf, silky-villous all over; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the +lower oblong spatulate and short-petioled, about ½´ long; flowers almost sessile +in the axils; corolla purple, 3´´ broad.—Sterile plains and prairies, Dak. +and Neb. to Mo. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cuscuta"><b>6. CÚSCUTA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Dodder.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-shaped, +or short-tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, imbricate. +Stamens with a scale-like often fringed appendage at base. Ovary 2-celled,<a name="page371"></a> +4-ovuled; styles distinct, or rarely united. Capsule mostly 4-seeded. Embryo +thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of +cotyledons, sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule); +germination occurring in the soil.—Leafless annual herbs, with thread-like +yellowish or reddish stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of leaves; +on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of herbs +and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of suckers +developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered, +mostly white; usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name supposed +to be of Arabic derivation.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Stigmas elongated; capsule circumscissile.</i></p> + +<p class="species">C. <span class="smcap">Epílinum</span>, Weihe. (<span class="smcap">Flax Dodder.</span>) Stems very slender, low; flowers +globular, sessile in dense scattered heads; corolla 5-parted, short-cylindrical, +scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, persistent +around the capsule; stamens included; scales short, broad, crenulate, shorter +than the globose ovary.—Flax-fields; in Europe very injurious; sparingly +introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June.</p> + +<p class="species">C. <span class="smcap">Epíthymum</span>, Murr. Stems very slender; flowers capitate; corolla-lobes +spreading, the cylindrical tube longer than the suberect acute sepals; scales +large, contiguous, toothed; stamens exserted.—Occasionally found in clover-fields. +(Int. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Stigmas capitate; capsule indehiscent.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule depressed-globose.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flowers in dense or globular clusters; corolla with short and wide tube, persistent +at the base of the capsule; styles mostly shorter than the ovary.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. chlorocárpa</b>, Engelm. <i>Stems coarse, orange-colored</i>; flowers +white (1–1¼´ long); <i>lobes of calyx and corolla</i> (mostly 4) <i>acute</i>, often longer +than the tube; <i>scales small, 2-cleft</i>, often reduced to a few teeth; the thin capsule +pale greenish-yellow.—Wet places, from Wisc. and Minn. to Ark.; also +in Penn. and Del., often on Polygonum.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. arvénsis</b>, Beyrich. <i>Stems pale and slender</i>, low; <i>flowers smaller</i> +(hardly 1´´ long); <i>calyx-lobes (5) obtuse</i>, mostly very broad; those of the corolla +acuminate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points, <i>scales large, deeply +fringed</i>.—Rather dry soil on various low plants, N. Y. to Fla., west to the +Pacific. Very variable.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers in panicled often compound cymes; styles slender, mostly longer +than the ovary; corolla withering on the summit of the large capsule.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. tenuiflòra</b>, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather high-climbing; +flowers (1´´ long or less) on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous; +lobes of calyx and corolla oblong, obtuse, the latter mostly shorter than the +slender deeply campanulate tube; scales shorter than the tube, fringed.—On +tall herbs and shrubs in wet places, Penn. to Minn., and south to Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule pointed, the latter enveloped or +capped by the marcescent corolla; flowers in loose panicled cymes.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Acute tips of the corolla-lobes inflexed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. decòra</b>, Engelm. Stems coarse; flowers fleshy and more or less +papillose; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; those of the broadly campanulate<a name="page372"></a> +corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, <i>spreading; scales large, deeply +fringed; capsule enveloped by remains of corolla</i>. (C. indecora, <i>Choisy</i>.)—Var. +<span class="smcap">pulchérrima</span>, Engelm. The larger form, with coarser stems, and conspicuous +flowers 1½–2½´´ long and wide; anthers and stigmas yellow or deep purple.—Wet +prairies, on herbs and low shrubs (principally Leguminosæ and Compositæ), +from Ill. to Fla. and Tex., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. infléxa</b>, Engelm. Similar to the preceding; flowers of the same +structure, but <i>smaller</i> (only 1´´ long), generally 4-merous; corolla deeper, <i>with +erect lobes, finally capping the capsule; scales reduced to a few teeth</i>.—Open +woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) or coarse herbs, southern N. Eng. +to Neb. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>C. Gronòvii</b>, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high; corolla-lobes +mostly shorter than the deeply campanulate tube; scales copiously +fringed; <i>capsule globose, umbonate</i>.—Wet shady places, Canada to Minn., +south to Fla. and Tex. The commonest of our species. Flowers very variable +in size and compactness of clusters.—Var. <span class="smcap">latiflòra</span>, Engelm., is a form +with flowers of more delicate texture, and shorter tube and longer lobes to +the corolla. Common northward.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>C. rostràta</b>, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding; flowers larger +(2–3´´ long), more delicate and whiter; lobes of corolla and calyx shorter +than its tube; slender styles longer; <i>ovary bottle-shaped; capsule long-pointed</i>.—Shady +valleys in the Alleghanies, from Md. and Va., southward; on tall +herbs, rarely shrubs.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Sepals 5, distinct, surrounded by 2 or more similar bracts; styles capillary; +scales large, deeply fringed; capsule capped by the marcescent corolla.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>C. cuspidàta</b>, Engelm. Stems slender; flowers (1½–2¼´´ long) thin, +<i>on bracteolate pedicels in loose panicles</i>; the ovate-orbicular bracts and sepals +and the oblong corolla-lobes cuspidate or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter +than the cylindrical tube; styles many times longer than the ovary, at length +exserted.—Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminosæ, etc., +Neb. to Tex., occasionally down the Missouri as far as St. Louis.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>C. compácta</b>, Juss. Stems coarse; <i>flowers closely sessile in densely +compact clusters; bracts (3–5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly crenate, +appressed</i>, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the +corolla; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter.—Along +the west side of the Alleghanies from Ont. to Ala., west to Mo. and +Tex. In damp woods, almost always on shrubs.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>C. glomeràta</b>, Choisy. Flowers <i>very densely clustered</i>, forming +knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated +with scarious oblong <i>bracts, their tips recurved-spreading; sepals nearly similar</i>, +shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens nearly as long +as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed corolla-lobes; style several +times longer than the ovary.—Wet prairies, Ohio to Minn., Kan., and +Tex., mostly on tall Compositæ. The rope-like twists (½–¾´ thick), of white +flowers with golden yellow anthers imbedded in a mass of curly bracts, have +a singular appearance.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="solanaceae"><a name="page373"></a><span class="smcap">Order 74.</span> <b>SOLANÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Nightshade Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with colorless juice and alternate leaves, regular +5-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels; the corolla imbricate +or valvate in the bud, and mostly plaited; the fruit a 2-celled (rarely +3–5-celled) many-seeded capsule or berry.</i>—Seeds campylotropous or +amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. +Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. +Style and stigma single. Placentæ in the axis, often projecting far into +the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the fruits mostly narcotic, +often very poisonous, while some are edible.)—A large family in the +tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It shades off into Scrophulariaceæ, +from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens +generally distinguish it.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed; the lobes valvate and their margins usually +turned inward in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a berry.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Solanum.</b> Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud. Anthers separate.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Fruit a berry, closely invested by an herbaceous (not angled) calyx.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Chamæsaracha.</b> Corolla plicate, 5-angulate. Pedicels solitary, recurved in fruit.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Fruit a berry, enclosed in the bladdery-inflated calyx. Corolla widely expanding.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Physalis.</b> Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-celled.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Nicandra.</b> Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3–5-celled.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Lycium.</b> Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+][+] Fruit a capsule.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Hyoscyamus.</b> Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled capsule, which opens +by the top falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Datura.</b> Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Capsule prickly, naked, more or less 4-celled, +4-valved. Corolla funnel-form.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Nicotiana.</b> Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="solanum"><b>1. SOLÀNUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Nightshade.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4–10-parted), the +latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or induplicate. Stamens exserted; filaments +very short; anthers converging around the style, opening at the tip +by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled.—Herbs, or shrubs in warm +climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) +one; the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary.—A vast genus, +chiefly in warmer regions, including the <span class="smcap">Potato</span> (<span class="smcap">S. tuberòsum</span>) and the +<span class="smcap">Egg-plant</span> (<span class="smcap">S. Melongèna</span>); while the <span class="smcap">Tomato</span> (<span class="smcap">Lycopérsicum esculéntum</span>) +is closely related. (Name of unknown derivation.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Not prickly; anthers blunt; flowers and globose naked berries small.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Perennial, climbing or twining.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">Dulcamàra</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bittersweet.</span>) More or less pubescent; leaves +ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes or +leaflets at base; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes; berries oval, red.—Moist +banks and around dwellings. June–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="key"><a name="page374"></a>[+][+] <i>Simple-leaved annuals.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. triflòrum</b>, Nutt. Low, spreading, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous; +<i>leaves oblong, pinnatifid</i> (7–9-lobed) with rounded sinuses; peduncles 1–3-flowered; +corolla white; <i>berries green</i>, as large as a small cherry.—Central Kan., +and westward; chiefly a weed near dwellings.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. nìgrum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Nightshade.</span>) Low, much branched and +often spreading, nearly glabrous, rough on the angles; <i>leaves ovate, wavy-toothed</i>; +<i>flowers</i> white, <i>in small umbel-like lateral clusters</i>, drooping; <i>calyx +spreading</i>; filaments hairy; <i>berries</i> globular, <i>black</i>.—Shaded grounds and +fields; common, appearing as if introduced, but a cosmopolite. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <span class="smcap">villòsum</span>, Mill. Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous; leaves +small, conspicuously angular-dentate; filaments glabrous; berries yellow.—Established +near Philadelphia, from ballast. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">grácile</span>, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2–3° +high), with virgate spreading branches; leaves <i>ovate and ovate-lanceolate, nearly +entire</i>; corolla white or bluish; <i>calyx somewhat appressed to the black berry</i>.—Coast +of N. C., and about ballast near Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Am.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>More or less prickly; anthers tapering upward; pubescence stellate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Perennial; fruit naked; anthers equal; corolla violet, rarely white.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. Carolinénse</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Horse-Nettle.</span>) <i>Hirsute or roughish-pubescent +with 4–8-rayed hairs; prickles stout, yellowish</i>, copious (rarely scanty); <i>leaves +oblong</i> or ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid, racemes +simple, soon lateral; <i>calyx-lobes acuminate; berries about 6´´ broad</i>.—Sandy +soil and waste grounds, Conn. to Iowa, south to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. elæagnifòlium</b>, Cav. <i>Silvery-canescent with</i> dense scurf-like pubescence +of <i>many-rayed hairs; prickles small, slender</i>, more or less copious or +wanting; <i>leaves lanceolate</i> to oblong and linear, sinuate-repand or entire; +<i>calyx-lobes slender</i>; berry <i>seldom 6´´ in diameter</i>.—Prairies and plains. E. Kan. +to Tex., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. Torrèyi</b>, Gray. <i>Cinereous with a somewhat close pubescence of</i> about +<i>equally 9–12-rayed hairs; prickles small and stout</i>, scanty or nearly wanting; +<i>leaves ovate</i> with truncate or slightly cordate base, sinuately 5–7-lobed (4–6´ +long); <i>calyx-lobes short-ovate, abruptly long-acuminate</i>; berry 1´ <i>in diameter</i>.—Prairies, +etc., E. Kan. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Annual; fruit closely covered; lowest anther much the longest, corolla yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. rostràtum</b>, Dunal. Very prickly, somewhat hoary or yellowish +with a copious wholly stellate pubescence (1–2° high); leaves 1–2-pinnatifid; +calyx densely prickly; stamens and style much declined.—Plains of Neb. to +Tex.; spreading eastward to Ill. and Tenn.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chamaesaracha"><b>2. CHAMÆSÁRACHA</b>, Gray.</p> + +<p>Calyx herbaceous, closely investing the globose berry (or most of it), obscurely +if at all veiny. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the bud. Filaments +filiform; anthers separate, oblong.—Perennials, with mostly narrow +entire or pinnatifid leaves tapering into margined petioles, and filiform naked +pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit. (<i>Saracha</i> is a +tropical American genus dedicated to <i>Isidore Saracha</i>, a Spanish Benedictine; +the prefix <span class="greek">χαμαί</span>, <i>on the ground</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page375"></a>1. <b>C. sórdida</b>, Gray. Much branched from root or base, somewhat cinereous +with short viscid pubescence; leaves obovate-spatulate or cuneate-oblong +to oblanceolate, repand to incisely pinnatifid; calyx when young villous-viscid; +corolla pale yellow or violet-purple (6´´ broad); berry as large as a pea.—Dry +or clayey soil, central and W. Kan. to Tex. and Arizona.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="physalis"><b>3. PHÝSALIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Ground Cherry.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much inflated +and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between +wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave +spots at the base; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely 5–10-toothed. +Stamens 5, erect; anthers separate, opening lengthwise.—Herbs (in this country), +with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding peduncles +extra-axillary; flowering through the summer. (Name <span class="greek">φυσαλίς</span>, +<i>a bladder</i>, from the inflated calyx.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Corolla large, white or tinged with blue, without dark centre, with almost entire +border; pubescence simple.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. grandiflòra</b>, Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect; leaves lance-ovate, +pointed, entire or nearly so; corolla 1–2´ wide when expanded, and with a +woolly ring in the throat; fruiting calyx globular, apparently nearly filled by +the berry.—S. shore of L. Superior to Sask.; Providence Island, L. Champlain +(<i>Perkins</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Corolla lurid greenish-white or yellow, mostly with dark centre, 3–10´´ broad.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Annuals, glabrous or pubescence minute; anthers violet.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. Philadélphica</b>, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, oblique at +base, entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed; <i>corolla brownish- or +violet-spotted in the centre, 7–10´´ broad</i>; calyx at maturity globose and completely +filled by the large reddish or purple berry and open at the mouth.—In +fertile soil, Penn. to Minn. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. angulàta</b>, L. Much branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, +sharply and irregularly <i>laciniate-toothed</i>; peduncles filiform; <i>corolla unspotted, +very small</i> (3–6´´ broad when expanded); fruiting calyx conical-ovate with a +truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated, at length well filled by the +greenish-yellow berry.—Open rich grounds, Penn. to Minn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular simple hairs; +fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal, carinately 5-angled, closed, loosely enveloping +the green or yellow berry; leaves ovate or cordate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. pubéscens</b>, L. <i>Annual</i>, diffusely much branched or at length decumbent; +leaves angulate- or repand-toothed or nearly entire; <i>corolla</i> spotted +with brown purple in the centre, 5–6´´ <i>broad</i> when expanded, obscurely 5–10-toothed; +<i>anthers violet</i>.—Low grounds, N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and +Tex., and westward.—A very doubtful form, found at Independence, Kan. +(<i>B. F. Bush</i>), has the small corolla (2´´ broad) yellow, without a brown centre, +the anthers yellow, the fruiting calyx smaller, and the berry viscid.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. Virginiàna</b>, Mill. <i>Perennial</i>, diffusely much branched and widely +spreading, or at first erect; leaves sometimes oblong, repand or obtusely toothed, +rarely entire; <i>corolla 9–12´´ broad</i>, 5-angled or 5–10-toothed; <i>anthers yellow</i>.<a name="page376"></a> +(P. viscosa, <i>Gray</i>, Man., not <i>L.</i>)—Light or sandy soils, Ont. and Minn. to +Fla. and Tex.—Var. <span class="smcap">ambígua</span>, Gray, is a coarse and very villous form with +violet anthers. Wisc., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Perennials, mostly low, not viscid; pubescence stellate or simple or nearly +none; anthers almost always yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. viscòsa</b>, L. <i>Cinereous or when young almost canescent with short +stellate or 2–3-forked pubescence</i>; stems ascending or spreading from <i>slender +creeping subterranean shoots; leaves ovate or oval</i>, varying to oblong and obovate, +entire or undulate; corolla greenish-yellow, with a more or less dark eye; +<i>fruiting calyx globose-ovate; berry yellow or orange</i>.—In sands on and near +the coast, Va. to N. C. and Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. lanceolàta</b>, Michx. <i>More or less hirsute-pubescent with short stiff +mostly simple hairs</i>, varying to nearly glabrous; stems from rather <i>stout subterranean +shoots</i>, angled, somewhat rigid; <i>leaves oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate</i>, +sparingly angulate-toothed to undulate or entire; corolla ochroleucous, +with a more or less dark eye; <i>calyx commonly hirsute, in fruit pyramidal-ovate</i> +(1–1½´ long); <i>berry reddish</i>. (P. Pennsylvanica, <i>Gray</i>, Man., in part; not <i>L.</i>)—Dry +open ground, Penn. to Ill., Minn., and south and westward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>lævigàta</b>, Gray. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some +very short hairs on young parts.—Neb. to Tex., and westward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>hírta</b>, Gray. A remarkable ambiguous form, with much of the hirsute-pubescence +of the leaves 2–3-forked, as also are some of the abundant +villous-hispid hairs of the stem.—Wet woods, Tex. to Mo., and E. Kan.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="nicandra"><b>4. NICÁNDRA</b>, Adans. <span class="smcap">Apple of Peru.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and +bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3–5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla +with border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis.—An annual +smooth herb (2–3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves, and +solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named after +the poet <i>Nicander</i> of Colophon.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>N.</b> <span class="smcap">physaloìdes</span>, Gaertn.—Waste grounds, near dwellings and old gardens. +(Adv. from Peru.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lycium"><b>5. LÝCIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Matrimony-Vine.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 3–5-toothed or -cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of the berry. +Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated and not +plaited in the bud. Stamens 5; anthers opening lengthwise. Style slender; +stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celled. Shrubby, often spiny plants, with +alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary small flowers. (Named +from the country, <i>Lycia</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">vulgàre</span>, Dunal. (<span class="smcap">Common M.</span>) Shrub with long sarmentose recurved-drooping +branches, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny; leaves oblong- or spatulate-lanceolate, +often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole; flowers on slender +peduncles fascicled in the axils; corolla short funnel-form, greenish-purple; +style and slender filaments equalling its lobes; berry oval, orange-red.—About +dwellings, and escaped into waste grounds in Penn., etc. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hyoscyamus"><b>6. HYOSCỲAMUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Henbane.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with +a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Capsule<a name="page377"></a> +enclosed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near +the apex, which falls off like a lid.—Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs, +with lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed +of <span class="greek">ὕς</span>, <span class="greek">ὑός</span>, <i>a hog</i>, and <span class="greek">κύαμος</span>, <i>a bean</i>; said to be poisonous to swine.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>H.</b> <span class="smcap">nìger</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black Henbane.</span>) Biennial or annual; leaves clasping, +sinuate-toothed and angled; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes; corolla +dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins.—Escaped from gardens +to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="datura"><b>7. DATÙRA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Jamestown-Weed. Thorn-Apple.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the base in fruit, +the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading +5–10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule globular, prickly, +4-valved, 2-celled, with 2 thick placentæ; projected from the axis into the middle +of the cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so +that the capsule is 4-celled except near the top, the placentæ as if on the middle +of these false partitions. Seeds rather large, flat.—Rank weeds, narcotic-poisonous, +with ovate leaves, and large showy flowers on short peduncles in +the forks of the branching stem; produced all summer and autumn. (Altered +from the Arabic name, <i>Tatorah</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>D.</b> <span class="smcap">Stramònium</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Stramonium</span> or <span class="smcap">Thorn Apple</span>.) Annual, +glabrous; leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed or angled; <i>stem green; corolla white</i> +(3´ long), the border with 5 teeth; lower prickles of the capsule mostly shorter.—Waste +grounds; a well-known ill-scented weed. (Adv. from Asia?)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>D.</b> <span class="smcap">Tátula</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Purple T.</span>) Mostly taller; <i>stem purple; corolla pale +violet-purple</i>; prickles of the capsule nearly equal.—Waste grounds, in the +Atlantic States. (Adv. from trop. Amer.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="nicotiana"><b>8. NICOTIÀNA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Tobacco.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usually +with a long tube; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Capsule +2-celled, 2–4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute.—Rank acrid-narcotic +herbs, mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and racemed or +panicled flowers. (Named after <i>John Nicot</i>, who was thought to have introduced +Tobacco (N. <span class="smcap">Tabácum</span>, L.) into Europe.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>N.</b> <span class="smcap">rústica</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Tobacco.</span>) Annual; leaves ovate, petioled; tube +of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx, +the lobes rounded.—Old fields, from N. Y. westward and southward; a relic +of cultivation by the Indians. (Of unknown nativity.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="scrophulariaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 75.</span> <b>SCROPHULARIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Figwort Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Chiefly herbs (rarely trees), with didynamous stamens (or perfect stamens +often only 2, rarely 5) inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less +irregular corolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-celled +and usually many-seeded capsule, with the placentæ; in the axis; seeds +anatropous, or amphitropous, with a small embryo in copious albumen.</i>—Style +single; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves and inflorescence various; but +the flowers not terminal in any genuine representatives of the order.—A +large order of bitterish plants, some of them narcotic-poisonous.</p> + +<p class="key">I. ANTIRRHINIDEÆ. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla covering the lower +in the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulas, etc.) Capsule usually +septicidal.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><a name="page378"></a><b>Tribe I. VERBASCEÆ.</b> Corolla rotate. Flowers racemose. Leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Verbascum.</b> Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all with bearded filaments.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. ANTIRRHINEÆ.</b> Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below, +the throat usually with a palate. Capsule opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in simple +racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled. Stamens 4.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Linaria.</b> Corolla spurred at base; the palate seldom closing the throat.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Antirrhinum.</b> Corolla merely saccate at base; the palate closing the throat.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. CHELONEÆ.</b> Corolla tubular, or 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate below. +Capsule 2–4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence usually compound, of small axillary +spiked or racemed or umbel-like clusters or cymes, or when reduced to a single +flower the peduncle mostly 2-bracteate. Stamens 4, and usually a rudiment of the fifth.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Scrophularia.</b> Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes and one +spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on the upper lip.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Collinsia.</b> Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side; the middle lobe of +the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Chelone.</b> Corolla tubular inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others. +Anthers very woolly. Seeds winged.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Pentstemon.</b> Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. +Seeds wingless.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe IV. GRATIOLEÆ.</b> Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Capsule 2-valved. +Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or leaves, peduncles naked (or 2-bracteolate +in n. 12). Leaves all or the lower ones opposite. No trace of a fifth stamen.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Mimulus.</b> Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Conobea.</b> Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Herpestis.</b> Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Limosella.</b> Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Leaves +alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Dwarf aquatic or marsh plant.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Anther-bearing stamens 2; usually also a pair of sterile filaments.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Gratiola.</b> Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included; the sterile pair short or none.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Ilysanthes.</b> Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included; the sterile filaments protruded.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Micranthemum.</b> Flowers minute. Calyx 4-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of corolla +short or none. Filaments with an appendage; sterile pair none. Dwarf aquatic.</p> + +<p class="key">II. RHINANTHIDEÆ. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla covering +the upper in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidal.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe V. DIGITALEÆ.</b> Corolla wheel-shaped, salver-shaped, or bell-shaped. Stamens +2 or 4, not approaching in pairs nor strongly didynamous; anthers 2-celled.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Synthyris.</b> Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 2–4-lobed, irregular. Stamens 2 +or 4. Leaves alternate. Flowers racemed.</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Veronica.</b> Calyx 4-(rarely 3–5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, almost +regular. Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Flowers racemed.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe VI. GERARDIEÆ.</b> Corolla with a spreading and slightly unequal 5-lobed +limb. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers 1-celled. Flowers in a spike.</p> + +<p class="genus">17. <b>Buchnera.</b> Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla 5-cleft.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Corolla bell-shaped to funnel-form; anthers 2-celled.</p> + +<p class="genus">18. <b>Seymeria.</b> Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobe.</p> + +<p class="genus">19. <b>Gerardia.</b> Stamens strongly unequal, included.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe VII. EUPHRASIEÆ.</b> Corolla tubular, obviously 2-lipped; the upper lip narrow, +erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Anther-cells unequal and separated. Capsule many-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">20. <b>Castilleia.</b> Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side. +Upper lip of corolla elongated; the lower short, often very small.</p> + +<p class="genus"><a name="page379"></a>21. <b>Orthocarpus.</b> Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla little longer +and usually much narrower than the inflated lower one.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Anther-cells equal. Capsule many–several-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">22. <b>Schwalbea.</b> Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth much the smallest.</p> + +<p class="genus">23. <b>Euphrasia.</b> Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, and sides folded back. +Capsule oblong.</p> + +<p class="genus">24. <b>Bartsia.</b> Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla entire and sides not folded back.</p> + +<p class="genus">25. <b>Rhinanthus.</b> Calyx inflated, ovate. Capsule orbicular; seeds winged.</p> + +<p class="genus">26. <b>Pedicularis.</b> Calyx not inflated. Capsule ovate or sword-shaped; seeds wingless.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Anther-cells equal. Capsule 1–4-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">27. <b>Melampyrum.</b> Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule flat, oblique.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="verbascum"><b>1. VERBÁSCUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Mullein.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped; the lobes +broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5, all the filaments, or the 3 +upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Capsule globular, many-seeded.—Tall +and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the +stem sessile or decurrent. Flowers in large terminal spikes or racemes, ephemeral; +in summer. (The ancient Latin name, altered from <i>Barbascum</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>V.</b> <span class="smcap">Thápsus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Mullein.</span>) <i>Densely woolly throughout; stem +tall and stout, simple</i>, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves; +<i>flowers</i> (yellow, very rarely white) <i>in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical +spike</i>; lower stamens usually beardless.—Fields, a common weed. (Nat. +from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>V.</b> <span class="smcap">Blattària</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Moth M.</span>) <i>Green and smoothish, slender</i>; lower leaves +petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper partly clasping, +<i>raceme loose</i>; filaments all bearded with violet wool.—Roadsides, throughout +our range. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple. (Nat. +from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>V.</b> <span class="smcap">Lychnìtis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">White M.</span>) <i>Clothed with thin powdery woolliness</i>; +stem and branches angled above; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, greenish +above; <i>flowers</i> (yellow, rarely white) <i>in a pyramidal panicle</i>; filaments with +whitish wool.—Fields, N. Atlantic States, rather rare. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="linaria"><b>2. LINÀRIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Toad-Flax.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly +closing the throat, spurred at base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Capsule +thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks. Seeds many.—Herbs, +with at least all the upper leaves alternate (in ours), fl. in summer. +(Name from <i>Linum</i>, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Slender glabrous annual or biennial; leaves linear, entire and alternate (or +smaller, oblong, and opposite on procumbent shoots), small blue flowers in a +naked terminal raceme</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Canadénsis</b>, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple (6–30´ +high); leaves flat (1–2´´ wide); pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform +curved spur of the corolla.—Sandy soil, common.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Perennial, erect (1–3° high), glabrous, with narrow entire and alternate pale +leaves, and yellow flowers in a terminal raceme.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">vulgàris</span>, Mill. (<span class="smcap">Ramsted. Butter and Eggs.</span>) Leaves linear or +nearly so, extremely numerous; raceme dense; corolla 1´ long or more, including +the slender subulate spur; seeds winged.—Fields and roadsides, +throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page380"></a><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">genistifòlia</span>, Mill. Glaucous, paniculately branched; leaves lanceolate, +acute; flowers smaller and more scattered; seeds wingless.—Sparingly +naturalized near New York. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Annual, procumbent, much branched, with broad petioled veiny alternate +leaves, and small purplish and yellow flowers from their axils.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">Elatìne</span>, Mill. Spreading over the ground, slender, hairy; leaves hastate +or the lower ovate, much surpassed by the filiform peduncles; calyx-lobes +lanceolate, acute; corolla 3–4´´ long, including the subulate spur.—Sandy +banks and shores, Canada to N. C., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">spùria</span>, Mill. Like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves +and ovate or cordate calyx-lobes.—Occasionally occurs on ballast or waste +grounds near cities. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="antirrhinum"><b>3. ANTIRRHÌNUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Snapdragon.</span></p> + +<p>Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate. +Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria.—Corolla commonly +showy, resembling the face of an animal or a mask; whence the name (from +<span class="greek">ἀντί</span>, <i>like</i>, and <span class="greek">ῥίν</span>, <i>a snout</i>.) Fl. summer and autumn.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">Oróntium</span>, L. A small-flowered annual or biennial, low, erect; leaves +lance-linear; spike loose, leafy; sepals longer than the purplish or white corolla.—About +gardens and old fields in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">màjus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Large Snapdragon.</span>) A large-flowered perennial, with +oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme; sepals short; corolla 1½–2´ +long, purple or white.—Eastward, escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="scrophularia"><b>4. SCROPHULÀRIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Figwort.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube; the 4 upper +lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading. +Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one; +the fifth stamen a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the tube of the corolla. +Capsule many-seeded.—Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves, and small +greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a terminal narrow +panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for <i>scrofula</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. nodòsa</b>, L., var. <b>Marilándica</b>, Gray. Smooth perennial (3–5° +high), stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, acuminate, +cut-serrate, rounded or rarely heart-shaped at base.—Damp grounds, N. Eng. +to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia, the type.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="collinsia"><b>5. COLLÍNSIA</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at +the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes +partly turned backward, the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, +enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a gland-like rudiment. +Capsule 4–many-seeded.—Slender branching annuals or biennials, +with opposite leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, +appearing whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the +late <i>Zaccheus Collins</i>, of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. vérna</b>, Nutt. Slender (6–20´ high), lower leaves ovate, the upper +ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; <i>whorls about 6-flowered; +flowers long-peduncled; corolla (blue and white) twice the length of the +calyx</i>.—Moist soil, western N. Y. to W. Va., Wisc., and Ky. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page381"></a>2. <b>C. parviflòra</b>, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded, the +upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; <i>whorls 2–6-flowered; flowers short-peduncled</i>; +the small (blue) <i>corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx</i>.—Shore of +L. Superior, N. Mich., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chelone"><b>6. CHELÒNE</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Turtle-head. Snake-head.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the +mouth a little open; upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched +at the apex; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, the +middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly +heart-shaped anthers, and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. +Seeds many, wing-margined.—Smooth perennials, with upright branching +stems, opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are +nearly sessile in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate +concave bracts and bractlets. (Name from <span class="greek">χελώνη</span>, <i>a tortoise</i>, the corolla resembling +in shape the head of a reptile.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. glàbra</b>, L. A foot or two (or even 6–7°) high; <i>leaves narrowly to +rather broadly lanceolate</i> (4–5´ long, 4–12´´ wide), gradually acuminate, serrate +with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short +petiole; <i>bracts not ciliate; corolla white, or barely tinged with rose.</i>—Wet +places, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. oblìqua</b>, L. Less strict or with spreading branches, 1–2° high; +<i>leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong</i> (2–5´ long), sometimes laciniately serrate, +more veiny and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled; <i>bracts +ciliolate; corolla deep and bright rose-color</i>.—S. Ill. to Va. and Fla.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pentstemon"><b>7. PENTSTÈMON</b>, Mitchell. <span class="smcap">Beard-tongue.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or bell-shaped, +either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower +3-cleft. Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above, and a fifth sterile +filament usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, +wingless.—Perennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite +leaves, the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, +thyrsoid or racemose-panicled. (Name from <span class="greek">πέντε</span>, <i>five</i>, and <span class="greek">στήμων</span>, <i>stamen</i>; +the fifth stamen being present and conspicuous, although sterile.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Viscid or glandular above, more or less pubescent or glabrous below; leaves +often toothed or denticulate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Thyrse somewhat open; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear; corolla 9–12´´ long, +the lower lip usually bearded within.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. pubéscens</b>, Solander. <i>Stem 1–2° high, viscid-pubescent</i> (at least +the inflorescence); <i>leaves oblong to lanceolate</i> (2–4´ long), the lowest and radical +ovate or oblong, usually denticulate; <i>thyrse narrow; corolla dull violet or +purple</i> (or partly whitish), <i>very moderately dilated, the throat nearly closed by +a villous-bearded palate; sterile filament densely bearded</i>.—Dry or rocky +grounds, S. Maine (<i>Miss Furbish</i>) to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. lævigàtus</b>, Solander. <i>Stem 2–4° high, mostly glabrous</i> except the +inflorescence; leaves <i>firmer</i>, somewhat glossy, the <i>cauline ovate- or oblong-lanceolate</i><a name="page382"></a> +with subcordate clasping base (2–5´ long); <i>thyrse broader; corolla +white</i> (commonly tinged with purple), <i>abruptly and broadly inflated, the throat +widely open; sterile filament thinly bearded above</i>.—Moist or rich soil, Penn. +to Fla. and westward, where the common form is</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Digitàlis</b>, Gray. Stem sometimes 5° high; corolla larger and more +abruptly inflated, white. (P. Digitalis, <i>Nutt.</i>)—Penn. to Iowa, Mo., Ark., etc.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. grácilis</b>, Nutt. Glabrous or puberulent, viscid-pubescent above, +1° high or less; stem-leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, the radical spatulate or +oblong; corolla tubular-funnel-form or nearly cylindrical with open throat, +lilac-purple or whitish.—Minn. to Mo., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Thyrse raceme-like. All extreme western.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. Cobæ̀a</b>, Nutt. <i>Soft-puberulent</i>, 1° high; <i>leaves ovate or oblong</i>, or +the lower broadly lanceolate and the upper cordate-clasping, <i>mostly sharply +toothed</i>; thyrse short; <i>corolla 2´ long, broadly ventricose</i>, dull purple or whitish.—Prairies, +Kan. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. tubiflòrus</b>, Nutt. <i>Wholly glabrous</i> excepting the viscid ovate +sepals, 2–3° high; <i>leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire or sparsely toothed</i>, +the floral shorter than the remote dense clusters of the virgate thyrse; +<i>corolla 9´´ long, the narrow tube gradually dilated upward</i>, white or whitish.—Low +prairies, Kan. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. álbidus</b>, Nutt. <i>Viscid-pubescent</i>, 6–10´ high; <i>leaves oblong-lanceolate +or narrow</i>, entire or sparsely toothed; <i>clusters</i> of the strict thryse few-flowered, +<i>approximate; sepals lanceolate, densely pubescent; corolla</i> 9´´ long, +<i>with shorter tube and more dilated throat</i>.—Plains, Neb. to Dak. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Glabrous throughout and glaucous; leaves sessile, entire; thryse raceme-like.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. grandiflòrus</b>, Nutt. Stem 2–4° high; <i>leaves</i> thickish, the upper +and floral <i>rounded, all but the obovate radical ones clasping or perfoliate</i>; pedicels +short; <i>corolla 2´ long, oblong-campanulate</i>, nearly regular, lilac or lavender-blue; +sterile filament hooked and minutely bearded at the apex.—Prairies, +from Ill. and Wisc. to Dak., Neb., and Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. glàber</b>, Pursh. Stems 1–2° high, <i>leaves</i> mostly <i>oblong-lanceolate +or the upper ovate-lanceolate</i>; thryse elongated, the peduncles and pedicels very +short; <i>corolla 1–1½´ long</i>, bright blue to violet-purple, <i>dilated above</i>; anthers +and apex of sterile filament glabrous or sparsely hirsute.—Plains of E. Neb. +to Dak., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>P. acuminàtus</b>, Dougl. Stems 6–20´ high, stout; <i>leaves</i> thick, the +lower <i>obovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate-clasping</i>, +acute or acuminate; thyrse leafy below, very narrow; <i>corolla 9´´ long</i>, lilac or +violet; sterile filament mostly bearded above.—Kan. to Minn., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="mimulus"><b>8. MÍMULUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Monkey-flower.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubular; +upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading, 3-lobed. +Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes ovate. Seeds numerous.—Herbs, +with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary +and bractless peduncles. (Diminutive of <i>mimus</i>, a buffoon, from the grinning +corolla.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page383"></a>[*] <i>Erect from a perennial root, glabrous; leaves feather-veined; corolla violet-purple.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. ríngens</b>, L. Stem square (1–2° high); <i>leaves oblong or lanceolate, +pointed, clasping</i> by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the +flower; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal; corolla personate.—Wet +places, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; common. July–Sept.—Flower +1–1½´ long, rarely white.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. alàtus</b>, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; <i>leaves oblong-ovate, +tapering into a petiole</i>; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very +short abruptly pointed teeth; otherwise like the last.—Wet places, western +N. Eng. to Ill., south to N. C. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves several-nerved and veiny, dentate, the upper sessile and clasping; +calyx oblique, the upper tooth longest; corolla yellow, the lower lip bearded.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>M. Jamèsii</b>, Torr. Diffusely spreading, smooth or smoothish; stems +creeping at base; stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling +the peduncles; calyx ovate, inflated in fruit; throat of corolla broad and +open.—In water or wet places, usually in springs, N. Mich. and Minn. to Ill., +Kan., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">lùteus</span>, L. Erect or with later branches spreading; leaves ovate to +roundish or subcordate; corolla deep yellow, with brown-purple dots or +blotches, often large.—Wet meadows, Norfolk, Ct. (Adv. from Calif.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="conobea"><b>9. CONÒBEA</b>, Aublet.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted. +Stamens 4, fertile; anthers approximate. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes wedge-form. +Seeds numerous.—Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and +small solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Name unexplained.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. multífida</b>, Benth. Annual, diffusely spreading, much branched, +minutely pubescent; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions linear-wedge-shaped; +peduncles naked; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the +calyx.—Along streams and shores, Ohio to Ill., Ark., and Tex.; also adv. +below Philadelphia. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="herpestis"><b>10. HERPÈSTIS</b>, Gaertn. f.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted; the upper division broadest, the innermost often very narrow. +Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft, and the lower 3-lobed, +or the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or +2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous.—Low herbs, with opposite leaves, and +solitary axillary flowers; in summer; ours rather succulent perennials. (Name +from <span class="greek">ἑρπηστής</span>, <i>a creeping thing</i>, the species being chiefly procumbent.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Corolla plainly bilabiate, the 2 upper lobes united to form the upper lip; leaves +many-nerved.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. nigréscens</b>, Benth. Erect or ascending, very leafy, glabrous; +leaves pinnately veined, oblong to cuneate-lanceolate (1–2´ long), serrate; +pedicels equalling and the upper surpassing the leaves; corolla whitish or +purplish.—Wet places, Md. and N. C. to Tex., along and near the coast.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page384"></a>2. <b>H. rotundifòlia</b>, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; <i>leaves round-obovate, +half-clasping</i> (½–1´ long), entire, basally nerved; <i>peduncles twice or +thrice the length of the calyx</i>; upper sepal ovate; corolla white or pale blue.—Margins +of ponds, Ill. to Minn., Mo., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>H. amplexicaùlis</b>, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at base; <i>leaves +ovate, clasping</i>, entire, basally nerved; <i>peduncles shorter than the calyx</i>; upper +sepal heart-shaped; corolla blue.—Margin of pine-barren ponds, N. J. and +Md. to La.—Aromatic when bruised.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Corolla obscurely bilabiate, the limb subequally 5-lobed; stamens almost equal.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>H. Monnièra</b>, HBK. Glabrous, prostrate and creeping; leaves spatulate +to obovate-cuneate, entire or somewhat toothed, nearly nerveless, sessile; +corolla pale blue.—River-banks and shores near the sea, Md. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="limosella"><b>11. LIMOSÉLLA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Mudwort.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, +nearly regular. Stamens 4; anthers confluently 1-celled. Style short, club-shaped. +Capsule globular, many-seeded; the partition thin and vanishing.—Small +annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender +runners, without ascending stems; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters +around the simple 1-flowered naked peduncles. Flowers small, white or +purplish. (Name from <i>limus</i>, mud, and <i>sella</i>, seat.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. aquática</b>, L., var. <b>tenuifòlia</b>, Hoffm. Leaves (with no blade +distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form.—Brackish river-banks +and shores, Lab. to N. J., and far north and west. (Eu., Asia, etc.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gratiola"><b>12. GRATÌOLA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Hedge-Hyssop.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, the narrow divisions nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla +entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; the +anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the +apex. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded.—Low herbs, mostly perennials, some +apparently annuals, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-flowered peduncles, +usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer; +all inhabiting wet or damp places. (Name from <i>gratia</i>, grace or favor, on account +of supposed excellent medicinal properties.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Anthers with a broad connective, the cells transverse; stems mostly diffusely +branched, or creeping at base, soft viscid-pubescent or smooth; corollas 4–6´´ +long; bractlets foliaceous, equalling the calyx.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Sterile filaments minute or none; corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. Virginiàna</b>, L. Stem clammy-puberulent above (4–6´ high); +leaves lanceolate with narrow base, acute, entire or sparingly toothed, +<i>peduncles almost equalling the leaves</i> (½–1´ long); pod ovoid (2´´ long).—Very +common.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. sphærocárpa</b>, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5–10´ high); leaves +lance-ovate or oblong to oval-obovate (1–2´ long), toothed; <i>peduncles scarcely +longer than the calyx</i> and the large (3´´) globular pod.—N. J. and Md. to Ill., +south to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page385"></a>[*][*] <i>Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head; leaves short (½–1' long).</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>G. viscòsa</b>, Schwein. <i>Clammy-pubescent or glandular; leaves ovate-lanceolate +or oblong</i>, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles; <i>corolla +whitish, yellow within</i>.—Ky. to N. C. and Ga.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>G. aùrea</b>, Muhl. <i>Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, +entire</i>, equalling the peduncles; <i>corolla golden-yellow</i> (½´ long).—Sandy +swamps, Vt. and N. H. to Ohio, and south to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Anthers with no broad connective, the cells vertical; sterile filaments tipped +with a head; hairy apparently annual plants, with erect rigid and more +simple stems.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>G. pilòsa</b>, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile +(½´ long); flowers nearly sessile; corolla white, 3–4´´ long, scarcely exceeding +the calyx.—Low ground, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ilysanthes"><b>13. ILYSÁNTHES</b>, Raf.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla short, erect, 2-lobed; +the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; +the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat, 2-lobed, without anthers; one +of the lobes glandular, the other smooth, usually short and tooth-like. Stigma +2-lobed. Capsule ovate or oblong, many-seeded.—Small and smooth annuals, +with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, on filiform naked +pedicels, or the upper racemed, produced all summer. (Name from <span class="greek">ἰλύς</span>, <i>mud</i>, +or <i>mire</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>I. ripària</b>, Raf. (<span class="smcap">False Pimpernel.</span>) Much branched, diffusely +spreading (4–8´ high), or at first simple and erect, leafy; leaves ovate, rounded, +or oblong, sparingly toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping; corolla 3´´ +long. (I. gratioloides, <i>Benth.</i>)—Wet places; common.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="micranthemum"><b>14. MICRÁNTHEMUM</b>, Michx.</p> + +<p>Calyx 4-lobed or 4- (rarely 5-) parted. Corolla short, 2-lipped, with the upper +lip considerably shorter than the lower, or 1-lipped, the upper lip obsolete; +lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe longest. Stamens 2, anterior, the short filaments +with a glandular (mostly basal) appendage; anthers 2-celled, didymous; +no sterile filaments. Style short; the stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globular, thin, +with a very delicate or evanescent partition, several–many-seeded.—Small, +smooth, depressed and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow water, +with opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute white +or purplish flowers solitary in the axils of some of the middle leaves (usually +one axil floriferous, that of the other leaf sterile). (Name formed of <span class="greek">μικρός</span>, +<i>small</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθεμον</span>, <i>flower</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. Nuttàllii</b>, Gray. Branches ascending, 1–2´ high; leaves obovate-spatulate +or oval; peduncles at length recurved, about the length of the calyx, +which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed and usually split down on one side, in fruit becoming +pear-shaped; middle lobe of the corolla linear-oblong, nearly twice the +length of the lateral ones; appendage of the stamen nearly as long as the filament +itself; stigmas subulate.—Tidal mud of rivers, N. J. to Fla. Aug.–Oct.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="synthyris"><a name="page386"></a><b>15. SÝNTHYRIS</b>, Benth.</p> + +<p>Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2–4-lobed or cleft. +Stamens 2, inserted just below the upper sinuses, occasionally with another +pair from the other sinuses, exserted; anther-cells not confluent. Style slender; +stigma simple. Capsule flattened, rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-celled +(rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled), many-seeded, loculicidal; the valves cohering below +with the axis.—Perennial herbs, with the simple stems beset with partly +clasping bract-like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, +crenate. Flowers in a raceme or spike, bracteate. (Name from <span class="greek">σύν</span>, <i>together</i>, +and <span class="greek">θυρίς</span>, <i>a little door</i>; in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Houghtoniàna</b>, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves ovate, heart-shaped; +spike dense (5–12´ long); corolla (greenish-white or yellowish) not longer than +the calyx, usually 2–3-parted.—Oak-barrens and prairies, Mich. to Minn., +south to Ind., Ill., and Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="veronica"><b>16. VERÓNICA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Speedwell.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 4- (rarely 3–5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the +border 4-parted (rarely 5-parted); the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly +narrower than the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the +corolla, exserted; anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire; stigma +single. Capsule flattened, obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few–many-seeded.—Chiefly +herbs; leaves mostly opposite or whorled; flowers blue, flesh-color, +or white. (Derivation doubtful; perhaps the flower of <i>St. Veronica</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. LEPTÁNDRA. <i>Tall perennials, with mostly whorled leaves; racemes +terminal, dense, spiked; bracts very small; tube of the corolla longer than +its limb and much longer than the calyx; both sometimes 5-cleft.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>V. Virgínica</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Culver's-root. Culver's Physic.</span>) Smooth +or rather downy; stem simple, straight (2–6° high); leaves whorled in fours +to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate; spikes panicled; +corolla small, nearly white; stamens much exserted; capsule oblong-ovate, +not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded.—Rich woods, Vt. +to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. July, Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. VERONICA proper. <i>Corolla wheel-shaped; capsule more or less notched, +strongly flattened except in n. 2 and 3; low herbs.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Perennials, stoloniferous or rooting at base, with opposite usually serrate leaves; +racemes axillary, mostly opposite; corolla pale blue.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Capsule turgid, orbicular, many-seeded.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>V. Anagállis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Water Speedwell.</span>) Smooth, creeping and +rooting at base, then erect; <i>leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart-shaped +base, ovate-lanceolate</i>, acute, serrate or entire (2–3´ long); pedicels spreading; +corolla pale blue with purple stripes; capsule slightly notched.—Brooks and +ditches, N. Eng. to N. J., west to the Rocky Mts. June–Aug. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>V. Americàna</b>, Schweinitz. (<span class="smcap">American Brooklime.</span>) Smooth, +decumbent at base, then erect (8–15´ high); <i>leaves mostly petioled, ovate or +oblong</i>, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at base; the slender +pedicels spreading.—Brooks and ditches, common. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page387"></a>[+][+] <i>Capsule strongly flattened, several-seeded.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>V. scutellàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Marsh Speedwell.</span>) <i>Smooth</i>, slender and weak +(6–12´ high); <i>leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate; racemes 1 or 2, +very slender</i> and zigzag; <i>flowers few and scattered</i>, on elongated spreading or +reflexed pedicels; capsule very flat, much broader than long, notched at both +ends or didymous.—Bogs, common. June–Aug. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>V. officinàlis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Speedwell.</span>) <i>Pubescent</i>; stem <i>prostrate</i>, +rooting at base; <i>leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or wedge-oblong, +obtuse, serrate; racemes densely many-flowered</i>; pedicels shorter than the calyx; +capsule obovate-triangular, broadly notched.—Dry hills and open woods, N. Eng. +to Mich., and southward. July. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>V.</b> <span class="smcap">Chamæ̀drys</span>, L. Stem <i>pubescent</i>, at least in two lines, ascending from +a creeping base; <i>leaves subsessile, ovate or cordate, incisely crenate; racemes +loosely-flowered</i>; pedicels little longer than calyx; capsule triangular-obcordate.—Sparingly +introduced into Canada, N. Y., and Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves opposite; flowers in a terminal raceme; the lower bracts leaf-like; +capsules flat, several-seeded. Perennials (mostly turning blackish in drying).</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>V. alpìna</b>, L. Stem branched from the base, erect, simple (2–12´ +high); <i>leaves elliptical</i>, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed, <i>nearly sessile; +raceme hairy, few-flowered, crowded</i>; capsule obovate, notched.—Alpine summits +of the White Mts. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>V. serpyllifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Thyme-leaved Speedwell.</span>) Much branched +at the creeping base, <i>nearly smooth</i>; branches ascending and simple (2–4´ high); +leaves <i>ovate or oblong</i>, obscurely crenate, <i>the lowest petioled</i> and rounded, the +upper passing into lanceolate bracts; <i>raceme loose</i>; corolla whitish, or pale +blue, with deeper stripes; capsule rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched.—Roadsides +and fields, common; introduced and indigenous. May–July +(Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Annuals; floral leaves like those of the stem (or somewhat reduced), the +flowers appearing to be axillary and solitary, mostly alternate; corolla shorter +than the calyx.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flowers short-pedicelled; floral leaves reduced; corolla shorter than the calyx.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>V. peregrìna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Neckweed. Purslane Speedwell.</span>) Glandular-puberulent +or <i>nearly smooth</i>, erect (4–9´ high), branched; <i>lowest leaves +petioled, oval-oblong, toothed</i>, thickish, the others sessile, obtuse; the upper +oblong-linear and entire, longer than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers; <i>capsule +orbicular, slightly notched</i>, many-seeded.—Waste and cultivated grounds, +in damp soil; throughout U. S., and almost cosmopolite. April–June.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>V.</b> <span class="smcap">arvénsis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Corn Speedwell.</span>) Simple or diffusely branched +(3–8´ high), <i>hairy; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate</i>; the uppermost sessile, +lanceolate, entire; <i>capsule inversely heart-shaped</i>, the lobes rounded.—Cultivated +grounds, Atlantic States to Tex., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers long-pedicelled in axils of ordinary leaves; seeds cup-shaped.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>V.</b> <span class="smcap">agréstis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Field Speedwell.</span>) <i>Leaves</i> round or ovate, crenate-toothed, +the floral somewhat similar; calyx-lobes oblong; flower small; <i>ovary +many-ovuled</i>, but the <i>nearly orbicular and sharply notched capsule</i> 1–2 seeded.—Sandy +fields, N. Brunswick to La., near the coast. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>V.</b> <span class="smcap">Buxbaùmii</span>, Tenore. <i>Leaves</i> round or heart-ovate, crenately cut-toothed +({2/3}–1´ long); flower large (nearly ½´ wide, blue); calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely<a name="page388"></a> +spreading in fruit; <i>capsule obcordate-triangular, broadly notched</i>, 16–24-seeded.—Waste +grounds, rare in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>V.</b> <span class="smcap">hederæfòlia</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Ivy-leaved Speedwell.</span>) <i>Leaves</i> rounded or +heart-shaped, <i>3–7-toothed or lobed</i>; calyx-lobes somewhat heart-shaped; flowers +small; <i>capsule turgid, 2-lobed, 2–4-seeded</i>.—Shaded places, N. J., Penn., +etc. April–June. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="buchnera"><b>17. BÚCHNERA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Blue-Hearts.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a +straight or curved tube and an almost equally 5-cleft limb, the lobes oblong +or wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs; anthers +one-celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire. Capsule +2-valved, many-seeded.—Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasitic), +turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate; +the flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. (Named +in honor of <i>I. G. Buchner</i>, an early German botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. Americàna</b>, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (1–2° high); +lower leaves obovate-oblong, the others ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, sparingly +and coarsely toothed, veiny; spike interrupted; calyx longer than the +bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple corolla (1´ long).—Moist sandy +ground, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. June–Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="seymeria"><b>18. SEYMÈRIA</b>, Pursh.</p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not +longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens +4, somewhat equal; anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled; the cells +equal and pointless. Capsule many-seeded.—Erect branching herbs, with the +general aspect and character of Gerardia, leaves mostly opposite and dissected +or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-like. Flowers yellow, interruptedly +racemed or spiked. (Named for <i>Henry Seymer</i>, an English naturalist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. macrophýlla</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Mullein-foxglove.</span>) Rather pubescent +(4–5° high); leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lanceolate +divisions pinnatifid and incised, the upper lanceolate; tube of the corolla +incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except at the apex; style +short, dilated and notched at the point; capsule ovate, pointed.—Shady river-banks, +Ohio to Iowa, south to Tex. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gerardia"><b>19. GERÁRDIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, or +somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes, +the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous, +included, hairy; anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled, the cells +parallel, often pointed at base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened +at the apex. Capsule globular or ovate, pointed, many-seeded.—Erect branching +herbs (more or less root-parasitic); stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, +the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1 flowered peduncles, +which often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow; in late +summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, <i>John Gerarde</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page389"></a>§ 1. DASÝSTOMA. <i>Corolla yellow, the tube woolly inside, as well as the anthers +and filaments; anthers alike, awn-pointed at base; leaves rather large, +more or less incised or pinnatifid.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Pubescence partly glandular and viscid; corolla pubescent outside.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. pediculària</b>, L. Annual or biennial, smoothish or pubescent, +much branched (2–3° high), very leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, +and the lobes cut and toothed; pedicels longer than the hairy mostly serrate +calyx-lobes.—Dry copses; N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>No glandular pubescence; corolla glabrous outside; perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. grandiflòra</b>, Benth. <i>Minutely downy</i>; stem much branched (2–4° +high); <i>leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed or cut, the lower pinnatifid</i>; +pedicels rather shorter than the calyx; corolla (2´ long) 4 times the length of +the broadly lanceolate entire or toothed calyx-lobes.—Oak openings, Wisc. +and Minn. to Tenn. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>G. flàva</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Downy False Foxglove.</span>) <i>Pubescent with a fine +close down</i>; stem (3–4° high) mostly simple; <i>leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, +obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid; pedicels +very short</i>; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube, corolla +1½´ long.—Open woods, N. Eng. to Wisc. and Iowa, south to Ga. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>G. quercifòlia</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Smooth False Foxglove.</span>) <i>Smooth and +glaucous</i> (3–6° high), usually branching; lower <i>leaves commonly twice-pinnatifid; +the upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire; pedicels nearly as long as +the calyx</i>; calyx-lobes lance-linear, acute, as long as the at length inflated +tube; corolla 2´ long.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ill.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>G. lævigàta</b>, Raf. <i>Smooth, not glaucous</i>; stem (1–2° high) mostly +simple; <i>leaves lanceolate, acute, entire</i>, or the lowest obscurely toothed; <i>pedicels +shorter than the calyx-tube</i>; corolla 1´ long. (G. integrifolia, <i>Gray</i>.)—Oak-barrens, +etc., Penn. to Mich, and Ill., south in the mountains to Ga.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. OTOPHÝLLA. <i>Corolla purple (rarely white), naked within, as well as +the very unequal filaments; anthers dissimilar, pointless, glabrous or sparingly +hairy.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>G. auriculàta</b>, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple +(9–20´ high); <i>leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate</i>, sessile, <i>the lower entire</i>, the +others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base; <i>flowers nearly +sessile in the axils</i> (1´ long).—Low grounds and prairies, W. Penn. to Minn., +south to N. C. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>G. densiflòra</b>, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy; <i>leaves +rigid, pinnately parted into 3–7 narrowly linear acute divisions</i>, those subtending +the <i>densely spicate flowers</i> similar and crowded; corolla over 1´ long.—Prairies, +E. Kan. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. GERARDIA proper. <i>Corolla purple or rose-color (rarely white); calyx-teeth +short; anthers alike, nearly pointless, pubescent; cauline leaves linear +or narrower, entire.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Perennnial; leaves erect, very narrow; pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>G. linifòlia</b>, Nutt. Glabrous, 2–3° high, sparingly or paniculately +branched; leaves flat, thickish, 1´´ wide; calyx-teeth minute; corolla 1´ long,<a name="page390"></a> +minutely pubescent outside, villous within and lobes ciliate; anthers and filaments +very villous.—Low pine barrens, Del. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Annuals; herbage blackish in drying</i> (except n. 13).</p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>G. áspera</b>, Dougl. Sparingly branched (1–2° high); leaves long +and linear, rough; <i>pedicels (most of them alternate) equalling or moderately +exceeding the calyx</i>, which has <i>triangular-lanceolate acute lobes about half as +long as the tube</i>; corolla over 1´ long.—Plains and prairies, Mich, and W. Ind. +to Dak. and W. Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>G. purpùrea</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Purple Gerardia.</span>) Stem (1–2° high) with +long and rigid widely spreading branches; <i>leaves linear, acute, rough-margined</i>; +flowers large (1´ long), bright purple, often downy; <i>pedicels shorter +than the calyx, mainly opposite; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed</i>, from very short to +about half as long as the tube.—Low grounds, mainly near the coast and in +the region of the Great Lakes. Very variable.—Var. <span class="smcap">paupércula</span>, Gray. +Smoother, more simple; corolla usually only ½´ long, lighter rose-purple.—N. Eng. +to Penn., N. Ill., Minn., and northward.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>G. marítima</b>, Raf. (<span class="smcap">Sea-side G.</span>) Low (4–12´ high), with shorter +branches; <i>leaves and short broad calyx-teeth rather fleshy and obtuse</i>; pedicels +about as long as the calyx; corolla ½´ long.—Salt marshes along the coast.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Pedicels usually exceeding the corolla; woolly anthers cuspidate at base.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>G. tenuifòlia</b>, Vahl. (<span class="smcap">Slender G.</span>) <i>Leaves narrowly linear</i>, acute, +the floral ones mostly like the others; <i>calyx-teeth very short, acute; capsule +globular, not exceeding the calyx</i>; corolla about ½´ long.—Low or dry ground, +common.—Var. <span class="smcap">macrophýlla</span>, Benth. Stouter; larger leaves 1½–2´ long +and almost 2´´ wide, scabrous; pedicels ascending; calyx-teeth larger; corolla +little over ½´ long. W. Iowa to W. La. and Col.—Var. <span class="smcap">aspérula</span>, Gray. +Leaves all nearly filiform and upper face hispidulous scabrous; inflorescence +more paniculate; corolla small, the expanded limb only 6´´ in diameter. Dry +bare hills, Mich, and N. Ind. to Minn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>G. Skinneriàna</b>, Wood. <i>Leaves bristle-shaped</i>, as are the branchlets, +or the lower linear; <i>capsule ovate, mostly longer than the calyx</i>, which has +short setaceous teeth; corolla 4–6´´ long. (G. setacea, <i>Gray</i>, Man., not of +<i>Walt.</i>)—Sandy low ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="castilleia"><b>20. CASTILLÈIA</b>, Mutis. <span class="smcap">Painted-Cup.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on +the posterior side also; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla +included in the calyx; its upper lip (<i>galea</i>) long and narrow, arched and +keeled, flattened laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens; lower lip short, +3-lobed. Anther cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, +the inner pendulous. Capsule many-seeded.—Herbs (root-parasitic), with +alternate entire or cut-lobed leaves; the floral ones usually dilated, colored, +and more showy than the yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to +<i>Castillejo</i>, a Spanish botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. coccínea</b>, Spreng. (<span class="smcap">Scarlet Painted-Cup.</span>) Hairy biennial +or annual; stem simple; root-leaves clustered, mostly entire, obovate or<a name="page391"></a> +oblong; those of the stem incised; the floral 3–5-cleft, bright scarlet toward +the summit (rarely yellow); calyx about the length of the pale yellow corolla, +<i>equally cleft both sides, the lobes quadrate-oblong, entire or retuse</i>.—Low sandy +ground, Maine to Minn., south to N. J., Tenn., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. pállida</b>, Kunth, var. <b>septentrionàlis</b>, Gray. Perennial, smooth +or sparingly hairy, at the summit woolly; <i>leaves mainly entire</i>, the lower linear, +upper broader; the floral oblong or obovate, greenish-white, varying to yellowish, +purple, or red; <i>calyx equally cleft, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, 2-cleft</i>; +corolla ½–1´ long, the <i>galea decidedly shorter than the tube</i>, not over 2 or 3 +times as long as the lip.—Alpine summits of N. Eng., N. shore of L. Superior, +west and northward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. sessiliflòra</b>, Pursh. Perennial, 6–8´ high, very leafy, cinereous-pubescent; +leaves mostly 3–5-cleft, with narrow diverging sometimes cleft +lobes; the floral similar or broader, <i>not at all colored; calyx deeper cleft in +front</i>, the narrow lobes deeply 2-cleft; corolla 2´ long, <i>the short galea but twice +as long as the slender-lobed lip</i>.—Prairies, Wisc. and Ill. to Dak. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="orthocarpus"><b>21. ORTHOCÁRPUS</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Corolla with the upper lip (<i>galea</i>) little longer and usually much narrower +than the inflated 1–3-saccate lower one. Otherwise nearly as Castilleia. +(Name from <span class="greek">ὀρθός</span>, <i>upright</i>, and <span class="greek">καρπός</span>, <i>fruit</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. lùteus</b>, Nutt. Annual, pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid, +erect, 1° high; leaves linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft; spike dense; +bracts broader, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers, not colored; corolla +golden-yellow, not 6´´ long, 2–3 times as long as the calyx.—Plains, +N. Minn. to Col., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="schwalbea"><b>22. SCHWÁLBEA</b>, Gronov. <span class="smcap">Chaff-seed.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx oblique, tubular, 10–12-ribbed, 5-toothed; the posterior tooth much +the smaller, the 2 anterior united higher than the others. Upper lip of the +corolla arched, oblong, entire; the lower little shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3 +very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip; +anther-cells equal and parallel. Capsule ovate, many-seeded. Seeds linear, +with a loose chaff-like coat.—A perennial minutely pubescent upright herb +(1–2° high), with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of rather +large dull purplish-yellow flowers; leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved, entire, +ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced to narrow bracts; pedicels +very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to <i>C. G. Schwalbe</i>, +an obscure German botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Americàna</b>, L.—Wet sandy soil, Mass. to La., near the coast. +May–July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="euphrasia"><b>23. EUPHRÀSIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Eyebright.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, +scarcely arched, 2-lobed, and the sides folded back; lower lip spreading, +3-cleft, the lobes obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anther-cells +equal, pointed at the base. Capsule oblong, flattened. Seeds numerous.—Herbs,<a name="page392"></a> +with branching stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. +Flowers, small, spiked. (Name <span class="greek">εὐθρασία</span>, <i>cheerfulness</i>, in allusion to its +reputed medicinal properties.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. officinàlis</b>, L. Low annual; leaves ovate or lanceolate, the +lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish, +yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched.—Coast of Maine and Lower Canada; +perhaps introduced from Eu.—Var. <span class="smcap">Tatárica</span>, Benth., a low form +with small flowers (2–3´´ long), and mostly rounded leaves.—Alpine region +of N. H., shore of L. Superior, and far northward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="bartsia"><b>24. BÁRTSIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla with upper lip entire and sides not folded +back. Otherwise much as Euphrasia.—Herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, +and subsessile flowers, in the upper axils and in a terminal leafy spike.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">Odontìtes</span>, Huds. A span or two high from an annual root, branching, +scabrous-pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely serrate; +spikes elongated, loosely-flowered; corolla small, rose-red.—Coast of +Maine and N. Scotia. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="rhinanthus"><b>25. RHINÁNTHUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Yellow-Rattle.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper +lip of corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but with a +minute tooth on each side below the apex; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, +under the upper lip; anthers approximate, hairy, transverse; the cells equal, +pointless. Capsule orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged.—Annual +upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the yellow flowers crowded in a +one-sided leafy-bracted spike. (Name composed of <span class="greek">ῥίν</span>, <i>a snout</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>,<i> a +flower</i>, from the beaked upper lip in some species formerly of this genus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. Crista-gálli</b>, L. Leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely +serrate, the floral bracts more incised with bristle-tipped teeth; corolla 6´´ +long; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the inflated calyx, whence +the popular name.)—Coast of N. Eng. and alpine region of N. H., to L. Superior, +and northward. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pedicularis"><b>26. PEDICULÀRIS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Lousewort.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened, +often beaked at the apex; the lower erect at base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed; +lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4, +under the upper lip; anthers transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Capsule +ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several seeded.—Perennial herbs, with +chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a +spike. (Name from <i>pediculus</i>, a louse; of no obvious application.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Lousewort. Wood Betony.</span>)</p> + +<p>Hairy; stems simple, clustered (5–12´ high); <i>leaves scattered, the lowest pinnately +parted, the others half-pinnatifid</i>; spike short and dense; <i>calyx split in +front, otherwise almost entire</i>, oblique; <i>upper lip of the</i> (dull greenish-yellow +and purplish) <i>corolla hooded, incurved</i>, 2-toothed under the apex; capsule <i>flat, +somewhat sword-shaped</i>.—Copses and banks, common. May–July.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page393"></a>2. <b>P. lanceolàta</b>, Michx. Stem upright (1–3° high), nearly simple, +mostly smooth; <i>leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed</i>; +spike crowded; <i>calyx 2-lobed</i>, leafy-crested; <i>upper lip of the</i> (pale yellow) +<i>corolla incurved</i> and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex, the lower +erect, so as nearly to close the throat; <i>capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the +calyx</i>.—Swamps, Conn. to Va., Ohio, and Minn.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. Furbíshiæ</b>, Watson. Tall (2–3° high) pubescent or glabrate; +leaves lanceolate, <i>pinnately parted and the short oblong divisions pinnatifid-incised</i>, +or the upper simply pinnatifid and the lobes serrate; bracts ovate, +laciniate-dentate; <i>calyx-lobes</i> 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, entire or +toothed; <i>upper lip of corolla straight</i> and beakless, the truncate apex bicuspidate, +the lower erect, truncately 3-lobed; <i>capsule broadly ovate</i>.—Banks of +the St. John's, Aroostook Co., Maine (<i>Miss Kate Furbish</i>), and adjacent +N. Brunswick.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="melampyrum"><b>27. MELAMPỲRUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Cow-Wheat.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of corolla +cylindrical, enlarging above; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front; +the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under +the upper lip; anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy; the equal +cells minutely pointed at base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule +flattened, oblique, 1–4-seeded.—Erect branching annuals, with opposite +leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly toothed at base. Flowers solitary +in the upper axils. (Name from <span class="greek">μέλας</span>, <i>black</i>, and <span class="greek">πυρός</span>, <i>wheat</i>; from the +color of the seeds of some species as they appear mixed with grain.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. Americànum</b>, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the +floral ones like the lower, or truncate at base and beset with a few bristly +teeth; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube +of the pale greenish-yellow corolla (5´´ long).—Open woods; common, from +the Atlantic to Minn. and Iowa, especially eastward. June–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="orobanchaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 76.</span> <b>OROBANCHÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Broom-rape Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, didynamous, +the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentæ; pod very many-seeded; +seeds minute, with albumen and a very minute embryo.</i>—Calyx +persistent, 4–5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, +ringent, persistent and withering; upper lip entire or 2-lobed, +the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the +corolla; anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a +long style; stigma large. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved; each valve bearing +on its face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very numerous, minute.—Low, +thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves, lurid yellowish or +brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Flowers of two sorts, scattered along slender panicled branches.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Epiphegus.</b> Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla; the lower fertile, with the +corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page394"></a>[*][*] Flowers all alike and perfect; sterns mostly simple.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Conopholis.</b> Flowers, densely spicate. Calyx deeply cleft in front. Corolla 2-lipped +Stamens exserted.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Aphyllon.</b> Flowers pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. Calyx +regularly 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens included.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Orobanche.</b> Flowers sessile, spicate. Calyx cleft before and behind almost to the +base. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="epiphegus"><b>1. EPIPHÈGUS</b>, Nutt. <span class="smcap">Beech-drops. Cancer-root.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches; the upper sterile, +with a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style; the lower fertile, +with a very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base +by the growth of the pod; stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. +Stigma capitate, a little 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate +placentæ on each valve.—Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, +much branched, with small scattered scales, 6–12´ high. (Name from +<span class="greek">ἐπί</span>, <i>upon</i>, and <span class="greek">φηγός</span>, <i>the Beech</i>, because it grows on the roots of that tree.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. Virginiàna</b>, Bart. Corolla of the upper (sterile) flowers whitish +and purple, 6–8´´ long, curved, 4-toothed.—Common under Beech-trees, parasitic +on their roots; N. Brunswick to Wisc., south to Fla. and Ark. Aug.–Oct.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="conopholis"><b>2. CONÓPHOLIS</b>, Wallroth. <span class="smcap">Squaw-root. Cancer-root.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the +irregularly 4–5-toothed calyx; its tube split down on the lower side. Corolla +tubular, swollen at base, strongly 2 lipped; upper lip arched, notched at the +summit, the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma +depressed. Capsule with 4 placentæ, a pair on the middle of each valve.—Upper +scales forming bracts to the flowers, regularly imbricate, not unlike +those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from <span class="greek">κῶνος</span>, <i>a cone</i>, and <span class="greek">φολίς</span>, <i>a scale</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Americàna</b>, Wallroth.—Oak woods, growing in clusters among +fallen leaves; N. Eng. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tenn. May, June.—A +singular plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's +thumb, 3–6´ high, covered with fleshy scales, which become dry and hard.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aphyllon"><b>3. APHÝLLON</b>, Mitchell. <span class="smcap">Naked Broom-rape.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect, pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. +Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip more or +less spreading and 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included. +Stigma broadly 2-lipped or crateriform. Capsule with 4 placentæ, equidistant +or contiguous in pairs. Plants brownish or whitish. Flowers (purplish or +yellowish) and naked scapes minutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from <span class="greek">α</span>- +privative and <span class="greek">φύλλον</span>, <i>foliage</i>, alluding to the naked stalks.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets; corolla +with a long curved tube and spreading 5-lobed limb.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. uniflòrum</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">One-flowered Cancer-root.</span>) <i>Stem subterranean +or nearly so, very short</i>, scaly, often branched, each branch sending +up 1–3 slender one-flowered scapes (3–5´ high); <i>divisions of the calyx lance-awl-shaped</i>, +half the length of the corolla, which is 1´ long, with 2 yellow<a name="page395"></a> +bearded folds in the throat, and obovate lobes.—Damp woodlands, Newf. to +Va. and Tex., and west to the Pacific. April, May.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. fasciculàtum</b>, Gray. <i>Scaly stem erect and rising 3–4´ out of the +ground</i>, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles; <i>divisions of the calyx triangular, +very much shorter than the corolla</i>, which has rounded short lobes.—Sandy +ground, L. Michigan to Minn., southward west of the Mississippi, and +westward. On Artemisia, Eriogonum, etc. May.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Caulescent, flowers densely spicate, with 1–2 bractlets at base of calyx; +corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip less or not at all 2-cleft.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. Ludoviciànum</b>, Gray. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3–12´ +high); corolla somewhat curved, twice the length of the narrow lanceolate +calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. (Phelipæa Ludoviciana, <i>Walp.</i>)—Minn. +to Ill. and Tex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="orobanche"><b>4. OROBÁNCHE</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Broom-rape.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers spicate, sessile. Calyx cleft before and behind almost or quite to +the base, the divisions usually 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, 2-lobed +or emarginate, the lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens included.—Old +World parasites, on roots of various plants.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>O.</b> <span class="smcap">mìnor</span>, L. A span to a foot high, pubescent, pale yellowish-brown, or +with purplish-tinged flowers in a rather loose spike; corolla 6´´ long.—Parasitic +on clover, N. J. to Va. Sparingly and probably recently introduced.</p> + +<p class="species">(Addendum) <b>O.</b> <span class="smcap">ramòsa</span>, L. Often branched, 6´ high or less, of a pale straw-color; flowers +3-bracteate, the lateral bracts small; calyx 4-toothed, split at the back; +corolla pale blue, 6–8´´ long.—On the roots of hemp and tobacco; Ky. (Int. +from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="lentibulariaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 77.</span> <b>LENTIBULARIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Bladderwort Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Small herbs (growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, and a +2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluently) one-celled anthers, +and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatropous +seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen.</i>—Corolla deeply +2-lipped, the lower lip larger, 3-lobed and with a prominent palate, +spurred at the base in front; the palate usually bearded. Ovary free; +style very short or none; stigma 1–2-lipped. Capsule often bursting +irregularly. Scapes 1–few-flowered.—The following are the two principal +genera.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Utricularia.</b> Calyx-lobes mostly entire. Upper lip of corolla erect. Filaments +strongly incurved. Foliage dissected; bladder-bearing.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Pinguicula.</b> Calyx with upper lip deeply 3- and lower 2-cleft. Corolla-lobes spreading. +Filaments straighter. Terrestrial, with entire rosulate leaves next the ground.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="utricularia"><b>1. UTRICULÀRIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Bladderwort.</span></p> + +<p>Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate +on the lower lip projecting, often closing the throat; upper lip erect. +Anthers convergent.—Aquatic and immersed, with capillary dissected leaves +bearing little bladders, which float the plant at the time of flowering; or rooting +in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1–few-flowered; +usually flowering all summer. Bladders furnished with a valvular +lid and usually with a few bristles at the orifice. (Name from <i>utriculus</i>, a +little bladder.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page396"></a>[*] <i>Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of +large bladders formed of the inflated petioles; the lower leaves dissected +and capillary, bearing small bladders; rootlets few or none.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>U. inflàta</b>, Walt. Swimming free; bladder-like petioles oblong, +pointed at the ends and branched near the apex, bearing fine thread-like +divisions; flowers 3–10 (large, yellow); the appressed spur half the length +of the corolla; style distinct.—In still water, Maine to Tex., near the coast.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immersed branching +stems, which commonly swim free, bearing capillary dissected leaves with +small bladders on their lobes; roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly +perennial, propagated from year to year by tuber-like buds.)</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Cleistogamous flowers along the submersed copiously bladder-bearing stems.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>U. clandestìna</b>, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed +stems, several times forked, capillary; scapes slender (3–5´ high); lips of the +yellow corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader and 3-lobed, somewhat +longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur.—Ponds, from N. Brunswick +and N. Eng. to N. J., near the coast.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>No cleistogamous flowers.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Pedicels recurved in fruit; corolla yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>U. vulgàris</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Greater Bladderwort.</span>) Immersed stems (1–3° +long) <i>crowded with 2–3-pinnately many-parted capillary leaves, bearing many +bladders</i>; scapes 5–12-flowered (6–12´ long); <i>corolla closed</i> (6–9´´ broad), the +sides reflexed; spur conical, rather shorter than the lower lip, thick and blunt +in the European and the high northern plant; in the common American plant +less thick and rather acute.—Common in ponds and slow streams, Newf. to +Minn., south to Va. and Tex., and westward. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>U. mìnor</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Smaller B.</span>) <i>Leaves scattered</i> on the thread-like +immersed stems, 2–4 times <i>forked</i>, short; scapes weak, 2–8-flowered (3–7´ +high); <i>upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the depressed palate; spur +very short and blunt, or almost none</i>.—Shallow water, E. Mass, to Minn., south +to N. J. and Ark., and westward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Pedicels erect in fruit, few and slender; corolla yellow.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>U. gíbba</b>, L. <i>Scape</i> (1–3´ high) <i>1–2-flowered</i>, at base furnished +with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like +leaves and scattered bladders; corolla 3–4´´ broad, the lips broad and +rounded, nearly equal; the <i>lower</i> with the sides reflexed, <i>exceeding and approximate +to the very thick and blunt conical gibbous spur</i>.—Shallow water, +Mass. to Mich., south to Va. and Ill.; Mt. Desert (<i>F. M. Day</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>U. biflòra</b>, Lam. <i>Scape</i> (2–5´ high) <i>1–3-flowered</i>, at the base bearing +somewhat elongated submersed branches with capillary root-like leaves +and numerous bladders; <i>corolla 4–6´´ broad, the spur oblong, equalling the lower +lip</i>; seeds scale-shaped.—Ponds and shallow waters, S. Ill. and Iowa to Tex.; +also S. Va. (?), and Barnstable, Mass. (<i>W. Deane</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>U. fibròsa</b>, Walt. <i>Leaves</i> crowded or whorled on the small immersed +stems, several times forked, <i>capillary</i>; the bladders borne mainly along the +stems; flowers 2–6 (6´´ broad); lips nearly equal, broad and expanded, the<a name="page397"></a> +upper undulate, concave, plaited-striate in the middle; <i>spur nearly linear, obtuse</i>, +approaching and almost equalling the lower lip. (U. striata, <i>LeConte</i>.)—Shallow +pools in pine barrens, L. Island and N. J. to Fla. and Ala.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>U. intermèdia</b>, Hayne. <i>Leaves</i> crowded on the immersed stems, +<i>2-ranked</i>, 4–5 times forked, <i>rigid</i>, the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely +bristle-toothed along the margins; <i>the bladders borne on separate leafless +branches</i>; upper lip of corolla much longer than the palate; <i>spur conical-subulate, +acute, appressed to the very broad (6–8´´) lower lip and nearly as long +as it</i>.—Shallow pools, Newf. to N. J., west to Iowa, Minn., and northward. +(Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++][++] <i>Pedicels erect in fruit, rather long; corolla violet-purple.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>U. purpùrea</b>, Walt. Leaves whorled along the long immersed free +floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders; flowers +2–4 (6´´ wide); spur appressed to the 3-lobed 2-saccate lower lip of the +corolla and about half its length.—Ponds, Maine and N. Penn. to Fla., +mainly near the coast; also Lake Co., Ind.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a few small scales, the base +rooting in the mud or soil; leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised +out of the water, commonly few or fugacious; air-bladders few on the leaves +or rootlets, or commonly none.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flower purple, solitary; leaves bearing a few delicate lobes.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>U. resupinàta</b>, B. D. Greene. Scape (2–8´ high) 2-bracted above; +leaves thread-like, on delicate creeping branches; corolla (4–5´´ long) deeply +2-parted; spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip +and remote from it, <i>both ascending</i>, the flower resting transversely on the +summit of the scape.—Sandy margins of ponds, E. Maine to R. I., near the +coast; also N. New York and Presque Isle, L. Erie.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers 2–10, (chiefly) yellow; leaves entire, rarely seen.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>U. subulàta</b>, L. Stem capillary (3–5´ high); <i>pedicels capillary; +lower lip of the corolla flat</i> or with its margins recurved, <i>equally 3-lobed</i>, much +larger than the ovate upper one; <i>spur oblong</i>, acute, straight, <i>appressed</i> to the +lower lip, which it nearly equals in length.—Sandy swamps, and pine-barrens, +Nantucket, Mass., to N. J., Fla., and Tex., near the coast.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>cleistógama</b>, Gray. Only 1–2´ high, bearing 1 or 2 evidently cleistogamous +purplish flowers, not larger than a pin's head; capsule becoming 1´´ +long. (The unnamed Utricularia in the Man., p. 320).—With the ordinary +form; Barnstable and Nantucket, Mass., pine-barrens of N. J., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>U. cornùta</b>, Michx. Stem strict (3´–1° high), 1–5-flowered; <i>pedicels +not longer than the calyx</i>; corolla 1´ long, the <i>lower lip large and helmet-shaped</i>, +its centre very convex and projecting, while the sides are strongly +reflexed; upper lip obovate and much smaller; <i>spur awl-shaped, turned downward</i> +and outward, about as long as the lower lip.—Peat-bogs, or sandy +swamps, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.; common.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pinguicula"><b>2. PINGUÍCULA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Butterwort.</span></p> + +<p>Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy +or spotted palate, the lobes spreading.—Small and stemless perennials, growing<a name="page398"></a> +on damp rocks, with 1-flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all +clustered at the root, soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, +from <i>pinguis</i>, fat).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Vulgàris</b>, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical; scape and calyx a little +pubescent; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form; spur +straightish.—Wet rocks, northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to Minn., and far northward. +(Eu., Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="bignoniaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 78.</span> <b>BIGNONIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Bignonia Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Woody plants, monopetalous, didynamous or diandrous, with the ovary +commonly 2-celled by the meeting of the two parietal placentæ or of a projection +from them, many-ovuled; fruit a dry capsule, the large flat winged +seeds with a flat embryo and no albumen, the broad and leaf-like cotyledons +notched at both ends.</i>—Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular +or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular or 2-lipped, deciduous; +the lower lobe largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla; the fifth or posterior +one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary; +anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a +2-lipped stigma.—Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. +Flowers large and showy.—Chiefly a tropical family.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Bignonia.</b> Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound, tendril-bearing.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Tecoma.</b> Pod flattish contrary to the partition. Leaves compound, without tendrils.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Catalpa.</b> Pod terete. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees; leaves simple.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="bignonia"><b>1. BIGNÒNIA</b>, Tourn.</p> + +<p>Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed +and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Capsule +linear, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds +transversely winged.—Woody climbers, with chiefly compound leaves, terminating +in a tendril. (Named for the <i>Abbé Bignon</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. capreolàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cross-vine.</span>) Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong +leaflets and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in +the axil resembling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered; corolla +orange, 2´ long; pod 6´ long; seeds with the wing 1½´ long.—Rich soil, Va. +to S. Ill and south to Fla. and La. April. Climbing tall trees; a transverse +section of the wood showing a cross.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tecoma"><b>2. TÉCOMA</b>, Juss. <span class="smcap">Trumpet-flower.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular. +Stamens 4. Capsule 2-celled, with the partition at right angles to the convex +valves. Seeds transversely winged.—Woody, with compound leaves, climbing +by aerial rootlets. (Abridged from the Mexican name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. radìcans</b>, Juss. (<span class="smcap">Trumpet Creeper.</span>) Leaves pinnate; leaflets +9–11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed; stamens not protruded beyond +the tubular-funnel-form orange and scarlet corolla (2½–3´ long); pod oblanceolate, +4–5´ long.—Moist soil, Penn. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex. Common +in cultivation farther north.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="catalpa"><a name="page399"></a><b>3. CATÁLPA</b>, Scop., Walt. <span class="smcap">Catalpa. Indian Bean.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling; the undulate 5-lobed +spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4; +the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Capsule very long and slender, +nearly cylindrical, 2-celled, the partition at right angles to the valves. Seeds +winged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe.—Trees, with ovate or cordate +and mainly opposite leaves. (The aboriginal name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. speciòsa</b>, Warder. A large and tall tree, with thick bark; leaves +ample, heart-shaped, long-acuminate; corolla 2´ long, nearly white, inconspicuously +spotted, with obconical tube and slightly oblique limb, the lower +lobe emarginate; capsule thick.—Low rich woodlands, S. Ind. to Tenn., Mo., +and Ark. May.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">bignonioìdes</span>, Walt., of Ga., Ala. and Miss., very widely cultivated, +and formerly including the above species, is a low much branched tree, with +thin bark, smaller (1½´ long) thickly spotted corolla (with oblique limb and +lower lobe entire), and a much thinner capsule.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="pedaliaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 79.</span> <b>PEDALIÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with chiefly opposite simple leaves, and flowers as of the preceding +Order, except in structure of ovary and fruit, the former being 1-celled, +the latter fleshy-drupaceous, with wingless seeds and thick entire cotyledons.</i>—Ovary +(in ours) 1-celled, with 2 parietal intruded placentæ expanded +into 2 broad lamellæ or united into a central columella.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="martynia"><b>1. MARTÝNIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Unicorn-plant.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and +somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Fruit fleshy, the flesh at +length falling away in 2 valves; the inner part woody, terminated by a beak, +which at length splits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the +horns, imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of the two plates of each +placenta, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and cohering with +the walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wingless, with a +thick roughened coat.—Low branching annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhaling +a heavy odor, stems thickish; leaves simple, rounded; flowers racemed, large. +(Dedicated to <i>Prof. John Martyn</i>, of Cambridge, England.)</p> + +<p class="species">1 <b>M. proboscídea</b>, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire or undulate, +the upper alternate; corolla dull white or purplish, or spotted with yellow +and purple; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked.—Banks +of the Mississippi and its lower tributaries, from S. Ind., Ill., and Iowa, +to northern Mexico. Also cultivated and naturalized farther north.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="acanthaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 80.</span> <b>ACANTHÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Acanthus Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous stamens, +inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of +which are convolute or imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-celled and few- (4–12-) +seeded capsule; seeds anatropous, without albumen, usually flat and<a name="page400"></a> +supported by hooked projections of the placentæ (retinacula).</i>—Flowers +commonly much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form; stigma +simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the valves +and partition. Cotyledons broad and flat.—Mucilaginous and slightly +bitter, not noxious. A large family in the warmer parts of the world; +represented in gardens by <span class="smcap">Thunbergia</span>, which differs from the rest by +the globular pod and seeds, the latter not on hooks.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Corolla not obviously bilabiate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish, spreading; stamens 4.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Calophanes.</b> Calyx-lobes long-filiform. Capsule 2–4-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Ruellia.</b> Calyx-lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Capsule 6–20-seeded.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect and concave, lower spreading; stamens 2.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Dianthera.</b> Capsule obovate, flattened, 4-seeded.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="calophanes">1. <b>CALÓPHANES</b>, Don.</p> + +<p>Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted; its lobes elongated setaceous-acuminate or +aristiform. Corolla funnel-form, with ample limb, convolute in the bud. Stamens +4, the anthers mucronate or sometimes aristate at base. Ovules a single +pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, 2–4-seeded.—Low branching perennials, +pubescent or hirsute, with proportionally large axillary nearly sessile +flowers (solitary or few), and blue corolla. (Name from <span class="greek">καλός</span>, <i>beautiful</i>, and +<span class="greek">φαίνω</span>, <i>to appear</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. oblongifòlia</b>, Don. Stems visually erect and simple, ½–1° high; +leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse, sessile (1´ long or less); corolla +blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom 1´ long; calyx-lobes +nearly distinct, filiform-setaceous, hirsute.—Pine-barrens, S. Va. to Fla.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ruellia">2. <b>RUÉLLIA</b>, Plumier.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with spreading ample border, convolute +in the bud. Stamens 4, the cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers +parallel and nearly equal. Capsule narrow, in our species somewhat flattened, +contracted and seedless at the base, above 8–12-seeded. Seeds with a mucilaginous +coat, when wet exhibiting under the microscope innumerable tapering +short bristles, their walls marked with rings or spirals.—Perennials, with +rather large and showy blue or purple flowers, mostly in axillary clusters, +sometimes also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx +often 2-bracteolate. (Named for the early herbalist, <i>John Ruelle</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. ciliòsa</b>, Pursh. <i>Hirsute</i> with soft whitish hairs (1–3° high); <i>leaves +nearly sessile, oval</i> or ovate-oblong (1–2´ long); flowers 1–3 and almost sessile +in the axils; <i>tube of the corolla</i> (1–1½´ long) fully <i>twice the length of the setaceous +calyx-lobes</i>; the throat short.—Dry ground, Mich. to Minn., south to +Fla. and La. June–Sept.—Var. <span class="smcap">ambígua</span>, Gray. Sparingly hirsute-pubescent +or glabrate; leaves ovate-oblong, usually short-petioled, larger; tube of +corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx.—Va. and Ky. to Ala. Appearing +like a hybrid with the next.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. strèpens</b>, L. <i>Glabrous or sparingly pubescent</i> (1–4° high); <i>leaves +narrowed at base into a petiole</i>, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2½–5´ long); +<i>tube of the corolla</i> (about 1´ long) little longer than the dilated portion, <i>slightly<a name="page401"></a> +exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes</i>.—Rich soil, Penn. to Wisc., south +to Fla. and Tex. July–Sept.—Var. <span class="smcap">cleistántha</span>, Gray. Leaves commonly +narrower and oblong; flowers for most of the season cleistogamous.—Common +with the ordinary form.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dianthera">3. <b>DIANTHÈRA</b>, Gronov. <span class="smcap">Water-Willow.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, notched; the +lower spreading, 3-parted, external in the bud. Stamens 2; anthers 2-celled, +the cells separated and somewhat unequal. Capsule obovate, flattened, contracted +at base into a short stalk, 4-seeded.—Perennial herbs, growing in +water or wet places, with entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled +spikes or heads. (Name formed of <span class="greek">δίς</span>, <i>double</i>, and <span class="greek">ἀνθηρά</span>, <i>anther</i>; +the separated cells giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. Americàna</b>, L. Stem 1–3° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated; +spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncled; corolla 4–5´´ long.—In water, +N. W. Vt. to Wisc., south to S. C. and Tex. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="verbenaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 81.</span> <b>VERBENÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Vervain Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular +corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2–4-celled</i> (in Phryma 1-celled) +<i>fruit dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe into as many 1-seeded +indehiscent nutlets</i>; differing from the following order in the ovary not +being 4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and the plants seldom aromatic +or furnishing a volatile oil.—Seeds with a straight embryo and +little or no albumen.—A large order in the warmer parts of the world, +sparingly represented in cool regions.</p> + + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. VERBENEÆ.</b> Ovary 2–4-celled, with an erect anatropous ovule in each cell.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Verbena.</b> Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular. Fruit splitting into 4 nutlets.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Lippia.</b> Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx short, 2-cleft. Fruit splitting into 2 nutlets.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Callicarpa.</b> Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short. Fruit berry-like, with 4 nutlets.</p> + + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. PHRYMEÆ.</b> Ovary 1-celled; ovule erect, orthotropous.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Phryma.</b> Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped. Fruit an achene.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="verbena"><b>1. VERBÈNA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Vervain.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. +Corolla tubular, often curved, salver-form; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. +Stamens included; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style +slender; stigma mostly 2-lobed. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets.—Flowers +sessile, in single or often panicled spikes, bracted; produced all summer. +(The Latin name for any sacred herb; derivation obscure.)—The species +present numerous spontaneous hybrids.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Anthers not appendaged; flowers small, in narrow spikes.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Spikes filiform, with flowers or at least fruits scattered, naked, the inconspicuous +bracts shorter than the calyx.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>V.</b> <span class="smcap">officinàlis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">European V.</span>) Annual, glabrous or nearly so, +loosely branched (1–3° high); <i>leaves pinnatifid or 3-cleft, oblong-lanceolate</i>,<a name="page402"></a> +sessile, smooth above, the lobes cut and toothed; spikes panicled; <i>flowers purplish</i>, +very small.—Roadsides and old fields, N. J. to Minn., south to Tex., +and westward. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>V. urticæfòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">White V.</span>) Perennial, from minutely pubescent +to almost glabrous, rather tall (3–5° high); <i>leaves oval or oblong-ovate, +acute, coarsely serrate, petioled</i>; spikes at length much elongated, loosely panicled; +flowers very small, <i>white</i>.—Waste or open grounds. (Trop. Am.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Spikes thicker or densely flowered; the fruits crowded, mostly overlapping +each other; bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers; perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>V. angustifòlia</b>, Michx. Low (6–18´ high), often simple; <i>leaves +narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish</i>, slightly toothed; +spikes few or single; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next.—Dry +or sandy ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>V. hastàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Blue Vervain.</span>) Tall (4–6° high); <i>leaves lanceolate +or oblong-lanceolate</i>, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, <i>petioled, the lower often lobed +and sometimes halberd-shaped</i> at base; <i>spikes linear, erect</i>, corymbed or panicled; +flowers blue.—Waste grounds and roadsides; common.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>V. strícta</b>, Vent. (<span class="smcap">Hoary V.</span>) <i>Downy with soft whitish hairs</i>, erect, +simple or branched (1–2° high); <i>leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate</i>; +<i>spikes thick</i>, somewhat clustered, hairy; flowers rather large, purple.—Barrens +and prairies, Ohio to Dak., south to Tex. and N. Mex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Spikes thick, sessile and leafy-bracted; annual.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>V. bracteòsa</b>, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy; leaves +wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled; spikes single, remotely +flowered; bracts large, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small purple +flowers.—Prairies and waste grounds, Ohio to Minn., south and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Anthers of the longer stamens glandular-tipped; flowers showy, from depressed-capitate +becoming spicate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>V. bipinnatífida</b>, Nutt. <i>Hispid-hirsute</i>, ½–1° high; <i>leaves</i> (1½–4´ +long) <i>bipinnately parted</i>, or 3-parted into more or less bipinnatifid divisions, +the lobes commonly linear or broader; <i>bracts mostly surpassing the calyx</i>; +limb of bluish-purple or lilac corolla 4–5´´ <i>broad</i>.—Plains and prairies, Kan. +to Ark. and Tex., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>V. Aublètia</b>, L. Slender, 1° high or less, <i>soft-pubescent or glabrate</i>; +<i>leaves</i> (1–2´ long) <i>ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with a wedge-shaped base, incisely +lobed and toothed</i>, often more deeply 3-cleft; <i>bracts shorter than or equalling +the calyx</i>; limb of reddish-purple or lilac (rarely white) corolla 6–8´´ +<i>broad</i>.—Open woods and prairies, Ind. and Ill. to Fla., Ark., and N. Mex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lippia"><b>2. LÍPPIA</b>, Houst.</p> + +<p>Calyx short, often flattened, 2–4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped; +upper lip notched, the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style +slender; stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to +<i>Augustus Lippi</i>, an Italian naturalist and traveller.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. lanceolàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Fog-fruit.</span>) <i>Creeping extensively, roughish, +green; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate</i>, serrate above; <i>peduncles axillary, +slender, exceeding the leaves</i>, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish-white<a name="page403"></a> +flowers; <i>bracts mucronate or pointless</i>.—River-banks, E. Penn. to Minn., +south to Fla. and Tex. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. cuneifòlia</b>, Steud. Diffusely branched from a woody base, procumbent +<i>(not creeping), minutely canescent throughout; leaves rigid, cuneate-linear</i>, +incisely 2–6-toothed above the middle; peduncles axillary, <i>mostly +shorter than the leaves</i>; bracts rigid, broadly cuneate, <i>abruptly acuminate</i>; corolla +white (?).—Plains, W. Neb. to central Kan. and Arizona.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="callicarpa"><b>3. CALLICÁRPA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx 4–5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4–5-lobed, nearly +regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted; anthers opening at the apex. Style +slender, thickened upward. Fruit a small berry-like drupe, with 4 nutlets.—Shrubs, +with scurfy pubescence, and small flowers in axillary cymes. (Name +formed of <span class="greek">κάλλος</span>, <i>beauty</i>, and <span class="greek">καρπός</span>, <i>fruit</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Americàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">French Mulberry.</span>) Leaves ovate-oblong with +a tapering base, acuminate, toothed, whitish beneath; cymes many-flowered; +calyx obscurely 4-toothed; corolla bluish; fruit violet-color.—Rich soil, Va. +to Tex., thence north to Mo. May–July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="phryma"><b>4. PHRỲMA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Lopseed.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth; the +lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip notched; the lower much +larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry, +in the bottom of the calyx, oblong, 1-celled and 1-seeded. Seed orthotropous. +Cotyledons convolute round their axis.—A perennial herb, with slender branching +stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-petioled; the small +opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal spikes, strictly reflexed in +fruit. Corolla purplish or rose-color. (Derivation of the name unknown.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Leptostàchya</b>, L. Plant 2–3° high; leaves 3–5´ long, thin; +calyx strongly ribbed and closed in fruit, the long slender teeth hooked at the +tip.—Moist and open woods, common. (E. Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="labiatae"><span class="smcap">Order 82.</span> <b>LABIÀTÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Mint Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or less 2-lipped +corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary, +which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or achenes, surrounding the base +of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filled with a single +erect seed.</i>—Nutlets smooth or barely roughish and fixed by their +base, except in the first tribe. Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight +(except in Scutellaria); radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of +the corolla 2-lobed or sometimes entire; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens +inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the apex. Flowers +axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, these often aggregated in terminal +spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small glands containing a +volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and aroma of the plants of +this large and well-known family.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page404"></a>I. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, attached obliquely or ventrally; ovary merely +4-lobed.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. AJUGOIDEÆ.</b> Stamens 4, ascending and parallel, mostly exserted from +the upper side of the corolla. Calyx 5–10-nerved.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Limb of corolla merely oblique, of 5 nearly equal and similar lobes.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Trichostema.</b> Corolla lobes all declined. Calyx oblique. Stamens exserted.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Isanthus.</b> Calyx bell shaped. Corolla small, the lobes spreading. Stamens included.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Limb of corolla irregular, seemingly unilabiate, the upper lip being either split down +or very short; stamens exserted from the cleft.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Teucrium.</b> Corolla deeply cleft between the 2 small lobes of the upper lip.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Ajuga.</b> Corolla with a very short and as if truncate upper lip.</p> + +<p class="key">II. Nutlets smooth or granulate; scar basal, small; ovary deeply 4-parted.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. SATUREINEÆ.</b> Upper pair of stamens shorter or wanting; anthers 2-celled. +Upper lip of corolla not galeate or concave.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Flowers in loose terminal panicled racemes; calyx 2-lipped, enlarged and declined in fruit.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Collinsonia.</b> Lower lobe of corolla fimbriate, much the largest. Stamens 2.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Perilla.</b> Corolla short, the lower lobe little larger. Stamens 4, included.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Flowers in more or less crowded clusters or whorls, axillary or spicate.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed, small. Stamens erect, distant.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Mentha.</b> Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Lycopus.</b> Fertile stamens 2, and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Corolla more or less 2-lipped.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor curved.</p> + +<p class="key">[=] Stamens 2, with or without rudiments of the upper pair.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Cunila.</b> Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] Stamens 4, calyx 10–13-nerved, and hairy in the throat (except n. 10).</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Hyssopus.</b> Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Stamens exserted.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Pycnanthemum.</b> Calyx ovate or short-tubular, equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. +Flowers in dense heads or clusters.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Origanum.</b> Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Spikes with large colored bracts.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Thymus.</b> Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, 2-lipped. Bracts minute; leaves very small.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Stamens (often 2 only in n. 16) ascending or arcuate, often more or less converging (or +ascending parallel under the erect upper lip in n. 14 and 15).</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Satureia.</b> Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Calamintha.</b> Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Tube of +corolla straight.</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Melissa.</b> Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, flattish on the upper side. Corolla curved upward.</p> + +<p class="genus">17. <b>Hedeoma.</b> Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. MONARDEÆ.</b> Stamens 2, ascending and parallel; anthers apparently or +really 1-celled. Corolla strongly 2-lipped.</p> + +<p class="genus">18. <b>Salvia.</b> Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing +a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect cell on the lower.</p> + +<p class="genus">19. <b>Monarda.</b> Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells confluent +into one, the connective inconspicuous.</p> + +<p class="genus">20. <b>Blephilia.</b> Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as in the last.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe IV. NEPETEÆ.</b> Stamens 4, the upper (inner) pair longer than the lower, +ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip concave or arched, the lower +spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Anthers not approximate in pairs; their cells parallel or nearly so.</p> + +<p class="genus">21. <b>Lophanthus.</b> Stamens divergent, exserted; upper pair declined, lower ascending.</p> + +<p class="genus">22. <b>Cedronella.</b> Stamens all ascending, not exceeding the lip of the corolla.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page405"></a>[*][*] Anthers more or less approximate in pairs; their cells divaricate or divergent; filaments +ascending, not exserted.</p> + +<p class="genus">23. <b>Nepeta.</b> Calyx more or less curved, equally 5-toothed.</p> + +<p class="genus">24. <b>Dracocephalum.</b> Calyx straight, the upper tooth much the larger.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe V. SCUTELLARINEÆ.</b> Stamens 4, ascending and parallel. Calyx bilabiate, +closed in fruit; the rounded lips entire. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip arched.</p> + +<p class="genus">25. <b>Scutellaria.</b> Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe VI. STACHYDEÆ.</b> Stamens 4, parallel and ascending under the galeate or +concave upper lip, the lower (outer) pair longer (except in n. 31, 32). Calyx 5–10-nerved, +not 2-lipped (except in n. 26).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Calyx reticulate-veiny, deeply bilabiate, closed in fruit.</p> + +<p class="genus">26. <b>Brunella.</b> Calyx nerved and veiny; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Calyx thin, inflated in fruit, obscurely nerved, 3–5-lobed, open.</p> + +<p class="genus">27. <b>Physostegia.</b> Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anther cells parallel.</p> + +<p class="genus">28. <b>Synandra.</b> Calyx almost equally 4-lobed! Anther cells widely divergent.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly 5–10-nerved or striate, 5–10-toothed.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Stamens included in the short corolla-tube, its upper lip merely concave.</p> + +<p class="genus">29. <b>Marrubium.</b> Calyx tubular, 5–10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Stamens ascending under the galeate upper lip of the corolla.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Stamens not deflexed after anthesis; naturalized from the Old World.</p> + +<p class="genus">30. <b>Ballota.</b> Calyx somewhat funnel-form, expanding above into a spreading 5-toothed +border. Nutlets roundish at top. Upper lip of the corolla erect.</p> + +<p class="genus">31. <b>Phlomis.</b> Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the corolla arched.</p> + +<p class="genus">32. <b>Leonurus.</b> Calyx top-shaped, the rigid spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading. Nutlets +truncate and acutely 3-angled at top. Leaves cleft or incised.</p> + +<p class="genus">33. <b>Lamium.</b> Calyx-teeth not spiny-pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate.</p> + +<p class="genus">34. <b>Galeopsis.</b> Calyx tubular-bell-shaped; the 5 teeth spiny-pointed. Anthers transversely +2-valved, the smaller valve ciliate.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Stamens often deflexed or contorted after anthesis.</p> + +<p class="genus">35. <b>Stachys.</b> Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed or the 2 upper teeth united into +one. Nutlets rounded at top.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="trichostema"><b>1. TRICHOSTÈMA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Blue Curls.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft; the 3 upper teeth elongated and +partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed; the lobes narrowly oblong, +declined, nearly equal in length; the 3 lower more or less united. Stamens +4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla, +curved; anther-cells divergent and at length confluent.—Low annuals, somewhat +clammy glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly +solitary 1-flowered pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the +production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed, +namely, the short teeth of the calyx upward, etc. Corolla blue, varying to +pink, rarely white, small; in summer and autumn. (Name composed of <span class="greek">θρίξ</span>, +<i>hair</i> and <span class="greek">στῆμα</span>, <i>stamen</i>, from the capillary filaments.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. dichótomum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bastard Pennyroyal.</span>) Viscid with rather +minute pubescence; <i>leaves lance-oblong or rhombic-lanceolate</i>, rarely lance-linear, +short-petioled.—Sandy fields, E. Mass. to Ky., south to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. lineàre</b>, Nutt. Puberulent, more slender and less forked; <i>leaves +linear</i>, nearly smooth.—Conn. to La., near the coast; in sandy ground.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="isanthus"><a name="page406"></a><b>2. ISÁNTHUS</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">False Pennyroyal.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer +than the calyx; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and obovate spreading +lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, incurved-ascending, scarcely exceeding +the corolla.—A low, much branched annual, clammy-pubescent, with +nearly entire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on +axillary 1–3-flowered peduncles. (Name from <span class="greek">ἴσος</span>, <i>equal</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>, +referring to the almost regular corolla.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>I. cærùleus</b>, Michx. Corolla 2–3´´ long, little exceeding the calyx.—Dry +or sterile ground, Maine to Ill., Minn., and southward. July, August.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="teucrium"><b>3. TEÙCRIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Germander.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, turned +forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip; the lower lobe much larger. +Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla; +anther-cells confluent. (Named for <i>Teucer</i>, king of Troy.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. Canadénse</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">American Germander. Wood Sage.</span>) Perennial, +<i>downy</i>, erect (1–3° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at +base, short-petioled, hoary underneath, the floral scarcely longer than the oblique +unequally-toothed calyx; whorls about 6-flowered, crowded in a long and +simple wand-like spike; <i>calyx canescent, the 3 upper lobes very obtuse</i> or the +middle one acutish; corolla purple, rose, or sometimes cream-color (6´´ long).—Low +grounds; not rare. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. occidentàle</b>, Gray. <i>Loosely pubescent; calyx villous with viscid +hairs, the upper lobes acute or middle one acuminate</i>; corolla 4–5´´ long; other +wise like the last.—A western form, from Neb. southwestward, and extending +eastward (Ont., and near Philadelphia).</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ajuga"><b>4. ÁJUGA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with very short and as if truncate upper lip; the +large and spreading lower lip with the middle lobe emarginate or 2-cleft. Stamens +as in Teucrium, but anther-cells less confluent. (From <span class="greek">α</span>- privative, and +<span class="greek">ζυγόν</span> (Latin <i>jugum</i>), <i>yoke</i>, from the seeming absence of a yoke-fellow to the +lower lip of the corolla.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">réptans</span>, L. Perennial, about 1° high, with copious creeping stolons; +leaves obovate or spatulate, sometimes sinuate, the cauline sessile, the floral +approximate, subtending several sessile blue flowers.—Naturalized near Saco, +Maine, Montreal, etc. (Eu., N. Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="collinsonia"><b>5. COLLINSÒNIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Horse-Balm.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped; upper lip truncate and +flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the throat, +somewhat 2-lipped, the tube with a bearded ring within; the 4 upper lobes +nearly equal, but the lower much larger and longer, pendent, toothed or lacerate-fringed. +Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the upper pair shorter), much exserted, +diverging; anther-cells divergent.—Strong-scented perennials, with large +ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedicels, in loose and panicled +terminal racemes. (Named in honor of <i>Peter Collinson</i>, a well-known patron +of science and correspondent of Linnæus, who introduced it into England.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page407"></a>1. <b>C. Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Rich-weed. Stone-root.</span>) Nearly smooth +(1–3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3–6´ long); panicle loose; +corolla 8–9´´ long, lemon-scented; stamens 2.—Rich moist woods, N. Brunswick +to Wisc., south to Fla. and Mo. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="perilla"><b>6. PERÍLLA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Calyx as in Collinsonia. Corolla-tube included, the limb 5-cleft; lower lobe +a little larger. Stamens 4, included, erect, distant.—Coarse aromatic annual, +with small flowers in panicled and axillary racemes. (A Greek and Latin +proper name.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">ocymoìdes</span>, L. Erect, branching, 2–3° high; leaves ovate, coarsely +toothed; flowers white.—About dwellings and roadsides, S. Ill. (<i>Schneck.</i>) +(Adv. from E. Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="mentha"><b>7. MÉNTHA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Mint.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a +short included tube; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft; the upper +lobe broadest, entire or notched. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant.—Odorous +perennial herbs; the small flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axillary +capitate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes, produced in +summer, of two sorts as to the fertility of the stamens in most species. Corolla +pale purple or whitish. Species mostly adventive or naturalized from Europe, +with many hybrids. (<span class="greek">Μίνθη</span> of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that name, +fabled to have been changed into Mint by Proserpine.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Spikes narrow and leafless, densely crowded; leaves sessile or nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">sylvéstris</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Horse Mint</span> of Eu.) <i>Finely pubescent or canescent; +leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate</i>, acute, sharply serrate, often glabrous +above; spikes rather slender, <i>canescently pubescent</i>.—Roadsides, etc., Penn.—Var. +<span class="smcap">alopecuroìdes</span>, Baker. Leaves larger, more nearly sessile, broadly +oval and obtuse, often subcordate, coarsely serrate, more veiny, but not rugose; +approaching the next.—Penn. and N. J.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">rotundifòlia</span>, L. <i>Soft-hairy</i> or downy; <i>leaves</i> broadly elliptical to +<i>round-ovate</i> and somewhat heart-shaped, <i>rugose</i>, crenate-toothed; spikes slender, +<i>not canescent</i>.—Atlantic States, at a few stations, Maine to Tex.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">víridis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Spearmint.</span>) <i>Nearly smooth; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate</i>, +unequally serrate; bracts linear-lanceolate and subulate, conspicuous.—Wet +places; in all cultivated districts.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers pedicellate, less crowded, in interrupted leafless spikes, or some in +the upper axils; leaves petioled.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">piperìta</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Peppermint.</span>) <i>Glabrous</i> (somewhat hairy in var. SUBHIRSÙTA), +very pungent-tasted; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, +sharply serrate; <i>spikes narrow, loose</i>.—Along brooks, escaped everywhere.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">aquática</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Water Mint.</span>) <i>Pubescent</i> or smoothish; leaves ovate +or round-ovate; flowers in a terminal <i>globular or interrupted and oblong head</i>, +often with one or more clusters in the axils of the upper leaves; calyx and +usually the pedicels hairy. The common form has the stems <i>hairy downward</i>.—Wet +places, N. Eng. to Del.; rare.—Var. <span class="smcap">críspa</span>, Benth., is a glabrous or +glabrate form, with lacerate-dentate and crisped leaves.—Ditches, N. J., etc.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Flowers in globular whorls or clusters, all in the axils of the leaves, the uppermost +axils not flower-bearing; leaves more, or less petioled, toothed.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">satìva</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Whorled Mint.</span>) <i>Stem hairy downward</i>; leaves ovate, +sharply serrate; calyx oblong-cylindrical with <i>very slender teeth</i>.—Waste +damp places, Mass. to Penn.; not common. Passes into the next.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page408"></a><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">arvénsis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Corn Mint.</span>) Lower and smaller-leaved than the last; +leaves obtusely serrate; <i>calyx bell-shaped, the teeth short</i> and broader.—Moist +fields, N. Eng., etc.; rare.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Mint.</span>) <i>Leaves</i> varying from ovate-oblong +to lanceolate, <i>tapering to both ends</i>; calyx oblong-bell-shaped, the teeth +rather short; hairs on the stem not conspicuously reflexed. The commoner +form is more or less hairy, and has nearly the odor of Pennyroyal.—Wet +places, through the northern U. States across the continent, and northward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>glabràta</b>, Benth. Leaves and stems almost glabrous, the former +sometimes very short-petioled; scent sweeter, as of Monarda.—Similar range.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lycopus"><b>8. LÝCOPUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Water Horehound.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, 4–5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped, +scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant; +the upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened +margins.—Perennial low herbs, glabrous or puberulent, resembling Mints, +with sharply toothed or pinnatifid leaves, the floral ones similar and much +longer than the dense axillary whorls of small mostly white flowers; in summer. +(Name compounded of <span class="greek">λύκος</span>, <i>a wolf</i>, and <span class="greek">ποῦς</span>, <i>foot</i>, from some fancied +likeness in the leaves.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stoloniferous, the long filiform runners often tuberiferous; leaves only serrate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Calyx-teeth usually 4, barely acutish, shorter than the mature nutlets.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Virgínicus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bugle-weed.</span>) Stem obtusely 4-angled (6´–2° +high); leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed, entire toward the base, acuminate +at both ends, short-petioled; calyx-teeth ovate.—Shady moist places, +Lab. to Fla., Mo., and northwestward across the continent.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Calyx-teeth usually 5, very acute, longer than the nutlets.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Bracts minute; corolla twice as long as the calyx.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. sessilifòlius</b>, Gray. Stem rather acutely 4-angled; <i>leaves closely +sessile</i>, ovate or lanceolate-oblong (1–2´ long), sparsely sharply serrate; <i>calyx-teeth +subulate, rigid</i>. (L. Europæus, var. sessilifolius, <i>Gray</i>, Man.)—Pine +barrens of N. J. to Cape Cod, Mass. (<i>Deane</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. rubéllus</b>, Moench. Stem rather obtusely 4-angled; leaves <i>petioled</i>, +ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, <i>attenuate-acuminate +at both ends (3´ long)</i>; calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, <i>not rigid-pointed</i>. +(L. Europæus, var. integrifolius, <i>Gray</i>.)—Penn. to Minn., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Outer bracts conspicuous; corolla hardly exceeding the calyx.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. lùcidus</b>, Turcz., var. <b>Americànus</b>, Gray. Stem strict, stout, +2–3° high; leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate (2–4´ long), acute or acuminate, +very sharply and coarsely serrate, sessile or nearly so; calyx-teeth +attenuate-subulate.—Sask. and Minn. to Kan., thence west to Calif.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Not stoloniferous; leaves incised or pinnatifid.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. sinuàtus</b>, Ell. Stem erect, 1–3° high, acutely 4-angled; leaves +oblong or lanceolate (1½–2´ long), acuminate, irregularly incised or laciniate-pinnatifid, +or some of the upper merely sinuate, tapering to a slender petiole; +calyx-teeth short-cuspidate; sterile filaments slender, conspicuous, with globular +or spatulate tips. (L. Europæus, var. sinuatus, <i>Gray</i>.)—Common.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cunila"><a name="page409"></a><b>9. CUNÌLA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Dittany.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped; +upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. +Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant; sterile filaments short, minute.—Perennials, +with small white or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. +(An ancient Latin name, of unknown origin.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Mariàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Dittany.</span>) Stems tufted, corymbosely +much branched (1° high); leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or heart-shaped +at base, nearly sessile, dotted (1´ long); cymes peduncled; calyx striate.—Dry +hills, southern N. Y. to S. Ind., south to Ga. and Ark.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hyssopus"><b>10. HYSSÒPUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Hyssop.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla +short, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched, the lower 3-cleft, with +the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging.—Perennial +herb, with wand-like simple branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and +blue-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>H.</b> <span class="smcap">officinàlis</span>, L.—Roadsides, etc., sparingly escaped from gardens. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pycnanthemum"><b>11. PYCNÁNTHEMUM</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">Mountain Mint. Basil.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the +three upper teeth more or less united, naked in the throat. Corolla short, +more or less 2-lipped; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly +notched; the lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, +the lower pair rather longer; anther-cells parallel.—Perennial upright herbs, +with a pungent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above, the floral leaves +often whitened; the many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and +usually forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, +the lips mostly dotted with purple. Fl. summer and early autumn.—Varies, +like the Mints, with the stamens exserted or included in different flowers. +(Name composed of <span class="greek">πυκνός</span>, <i>dense</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθεμον</span>, <i>a blossom</i>, from the dense +inflorescence.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Bracts and equal calyx-teeth awn-tipped, rigid, naked, as long as the corolla; +flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads; leaves rigid, slightly petioled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. aristàtum</b>, Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent (1–2° high); +leaves ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate +(1–2´ long), roundish at the base.—Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>hyssopifòlium</b>, Gray. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear, +nearly entire and obtuse.—Va. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Bracts and equal and similar calyx-teeth not awned.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves linear or lanceolate, nearly sessile, entire, very numerous; capitate +glomerules small and numerous, densely cymose, imbricated with many short +appressed rigid bracts.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. lanceolàtum</b>, Pursh. <i>Smoothish or minutely pubescent</i> (2° high); +<i>leaves lanceolate or lance-linear</i>, obtuse at base; <i>heads downy</i>; bracts ovate or +lanceolate; <i>calyx-teeth short and triangular</i>.—Dry thickets, Mass. to Dak., +south to Ga. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page410"></a>3. <b>P. linifòlium</b>, Pursh. <i>Smoother and leaves narrower</i> and heads less +downy than in the last; the narrower <i>bracts and lance-awl-shaped calyx-teeth +pungently pointed</i>.—Dry ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves lanceolate to ovate, sessile or nearly so, denticulate or entire; heads +larger and fewer, with fewer and looser bracts.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. mùticum</b>, Pers. <i>Minutely hoary</i> throughout, or becoming almost +smooth, corymbosely much branched (1–2½° high); <i>leaves ovate or broadly +ovate-lanceolate</i>, varying to lanceolate, <i>rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly +heart-shaped at base</i>, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently +veined, green when old; <i>the floral ones</i>, short bracts, and triangular or ovate +calyx-teeth, <i>hoary with a fine close down</i>; flower-clusters very dense.—Maine +to S. Ill., south to Fla. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>pilòsum</b>, Gray. Hoary with loose pubescence; leaves thinner, oblong-lanceolate, +mostly acute or acutish at base; bracts and especially the narrower +(often somewhat unequal) calyx-teeth often villous-pubescent. (P. pilosum, +<i>Nutt.</i>)—Ohio to Iowa, Kan., and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. léptodon</b>, Gray. <i>Soft-pubescent</i>, or glabrate below, loosely branched; +<i>leaves membranaceous, green</i> (1½–2´ long), <i>lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate</i>, subsessile; +clusters larger and looser, canescent-hirsute; <i>long-acuminate bracts and +calyx-teeth slender-subulate, villous-hirsute</i>.—S. Mo. to northwestern N. C.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, not at all hoary; flowers +in mostly terminal dense capitate clusters; calyx hoary-pubescent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. Torrèyi</b>, Benth. <i>Puberulent</i>; stem strict and nearly simple (2–3° +high); <i>leaves thin, linear-lanceolate</i>, tapering to both ends (mostly 2´ long +and 2–3´´ wide), <i>nearly entire</i>; heads small; awl-shaped calyx-teeth and mostly +appressed bracts canescent.—Dry soil, southern N. Y. to Penn. and Del.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. clinopodioìdes</b>, Gray. <i>Pubescent; leaves broadly or oblong-lanceolate, +sharply denticulate</i> (sometimes entire); heads fewer and larger; bracts +loose.—Dry soil, southern N. Y. to E. Penn.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Calyx bilabiate (3 upper teeth united), the teeth and the tips of the loose +bracts not rigid; flowers in dense flattened glomerate cymes; leaves thin, +mostly serrate, petioled, the uppermost more or less canescent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. Túllia</b>, Benth. Leaves greener and <i>loosely soft-downy</i>, only the +floral ones whitened, otherwise resembling those of the next; cymes dense; +<i>bracts much surpassing the flowers</i>, their long awn-like points and the awn-pointed +calyx-teeth bearded with long loose hairs.—S. Va. and N. C. to Tenn. +and Ga.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>P. incànum</b>, Michx. <i>Leaves</i> ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed, +<i>downy above and mostly hoary with whitish wool underneath, the uppermost whitened +both sides; cymes open</i>; bracts linear-awl-shaped and, with the calyx-teeth, +more or less awn-pointed.—N. Eng. to Ont. and Ind., south to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*] <i>Calyx equally 5-toothed; heads few, large and globose (terminal and +in the upper axils of the thin petioled leaves); bracts loose, ciliate-bearded.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>P. montànum</b>, Michx. Stem (1–3° high) and ovate- or oblong-lanceolate +serrate leaves glabrous; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, the outermost +ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear; teeth of the tubular calyx short and +acute.—Alleghanies, from S. Va. and Tenn. to Ga. and Ala.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="origanum"><a name="page411"></a><b>12. ORÍGANUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Wild Marjoram.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the +corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped; the upper lip rather erect and +slightly notched, the lower longer, of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens +4, exserted, diverging.—Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish +flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, imbricated with colored bracts. +(An ancient Greek name, composed of <span class="greek">ὄρος</span>, <i>a mountain</i>, and <span class="greek">γάνος</span>, <i>delight</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>O.</b> <span class="smcap">vulgàre</span>, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit; leaves petioled, +round-ovate; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish.—Roadsides, Atlantic States. +June–Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="thymus"><b>13. THỲMUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Thyme.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-nerved, hairy in the throat; the upper lip 3-toothed, +spreading; the lower 2-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla +short, slightly 2-lipped; the upper lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex, +the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exserted.—Low perennials, +with small and entire strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitish +flowers. (The ancient Greek name of the Thyme, probably from <span class="greek">θύω</span>, <i>to burn +perfume</i>, because it was used for incense.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>T.</b> <span class="smcap">Serpýllum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Creeping Thyme.</span>) Prostrate; leaves green, flat, +ovate, entire, short-petioled; flowers crowded at the ends of the branches.—Old +fields, E. Mass. to Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="satureia"><b>14. SATURÈIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Savory.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla +2-lipped; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, +somewhat ascending.—Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves, often clustered, +and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">horténsis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Summer Savory.</span>) Pubescent annual; clusters few-flowered; +bracts small or none.—Escaping from gardens and sparingly wild +in Ohio to Ill., etc. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="calamintha"><b>15. CALAMÍNTHA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Calamint.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip +3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat, +distinctly 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire or notched; the lower +spreading, 3-parted, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascending; +the anthers usually approximate in pairs.—Perennials, with mostly +purplish or whitish flowers, produced all summer; inflorescence various. +(Name composed of <span class="greek">καλός</span>, <i>beautiful</i>, and <span class="greek">μίνθα</span>, <i>Mint</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Flowers loose, without long-subulate bracts; calyx villous in the throat.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Pubescent; peduncles short but mostly distinct; bracts minute.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Népeta</span>, Link. (<span class="smcap">Basil-Thyme.</span>) Soft-hairy; stem ascending (1–3° +high); leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate; corolla (3´´ long) twice +the length of the calyx.—Dry waste grounds, Md. to Ark. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Glabrous or nearly so; common peduncles hardly any; pedicels 1–5, slender, +the conspicuous bracts subulate-acuminate; on wet limestone river-banks.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. glabélla</b>, Benth. Smooth; <i>stems diffuse or spreading (1–2° long)</i>; +leaves slightly petioled, <i>oblong or oblong-linear</i>, narrowed at base (8´´–2´ long), +<i>sparingly toothed</i> or nearly entire; clusters 3–5-flowered; corolla (purplish, +5–6´´ long) fully twice the length of the calyx.—S. Ind., Ky., and Tenn.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page412"></a>2. <b>C. Nuttàllii</b>, Gray. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright (5–9´ +high), <i>with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters, while sterile +runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only 2–5´´ long</i>. (C. glabella, +var. Nuttallii, <i>Gray</i>.)—Niagara Falls to Minn., south to Mo. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Flowers in sessile dense many-flowered clusters, and involucrate with conspicuous +setaceous-subulate rigid bracts; calyx nearly naked in the throat.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. Clinopòdium</b>, Benth. (<span class="smcap">Basil.</span>) Hairy, erect (1–2° high); leaves +ovate, petioled, nearly entire; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters; hairy +bracts as long as the calyx.—Borders of thickets and fields, naturalized extensively, +but indigenous from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="melissa"><b>16. MELÍSSA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Balm.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla +with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the +upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamintha.—Clusters few-flowered, loose, +one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name +from <span class="greek">μέλισσα</span>, <i>a bee</i>; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">officinàlis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Balm.</span>) Upright, branching, perennial, +pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, lemon-scented; corolla +nearly white.—Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hedeoma"><b>17. HEDEÒMA</b>, Pers. <span class="smcap">Mock Pennyroyal.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved, +bearded in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla +2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex, the lower spreading, +3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2; the upper pair reduced to sterile filaments or +wanting.—Low, odorous annuals, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters +of flowers (in summer), often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered +from <span class="greek">ἡδυόσμον</span>, an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Sterile filaments manifest; leaves oblong-ovate, petioled, somewhat serrate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. pulegioìdes</b>, Pers. (<span class="smcap">American Pennyroyal.</span>) Erect, branching, +hairy; whorls few-flowered; upper calyx-teeth triangular, the lower +setaceous-subulate; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exserted (2–3´´ long); +taste and odor nearly of the true <i>Pennyroyal</i> (Mentha Pulègium) of Europe.—Common +from N. Eng. to Dak., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Sterile filaments minute or obsolete; leaves narrow, entire, sessile or nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. híspida</b>, Pursh. Mostly low; <i>leaves linear, crowded, almost glabrous</i>, +somewhat hispid-ciliate; <i>bracts spreading or reflexed</i>; upper flowers +rather crowded; <i>calyx-teeth all subulate</i>, equalling the bluish corolla.—Plains, +Minn. and Dak. to W. Ill. and La.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>H. Drummóndi</b>, Benth. <i>Pubescent or puberulent</i>, a span or two +high; <i>leaves oblong to linear; bracts mostly erect</i>; calyx hirsute or hispid, its +teeth at length connivent, <i>the lower nearly twice as long as the upper</i>.—Central +Neb. and Kan. to Tex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="salvia"><b>18. SÁLVIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Sage.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla +deeply 2-lipped, ringent; upper lip straight or scythe-shaped, entire or barely<a name="page413"></a> +notched, the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger. Stamens +2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated transverse connective, +one end of which, ascending under the upper lip, bears a linear 1-celled (half-) +anther, the other, usually descending, bears an imperfect or deformed (half-) +anther or none at all.—Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, racemed, +or panicled whorls, produced in summer. (Name from <i>salvo</i>, to save, in allusion +to the reputed healing qualities of Sage.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Both anther-cells polliniferous; leaves mostly lyrately lobed or pinnatifid.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. lyràta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Lyre-leaved Sage.</span>) Low perennial (10–20´ high), +somewhat hairy; stem nearly simple and naked; root-leaves lyre-shaped or +sinuate-pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire; those of the stem mostly a single +pair, smaller and narrower; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx; +whorls loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme; upper lip of +the blue-purple pubescent corolla (nearly 1´ long) short, straight, not vaulted.—Woodlands +and meadows, N. J. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Lower anther-cell wanting; the sterile ends of the connectives mostly united.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Calyx obscurely bilabiate; corolla 8–12´´ long, with prominently exserted tube.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. azùrea</b>, Lam., var. <b>grandiflòra</b>, Benth. Cinereous-puberulent, +1–5° high; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate or serrate, +tapering to a short petiole; upper narrower, often linear, entire; inflorescence +spike-like, tomentulose-sericeous; calyx-teeth short, the broad upper lip +entire; corolla deep blue (varying to white).—E. Neb. to Miss., Tex., and Col.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Calyx deeply bilabiate; corolla 4–6´´ long, the tube hardly at all exserted.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. lanceolàta</b>, Willd. <i>Puberulent</i> or nearly glabrous, 5–12´ high; +<i>leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong</i>, irregularly serrate or nearly entire, <i>tapering +to a slender petiole</i>; inflorescence virgate spiciform, interrupted; <i>upper lip +of calyx entire</i>, lower 2-cleft; corolla blue, 4´´ long, <i>little exserted; style glabrous +or nearly so</i>.—Plains, Iowa and Neb. to Tex. and Ariz.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. urticifòlia</b>, L. <i>Villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid</i>, or glabrate, +1–2° high; <i>leaves</i> coarsely serrate, <i>ovate, with truncate or cuneate base decurrent +into a winged petiole</i>; inflorescence racemose-spicate, of numerous distant +clusters; calyx-lips divergent, <i>the upper 3-toothed</i>, lower 2-cleft; corolla blue +and white, 5–6´´ long, <i>twice the length of the calyx; style strongly bearded</i>.—Woodlands, +Md. to Ky., south to Ga. and La.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">Sclàrea</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Clary.</span>) Villous-pubescent, viscid, stout, 2–3° high; +leaves ample, long-petioled, ovate and cordate, crenate, rugose; the floral +forming bracts of the spike, tinged with white and rose-color; corolla white +and bluish, rather large, the long upper lip falcate and compressed.—Escaped +from gardens, Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">verbenàcea</span>, L. Pubescent or villous, 1–2° high; leaves ovate or oblong, +often cordate at base, mostly sinuate-incised or moderately pinnatifid, +the lobes crenate-toothed, rugose; the few cauline mostly sessile, the floral +inconspicuous; raceme interrupted; calyx reflexed after flowering; corolla +bluish, small, the upper lip nearly straight.—Sparingly seen in the Middle +States. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="monarda"><b>19. MONÁRDA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Horse-Mint.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually hairy +in the throat. Corolla elongated, with a slightly expanded throat, and a<a name="page414"></a> +strongly 2-lipped limb; lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal, the upper +erect, entire or slightly notched, the lower spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, its +lateral lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. +Stamens 2, elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla; anthers +linear (the divaricate cells confluent at the junction).—Odorous erect herbs, +with entire or toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, +closely surrounded with bracts. (Dedicated to <i>Nicolas Monardes</i>, author of +many tracts upon medicinal and other useful plants, especially those of the +New World, in the latter half of the 16th century.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stamens and style exserted beyond the linear straight acute upper lip of the +corolla; heads solitary and terminal or sometimes 2 or 3; leaves acutely +more or less serrate; perennials.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves petioled; calyx-teeth scarcely longer than the width of the tube.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. dídyma</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Oswego Tea. Bee-Balm.</span>) Somewhat hairy (2° +high), acutely 4-angled; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, <i>the floral ones +and the large outer bracts tinged with red; calyx smooth, incurved, nearly naked +in the throat; corolla smooth (2´ long), bright red</i>, showy.—Moist woods by +streams, N. Eng. to Mich., south to Ga. in the mountains. July–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. clinopòdia</b>, L. Nearly glabrous to villous-pubescent; leaves +ovate-lanceolate and ovate; <i>bracts whitish; calyx moderately hirsute in the +throat; corolla slightly pubescent (1´ long), dull white or flesh-colored</i>.—Shady +places, ravines, etc., Ont. to Ill., and along the mountains to Ga.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>M. fistulòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Bergamot.</span>) Smoothish or downy, 2–5° +high; <i>leaves</i> ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost and outer bracts somewhat colored +(whitish or purplish); <i>calyx</i> slightly curved, <i>very hairy in the throat; +corolla</i> (1´ long or more) <i>purple or purplish dotted</i>, smooth or hairy.—Dry +soil, Vt. and E. Mass, to Fla., and far westward. Very variable; the following +are the more marked forms.—Var. <span class="smcap">rùbra</span>, Gray. Corolla bright crimson +or rose-red; habit of n. 1, but upper lip of corolla villous-bearded on the +back at tip; throat of calyx with the outer bristly hairs widely spreading. +In moist ground, Alleghany Mts.—Var. <span class="smcap">mèdia</span>, Gray. Corolla deep purple. +Alleghany Mts.—Var. <span class="smcap">móllis</span>, Benth. Corolla flesh-color to lilac, glandular, +its upper lip hairy outside or more bearded at the tip; leaves paler, soft-pubescent +beneath; throat of calyx mostly filled with dense beard, with +sometimes an outer row of bristles. Extends to Minn. and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves nearly sessile; calyx-teeth elongated, lax; head solitary.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>M. Bradburiàna</b>, Beck. Leaves clothed with long soft hairs, especially +underneath; the floral and the outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, +purplish; calyx smoothish, contracted above, very hairy in the throat, with +awl-shaped awned teeth; corolla smoothish, bearded at the tip of the upper +lip, scarcely twice the length of the calyx, pale-purplish, the lower lip dotted +with purple.—Thickets, Ind. to Tenn. and Kan.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stamens not exceeding the falcate upper lip of the short corolla; heads axillary +or interrupted spicate; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparsely serrate, +tapering into the petiole.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>M. punctàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Horse-Mint.</span>) <i>Perennial</i>, minutely downy +(2–3° high); leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at base; <i>bracts</i> lanceolate,<a name="page415"></a> +blunt, obtuse at base, sessile, yellowish and purple; teeth of the downy calyx +<i>short and awnless</i>, rigid, soon spreading; corolla nearly smooth, <i>yellowish</i>, the +upper lip <i>spotted with purple</i>, notched at the apex, the tube scarcely exceeding +the calyx.—Sandy ground, N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>M. citriodòra</b>, Cerv. <i>Annual</i>, 1–3° high; bracts narrowly oblong, +<i>their slender awned tips spreading or recurving; calyx-teeth slender</i>, at length +usually spreading; corolla <i>white or pinkish, not spotted</i>.—Neb. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="blephilia"><b>20. BLEPHÍLIA</b>, Raf.</p> + +<p>Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with +3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the +throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire, the lower +spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than the oblong +and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted (the upper pair +minute or none); anthers, etc., as in Monarda.—Perennial herbs, with nearly +the foliage, etc., of Monarda; the small pale bluish purple flowers crowded +in axillary and terminal globose whorls; in summer. (Name from <span class="greek">βλεφαρίς</span>, +<i>the eyelash</i>, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. ciliàta</b>, Raf. Somewhat downy (1–2° high); <i>leaves almost sessile, +oblong-ovate, narrowed at base</i>, whitish-downy underneath; outer <i>bracts ovate</i>, +acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx; corolla hairy.—Dry open places, +Mass. to Minn., south to Ga. and Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>B. hirsùta</b>, Benth. Taller, hairy throughout; <i>leaves long-petioled, +ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at base</i>; the lower floral ones similar, +the uppermost and the <i>bracts linear-awl-shaped</i>, shorter than the long-haired +calyx; corolla smoothish, pale, with darker purple spots.—Moist shady places, +Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. and E. Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lophanthus"><b>21. LOPHÁNTHUS</b>, Benth. <span class="smcap">Giant Hyssop.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth +rather longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed, +the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. +Stamens 4, exserted; the upper pair declined, the lower and shorter pair ascending, +so that the pairs cross; anther-cells nearly parallel.—Perennial tall +herbs, with petioled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted +terminal spikes; in summer. (Name from <span class="greek">λόφος</span>, <i>a crest</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>a flower</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. nepetoìdes</b>, Benth. Stem stout, 2½–6° high, sharply 4-angled, +<i>smooth</i>, or nearly so; leaves ovate, somewhat pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed +(2–4´ long); spikes 2–6´ long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts; <i>calyx-teeth +ovate, rather obtuse, little shorter than the pale greenish-yellow corolla</i>.—Borders +of woods, Vt. to Minn., south to N. C. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. scrophulariæfòlius</b>, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-angled) and lower +surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or less <i>pubescent; +calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the purplish corolla</i> (spikes 4–15´ +long); otherwise like the last.—Same range.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. anisàtus</b>, Benth. Smooth, but the ovate acute <i>leaves glaucous-white +underneath</i> with minute down; <i>calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute</i>.—Plains, Wisc. to +Minn., Neb., and westward.—Foliage with the scent of anise.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cedronella"><a name="page416"></a><b>22. CEDRONÉLLA</b>, Moench.</p> + +<p>Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded +at the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleft, +spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the lower +pair shorter; anther-cells parallel.—Sweet-scented perennials, with pale purplish +flowers. (Name a diminutive of <i>cedrus</i>, the cedar-tree, from the aromatic +leaves of C. triphylla, the <i>Balm-of-Gilead</i> of English gardens.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. cordàta</b>, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy; leaves broadly +heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx; whorls few-flowered, +at the summit of short ascending stems; corolla hairy inside (1½´ +long); stamens shorter than the upper lip.—Moist shady banks, W. Penn. to +Ky., south to the mountains of N. C. and Tenn.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="nepeta"><b>23. NÉPETA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Cat-Mint.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the +throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft; the +lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Stamens +4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter; anthers approximate +in pairs, the cells divergent.—Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, +thought to be derived from <i>Nepete</i>, an Etrurian city.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Cymose clusters rather dense and many-flowered, forming interrupted spikes +or racemes; upper floral leaves small and bract-like.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>N.</b> <span class="smcap">Catària</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Catnip.</span>) Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart-shaped, +oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath; corolla whitish, dotted +with purple.—Near dwellings; a very common weed. July–Sept. (Nat. +from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. GLECHÒMA. <i>Leaves all alike; the axillary clusters loosely few-flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>N.</b> <span class="smcap">Glechòma</span>, Benth. (<span class="smcap">Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-Ground.</span>) Creeping +and trailing; leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both +sides; corolla thrice the length of the calyx, light blue.—Damp or shady +places, common. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dracocephalum"><b>24. DRACOCÉPHALUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Dragon-Head.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular, 13–15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed; the upper tooth usually +much the largest. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip slightly arched and notched; +the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched +at the end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter; +anthers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent.—Whorls many-flowered, +mostly spiked or capitate, and with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts. +(Name from <span class="greek">δράκων</span>, <i>a dragon</i>, and <span class="greek">κεφαλή</span>, <i>head</i>, alluding to the form of the +corolla in the original species.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. parviflòrum</b>, Nutt. Annual or biennial; stem erect, leafy (8–20´ +high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled; whorls +crowded in a terminal head or spike; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly +equalling the bluish small slender corolla.—Rocky or gravelly soil, northern +N. Y. to Iowa and Minn., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="scutellaria"><b>25. SCUTELLÀRIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Skullcap.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper +with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back<a name="page417"></a> +(the upper sepal); calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usually +falling away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated +at the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched, the lateral +lobes mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip; the lower +lobe or lip spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending +under the upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded, those of +the lower stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped.—Bitter +perennial herbs, not aromatic, the short peduncles or pedicels chiefly +opposite, 1-flowered, often 1-sided, axillary or spiked or racemed; in summer. +(Name from <i>scutella</i>, a dish, in allusion to the appendage to the fruiting calyx.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Nutlets wingless, mostly marginless, on a low gynobase.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers small (3´´ long), in axillary and sometimes terminal 1-sided racemes.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. lateriflòra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Mad-dog Skullcap.</span>) Smooth; stem upright, +much branched (1–2° high); leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, +coarsely serrate, rounded at base, petioled (2–3´´ long), the lower floral ones +similar; flowers blue, rarely white.—Wet shaded places, common.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers larger (6–12´´ long) in terminal single or panicled racemes, the +floral leaves gradually reduced to bracts.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Stem-leaves all cordate, crenate-toothed, slender-petioled; lateral lobes of +the corolla almost equalling the short upper lip.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. versícolor</b>, Nutt. <i>Soft hairy</i>, the hairs of the inflorescence, etc., +partly viscid-glandular; stem mostly erect (1–3° high); <i>leaves ovate or round-ovate</i>, +very veiny, <i>rugose</i>, the floral reduced to broadly ovate entire bracts about +equalling the glandular-hairy calyx; racemes mostly simple; corolla bright +blue with lower side and lip whitish.—Banks of streams, Penn. to Wisc., +Minn., and southward.—Var. <span class="smcap">mìnor</span>, Chapm. Low, slender, and thin-leaved; +floral leaves small.—Mountains of Va., etc.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. saxátilis</b>, Riddell. <i>Glabrous or slightly hairy</i>; stem weak, ascending +(6–18´ long), often producing runners, branched; <i>leaves ovate or ovate-oblong</i> +(1–2´ long), <i>thin, obtuse</i>; upper bracts oblong or ovate, small, entire; +raceme simple, loose.—Moist shaded banks, Del. to Ohio, south in the mountains +to Va. and Tenn.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Stem-leaves crenate-dentate or serrate (or nearly entire in n. 7), only the +lowest if any cordate at base, more or less petioled; lateral lobes of the blue +corolla shorter than the galeate upper lip.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. serràta</b>, Andrews. <i>Green and nearly glabrous</i>; stem rather simple +(1–3° high), with single loosely flowered racemes; <i>leaves serrate, acuminate +at both ends</i>, ovate or ovate-oblong; calyx, etc., somewhat hairy; <i>corolla 1´ +long, narrow, its lips equal</i> in length.—Woods, Penn. to Ill. and N. C.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. canéscens</b>, Nutt. Stem branched above (2–4° high), with the +<i>panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or +lance-ovate acute</i> (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) <i>crenate leaves whitish +with fine soft down</i>, often becoming rather glabrous; bracts oblong or lanceolate; +<i>corolla 8–9´´ long</i>.—River-banks, Ont. and Penn. to the mountains +of N. C. and N. Ala., west to Kan. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. pilòsa</b>, Michx. <i>Pubescent with spreading hairs</i>; stem nearly simple +(1–3° high); <i>leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse</i>, varying to<a name="page418"></a> +roundish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at base and long-petioled, +the upper on short margined petioles, veiny; bracts oblong-spatulate; racemes +short, often branched; <i>corolla 6´´ long, rather narrow</i>, the lower lip a little shorter.—Dry +or sterile ground, southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>hirsùta</b>, Gray, is a large form (sometimes 3° high), more hirsute, +with larger very coarsely crenate leaves (2–3´ long).—Richer soil, Ky.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>ovalifòlia</b>, Benth., is a form with shorter and finer pubescence, and +narrower less veiny leaves.—N. J. to Va.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>S. integrifòlia</b>, L. <i>Downy all over with a minute hoariness</i>; stem +commonly simple (1–2° high); <i>leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire</i>, +obtuse, very short-petioled; <i>corolla</i> 1´ long, <i>much enlarged above, the ample lips +equal</i> in length.—Dry ground, N. Eng. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper mostly sessile leaves, which resemble +the lower ones but are occasionally reduced.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>S. Wrìghtii</b>, Gray. <i>Firm and woody at base, not stoloniferous nor +tuberiferous</i>, low, many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely cinereous-puberulent, +very leafy; leaves ovate or spatulate-oblong, entire, subsessile (½´ long), the +upper floral shorter than the flowers; corolla pubescent (½´ long), usually +violet.—Kan. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>S. párvula</b>, Michx. Herbaceous; <i>subterranean stolons moniliform-tuberiferous</i>; +minutely downy, dwarf (3–6´ high), branched and spreading; +all but the lower leaves sessile and entire, the lowest round-ovate, the others +ovate or lance-ovate, slightly heart-shaped (6–8´´ long); corolla 2–4´´ long.—Sandy +banks, W. New Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.—Var. <span class="smcap">móllis</span>, +Gray, is more spreading, softly pubescent throughout, with larger less firm +leaves.—Sandy banks, S. Ill. to Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>S. galericulàta</b>, L. <i>Herbaceous; subterranean stolons not tuberiferous</i>; +smooth or a little downy, erect (1–2° high), simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate, +acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at base (1–2´ +long); corolla violet-blue, 8–9´´ long, with slender tube, the large lower lip +nearly erect.—Wet shady places; common especially northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Nutlets conspicuously winged, each raised on a slender base.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>S. nervòsa</b>, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender, 10–20´ +high; lower leaves roundish, the middle ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped +(1´ long), the floral ovate-lanceolate, entire; nerve-like veins prominent beneath; +corolla bluish, 4´´ long, the lower lip exceeding the concave upper one.—Moist +thickets, N. Y. to Ind., south to Va. and Mo.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="brunella"><b>26. BRUNÉLLA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Self-heal.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, flattened +on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipped; upper +lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla ascending, +slightly contracted at the throat and dilated at the lower side just +beneath it, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, arched, entire; the lower reflexed-spreading, +3-cleft, its lateral lobes oblong, the middle one rounded, concave, +denticulate. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; filaments 2-toothed +at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther; anthers approximate in pairs,<a name="page419"></a> +their cells diverging.—Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flowered +clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membranaceous +floral leaves, imbricated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be +from the German <i>braune</i>, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a +reputed remedy.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. vulgàris</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Self-heal</span> or <span class="smcap">Heal-all</span>.) Leaves ovate-oblong, +entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish; corolla (violet or flesh-color, +rarely white) not twice the length of the purplish calyx.—Woods and +fields, Newf. to Fla., westward across the continent. June–Sept. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="physostegia"><b>27. PHYSOSTÈGIA</b>, Benth. <span class="smcap">False Dragon-head.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell-shaped, +more or less enlarged and slightly inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel-form, +with a much inflated throat, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, nearly entire; +the lower 3-parted, spreading, small, its middle lobe larger, broad and rounded, +notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate; +the cells parallel.—Smooth perennials, with upright wand-like stems, and +sessile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large and showy, +rose or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in simple or +panicled terminal leafless spikes. (Name from <span class="greek">φῦσα</span>, <i>a bladder</i>, and <span class="greek">στέγη</span>, +<i>a covering</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Virginiàna</b>, Benth. Stem 1–4° high, terminated by a simple +virgate or several panicled spikes; leaves thickish; <i>calyx tubular-campanulate, +its teeth half the length of the tube; corolla 1´ long</i>.—Wet grounds, from N. Vt. +west and southward. Varies greatly.—Var. <span class="smcap">denticulàta</span>, Gray. Slender +and commonly low, with crenulate-denticulate or obscurely serrate leaves, and +slender or loosely-flowered spikes.—Middle Atlantic States.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. intermèdia</b>, Gray. Slender, 1–3° high, remotely leaved; leaves +linear-lanceolate, repand-denticulate; <i>spikes filiform</i>, rather remotely flowered; +<i>calyx short and broadly campanulate, its teeth about as long as the tube; corolla +5–6´´ long, much dilated upward</i>.—Barrens, W. Ky. and Ark. to La. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="synandra"><b>28. SYNÁNDRA</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny, almost equally +4-toothed! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat; +the upper lip slightly arched, entire, the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate +lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending; +filaments hairy; anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip; the two +upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cells cohering +together (whence the name; from <span class="greek">σύν</span>, <i>together</i>, and <span class="greek">ἀνήρ</span>, for <i>anther</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. grandiflòra</b>, Nutt. Hairy biennial, 1° high; lower leaves long-petioled, +broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin, the floral sessile, gradually +reduced to bracts, each with a single sessile flower; corolla 1½´ long, yellowish-white.—Shady +banks of streams, S. Ohio to Ill. and Tenn. In spring.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="marrubium"><b>29. MARRÙBIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Horehound.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular, 5–10-nerved, nearly equally 5–10-toothed, the teeth more or +less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect,<a name="page420"></a> +notched, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4, +<i>included in the tube of the corolla</i>.—Whitish-woolly bitter-aromatic perennials, +branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves, and many-flowered +axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, from the Hebrew <i>marrob</i>, a bitter juice.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">vulgàre</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Horehound.</span>) Stems ascending; leaves +round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed; whorls capitate; calyx with 10 recurved +teeth, the alternate ones shorter; corolla small, white.—Escaped from +gardens into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ballota"><b>30. BALLÒTA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Fetid Horehound.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx nearly funnel-form; the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spreading +regular border, with 5–10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of +the corolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The +Greek name, of uncertain origin.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">nìgra</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black Horehound.</span>) More or less hairy, but green, erect; +the root perennial; leaves ovate, toothed; whorls many-flowered, dense; calyx-teeth +5, longer than the tube of the purplish corolla.—Waste places N. Eng., +Penn., etc. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="phlomis"><b>31. PHLÒMIS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Jerusalem Sage.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular, 5–10-nerved, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the +corolla arched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approximate +in pairs under the upper lip; the filaments of the upper pair <i>longer +than the others</i> in P. tuberosa, with an awl-shaped appendage at base; anther-cells +divergent and confluent.—Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flowered, +axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly plant.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">tuberòsa</span>, L. Tall perennial (3–5° high), nearly smooth; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, +crenate, petioled, the floral oblong-lanceolate; bracts awl-shaped, +hairy; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the +inside.—S. shore of Lake Ontario, N. Y. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="leonurus"><b>32. LEONÙRUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Motherwort.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped, +and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla oblong +and entire, somewhat arched; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe +larger, narrowly oblong-obovate, entire, the lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4, +ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs, the valves naked. +Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled.—Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves, +and close whorls of flowers in their axils; in summer. (Name from <span class="greek">λέων</span>, <i>a lion</i>, +and <span class="greek">οὐρά</span>, <i>tail</i>, i.e. <i>Lion's-tail</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">Cardìaca</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Motherwort.</span>) Tall perennial; leaves long-petioled, +the lower rounded, palmately lobed, the floral wedge-shaped at base, +3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded.—Waste +places, around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">Marrubiástrum</span>, L. Tall biennial, with elongated branches; stem-leaves +oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx-teeth, +the tube naked within; lower lip rather erect.—Roadsides, N. J. to Del., +and southward. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">Sibíricus</span>, L. Tall biennial; leaves 3-parted, the divisions 2–5-cleft, +or deeply 3–7-cleft and incised; corolla (purplish) twice as long as the calyx, +the upper lip fornicate, the lower little spreading.—Waste grounds, Penn.; +also far west. (Adv. from Eu. and Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lamium"><b>33. LÀMIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Dead-nettle.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed +teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, narrowed<a name="page421"></a> +at the base; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched +at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base, the lateral ones small, at the +margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate +in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate.—Decumbent +herbs, the lowest leaves small and long-petioled, the middle heart-shaped +and doubly toothed, the floral subtending the whorled flower-cluster; spring to +autumn. (Name from <span class="greek">λαιμός</span>, <i>throat</i>, in allusion to the ringent corolla.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Annuals or biennials, low; flowers small, purple, in few whorls or heads.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">amplexicaùle</span>, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or cut, the +<i>upper ones clasping</i>; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower spotted; +lateral lobes truncate.—Rather common. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">purpùreum</span>, L. <i>Leaves</i> roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, +<i>all petioled</i>.—N. Eng. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">(Addendum) <b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">intermèdium</span>, Fries. Resembling L. purpureum, but the calyx-teeth +longer than the tube, the rather narrower corolla without a hairy ring within +near the base, and the nutlet longer (3 times as long as broad).—Cultivated +fields near Hingham, Mass. (<i>C. J. Sprague</i>). (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Perennial, taller; flowers larger, in several axillary whorls.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">álbum</span>, L. Hairy; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, petioled; calyx-teeth +very slender, spreading; corolla white, the tube curved upward, obliquely contracted +near the base, where there is a ring of hairs inside; lateral lobes of lower +lip bearing a long slender tooth.—E. New Eng. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">maculàtum</span>, L. Like the last, but leaves more frequently marked with +a white spot on the upper face, and flowers purplish, with the ring of hairs +transverse instead of oblique.—Sparingly escaped. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="galeopsis"><b>34. GALEÓPSIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Hemp-Nettle.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny-tipped +teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; upper lip ovate, arched, entire; +the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely +heart-shaped; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under +the upper lip; <i>anther-cells transversely 2-valved</i>; the inner valve of each cell +bristly-fringed, the outer one larger and naked.—Annuals, with spreading +branches, and several–many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which +are nearly like the lower ones. (Name composed of <span class="greek">γαλέη</span>, <i>a weasel</i>, and <span class="greek">ὄψις</span>, <i>resemblance</i>, +from some fancied likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">Tetràhit</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Hemp-nettle.</span>) <i>Stem swollen below the joints, +bristly-hairy; leaves ovate</i>, coarsely serrate; corolla purplish or variegated, +about twice the length of the calyx; or, in var. <span class="smcap">grandiflòra</span>, 3–4 times the +length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip.—Waste +places, common. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>G.</b> <span class="smcap">Ládanum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Red H.</span>) <i>Stem smooth or pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate</i>, +more or less downy; corolla red or rose-color (often spotted with yellow), +much exceeding the calyx.—E. New Eng., rare. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="stachys"><b>35. STÀCHYS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Hedge-Nettle.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5–10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth +united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat; upper lip +erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so; the lower usually +longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. +Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after +flowering); anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate.—Whorls +2–many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence +the name, from <span class="greek">στάχυς</span>, <i>a spike</i>). Flowers purple or rose-red, in summer.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Root annual; stems decumbent, low.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">arvénsis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Woundwort.</span>) Hairy; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, +obtuse, crenate; whorls 4–6-flowered, distant; corolla (purplish) scarcely +longer than the unarmed calyx.—Waste places, E. Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page422"></a>[*][*] <i>Root perennial; stem erect.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves obscurely or not at all cordate, sessile or short-petioled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. hyssopifòlia</b>, Michx. <i>Smooth and glabrous</i>, or the nodes hirsute; +stems slender (1° high); <i>leaves linear-oblong or narrowly linear, sessile</i>, obscurely +toothed toward the apex; whorls 4–6-flowered, rather distant; <i>corolla +glabrous</i>, twice or thrice the length of the triangular-awl-shaped spreading +calyx-teeth.—Wet sandy places, Mass. to Mich., south to Fla. and Mo.—Var. +<span class="smcap">ambígua</span>, Gray, is stouter (1–2° high), sometimes with scattered retrorse +bristles on the angles of the stem, and with broader (3–6´´) serrulate leaves.—Ill. +and Ky. to Ga.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. palústris</b>, L. Stem 4-angled (2–3° high), leafy, <i>hirsute with +spreading or reflexed hairs</i>, especially on the angles; <i>leaves</i> sessile, or the +lower short-petioled, <i>oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate</i>, rounded at +base, <i>downy or hairy-pubescent</i>, obtusish (2–4´ long), the upper floral ones +shorter than the nearly sessile calyx; whorls 6–10-flowered, the upper crowded +into an interrupted spike; calyx hispid; the lance-subulate teeth somewhat +spiny, half the length of the corolla, diverging in fruit; <i>upper lip of corolla +pubescent</i>.—Wet ground, Newf. to Penn., westward across the continent.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. áspera</b>, Michx. Taller; <i>stem more commonly smooth on the sides, +the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles</i>; leaves hairy or smoothish, as in the +last, but <i>nearly all distinctly petioled</i>, the lower floral as long as the flowers; +spike often slender and more interrupted; <i>calyx mostly glabrous</i>, the tube +rather narrower and the teeth more awl-shaped and spiny; <i>corolla glabrous +throughout</i>. (S. palustris, var. aspera, <i>Gray</i>.)—Wet ground, common.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>glàbra</b>, Gray. More slender, <i>smooth and glabrous throughout</i>, or +with few bristly hairs; leaves taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly +rounded or truncate at the base, <i>all more conspicuously petioled</i>. (S. palustris, +var. glabra, <i>Gray</i>.)—Western N. Y. to Ill., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Nearly all the leaves long-petioled and cordate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. cordàta</b>, Riddell. Rather weak, hirsute, 2–3° high; leaves all +ovate- or oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate (2–5´ long), the floral mostly +minute; spikes slender, of numerous few-flowered clusters; calyx only 2´´ +long; corolla glabrous throughout (or nearly so), barely 5´´ long. (S. palustris, +var. cordata, <i>Gray</i>.)—Thickets, S. Ohio to Iowa, south to Va., Tenn., +and Mo.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="plantaginaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 83.</span> <b>PLANTAGINÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Plantain Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular 4-merous spiked flowers, the stamens +inserted on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless monopetalous +corolla, alternate with its lobes</i>;—chiefly represented by the two following +genera.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="plantago"><b>1. PLANTÀGO</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Plantain. Ribwort.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, mostly with dry membranaceous +margins. Corolla salver-form or rotate, withering on the pod, the border 4-parted. +Stamens 4, or rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak<a name="page423"></a> +exserted filaments, and fugacious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or in n. 5 falsely +3–4-) celled, with 1–several ovules in each cell. Style and long hairy stigma +single, filiform. Capsule 2-celled, 2–several-seeded, opening transversely, so +that the top falls off like a lid and the loose partition (which bears the peltate +seeds) falls away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen.—Leaves ribbed. +Flowers whitish, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape. +(The Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Stamens 4; flowers all perfect; corolla not closed over the fruit</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers proterogynous, the style first projecting from the unopened corolla, the +anthers long-exserted after the corolla has opened; seeds not hollowed on the +face (except in</i> P. lanceolata).</p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Corolla glabrous; leaves strongly ribbed; perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Ribs of the broad leaves rising from the midrib.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. cordàta</b>, Lam. Tall, glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or round-ovate +(3–8´ long), long-petioled; spike at length loosely flowered; bracts round-ovate, +fleshy; capsule 2–4-seeded.—Along streams, N. Y. to Minn., and +southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Ribs of the leaf free to the contracted base</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. màjor</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Plantain.</span>) Smooth or rather hairy, rarely +roughish; <i>leaves ovate, oblong, oval</i>, or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed, +abruptly narrowed into a channelled petiole; <i>spike dense, obtuse</i>; sepals round-ovate +or obovate; <i>capsule ovoid, circumscissile near the middle, 8–18-seeded; +seeds angled, reticulated</i>.—Waysides and near dwellings everywhere. Doubtless +introduced from Eu., but native from L. Superior and N. Minn., northward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. Rugélii</b>, Decaisne. Leaves as in the last, but paler and thinner; +<i>spikes long and thin, attenuate at the apex</i>; sepals oblong, acutely carinate; +<i>capsules cylindraceous-oblong, circumscissile much below the middle, 4–9-seeded; +seeds oval-oblong, not reticulated</i>. (P. Kamtschatica, <i>Gray</i>, Man., not <i>Cham.</i>)—Vt. +to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. eriòpoda</b>, Torr. <i>Usually a mass of yellowish wool at the base; +leaves thickish, oblanceolate to obovate</i>, with short stout petioles; spike dense or +loose; <i>sepals and bract more or less scarious but not carinate; capsule ovoid, +never over 4-seeded</i>.—Moist and saline soil; Red River valley, Minn., and +westward; also on the Lower St. Lawrence.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">lanceolàta</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Ribgrass. Ripplegrass. English Plantain.</span>) +Mostly hairy; scape grooved-angled, at length much longer than the <i>lanceolate +or lance-oblong leaves</i>, slender (9´–2° high); spike dense, at first capitate, +in age cylindrical; bract and sepals scarious, brownish; <i>seeds 2, hollowed on +the face</i>.—Very common. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Corolla-tube externally pubescent; leaves linear or filiform, fleshy, indistinctly +ribbed; seeds 2–4; maritime, often woolly at base</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. decípiens</b>, Barneoud. <i>Annual</i>, or sometimes biennial with a stout +rootstock, smooth, or the scape pubescent; leaves flat or flattish and channelled, +erect, nearly as long as the scape (5–12´), acuminate; spike slender, rather +loose. (P. maritima, var. juncoides, <i>Gray</i>, Man.)—Salt marshes, Atlantic +coast, from Labrador to N. J. The characters distinguishing biennial specimens +of this from the next are obscure.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page424"></a>6. <b>P. marítima</b>, L. <i>Perennial</i>; spikes dense.—Coast of Mass.; Gulf +of St. Lawrence to Lab. and Greenland. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers of 2 sorts (as respects length of anthers and filaments) on different +plants, mostly cleistogamous; corolla-lobes broad, rounded, persistently spreading; +seeds 2, boat-shaped; inflorescence and narrow leaves silky-pubescent +or woolly; annual.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. Patagónica</b>, Jacq., var. <b>gnaphalioìdes</b>, Gray. White with +silky wool; leaves 1–3-nerved, varying from oblong-linear to filiform; spike +very dense (¼–4´ long), woolly; bracts not exceeding the calyx; sepals very +obtuse, scarious, with a thick centre.—Prairies and dry plains, Minn. to Ind., +Ky., and Tex., westward to the Pacific. Very variable.—Var. <span class="smcap">nùda</span>, Gray; +with sparse and loose pubescence, green and soon glabrate rigid leaves, and +short bracts.—Var. <span class="smcap">spinulòsa</span>, Gray; a canescent form with aristately prolonged +and rigid bracts.—Var. <span class="smcap">aristàta</span>, Gray; loosely hairy and green, or +becoming glabrous, with narrowly linear bracts 2–3 times the length of the +flowers. (Nat. on Martha's Vineyard, and about Boston.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Flowers subdiœcious or polygamo-cleistogamous; the corolla in the fertile +(or mainly fertile) plant closed over the maturing capsule and forming a +kind of beak, and anthers not exserted; sterile flowers with spreading corolla +and long-exserted filaments; seeds mostly flat; small annuals or biennial.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves comparatively broad, short-petioled or subsessile; stamens 4.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. Virgínica</b>, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2–9´ high); leaves oblong, +varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3–5 nerved, slightly or +coarsely and sparingly toothed; spikes mostly dense (1–2´ long); seeds usually +2.—Sandy grounds, S. New Eng. to S. Ill., south to Fla. and Ariz.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves linear or filiform; flowers very small; stamens 2; spike slender.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>P. pusílla</b>, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (1–4´ high); leaves entire; +<i>capsule short-ovoid, 4-seeded</i>, little exceeding the calyx and bract.—Sandy +soil, southern N. Y. to Va., west to the Rocky Mts. Apr.–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>P. heterophýlla</b>, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or some +of them below 2–4-lobed or toothed; <i>capsule oblong-conoidal, 10–28-seeded</i>, +nearly twice the length of the calyx and bract.—Low sandy ground, Penn. +to Fla. and Tex. Apr.–June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="littorella"><b>2. LITTORÉLLA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious; the male solitary on a mostly simple naked scape; +calyx 4-parted, longer than the cylindraceous 4-cleft corolla; stamens exserted +on very long capillary filaments. Female flowers usually 2, sessile at the base +of the scape; calyx of 3 or 4 unequal sepals; corolla urn-shaped, with a 3–4-toothed +orifice. Ovary with a single cell and ovule, tipped with a long laterally +stigmatic style, maturing as an achene. (Name from <i>litus</i> or <i>littus</i>, shore, +from the place of growth.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. lacústris</b>, L. Stoloniferous but otherwise stemless; leaves terete, +linear-subulate, 1–2´ long.—In water or on gravelly shores, Nova Scotia and +N. Brunswick, to L. Champlain (<i>Pringle</i>) and Ont.</p> + + + + +<h2 class="division"><a name="page425"></a><span class="smcap">Division III. APETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.</span></h2> + +<p>Corolla none; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), +or sometimes wanting altogether.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="nyctaginaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 84.</span> <b>NYCTAGINÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Four-o'clock Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with mostly opposite and +entire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form +calyx which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the +1-celled 1-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp; the +stamens few, slender, and hypogynous; the embryo coiled around the outside +of mealy albumen, with broad foliaceous cotyledons</i> (in Abronia monocotyledonous +by abortion).—Represented in our gardens by the <span class="smcap">Four-o'clock</span>, +or <span class="smcap">Marvel of Peru</span> (<span class="smcap">Mirábilis Jalápa</span>), in which the +calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla, the cup-like involucre of each +flower exactly imitating a calyx.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Oxybaphus.</b> Involucre of united bracts. Fruit wingless. Calyx bell shaped.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Abronia.</b> Involucre of distinct bracts. Fruit 5-winged. Calyx salver-form.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="oxybaphus"><b>1. OXÝBAPHUS</b>, Vahl.</p> + +<p>Flowers 3–5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre, +which enlarges and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short +tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud. +Stamens mostly 3 (3–5), hypogynous. Style filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit +achene-like, several-ribbed or angled (pubescent in ours).—Herbs, abounding +on the western plains, with very large and thick perennial roots, opposite leaves, +and mostly clustered small flowers. (Name <span class="greek">ὀξυβάφον</span>, <i>a vinegar-saucer</i>, +or small shallow vessel; from the shape of the involucre.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. nyctagíneus</b>, Sweet. <i>Nearly smooth</i>; stem becoming repeatedly +forked, 1–3° high; <i>leaves all petioled</i> (except the uppermost reduced ones), +<i>from broadly ovate to lanceolate, rounded or cordate or cuneate at base</i>; inflorescence +loose and but slightly pubescent, the peduncles slender (at first solitary +in the axils); fruit oblong-obovate, 2´´ long, rather acutely angled.—Minn. +and Wisc. to Tex. and La.; rare escape from gardens in E. Mass. and R. I.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>O. hirsùtus</b>, Sweet. More or less <i>glandular-hirsute</i>, especially about +the nodes and the usually contracted inflorescence, 1–3° high; <i>leaves lanceolate +to linear-lanceolate, sessile</i> and cuneate at base or narrowed to a short +petiole; stamens often 5; fruit with thickened obtuse angles.—Plains of the +Sask. to Wisc., Iowa., Neb., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>O. angustifòlius</b>, Sweet. Often tall, <i>glabrous</i> except the more or +less hirsute peduncles and involucres; <i>leaves linear</i>, thick and glaucous, often +elongated (2–6´ long); fruit as in the last.—Minn. to Tex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="abronia"><b>2. ABRÒNIA</b>, Juss.</p> + +<p>Involucre of 5–15 distinct bracts, enclosing numerous sessile flowers. Calyx +salver-form, with obcordate lobes. Stamens 5, included, adnate to the calyx-tube. +Style included; stigma linear-clavate. Perfect fruit 3–5-winged.<a name="page426"></a> +Embryo monocotyledonous.—Low herbs, with thick opposite petioled unequal +leaves, axillary or terminal peduncles, and showy flowers in solitary +heads. (Name from <span class="greek">ἁβρός</span>, <i>graceful</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. fràgrans</b>, Nutt. More or less viscid-pubescent, from a perennial +root; leaves oblong or ovate, truncate or cuneate at base; involucre conspicuous, +of broad ovate white and scarious bracts; flowers white, fragrant, 4–10´´ +long; fruit coriaceous, obpyramidal, with narrow undulate coarsely reticulated +wings.—From W. Iowa to Utah and N. Mex.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="illecebraceae"><span class="smcap">Order 85.</span> <b>ILLECEBRÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Knotwort Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with mostly opposite and entire leaves, scarious stipules</i> (except +in Scleranthus), <i>a 4–5-toothed or -parted herbaceous or coriaceous persistent +calyx</i>, no petals, <i>stamens borne on the calyx, as many as the lobes and +opposite them or fewer, styles 2 and often united, and fruit a 1-seeded +utricle.</i> Seed upon a basal funicle, the embryo (in ours) surrounding +the mealy albumen.—Small diffuse or tufted herbs, with small greenish +or whitish flowers in clusters or dichotomous cymes.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Anychia.</b> Stamens on the base of the 5-parted awnless calyx. Styles hardly any.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Paronychia.</b> Stamens on the base of the 5-parted calyx; the sepals hooded at the +summit and bristle-pointed. Style 1, 2-cleft at the top.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Scleranthus.</b> Stamens borne on the throat of the indurated 5-cleft and pointless calyx. +Styles 2. Stipules none.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="anychia"><b>1. ANÝCHIA</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">Forked Chickweed.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish. +Stamens 2–3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle larger than the calyx. +Radicle turned downward.—Small, many times forked annuals, with small +stipules, and minute flowers in the forks, produced all summer. (Same derivation +as the next genus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. dichótoma</b>, Michx. <i>More or less pubescent, short-jointed, low and +spreading</i>; leaves somewhat petioled, mostly very narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate; +<i>flowers nearly sessile</i> and somewhat clustered.—Mostly in open +places, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. capillàcea</b>, DC. <i>Smooth, longer-jointed, slender and erect; leaves +thinner, broader and longer</i> (5–15´´ long); <i>flowers more stalked and diffuse.</i> +(A. dichotoma, var. capillacea, <i>Torr.</i>)—Dry woodlands, same range as the +last, but more abundant northward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="paronychia"><b>2. PARONÝCHIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Whitlow-wort.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, linear or oblong, concave, awned at the apex. Petals (or staminodia) +bristle-form, or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at +the apex. Utricle enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending.—Tufted herbs +(ours perennial), with dry and silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (Greek +name for a <i>whitlow</i>, and for a plant thought to cure it.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. argyrócoma</b>, Nutt. Forming broad tufts, branched, <i>spreading; +leaves linear</i> (½´ long); <i>flowers densely clustered</i>, surrounded by conspicuous +<i>large silvery bracts</i>; calyx hairy, short-awned; petals mere teeth between the<a name="page427"></a> +stamens.—Bare mountain slopes of the White Mts., and in the Alleghanies +from Va. to Ga.; also coast of Maine and near Newburyport, Mass. July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. dichótoma</b>, Nutt. Smooth, tufted; stems (6–12´ high) <i>ascending</i> +from a rather woody base; <i>leaves</i> (½–1½´ long) <i>and bracts</i> narrowly <i>awl-shaped</i>; +<i>cymes open, many-times forked</i>; sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in place +of petals.—Rocks, Md. to N. C. and Tex. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. Jamèsii</b>, Torr. & Gray. Subcespitose, much branched from the +somewhat woody base, minutely puberulent; leaves filiform-subulate, obtuse +or mucronate; forked cymes rather close; calyx narrow-campanulate with +turbinate base.—Central Kan. to W. Neb., Col., and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="scleranthus"><b>3. SCLERÁNTHUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Knawel.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the utricle. Stamens +10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct.—Homely little weeds, with awl-shaped leaves, +obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name from <span class="greek">σκληρός</span>, +<i>hard</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>, from the hardened calyx-tube.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">ánnuus</span>, L. Much branched, spreading (3–5´ high); flowers sessile in +the forks; calyx-lobes scarcely margined.—Waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="amarantaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 86.</span> <b>AMARANTÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Amaranth Family</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the next family, but the flowers +mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts; these often colored, +commonly 3 in number</i>; the 1-celled ovary in our genera 1-ovuled. (The +greater part of the order tropical.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Anthers 2-celled; flowers unisexual; leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Amarantus.</b> Flowers monœcious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 3 or 5 distinct +erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Acnida.</b> Flowers diœcious. Calyx none in the fertile flowers.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Anthers 1-celled; flowers perfect; leaves opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Iresine.</b> Calyx of 5 sepals. Filaments united below into a cup. Flowers paniculate.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Frœlichia.</b> Calyx 5-cleft. Filaments united into a tube. Flowers spicate.</p> + +<p class="genus">(Addendum) 5. <b>Cladothrix.</b> Flowers perfect, minute, axillary. Densely white-tomentose.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="amarantus"><b>1. AMARÁNTUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Amaranth.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious or polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, +equal erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3, separate; anthers 2-celled. +Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1-seeded utricle, 2–3-beaked at the +apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely or sometimes bursting +irregularly. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen.—Annual +weeds, of coarse aspect, with alternate and entire petioled setosely tipped +leaves, and small green or purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked +clusters; in late summer and autumn. (<span class="greek">Ἀμάραντος</span>, <i>unfading</i>, because the dry +calyx and bracts do not wither. The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote Amarantus, +which the early botanists incorrectly altered to <i>Amaranthus</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Utricle thin, circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid; flowers polygamous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers in terminal and axillary simple or mostly panicled spikes; stem erect +(1–6° high); leaves long-petioled; stamens and sepals 5.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <span class="smcap">Red Amaranths.</span> <i>Flowers and often leaves tinged with crimson or purple.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">A. hypochondrìacus</span>, L. Glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or +pointed at both ends; <i>spikes very obtuse</i>, thick, crowded, the terminal one<a name="page428"></a> +elongated and interrupted; <i>bracts long-awned; fruit 2–3-cleft at the apex</i>, +longer than the calyx.—Rarely spontaneous about gardens. (Adv. from +Trop. Amer.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">paniculàtus</span>, L. Stem mostly pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate; +<i>spikes numerous and slender, panicled</i>, erect or spreading; <i>bracts +awn-pointed</i>; flowers small, green tinged with red, or sometimes crimson; <i>fruit +2–3-toothed</i> at the apex, longer than the calyx.—Roadsides, etc. (Adv. from +Trop. Amer.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <span class="smcap">Green Amaranths, Pigweed.</span> <i>Flowers green, rarely a little reddish.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">retrofléxus</span>, L. Roughish and more or less pubescent; leaves dull +green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate; the thick spikes crowded +in a stiff or glomerate panicle; bracts awn-pointed, rigid, exceeding the acute +or obtuse sepals.—Cultivated grounds, common; indigenous southwestward. +(Adv. from Trop. Amer.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">chloróstachys</span>, Willd. Very similar, but smoother and deeper green, +with more slender, linear-cylindric, more or less flexuous spikes, the lateral ones +spreading or divaricate, and the sepals more frequently acute or acuminate. +(A. retroflexus, var. chlorostachys, <i>Gray</i>.)—Cultivated grounds; apparently +also indigenous southwestward.—Var. <span class="smcap">hýbridus</span>, Watson, is similar, but +smooth and still more loosely panicled. (A. retroflexus, var. hybridus, <i>Gray</i>.) +(Adv. from Trop. Amer.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers crowded in close and small axillary clusters; stems low, spreading +or ascending; stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. álbus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Tumble Weed.</span>) Smooth, pale green; <i>stems whitish, +erect or ascending</i>, diffusely branched; leaves small, obovate and spatulate-oblong, +very obtuse or retuse; flowers greenish; sepals acuminate, half the +length of the <i>rugose fruit</i>, much shorter than the <i>subulate rigid pungently +pointed bracts; seed small, {2/3}´´ broad</i>.—Waste grounds, common.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. blitoìdes</b>, Watson. Like the last, but <i>prostrate or decumbent</i>; +spikelets usually contracted; <i>bracts ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate</i>; sepals +obtuse or acute; <i>fruit not rugose; seed about 1´´ broad</i>.—From Minn. to Mo. +and Tex., and westward, and introduced eastward as far as western N. Y.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">Blìtum</span>, L., resembles the last, but is usually erect, with shorter and +more scarious bracts, and a smaller seed more notched at the hilum.—Near +N. Y. City and Boston. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Utricle thinnish, bursting or imperfectly circumscissile; flowers monœcious.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">spinòsus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Thorny Amaranth.</span>) Smooth, bushy-branched; stem +reddish; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of <i>spines +in their axils</i>; upper clusters sterile, forming long and slender spikes; the +fertile globular and mostly in the axils; flowers yellowish-green, small.—Waste +grounds, N. Y. to E. Kan., and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <b>EÙXOLUS.</b> <i>Utricle rather fleshy, remaining closed or bursting irregularly; +no spines; bracts inconspicuous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. pùmilus</b>, Raf. Low or prostrate; leaves fleshy and obovate, +emarginate, strongly nerved; flower-clusters small and axillary; <i>stamens and +sepals</i> 5, the latter half the length of the obscurely 5-ribbed fruit.—Sandy +beaches, R. I. to Va.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">críspus</span>, Braun. Very slender, procumbent, pubescent; leaves small, +light green, rhombic-ovate to -lanceolate, acute, the margin crisped and undulate; +flowers in small axillary clusters; bracts and sepals scarious, oblanceolate, +acute or obtuse; utricle about as long, roughened, not nerved nor angled. +(A. viridis, <i>Man.</i>)—Streets of Albany, New York City and Brooklyn; doubtless +introduced, but the native habitat unknown.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="acnida"><a name="page429"></a><b>2. ACNÌDA</b>, Mitch. <span class="smcap">Water-Hemp.</span></p> + +<p>Characters of Amarantus, except that the flowers are completely diœcious +and the pistillate ones without calyx. Bracts 1–3, unequal. Staminate calyx +of 5 thin oblong mucronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts; stamens 5, +the anther-cells united only at the middle. Stigmas 2–5, often long and plumose-hispid. +Fruit somewhat coriaceous and indehiscent, or a thin membranous +utricle dehiscing irregularly (rarely circumscissile), usually 3–5-angled. +(Name from <span class="greek">α</span>- privative, and <span class="greek">κνίδη</span>, <i>a nettle</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. ACNIDA proper. <i>Fruit indehiscent, with firm and close pericarp.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. cannábina</b>, L. Usually stout, 2–6° high or more, glabrous; +leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, long-petioled; sepals of sterile +flowers ovate-oblong, obtuse or acutish; bracts usually thin and lax, much +shorter than the fruit, sometimes more rigid and longer; fruit about 1´´ long, +obovate, the pericarp rather thin, more or less rugosely angled; seed somewhat +turgid, not angled, usually less than 1´´ long, shining.—Salt or brackish +marshes, coast of N. Eng. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. rusocárpa</b>, Michx. Very similar; fruit larger, 1½–2´´ long, the +pericarp thicker, and the larger seed flattened with thick margins, usually +thickest on the cotyledonar side.—N. Y. (?) and Penn. to S. Car.; apparently +much less common than the last, though it is often difficult to positively distinguish +the species from the immature fruit.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. MONTÈLIA. <i>Fruit dehiscing irregularly, the pericarp thin, loose and usually +roughened; not salt-marsh plants.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. tuberculàta</b>, Moq. Tall and erect, or sometimes low and decumbent; +leaves lanceolate, acute or acutish or sometimes obtuse; sepals of sterile +flowers lanceolate, acute or acuminate; pistillate flowers closely clustered in +more or less dense naked or leafy axillary and terminal spikes (or the axillary +capitate); bracts rather rigid, acuminate, equalling or exceeding the fruit; +utricle about ½´´ long; seed shining, ½-{1/3}´´ in diameter. (Montelia tamariscina, +<i>Gray</i>, in part.)—Ohio to Dak., Mo., Ala., and La.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>subnùda</b>, Watson. Erect or often prostrate, the lower clusters at +least of pistillate flowers more or less cymose and often in globose heads; bracts +thinner, narrow and lax, shorter than the fruit. (M. tamariscína, var. concatenata, +<i>Gray</i>, in part.)—W. Vt. (<i>Oakes</i>); Ont. to Minn., and southward. Often +appearing quite distinct from the type, but intermediate forms are not rare.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="iresine"><b>3. IRESÌNE</b>, P. Browne.</p> + +<p>Flowers mostly polygamous or diœcious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Stamens +mostly 5; filaments slender, united into a short cup at base; anthers +1-celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening.—Herbs, with opposite +petioled leaves, and minute scarious-white flowers, crowded into clusters or +spiked and branching panicles; the calyx, etc., often bearing long wool (whence +the name, from <span class="greek">εἰρεσιώνη</span>, a wreath or staff entwined with fillets of wool).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>I. celosioìdes</b>, L. Nearly glabrous, annual, erect, slender (2–4° +high); leaves ovate-lanceolate; panicles very slender, often broad and diffuse, +naked; bracts and calyx silvery-white, the fertile calyx twice longer than the<a name="page430"></a> +broad bracts and densely silky-villous at base.—Dry banks, Ohio to Kan., and +far southward. Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="froelichia"><b>4. FRŒLÍCHIA</b>, Moench.</p> + +<p>Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2–5-crested +lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing the indehiscent +thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1-celled +anthers, and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages.—Hairy or woolly herbs, +with opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scarious-bracted flowers. (Named for +<i>J. A. Froelich</i>, a German botanist of the last century.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>F. Floridàna</b>, Moquin. Root annual; stem leafless above (1–3° +high); leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath; spikelets crowded into an interrupted +spike; calyx very woolly, becoming broadly winged, the wings irregularly +toothed.—Dry sandy places, S. Minn, to Ill., Col., Tex., and Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>F. grácilis</b>, Moq. More slender, with narrow leaves, the spikelets +smaller, and the crests of the matured calyx of nearly distinct rigid processes—Col. +to Tex., and is reported from Kansas.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cladothrix">(Addendum) <b>5. CLADÓTHRIX</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, erect, rigid-scarious, somewhat pilose. +Stamens 5, the filaments united at base; anthers large, 1-celled. Stigma +large, capitate, 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehiscent.—Densely stellate-tomentose +low herbs or woody at base, with opposite petiolate leaves and very +small flowers solitary or few in the axils. (Name from <span class="greek">κλάδος</span>, <i>a branch</i>, and +<span class="greek">θρίξ</span>, <i>hair</i>, for the branching tomentum.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. lanuginòsa</b>, Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, much branched; +leaves round-obovate to rhomboidal, 3–10´´ long.—Central Kan. (<i>Meehan</i>) +and southwestward.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="chenopodiaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 87.</span> <b>CHENOPODIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Goosefoot Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alternate +leaves and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers, with +the free calyx imbricated in the bud; the stamens as many as its lobes, or +occasionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base; the 1-celled +ovary becoming a 1-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achene. Embryo coiled +into a ring around the mealy albumen, when there is any, or else conduplicate, +or spiral.</i>—Calyx persistent, mostly enclosing the fruit. Styles or +stigmas 2, rarely 3–5. (Mostly inert or innocent, weedy plants; several +are pot-herbs, such as Spinach and Beet.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Embryo coiled into a ring about usually copious central albumen. Leaves flat, not spiny. +Stem not jointed.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Flowers perfect (or stamens only occasionally wanting), clustered or panicled; calyx +obvious, persistent. Seed-coat crustaceous.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Cycloloma.</b> Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous membranaceous +wing. Seed horizontal, crustaceous. Leaves sinuate-toothed.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Kochia.</b> Like n. 1, but wing 5-lobed and seed-coat membranaceous. Leaves entire.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Chenopodium.</b> Calyx 3–5-parted, unchanged or becoming fleshy in fruit.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Roubieva.</b> Calyx 3–5-toothed, becoming saccate. Leaves pinnatifid.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Flowers monœcious or diœcious; the staminate in clusters, mostly spiked; the pistillate +without calyx, enclosed between a pair of appressed axillary bracts.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Atriplex.</b> Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often muricate.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] Flowers perfect, naked or 1-sepaled, solitary in the axils of the reduced upper leaves.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Corispermum.</b> Pericarp oval, flattened, adherent to the vertical seed. Leaves linear.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Embryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplicate no albumen. Stem fleshy, jointed; +leaves reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth. Flowers densely spiked, perfect.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Salicornia.</b> Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. Calyx utricle-like.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Embryo coiled into a spiral; albumen mostly none. Leaves fleshy, alternate.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Suæda.</b> Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Salsola.</b> Embryo conical-spiral. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged. Leaves spinescent.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cycloloma"><a name="page431"></a><b>1. CYCLOLÒMA</b>, Moquin. <span class="smcap">Winged Pigweed.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect or pistillate, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave +lobes strongly keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit, at length appendaged +with a broad and continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3 +(rarely 2). Seed horizontal, flat; coats crustaceous. Embryo encircling the +mealy albumen.—An annual and much-branched coarse herb, with alternate +sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and very small scattered sessile flowers in open +panicles. (Name composed of <span class="greek">κύκλος</span>, <i>a circle</i>, and <span class="greek">λώμα</span>, <i>a border</i>, from the +encircling wing of the calyx.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. platyphýllum</b>, Moquin.—Diffuse (6–15´ high), more or less +arachnoid-pubescent or glabrate, light green or often deep purple.—Sandy +soil, Minn, to W. Ill., S. Ind., Ark., and westward across the plains.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="kochia"><b>2. KÒCHIA</b>, Roth.</p> + +<p>Characters nearly as in Cycloloma, but the seed-coat membranaceous and +the albumen wanting.—Annuals or suffruticose perennials, with flat or more +usually linear and terete leaves. (Named for <i>W. D. J. Koch</i>, a German +botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>K.</b> <span class="smcap">scopària</span>, Schrad. Annual, erect, puberulent or glabrate, branching; +leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear; flowers in small axillary clusters, sessile, +each sepal developing a thick wing.—Sparingly introduced; Vt., Ont., +and Ill. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chenopodium"><b>3. CHENOPÒDIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Goosefoot. Pigweed.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted or lobed, unchanged +in fruit or becoming succulent and berry-like, more or less enveloping +the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5; filaments filiform. Styles 2, rarely 3. +Seed horizontal or vertical, lenticular; the coat crustaceous; embryo coiled +partly or fully round the mealy albumen.—Weeds, usually with a white +mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in small clusters collected in spiked +panicles. (Named from <span class="greek">χήν</span>, <i>a goose</i>, and <span class="greek">ποῦς</span>, <i>foot</i>, in allusion to the shape +of the leaves.)—Our species are mostly annuals, flowering through late +summer and autumn, growing around dwellings, in manured soil, cultivated +grounds, and waste places.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Annual, more or less mealy, not glandular nor aromatic; fruiting calyx +dry; seed horizontal; embryo a complete ring.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Pericarp very easily separated from the seed; leaves entire or rarely sinuate-dentate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Bosciànum</b>, Moq. Erect, slender (2° high), loosely branched, +often <i>nearly glabrous; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate</i> (1–2´ long), attenuate +into a <i>slender petiole</i>, acute, the lower sinuate-dentate or often all entire; +flowers small, solitary or in small clusters upon the slender branchlets; <i>calyx +not strongly carinate</i>. (C. album, var. Boscianum, <i>Gray</i>, Manual.)—N. Y. to +Minn., south to N. C. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. leptophỳllum</b>, Nutt. <i>Densely mealy</i> or rarely nearly glabrous +(½–1½° high), simple or branched, often strict; <i>leaves linear</i> (½–1´ long), +entire, <i>rather shortly petioled</i>; flowers closely clustered, in dense or interrupted +spikelets; <i>calyx-lobes strongly carinate</i>.—Sea-coast, Conn. to N. J., north +shore of L. Erie, and from Dak. to Col., N. Mex., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page432"></a>[*][*] <i>Pericarp persistent upon the smooth seed; leaves more or less sinuate-dentate +(except in</i> C. polyspermum).</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">polyspérmum</span>, L. Low, often spreading, green and <i>wholly destitute +of mealiness; leaves all entire</i>, oblong or ovate and on slender petioles; flowers +very small, in slender panicles in all the axils, the thin lobes of the calyx very +incompletely enclosing the fruit; seed obtuse-edged.—Sparingly naturalized +in the Eastern States. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">álbum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Lamb's-quarters. Pigweed.</span>) Erect (1–4° high), +<i>more or less mealy; leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate</i> or the +uppermost even linear, acute, <i>all or only the lower more or less angulate-toothed</i>; +clusters spiked-panicled, mostly dense; calyx (¾´´ wide in fruit) with strongly +carinate lobes, nearly or quite covering the seed.—Introduced everywhere. +(Nat. from Eu.)—Var. <span class="smcap">víride</span>, Moq., more common eastward, is less mealy +and with less dense inflorescence.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">úrbicum</span>, L. Rather pale or dull green, nearly destitute of mealiness, +with erect branches (1–3° high); <i>leaves</i> triangular, acute, <i>coarsely and +sharply many-toothed; spikes erect, crowded in a long and narrow racemose +panicle</i>; calyx-lobes not keeled; <i>seed with rounded margins</i>.—Apparently +throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">muràle</span>, L. Resembles the preceding, but less erect, loosely branched +(1–2° high); <i>leaves rhomboid-ovate</i>, acute, <i>coarsely and sharply unequally +toothed</i>, thin, bright green; <i>spikes or racemes diverging, somewhat corymbed</i>; +calyx-lobes scarcely keeled; <i>seed sharp-edged</i>.—From N. Eng. to Mich, and +Mo. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. hýbridum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Maple-leaved Goosefoot.</span>) Bright green +throughout; stem widely much branched (2–4° high); <i>leaves thin</i> (2–6´ +long), somewhat triangular and heart shaped, taper-pointed, <i>sinuate-angled</i>, +the angles extending into a <i>few large and pointed teeth</i>; racemes diffusely and +loosely panicled, leafless; calyx not fully covering the fruit, its lobes keeled.—Indigenous +from western N. Y. and Ky., westward across the continent; +introduced eastward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Annual or perennial herbs, somewhat mealy, not glandular-pubescent; +fruiting calyx dry; seed large, subglobose, vertical, exserted; embryo a +complete ring.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">glaùcum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Oak-leaved Goosefoot.</span>) <i>Low</i> (5–12´ high), <i>spreading, +glaucous-mealy; leaves sinuately pinnatifid-toothed</i>, oblong, obtuse, pale +green above; <i>clusters in axillary spikes</i>, small; <i>seed sharp-edged</i>.—Throughout +our range and westward. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Bonus-Henrìcus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Good-King-Henry.</span>) <i>Stout, erect</i> (1–2° high), +mostly simple; <i>leaves broadly triangular-hastate</i> (2–3´ long), obtuse or acute, +<i>subsinuate or entire; flowers somewhat densely paniculately spiked; seed with +obtuse edges</i>. (Blitum Bonus-Henricus, <i>Reichenb.</i>)—Sparingly introduced. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <i>Annual, glabrous; calyx more or less fleshy in fruit and often colored, enclosing +the utricle; seed mostly vertical; embryo a complete ring; flowers +in crowded clusters, axillary or in spikes.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. rùbrum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Coast Blite.</span>) Stem angled, much branched; +leaves thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge-shaped +base and above into a slender point, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the upper +linear-lanceolate; <i>clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes; calyx-lobes 2–4, +rather fleshy</i>; stamens 1–2; seed shining, the margin acute. (Blitum maritimum, +<i>Nutt.</i>)—Sea-coast of Northern States, and in saline places to Minn. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. capitàtum</b>, Watson. (<span class="smcap">Strawberry Blite.</span>) Stem ascending, +branching; leaves triangular and somewhat halberd-shaped, sinuate-toothed;<a name="page433"></a> +<i>clusters simple (large), interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless; stamens 1–5; +calyx berry-like</i> in fruit; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, with a very narrow +margin. (Blitum capitatum, <i>L.</i>)—Dry rich ground, along the Great Lakes, +northward and westward. The calyx becomes pulpy and bright red in fruit, +when the large clusters look like strawberries. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 4. <i>Annual, not mealy, but more or less glandular-pubescent, aromatic; calyx +2–3-parted, dry in fruit; seed often vertical; embryo not a complete ring.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Bòtrys</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Jerusalem Oak. Feather Geranium.</span>) Glandular-pubescent +and viscid; <i>leaves slender-petioled</i>, oblong, obtuse, sinuate-pinnatifid; +<i>racemes cymose-diverging, loose, leafless</i>; fruit not perfectly enclosed.—Widely +introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">ambrosioìdes</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Mexican Tea.</span>) Smoothish; <i>leaves slightly petioled</i>, +oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper tapering +to both ends; <i>spikes densely flowered, leafy</i>, or intermixed with leaves; fruit +perfectly enclosed in the calyx.—Waste places, common throughout our +range, especially southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <span class="smcap">anthelmínticum</span>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Wormseld.</span>) Leaves more strongly +toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate-pinnatifid; <i>spikes more elongated, +mostly leafless</i>.—From Long Island and southward, west to Wisc. and +Tex. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="roubieva"><b>4. ROUBIÈVA</b>, Moquin.</p> + +<p>Flowers minute, perfect or pistillate, solitary or 2–3 together in the axils. +Calyx urceolate, 3–5-toothed, becoming enlarged and saccate, contracted at +the apex and enclosing the fruit. Stamens 5, included; styles 3, exserted. +Fruit membranaceous, compressed, glandular-dotted. Seed vertical. Embryo +annular.—Perennial glandular herb, with alternate pinnatifid leaves.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">multífida</span>, Moq. Prostrate or ascending, branching and leafy; leaves +lanceolate to linear (½–1½´ long), deeply pinnatifid with narrow lobes; fruiting +calyx obovate. (Chenopodium multifidum, <i>L.</i>)—Sparingly introduced in the +Atlantic States. (Adv. from S. Amer.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="atriplex"><b>5. ÁTRIPLEX</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Orache.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious or diœcious; the staminate like the flowers of Chenopodium, +but sterile by the abortion of the pistil; the fertile consisting simply +of a naked pistil enclosed between a pair of appressed foliaceous bracts, which +are enlarged in fruit, and sometimes united. Seed vertical. Embryo coiled +into a ring around the albumen. In one section, including the Garden Orache, +there are some fertile flowers with a calyx, like the staminate, but without +stamens, and with horizontal seeds.—Herbs (ours annuals) usually mealy or +scurfy with bran-like scales, with spiked-clustered flowers; in summer and +autumn. (The ancient Latin name, a corruption of the Greek, <span class="greek">ἀτράφαξις</span>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">ròseum</span>, L. Hoary-mealy; leaves short-petioled or the upper sessile, +rhombic-ovate or oblong with a wedge-shaped base, coarsely sinuate-toothed; +fertile flowers mostly clustered in the axils; fruiting bracts broad, often cut-toothed +and warty.—Sparingly introduced at the east. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. pátulum</b>, L. Erect or prostrate (1–4° high), dark green and +glabrous or somewhat scurfy; leaves narrowly lanceolate hastate (1–4´ long), +the lower sometimes opposite, entire or sparingly sinuate-dentate, petioled, +the upper lanceolate to linear; flowers clustered in rather slender spikes, the +two kinds together or separate; fruiting bracts ovate-triangular or rhombic-hastate, +entire or toothed, often muricate on the back, united to near the<a name="page434"></a> +middle.—Very variable. The typical form scarcely occurs except as naturalized +from Europe.—Var. <span class="smcap">hastàtum</span>, Gray. Erect or spreading, stout, +at least the lower leaves broadly triangular-hastate, often coarsely and irregularly +toothed. Salt and brackish places, on the coast from Can. to Va., +along the Great Lakes, and far westward.—Var. <span class="smcap">littoràle</span>, Gray. Slender; +leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, rarely subhastate or toothed. Canada to +N. J., and westward along the Great Lakes.—Var. <span class="smcap">subspicàtum</span>, Watson. +A low erect and often simple form (3–12´ high), usually quite scurfy; leaves +lanceolate-hastate (½–1´ long). Minn. to central Kan., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. arenàrium</b>, Nutt. <i>Silvery-mealy</i>, diffusely spreading; leaves oblong, +narrowed at base, nearly sessile; fruiting bracts broadly wedge-shaped, +united, 3-nerved, 2–5 toothed at the summit, and usually strongly muricate +and reticulate on the sides.—Sandy beaches, along the coast, Mass. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. argénteum</b>, Nutt. Usually low, much branched, gray-scurfy, +leafy; leaves deltoid or subrhombic, often subhastate; staminate flowers in +terminal spikes; fruiting bracts round-rhombic, indurated, united, the free +margins more or less dilated and deeply toothed, the sides variously appendaged.—Red +River Valley, Minn., south and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="corispermum"><b>6. CORISPÉRMUM</b>, A. Juss. <span class="smcap">Bug-seed.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect, single and sessile in the axils of the upper leaves reduced +to bracts, usually forming a spike. Calyx of a single delicate sepal on the +inner side. Stamens 1 or 2, rarely 5. Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat, with the +outer face rather convex and the inner concave, sharp-margined, a <i>caryopsis</i>, +i.e. the thin pericarp adherent to the vertical seed. Embryo slender, coiled +around a central albumen.—Low branching annuals, with narrow linear alternate +1-nerved leaves. (Name formed of <span class="greek">κόρις</span>, <i>a bug</i>, and <span class="greek">σπέρμα</span>, <i>seed</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. hyssopifòlium</b>, L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale; floral +leaves or bracts awl-shaped from a dilated base or the upper ovate and pointed, +scarious-margined; fruit wing-margined.—Sandy beaches along the Great +Lakes, central Neb., Tex., and westward.—Leaves usually pungent.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="salicornia"><b>7. SALICÓRNIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Glasswort. Samphire.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect, 3 together immersed in each hollow of the thickened upper +joints, forming a spike; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Calyx small and +bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy and narrowly +wing-bordered, enclosing the flattened thin utricle. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2, +united at base. Seed vertical, without albumen. Embryo thick, the cotyledons +incumbent upon the radicle.—Low saline plants, with succulent leafless +jointed stems, and opposite branches; the flower-bearing branchlets forming +the spikes. (Name composed of <i>sal</i>, salt, and <i>cornu</i>, a horn; saline plants with +horn-like branches.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. mucronàta</b>, Bigel. Annual, erect, stout, naked below (2–12´ +high), <i>turning red</i> in age; <i>spikes thick, closely jointed; scales mucronate-pointed +and conspicuous</i>, especially when dry; <i>middle flower half higher than the lateral +ones</i> or less, occupying nearly the whole length of the joint; fruit pubescent; +seed ½–¾´´ long. (S. Virginica, <i>Gray</i>, Manual; not <i>L.</i>)—Sea-coast +from N. Scotia to Va.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page435"></a>2. <b>S. herbàcea</b>, L. Annual, erect or at length spreading (6–18´ high), +<i>green; scales obscure and very blunt</i>, making a truncate barely emarginate +termination of <i>the longer joints</i> of the stem or <i>elongated narrower spikes</i>; +middle flower much higher than the lateral ones, slightly shorter than the +joint; fruit pubescent; seed {2/3}–1´´ long.—Salt marshes of the coast and interior +salt springs, and alkaline localities.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. ambígua</b>, Michx. Numerous tufted stems (3–12´ long) decumbent +or ascending from a hard and rather <i>woody creeping base or rootstock</i>, +greenish, turning lead-colored; <i>spikes slender, short-jointed, the scales short, +acutish or acute; flowers nearly equal in height</i> and equalling the joint; seed +pubescent, {1/3}´´ long. (S. fruticosa, var. ambigua, <i>Gray</i>, Manual.)—Sea-coast, +Mass. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="suaeda"><b>8. SUÆ̀DA</b>, Forskal. <span class="smcap">Sea Blite.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect, sessile in the axils of leafy bracts. Calyx 5-parted, fleshy, +enclosing the fruit (utricle) and often carinate or crested. Stamens 5. Stigmas +2 or 3. Seed vertical or horizontal, with a flat-spiral embryo, dividing +the scanty albumen (when there is any) into two portions.—Fleshy saline +plants, with alternate nearly terete linear leaves. (An Arabic name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. lineàris</b>, Moq. Annual, prostrate or usually erect, 1–2° high, +branched; <i>leaves narrow at base</i>, ½–2´ long, acute; floral bracts acuminate, +on slender branchlets; sepals very thick; anthers exserted; seed horizontal, +round-oval, black, ½´´ broad. (S. maritima, <i>Gray</i>; not <i>Dumort</i>.)—Sea-coast, +N. Scotia to Fla.—A doubtful form of E. Mass. has the bracts and shorter +leaves obtuse, larger flowers on less slender branchlets, and reddish seeds +nearly 1´´ broad.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. depréssa</b>, Watson. <i>Annual, decumbent</i> or erect, branching from +the base; <i>leaves broadest at base</i>, the cauline 3–12´´ long, the floral lanceolate +to ovate; one or more of the calyx-lobes <i>very strongly carinate or crested</i>.—Saline +soil, Red River Valley, Minn., to Col., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="salsola"><b>9. SÁLSOLA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Saltwort.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx 5-parted, persistent and enclosing +the depressed fruit in its base; its divisions at length horizontally winged on +the back, the wings forming a broad and circular scarious border. Stamens +mostly 5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen, filled by the embryo, +which is coiled in a conical spiral (cochleate).—Herbs or slightly shrubby +branching plants of the sea-shore, with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped +leaves, and sessile axillary flowers. (Diminutive of <i>salsus</i>, salty.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Kàli</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Saltwort.</span>) Annual, diffusely branching, +bushy, rough or smoothish; leaves all alternate, awl-shaped, prickly-pointed; +flowers single; calyx with the converging lobes forming a sort of beak over +the fruit, the large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading.—Sandy +sea-shore, N. Eng. to Ga. Aug. (Eu.) +(Addendum)—<b>Salsola Kali.</b> This species has been found in Emmet Co., +Iowa (<i>Cratty</i>), at Yankton, Dak. (<i>Bruhin</i>), and in river-bottoms in N. W. +Neb. and central Dak.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="phytolaccaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 88.</span> <b>PHYTOLACCÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Pokeweed Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, having the general +characters of</i> Chenopodiaceæ, <i>but usually a several-celled ovary composed +of as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit.</i></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="phytolacca"><a name="page436"></a><b>1. PHYTOLÁCCA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Pokeweed.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx of 5 rounded and petal like sepals. Stamens 5–30. Ovary of 5–12 +carpels, united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming +a depressed globose 5–12-celled berry, with a single vertical seed in each cell. +Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen.—Tall and stout perennial +herbs, with large petioled leaves, and terminal racemes which become lateral +and opposite the leaves. (Name compounded of <span class="greek">φυτόν</span>, <i>plant</i>, and the French +<i>lac</i>, lake, in allusion to the crimson coloring matter which the berries yield.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. decándra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Poke</span> or <span class="smcap">Scoke. Garget. Pigeon-Berry.</span>) +Stamens and styles 10.—Low grounds. July–Sept.—A smooth +plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very large poisonous root, often +4–6´ in diameter, sending up stout stalks at length 6–9° high; calyx white; +ovary green; berries in long racemes, dark-purple and filled with crimson juice, +ripe in autumn.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="polygonaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 89.</span> <b>POLYGONÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Buckwheat Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths</i> +(ocreæ, these sometimes obsolete) <i>above the swollen joints of the stem; the +flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary +bearing 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed.</i> +Fruit usually an achene, compressed or 3–4-angled or -winged. Embryo +curved or straightish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in +its centre. Stamens 4–12, inserted on the base of the 3–6-cleft calyx. +(Juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acid, as in Sorrel; the roots, as +in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Flowers involucrate; stamens 9; stipules none.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Eriogonum.</b> Involucre several-flowered, with flowers exserted. Calyx 6-cleft.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Flowers without involucre; stamens 4 to 8.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Stipular sheaths manifest; ovule erect from the base of the cell.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Sepals 4 or 6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging in fruit.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Oxyria.</b> Sepals 4. Stigmas 2. Achene orbicular-winged. Leaves reniform.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Rumex.</b> Sepals 6. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Sepals 5 (sometimes 4), equal and erect in fruit. Achene triangular or lenticular.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Polygonum.</b> Embryo slender, curved around one side of the albumen. Pedicels +mostly fascicled.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Fagopyrum.</b> Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Polygonella.</b> Embryo slender, nearly straight. Pedicels solitary. Leaves jointed at +base.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Stipules obsolete; ovule hanging from the apex of a slender stalk.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Brunnichia.</b> Calyx 5-parted, in fruit with a wing decurrent on the pedicel. Tendril-climber.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="eriogonum"><b>1. ERIÓGONUM</b>, Michx.</p> + +<p>Flowers perfect, involucrate; involucre 4–8-toothed or lobed, usually many-flowered; +the more or less exserted pedicels intermixed with narrow scarious +bracts. Calyx 6-parted or -cleft, colored, persistent about the achene. Stamens +9, upon the base of the calyx. Styles 3; stigmas capitate. Achene<a name="page437"></a> +triangular. Embryo straight and axile, with foliaceous cotyledons.—Annuals +or perennials, with radical or alternate or whorled entire leaves, without +stipules. (Name from <span class="greek">ἔριον</span>, <i>wool</i>, and <span class="greek">γόνυ</span>, <i>knee</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. ánnuum</b>, Nutt. Annual, erect, leafy, naked above, 2° high, white-floccose-tomentose +throughout; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, +short-petiolate, flat; bracts small, triangular; involucres numerous in terminal +cymes, turbinate, shortly pedicelled, 1–1½´´ long, very tomentose; flowers +white, the outer sepals oblong obovate, 1´´ long or less.—Central Kan. to Col., +and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">(Addendum) 2. <b>E. Allèni</b>, Watson. Perennial, white-tomentose throughout, the tall +scape-like stem repeatedly dichotomous above; radical leaves lanceolate, long-petiolate, +the upper in whorls of 4 or 5, ovate to oblong-ovate, very shortly +petiolate, much reduced above; involucres mostly sessile; flowers glabrous, +yellow, the segments elliptical.—Near White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. +(<i>T. F. Allen</i>).</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="oxyria"><b>2. OXÝRIA</b>, Hill. <span class="smcap">Mountain Sorrel.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals; the outer smaller and spreading, the inner +broader and erect (but unchanged) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, sessile, +tufted. Achene lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than the calyx, surrounded +by a broad veiny wing. Seed flattened contrary to the wing. Embryo straight, +in the centre of the albumen, slender.—Low alpine perennial, with round-kidney-form +and long-petioled leaves chiefly from the root, obliquely truncate +sheaths, and small greenish flowers clustered in panicled racemes on a slender +scape. (Name from <span class="greek">ὀξύς</span>, <i>sour</i>, in allusion to the acid leaves.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. dígyna</b>, Hill. Leaves all round-kidney-form, usually notched at +the end; fruit orbicular.—Alpine region of the White Mts., and far north +and westward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="rumex"><b>3. RÙMEX</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Dock. Sorrel.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx of 6 sepals; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at base, spreading +in fruit; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored, enlarged after flowering +(in fruit called <i>valves</i>) and convergent over the 3-angled achene, veiny, often +bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back. Stamens 6. Styles 3; stigmas +tufted. Embryo slightly curved lying along one side of the albumen, slender.—Coarse +herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which are +crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes; the petioles somewhat +sheathing at base. (The ancient Latin name; of unknown etymology.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. LÁPATHUM. (<span class="smcap">Dock.</span>) <i>Flowers perfect or monœciously polygamous; +herbage not sour or scarcely so; none of the leaves halberd-shaped. (Flowering +through the summer.)</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Perennials, 1–7° high, mostly with fusiform roots; valves not bearing bristles.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Valves (large, 3´´ broad or more, thin) all naked or one with a small grain.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">Patiéntia</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Patience Dock.</span>) A very tall species, with ovate-oblong +and lanceolate leaves (broadest above the base), those from the root 2–3° +long, and one of the heart-shaped nearly or quite entire valves (3´´ broad) +bearing a small grain, or its midrib thickened at base.—N. Eng and N. Y. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. venòsus</b>, Pursh. Stems from running rootstocks, erect (1° high +or less), with conspicuous dilated stipules; leaves on short but rather slender +petioles, ovate or oblong to lanceolate (3–6´; long), acute or acuminate, only +the lowest obtuse at base; panicle nearly sessile, short, dense in fruit; valves +entire, glandless, broadly cordate with a deep sinus, 9–12´´ in diameter, bright +rose-color.—Sask. to central Mo. and Kan., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page438"></a>[+][+] <i>Valves smaller, one or more of them conspicuously grain-bearing.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Indigenous; leaves not wavy, none heart-shaped, except the lowest of n. 5.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. Británnica</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Great Water-Dock.</span>) Tall and stout (5–6° +high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather acute at both ends, transversely veined, +and with obscurely erose-crenulate margins (the lowest, including the petiole, +1–2° long, the middle rarely truncate or obscurely cordate at base); racemes +upright in a large compound panicle, nearly leafless; whorls crowded; <i>pedicels +capillary, nodding, about twice the length of the fruiting calyx; the valves orbicular +or round-ovate</i>, very obtuse, obscurely heart-shaped at base, <i>finely reticulated</i>, +entire or repand-denticulate (2–3´´ broad), all grain-bearing. (R. orbiculatus, +<i>Gray</i>.)—Wet places, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Minn, and Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. altíssimus</b>, Wood. (<span class="smcap">Pale Dock.</span>) Rather tall (2–6° high); +<i>leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate</i>, acute, pale, thickish, obscurely veiny (the cauline +3–6´ long, contracted at base into a short petiole); racemes spike-like +and panicled, nearly leafless; whorls crowded; <i>pedicels nodding, shorter than +the fruiting calyx; valves broadly ovate</i> or obscurely heart-shaped, obtuse or +acutish, entire, loosely reticulated (about 2´´ broad), one with a conspicuous +grain, the others with a thickened midrib or naked. (R. Britannica, <i>Gray</i>; +not <i>L.</i>)—Moist grounds, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., and Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>R. salicifòlius</b>, Weinmann. (<span class="smcap">White Dock.</span>) Rather low (1–3° +high); root white, <i>leaves narrowly or linear-lanceolate</i>, or the lowest oblong; +whorls much crowded; <i>pedicels much shorter than the fruiting calyx; valves +deltoid-ovate</i>, obtusish or acutish (about 1½´´ long), one, two or sometimes all +with a conspicuous often very large grain; otherwise nearly as n. 3.—Salt +marshes, from Newf. to N. Eng., about the Great Lakes, and far westward.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>R. verticillàtus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Swamp Dock.</span>) Rather tall (3–5° high); +leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, thickish, pale-green, the +lowest often heart-shaped at base; racemes nearly leafless, elongated, loose, the +whorls crowded or the lower ones distant; fruit-bearing <i>pedicels slender, club-shaped, +abruptly reflexed, 3–4 times longer than the fruiting calyx; valves dilated-rhomboid, +obtusely somewhat pointed, strongly rugose-reticulated</i>, each bearing a +very large grain.—Wet swamps, common.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Naturalized European weeds; lower leaves mostly heart-shaped at base.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">críspus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Curled Dock.</span>) Smooth (3–4° high); <i>leaves with +strongly wavy-curled margins, lanceolate</i>, acute, the lower truncate or scarcely +heart-shaped at base; <i>whorls crowded in prolonged wand-like racemes, leafless +above; valves round-heart-shaped, obscurely denticulate</i> or entire, mostly all grain-bearing.—In +cultivated and waste ground, very common. A hybrid of this +with the next is reported from Mass., N. Y., and Md.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">obtusifòlius</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bitter Dock.</span>) Stem roughish; <i>lowest leaves +ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse</i>, rather downy on the veins beneath, somewhat wavy-margined, +the <i>upper oblong-lanceolate, acute; whorls loose and distant; valves +ovate-halberd-shaped, with some sharp awl-shaped teeth at base</i>, strongly reticulated, +one of them principally grain-bearing.—Fields, etc., common.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">sanguíneus</span>, L. <i>Leaves oblong-lanceolate</i>, often fiddle shaped, wavy-margined; +<i>whorls distant, in long slender leafless spikes</i>; pedicels very short, +jointed at base; <i>valves narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire</i>, one at least grain-bearing; +veins of the leaf red, or green.—Waste and cultivated ground.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">conglomeràtus</span>, Murray. (<span class="smcap">Smaller Green Dock.</span>) Like the last, +but leaves not fiddle-shaped, and panicle leafy; pedicels short, jointed below +the middle; valves acutish, all grain-bearing.—Moist places.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page439"></a>[*][*] <i>Annuals, low; valves bearing long awns or bristles.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>R. marítimus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Golden Dock.</span>) Minutely pubescent, diffusely +branched, 6–12´ high; leaves lance-linear, wavy-margined, the lower auricled +or heart-shaped at base; whorls excessively crowded in leafy and compact or +interrupted spikes; valves rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing 2–3 +long awn-like bristles on each side, and a large grain on the back.—Sea-shore, +Mass. to N. C.; also from Ill. to Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. ACETÒSA. (<span class="smcap">Sorrel.</span>) <i>Flowers diœcious, small, in a terminal naked +panicle; herbage sour; some leaves halberd-shaped; smooth perennials, +spreading by running rootstocks, flowering in spring.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>R. hastátulus</b>, Baldw. Stem simple, 1–2° high; leaves nearly as in +the next; <i>pedicels jointed at or below the middle; valves of the fruiting calyx +round-heart-shaped</i>, thin, finely reticulated, naked, <i>many times larger than the +achene</i>. (R. Engelmanni, <i>Ledeb.</i>)—S. W. Ill. to E. Kan., Tex., and Fla.; +Riverhead, Long Island (<i>Young</i>).</p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">Acetosélla</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Field</span> or <span class="smcap">Sheep Sorrel</span>.) Low (6–12´ high); +leaves narrow-lanceolate or linear, halberd-form, at least those of the root, the +narrow lobes entire; <i>pedicels jointed with the flower; valves scarcely enlarging +in fruit, ovate</i>, naked.—Abundant everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">Acetòsa</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sorrel Dock.</span>) Like the last, but taller (1–3° high); +leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate; <i>valves enlarging in fruit and orbicular, +the outer reflexed</i>.—Charlotte, Vt., and Penn Yan, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="polygonum"><b>4. POLÝGONUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Knotweed.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx mostly 5-parted; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in fruit, withering +or persistent. Stamens 4–9. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3; achene accordingly +lenticular or 3-angular. Embryo placed in a groove on the outside of +the albumen and curved half-way around it; the radicle and usually the cotyledons +slender.—Pedicels jointed. Ours all herbaceous, with fibrous roots +(except n. 19), flowering through late summer and early autumn. (Name +composed of <span class="greek">πολύς</span>, <i>many</i>, and <span class="greek">γόνυ</span>, <i>knee</i>, from the numerous joints.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. POLYGONUM proper. <i>Flowers in axillary fascicles or spicate with +foliaceous bracts; leaves and bracts jointed upon a very short petiole adnate +to the short sheath of the 2-lobed or lacerate scarious stipules; stems striate; +calyx 5–6-parted, usually more or less herbaceous; stamens 3–8, the 3 inner +filaments broad at base; styles 3; cotyledons incumbent; albumen horny; +glabrous annuals, except n. 1.</i> (§ Avicularia, <i>Meisn.</i>)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leafy throughout.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. marítimum</b>, L. <i>Perennial</i>, at length woody at base (or sometimes +annual), prostrate, <i>glaucous</i>, the stout stems very shortly jointed; <i>leaves thick</i>, +oval to linear-oblong (3–10´´ long), exceeding the nodes; stipules very conspicuous; +sepals petaloid; stamens 8; <i>achene smooth and shining, exserted</i>.—Sea-coast +from Mass. to Ga. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. aviculàre</b>, L. Slender, <i>mostly prostrate or ascending, bluish-green</i>; +leaves oblong to lanceolate (3–10´´ long), usually acute or acutish; <i>sepals +hardly 1´´ long</i>, green with pinkish margins; stamens 8 (rarely 5); achene dull +and minutely granular, mostly included.—Common everywhere in yards, +waste places, etc. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page440"></a>3. <b>P. eréctum</b>, L. <i>Stouter, erect</i> or ascending (1–2° high), <i>yellowish</i>; +leaves oblong or oval (½–2½´ long), usually obtuse; <i>flowers mostly 1½´´ long</i>, +often yellowish, on more or less exserted pedicels, stamens 5–6; achene dull, +included (P. aviculare, var. erectum, <i>Roth</i>.)—Common, by waysides, etc.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves much reduced above and bract-like.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. ramosíssimum</b>, Michx. Erect or ascending (2–4° high), <i>yellowish +green</i>; leaves lanceolate to linear (1–2½´ long), acute; <i>flowers</i> and +achene <i>as in</i> n. 3, but sepals more frequently 6, the <i>stamens</i> 3–6, and the +achene mostly smooth and shining—Sandy shores and banks of streams, E. Mass +to N. Y., west to Minn., Ark., Tex., and far westward.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. ténue</b>, Michx. <i>Stem angled</i>, erect (½–1½° high), glabrous, or +slightly scabrous at the nodes; <i>leaves</i> narrowly linear to lanceolate (1–2´ +long), <i>3-nerved</i>, acute at each end and often cuspidate, the margins somewhat +scabrous and at length revolute; <i>flowers</i> often solitary, <i>nearly sessile; stamens</i> +8; achene included, dull black—Dry soil, N. Eng. to S. C., west to Minn., +Mo., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. campòrum</b>, Meisn. <i>Stem terete</i>, erect or ascending (2–3° high), +glabrous; <i>leaves deciduous</i>, linear to oblong, usually short; <i>pedicels slender, +exserted from the scarious sheaths</i>; stamens 8.—E. Kan. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. PERSICÀRIA <i>Flowers in dense spikes, with small scarious bracts; +leaves not jointed on the petiole; sheaths cylindrical, truncate, entire, naked +or ciliate-fringed or margined; calyx colored, 5-parted, appressed to the +fruit; stamens 4–8, filaments filiform; cotyledons accumbent.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Sheaths and bracts not ciliate or fringed; sepals not punctate; style 2-cleft.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. lapathifòlium</b>, L. Annual, branching, 1–4° high, glabrous or +the peduncles often minutely glandular; leaves lanceolate, attenuate upward +from near the cuneate base and acuminate somewhat scabious with short appressed +hairs on the midrib and margin or rarely floccose-tomentose beneath; +sheaths and bracts rarely somewhat ciliolate; spikes oblong to linear (½–2´ +long), dense, erect or nearly so; flowers white or pale rose-color; stamens 6; +achene ovate, rarely 1´´ broad. (P. nodosum, <i>Pers.</i>, P. incarnatum, <i>Man.</i>, in +part.)—Wet places; N. Eng. and Can. to Ill., Wisc., and far westward. Very +variable. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>incarnàtum</b>, Watson. Leaves often large (6–12´ long, 1–3´ wide); +spikes more slender and elongated (2–4´ long), nodding. (P. incarnatum, +<i>Ell.</i>)—Penn. to Ill., Mo., and southward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>incànum</b>, Koch. Low (6–12´ high); leaves small, obtusish, more +or less hoary beneath with floccose tomentum; spikes short.—Cayuga Lake, +N. Y., Ont., shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. Pennsylvánicum</b>, L. A similar species, but the <i>branches above +and especially the peduncles beset with stipitate glands</i>; flowers larger and often +bright rose-color, in short erect spikes, often on exserted pedicels; stamens +usually 8; achene nearly orbicular, over 1´´ broad.—Moist soil, in open waste +places, common.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>P. amphíbium</b>, L. Perennial, <i>aquatic</i> or rooting in the mud, <i>stout +and glabrous</i> or nearly so, not branching above the rooting base; <i>leaves usually +floating, thick</i>, smooth and shining above, mostly long petioled, <i>elliptical<a name="page441"></a> +to oblong</i> or sometimes lanceolate, <i>acutish</i>, cuneate or cordate at base (2–5´ +long); spike terminal, <i>dense, ovate or oblong</i> (½–1´ long); flowers bright rose-color +(1½–3´´ long); the 5 stamens and 2-cleft style exserted.—Widely distributed +and rather common. (Eu., Asia)</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>P. Muhlenbérghii</b>, Watson. Perennial, in muddy or dry places, +decumbent or suberect, <i>scabrous with short appressed or glandular hairs; leaves +thinner, rather broadly lanceolate, narrowly acuminate</i> (4–7´ long); <i>spikes more +elongated</i> (1–3´ long), often in pairs; flowers and fruit nearly as in the last. +(P. amphibium, var. terrestre, <i>Gray</i>, Manual; not <i>Lurs</i>)—N. Eng. to Fla., +westward across the continent.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Sheaths and bracts bristly ciliate or the sheaths foliaceously margined.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Sepals not punctate; style 2-cleft; achene somewhat flattened.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>P. Hartwrìghtii</b>, Gray. <i>Perennial</i>, very closely allied to n. 9, +growing usually in mud, the ascending stems rooting at base and very leafy, +<i>more or less rough-hairy</i>, at least on the sheaths and bracts, the former ciliate +and <i>often with abruptly spreading foliaceous borders</i>; leaves rather narrow (2–7´ +long), on very short petioles; <i>flowers and fruit as in n. 9.</i>—N. Eng. and N. Y., +to Minn., Iowa, and far westward. When growing in water the floating leaves +are thicker and glabrous.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>P. Càreyi</b>, Olney. Annual, erect, the stem (3–5° high) and peduncles +<i>glandular-bristly; leaves narrowly lanceolate</i>, attenuate to both ends, roughish; +sheaths ciliate or sometimes margined; spikes slender, loose and nodding; +flowers purplish; <i>stamens mostly</i> 5.—Shady swamps, S. Maine and N. H. to +Penn. and Ont.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">orientàle</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Prince's Feather.</span>) Tall branching annual, <i>soft-hairy; +leaves ovate</i> or oblong, pointed, distinctly petioled; <i>sheaths</i> ciliate or +<i>often with an abrupt spreading border</i>; flowers large, bright rose-color, <i>in dense +cylindrical nodding spikes; stamens 7</i>.—Sparingly escaped from gardens into +waste grounds. (Adv. from India)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">Persicària</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Lady's Thumb.</span>) Nearly <i>smooth and glabrous</i> (12–18´ +high); sheaths more or less bristly-ciliate; leaves lanceolate, pointed, +roughish, often marked with a dark triangular or lunar spot near the middle; +<i>spikes ovoid or oblong, dense, erect, on smooth</i> (or at least not glandular) <i>peduncles</i>; +stamens mostly 6; <i>styles half 2–3-cleft</i>; achene gibbous-flattened or +sometimes triangular, smooth and shining.—Waste and damp places, very +common. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Sepals conspicuously dotted and leaves punctate (except n. 13), with acrid +juice; style mostly 3-parted, and achene triangular; sheaths bristle-fringed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>P. hydropiperoídes</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Mild Water-Pepper.</span>) <i>Perennial, +not acrid</i>; stem smooth (1–3° high), branching; the narrow <i>sheaths +hairy</i>; leaves narrowly lanceolate, sometimes oblong; <i>spikes erect, slender</i>, +sometimes filiform, often interrupted at base (1–2½´ long); flowers small, flesh-color +or nearly white; <i>sepals not dotted; stamens 8; achene sharply triangular, +smooth and shining</i>.—Wet places and in shallow water; common, especially +southward.</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>P. Hydrópiper</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Smartweed</span> or <span class="smcap">Water-Pepper</span>.) +<i>Annual</i>, 1–2° high, smooth; leaves narrowly to linear-lanceolate; <i>spikes nodding</i>, +usually short or interrupted; flowers mostly greenish; <i>stamens</i> 6; style +2–3-parted; <i>achene dull</i>, minutely striate.—Moist or wet grounds; apparently +introduced eastward, but indigenous north and westward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page442"></a>15. <b>P. àcre</b>, HBK. (<span class="smcap">Water Smartweed.</span>) <i>Perennial</i>, nearly smooth; +stems rooting at the decumbent base, 2–5° high; leaves larger and longer +than in the last, taper-pointed; <i>spikes erect; flowers whitish</i>, sometimes flesh-color; +<i>stamens 8</i>; style <i>mostly 3-parted; achene smooth and shining</i>.—Wet +places; common, especially southward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. BISTÓRTA. <i>Glabrous alpine perennials, with thick creeping rootstocks +and simple stems; flowers in a spike-like raceme; calyx colored, deeply 5-cleft; +stamens 8; styles 3, long.</i></p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>P. vivíparum</b>, L. Smooth, dwarf (4–8´ high), bearing a linear +erect spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets in their place); +leaves lanceolate.—Alpine summits of N. Eng., shores of L. Superior, and +northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 4. TOVÀRA. <i>Perennials; flowers in loose naked long and slender spikes; +calyx rather herbaceous (greenish), unequally 4-parted; stamens 5; styles 2, +distinct, rigid and persistent on the smooth lenticular achene.</i></p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>P. Virginiànum</b>, L. Almost smooth; stem terete, upright (2–4° +high); sheaths cylindrical, hairy and fringed; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, +taper-pointed, rounded at the base, short-petioled, rough-ciliate (3–6´ +long); flowers 1–3 from each bract, somewhat curved, the styles deflexed +in fruit, minutely hooked.—Thickets in rich soil, common. (Asia.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 5. TINIÀRIA. <i>Annuals or perennials, mostly twining or climbing, and with +petioled cordate or sagittate leaves; flowers in loose panicles or racemes or in +terminal or axillary clusters; calyx green with colored margins, 5- (rarely 4-) +parted; stamens mostly 8; styles or stigmas 3</i> (2 in n. 18).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Annuals, erect, or somewhat climbing by reflexed prickles on the angles of the +stem and petioles; sepals (pale rose-color or white) not keeled; bracts chaff-like.</i></p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>P. arifòlium</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb.</span>) <i>Stem grooved-angled; +leaves halberd-shaped</i>, taper-pointed, <i>long-petioled</i>; flowers somewhat +racemed (few); peduncles glandular-bristly; calyx often 4-parted; <i>stamens 6; +styles 2</i>, very short; <i>achene lenticular</i> (large).—Low grounds. (Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">19. <b>P. sagittàtum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.</span>) <i>Stem 4-angled; +leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled</i>; flowers capitate; peduncles smooth; <i>stamens +mostly 8; styles 3</i>, slender; <i>achene sharply 3-angled</i>.—Low grounds, common.—Slender, +smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath, which +are armed with fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles. (Asia.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stems not prickly; calyx with the 3 outer divisions keeled, at least in fruit; +flowers in loose panicled racemes; bracts short-sheathing.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">convólvulus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black Bindweed.</span>) <i>Annual</i>, twining or procumbent, +low, <i>roughish, the joints naked</i>; leaves halberd-heart shaped, pointed; +flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes; <i>outer calyx-lobes keeled</i>; +achene smoothish.—Cult. and waste grounds, common. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">20. <b>P. cilinòde</b>, Michx. <i>Perennial, minutely downy; the sheaths fringed</i> +at the base with reflexed bristles; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-shaped, +taper-pointed; racemes panicled; <i>calyx-lobes obscurely keeled</i>; achene +very smooth and shining.—Copses and rocky hills, N. Eng. to mountains of +N. C., west to Mich, and Minn. Climbing 3–9° high.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page443"></a>21. <b>P. dumetòrum</b>, L., var <b>scándens</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Climbing False +Buckwheat.</span>) <i>Perennial, smooth; sheaths naked</i>; leaves heart-shaped or +slightly halberd-shaped, pointed; racemes interrupted, leafy; the 3 outer <i>calyx-lobes +strongly keeled and in fruit winged</i>; achene smooth and shining.—Moist +thickets, common. Twining 8–12° high over bushes.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">cuspidàtum</span>, Sieb. & Zucc. Perennial, erect, stout and tall, glabrous +except the loose axillary panicled racemes; leaves round-ovate, shortly acuminate, +truncate or cordate at base; outer sepals broadly winged in fruit.—Occasionally +escaped from gardens. (Japan.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="fagopyrum"><b>5. FAGOPỲRUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Buckwheat.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parted, withering and nearly unchanged in fruit. +Stamens 8. Styles 3; stigmas capitate. Achene 3-sided, longer than the calyx. +Embryo large, in the centre of the albumen, which it divides into 2 parts, with +very broad and foliaceous plaited and twisted cotyledons.—Glabrous annuals, +with triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, semicylindrical sheaths, +and corymbose racemes or panicles of white flowers, often tinged with green or +rose-color. (Name from <i>fagus</i>, the beech, and <span class="greek">πυρός</span>, <i>wheat</i>, from the resemblance +of the grain to the beech-nut; so the English name Buckwheat, from +the German <i>buche</i>, beech.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>F.</b> <span class="smcap">esculéntum</span>, Moench. (<span class="smcap">Buckwheat.</span>) Smoothish; flower with 8 +honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens; achene acute +and entire, smooth and shining.—Old fields, remaining as a weed after cultivation, +and escaping into copses. June–Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>F.</b> <span class="smcap">tatáricum</span>, Gaertn. (<span class="smcap">India-wheat.</span>) Flowers very small, on shorter +pedicels; achene very dull and roughish, the sides sulcate.—An occasional +escape from cultivation. (Adv. from Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="polygonella"><b>6. POLYGONÉLLA</b>, Michx.</p> + +<p>Flowers perfect or polygamous-diœcious. Calyx 5-parted, petaloid, loosely +persistent about the achene, the 3 inner divisions often enlarging in fruit, in +which case the outer are usually spreading. Stamens 8. Styles 3, and achene +3-angular. Embryo slender, straight or nearly so, toward one side of the albumen.—Slender +glabrous annuals or perennials, with alternate mostly linear +leaves jointed at the base, and rather rigid truncate or oblique naked sheaths +and bracts. Flowers on solitary jointed pedicels (nodding in fruit) in slender +panicled racemes. (Diminutive of Polygonum.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. articulàta</b>, Meisn. Annual, erect, branching, glaucous, 4–12´ +high; leaves linear-filiform, deciduous; flowers rose-color, nodding, in very +slender racemes, the calyx a little enlarged in fruit; 3 inner filaments dilated +at base; achene exserted, smooth. (Polygonum articulatum, <i>Gray</i>.)—Dry, +sandy soil; on the coast from Maine to N. J., and along the Great Lakes.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="brunnichia"><b>7. BRUNNÍCHIA</b>, Banks.</p> + +<p>Calyx 5-parted; the divisions somewhat petal-like, oblong, connivent and +coriaceous in fruit, the base and almost the whole length of the pedicel winged +on one side. Stamens 8; filaments capillary. Styles 3, slender; stigmas depressed-capitate. +Ovule pendulous on a slender erect funiculus; seed erect, +6-grooved. Achene obtusely triangular, partly 3-celled, enclosed in the indurated +calyx. Embryo in one of the angles of the mealy albumen, somewhat +curved.—Somewhat shrubby with grooved stems, climbing by tendrils from +the ends of the branches. (Named for <i>F. Brunnich</i>, a Danish naturalist.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page444"></a>1. <b>B. cirrhòsa</b>, Banks. Glabrous; leaves ovate or heart-shaped pointed, +entire; petioles dilated at base and partly clasping, but with no distinct sheath +or stipules; flowers greenish, 2–5 in a fascicle from the axil of an awl-shaped +bract, these crowded in axillary and terminal racemes; pedicel jointed near +the base; fruiting calyx with the wing 1´ long.—S. Ill. to S. C. and Fla.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="podostemaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 90.</span> <b>PODOSTEMÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">River-weed Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, some with the aspect of</i> +Sea-weeds, <i>or others of</i> Mosses <i>or</i> Liverworts; <i>the minute naked flowers +bursting from a spathe-like involucre as in</i> Liverworts, <i>producing a 2–3-celled +many-seeded ribbed capsule</i>;—represented in North America by</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="podostemon"><b>1. PODOSTÈMON</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">River-weed.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers solitary, nearly sessile in a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of +floral envelopes. Stamens 2, borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, with +their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short +sterile filaments, one on each side; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl shaped. +Capsule pedicellate, oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very numerous +on a thick persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen.—Leaves +2-ranked. (Name from <span class="greek">ποῦς</span>, <i>foot</i>, and <span class="greek">στήμων</span>, <i>stamen</i>; the two stamens being +apparently raised on a stalk by the side of the ovary.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. ceratophýllus</b>, Michx. Leaves rigid or horny, dilated into a +sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes.—Not +rare in shallow streams, E. Mass, to Minn., and southward. July–Sept.—A +small olive-green plant, of firm texture, resembling a Seaweed, tenaciously +attached to loose stones by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="aristolochiaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 91.</span> <b>ARISTOLOCHIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Birthwort Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Twining shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid +calyx valvate in bud and coherent (at least at base) with the 6-celled ovary, +which forms a many-seeded 6-celled capsule or berry in fruit. Stamens 6–12, +more or less united with the style; anthers adnate, extrorse.</i>—Leaves +petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large +fleshy rhaphe, and a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. A small family +of bitter-tonic or stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Asarum.</b> Stemless herbs. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Aristolochia.</b> Caulescent herbs or twining shrubs. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers +adnate to the stigma.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="asarum"><b>1. ÁSARUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Asarabacca. Wild Ginger.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less +distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point. +Capsule rather fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly or loculicidal. Seeds +large, thick.—Stemless perennial herbs, with aromatic-pungent creeping root-stocks +bearing 2 or 3 scales, then one or two kidney-shaped or heart-shaped +leaves on long petioles, and a short-peduncled flower close to the ground in the +lower axil; in spring. (An ancient name, of obscure derivation.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page445"></a>§ 1. <i>Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary, the tips inflexed in bud; filaments +slender, much longer than the short anthers; style barely 6-lobed at the summit, +with 6 radiating thick stigmas; leaves a single pair, unspotted.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Canadénse</b>, L. Soft-pubescent; leaves membranaceous, kidney-shaped, +more or less pointed (4–5´ wide when full grown); calyx bell-shaped, +the upper part of the short-pointed lobes widely and abruptly spreading, +brown-purple inside.—Hillsides in rich woods; common, especially northward. +(Addendum)—<b>Asarum Canadense.</b> In this species there are rudimentary +subulate petals, alternate with the calyx-lobes.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Calyx-tube inflated bell-shaped, somewhat contracted at the throat, its base +adnate to the lower half of the ovary; limb 3-cleft, short; anthers sessile or +nearly so, oblong-linear; styles 6, fleshy, diverging, 2-cleft, bearing a thick +extrorse stigma below the cleft; leaves thickish, persistent, usually only one +each year, often whitish-mottled; peduncle very short; rootstocks clustered, +ascending.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. Virgínicum</b>, L. Nearly glabrous; <i>leaves round-heart-shaped</i> +(about 2´ wide); calyx short, reticulated within; anthers pointless.—Va. to +Ga., in and near the mountains.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. arifòlium</b>, Michx. <i>Leaves halberd-heart-shaped</i> (2–4´ long); calyx +oblong-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes; <i>anthers obtusely short-pointed</i>.—Va. +to Fla.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aristolochia"><b>2. ARISTOLÒCHIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Birthwort.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx tubular; the tube variously inflated above the ovary, mostly contracted +at the throat. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers wholly adnate to the short and +fleshy 3–6-lobed or angled style. Capsule naked, septicidally 6-valved. Seeds +very flat.—Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs, +with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers. +(Named from reputed medicinal properties.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the small limb obtusely +3-lobed; anthers contiguous in pairs (making 4 cells in a row under +each of the three truncate lobes of the stigma); low herbs.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Serpentària</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Virginia Snakeroot.</span>) Stems (8–15´ high) +branched at base, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong (or narrower) from a heart-shaped +base or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed; flowers all next the +root, short-peduncled.—Rich woods, Conn. to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and +La. July.—The fibrous, aromatic-stimulant root is well known in medicine.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Calyx-tube strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the +short limb obscurely 3-lobed; anthers contiguous in pairs under each of the 3 +short and thick lobes of the stigma; very tall twining shrubs; flowers from +one or two of the superposed accessory axillary buds.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. Sìpho</b>, L'Her. (<span class="smcap">Pipe-Vine. Dutchman's Pipe.</span>) <i>Nearly glabrous; +leaves round-kidney-shaped</i> (sometimes 8–12´ broad); peduncles with a +clasping bract; calyx (1½´ long) with a brown-purple <i>abrupt flat border</i>.—Rich +woods, Penn. to Ga., west to Minn. and Kan. May.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. tomentòsa</b>, Sims. <i>Downy or soft-hairy; leaves round-heart-shaped</i>, +very veiny (3–5´ long); <i>calyx yellowish</i>, with an <i>oblique</i> dark purple closed <i>orifice</i> +and a <i>rugose reflexed limb</i>.—Rich woods, mountains of N. C. to Fla., west +to S. Ill. and Mo. June.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page446"></a>§ 3. <i>Calyx-tube straight, open, with ample 6-lobed limb, the lobes appendaged; +anthers equidistant; erect herbs; flowers in axillary cymose fascicles.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">clemátitis</span>, L., with long-petioled cordate leaves, from Europe, is said +to have permanently escaped near Ithaca, N. Y. (<i>Dudley</i>).</p> + + +<p class="order" id="piperaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 92.</span> <b>PIPERÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Pepper Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, and perfect flowers in +spikes, entirely destitute of floral envelopes, and with 3–5 more or less +separate or united ovaries.</i>—Ovules few, orthotropous. Embryo heart-shaped, +minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the albumen.—The +characters are those of the Tribe <i>Saurureæ</i>, the <i>Piperaceæ</i> proper +(wholly tropical) differing in having a 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="saururus"><b>1. SAURÙRUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Lizard's-tail.</span></p> + +<p>Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with distinct filaments. Fruit somewhat +fleshy, wrinkled, of 3–4 indehiscent carpels united at base. Stigmas +recurved. Seeds usually solitary, ascending.—Perennial marsh herbs, with +heart-shaped converging-ribbed petioled leaves, without distinct stipules; flowers +(each with a small bract adnate to or borne on the pedicel) crowded in a +slender wand-like and naked peduncled terminal spike or raceme (its appearance +giving rise to the name, from <span class="greek">σαῦρος</span>, <i>a lizard</i>, and <span class="greek">οὐρά</span>, <i>tail</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. cérnuus</b>, L. Flowers white, fragrant; spike nodding at the end; +bract lanceolate; filaments long and capillary.—Swamps, Conn. to Ont., Minn., +Mo., and southward. June–Aug.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="lauraceae"><span class="smcap">Order 93.</span> <b>LAURÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Laurel Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marked with +minute pellucid dots, and flowers with a regular calyx of 4 or 6 colored +sepals, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled +ovary, and mostly fewer than the stamens; anthers opening by 2 or 4 uplifted +valves.</i>—Flowers clustered. Style single. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or +drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, filled by the large +almond-like embryo.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Flowers perfect, panicled; stamens 12, three of them sterile, three with extrorse anthers.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Persea.</b> Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled. Evergreen.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Flowers diœcious, or nearly so; stamens in the sterile flowers 9. Leaves deciduous.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Sassafras.</b> Flowers in corymb- or umbel-like racemes. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Litsea.</b> Flowers few in involucrate umbels. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Lindera.</b> Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="persea"><b>1. PÉRSEA</b>, Gaertn. <span class="smcap">Alligator Pear.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, persistent at the base of the berry-like +fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and gland-like, +the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i.e. with each proper cell divided transversely +into two), opening by as many uplifted valves; the anthers of 3 +stamens turned outward, the others introrse.—Trees, with persistent entire +leaves, and small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of some Oriental tree.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page447"></a>1. <b>P. Carolinénsis</b>, Nees. (<span class="smcap">Red Bay.</span>) Hoary with a fine down, at +least when young; leaves oblong, pale, soon smooth above; peduncle bearing +few flowers in a close cluster; sepals downy, the outer shorter; berries dark +blue, on a red stalk.—Swamps, S. Del. to Fla. and Tex. May. A small tree.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sassafras"><b>2. SÁSSAFRAS</b>, Nees.</p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx; the sterile kind with 9 +stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of +stalked glands at the base of each; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved; fertile flowers +with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue), +supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy reddish pedicel.—Trees, with +spicy-aromatic bark, and very mucilaginous twigs and foliage; leaves deciduous, +often lobed. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled +corymbed racemes, appearing with the leaves, involucrate with scaly bracts. +Leaf-buds scaly. (The popular name, applied by the early French settlers in +Florida.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. officinàle</b>, Nees. Trees 15–125° high, with yellowish-green twigs; +leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed, soon glabrous.—Rich woods, +E. Mass. to S. Ont., Mich., E. Iowa and Kan., and south to the Gulf. April.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="litsea"><b>3. LÍTSEA</b>, Lam.</p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyx; the sterile with 9 stamens +in 3 rows; their anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valved; fertile flowers +with 12 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. Drupe globular. +—Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves, and small flowers in axillary clustered +umbels. (Name of Chinese origin.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. geniculàta</b>, Benth. & Hook. (<span class="smcap">Pond Spice.</span>) Flowers (yellow) +appearing before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib +beneath; branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag; involucres +2–4-leaved, 2–4-flowered; fruit red. (Tetranthera geniculata, <i>Nees.</i>)—Swamps, +Va. to Fla. April.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lindera"><b>4. LÍNDERA</b>, Thunb. <span class="smcap">Wild Allspice. Fever-bush.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers polygamous-diœcious, with a 6-parted open calyx; the sterile with +9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner filaments 1–2-lobed and gland-bearing at base; +anthers 2-celled and 2-valved; fertile flowers with 15–18 rudiments of stamens +in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not thickened.—Shrubs, +with deciduous leaves, and honey-yellow flowers in almost sessile +lateral umbel-like clusters, appearing before the leaves (in our species); the +clusters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4–6 flowers and surrounded +by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Leaf-buds scaly. (Named for +<i>John Linder</i>, a Swedish botanist of the early part of the 18th century.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Benzòin</b>, Blume. (<span class="smcap">Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush.</span>) <i>Nearly +smooth</i> (6–15° high); <i>leaves oblong-obovate</i>, pale underneath.—Damp woods, +N. Eng. to Ont., Mich., E. Kan., and southward. March, April.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <i>L. melissæfòlia</i>, Blume. Young branches and buds <i>pubescent; leaves +oblong, obtuse or heart-shaped</i> at base, downy beneath; umbels few.—Low +grounds, N. C. to Fla., west to S. Ill. and Mo. April.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="thymelaeaceae"><a name="page448"></a><span class="smcap">Order 94.</span> <b>THYMELÆÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Mezereum Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Shrubs, with acrid and very tough (not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, and +perfect flowers with a regular and simple colored calyx, bearing usually +twice as many stamens as its lobes, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary</i>, +which forms a berry-like drupe in fruit, with a single suspended anatropous +seed. Embryo large; albumen little or none.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Dirca.</b> Calyx tubular, without spreading lobes. Stamens and style exserted.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Daphne.</b> Calyx-lobes (4) spreading. Stamens included. Style very short or none.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dirca"><b>1. DÍRCA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Leatherwood. Moosewood.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscurely +about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx +above the middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style thread-form; +stigma capitate. Drupe oval (reddish).—A much-branched bush, with jointed +branchlets, oval-obovate alternate leaves, at length smooth, deciduous, on very +short petioles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers +light yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 or 4 in a cluster from a bud of as many +dark-hairy scales, forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy +branch. (Name of uncertain derivation.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. palústris</b>, L. Shrub 2–5° high; the wood white, soft, and very +brittle; but the fibrous bark remarkably tough (used by the Indians for thongs, +whence the popular names).—Damp rich woods, N. Brunswick to Minn. and +Mo., south to the Gulf. April.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="daphne"><b>2. DÁPHNE</b>, Linn. <span class="smcap">Mezereum.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx salver-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped, the border spreading and +4-lobed. Stamens 8, included; the anthers nearly sessile on the calyx-tube. +Style very short or none; stigma capitate. Drupe red.—Hardy low shrub. +(Mythological name of the nymph transformed by Apollo into a Laurel.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>D.</b> <span class="smcap">Mezèreum</span>, L. Shrub 1–3° high, with purple-rose-colored (rarely +white) flowers, in lateral clusters on shoots of the preceding year, before the +lanceolate very smooth green leaves; berries red.—Escaped from cultivation +in Canada, Mass., and N. Y. Early spring. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="elaeagnaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 95.</span> <b>ELÆAGNÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Oleaster Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurfy leaves and perfect or diœcious +flowers</i>; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by the erect +or ascending albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming pulpy and +berry-like in fruit, strictly enclosing the achene.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Elæagnus.</b> Flowers perfect. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Shepherdia.</b> Flowers diœcious. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="elaeagnus"><b>1. ELÆÁGNUS</b>, Tourn.</p> + +<p>Flowers perfect. Calyx cylindric-campanulate above the persistent oblong +or globose base, the limb valvately 4-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 4, in the throat. +Style linear, stigmatic on one side. Fruit drupe-like, with an oblong, 8-striate +stone.—Leaves alternate, entire and petioled, and flowers axillary and pedicellate.<a name="page449"></a> +(From <span class="greek">ἐλαία</span>, <i>the olive</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄγνος</span>, <i>sacred</i>, the Greek name of the +Chaste-tree, <i>Vitex Agnus-castus</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. argéntea</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Silver-Berry.</span>) A stoloniferous unarmed +shrub (6–12° high), the younger branches covered with ferruginous scales; +leaves elliptic to lanceolate, undulate, silvery-scurfy and more or less ferruginous; +flowers numerous, deflexed, silvery without, pale yellow within, fragrant; +fruit scurfy, round-ovoid, dry and mealy, edible, 4–5´´ long.—N. W. +Minn. to Utah and Montana.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="shepherdia">2. <b>SHEPHÉRDIA</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the bud) and +8 stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk; the fertile +with an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the +teeth of the disk), and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender; stigma +1-sided.—Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous; the small flowers nearly sessile +in their axils on the branches, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for +<i>John Shepherd</i>, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Canadénsis</b>, Nutt. Leaves elliptical or ovate, nearly naked and +green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty scales beneath; fruit yellowish-red, +insipid.—Rocky or gravelly banks, Vt. and N. Y. to Mich., Minn., +and north and westward. May.—Shrub 3–6° high, the branchlets, young +leaves, yellowish flowers, etc., covered with rusty scales.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. argéntea</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Buffalo-Berry.</span>) Somewhat thorny, 5–18° +high; leaves cuneate-oblong, silvery on both sides; fruit ovoid, scarlet, acid +and edible.—N. Minn. to Col., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="loranthaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 96.</span> <b>LORANTHÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Mistletoe Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Shrubby plants with coriaceous greenish foliage, parasitic on trees</i>, represented +in the northern temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe and its +near allies; distinguished from the next family more by the parasitic +growth and habit, and by the more reduced flowers, than by essential +characters.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Phoradendron.</b> Anthers 2-celled. Berry globose, pulpy. Leaves foliaceous.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Arceuthobium.</b> Anthers a single orbicular cell. Berry compressed, fleshy. Leaves +scale-like, connate.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="phoradendron">1. <b>PHORADÉNDRON</b>, Nutt. <span class="smcap">False Mistletoe.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious, in short catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several to each +short fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular, 3- (rarely +2–4-) lobed; in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the base of +each lobe, transversely 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore or slit; in the +fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary; stigma sessile, obtuse. +Berry 1-seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbedded in the summit of mucilaginous +albumen.—Yellowish-green woody parasites on the branches of trees, +with jointed much-branched stems, thick and firm persistent leaves (or only +scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of flowers. (Name composed +of <span class="greek">φώρ</span>, <i>a thief</i>, and <span class="greek">δένδρον</span>, <i>tree</i>; from the parasitic habit.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page450"></a>1. <b>P. flavéscens</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">American Mistletoe.</span>) Leaves obovate or +oval, somewhat petioled, longer than the spikes, yellowish; berries white.—On +various deciduous trees, N. J. to S. Ind., Mo., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="arceuthobium"><b>2. ARCEUTHÒBIUM</b>, Bieb.</p> + +<p>Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or several from the same axil. Calyx +mostly compressed; the staminate usually 3-parted, the pistillate 2-toothed. +Anthers a single orbicular cell, opening by a circular slit. Berry compressed, +fleshy, on a short recurved pedicel.—Parasitic on Conifers, glabrous, with +rectangular branches and connate scale-like leaves; flowers often crowded in +apparent spikes or panicles, opening in summer or autumn and maturing fruit +the next autumn. (From <span class="greek">ἄρκευθος</span>, <i>the juniper</i>, and <span class="greek">βίος</span>, <i>life</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. pusíllum</b>, Peck. Very dwarf, the slender scattered or clustered +stems 3–10´´ high, usually simple, olive-green to chestnut; scales obtuse; +flowers solitary in most of the axils; fruit narrowly oblong, 1´´ long.—On +<i>Abies nigra</i>; N. New York; Hanover, N. H. (<i>Jesup</i>).</p> + + +<p class="order" id="santalaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 97.</span> <b>SANTALÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Sandalwood Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves; the 4–5-cleft calyx valvate in +the bud, its tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, which contains 2–4 ovules +suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises +from the base of the cell, but the (indehiscent) fruit always 1-seeded.</i>—Seed +destitute of any proper seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of +copious albumen; radicle directed upward; cotyledons cylindrical. Stamens +equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite +them into the edge of the fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small +order, the greater part belonging to warm regions.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Comandra.</b> Flowers perfect, in umbel-like clusters. Low herbaceous perennials.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Pyrularia.</b> Flowers diœcious or polygamous, in short spikes or racemes. Shrub.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="comandra">1. <b>COMÁNDRA</b>, Nutt. <span class="smcap">Bastard Toad-flax.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the +ovary with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens inserted +on the edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, +to the middle of which the anthers are connected by a tuft of thread-like hairs. +Fruit drupe-like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity +filled by the globular seed.—Low and smooth (sometimes parasitic) perennials, +with herbaceous stems from a rather woody base or root, alternate and +almost sessile leaves, and greenish-white flowers in terminal or axillary small +umbel-like clusters. (Name from <span class="greek">κόμη</span>, <i>hair</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνδρες</span>, for <i>stamens</i>, in allusion +to the hairs on the calyx-lobes which are attached to the anthers.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. umbellàta</b>, Nutt. Stem 8–10´ high, branched, very leafy; leaves +oblong, pale (1´ long); <i>peduncles</i> several and <i>corymbose-clustered at the summit, +several-flowered</i>; calyx-tube conspicuously continued as a neck to the dry +<i>globular-urn-shaped fruit; the lobes oblong; style slender</i>.—Dry ground, common. +May, June. Root forming parasitic attachments to the roots of trees.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. pállida</b>, A. DC. <i>Leaves narrower, more glaucous and acuter, linear +to narrowly lanceolate</i> (or those upon the main stem oblong), all acute or somewhat<a name="page451"></a> +cuspidate; <i>fruit ovoid, larger</i> (3–4´´ long), sessile or on short stout pedicels.—W. +Minn. to S. W. Kan., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. lívida</b>, Richardson. <i>Peduncles</i> slender, <i>axillary, 3–5-flowered</i>, +shorter than the oval leaves; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, <i>the +lobes ovate; style short</i>; fruit pulpy when ripe, red.—Newf., N. Vt., sandy +shores of L. Superior, and northward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pyrularia">2. <b>PYRULÀRIA</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">Oil-nut. Buffalo-nut.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious or polygamous. Calyx 4–5-cleft, the lobes recurved, +hairy-tufted at base in the male flowers. Stamens 4 or 5, on very short filaments, +alternate with as many rounded glands. Fertile flowers with a pear-shaped +ovary invested by the adherent tube of the calyx, naked at the flat +summit; disk with 5 glands; style short and thick; stigma capitate-flattened. +Fruit fleshy and drupe-like, pear shaped; the globose endocarp thin. Embryo +small; albumen very oily.—Shrubs or trees, with alternate short-petioled and +deciduous leaves; the small greenish flowers in short and simple spikes or +racemes. (Name a diminutive of <i>Pyrus</i>, from the shape of the fruit.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. pùbera</b>, Michx. Shrub straggling (3–12° high), minutely downy +when young, at length nearly glabrous; leaves obovate-oblong, acute or +pointed at both ends, soft, very veiny, minutely pellucid-punctate; spike small +and few-flowered, terminal; calyx 5-cleft; fruit 1´ long. (P. oleifera, <i>Gray</i>.)—Rich +woods, mountains of Penn. to Ga. Whole plant, especially the fruit, +imbued with an acrid oil.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="euphorbiaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 98.</span> <b>EUPHORBIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Spurge Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Plants usually with a milky acrid juice, and monœcious or diœcious flowers, +mostly apetalous, sometimes achlamydeous (occasionally polypetalous or +monopetalous); the ovary free and usually 3-celled, with a single or sometimes +a pair of ovules hanging from the summit of each cell; stigmas or +branches of the style as many or twice as many as the cells; fruit commonly a +3-lobed capsule, the lobes or carpels separating elastically from a persistent +axis and elastically 2-valved; seed anatropous; embryo straight, almost as +long as and the flat cotyledons mostly as wide as the fleshy or oily albumen.</i> +Stipules often present.—A vast family in the warmer parts of the world; +most numerously represented in northern countries by the genus Euphorbia, +which has very reduced flowers within a calyx-like involucre.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Flowers all without calyx, included in a cup-shaped calyx-like involucre,—the whole liable +to be mistaken for a single flower.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Euphorbia.</b> Involucre surrounding many staminate flowers (each of a single naked +stamen) and one pistillate flower (a 3-lobed pistil).</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Flowers with a calyx, without involucre.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell; flowers monœcious.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Pachysandra.</b> Flowers in basal spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, distinct.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Phyllanthus.</b> Flowers axillary. Stamens 3, united.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Seeds and ovules 1 in each cell.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>a.</i> Flowers apetalous, in cymose panicles (2–3-chotomous); stamens 10, erect in the bud.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Jatropha.</b> Calyx corolla-like, the staminate salver-form; armed with stinging hairs.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page452"></a><i>b.</i> Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. Stamens inflexed in the bud. Stellate-downy or +scurfy, or hairy and glandular; leaves mostly entire.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Croton.</b> Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely 2–4-) celled.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Crotonopsis.</b> Flowers scattered on the branchlets. Ovary and fruit 1-celled.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>c.</i> Flowers in axillary spikes or racemes (except n. 9), apetalous (except n. 7). Stamens 8 or +more; anthers erect in the bud.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Argythamnia.</b> Petals and sepals 5. Stamens 10–15, united. Styles bifid, linear.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Acalypha.</b> Calyx 4- (3–5-) parted. Stamens mostly 8. Fertile flowers in the axils +of leafy bracts. Stigmas finely dissected.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Ricinus.</b> Racemes terminal, subpanicled. Calyx 3–5-parted. Stamens very numerous; +the filaments repeatedly branched. Styles 2-parted.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>d.</i> Flowers apetalous, in racemes or spikes pistillate at base. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles simple.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Tragia.</b> Flowers racemose. Calyx-lobes valvate in bud. Hirsute or pubescent.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Stillingia.</b> Flowers spicate. Calyx-lobes imbricate in bud. Fertile bracts glanduliferous. +Glabrous.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="euphorbia"><b>1. EUPHÓRBIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Spurge.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, included in a cup-shaped 4–5-lobed involucre (<i>flower</i> +of older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, and usually bearing large +thick glands (with or without petal-like margins) at its sinuses. Sterile flowers +numerous and lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a little +bract, and consisting merely of a single stamen jointed on a pedicel like the +filament; anther-cells globular, separate. Fertile flower solitary in the middle +of the involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed and +3-celled ovary with no calyx, or a mere vestige. Styles 3, each 2-cleft; the +stigmas therefore 6. Pod separating into 3 1-seeded carpels, which split elastically +into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled (ours only in §§ 5 and 6).—Plants +(herbs in the United States), with a milky acrid juice. Peduncles terminal, +often umbellate-clustered; in the first section mostly appearing lateral, but +not really axillary. (Named after <i>Euphorbus</i>, physician to King Juba.)</p> + +<p class="key"><b>A.</b> <i>Glands of the involucre with petal-like, usually white or rose-colored, margins +or appendages; these almost obsolete in n. 1.</i></p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. ANISOPHÝLLUM. <i>Leaves all opposite, short-petioled, small, oblique at +base; stipules awl-shaped or scaly and often fringed, persistent; stems much +branched, spreading or usually procumbent; involucres solitary in the forks +or in terminal or pseudo-lateral clusters, small, with 4 glands; seeds ash-colored +(except in n. 10); annuals.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Seeds smooth and even; leaves entire; whole plant glabrous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. polygonifòlia</b>, L. Prostrate-spreading; <i>leaves oblong-linear</i>, obtuse, +mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at base (4–8´´ long); stipules setaceously +divided; peduncles in the forks, as long as the petioles; lobes of the +involucre longer than the <i>minute not appendaged glands</i>; pods obtusely angled; +seeds ovate (over 1´´ long, the largest of this section).—Sandy shores of the +Atlantic and of the Great Lakes.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. Géyeri</b>, Engelm. Procumbent; <i>leaves oblong-ovate</i>, obtuse, slightly +mucronate, mostly acutish at base, lowermost cordate (3–6´´ long); stipules +setaceously divided; peduncles as long as the petioles, at length in loose foliaceous +lateral clusters; glands with <i>narrow white or red appendages</i>; pods<a name="page453"></a> +acutely angled; seeds ovate, acute at one end (½´´ long).—Sandy soil, Ill. to +Wisc., Minn., and Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. petaloìdea</b>, Engelm. Resembling the last, but half-erect and +spreading; <i>leaves longer, narrower, retuse or emarginate</i>; peduncles longer than +the petioles; involucres larger, <i>the broadly campanulate appendages much larger +and conspicuous</i>; pod obtusely angled; seeds nearly 1´´ long.—From Iowa +and Mo., westward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>E. sérpens</b>, HBK. Stems filiform, prostrate, and often rooting; <i>leaves +round-ovate</i>, obtuse or cordate at base (only ½–1½´´ long); <i>stipules membranaceous, +triangular</i>; peduncles much longer than the petioles, at length in loose +foliaceous lateral clusters; glands of the very small involucre with <i>minute +crenulate appendages</i>; pods acutely angled; seeds obtusely angled (½´´ long or +less).—Rich soil, Ill. and Iowa to Kan., and southward. Rarely adv. eastward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Seeds minutely roughened or transversely wrinkled or pitted; leaves more +or less serrulate, smooth or often hairy.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>E. serpyllifòlia</b>, Pers. Glabrous, prostrate-spreading; <i>leaves obovate-oblong</i>, +narrowed at the very oblique base, sharply serrulate toward the obtuse +apex (3–6´´ long, often with a red spot); stipules lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles +as long as or longer than the petioles, at length in loose foliaceous +lateral clusters; glands of the small involucre with narrow somewhat toothed +appendages; pods sharply angled; <i>seeds acutely quadrangular, slightly cross-wrinkled</i>, +often pitted (nearly ¾´´ long).—Wisc. to Mo., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>E. glyptospérma</b>, Engelm. Glabrous (or very rarely puberulent), +erect-spreading; <i>leaves linear-oblong</i>, mostly falcate, very unequal at base, +slightly serrulate toward the obtuse apex (2–5´´ long); stipules lanceolate, +setaceously divided; peduncles as long as the petioles, in dense foliaceous lateral +clusters; glands of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate appendages; +pods sharply angled; <i>seeds sharply 4-angled and with 5 or 6 sharp +transverse wrinkles</i> (½´´ long).—Ont. to Wisc., Ill., Mo., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>E. maculàta</b>, L. Prostrate; stems puberulent or hairy; <i>leaves oblong-linear</i>, +very oblique at base, serrulate upward, more or less pubescent or sometimes +smoothish (4–6´´ long), usually with a brown-red spot in the centre; +stipules lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles as long as the petioles, in dense foliaceous +lateral clusters; glands of the small involucre minute, with narrow +slightly crenate (usually red) appendages; pods acutely angled, puberulent; +<i>seeds ovate</i> ({2/5}´´ long), <i>sharply 4-angled and with about 4 shallow grooves across +the concave sides</i>.—Open places, roadsides, etc., common.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>E. humistràta</b>, Engelm. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy; <i>leaves +elliptical or obovate</i>, very oblique at base, serrulate toward the apex, sparsely +hairy underneath (4–9´´ long, sometimes with a brown spot above); stipules +lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles rather shorter than the petioles, in dense +scarcely foliaceous lateral clusters; <i>involucre cleft on the back</i>, its (red or white) +appendages truncate or crenate; pods sharply angled, puberulent; <i>seeds ovate, +obtusely angled, minutely roughened</i> (½´´ long).—Rich soil, Ind. and W. Tenn. +to Minn. and Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>E. Préslii</b>, Guss. Smooth or with scattered hairs, ascending or erect +(1–2° high); leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate-oblong +or oblong-linear, sometimes falcate, serrate (½–1½´ long), often with a<a name="page454"></a> +red spot or red margins; stipules triangular; peduncles longer than the petioles, +collected in loose leafy terminal cymes; <i>appendages entire</i>, larger and +white, or smaller and sometimes red; <i>pod glabrous, obtusely angled; seeds ovate, +obtusely angled, wrinkled and tubercled</i> (½´´ long), blackish. (E. hypericifolia +of <i>Man.</i>, not <i>L.</i>)—Common throughout the U. S. east of the plains.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. ZYGOPHYLLÍDIUM. <i>Leaves opposite, on short petioles, not oblique, +with stipular glands; stems dichotomously branched, erect; cymes terminal; +involucres with 5 glands; seeds tuberculate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>E. hexágona</b>, Nutt. Somewhat hairy (1° high or more); branches +striate-angled; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire; involucre hairy without and +within; glands with green ovate-triangular appendages twice their length; +capsule smooth; seeds ovate.—Iowa to Tex., west to Col. and Montana.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. PETALÒMA. <i>Uppermost leaves with conspicuous white petal-like margins, +whorled or opposite, the others scattered; erect annuals, with leaves equal +at base and entire, and with lanceolate deciduous stipules; involucres 5-lobed, +in an umbel-like inflorescence.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>E. marginàta</b>, Pursh. Stem stout (2–3° high), erect, hairy; leaves +sessile, ovate or oblong, acute; umbel with 3 dichotomous rays; glands of the +involucre with broad white appendages.—Minn. to Mo., west to Col., also +spreading eastward to Ohio, and frequently escaped from gardens, where it is +often cultivated for its showy broadly white-margined floral leaves.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 4. TITHYMALÓPSIS. <i>Only the uppermost leaves whorled or opposite; erect +perennials, with entire leaves equal at base; stipules none; involucres mostly 5-lobed, +in the forks of the branches and terminal; inflorescence umbelliform.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>E. corollàta</b>, L. Glabrous or sometimes sparingly hairy (2–3° +high); leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse; umbel 5- (3–7-) +forked, and the forks again 2–3- (or rarely 5-) forked; involucres long-peduncled, +with showy white appendages (appearing like petals), the lobes minute +and incurved; pod slender-pedicelled, smooth; seeds thick (1´´ long or +more), ash-colored, slightly uneven.—Rich or sandy soil, N. Y. and N. J. to +Fla., west to Minn. and La., also adventive in Mass. July–Oct.</p> + +<p class="key"><b>B.</b> <i>Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendages.</i></p> + +<p class="key">§ 5. POINSÉTTIA. <i>Involucres in terminal clusters, 4–5-lobed, with few (or +often solitary) cup-shaped glands; erect annuals, with variable, entire, dentate, +or sinuate leaves, all or only the upper ones opposite; the uppermost +often colored, especially at base; stipules small and glandular.</i></p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>E. dentàta</b>, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (1° high); leaves +ovate, lanceolate, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (1–2´ long), <i>only the +lowest alternate</i>, the upper often paler at base; involucres almost sessile, with +5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or sometimes more <i>short-stalked glands</i>; +seeds ovate-globular, slightly tubercled.—Rich soil, Penn. to Tenn., Iowa, +E. Kan., and southward. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>E. heterophýlla</b>, L. Erect (1–3° high), glabrous; <i>leaves alternate</i>, +petioled, ovate-fiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceolate or linear +and entire, often only those of the branches linear; the upper usually with a<a name="page455"></a> +red base; involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate incised +lobes and a single or few and <i>almost sessile glands</i>; seeds nearly globular, +tubercled.—Slopes and rocky soil, Minn. to W. Ill., Iowa and Mo.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 6. <b>TITHÝMALUS.</b> <i>Involucres in a terminal dichotomous or commonly umbelliform +inflorescence, 5- or usually 4-lobed, with as many flat or convex +entire or crescent-shaped glands; seeds carunculate (except n. 15); ours ascending +or erect, and mostly glabrous, without stipules.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Perennials with entire leaves, all or only the upper opposite; involucres long-peduncled +in a dichotomous inflorescence, mostly with 5 transversely oblong +glands; seeds without caruncle.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>15. E. Ipecacuánhæ</b>, L. Stems many from a very long perpendicular +root, erect or diffusely spreading (5–10´ long), forking from near the base; +leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, almost sessile, +glabrous; peduncles elongated (½–1´ long); pod long-pedicelled, obtusely +angled, nearly smooth; seed ovate, white, sparsely marked with impressed +dots.—Sandy soil, near the coast; Conn. to Fla.; also barrens of S. Ind.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves scattered, only the floral in the umbelliform inflorescence whorled or +opposite and of a different shape; glands mostly 4.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves serrulate or rarely entire; glands transversely oval, obtuse.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Seeds smooth and even; pod warty or rough.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>16. E. Darlingtònii</b>, Gray. Tall <i>perennial</i> (2–4° high); <i>leaves entire, +minutely downy beneath</i>; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow +base; the floral oval, very obtuse; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate +base; umbel 5–8-rayed, then simply forked; <i>pod minutely warty</i>; large globular +seed with a small caruncle.—Copses, N. Y. and Penn., to the mountains +of N. C. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>17. E. obtusàta</b>, Pursh. Erect <i>annual</i> (1–2° high); <i>leaves oblong-spatulate</i>, +minutely serrulate, <i>smooth, all obtuse</i>; upper ones cordate at base; floral +ones ovate, dilated, barely mucronate; umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, +then into 2; <i>involucre with naked lobes</i> and small stipitate glands; <i>styles distinct</i>, +longer than the ovary, erect, <i>2-cleft to the middle</i>; pod beset with long +warts.—Damp woods, Va. to S. C., west to Iowa and Kan. May–July.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">platyphýlla</span>, L. Erect <i>annual</i> (8–18´ high); upper <i>stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, +acute</i>, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly <i>with scattered +hairs beneath</i>; floral ones triangular-ovate, subcordate; umbel 5-rayed; <i>involucre +with ciliate lobes</i> and large sessile glands; <i>styles</i> longer than the ovary, +<i>united at base, slightly 2-cleft</i>; pod covered with depressed warts.—Along the +St. Lawrence and Great Lakes to Mich. June–Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Seeds rugose or reticulated; leaves serrulate; annuals.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>18. E. dictyospérma</b>, Fischer & Meyer. Stem erect (8–18´ high); +<i>leaves</i> oblong- or obovate-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and <i>obtusely serrate</i>; +upper ones cordate at base; floral ones roundish-ovate or obscurely heart-shaped, +slightly mucronate; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked; +involucre with nearly naked lobes and <i>small almost sessile glands</i>; styles +shorter than the ovary, spreading or recurved; <i>pod warty; seeds delicately +reticulated</i>.—Prairies and roadsides, Md. to Minn., Ala., and westward. +May–July.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page456"></a><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">Helioscòpia</span>, L. Stems ascending (6–12´ high), stout; <i>leaves all obovate</i> +and very rounded or retuse at the end, <i>finely serrate</i>, smooth or a little +hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3, +or at length simply forked; <i>glands orbicular, stalked; pods smooth and even; +seeds with coarse honeycomb-like reticulations</i>.—Waste places, eastward and +along the Great Lakes to Mich. July–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves entire; glands crescent-shaped or 2-horned.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Seeds smooth and dark-colored; perennials, with running rootstocks.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">Ésula</span>, L. Stems clustered (1° high); <i>leaves lanceolate or linear, the +floral</i> (yellowish) <i>broadly heart-shaped</i>, mucronate; umbel divided into many +rays, then forking; <i>glands short-horned</i> (brown); pods smoothish and granular.—Mass., +western N. Y., and Mich.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">Cyparíssias</span>, L. Stems densely clustered (6–10´ high); <i>stem-leaves +linear, crowded, the floral heart-shaped</i>; umbel many-rayed; <i>glands crescent-shaped</i>; +pods granular.—Escaped from gardens, common. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">Nicæénsis</span>, All. <i>Stout and tall</i> glabrous perennial; <i>leaves oblong or +oblong-lanceolate</i>, the floral broadly heart-shaped, mucronate; terminal umbel +many-rayed, the rays forking; glands short-horned; <i>pods finely wrinkled</i>.—A +rare escape; Binghampton, N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Seeds sculptured, ash-colored; pod smooth; annuals or biennials.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">Péplus</span>, L. Erect or ascending (5–10´ high); <i>leaves petioled</i>, thin +round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate; umbel 3-rayed, then forking; +glands long-horned; lobes of the <i>pod 2-wing-crested</i> on the back; <i>seeds +2-grooved on the inner face, pitted on the back</i> (scarcely over ½´´ long).—Waste +places, N. Eng. to N. J. and western N. Y. (Adv. from En.)</p> + +<p class="species">19. <b>E. commutàta</b>, Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly decumbent +base (6–12´ high); <i>leaves</i> obovate, obtuse; the upper all <i>sessile</i>, the +upper floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long; umbel 3-forked; glands +with slender horns; <i>capsule obtusely angled; seeds ovate, pitted all over</i> (1´´ +long).—Along streams and shady slopes, Md. to Fla., Minn., and Mo.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Glabrous annual or biennial with entire opposite and decussate leaves, an +umbelliform inflorescence, and short-horned glands.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">Láthyris</span>, L. Stem stout (2–3° high); leaves thick, linear or oblong, +the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped; umbel 4-rayed, then forking.—Sparingly +escaped from gardens, N. Eng. to N. C. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pachysandra"><b>2. PACHYSÁNDRA</b>, Michx.</p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4–5-parted. Petals none. +<i>Ster. Fl.</i> Stamens 4, separate; filaments long-exserted, thick and flat; anthers +oblong-linear. <i>Fert. Fl.</i> Ovary 3-celled; styles 3, thick, awl-shaped, +recurved, stigmatic down their whole length inside. Ovules a pair in each +cell, suspended, with the rhaphe dorsal (turned away from the placenta). +Capsule deeply 3-horned, 3-celled, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seeded +carpels.—Nearly glabrous, low and procumbent perennial herbs, with matted +creeping rootstocks, and alternate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves, +narrowed at base into a petiole. Flowers each 1–3-bracted, the upper staminate, +a few fertile ones at base, unpleasantly scented; sepals greenish or +purplish; filaments white (their size and thickness giving the name, from +<span class="greek">παχύς</span>, <i>thick</i>, and <span class="greek">ἀνήρ</span>, used for <i>stamen</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. procúmbens</b>, Michx. Stems (6–9´ long) bearing several approximate +leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered<a name="page457"></a> +spikes along the base; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small +scales.—Woods, mountains of Ky., W. Va., and southward. March–May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="phyllanthus"><b>3. PHYLLÁNTHUS</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, axillary. Calyx usually 5–6-parted, imbricated in the +bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3, erect in the bud, often united. Ovules +2 in each cell of the ovary. Capsule depressed; each carpel 2-valved, 2-seeded. +Seeds not carunculate.—Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, with small stipules. +(Name composed of <span class="greek">φύλλον</span>, <i>leaf</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>blossom</i>, because the flowers in a +few species are borne upon leaf-like dilated branches.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Carolinénsis</b>, Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched; leaves +obovate or oval, short-petioled; flowers commonly 2 in each axil, almost sessile, +one staminate, the other fertile; calyx 6-parted; stamens 3; styles 3, +each 2-cleft; glands of the disk in the fertile flowers united in a cup.—Gravelly +banks, E. Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Ill. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="jatropha"><b>4. JÁTROPHA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, rarely diœcious, in a terminal open forking cyme; the +fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate +flowers often salver shaped, 5-lobed; in the pistillate, 5-parted, imbricated or +convolute in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct or apparently united petals, or +none. Glands of the disk opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10–30, in 2 or +more whorls; filaments monadelphous at base. Ovary mostly 3-celled; styles +3, united below, their summits once or twice forked. Capsule 3-celled, +3-seeded, separating into 3 two-valved carpels. Seed carunculate.—Perennial +herbaceous or shrubby plants, chiefly tropical, with alternate mostly +long-petioled palmately-veined leaves, and stipules.—Our species is of the +section <span class="smcap">Cnidóscolus</span>, with apetalous flowers, the staminate corolla salver-form, +and the plants mostly armed with stinging bristles. (Name said by +Linnæus to be formed of <span class="greek">ἰατρὸν</span>, <i>a remedy</i>, and <span class="greek">φάγω</span>, <i>to eat</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>J. stimulòsa</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Tread-softly. Spurge-Nettle.</span>) Herbaceous, +from a long perennial root, branching (6´–2° high); leaves roundish-heart-shaped, +3–5-lobed nearly to the base, on long petioles; the divisions +entire or acutely toothed, cut, or even pinnatifid, often discolored; flowers +white, fragrant, 9´´ long or more; filaments 10, monadelphous only at the +woolly base, or the outer set almost distinct. (J. urens, var. stimulosa, +<i>J. Muell.</i>)—Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and La. June–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="croton"><b>5. CRÒTON</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, rarely diœcious, mostly in terminal spike-like racemes +or spikes. <i>Ster. Fl.</i> Calyx 5- (rarely 4–6-) parted; the divisions lightly +imbricated or nearly valvate in the bud. Petals usually present, as many, +but mostly small or rudimentary, hypogynous. Glands or lobes of the disk +as many as and alternate with the petals. Receptacle usually hairy. Stamens +5 or more; filaments with the anthers inflexed in the bud. <i>Fert. Fl.</i> +Calyx 5–10-cleft or parted, nearly as in the staminate flowers; but petals +none or minute rudiments. Ovary 3- (rarely 2–4-) celled, with a single ovule +in each cell; styles as many, from once to thrice 2-cleft. Capsule separating<a name="page458"></a> +into as many 2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds carunculate.—Stellate-downy, +or scurfy, or hairy and glandular plants, mostly strong-scented; the fertile +flowers usually at the base of the sterile spike or cluster. Leaves alternate, +or sometimes imperfectly opposite, with or without obvious stipules. (<span class="greek">Κροτών</span>, +the Greek name of the Castor-oil Plant, of this family.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Sterile flowers with 4-parted calyx, as many petals, a 4-rayed disk and 8 +stamens; fertile flowers with 5-parted calyx, very minute rudimentary petals, +and the 3 styles 2-cleft.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. glandulòsus</b>, L. Annual, rough-hairy and glandular (1–2° +high), somewhat umbellately branched; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, +obtusely toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side; fertile +flowers capitate-clustered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the forks +and terminal.—Open waste places, Va. to Iowa, E. Kan. and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Sterile flowers with 5-parted calyx, as many glands alternating with the +petals, and 10–14 stamens; fertile flowers with 7–12-parted calyx, no +petals, and the 3 styles twice or thrice 2-parted.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. capitàtus</b>, Michx. Annual, densely soft-woolly and somewhat +glandular (1–2° high), branched; leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong or elongated-oblong, +rounded at base, entire; petals obovate-lanceolate, densely fimbriate; +fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base of the short +terminal sterile spike.—Barrens, N. J. to Ga., west to S. Ind., Iowa, and +E. Kan. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Sterile flowers with unequally 3–5-parted calyx, as many petals and +scale-like glands, and 3–8 stamens; fertile flowers with equally 5-parted +calyx, no petals, 5 glands, and 2 sessile 2-parted stigmas.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. monanthógynus</b>, Michx. Annual, whitish-stellate-pubescent +and rusty-glandular; stems (1–2° high) slender, erect, below often umbellately +3–4-forked, then repeatedly 2–3-forked or alternately branched; leaves +oblong-ovate or narrowly oblong, entire, often acutish (6–12´´ long, about +twice the length of the petioles); flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the +summit of a short and erect peduncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly +solitary on short recurved peduncles; ovary 2-celled; fruit often by abortion +1-celled and 1-seeded; the seed broadly oval.—Barrens and dry prairies, +S. Ind. to N. C. and Fla., west to E. Kan. June–Sept.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*] <i>Diœcious; calyx equally 5-parted; petals none; stamens 10 or more; +styles twice or thrice dichotomously 2-parted.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. Texénsis</b>, Muell. Annual, covered with a close canescent stellate +pubescence, dichotomously branched or spreading (1–2° high); leaves narrowly +oblong-lanceolate to linear; staminate spikes or racemes very short, +often sessile; capsule stellate-tomentose and somewhat muricate.—Mo. and +Kan. to Ala., Tex., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="crotonopsis"><b>6. CROTONÓPSIS</b>, Michx.</p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clusters, the +lower fertile. <i>Ster. Fl.</i> Calyx equally 5-parted. Petals 5, spatulate. Stamens +5, opposite the petals; filaments distinct, inflexed in the bud, enlarged<a name="page459"></a> +at the apex. <i>Fert. Fl.</i> Calyx unequally 3–5-parted. Petals none. Glands +(petal-like scales) 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-celled, simple, 1-ovuled, bearing +a twice or thrice forked style. Fruit dry and indehiscent, small, 1-seeded. +Seed without caruncle.—A slender low annual, with alternate or opposite +short-petioled linear or elliptical lanceolate leaves, which are green and smoothish +above, but silvery hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with brownish scales +underneath, as well as the branches, etc. (<i>Croton</i> and <span class="greek">ὄψις</span>, <i>appearance</i>, for a +plant with the aspect and general character of Croton.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. lineàris</b>, Michx.—Dry sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., west to Ill. and +Kan. July–Sept.—Fruit about 1´´ long.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="argythamnia"><b>7. ARGYTHÁMNIA</b>, P. Browne.</p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious. Calyx 5-parted, valvate in the staminate flowers, imbricate +in the pistillate. Petals alternate with the calyx-lobes and with the +prominent lobes of the glandular disk. Stamens 5–15, united into a central +column in 1–3 whorls. Styles 1–3-cleft. Capsule depressed, 3-lobed. Seeds +subglobose, roughened or reticulated, not carunculate.—Erect herbs or undershrubs, +with purplish juice, and alternate usually stipulate leaves. (Name from +<span class="greek">ἄργυρος</span>, <i>silver</i>, and <span class="greek">θάμνος</span>, <i>bush</i>, from the hoariness of the original species.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. mercurialìna</b>, Muell. Stem erect, nearly simple (1–2° high), sericeous; +leaves sessile, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire, pubescent with appressed +hairs or glabrate, somewhat rigid; raceme many-flowered, exceeding +the leaves; ovary sericeous; capsule appressed-pubescent.—Kan. to Ark. and +Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="acalypha"><b>8. ACALỲPHA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Three-seeded Mercury.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes, with the few +or solitary fertile flowers at their base, or sometimes in separate spikes. Calyx +of the sterile flowers 4-parted and valvate in bud; of the fertile, 3–5-parted. +Corolla none. Stamens 8–16; filaments short, monadelphous at base; anther-cells +separate, long, often worm-shaped, hanging from the apex of the filament. +Styles 3, the upper face or stigmas cut-fringed (usually red). Capsule separating +into 3 globular 2-valved carpels, rarely of only one carpel.—Herbs (ours +annuals), or in the tropics often shrubs, resembling Nettles or Amaranths; the +leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules. Clusters of sterile flowers with a minute +bract; the fertile surrounded by a large and leaf-like cut-lobed persistent +bract. (<span class="greek">Ἀκαλήφη</span>, an ancient name of the Nettle.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Fruit smooth or merely pubescent; seeds nearly smooth.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Virgínica</b>, L. Smoothish or hairy (1–2° high), often turning +purple; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely serrate, long-petioled; +sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the large leaf like +palmately 5–9-cleft fruiting bracts; fertile flowers 1–3 in each axil.—Fields +and open places, N. Eng. to Ont. and Minn., south to the Gulf. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>grácilens</b>, Muell. Leaves lanceolate or even linear, less toothed and +shorter-petioled; the slender sterile spike often 1´ long, and much surpassing +the less cleft or few-toothed fruiting bracts.—Sandy dry soil, R. I. and Conn. +to Fla., west to Ill., E. Kan. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page460"></a>[*][*] <i>Fruit echinate with soft bristly green projections; seeds rough-wrinkled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. Caroliniàna</b>, Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and closely +serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled; sterile spikes short, axillary; +the fertile ones mostly terminal and elongated, their bracts deeply cut +into many linear lobes.—N. J. to Fla., west to Ohio, Kan., and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ricinus"><b>9. RÍCINUS</b>, Linn. <span class="smcap">Castor-oil Plant.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers in racemose or panicled clusters, the fertile above, the staminate +below. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens very numerous, with repeatedly branching +filaments. Styles 3, united at base, each bifid, red. Capsule large, 3-lobed, +with 3 large seeds.—A tall stately annual, with very large alternate peltate +and palmately 7–11-cleft leaves (often 1–2° broad). (The ancient Roman +name of the plant.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>R.</b> <span class="smcap">commùnis</span>, L.—Cultivated extensively for ornament, and sparingly +escaped in Md., Mo., and southward. Very variable.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tragia"><b>10. TRÀGIA</b>, Plumier.</p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, in racemes, apetalous. <i>Ster. Fl.</i> Calyx 3–5- (chiefly +3-) parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3; filaments short; anther-cells +united. <i>Fert. Fl.</i> Calyx 3–8-parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted; +the branches 3, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, bristly, separating into three +2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds not carunculate.—Erect or climbing plants +(perennial herbs in U. S.), pubescent or hispid, sometimes stinging, with mostly +alternate stipulate leaves; the small flowered racemes terminal or opposite +the leaves; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base all with small +bracts. (Named for the early herbalist <i>Bock</i>, latinized <i>Tragus</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. innócua</b>, Walt. <i>Erect</i>, paniculate-branched, <i>softly hairy-pubescent</i> +(6–12´ high); <i>leaves</i> varying from obovate-oblong to narrowly linear, <i>acute at +base</i>, obtusely or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, <i>short-petioled +or sessile</i>, paler beneath; sterile calyx usually 4-parted; stamens 2. (T. urens, <i>L.</i>)—Dry +sandy soil, E. Va. to Fla. and La. May–Aug.—Not stinging.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. nepetæfòlia</b>, Cav. <i>Erect or reclining</i> or slightly twining, hirsute +with stinging hairs; <i>leaves ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate</i>, or the lower +ovate, <i>all somewhat cordate or truncate at base</i>, coarsely cut-toothed, <i>short-petioled</i>; +sterile calyx usually 3-parted and stamens 3. (T. urticæfolia, <i>Michx.</i>)—Virginia +(<i>Pursh</i>), and common southward to Fla. and Tex., Mo., Kan., and +westward.—<span class="smcap">T. stylàris</span>, Muell., of the southwest, which is reported from +Kan., may be distinguished by its 4–5-parted sterile calyx, 4–5 stamens, and +elongated styles.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>T. macrocárpa</b>, Willd. <i>Twining</i>, somewhat hirsute; <i>leaves deeply +cordate</i>, ovate, mostly narrowly acuminate, sharply serrate (3–5´ long), all but +the uppermost <i>long-petioled</i>; pod ½´ broad. (T. cordàta, <i>Michx.</i>)—Ky. to +Ga., Fla., and La.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="stillingia"><b>11. STILLÍNGIA</b>, Garden.</p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, aggregated in a terminal spike. Petals and glands of +the disk none. Calyx 2–3-cleft or parted; the divisions imbricated in the bud. +Stamens 2 or 3; anthers adnate, turned outward. Style thick; stigmas 3,<a name="page461"></a> +diverging, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Seed carunculate.—Smooth +upright plants with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at base; +the fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely separate); +the bract for each cluster with a large gland on each side. (Named for +<i>Dr. B. Stillingfleet</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. sylvática</b>, L. Herbaceous (1–3° high); leaves almost sessile, oblong-lanceolate, +serrulate; glands of the spike saucer-shaped.—Sandy and dry +soil, Va. to Fla., west to Kan. and Tex. June–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="urticaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 99.</span> <b>URTICÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Nettle Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Plants with stipules, and monœcious or diœcious or rarely (in the</i> Elm +Family) <i>perfect flowers, furnished with a regular calyx, free from the +1-celled (rarely 2-celled) ovary which forms a 1-seeded fruit; the embryo in +the albumen when there is any, its radicle pointing upward; stamens as +many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer.</i> +Cotyledons usually broad. Stipules often deciduous.—A large order (far +the greater part tropical).</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. ULMEÆ.</b> Flowers mostly polygamous, upon the last year's branches. Anthers +erect in the bud, extrorse. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a winged samara or nut-like. +Seed suspended. Embryo straight.—Trees, with alternate serrate pinnately +veined leaves and fugacious stipules.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Ulmus.</b> Flowers preceding the leaves. Ovary 1–2-ovuled. Fruit winged all around.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Planera.</b> Flowers appearing with the leaves. Ovule one. Fruit wingless, nut-like.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. CELTIDEÆ.</b> As in Tribe I., but the diœcious-polygamous flowers upon +branches of the same year; anthers introrse; fruit a drupe; embryo curved.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Celtis.</b> Ovary 1-ovuled. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Leaves 3-nerved at base.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. CANNABINEÆ.</b> Flowers diœcious; the sterile racemed or panicled; the +fertile in clusters or catkins, the calyx of one sepal embracing the ovary. Filaments +short, erect in the bud. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary 1-celled, with a pendulous ovule, +forming a small glandular achene in fruit. Embryo curved or coiled.—Erect or climbing +herbs, with watery juice, mostly opposite lobed or divided leaves, persistent stipules, +and a fibrous inner bark.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Cannabis.</b> Fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Leaves 5–7-divided. Erect.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Humulus.</b> Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin in fruit. +Leaves 3–5-lobed. Climbing.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe IV. MOREÆ.</b> Flowers unisexual, racemose, spicate or capitate; calyx becoming +fleshy or juicy in fruit. Anthers inflexed in the bud. Style undivided or 2-parted, +filiform; ovule pendulous; fruit an achene, embryo curved.—Trees or shrubs, with +milky juice, alternate leaves, and fugacious stipules.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Maclura.</b> Sterile flowers in loose racemes; fertile in globose heads. Leaves entire.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Morus.</b> Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Leaves dentate, 3-nerved.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe V. URTICEÆ.</b> Flowers unisexual. Filaments indexed in the bud. Style or +stigma simple. Ovary 1-celled, with an erect ovule, forming an achene in fruit. Embryo +straight.—Herbs with watery juice, tough fibrous bark, and opposite or alternate +leaves; often armed with stinging hairs.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Calyx in the fertile flowers of 2–5 separate or nearly separate sepals.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Plant beset with stinging bristles.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Urtica.</b> Sepals 4 in both fertile and sterile flowers. Achene straight and erect, enclosed +by the 2 inner and larger sepals. Stigma capitate tufted. Leaves opposite.</p> + +<p class="genus"><a name="page462"></a>9. <b>Laportea.</b> Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2. Stigma +long-subulate. Achene very oblique, deflexed, nearly naked. Leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Plant wholly destitute of stinging bristles. Leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Pilea.</b> Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers unequal, all or all but one small. +Achene partly naked, straight and erect. Stigma pencil-tufted. Smooth and shining.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Fertile calyx tubular or cup-shaped, enclosing the achene. Unarmed.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Bœhmeria.</b> Flower-clusters spiked, not involucrate. Style long and thread-shaped, +stigmatic down one side. Leaves opposite, serrate.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Parietaria.</b> Flowers in involucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted. Leaves alternate, +entire.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ulmus"><b>1. ÚLMUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Elm.</span></p> + +<p>Calyx bell-shaped, 4–9-cleft. Stamens 4–9, with long and slender filaments. +Ovary 1–2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the +summit of each cell; styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic along the inner edge. +Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded membranaceous samara, winged all around. +Albumen none; embryo straight; the cotyledons large.—Flowers polygamous, +purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters, in our species preceding the +leaves, which are strongly straight-veined, short-petioled, and oblique or unequally +somewhat heart-shaped at base. Stipules small, caducous. (The +classical Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers nearly sessile; fruit orbicular, not ciliate; leaves very rough above.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>U. fúlva</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Slippery</span> or <span class="smcap">Red Elm</span>.) Buds before expansion +soft-downy with rusty hairs (large); leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly +serrate (4–8´ long, sweet-scented in drying), soft-downy beneath or slightly +rough downward; branchlets downy; calyx-lobes and stamens 5–9; fruit +(8–9´´ wide) with the cell pubescent.—Rich soil, N. Eng. to Dak., and southward. +March, April.—A small or middle-sized tree (45–60° high), with +tough reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers on slender drooping pedicels, which are jointed above the middle; +fruit ovate or oval, fringed-ciliate; leaves smooth above, or nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>U. Americàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">American</span> or <span class="smcap">White Elm</span>.) <i>Buds and branchlets</i> +glabrous; <i>branches not corky</i>; leaves obovate-oblong or oval, abruptly +pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate (2–4´ long), soft-pubescent beneath, +or soon glabrous; <i>flowers in close fascicles</i>; calyx with 7–9 roundish lobes; +<i>fruit glabrous</i> except the margins (½´ long), its sharp points incurved and closing +the notch.—Moist woods, especially along rivers, in rich soil. April.—A +large and well-known ornamental tree, variable in habit, usually with spreading +branches and drooping branchlets.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>U. racemòsa</b>, Thomas. (<span class="smcap">Cork</span> or <span class="smcap">Rock Elm</span>.) <i>Bud-scales downy-ciliate</i> +and somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets; <i>branches often +with corky ridges</i>; leaves nearly as in the last, but with veins more simple and +straight; <i>flowers racemed</i>; fruit much as in the last, but rather larger.—River-banks, +S. W. Vt. to Ont. and central Minn., south to Mo. and Ky. A large +and very valuable tree.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>U. alàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Wahoo</span> or <span class="smcap">Winged Elm</span>.) <i>Bud-scales and branchlets +nearly glabrous; branches corky-winged</i>, at least some of them; leaves +downy beneath, ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, small<a name="page463"></a> +(1–2½´ long); calyx-lobes obovate; fruit downy on the face at least when +young.—Va. to S. Ind., S. Mo., and southward. March. A small tree.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="planera"><b>2. PLÁNERA</b>, Gmelin. <span class="smcap">Planer-tree.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœciously polygamous. Calyx 4–5-cleft. Stamens 4–5. Ovary +ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, crowned with 2 spreading styles which are stigmatose +down the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous and nut-like, not winged. +Albumen none; embryo straight.—Trees with small leaves, like those of +Elms, the flowers appearing with them, in small axillary clusters. (Named +for <i>J. J. Planer</i>, a German botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. aquática</b>, Gmel. Nearly glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, small; +fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections.—Wet +banks, N. C. to Ky., S. Ill., and southward. April. A rather small tree.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="celtis"><b>3. CÉLTIS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Nettle-tree. Hackberry.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœciously polygamous. Calyx 5–6-parted, persistent. Stamens +5–6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule; stigmas 2, long and +pointed, recurved. Fruit a globular drupe. Embryo curved, nearly enclosing +a little gelatinous albumen; cotyledons folded and crumpled.—Leaves pointed, +petioled, inequilateral. Stipules caducous. Flowers greenish, axillary, the +fertile solitary or in pairs, peduncled, appearing with the leaves, the lower +usually staminate only, fascicled or racemose along the base of the branches +of the season. (A name of Pliny's for an African species of Lotus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. occidentàlis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sugarberry. Hackberry.</span>) <i>Leaves reticulated</i>, +ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually conspicuously +and sharply so, more or less oblique at base, <i>sharply serrate</i>, sometimes +sparingly so or only toward the apex, scabrous but mostly glabrous above, +usually soft-pubescent beneath, at least when young; fruit reddish or yellowish, +turning dark purple at maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length of +the petiole.—Woods and river-banks, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward. +April, May.—A small or sometimes large tree, with the aspect of an Elm, +bearing sweet and edible fruits as large as bird-cherries, at first obovate, ripe +in autumn; the flesh thin. Very variable in the form, texture, etc., of the +leaves.—Var. <span class="smcap">pùmila</span>, Gray. Low and straggling (4–10° high); leaves thin +when mature, and smooth, <i>slightly acuminate</i>. River-banks, on rocks, from +Maryland southward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. Mississippiénsis</b>, Bosc. <i>Leaves entire</i> (rarely few-toothed), <i>very +long taper-pointed</i>, rounded at base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth; fruit +small.—Ill. to Tenn., and southward. A small tree with warty bark. +(Addendum)—<b>Celtis Mississippiensis.</b> Common in low river-bottoms +of W. Mo. (<i>F. Bush</i>); described as having a very smooth trunk, like a +sycamore, and soft yellowish brittle wood, not coarse-grained as in C. +occidentalis.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cannabis"><b>4. CÁNNABIS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Hemp.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with +5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered, 1-bracted; +the calyx of a single sepal enlarging at the base and folded round the ovary. +Achene crustaceous. Embryo simply curved.—A tall roughish annual, with +digitate leaves of 5–7 linear-lanceolate coarsely toothed leaflets, the upper +alternate; the inner bark of very tough fibres. (The ancient Greek name, of +obscure etymology.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">satìva</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Hemp.</span>) Stem 4–8° high; leaves 4–8´ broad; flowers +green.—Waste and cultivated ground. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="humulus"><a name="page464"></a><b>5. HÙMULUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Hop.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 +erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins; +bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort of membranaceous +strobile. Calyx of a single sepal, embracing the ovary. Achene +invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Embryo coiled in a flat spiral.—Twining +rough perennials, with stems almost prickly downward, and mostly +opposite heart-shaped and palmately 3–7-lobed leaves, with persistent ovate +stipules between the petioles. (A late Latin name, of Teutonic origin.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. Lùpulus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Hop.</span>) Leaves mostly 3–5-lobed, commonly +longer than the petioles; bracts, etc., smoothish; the fruiting calyx, +achene, etc., sprinkled with yellow resinous grains, which give the bitterness +and aroma to the hop.—Alluvial banks, N. Eng. to western N. Y., the Great +Lakes and westward, and south in the mountains to Ga. July. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="maclura"><b>6. MACLÙRA</b>, Nutt. <span class="smcap">Osage Orange. Bois d'Arc.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious; the staminate in loose short racemes, with 4-parted calyx, +and 4 stamens inflexed in the bud; the pistillate in a dense globose head, with +a 4-cleft calyx enclosing the ovary. Style filiform, long-exserted; ovule pendulous. +Fruit an achene, buried in the greatly enlarged fleshy calyx. Albumen none. +Embryo recurved.—Trees with milky juice, alternate entire +pinnately veined leaves, caducous stipules, axillary peduncles, and stout axillary +spines. (Named for the early American geologist, <i>William Maclure</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. aurantìaca</b>, Nutt. A tree 30–50° high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, +pointed, mostly rounded at base, green and shining; syncarp globose, +yellowish green, 2–3´ in diameter.—E. Kan. and Mo. to N. Tex.; +extensively used for hedges. Wood bright orange.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="morus"><b>7. MÒRUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Mulberry.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious or diœcious; the two kinds in separate axillary and +catkin-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted; lobes ovate. Stamens 4; filaments elastically +expanding. Ovary 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing; +styles 2, thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achene ovate, compressed, +covered by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole spike thus becoming a +thickened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit.—Trees with milky juice +and broad leaves; sterile spikes rather slender. (The classical Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. rùbra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Red Mulberry.</span>) <i>Leaves</i> heart-ovate, serrate, <i>rough +above, downy beneath</i>, pointed (on young shoots often lobed); flowers frequently +diœcious; <i>fruit dark purple</i>, long.—Rich woods, W. New Eng. to S. Ont., +Dak., E. Kan., and southward. May.—Large tree, ripening its blackberry-like +fruit in July.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">álba</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">White Mulberry.</span>) <i>Leaves</i> obliquely heart-ovate, acute, +serrate, sometimes lobed, <i>smooth and shining; fruit whitish</i>.—Spontaneous +near houses. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="urtica"><b>8. URTÌCA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Nettle.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, or rarely diœcious, clustered, the clusters mostly in racemes, +spikes, or loose heads. <i>Ster. Fl.</i> Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around<a name="page465"></a> +the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. <i>Fert. Fl.</i> Sepals 4, in pairs; the 2 outer +smaller and spreading; the 2 inner flat or concave, in fruit membranaceous +and enclosing the straight and erect ovate flattened achene. Stigma sessile, +capitate and pencil-tufted.—Herbs, armed with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite; +stipules in our species distinct. Flowers greenish; in summer. (The +classical Latin name; from <i>uro</i>, to burn.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Perennials; flower-clusters in branching panicled spikes, often diœcious.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>U. grácilis</b>, Ait. <i>Sparingly bristly</i>, slender (2–6° high); <i>leaves ovate-lanceolate</i>, +pointed, serrate, 3–5-nerved from the rounded or scarcely heart-shaped +base, <i>almost glabrous, the elongated slender petioles sparingly bristly</i>; +spikes slender and loosely panicled.—Fence-rows and moist ground, common. +Stings few.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>U.</b> <span class="smcap">diòica</span>, L. <i>Very bristly and stinging</i> (2–3° high); <i>leaves ovate, heart-shaped</i>, +pointed, <i>very deeply serrate, downy beneath</i> as well as the upper part +of the stem; <i>spikes much branched</i>.—Waste places and roadsides, rather rare. +Canada and N. Eng. to S. C., west to Minn. and Mo. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Annuals; flower-clusters chiefly axillary and shorter than the petiole, androgynous.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>U.</b> <span class="smcap">ùrens</span>, L. <i>Leaves elliptical or ovate</i>, very coarsely and deeply serrate +with long spreading teeth, the terminal teeth not longer than the lateral ones; +<i>flower-clusters 2 in each axil, small and loose</i>.—Waste grounds, near dwellings, +eastward; scarce. Plant 8–12´ high, with sparse stings. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>U. chamædryoìdes</b>, Pursh. <i>Leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped</i>, +the upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed; <i>flower-clusters globular</i>, +1–2 in each axil, and spiked at the summit.—Alluvial shaded soil, from Ky. +to the Gulf States. Slender, 6–30´ high, sparsely beset with stings.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="laportea"><b>9. LAPÓRTEA</b>, Gaudichaud. <span class="smcap">Wood-Nettle.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious or diœcious, clustered, in loose cymes; the upper widely +spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile; the lower mostly sterile. <i>Ster. Fl.</i> +Sepals and stamens 5, with a rudiment of an ovary. <i>Fert. Fl.</i> Calyx of 4 +sepals, the two outer or one of them usually minute, and the two inner much +larger. Stigma elongated awl-shaped, hairy down one side, persistent. Achene +ovate, flat, extremely oblique, reflexed on the winged or margined pedicel, +nearly naked.—Perennial herbs, with stinging hairs, large alternate serrate +leaves, and axillary stipules. (Named for <i>M. Laporte</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Canadénsis</b>, Gaudichaud. Stem 2–3° high; leaves ovate, pointed, +strongly feather-veined (3–7´ long), long-petioled; fertile cymes divergent; +stipule single, 2-cleft.—Moist rich woods. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pilea"><b>10. PÍLEA</b>, Lindl. <span class="smcap">Richweed. Clearweed.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious or diœcious. <i>Ster. Fl.</i> Sepals and stamens 3–4. <i>Fert. +Fl.</i> Sepals 3, oblong, more or less unequal; a rudiment of a stamen commonly +before each in the form of a hooded scale. Stigma sessile, pencil-tufted. +Achene ovate, compressed, erect, partly or nearly naked.—Stingless, mostly +glabrous and low herbs, with opposite leaves and united stipules; the staminate +flowers often mixed with the fertile. (Named from the shape of the +larger sepal of the fertile flower in the original species, which partly covers +the achene, like the <i>pileus</i>, or felt cap, of the Romans.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page466"></a>1. <b>P. pùmila</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Richweed. Clearweed.</span>) Low (3–18´ high); +stems smooth and shining, pellucid; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed, +3-ribbed and veiny; flower-clusters much shorter than the petioles; sepals of +the fertile flowers lanceolate, scarcely unequal.—Cool and moist shaded +places. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="boehmeria"><b>11. BŒHMÈRIA</b>, Jacq. <span class="smcap">False Nettle.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious or diœcious, clustered; the sterile much as in Urtica; +the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2–4-toothed calyx enclosing +the ovary. Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and papillose down one +side. Achene elliptical, closely invested by the dry and persistent compressed +calyx.—No stings. (Named after <i>G. R. Boehmer</i>, Professor at Wittenberg +in the last century.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. cylíndrica</b>, Willd. Perennial, smoothish or pubescent and more +or less scabrous; stem (1–3° high) simple; leaves chiefly opposite (rarely all +alternate), ovate to ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-nerved; stipules +distinct; petioles short or elongated; flowers diœcious, or the two kinds +intermixed, the small clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated +axillary spikes, the sterile interrupted, the fertile often continuous, frequently +leaf-bearing at the apex.—Moist or shady ground, common. Very variable.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="parietaria"><b>12. PARIETÀRIA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Pellitory.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœciously polygamous; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect intermixed +in the same involucrate-bracted cymose axillary clusters; the sterile +much as in the last; the fertile with a tubular or bell-shaped 4-lobed and +nerved calyx, enclosing the ovary and the ovoid achene. Style slender or +none; stigma pencil-tufted.—Homely, diffuse or tufted herbs, not stinging, +with alternate entire 3-ribbed leaves, and no stipules. (The ancient Latin +name, because growing on old walls.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Pennsylvánica</b>, Muhl. Low, annual, simple or sparingly +branched, minutely downy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, veiny, roughish +with opaque dots; flowers shorter than the involucre; stigma sessile.—Shaded +rocky banks, E. Mass. and Vt. to Minn., and southward. June–Aug.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="platanaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 100.</span> <b>PLATANÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Plane-tree Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Trees, with watery juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves, sheathing stipules, +and monœcious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, destitute +of calyx or corolla; the fruit merely club-shaped 1-seeded nutlets, +furnished with a ring of bristly hairs about the base</i>; consists only of the +following genus (of uncertain relationship).</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="platanus"><b>1. PLÁTANUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Sycamore. Buttonwood.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flowers of numerous stamens, with club-shaped little scales intermixed, +filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consisting +of inversely pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style rather lateral, +awl-shaped or thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below, +containing a single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of<a name="page467"></a> +thin albumen.—Large trees, with the bark deciduous in broad thin brittle +plates; dilated base of the petiole enclosing the bud of the next season. (The +ancient name, from <span class="greek">πλατύς</span>, <i>broad</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. occidentàlis</b>, L. Leaves mostly truncate at base, angularly sinuate-lobed +or toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed; fertile heads solitary, +hanging on a long peduncle.—Alluvial banks, S. Maine to N. Vt., Ont., S. E. +Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Our largest tree, often 90–130° high, with +a trunk 6–14° in diameter.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="juglandaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 101.</span> <b>JUGLANDÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Walnut Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, and no stipules; flowers monœcious, +the sterile in catkins (aments) with an irregular calyx adnate to the bract; +the fertile solitary or in a small cluster or spike, with a regular 3–5-lobed +calyx adherent to the incompletely 2–4-celled but only 1-ovuled ovary. +Fruit a kind of dry drupe, with a crustaceous or bony nut-shell, containing +a large 4-lobed orthotropous seed.</i> Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy and +oily, sinuous or corrugated, 2-lobed; radicle short, superior. Petals sometimes +present in the fertile flowers.—A small family of important trees, +consisting chiefly of the two following genera.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="juglans"><b>1. JÙGLANS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Walnut.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral catkins from the wood of the preceding +year; the calyx adherent to the entire bracts or scales, unequally 3–6-cleft. +Stamens 12–40; filaments free, very short. Fertile flowers solitary +or several together on a peduncle at the end of the branches, with a 4-toothed +calyx, bearing 4 small petals at the sinuses. Styles 2, very short; stigmas 2, +somewhat club-shaped and fringed. Fruit with a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent +epicarp, and a mostly rough irregularly furrowed endocarp or nut-shell.—Trees, +with strong-scented or resinous-aromatic bark, few-scaled or almost +naked buds (3 or 4 superposed, and the uppermost far above the axil), odd-pinnate +leaves of many serrate leaflets, and the embryo sweet and edible. Pith +in plates. (Name contracted from <i>Jovis glans</i>, the nut of Jupiter.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>J. cinèrea</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Butternut. White Walnut.</span>) Leaflets 5–8 pairs, +oblong-lanceolate, pointed, rounded at base, downy, especially beneath, the +<i>petioles and branchlets downy with clammy hairs; fruit oblong, clammy</i>, pointed, +the nut deeply sculptured and rough with ragged ridges, 2-celled at the base.—Rich +woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn., E. Kan., and +Ark. Tree 50–75° high, with gray bark, widely spreading branches, and +lighter brown wood than in the next.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>J. nìgra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black Walnut.</span>) Leaflets 7–11 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, +taper-pointed, somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at base, smooth above, +the lower surface and the <i>petioles minutely downy; fruit spherical</i>, roughly +dotted, the nut corrugated, 4-celled at top and bottom.—Rich woods, W. Mass. +and Conn. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., E. Kan., and southward. A large +and handsome tree (often 90–150° high), with rough brown bark, and valuable +purplish-brown wood turning blackish with age.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="carya"><a name="page468"></a><b>2. CÁRYA</b>, Nutt. <span class="smcap">Hickory.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flowers in slender lateral and clustered catkins; calyx naked, adherent +to the bract, unequally 2–3-parted. Stamens 3–10; filaments short or +none, free. Fertile flowers 2–5 in a cluster or short spike, on a peduncle terminating +the shoot of the season; calyx 4-toothed; petals none. Stigmas +sessile, 2 or 4, large, papillose, persistent. Fruit with a 4-valved, firm and at +length dry exocarp (involucre), falling away from the smooth and crustaceous +or bony endocarp or nut-shell, which is incompletely 2-celled, and at +the base mostly 4-celled.—Fine timber-trees, with hard and very tough wood, +and scaly buds, from which in spring are put forth usually both kinds of +flowers, the sterile below and the fertile above the leaves. Nuts ripen and +fall in October. (<span class="greek">Καρύα</span>, an ancient name of the Walnut.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Sterile catkins fascicled (no common peduncle or sometimes a very short one) +from separate lateral scaly buds near the summit of shoots of the preceding +year; bud-scales few; fruit elongated-oblong; the thin-shelled nut 2-celled +below; seed sweet; leaflets short-stalked, numerous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. olivæfórmis</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Pecan-nut.</span>) Minutely downy, becoming +nearly smooth; leaflets 13–15, oblong-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a slender +point, falcate, serrate; nut olive-shaped.—River bottoms, S. Ind., S. Ill., +and Iowa, to La. and Tex. A large tree (90–160° high), with delicious nuts.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Sterile catkins in threes (rarely more) on a common peduncle from the axil +of the inner scales of the common bud, therefore at the base of the shoot of the +season, which, then bearing 3 or 4 leaves, is terminated by the fertile flowers; +fruit globular or oval; nut 4-celled at base; leaflets sessile or nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Bud-scales numerous, about 10, successively enwrapping, the inner ones accrescent, +becoming thin and membranaceous and rather tardily deciduous; husk +of the fruit splitting promptly into 4 more or less thick and when dry hard +or woody valves; seed sweet and delicious.</i> (The <i>hickory nuts</i> of the market.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. álba</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Shell-bark</span> or <span class="smcap">Shag-bark Hickory.</span>) Bark of +trunk shaggy, exfoliating in rough strips or plates; inner bud-scales becoming +large and conspicuous, persistent till the flowers are fully developed; <i>leaflets +5–7</i>, when young minutely downy beneath, finely serrate, the three upper +obovate-lanceolate, the <i>lower pair much smaller</i> and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed; +fruit globular or depressed; <i>nut white</i>, flattish-globular, barely mucronate, +the shell thinnish.—N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Erie and S. E. Minn., +south to Fla., E. Kan., and Tex. Large and handsome tree (70–90° high, or +more), of great economic value. The principal hickory-nut of the markets.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. sulcàta</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Big Shell-bark. King-nut.</span>) Bark, etc., as +in n. 1; <i>leaflets 7–9</i>, more downy beneath; <i>fruit oval or ovate</i>, 4-ribbed above +the middle, the husk very thick; <i>nut large</i> (1¼–2´ long) and usually angular, +<i>dull white or yellowish, thick-walled, usually strongly pointed at both ends</i>.—Central +N. Y. and Penn. to S. Ind., E. Kan., and Ind. Terr. Tree 70–90° +high, or more, in rich soil of bottom lands.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. tomentòsa</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Mocker-nut. White-heart Hickory.</span>) +<i>Bark close</i>, rough, but not shaggy and exfoliating on old trunks; catkins, +shoots, and lower surface of the leaves <i>tomentose</i> when young, resinous scented;<a name="page469"></a> +<i>leaflets 7–9</i>, lance-obovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate, pointed; <i>fruit globular +or ovoid</i>, with a very thick and hard husk; <i>nut globular, not compressed, +4-ridged toward the slightly pointed summit, brownish</i>, very thick-shelled, 1´ in +diameter or smaller.—N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Erie, E. Neb., and south to +the Gulf. Tree 70–100° high, usually on rich upland hillsides.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. microcárpa</b>, Nutt. With rough close bark, small ovate buds, and +the glabrous foliage, etc., of n. 6; fruit small, subglobose, with rather thin +husk; nut thin-shelled, not angled.—N. Y. to Del., west to Mich. and Ill.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Bud-scales numerous or few; husk of the fruit thin and rather friable at maturity, +4-valved only to the middle or tardily to near the base; seed more or +less bitter; bark of old trunk not exfoliating.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>C. porcìna</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Pig-nut</span> or <span class="smcap">Broom H.</span>) Bud-scales nearly as in +n. 4, but smaller, caducous; shoots, catkins, and leaves <i>glabrous</i> or nearly so; +<i>leaflets</i> 5–7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed, serrate; fruit +pear-shaped, oblong, or oval; <i>nut oblong or oval</i> (1½–2´ long), with a <i>thick bony +shell</i>; the oily seed at first sweet in taste, then bitterish.—S. Maine to Fla., +west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex. Tree 70–90° high (rarely 120°), on dry +hills and uplands.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>C. amàra</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Bitter-nut</span> or <span class="smcap">Swamp H.</span>) Scales of the small +yellowish buds about 6, valvate in pairs, caducous in leafing; catkins and +young herbage more or less pubescent, soon becoming almost glabrous; <i>leaflets</i> +7–11, <i>lanceolate</i> or oblong-lanceolate; fruit globular, narrowly 6-ridged; <i>nut +globular, short-pointed</i>, white (barely 1´ long), <i>thin-walled</i>; seed at first sweet-tasted, +soon extremely bitter.—Moist soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., E. +Neb., and Tex. Tree 50–75° high; husk and nut-shell thinner and less hard +than in other species.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="myricaceae"><span class="smcap">Order</span> 102. <b>MYRICÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Sweet-Gale Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Monœcious or diœcious shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in short scaly +catkins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves</i>,—differing from the +Birches chiefly in the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous +ovule, and the drupe-like nut. Involucre and perianth none.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="myrica"><b>1. MYRÌCA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Bayberry. Wax-Myrtle.</span></p> + +<p>The only genus.—Flowers solitary under a scale-like bract and with a pair +of bractlets, the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in ovoid or globular +catkins, from axillary scaly buds; stamens 2–8; filaments somewhat united +below; anthers 2-celled. Ovary with 2–8 scales at its base, and 2 thread-like +stigmas. Fruit a small globular or oblong nut, or dry drupe, coated with +resinous grains or wax. (<span class="greek">Μυρίκη</span>, the ancient name of the Tamarisk or some +other shrub; perhaps from <span class="greek">μυρίζω</span>, <i>to perfume</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Mostly diœcious; fertile catkins ovoid; ovary with 2–4 scales at base; nut +globular; leaves entire or somewhat serrate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. Gàle</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sweet Gale.</span>) Shrub 3–5° high; <i>leaves wedge-lanceolate</i>, +serrate toward the apex, <i>pale, later than the flowers; sterile catkins +closely clustered</i>; nuts in imbricated heads, 2-winged by the two thick ovate<a name="page470"></a> +scales which coalesce with its base.—Wet borders of ponds, Newf. to N. Eng. +and along the Great Lakes to Minn., south in the mountains to Va.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. cerífera</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bayberry. Wax-Myrtle.</span>) <i>Leaves oblong-lanceolate</i>, +narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed toward the apex, <i>shining +and resinous-dotted both sides, somewhat preceding the flowers, fragrant; sterile +catkins scattered</i>, oblong; scales wedge-shaped at the base; nuts scattered and +naked, bony, and incrusted with white wax.—Sandy soil near the coast, from +Nova Scotia to Fla. and Ala.; also on L. Erie. Shrub 3–8° high, but sometimes +a tree 35° high; fruit sometimes persistent for 2 or 3 years.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Frequently monœcious; fertile catkins globular; ovary surrounded by 8 long +linear-awl-shaped persistent scales; nut ovoid-oblong; leaves pinnatifid with +many rounded lobes.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>M. asplenifòlia</b>, Endl. Shrub 1–2° high, with sweet scented fern-like +linear-lanceolate leaves; stipules half heart-shaped; scales of the sterile +catkins kidney-heart-shaped, pointed. (Comptonia asplenifolia, <i>Ait.</i>)—Sterile +hills, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Ind.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="cupuliferae"><span class="smcap">Order 103.</span> <b>CUPULÌFERÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Oak Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Monœcious trees or shrubs, with alternate simple straight-veined leaves, +deciduous stipules, the sterile flowers in catkins (or capitate-clustered in +the</i> Beech), <i>the fertile solitary, clustered, spiked, or in scaly catkins, the +1-celled and 1-seeded nut with or without an involucre.</i> Ovary more or +less 2–7-celled, with 1 or 2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell; +but all the cells and ovules except one disappearing in the fruit. Seed +with no albumen, filled with the embryo.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. BETULEÆ.</b> Flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 to each bract. Sterile catkins +pendulous. Stamens 2–4, and calyx usually 2–4-parted. Fertile flowers with no calyx, +and no involucre to the compressed and often winged small nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Betula.</b> Stamens 2, bifid. Fertile scales thin, 3-lobed, deciduous with the nuts.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Alnus.</b> Stamens 4. Fertile scales thick, entire, persisting after the nuts have fallen.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. CORYLEÆ.</b> Sterile catkins pendulous, with no calyx; stamens 3 or more +to each bract and more or less adnate to it, the filaments often forked (anthers 1-celled). +Fertile flowers in a short ament or head, 2 to each bract, and each with one or more +bractlets which form a foliaceous involucre to the nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of bractlets inside; fertile flowers few.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Corylus.</b> Involucre leafy-coriaceous, enclosing the large bony nut.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Bract of staminate flower simple; fertile flowers in short catkins; nut small, achene-like.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Ostrya.</b> Each ovary and nut included in a bladdery and closed bag.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Carpinus.</b> Each nut subtended by an enlarged leafy bractlet.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. QUERCINEÆ.</b> Sterile flowers with 4–7-lobed calyx and stamens indefinite +(3–20). Fertile flowers 1 or few, enclosed in a cupule consisting of consolidated +bracts, which becomes indurated (scaly or prickly) and surrounds or encloses the nut.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Sterile flowers in slender catkins.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Quercus.</b> Cupule 1-flowered, scaly and entire; nut hard and terete.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Castanea.</b> Cupule 2–4-flowered, forming a prickly hard bur, 2–4-valved when ripe.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Sterile flowers in a small head.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Fagus.</b> Cupule 2-flowered, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply triangular nuts.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="betula"><a name="page471"></a><b>1. BÉTULA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Birch.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, to each shield-shaped scale or bract of the +catkins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale bearing 4 short filaments with +1-celled anthers (or strictly of two 2-parted filaments, each division bearing an +anther-cell). Fertile flowers 2 or 3 to each 3-lobed bract, without bractlets or +calyx, each of a naked ovary, becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nutlet +(or small samara) crowned with the two spreading stigmas.—Outer bark +usually separable in sheets, that of the branchlets dotted. Twigs and leaves +often spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly thin and light. Buds sessile, scaly. +Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, sessile, formed in summer, +remaining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding their +golden flowers in early spring, with or preceding the leaves; fertile catkins +oblong or cylindrical, peduncled, usually terminating very short 2-leaved early +lateral branches of the season. (The ancient Latin name, of Celtic origin.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Trees, with brown or yellow-gray bark, sweet-aromatic as well as the twigs, +membranaceous and straight-veined Hornbeam-like leaves heart-shaped or +rounded at base, on short petioles, and sessile very thick fruiting catkins; +their scales about equally 3-cleft, rather persistent; wing of fruit not broader +than the seed-bearing body.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. lénta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cherry B. Sweet</span> or <span class="smcap">Black Birch</span>.) <i>Bark</i> of trunk +<i>dark brown, close</i> (outer layers scarcely laminate), very sweet-aromatic; leaves +ovate or oblong-ovate from a more or less heart-shaped base, acuminate, sharply +and finely doubly serrate all round, when mature shining or bright green above +and glabrous except on the veins beneath; <i>fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical</i> +(1–1¼´ long), the scales with short and <i>divergent lobes</i>.—Rich woodlands, +Newf. to N. Del., and south in the mountains, west to Minn., and S. Ind. +Tree 50–75° high, with reddish bronze-colored spray; wood rose-colored, fine-grained, +valuable for cabinet-work.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>B. lùtea</b>, Michx. f. (<span class="smcap">Yellow</span> or <span class="smcap">Gray Birch</span>.) <i>Bark</i> of trunk <i>yellowish- +or silvery-gray, detaching in very thin filmy layers</i>, within and the twigs +much less aromatic; leaves (3–5´ long) slightly or not at all heart-shaped and +often narrowish toward the base, duller-green above and usually more downy +on the veins beneath; fruiting catkins <i>oblong-ovoid</i> (1´ or less in length, 6–9´´ +thick), the thinner scales (5–6´´ long) twice as large as in n. 1, and with narrower +<i>barely spreading lobes</i>.—Rich moist woodlands, Canada and N. Eng. to +Del., west to Minn.; also along high peaks to Tenn. and N. C. Often 60–90° +high at the north; wood whiter and less valuable.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Trees, with chalky-white bark separable in thin sheets, ovate or triangular +leaves of firmer texture, on long slender petioles; fruiting catkins cylindrical, +usually hanging on rather slender peduncles; their scales glabrous, with +short diverging lobes, freely deciduous; wing of the fruit much broader than +its body.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>B. populifòlia</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">American White Birch. Gray Birch.</span>) +Trunk usually ascending (15–30° high); <i>leaves triangular</i> (deltoid), <i>very taper-pointed</i> +(usually abruptly), truncate or nearly so at the broad base, <i>smooth and +shining both sides</i>, except the resinous glands when young. (B. alba, var.<a name="page472"></a> +populifolia, <i>Spach</i>.)—Poor sandy soils, N. Brunswick to Del., west to L. +Ontario. Bark much less separable than the next; leaves on slender petioles, +tremulous as those of the aspen.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>B. papyrífera</b>, Marshall. (<span class="smcap">Paper</span> or <span class="smcap">Canoe Birch. White +Birch.</span>) <i>Leaves ovate, taper-pointed</i>, heart-shaped or abrupt (or rarely wedge-shaped) +at base, <i>smooth and green above</i>, pale, glandular-dotted, and a little +hairy on the veins beneath, sharply and unequally doubly serrate, 3–4 times +the length of the petiole. (B. papyracea, <i>Ait.</i>)—Rich woodlands and stream-banks, +N. Eng. to N. Penn., N. Ill., and Minn., and far north and westward. +Tree 50–75° high, with bark freely splitting into paper-like layers.—Var. +<span class="smcap">minor</span>, Tuckerman, is a dwarf form of the alpine region of the White Mts.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Tree, with greenish-brown bark, somewhat laminate, and reddish twigs, +ovate leaves whitish beneath, and soft-downy peduncled fruiting catkins.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>B. nìgra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">River</span> or <span class="smcap">Red Birch</span>.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acutish +at both ends, irregularly doubly serrate, whitish and (until old) downy underneath; +petioles and peduncle of nearly the same length (3–7´´) and with the +oblong catkin tomentose; the bracts with oblong linear nearly equal lobes; +fruit broadly winged.—Banks of streams, Mass, to Fla., west to Minn., E. +Kan., and Tex. Tree 50–75° high, with light-colored wood and somewhat +Alder-like leaves.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*] <i>Shrubs, with brownish bark, rounded or wedge-shaped crenate and mostly +small leaves of thickish or coriaceous texture, and oblong or cylindrical glabrous +and mostly erect catkins, on short peduncles.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>B. pùmila</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Low Birch.</span>) Stems (2–8° high) erect or ascending, +<i>not glandular</i>; young branches and lower face of young leaves mostly +<i>soft-downy; leaves</i> obovate, roundish, or orbicular (6–16´´ long), <i>pale beneath, +veinlets on both faces finely reticulated</i>; wing of the fruit mostly narrower than +the body.—Bogs, W. Conn, and N. J. to Ind. and Minn., and northward throughout +Canada. Leaves usually not at all resiniferous or glandular-dotted.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>B. glandulòsa</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf Birch.</span>) Stems erect or mostly +spreading (1–4° high), or when alpine procumbent; <i>branchlets glabrous, conspicuously +dotted with resinous wart-like glands</i>; leaves roundish wedge-obovate +or sometimes orbicular (6–9´´ long), green and glabrous both sides, less reticulated; +fruiting catkins mostly shorter and oblong or oval; wing of the fruit +narrower than or sometimes equalling the body.—High mountains of N. Eng. +and N. Y., to L. Superior, and far northward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="alnus"><b>2. ÁLNUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Alder.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 4 or 5 bractlets and 3 (rarely +6) flowers upon each short-stalked shield-shaped scale; each flower usually +with a 3–5-parted calyx and as many stamens; filaments short and simple; +anthers 2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong; the fleshy scales each 2–3-flowered, +with a calyx of 4 little scales adherent to the scales or bracts of the +catkin, which are thick and woody in fruit, wedge-obovate, truncate, or 3–5-lobed, +and persistent.—Shrubs or small trees, with few-scaled leaf-buds, and +solitary or often racemose-clustered catkins, terminating leafless branchlets or +peduncles. (The ancient Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page473"></a>§ 1. <i>Flowers developed in spring with the leaves; the sterile from catkins which +have remained naked over winter; while the fertile have been enclosed in a +scaly bud; fruit with a conspicuous thin wing, as in</i> Birch.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. víridis</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">Green</span> or <span class="smcap">Mountain Alder</span>.) Shrub 3–8° high; +leaves round-oval, ovate, or slightly heart-shaped, glutinous and smooth or +softly downy beneath, irregularly serrulate or biserrulate with very sharp and +closely set teeth, sometimes sinuate-toothed and serrulate (var. <span class="smcap">sinuàta</span>, +Regel), on young shoots often cut-toothed; fertile catkins slender-stalked, +clustered, ovoid (6–8´´ long).—On mountains and mountain streams, Newf. +to W. Mass., N. Y., L. Superior, and far north and west; also in the Alleghanies +to N. C. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Flowers developed in earliest spring, before the leaves, from mostly clustered +catkins which (of both sorts) were formed the foregoing summer and have remained +naked over winter; fruit wingless or with a narrow coriaceous margin.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. incàna</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Speckled</span> or <span class="smcap">Hoary A.</span>) <i>Leaves broadly oval +or ovate, rounded at base</i>, sharply and often doubly serrate, <i>whitened and mostly +downy beneath</i>; stipules oblong-lanceolate; fruit orbicular.—Borders of +streams and swamps, Newf. to Mass., E. Neb., Minn., and westward. Shrub +or tree 8–20° high; the common Alder northward. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. serrulàta</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Smooth A.</span>) <i>Leaves obovate, acute at base</i>, +sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, <i>green both sides</i>, smooth or often +downy beneath; stipules oval; fruit ovate.—Borders of streams and swamps, +Mass. to Fla., west to S. E. Minn. and Tex.; common. Shrub forming dense +thickets, or sometimes at the south a small tree 6–35° high.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <i>Flowers in autumn (Sept.) from catkins of the season; the fertile mostly solitary +in the axils of the leaves, ripening the fruit a year later; fruit wingless.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. marítima</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Sea-side A.</span>) Glabrous; leaves oblong, ovate, +or obovate with a wedge-shaped base, slender-petioled, sharply serrulate, bright +green, or rather rusty beneath; fruiting catkins large, ovoid or oblong (9–12´´ +long, 6´´ thick).—Borders of streams and swamps. S. Del. and E. Md., near +the coast. Small tree 15–25° high. (E. Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="corylus"><b>3. CÓRYLUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Hazel-nut. Filbert.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of 8 (half-) stamens +with 1-celled anthers, their short filaments and pair of scaly bractlets cohering +more or less with the inner face of the scale of the catkin. Fertile flowers several +in a scaly bud, each a single ovary in the axil of a scale or bract, and accompanied +by a pair of lateral bractlets; ovary tipped with a short limb of the +adherent calyx, incompletely 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules, one of them +sterile; style short; stigmas 2, elongated and slender. Nut ovoid or oblong, +bony, enclosed in a leafy or partly coriaceous cup or involucre, consisting of +the two bractlets enlarged and often grown together, lacerated at the border. +Cotyledons very thick (raised to the surface in germination), edible; the short +radicle included.—Shrubs or small trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves, +folded lengthwise in the bud, flowering in early spring; sterile catkins single +or fascicled from scaly buds of the axils of the preceding year, the fertile terminating<a name="page474"></a> +early leafy shoots. (The classical name, probably from <span class="greek">κόρυς</span>, <i>a +helmet</i>, from the involucre.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Americàna</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Wild Hazel-nut.</span>) <i>Leaves roundish-heart-shaped</i>, +pointed; <i>involucre open above</i> down to the globose nut, <i>of 2 broad foliaceous +cut-toothed almost distinct bracts</i>, their base coriaceous and downy, or +with glandular bristles intermixed.—Thickets, N. Eng. to Ont. and Dak., and +southward. Twigs and petioles often glandular-bristly.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. rostràta</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Beaked Hazel-nut.</span>) <i>Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, +somewhat heart-shaped</i>, pointed; <i>involucre of united bracts, much prolonged</i> +above the ovoid nut <i>into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly</i>.—N. Scotia +to northern N. J., Mich., Minn., and westward, and south in the mountains +to Ga. Shrub 2–6° high.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ostrya"><b>4. ÓSTRYA</b>, Micheli. <span class="smcap">Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-Wood.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens +in the axil of each bract; filaments short, often forked, bearing 1-celled (half-) +anthers; their tips hairy. Fertile flowers in short catkins; a pair to each deciduous +bract, each of an incompletely 2-celled 2-ovuled ovary, crowned with +the short bearded border of the adherent calyx, tipped with 2 long-linear stigmas, +and enclosed in a tubular bractlet, which in fruit becomes a closed bladdery +oblong bag, very much larger than the small and smooth nut; these inflated +involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of strobile, in appearance +like that of the Hop.—Slender trees, with very hard wood, brownish furrowed +bark, and foliage resembling that of Birch; leaves open and concave in the bud, +more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flowers in the spring, appearing with +the leaves; the sterile catkins 1–3 together from scaly buds at the tip of the +branches of the preceding year; the fertile single, terminating short leafy +shoots of the season. (The classical name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. Virgínica</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">American Hop-Hornbeam. Lever-wood.</span>) +Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly serrate, downy beneath, +with 11–15 principal veins; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the +base.—Rich woods, common, from the Atlantic to N. Minn., Neb., E. Kan., +and southward. Tree 25–45° high; hop-like strobiles full-grown in Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="carpinus"><b>5 CARPÌNUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Hornbeam. Iron-wood.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens +in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract; filaments very short, mostly +2-forked, the forks bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers with hairy tips. Fertile +flowers several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous +bracts, each subtending a pair of flowers, as in Ostrya; but the single involucre-like +bractlet is open, enlarged in fruit and foliaceous, merely subtending the +small ovate several-nerved nut.—Trees or tall shrubs, with smooth close gray +bark, in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined leaves resembling the +Beech; leaf-buds and inflorescence as in Ostrya. (The early Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Caroliniàna</b>, Walter. (<span class="smcap">American Hornbeam. Blue</span> or <span class="smcap">Water +Beech</span>.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, soon nearly +smooth; bractlets 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side, +acute. (C. Americana, <i>Michx.</i>)—Along streams, N. Scotia to Fla., west to<a name="page475"></a> +Minn., Iowa, E. Kan., and Tex. Tree or shrub, 10–45° high, with ridged +trunk, and very hard wood.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="quercus"><b>6. QUÉRCUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Oak.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flowers in slender naked catkins; bracts caducous; calyx 2–8-parted +or lobed; stamens 3–12; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers scattered or somewhat +clustered, consisting of a nearly 3-celled and 6-ovuled ovary, with a 3-lobed +stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indurated cup +(<i>cupule</i>) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons remaining +underground in germination; radicle very short, included.—Flowers greenish +or yellowish. Sterile catkins single or often several from the same lateral scaly +bud, filiform and hanging in all our species. (The classical Latin name.) All +flower in spring, and shed their nuts in Oct. of the same or the next year.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. LEUCOBÁLANUS. <i>Bark pale, often scaly; leaves and their lobes or +teeth obtuse, never bristle-pointed; stamens 6–8; scales of the cup more or +less knobby at base; stigmas sessile or nearly so; abortive ovules at the base +of the perfect seed; inner surface of nut glabrous; fruit maturing the first +year, often peduncled; kernel commonly sweetish; wood tough and dense.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves deciduous, lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale beneath.</i>—<span class="smcap">White Oaks</span>.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>Q. álba</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">White Oak.</span>) Mature <i>leaves smooth, pale or glaucous +underneath, bright green above</i>, obovate-oblong, obliquely cut into 3–9 oblong +or linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes; <i>cup hemispherical-saucer-shaped, rough +or tubercled at maturity, naked, much shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn</i> +(1´ long).—All soils, Maine to S. E. Minn., E. Kan., and south to the Gulf. A +large and valuable tree; lobes of the leaves short and broad (3–5), or deep +and narrow (5–9).</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>Q. stellàta</b>, Wang. (<span class="smcap">Post Oak. Iron Oak.</span>) <i>Leaves grayish or +yellowish-downy underneath, pale and rough above, thickish</i>, sinuately cut into +5–7 rounded divergent lobes, the upper ones much larger and often 1–3-notched; +<i>cup deep saucer-shaped, naked, one third or half the length of the ovoid +acorn</i> (6–9´´ long). (Q. obtusiloba, <i>Michx.</i>)—Sandy or sterile soil, Martha's +Vineyard to Mich. and E. Neb., south to Fla. and Tex.; common, especially +southward. A small tree with very durable wood.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>Q. macrocárpa</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Bur Oak. Over-cup</span> or <span class="smcap">Mossy-cup Oak</span>.) +<i>Leaves</i> obovate or oblong, <i>lyrately-pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed, or nearly +parted</i>, sometimes nearly entire, irregular, downy or pale beneath; the lobes +sparingly and obtusely toothed, or the smaller ones entire; <i>cup deep</i>, thick and +woody (9´´–2´ across), conspicuously imbricated with hard and thick <i>pointed +scales, the upper ones awned</i>, so as usually to make a mossy-fringed border; <i>acorn</i> +broadly ovoid (1–1½´ long), <i>half immersed in or entirely enclosed by the cup</i>.—Rich +soil, N. Scotia to W. Mass. and Penn., west to Minn., central Neb., and +Kan. A large and valuable tree; extremely variable in the size and fringe of +the acorns.—Var. <span class="smcap">olivæfórmis</span>, Gray, is only a narrower-leaved form with +unusually small oblong acorns.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>Q. lyràta</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak.</span>) Leaves +crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong, acute at base, more or less +deeply <i>7–9-lobed, white-tomentose beneath</i> or at length smoothish, <i>the lobes triangular +to oblong, acute or obtuse, entire</i> or sparingly toothed; fruit short-peduncled<a name="page476"></a> +or sessile; cup round-ovate, thin, <i>with rugged scales, almost covering the depressed-globose +acorn</i> (8–10´´long).—River swamps, S. E. Mo. to S. Ind., Tenn., N. C., +and southward.—A large tree, with flaky bark; intermediate between n. 3 +and n. 5.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, but not lobed</i> (except slightly in n. 5), <i>whitish +and more or less downy beneath; cup hoary, hemispherical or a little depressed, +about half as long as the oblong-ovoid edible acorn</i>.—<span class="smcap">Chestnut-Oaks.</span></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>Q. bícolor</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Swamp White Oak.</span>) <i>Leaves</i> obovate or +oblong-obovate, <i>wedge-shaped at base, coarsely sinuate-crenate</i> and often rather +<i>pinnatifid</i> than toothed, usually <i>soft-downy and white-hoary</i> beneath, the main +primary veins 6–8 pairs, lax and little prominent; fruiting <i>peduncle much +longer than the petiole</i>; upper scales of the cup awn-pointed, sometimes forming +a mossy-fringed margin; acorn scarcely 1´ long.—Borders of streams +and swamps, S. Maine to Ont., Minn., and E. Kan., and south in the mountains +to N. Ga.—A large tree, with flaky bark.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>Q. Michaùxii</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Basket-Oak. Cow-Oak.</span>) Leaves (5–6´ +long) oval or obovate, acute, <i>obtuse or even cordate at base</i>, regularly <i>dentate</i> +(commonly not deeply), <i>rather rigid, usually very tomentose beneath; stamens +usually 10</i>; fruit short-peduncled; cup shallow, tuberculate with hard and +stout acute scales, without fringe; acorn 1½´ long. (Q. Prinus, var Michauxii, +<i>Chapm.</i>)—Borders of streams and swamps, Del. to Fla., and in the +west from S. Ind. to Mo., and south to the Gulf.—A large and valuable tree, +with gray flaky bark and large sweet edible acorns. Intermediate forms appear +to connect with n. 5, of which Dr. Engelmann considered it a sub-species.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>Q. Prìnus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Chestnut-Oak.</span>) <i>Leaves</i> thick, varying, obovate or +oblong to lanceolate, sometimes acuminate, <i>with an obtuse or acute base, undulately +crenate-toothed, pale and minutely downy beneath</i>, the main primary ribs +10–16 pairs, straight, prominent beneath; fruiting <i>peduncles shorter than the +petioles, often very short</i>; cup thick (6–12´´ wide), mostly tuberculate with hard +and stout scales; acorn large (sometimes 1–1¼´ long). (Incl. var. monticola, +<i>Michx.</i>)—Rocky banks and hillsides, E. Mass. to N. Y. and Ont., and south in +the mountains to N. Ala. A large tree, with thick and deeply furrowed bark, +rich in tannin.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>Q. Muhlenbérgii</b>, Engelm. (<span class="smcap">Yellow Oak. Chestnut-Oak.</span>) +<i>Leaves</i> (5–7´ long) <i>slender-petioled, often oblong or even lanceolate, usually +acute or pointed, mostly obtuse or roundish at base, almost equably and rather +sharply toothed</i>; cup subsessile, shallow, thin, of small appressed scales, 5–7´´ +broad; acorn globose or obovate, 7–9´´ long. (Q. Prinus, var. acuminata, +<i>Michx.</i>)—Dry hillsides and rich bottoms, Mass. to Del., along the mountains +to N. Ala., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex.—Leaves more like those of the +Chestnut than any other; the primary veins very straight, impressed above, +prominent beneath. A tall tree, with thin flaky bark.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>Q. prinoìdes</b>, Willd. Like the last, but of <i>low stature</i> (usually 2–4° +high), <i>with smaller more undulate leaves on shorter petioles</i> (3–6´´ long), and +deeper cups with <i>more tumid scales</i>. (Q. Prinus, var. humilis, <i>Marsh.</i>)—Same +range as last. Apparently quite distinct at the east, where it is very low, but +running into Q. Muhlenbergii at the far west.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page477"></a>[*][*][*] <i>Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rarely spiny-toothed.</i>—<span class="smcap">Live Oaks.</span></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>Q. vìrens</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Live Oak.</span>) Leaves small, oblong or elliptical, +hoary beneath as well as the branchlets; peduncle usually conspicuous, 1–3-fruited; +cup top-shaped; acorn oblong; cotyledons completely united into one +mass.—Along the coast from Va. to Fla. and Tex. Becoming a large tree +at the south, and formerly extensively used in ship-building.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. MELANOBÁLANUS. <i>Bark dark, furrowed; leaves deciduous, their +lobes and teeth acute and bristle-pointed (at least in youth); stamens mostly +4–6; cup-scales membranaceous; styles long and spreading; abortive ovules +near the top of the perfect seed; inner surface of nut tomentose; fruit maturing +the second year, sessile or on short thick peduncles; wood porous and +brittle.</i>—<span class="smcap">Black Oaks.</span></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, slender-petioled, not coriaceous, the lobes or teeth +conspicuously bristle-pointed.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Mature leaves glabrous on both sides or nearly so, oval, oblong or somewhat +obovate in outline, from moderately sinuate-pinnatifid to deeply pinnatifid, +turning various shades of red or crimson in late autumn; large trees, with +reddish coarse-grained wood; species closely related and apparently readily +hybridizing.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>Q. rùbra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Red Oak.</span>) <i>Cup saucer-shaped</i> or flat, with a narrow +raised border (9–12´´ in diameter), of rather fine closely appressed scales, +sessile or on a very short and abrupt narrow stalk or neck, <i>very much shorter +than the oblong-ovoid or ellipsoidal acorn</i>, which is 1´ or less in length; leaves +rather thin, turning dark red after frost, moderately (rarely very deeply) +pinnatifid, the lobes acuminate from a broad base, with a few coarse teeth; +bark of trunk dark gray, smoothish.—Common both in rich and poor soil, +westward to E. Minn. and E. Kan. Timber coarse and poor.—Var. <span class="smcap">runcinàta</span>, +A. DC., is a form with regular nearly entire lobes and the fruit nearly +a half smaller; found near St. Louis.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>Q. coccínea</b>, Wang. (<span class="smcap">Scarlet Oak.</span>) <i>Cup top-shaped, or hemispherical +with a conical base</i> (7–9´´ broad), coarsely scaly, covering half or +more of the <i>broadly or globular-ovoid acorn</i>, the scales somewhat appressed and +glabrate, or in western localities yellowish-canescent and squarrose as in var. +tinctoria; leaves in the ordinary forms, at least on full-grown trees, bright +green, shining above, turning red in autumn, deeply pinnatifid, the slender +lobes divergent and sparingly cut-toothed; buds small; acorns 6–9´´ long; +bark of the trunk gray, the interior reddish.—Moist or dry soil; common, +from S. Maine to Del., Minn., N. Mo., and south in the mountains.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>tinctòria</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Quercitron, Yellow-barked</span>, or <span class="smcap">Black Oak</span>.) +Leaves with broader undivided lobes, commonly paler and somewhat pubescent +beneath, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in autumn; cup-scales +large and loosely imbricated or squarrose when dry, yellowish gray, pubescent; +bark of trunk darker-colored and rougher on the surface, thicker, and internally +orange, much more valuable for the tanner and dyer; buds longer and +more pointed; cup sometimes less top-shaped. (Q. tinctoria, <i>Bartram</i>.)—Dry +or gravelly uplands, S. Maine to S. Minn., E. Neb. and Tex. Intermediate +forms connect this with the type. The bark is largely used in tanning.</p> + +<p class="variety"><a name="page478"></a>Var. <b>ambígua</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Gray Oak.</span>) Found along our northeastern borders +to Lake Champlain and northward, figured and briefly characterized by +Michaux as with the foliage of Q. rubra and the fruit of Q. coccinea. It was +considered by Dr. Engelmann as a form of Q. rubra with cups hemispherical +or even turbinate.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>Q. palústris</b>, Du Roi. (<span class="smcap">Swamp Spanish</span> or <span class="smcap">Pin Oak</span>.) <i>Cup flat-saucer-shaped</i>, +sometimes contracted into a short scaly base or stalk, fine-scaled +(5–7´´ broad), <i>very much shorter than the usually globose or depressed acorn</i>, which +is 5–7´´ long; leaves deeply pinnatifid with divergent lobes and broad rounded +sinuses.—Low grounds; rather common, from Mass. to Del. and Md., west +to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Mature leaves soft-downy beneath; cup saucer-shaped, with a somewhat +top-shaped base, about half the length of the fully developed small acorn.</i></p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>Q. falcàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Spanish Oak.</span>) <i>Leaves grayish-downy or fulvous +underneath</i>, obtuse or rounded at base, <i>3–5-lobed above</i> (sometimes entire); +<i>the lobes prolonged, mostly narrow and more or less scythe-shaped</i>, especially the +terminal one, entire or sparingly cut-toothed; acorn globose, 4–5´´ long.—Dry +or sandy soil, Long Island to Fla., and from S. Ind. to Mo. and Tex. A +large or small tree, extremely variable in foliage; bark excellent for tanning.</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>Q. ilicifòlia</b>, Wang. (<span class="smcap">Bear</span> or <span class="smcap">Black Scrub-Oak</span>.) <i>Dwarf</i> (3–8° +high), straggling; <i>leaves</i> (2–4´ long) thickish, <i>obovate, wedge-shaped at +base, angularly about 5- (3–7-) lobed, white-downy beneath</i>; lobes short and triangular, +spreading; acorn ovoid, globular, 5–6´´ long.—Sandy barrens and +rocky hills, N. Eng. to Ohio and Ky.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves entire or with a few teeth (or somewhat 3–5-lobed at the summit), coriaceous, +commonly bristle-pointed; acorns globular, small (not over 6´´ long).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves thick, widening or often much dilated upward and more or less sinuate +or somewhat 3–5-lobed; acorns globular-ovoid.</i></p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>Q. aquática</b>, Walter. (<span class="smcap">Water-Oak.</span>) <i>Leaves glabrous and shining, +obovate-spatulate or narrowly wedge-form, with a long tapering base</i> and an often +obscurely 3-lobed summit, varying to oblanceolate; cup saucer-shaped or hemispherical.—Wet +grounds, around ponds, etc., Del. to the Gulf, and from Ky. +and Mo. to Tex.—Tree 30–40° high; running into many varieties, especially +southward; the leaves on seedlings and strong shoots often incised or sinuate-pinnatifid; +then mostly bristle-pointed.</p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>Q. nìgra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black-Jack</span> or <span class="smcap">Barren Oak</span>.) <i>Leaves broadly wedge-shaped</i>, +but sometimes rounded or obscurely cordate at the base, <i>widely dilated</i> +and somewhat 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed) at the summit, occasionally with one or +two lateral conspicuously bristle-tipped lobes or teeth, rusty-pubescent beneath, +shining above, large (4–9´ long); <i>cup top-shaped</i>, coarse-scaly; acorn short-ovoid.—Dry +sandy barrens, or heavy clay soil, Long Island to S. Minn., E. +Neb., and southward. A small tree (sometimes 30–40° high), of little value.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves not dilated upward, generally entire; acorn globose.</i></p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>Q. imbricària</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Laurel</span> or <span class="smcap">Shingle Oak</span>.) <i>Leaves lanceolate-oblong</i>, +thickish, smooth, and <i>shining above, downy underneath, the down +commonly persistent</i>; cup between saucer-shaped and top-shaped.—Rich +woodlands, Penn. to Ga., west to S. Wisc., Iowa, E. Neb., and<a name="page479"></a> +N. Ark.—Tree 30–90° high. The specific name is in allusion to its early use for +shingles.</p> + +<p class="species">19. <b>Q. Phéllos</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Willow-Oak.</span>) <i>Leaves linear-Lanceolate, narrowed +to both ends, soon glabrous</i>, light green (3–4´ long); cup saucer-shaped.—Bottom +lands or rich sandy uplands, Staten Island to N. Fla., west to S. Ky., +Mo., and Tex.</p> + +<p>In addition to the above, the following hybrids have been recognized:—</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Q. alba × macrocarpa</span>; N. Ill. (<i>Bebb</i>); central Ill. (<i>Hall</i>).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Q. alba × stellata</span>; N. Ill. (<i>Bebb</i>); D. C. (<i>Vasey</i>); S. C. (<i>Mellichamp</i>).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Q. alba × prinus</span>; near Washington, D. C. (<i>Vasey.</i>)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Q. imbricaria × nigra</span> (Q. tridentata, <i>Engelmann</i>); S. Ill. (<i>Engelmann</i>).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Q. imbricaria × palustris</span>; Mo. (<i>Engelmann</i>).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Q. imbricaria × coccinea</span> (Q. Leana, <i>Nutt.</i>); Ohio to Mo., and near Washington, +D. C.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Q. Phellos × rubra</span> (?) or <span class="smcap">coccinea</span> (?) (Q. heterophylla, <i>Michx.</i>); Staten +Island and N. J. to Del. and N. C. (<span class="smcap">Bartram's Oak.</span>)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Q. Phellos × nigra</span> (Q. Rudkini, <i>Britt.</i>); N. J. (<i>Rudkin</i>).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Q. ilicifolia × coccinea</span> (?); Uxbridge, Mass. (<i>Robbins.</i>)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="castanea"><b>7. CASTÀNEA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Chestnut.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flowers interruptedly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins; +calyx mostly 6-parted; stamens 8–20; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled. +Fertile flowers few, usually 3 together in an ovoid scaly prickly involucre; calyx +with a 6-lobed border crowning the 3–7-celled 6–14-ovuled ovary; abortive +stamens 5–12; styles linear, exserted, as many as the cells of the ovary; stigmas +small. Nuts coriaceous, ovoid, enclosed 2–3 together or solitary in the +hard and thick very prickly 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons very thick, somewhat +plaited, cohering together, remaining underground in germination.—Leaves +strongly straight-veined, undivided. Flowers appearing later than the +leaves, cream-color; the catkins axillary near the end of the branches, wholly +sterile or the upper ones androgynous with the fertile flowers at the base. +(The classical name, from that of a town in Thessaly.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. satìva</b>, Mill., var. <b>Americàna</b>. (<span class="smcap">Chestnut.</span>) A large tree, +<i>leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed</i>, serrate with coarse pointed teeth, acute at +base, when mature <i>smooth and green both sides</i>; nuts 2 or 3 in each involucre, +therefore flattened on one or both sides, very sweet. (C. vesca, var., of the +Manual.)—Rocky woods and hillsides, S. Maine to Del., along the mountains +to N. Ala., and west to S. Mich., S. Ind., and Tenn.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. pùmila</b>, Mill. (<span class="smcap">Chinquapin.</span>) A spreading shrub or small tree; +<i>leaves oblong, acute</i>, serrate with pointed teeth, <i>whitened-downy beneath</i>; involucres +small, often spiked; the ovoid pointed nut scarcely half as large as a +common chestnut, very sweet, solitary, not flattened.—Rich hillsides and +borders of swamps, S. Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="fagus"><b>8. FÀGUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Beech.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles, with deciduous scale-like +bracts; calyx bell-shaped, 5–7-cleft; stamens 8–16; filaments slender; +anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers usually in pairs at the apex of a short peduncle, +invested by numerous awl-shaped bractlets, the inner coherent at base<a name="page480"></a> +to form the 4-lobed involucre; calyx-lobes 6, awl shaped; ovary 3-celled with 2 +ovules in each cell; styles 3, thread-like, stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts +sharply 3-sided, usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-prickly coriaceous involucre, +which divides to below the middle into 4 valves. Cotyledons thick, folded +and somewhat united; but rising and expanding in germination.—Trees, with +a close and smooth ash-gray bark, a light horizontal spray, and undivided +strongly straight-veined leaves, which are open and convex in the tapering bud +and plaited on the veins. Flowers appearing with the leaves, the yellowish +staminate flowers from the lower, the pistillate from the upper axils of the +leaves of the season. (The classical Latin name, from <span class="greek">φάγω</span>, <i>to eat</i>, in allusion +to the esculent nuts.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>F. ferrugínea</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">American Beech.</span>) Tree 75–100° high; +leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed; petioles +and midrib soon nearly naked; prickles of the fruit mostly recurved or +spreading.—N. Scotia to Fla., west to Wisc., E. Ill., Mo., and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="salicaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 104.</span> <b>SALICÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Willow Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Diœcious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in catkins, one to +each bract, without perianth; the fruit a 1-celled and 2–4-valved pod, with +2–4 parietal or basal placentæ, bearing numerous seeds furnished with +long silky down.</i>—Style usually short or none; stigmas 2, often 2-lobed. +Seeds ascending, anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons flattened.—Leaves +alternate, undivided, with scale-like and deciduous, or else leaf-like +and persistent, stipules. Wood soft and light; bark bitter.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Salix.</b> Bracts entire. Flowers with small glands, disks none. Stamens few. Stigmas +short. Buds with a single scale.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Populus.</b> Bracts lacerate. Flowers with a broad or cup-shaped disk. Stamens numerous. +Stigmas elongated. Buds scaly.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="salix"><b>1. SÀLIX</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Willow. Osier.</span> (By <span class="smcap">M. S. Bebb</span>, Esq.)</p> + +<p>Bracts (<i>scales</i>) of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of 3–10, mostly 2, distinct +or united stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 small glands. Fertile flowers +also with a small flat gland at the base of the ovary; stigmas short.—Trees +or shrubs, generally growing along streams, with terete and lithe branches. +Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire or glandularly toothed. Buds covered +by a single scale, with an inner adherent membrane (separating in n. 14). +Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. (The classical Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Aments borne on short lateral leafy branchlets; scales yellowish, falling before +the capsules mature; filaments hairy below, all free; style very short or obsolete; +stigmas thick, notched. Trees or large shrubs; leaves taper-pointed.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves closely serrate with inflexed teeth; capsules glabrous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Stamens 3–5 or more.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Trees 15–50° high, with rough bark and slender twigs; no petiolar glands; +sterile aments elongated, narrowly cylindrical; flowers somewhat remotely +subverticillate; scales entire, short and rounded, crisp-villous on the inside.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. nìgra</b>, Marsh. (<span class="smcap">Black Willow.</span>) <i>Leaves narrowly lanceolate, +very long-attenuate from near the roundish or acute base to the usually curved tip,</i><a name="page481"></a> +often downy when young, at length <i>green and glabrous</i> except the petiole and +midrib; stipules large, semicordate, pointed and persistent, or small, ovoid +and deciduous; fruiting aments (1½–3´ long) more or less dense; capsules +ovate-conical, shortly pedicelled.—Banks of streams and lakes, bending over +the water; common.—Var. <span class="smcap">falcàta</span>, Torr. Leaves narrower and scythe-shaped—Var. +<span class="smcap">Wárdi</span>, Bebb. Leaves broader, often 1´ wide, glaucous and +veined beneath; stipules large, round-reniform; aments long, loosely flowered; +capsules globose-conical, long-pedicelled. Rocky islands of the Potomac +(<i>Ward</i>); Falls of the Ohio (<i>Short</i>); Mo. The leaves alone are easily mistaken +for those of n. 14.—A hybrid of this species with S. alba, var. vitellina, +is found in Wayne Co., N. Y. (<i>E. L. Hankenson</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. amygdaloìdes</b>, Anders. <i>Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate</i>, 2–4´ +long, attenuate-cuspidate, <i>pale or glaucous beneath; petioles long and slender</i>; +stipules minute, very early deciduous; <i>fertile aments becoming very loose in +fruit</i> from the lengthening of the slender pedicels.—Central N. Y. (<i>Dudley</i>) +to Mo.; common westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>A shrub or small bushy tree, 6–15° high, with smooth bark and rather stout +polished twigs; petioles glandular; sterile aments thick, oblong-cylindrical, +densely flowered; stamens commonly 5; scales dentate, hairy at base, smooth +above.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. lùcida</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Shining W.</span>) Leaves ovate-lanceolate or narrower, +tapering to a very long acuminate point, at length coriaceous, smooth and shining +both sides; stipules small, oblong; fruiting aments often persistent, the +capsules becoming rigid and polished, as in the nearly allied S. pentandra +of Europe.—Banks of streams, N. Eng. to Penn., west and northward. A +beautiful species on account of its showy staminate aments and large glossy +leaves.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Stamens mostly 2; capsules subsessile or very shortly pedicelled; leaves +lanceolate, long-acuminate.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">frágilis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Crack Willow.</span>) <i>Leaves green and glabrous</i>, pale or +glaucous beneath, 3–6´ long; stipules when present half-cordate; stamens +rarely 3–4; <i>capsule long-conical, shortly pedicelled</i>.—A tall and handsome +tree, which was planted at an early day about Boston and elsewhere.—The +var. <span class="smcap">decípiens</span>, Smith, with yellowish-white or crimson twigs, buds black in +winter, and smaller and brighter green leaves, ought perhaps to be excluded, +the plant so named by Barratt, etc., being one of the hybrids mentioned below. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">álba</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">White W.</span>) <i>Leaves ashy-gray or silky-white on both sides</i>, +except when old, 2–4´ long; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous; capsules +ovate-conical, sessile or nearly so.—Var. <span class="smcap">cærùlea</span>, Koch; twigs olive; old +leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, dull bluish green.—Var. <span class="smcap">vitellìna</span>, Koch; +twigs yellow or reddish; old leaves glabrous above.—A familiar tree of rapid +growth, attaining a height of 50–80°. The typical form, with olive twigs and +old leaves silky on both sides, is rarely found with us, but the var. <span class="smcap">vitellina</span> +is common. Pure S. <span class="smcap">fragilis</span> is also scarce, but a host of hybrids between +the two, representing S. viridis, <i>Fries</i>, S. Russelliana, <i>Smith</i>, etc., are the +commonest of introduced willows. These forms are rendered almost inextricable +by a further cross, by no means rare, with our native S. lucida. (Adv. +from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">Babylónica</span>, Tourn. (<span class="smcap">Weeping W.</span>) Extensively planted for ornament, +and in some places widely spread along river-banks and lake-shores by +the drifting of detached limbs. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page482"></a>[*][*] <i>Leaves remotely denticulate with projecting teeth; stamens 2; capsule glabrous +or silky.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. longifòlia</b>, Muhl. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2–4´ long, tapering +at each end, nearly sessile, more or less silky when young, at length smooth +and green both sides; stipules small, lanceolate, deciduous; aments linear-cylindric, +often clustered at the ends of the branchlets; capsule shortly pedicelled; +stigmas large, sessile.—Found sparingly along the Atlantic coast from +Maine to the Potomac; common westward. A shrub, rooting extensively in +alluvial deposits and forming dense clumps. This species is a peculiar American +type, and exceedingly variable; the earliest leaves after germination +pinnately lobed.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Aments lateral or terminal, with or without bracts; scales persistent, colored +at the tip; stamens 2 (usually 1 in n. 19), with glabrous filaments (united and +hairy in</i> S. purpurea); <i>shrubs or small trees.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Capsules tomentose.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Pedicels 3–6 times the length of the gland; style medium or none.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Large shrubs or small trees (8–15° high); leaves obovate or elliptic-lanceolate, +2–4´ long, acute or acuminate, more or less obscurely and irregularly +serrate, thin becoming rigid, glaucous beneath; fertile aments oblong-cylindric, +2–3´ long, loosely flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. rostràta</b>, Richardson. <i>Leaves dull green and downy above</i>, stoutly +veined and <i>soft-hairy beneath</i>, serrate, crenate or subentire; stipules when present +semi-cordate, toothed, acute; <i>aments appearing with the leaves</i>, the sterile +narrowed at base, pale yellow; capsules tapering to a very long slender beak; +<i>pedicels thread-like, much exceeding the pale, rose-tipped, linear, thinly villous +scales</i>; style scarcely any; stigma-lobes entire or deeply parted. (S. livida, +var. occidentalis, <i>Gray</i>.)—Moist or dry ground, N. Eng. to Penn., and far +west and northward. Not spreading from the root but having rather the habit +of a small tree, with a distinct trunk.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. díscolor</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Glaucous W.</span>) <i>Leaves smooth and bright green +above, soon smooth beneath</i>, irregularly crenate-serrate, the serratures remote at +base, closer, finer and becoming obsolete toward the point; stipules ½´ long or +more, and sharply toothed, or small and nearly entire; <i>aments closely sessile, +thick, oblong-cylindrical</i>, 1´ long or more, <i>appearing before the leaves</i> in earliest +spring; <i>scales dark red or brown, becoming black, copiously clothed with long +glossy hairs</i>; style short but distinct.—Var. <span class="smcap">eriocéphala</span>, Anders. Aments +more densely flowered and more silvery silky; leaves sometimes retaining a +ferruginous pubescence beneath even when fully grown.—Var. <span class="smcap">prinoìdes</span>, +Anders. Aments more loosely flowered, less silky; capsules more thinly tomentose; +style longer; stigma-lobes laciniate; leaves narrower. (S. prinoides, +<i>Pursh.</i>) Includes narrow-leaved forms of the type, and others which are probably +hybrids with S. cordata.—Low meadows and river-banks, common. The +just expanding leaves are often overspread with evanescent ferruginous +hairs.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Upland grayish shrubs, 1–8° high; leaves oblanceolate, pointed, the lowest +obtuse, downy above becoming glabrate, beneath glaucous, rugose-veined +and softly tomentose, the margin revolute, undulate-entire; aments ovoid or<a name="page483"></a> +oblong, closely sessile, appearing before the leaves, naked at base; capsules +rather shortly pedicelled, greenish or reddish, spreading; scales dark red or +brownish; style distinct; stigmas bifid.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>S. hùmilis</b>, Marsh. (<span class="smcap">Prairie W.</span>) <i>Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate</i>, +the lowest obovate; <i>stipules medium-sized</i>, semi-ovate, entire or oftener +toothed; <i>petioles distinct</i>; aments often recurved, about 1´ long.—Dry plains +and barrens, common. A shrub, 3–8° high, varying much in the size and +shape of the leaves. Hybrids with n. 6 have equally broad and large but duller +green leaves, softly tomentose beneath and with shorter petioles, the aments +equally thick but usually recurved, and the capsules on shorter pedicels. Small +forms apparently pass into the next.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>S. trístis</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf Gray W.</span>) <i>Leaves small</i> (1–2´ long), <i>crowded, +linear-oblanceolate</i>, tapering to a <i>very short petiole; stipules minute, deciduous</i>; +aments very small, globular or oval, about ½´ long in fruit.—Sandy plains or +on the borders of hillside thickets, common. A tufted shrub, 1–1½° high, +rising from a strong large root.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++][++] <i>Low shrubs, 3–10° high, of cold swamps, with slender yellowish or reddish +twigs; leaves lanceolate, smooth above, glaucous beneath and covered +when young with appressed silvery-silky hairs; aments (especially the fertile) +with a few leafy bracts at base; capsule pedicelled, silvery-silky; stigmas +bifid.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Shrubs of lowland swamps; leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2–3´ long, taper-pointed, +finely and evenly serrate; stipules linear or semi-cordate, deciduous; aments +sessile or in fruit slightly peduncled; style very short.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>S. serícea</b>, Marsh. (<span class="smcap">Silky W.</span>) Leaves at first (principally beneath) +very silky, turning black in drying; aments narrowly cylindrical, the fertile +densely flowered; capsule short-pedicelled, ovate-oblong, rather obtuse.—Common, +but more prevalent from the region of the Great Lakes eastward.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>S. petiolàris</b>, Smith. Leaves only slightly silky when young, soon +smooth, with less tendency to blacken in drying; fertile aments ovoid-cylindric, +in fruit broad and loose from the lengthening of the pedicels; capsule rostrate +from an ovate base, rather acute.—Var. <span class="smcap">grácilis</span>, Anders., has extremely +loose aments, and very long-pedicelled attenuate-rostrate capsules.—Common, +but more prevalent from the Great Lakes westward. This species, like the +preceding, hybridizes freely with S. cordata.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Alpine shrub; leaves 1–2´ long, repand-crenate; stipules minute, fugacious; +aments leafy-peduncled; style distinct.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>S. argyrocárpa</b>, Anders. Leaves tapering evenly to both ends, +acute, or the earliest obovate and obtuse, at length rigid, the margin slightly +revolute; petiole short; fruiting ament short (about 1´ long), loosely flowered; +capsule tapering, densely silky-silvery; gland of the staminate flower variously +doubled.—Moist alpine ravines in a few limited localities on or near Mt. +Washington, N. H.; also in Lower Canada and Lab. A bushy branched shrub, +erect or depressed at base, 1–2° high, growing in wide dense patches. A hybrid +with n. 13 was detected by Mr. <i>E. Faxon</i> in Tuckerman's ravine (its leaves +collected by Dr. Gray as early as 1842!), appearing like a large form of the +species with the aments of S. phylicifolia.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page484"></a>[+][+] <i>Pedicels twice the length of the gland; style elongated.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>S. cándida</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Sage W. Hoary W.</span>) Leaves lanceolate or +linear-lanceolate, 2–4´ long, taper-pointed or the lowest obtuse, rather rigid, +downy above, becoming glabrate, <i>beneath covered with a dense white tomentum</i>, +the revolute margin subentire; <i>stipules lanceolate, about as long as the petioles</i>; +aments cylindrical, densely flowered, 2´ long in fruit; anthers red; the dark +gland elongated; capsule densely white-woolly; style dark red; stigmas short, +spreading, notched.—Cold bogs, N. Eng. and N. J. to Iowa, and northward.—A +hoary shrub 2–5° high; young shoots white-woolly, the older red. Two +beautiful hybrids, with n. 10 and n. 14, have been found near Flint, Mich. +(<i>Dr. Clarke</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>S. phylicifòlia</b>, L. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, +somewhat equally pointed or obtuse at both ends, remotely and minutely repand-toothed, +2–3´ long, <i>very smooth on both sides</i>, dark green and shining above, +glaucous beneath, at length coriaceous; <i>stipules obsolete</i>; aments sessile with +a few small bracts at base, 1´ long, rather densely flowered, oblong-cylindric, +the fertile somewhat stipitate, becoming 2´ long in fruit; scales dark, silky-villous; +capsule conic-rostrate from an ovoid base; stigmas bifid or entire, +yellow drying black. (S. chlorophylla, of <i>Man.</i>; S. chlorophylla, var. denudata, +<i>Anders</i>.)—Moist ravines on alpine summits of the White Mountains, +and of Mt. Mansfield, Vt.—A divaricately much branched shrub 1–10° high; +twigs glabrous, sometimes covered with a glaucous bloom. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">viminàlis</span>, L., the <span class="smcap">Osier Willow</span> of Europe, is occasionally planted, +but soon dies out. Some of its hybrids, as <span class="smcap">S. Smithiàna</span>, Willd., etc., stand +our climate better, but cannot be regarded as adventive.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Capsules sessile; filaments and often the reddish anthers united so as to +appear as one.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">purpùrea</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Purple W.</span>) Leaves oblanceolate or tongue shaped, +slightly serrulate, very smooth, glaucescent, subopposite; stipules obsolete; +aments densely flowered, narrow-cylindrical, the sterile at least closely sessile, +with only very small bracts at base; scale small, round, crisp-villous, tipped +with dark purple; capsules grayish-tomentose, ovate-conical, obtuse.—Low +grounds; commonly cultivated for basket-rods. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Capsules glabrous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Tall shrubs, 4–10° high; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2–4´ long, acute +or acuminate (on vigorous shoots rounded, truncate or cordate at base), serrate; +sterile aments very silky, with a few bracts at base, 1´ long or more, the fertile +leafy-peduncled, in fruit 2´ long or more; capsules tapering, pointed.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Leaves soon smooth; capsules long-pedicelled; style medium.</i></p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>S. cordàta</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Heart-leaved W.</span>) <i>Leaves oblong-lanceolate +or narrower</i>, on the flowering branches often tapering at base, sharply serrate, +finely denticulate or subentire, <i>green both sides or scarcely paler beneath</i>, the +young often silky or downy, especially on the midrib, not turning black in +drying; stipules reniform or ovate, serrate, usually large and conspicuous; +<i>aments rather slender</i>; capsules greenish or refuscent, 2–3´´ long. (S. rigida, +<i>Muhl.</i>)—Var. <span class="smcap">angustàta</span>, Anders. Leaves narrower, gradually acuminate, +finely serrate.—In wet places and along streams, etc.; our most widely distributed +and variable species.—S. <span class="smcap">myricoìdes</span>, Muhl. (S. cordata, var. myricoides,<a name="page485"></a> +<i>Darl</i>., Fl. Cestr., 3 ed.), is a hybrid between this species and S. sericea, +having the leaves, even those of the most vigorous shoots, tapering and rather +acute at base, glaucous or glaucescent beneath and sparsely appressed-hairy; +stipules small, ovate, pointed; capsules more or less silky when young, becoming +glabrate, shortly pedicelled; twigs brittle at base. A hybrid with the +European S. incana (surprising on account of the rarity of the cultivated +parent) is found at Ithaca, N. Y. (<i>Dudley</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>S. glaucophýlla</b>, Bebb. <i>Leaves varying from ovate with a broadly +rounded base to oblong-lanceolate</i> and equally pointed at both ends (3–4´ long, +nearly 2´ wide), glandular-serrate, <i>subcoriaceous, glabrous throughout, dark green +and shining above, glaucous beneath</i>, the young drying black; stipules large, ear-shaped, +dentate; <i>aments thick, oblong-cylindrical</i>, in size and silkiness resembling +n. 6; capsules attenuate-rostrate, 3–5´ long, greenish, drying brown.—Var. +<span class="smcap">angustifòlia</span>, Bebb; leaves narrower (3´ long, ¾´ wide), pointed at both +ends. (S. angustata, of ed. 2, in part.)—Var. <span class="smcap">brevifòlia</span>, Bebb; leaves +obovate, about 1´ long, strongly veined.—Common on the sand dunes of +Lake Michigan, and occasionally found away from the lake shore in N. Ill. +and Wisc.</p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>S. balsamífera</b>, Barratt. <i>Leaves broadly rounded and usually subcordate +at base, at first very thin, subpellucid</i> and of a rich reddish color, <i>at +length rigid, dark green above, paler or glaucous and prominently reticulate-veined +beneath</i>, slightly glandular-serrulate; petioles long and slender; <i>stipules obsolete; +fertile aments becoming very lax in fruit</i>, the long slender pedicels 6–8 +times the length of the gland; style short. (S. pyrifolia, <i>Anders.</i>)—In open +swamps along our northern boundary, Maine to Minn., and northward; White +Mountains of N. H. (<i>Little</i>, 1823; rediscovered by <i>Pringle</i>, and <i>C. E.</i> and <i>E. +Faxon</i>). A much branched shrub, growing in clumps; recent twigs shining-chestnut +on the sunny side.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Leaves clothed, even when fully grown, with a long silky tomentum on both +sides, which is finally deciduous; capsule subsessile; style elongated.</i></p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>S. adenophýlla</b>, Hook. Leaves ovate or very broadly lanceolate, +cuspidate-acuminate (1–2´ long), dull green both sides, very closely serrate +with fine projecting gland-tipped teeth; stipules conspicuous, ovate-cordate, +glandular-serrate, exceeding the short stout petioles, which are dilated at base +and embrace the obtuse silky buds; aments leafy-peduncled, the fertile not +rarely becoming 4´ long, densely flowered.—Shores of the Great Lakes, rooting +extensively in the sand-dunes. A large straggling shrub, with stout tomentose +twigs and crowded leaves. Hybridizes with S. cordata.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Low erect shrub, 1–3° high; leaves small, entire; capsules oblong-cylindric; +stigmas sessile or nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>S. myrtilloìdes</b>, L. Leaves elliptic-obovate, about 1´ long, obtuse +or somewhat pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, somewhat coriaceous when +mature, revolute, reticulated, pale or glaucous beneath, fertile aments oblong, +loosely few-flowered, borne on long leafy peduncles; capsules reddish green; +pedicels slender, twice the length of the nearly smooth greenish yellow scale.—Var. +<span class="smcap">pedicellàris</span>, Anders.; leaves oblong-linear or oblanceolate, 1–2½' +long.—Cold peat-bogs, N. Eng. and N. J. to Iowa, and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page486"></a>[+][+][+] <i>Prostrate or creeping and matted alpine shrubs.</i></p> + +<p class="species">19. <b>S. Uva-úrsi</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Bearberry W.</span>) <i>Leaves elliptical</i> and +pointed, or obovate and obtuse, less than 1´ long, 3–4´´ wide, tapering at base, +slightly toothed, strongly veined, smooth and shining above, pale and rather +glaucous beneath; <i>aments borne on slender lateral leafy peduncles, oblong-cylindric</i>, +6–9´´ long, the fertile lengthening to 2´ and narrowly cylindric, <i>densely +flowered</i> above, often loose below; <i>scales</i> obovate, rose-red at the tip, <i>covered +with long silky hairs</i>; stamens rarely 2; capsule ovate-conical, brownish at +maturity; pedicel scarcely exceeding the gland; style distinct. (S. Cutleri, +<i>Tuckerm.</i>)—Abundant over all the alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y. +Closely prostrate, spreading from a stout central root over an area 1–2° in +diameter.</p> + +<p class="species">20. <b>S. herbácea</b>, L. <i>Leaves roundish oval</i>, heart-shaped, obtuse or retuse, +less than 1´ long, serrate, smooth and shining, reticulately veined; <i>aments terminating +2-leaved branchlets, small, ovoid, 4–10 flowered; scales</i> concave, obovate, +obtuse, <i>glabrous</i> or slightly pubescent; capsule subsessile.—Alpine summits +of the White Mountains, and far northward. A very small herb-like species, +the half-underground stems creeping and rooting to a considerable extent, the +branches seldom rising above 1–2´ from the ground. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="populus"><b>2. PÓPULUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Poplar. Aspen.</span></p> + +<p>Bracts (<i>scales</i>) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from +a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8–30, or +more; filaments distinct. Stigmas 2–4, elongated. Capsules 2–4-valved.—Trees, +with broad and more or less heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves, and +often angular branches. Buds scaly, covered with resinous varnish. Catkins +long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The classical Latin name, +of uncertain origin.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Styles 2, with 2–3 narrow or filiform lobes; capsules thin, oblong-conical, +2-valved; seeds very small; leaves ovate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Petioles laterally flattened; bracts silky; stamens 6–20; capsules numerous, +small, on very short pedicels.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">álba</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">White Poplar. Abele.</span>) The younger branches and the +under surface of the rhombic-oval sinuate-toothed acute leaves white-tomentose; +scales crenate, fringed.—Frequently cultivated for shade, spreading +widely by the root, and occasionally spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. tremuloìdes</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">American Aspen.</span>) Small tree 20–50° +high, with smooth greenish-white bark; <i>leaves roundish-heart-shaped</i>, with a +short sharp point, and <i>small somewhat regular teeth</i>, smooth on both sides, with +downy margins, on long slender petioles; <i>scales cut into 3–4 deep linear divisions</i>, +fringed with long hairs.—Maine to the mountains of Penn., N. Ky., +Minn., and far north and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. grandidentàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Large-toothed Aspen.</span>) Tree 60–75° +high, with smoothish gray bark; <i>leaves roundish-ovate, with large and irregular +sinuate teeth</i>, when young densely covered with white silky wool, at +length smooth both sides; <i>scales cut into 5–6 unequal small divisions</i>, slightly +fringed.—Rich woods and borders of streams, N. Scotia to the mountains of +N. C., west to N. Minn. and Tenn.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page487"></a>[*][*] <i>Petioles terete; bracts not silky; stamens 12–60.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. heterophýlla</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Downy Poplar.</span>) Tree 40–80° high; leaves +ovate with a somewhat truncate or cordate base, obtuse, crenate, white-woolly +when young, at length nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath; +fertile catkins few-flowered; capsules ½´ long, equalling the pedicels.—Borders +of river swamps, Conn. to Ga., and in the west from S. Ind. and Ill. to +Ark. and W. La.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Styles 2–4, with dilated lobes; capsules large, often thick, subglobose to +ovate-oblong, 2–4-valved; bracts mostly glabrous; seeds 1–2´´ long.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. balsamífera</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac.</span>) Tree 50–75° +high, the large buds varnished with a copious fragrant resin; <i>leaves +ovate-lanceolate, gradually tapering and pointed</i>, finely crenate, smooth on both +sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath, on terete petioles ½–2´ long; +scales dilated, slightly hairy; <i>stamens 20–30; capsule ovate, 2-valved</i>.—Borders +of rivers and swamps, N. New Eng. to Mich. and Minn., and far north +and westward.—Var. <span class="smcap">cándicans</span>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Balm Of Gilead.</span>) <i>Leaves broader +and more or less heart-shaped</i>; petiole commonly hairy. Common in cultivation, +but rare or unknown in a wild state.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. monilífera</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Cotton-wood. Necklace Poplar.</span>) Tree +75–150° high; <i>leaves broadly deltoid</i>, with numerous crenate serratures and +narrow very acute acumination, sometimes ovate, rarely cordate, on elongated +flattened petioles; scales lacerate-fringed, not hairy; <i>stamens 60 or more; capsules</i> +on slender pedicels (4–5´´ long) in long catkins, <i>oblong-ovate, 3–4-valved</i>. +(Incl. P. angulata, <i>Ait.</i>)—Borders of streams, western N. Eng. to Fla., west +to the Rocky Mts.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="empetraceae">Order 105. <b>EMPETRÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Crowberry Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of</i> +Heaths, <i>and the drupaceous fruit of</i> Arctostaphylos, but the divided or +laciniate stigmas, etc., of some Euphorbiaceæ;—probably only an apetalous +and polygamous or diœcious degenerate form of Ericaceæ,—comprising +three genera, two of which occur within the limits of this work, +and the third farther south.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Empetrum.</b> Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils. Sepals 3, somewhat petal-like.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Corema.</b> Flowers collected in terminal heads. Calyx none.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="empetrum">1. <b>ÉMPETRUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Crowberry.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves (inconspicuous), +scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals. +Stamens 3. Style very short; stigma 6–9-rayed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, +with 6–9 seed-like nutlets, each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo +terete, in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and very +small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from <span class="greek">ἐν</span>, <i>upon</i>, and <span class="greek">πέτρος</span>, <i>a rock</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. nìgrum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black Crowberry.</span>) Procumbent and spreading; +leaves linear-oblong, scattered; fruit black.—Newf., Mount. Desert and<a name="page488"></a> +adjacent coast of Maine, alpine summits in N. Eng. and N. Y., L. Superior, +and northward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="corema"><b>2. CORÈMA</b>, Don. <span class="smcap">Broom-Crowberry.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the +axil of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets, +but no proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slender, +3- (or rarely 4–5-) cleft; stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, +with 3 (rarely 4–5) nutlets. Seed, etc., as in the last.—Diffusely much-branched +little shrubs, with scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear heath-like +leaves. (Name <span class="greek">κόρημα</span>, <i>a broom</i>, from the bushy aspect.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Conrádii</b>, Torr. Shrub 6´–2° high, diffusely branched, nearly +smooth; drupe very small, dry and juiceless when ripe.—Sandy pine barrens +and dry rocky places, N. J. and L. Island (?), Shawangunk Mts., N. Y., coast +of S. E. Mass. and Maine, to Newf. The sterile plant is handsome in flower, +on account of the tufted purple filaments and brown-purple anthers.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="ceratophyllaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 106.</span> <b>CERATOPHYLLÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Hornwort Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary +and sessile monœcious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an 8–12-cleft +involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple 1-celled ovary, with a +suspended orthotropous ovule, seed filled by a highly developed embryo +with a very short radicle, thick oval cotyledons, and a plumule consisting of +several nodes and leaves.</i>—Consists only of the genus</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ceratophyllum"><b>1. CERATOPHÝLLUM.</b> L. <span class="smcap">Hornwort.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flowers of 10–20 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an +achene, beaked with the slender persistent style.—Herbs growing under +water, in ponds or slow-flowing streams; the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked +thread-like rigid divisions (whence the name from <span class="greek">κέρας</span>, <i>a horn</i>, and +<span class="greek">φύλλον</span>, <i>leaf</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. demérsum</b>, L. Fruit smooth, marginless, beaked with a long +persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the base on each side.—Var. +<span class="smcap">echinàtum</span>, Gray, has the fruit mostly larger (3´´ long), rough-pimpled +on the sides, the narrowly winged margin spiny-toothed.—Slow streams +and ponds, across the continent. (Eu., etc.)</p> + + +<h2 class="subclass"><a name="page489"></a>SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPÉRMÆ.</h2> + +<p>Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirely +wanting; the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), +and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. +Cotyledons often more than two.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="coniferae"><span class="smcap">Order 107.</span> <b>CONÍFERÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Pine Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped +entire leaves, and monœcious or rarely diœcious flowers in catkins or solitary, +destitute of calyx or corolla.</i> Ovules orthotropous or inverted. Embryo +in the axis of the albumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of +ducts, composed chiefly of a homogeneous large woody fibre which is +marked with circular disks on two sides.)</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder I.</span> <b>Pinàceæ.</b> Fertile flowers in scaly aments becoming +cones or berry-like. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. +Mostly monœcious and evergreen.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. ABIETINEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Pine Family</span> proper.) Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting +of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels in the form of scales, each scale in the +axil of a thin persistent bract; in fruit forming a strobile or cone. Ovules 2, adherent +to the base of each scale, inverted. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3–16. Anthers spirally +arranged upon the stamineal column, which is subtended by involucral scales. +Buds scaly. Leaves scattered (or fascicled in n. 1 and 5), linear to needle-shaped.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Cones maturing the second year, their scales becoming thickened and corky.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Pinus.</b> Leaves 2–5 in a cluster, surrounded by a sheath of scarious bud-scales.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Cones maturing the first year, their scales remaining thin.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Cones pendulous, their scales persistent; bracts smaller than the scales; leaves jointed +upon a prominent persistent base, solitary.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Picea.</b> Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides (tetragonal).</p> + +<p class="genus">3 <b>Tsuga.</b> Leaves petioled, flat.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Cones erect; bracts longer than the scales; leaf-scars not prominent.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Abies.</b> Scales of the large cone deciduous. Leaves persistent, solitary, keeled beneath.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Larix.</b> Scales of the small cone persistent. Leaves mostly fascicled, flat, deciduous.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. TAXODIEÆ.</b> Fertile aments of several spirally arranged imbricated scales, +without bracts, becoming a globular woody cone. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each +scale, erect. Leaves linear, alternate; leaf-buds not scaly.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Taxodium.</b> Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. CUPRESSINEÆ.</b> Scales of the fertile ament few, decussately opposite +or ternate, becoming a small closed cone or sort of drupe. Ovules 2 or more in their +axils, erect. Cotyledons 2 (rarely more). Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usually +scale-like and adnate, the earlier free and subulate; leaf-buds not scaly.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Monœcious; fruit a small cone; leaves opposite and foliage more or less 2-ranked.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Chamæcyparis.</b> Cone globose; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly winged.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Thuya.</b> Cone pendulous, oblong, of 8–12 imbricated scales. Seeds 2, 2-winged.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Diœcious. Fruit berry-like, with bony ovate seeds.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Juniperus.</b> Fruit-scales 3–6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><a name="page490"></a><span class="smcap">Suborder II.</span> <b>Taxàceæ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Yew Family.</span>) Flowers diœcious, +axillary and solitary, the fertile consisting of a naked erect ovule which +becomes a bony-coated seed more or less surrounded or enclosed by +the enlarged fleshy disk (or scale).</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Taxus.</b> Leaves linear, scattered. Seed surrounded by a red berry-like cup.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pinus"><b>1. PÌNUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Pine.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flower at the base of the shoot of the same spring, involucrate by a +nearly definite number of scales, consisting of numerous stamens spirally inserted +on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like connective; +anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united cells, the 2 lateral +ones empty. Fertile catkins solitary or aggregated immediately below the +terminal bud, or lateral on the young shoot, consisting of imbricated carpellary +scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract, bearing a pair of inverted +ovules at the base. Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated woody carpellary +scales, which are thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, +spreading when ripe and dry; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations +at the base of the scale; in separating carrying away a part of its lining as a +thin fragile wing. Cotyledons 3–12, linear.—Primary leaves thin and chaff-like, +merely bud-scales; from their axils immediately proceed the secondary +needle-shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds, some +thin scarious bud scales sheathing the base of the cluster. Leaves when in +pairs semicylindrical, becoming channelled; when more than 2 triangular; +their edges in our species serrulate. Blossoms developed in spring; the cones +maturing in the second autumn. (The classical Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Leaves 5, each with a single fibro-vascular bundle; sheath loose, deciduous; +cones subterminal, their scales but slightly thickened at the end and without +prickle or point; bark smooth except on old trunks.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Stróbus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">White Pine.</span>) Tree 75–160° high; leaves very +slender, glaucous; sterile flowers oval (4–5´´ long), with 6–8 involucral scales +at base; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical; cones narrow, cylindrical, +nodding, often curved (4–6´ long); seed smooth; cotyledons 8–10.—Newf. +to Penn., along the mountains to Ga., west to Minn. and E. Iowa. Invaluable +for its soft, light, white or yellowish wood, in large trees nearly free from resin.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Leaves in twos or threes, each with two fibro-vascular bundles; sheath close; +woody scales of the cones thickened at the end and usually spiny-tipped.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Cones lateral; their scales much thickened at the end; leaves rigid.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves in threes (rarely in twos in n. 2).</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. Tæ̀da</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Loblolly</span> or <span class="smcap">Old-field Pine</span>.) <i>Leaves long (6–10´), +with elongated sheaths</i>, light green; cones elongated-oblong (3–5´ long) and +tapering; <i>scales tipped with a stout incurved spine</i>.—Wet clay or dry sandy +soil, Del. to Fla. near the coast, thence to Tex. and Ark.—A tree 50–150° +high; staminate flowers slender, 2´ long, with usually 10–13 involucral scales; +seeds with 3 strong rough ridges on the under side.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. rígida</b>, Mill. (<span class="smcap">Pitch Pine.</span>) <i>Leaves</i> (3–5´ long) dark green, <i>from +short sheaths</i>; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (1–3½´ long), often in clusters; +<i>scales with a short stout recurved prickle</i>.—Sandy or barren soil, N. Brunswick<a name="page491"></a> +to N. Ga., western N. Y. and E. Ky.—A tree 30–80° high, with very rough +dark bark and hard resinous wood; sterile flowers shorter; scales 6–8.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves in twos (some in threes in n. 4 and 7).</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. púngens</b>, Michx. f. (<span class="smcap">Table Mountain Pine.</span>) <i>Leaves stout, short</i> +(1¼–2½´ long), crowded, bluish, the sheath short (very short on old foliage); +cones ovate (3½´ long), <i>the scales armed with a strong hooked spine</i> (¼´ long).—Alleghany +Mts., Penn., to N. C. and Tenn.—A rather small tree (20–60° +high); cones long-persistent.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. ínops</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Jersey</span> or <span class="smcap">Scrub Pine</span>.) <i>Leaves short</i> (1½–3´ long); +cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2–3´ long), the <i>scales tipped with a +straight or recurved awl-shaped prickle</i>.—Barrens and sterile hills, Long Island +to S. C., mostly near the coast, west through Ky. to S. Ind.—A straggling +tree at the east, 15–40° high, with spreading or drooping branchlets; larger +westward. Young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. Banksiàna</b>, Lambert. (<span class="smcap">Gray</span> or <span class="smcap">Northern Scrub Pine</span>.) <i>Leaves +short</i> (1´ long), <i>oblique, divergent</i>; cones conical, oblong, usually curved (1½–2´ +long), smooth, the <i>scales pointless</i>.—Barren sandy soil, S. Maine and N. Vt. +to S. Mich., central Minn., and northward. Straggling shrub or low tree.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. mìtis</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Yellow Pine.</span>) <i>Leaves</i> sometimes in threes, <i>from +long sheaths, slender</i> (3–5´ long); cones ovate- or oblong-conical (barely 2´ +long), the <i>scales with a minute weak prickle</i>.—Usually dry or sandy soil, Staten +Island to Fla., S. Ind., S. E. Kan. and Tex.—A straight tree, 50–100° high, +with dark green leaves more soft and slender than the preceding. The western +form has more rigid leaves and more tuberculate and spiny cones.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Cones terminal; leaves long and slender, in twos or threes.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. resinòsa</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Red Pine.</span>) Leaves <i>in twos</i> from long sheaths, +elongated (<i>5–6´ long</i>), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth <i>(about 2´ long), +their scales slightly thickened, pointless</i>; sterile flowers oblong-linear (6–9´´ +long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales which are early deciduous by +an articulation above the base.—Dry woods, Mass. to N. Penn., Mich., and +Minn., and northward.—A tall tree, with reddish, rather smooth bark and +hard wood, not very resinous.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>P. palústris</b>, Mill. (<span class="smcap">Long-leaved, Yellow</span>, or <span class="smcap">Georgia Pine</span>.) +Leaves <i>in threes</i> from long sheaths, <i>very long</i> (10–15´), crowded at the summit +of very scaly branches; sterile flowers 2½–3´ long, rose-purple; <i>cones large</i>, +cylindrical or conical-oblong <i>(6–10´ long), the thick scales armed with a short +recurved spine</i>. (P. australis, <i>Michx.</i>)—Sandy soil, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex. +A large tree, with thin-scaled bark and exceedingly hard and resinous wood.</p> + +<p class="species">(Addendum) 10. <b>P. ponderòsa</b>, Dougl., var. <b>scopulòrum</b>, Engelm. Leaves in +twos or usually threes from long sheaths, 3–6´ long, rather rigid; staminate +flowers 1´ long; cones subterminal, 2–3´ long, oval, often 3–5 together, the +prominent summit of the thick scales bearing a stout straight or incurved +prickle.—Central Neb. and westward in the Rocky Mountains.—A large tree +with very thick bark.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="picea"><b>2. PÌCEA</b>, Link. <span class="smcap">Spruce.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flowers axillary (or sometimes terminal) on branchlets of the preceding +year; anthers tipped with a rounded recurved appendage, their cells opening +lengthwise. Fertile catkins and cones terminal; cones maturing the first +year, pendulous; their scales thin, not thickened nor prickly-tipped, persistent. +Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled above and below (4-sided), pointing +every way. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The classical Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. nìgra</b>, Link. (<span class="smcap">Black Spruce.</span>) <i>Branchlets pubescent</i>; leaves short +(usually 4–8´´ long), either dark green or glaucous-whitish; <i>cones ovate or ovate-oblong</i><a name="page492"></a> +(10–20´´ long), <i>mostly recurved, persistent</i>, the <i>rigid scales</i> with a thin denticulate +edge. (Abies nigra, <i>Poir.</i>)—Swamps and cold mountain woods, New +Eng. to Penn., central Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains +to Ga. A tree 40–70° high.—Var. <span class="smcap">rùbra</span>, Engelm. Leaves larger +and darker; cones larger, bright red-brown, more readily deciduous.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. álba</b>, Link. (<span class="smcap">White Spruce.</span>) <i>Branchlets glabrous</i>; leaves more +slender, pale or glaucous; <i>cones nodding, cylindrical</i> (about 2´ long), pale, <i>deciduous</i>, +the thinner scales with an entire edge. (Abies alba, <i>Michx.</i>)—Northern +New Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward.—A handsomer +tree than n. 1, 50–150° high, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tsuga"><b>3. TSÙGA</b>, Carrière. <span class="smcap">Hemlock.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year's +leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales; anthers tipped with +a short spur or knob, their confluent cells opening transversely; pollen-grains +simple. Fertile catkins and cones on the end of last year's branchlets; cones +maturing the first year, pendulous; their scales thin, persistent. Leaves scattered, +flat, whitened beneath, appearing 2-ranked. (The Japanese name of +one of the species.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. Canadénsis</b>, Carr. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse (½´ long); +cones oval (6–8´´ long), of few thin scales much longer than the bracts. (Abies +Canadensis, <i>Michx.</i>)—Mostly hilly or rocky woods, N. Scotia to Del., and along +the mountains to Ala., west to Mich. and Minn.—A tall tree, with light and +spreading spray and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery beneath.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="abies"><b>4. ÀBIES</b>, Link. <span class="smcap">Fir.</span></p> + +<p>Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves; anthers tipped with a +knob, their cells bursting transversely; pollen as in Pinus. Fertile catkins +and cones erect on the upper side of spreading branches; cones maturing the +first year; their thin scales and mostly exserted bracts deciduous at maturity. +Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing vesicles. Leaves scattered, sessile, flat, +with the midrib prominent on the whitened lower surface, on horizontal +branches appearing 2-ranked. (The classical Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. balsàmea</b>, Miller. (<span class="smcap">Balsam</span> or <span class="smcap">Balm-of-Gilead Fir</span>.) Leaves +narrowly linear (6–10´´ long); <i>cones cylindrical</i> (2–4´ long, 1´ thick), violet-colored; +<i>the bracts obovate</i>, serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, <i>shorter +than the scales</i>.—Damp woods and mountain swamps, Newf. to Penn., along +the mountains to Va., west to Minn., and northward. A slender tree or at +high elevations a low or prostrate shrub.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="larix"><b>5. LÀRIX</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Larch.</span></p> + +<p>Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year's growth or +more, short or globular, developed in early spring; the sterile from leafless +buds; the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely. +Pollen-grains simple, globular. Cones as in Spruce, the scales persistent.—Leaves +needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, all foliaceous, very many in a fascicle +developed in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds, and scattered +along the developed shoots of the season. Fertile catkins crimson or red in +flower. (The ancient name.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page493"></a>1. <b>L. Americàna</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">American or Black Larch. Tamarack. +Hackmatack.</span>) Leaves short; cones ovoid (6–9´´ long), of few rounded +scales, arranged in {2/5} order.—Chiefly in cold swamps, N. Penn. to N. Ind. and +central Minn., and far northward. A slender tree, 30–100° high, with hard +and very resinous wood.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="taxodium"><b>6. TAXÒDIUM</b>, Richard. <span class="smcap">Bald Cypress.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile flowers +spiked-panicled, of few stamens; filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing +2–5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair +of ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very +thick and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at +the base. Cotyledons 6–9.—Trees, with narrow linear 2-ranked light and +deciduous leaves; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous +in autumn. (Name compounded of <span class="greek">τάξος</span>, <i>the yew</i>, and <span class="greek">εἶδος</span>, <i>resemblance</i>, +the leaves being Yew-like.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. dístichum</b>, Richard. (<span class="smcap">American Bald Cypress.</span>) Leaves linear +and spreading; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets.—Swamps, +S. Del. to S. Ill. and Mo., and southward, where it is a very large +and valuable tree. March, April.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chamaecyparis"><b>7. CHAMÆCÝPARIS</b>, Spach. <span class="smcap">White Cedar. Cypress.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile +flowers composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2–4 anther-cells +under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales decussate +in pairs, bearing few (1–4) erect bottle-shaped ovules at base. Cone +globular, firmly closed, but opening at maturity; the scales thick, pointed or +bossed in the middle; the few angled or somewhat winged seeds attached to +their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3.—Strong-scented evergreen +trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl-shaped closely appressed-imbricated +leaves, distichous branchlets, and exceedingly durable wood. (From +<span class="greek">χαμαί</span>, <i>on the ground</i>, and <span class="greek">κυπάρισσος</span>, <i>cypress</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. sphæroídea</b>, Spach. (<span class="smcap">White Cedar.</span>) Leaves minute, pale, +ovate or triangular-awl-shaped, often with a small gland on the back, closely +imbricated in 4 rows; anther-cells 2 under each scale; cones small (3–5´´ in +diameter) of about 3 pairs of scales; seeds slightly winged. (Cupressus thyoides, +<i>L.</i>)—Swamps, S. Maine to Fla. and Miss. A tree 30–90° high, the +wood and fibrous shreddy bark, as well as foliage, much as in Arbor Vitæ.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="thuya"><b>8. THÙYA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Arbor Vitæ.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers mostly monœcious on different branches, in very small terminal +ovoid catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 +anther-cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each +bearing 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2.—Small +evergreen trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, and closely imbricated, small, +appressed, persistent leaves; these of two sorts, on different or successive +branchlets; one awl-shaped; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate to the +branch. (<span class="greek">Θυἶα</span> or <span class="greek">Θύα</span>, the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page494"></a>1. <b>T. occidentális</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Arbor Vitæ. White Cedar.</span>) Leaves appressed-imbricated +in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets; scales of the cones +pointless; seeds broadly winged all round.—Swamps and cool rocky banks, +N. Brunswick to Penn., along the mountains to N. C., west to Minn. A tree +20–50° high, with pale shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="juniperus"><b>9. JUNÍPERUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Juniper.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious, or occasionally monœcious, in very small lateral catkins. +Anther-cells 3–6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile +catkins ovoid, of 3–6 fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit forming +a sort of berry, which is scaly-bracted underneath, bluish-black with white +bloom. Seeds 1–3, ovate, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2.—Evergreen trees +or shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves, often of two shapes in § 2. +(The classical name.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. OXYCÉDRUS. <i>Aments axillary; leaves in whorls of 3, free and jointed +at base, linear-subulate, prickly-pointed, channelled and white glaucous above.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>J. commùnis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Juniper.</span>) Shrub or small tree, with +spreading or pendulous branches; leaves rigid, more or less spreading (5–9´´ +long); berry dark blue (3´´ or more in diameter).—Dry sterile hills, common.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>alpìna</b>, Gaud., is a decumbent or prostrate form, with shorter (2–4´´ +long) less spreading leaves.—Maine to Minn., and northward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. SABÌNA. <i>Aments terminal; leaves mostly opposite, of two forms, i.e., +awl-shaped and loose, and scale-shaped, appressed-imbricated and crowded, +the latter with a resiniferous gland on the back.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>J. Sabìna</b>, L., var. <b>procúmbens</b>, Pursh. <i>A procumbent, prostrate +or sometimes creeping shrub</i>; scale-like leaves acute; <i>berry on short recurved +peduncles</i>, 3–5´´ in diameter.—Rocky banks, borders of swamps, etc., N. Eng. +to N. Minn., and northward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>J. Virginiàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Red Cedar</span> or <span class="smcap">Savin</span>.) <i>From a shrub to a tree +60–90° high</i>, pyramidal in form; scale-like leaves obtuse or acutish, entire; +<i>berries on straight peduncles</i>, about 3´´ in diameter.—Dry hills or deep swamps, +common. Bark shreddy, and heart-wood red and aromatic.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="taxus"><b>10. TÁXUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Yew.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers mostly diœcious, or sometimes monœcious, axillary from scaly buds; +the sterile small and globular, formed of a few naked stamens; anther-cells +3–8 under a shield-like somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers solitary, +scaly-bracted at base, consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule, with an annular +disk, which becomes cup-shaped around its base and at length pulpy and +berry-like, globular and red, nearly enclosing the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2.—Leaves +evergreen, flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical +name, probably from <span class="greek">τόξον</span>, <i>a bow</i>; the wood anciently used for bows.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. Canadénsis</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">American Yew. Ground Hemlock.</span>) +A low straggling bush, the stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green +both sides. (T. baccata, var. Canadensis, <i>Willd.</i>)—Moist banks and hills, +especially under evergreens; Newf. to N. J., Iowa, Minn., and northward.</p> + + +<h2 class="class"><a name="page495"></a><span class="smcap">Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.</span></h2> + +<p>Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and +pith, but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads +which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue; perennial +trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly parallel-veined +(nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom separating +by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered and +not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes. Embryo +with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plumule +alternate.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="hydrocharidaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 108.</span> <b>HYDROCHARIDÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Frog's-bit Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Aquatic herbs, with diœcious or polygamous regular flowers, sessile or on +scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, +which in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1–3-celled +ovary.</i> Stamens 3–12, distinct or monadelphous; anthers 2-celled. +Stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. +Seeds ascending, without albumen; embryo straight.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. HYDRILLEÆ.</b> Stem elongated, submerged, leafy. Spathes small, sessile.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Elodea.</b> Leaves verticillate (rarely opposite). Perianth-tube long-filiform.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. VALLISNERIEÆ.</b> Stemless. Leaves elongated. Spathes pedunculate.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Vallisneria.</b> Submerged; grass-like. Fertile flower solitary on a very long scape.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. STRATIOTEÆ.</b> Stem very short, with crowded leaves. Spathes pedunculate. +Ovary 6–9-celled.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Limnobium.</b> Stemless, floating; broad leaves long-petioled.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="elodea"><b>1. ELODÈA</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">Water-weed.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers polygamo-diœcious, solitary and sessile from a sessile tubular 2-cleft +axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute, with 3 sepals barely united +at base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals; filaments short and united +at base, or none; anthers 3–9, oval. Fertile flowers pistillate or apparently +perfect; perianth extended into an extremely long capillary tube; the limb +6-parted; the small lobes obovate, spreading. Stamens 3–9, often with imperfect +anthers or none. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentæ, each bearing +a few orthotropous ovules; the capillary style coherent with the tube of +the perianth; stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, +coriaceous, few-seeded.—Perennial slender submerged herbs, with elongated +branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid and veinless, 1-nerved, sessile, +whorled or opposite leaves. The staminate flowers (rarely seen) commonly +break off, as in Vallisneria, and float on the surface, where they expand and +shed their pollen around the stigmas of the fertile flowers, raised to the surface<a name="page496"></a> +by the prolonged calyx-tube, which varies in length according to the depth of +the water. (Name from <span class="greek">ἑλώδης</span>, <i>marshy</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. Canadénsis</b>, Michx. Leaves in 3's or 4's, or the lower opposite, +varying from linear to oval-oblong, minutely serrulate; stamens 9 in the sterile +flowers, 3 or 6 almost sessile anthers in the fertile. (Anacharis Canadensis, +<i>Planchon.</i>)—Slow streams and ponds, common. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="vallisneria"><b>2. VALLISNÈRIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Tape-grass. Eel-grass.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers strictly diœcious; the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a +conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne +on a very short scape; stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile +in a tubular spathe upon an exceedingly lengthened scape. Perianth (calyx) +3-parted in the sterile flowers; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent with +the 1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate); +also 3 linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules +very numerous, scattered over the walls, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindrical, +berry-like.—Stemless plants, with long linear grass-like leaves, wholly +submerged. The staminate clusters being confined to the bottom by the shortness +of the scape, the flower-buds themselves break from their short pedicels +and float on the surface, where they shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, +which are raised to the surface by sudden growth at the same time; afterwards +the thread-form scapes (2–4 feet long) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit +under water to ripen. (Named for <i>Ant. Vallisneri</i>, an early Italian botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>V. spiràlis</b>, L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like (1–6° long), +obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined.—Common in +slow waters, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="limnobium"><b>3. LIMNÒBIUM</b>, Richard. <span class="smcap">American Frog's-bit.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious, (or monœcious?) from sessile or somewhat peduncled +spathes; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled flowers; +the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or +cleft; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united +in a central solid column, bearing 6–12 linear anthers at unequal heights; +there are 3–6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary +6–9-celled, with as many placentæ in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded +berry in fruit; stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped.—A +stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, proliferous by runners, +with long-petioled and round-heart shaped leaves, which are spongy-reticulated +and purplish underneath; rootlets slender, hairy. Sterile flowers rather small; +the fertile larger; peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals white? (Name from +<span class="greek">λιμνόβιος</span>, <i>living in pools</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Spóngia</b>, Richard. Leaves 1–2´ long, faintly 5-nerved; peduncle +of sterile flower about 3´ long and filiform, of the fertile only 1´ long and stout.—Stagnant +water, N. J. to Fla.; also L. Ontario, Ill., and Mo.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="burmanniaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 109.</span> <b>BURMANNIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Burmannia Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves, or those at the +root grass-like; the flowers perfect, with a 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, the<a name="page497"></a> +tube of which adheres to the 1-celled or 3-celled ovary; stamens 3 and distinct, +opposite the inner divisions of the perianth; capsule many-seeded, the +seeds very minute.</i>—A small, chiefly tropical family.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="burmannia"><b>1. BURMÁNNIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placentæ in the axis. Filaments 3, very short. +Style slender; stigma capitate-3-lobed. Capsule often 3-winged. (Named for +<i>J. Burmann</i>, an early Dutch botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. biflòra</b>, L. Stem low and slender (2–4´ high), 2-flowered at the +summit, or soon several-flowered; perianth (2–3´´ long) bright blue, 3-winged.—Peaty +bogs, Va. to Fla.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="orchidaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 110.</span> <b>ORCHIDÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Orchis Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, clearly distinguished by their perfect irregular flowers, with 6-merous +perianth adnate to the 1-celled ovary, with innumerable ovules on 3 parietal +placentæ, and with either one or two gynandrous stamens, the pollen cohering +in masses.</i> Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved capsule, with innumerable minute +seeds, appearing like fine saw-dust. Perianth of 6 divisions in 2 sets; the +3 outer (<i>sepals</i>) mostly of the same petal-like texture and appearance as +the 3 inner (<i>petals</i>). One of the inner set differs more or less in figure, +direction, etc., from the rest, and is called the <i>lip</i>; only the other two taking +the name of <i>petals</i> in the following descriptions. The lip is really the +upper petal, i.e. the one next to the axis, but by a twist of the ovary of +half a turn it is more commonly directed forward and brought next the +bract. Before the lip, in the axis of the flower, is the <i>column</i>, composed +of a single stamen, or in Cypripedium of two stamens and a rudiment +of a third, variously coherent with or borne on the style or thick fleshy +stigma; anther 2-celled; each cell containing one or more masses of pollen +(<i>pollinia</i>) or the pollen granular (in Cypripedium). Stigma a broad glutinous +surface, except in Cypripedium.—Perennials, often tuber-bearing +or tuberous-rooted; some epiphytes. Leaves parallel-nerved, all alternate. +Flowers often showy, commonly singular in shape, solitary, racemed, or +spiked, each subtended by a bract,—in all arranged for fertilization by +the aid of insects, very few capable of unaided self-fertilization.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. EPIDENDREÆ.</b> Anther terminal, erect or inclined, operculate. Pollinia +smooth and waxy, 4 or 8 (2 or 4 in each cell), distinct, or those in each cell (or all in n. 3 +and 7) united at base. (Pollinia 8 only in n. 7 of our genera.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Green-foliaged plants, from solid bulbs, with 1 or 2 leaves.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Column very short; leaf solitary.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Microstylis.</b> Flowers racemose, minute, greenish. Petals filiform.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Column elongated; leaves radical.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Whole plant (except the flowers) green.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Liparis.</b> Leaves 2. Raceme few-flowered. Lip flat, entire.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Calypso.</b> Leaf solitary. Flower large, solitary. Lip saccate.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] A single green autumnal leaf; otherwise mainly brownish or purplish.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Tipularia.</b> Raceme many-flowered; flowers small, greenish; lip 3-lobed.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Aplectrum.</b> Raceme loose; flowers rather large; lip 3-ridged, not spurred or saccate.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page498"></a>[*][*] Leafless, with coralloid roots; whole plant brownish or yellowish; flowers racemose.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Corallorhiza.</b> Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs. Flower gibbous or somewhat spurred, and lip +with 1–3 ridges; sepals and petals 1–3-nerved.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Hexalectris.</b> Pollinia 8, united. Flower not gibbous; sepals and petals several-nerved; +lip with 5–6 ridges.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. NEOTTIEÆ.</b> Anthers erect upon the back of the column at the summit, +or terminal and opercular. Pollinia granular or powdery, more or less cohering in 2 or 4 +delicate masses, and attached at the apex to the beak of the stigma.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Anthers without operculum, erect upon the back of the short column. Flowers small, in +spikes or racemes.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Listera.</b> Stem from a fibrous root, 2-foliate. Lip flat, 2-lobed.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Spiranthes.</b> Stems leafy below, from tuberous-fascicled roots. Flowers 1–3-ranked +in a twisted spike. Lip embracing the column below, with 2 callosities at base.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Goodyera.</b> Leaves radical, white-reticulated. Lip entire, free from the column, +saccate, without callosities.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Anther operculate, erect and jointed upon the short column. Stem stout, very leafy.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Epipactis.</b> Flowers racemose; perianth spreading; lip dilated above.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Anther terminal, operculate, incumbent; column elongated. Stem scapose or few-leaved; +flowers large, solitary or few.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Arethusa.</b> Leaf and flower solitary. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear +column. Pollinia 4.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Calopogon.</b> Leaf solitary, grass-like. Lip bearded, stalked, free. Column winged at +the apex. Pollinia 4.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Pogonia.</b> More or less leafy. Lip crested, free. Column clavate. Pollinia 2.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. OPHRYDEÆ.</b> Anther without operculum, the cells adnate to the top of +the column and often continuous with the beak of the stigma. Pollinia 2, of coarse +grains united by an elastic web, each attached at base by a stalk to a viscid gland. +Flower (in ours) ringent and spurred, spicate upon a leafy stem.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Orchis.</b> The two glands or viscid disks enclosed in a common pouch.</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Habenaria.</b> The two glands naked, either approximate or widely separated.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe IV. CYPRIPEDIEÆ.</b> Perfect anthers 2, lateral, the sterile one forming a +dilated fleshy appendage above the terminal stigma. Pollen granular, not in masses.</p> + +<p class="genus">17. <b>Cypripedium.</b> Stems more or less leafy. Perianth spreading; lip an inflated sac.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="microstylis"><b>1. MICRÓSTYLIS</b>, Nutt. <span class="smcap">Adder's-Mouth.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip auricled +or ovate at base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very small, +terete, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the erect anther between +them. Pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the +apex, waxy, without any stalks, threads, or gland.—Low herbs, from solid +bulbs, producing simple stems, which bear in our species a single leaf and a +raceme of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of <span class="greek">μικρός</span>, <i>small</i>, and +<span class="greek">στυλίς</span>, <i>a column</i> or <i>style</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. monophýllos</b>, Lindl. Slender (4–6´ high); leaf sheathing the +base of the stem, ovate-elliptical; <i>racemes spiked, long and slender; pedicels +not longer than the flowers</i>; lip long-pointed.—Cold wet swamps, N. New Eng. +to Penn., N. Ind., Minn., and northward. July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. ophioglossoìdes</b>, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of the stem, +ovate, clasping; <i>raceme short and obtuse; pedicels much longer than the flowers</i>; +lip truncate-3-lobed at the summit, the middle lobe very small.—Low moist +ground, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo. July.—Pollinia (at least +sometimes) only 1 in each cell.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="liparis"><a name="page499"></a><b>2. LÍPARIS</b>, Richard. <span class="smcap">Twayblade.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading. +Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated, +incurved, margined at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal; pollen-masses 4, +in one row (2 to each cell), slightly united in pairs, without stalk, threads, or +gland.—Small, low herbs, with solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a low +scape, which bears a raceme of few purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from +<span class="greek">λιπαρός</span>, <i>fat</i> or <i>shining</i>, in allusion to the smooth or unctuous leaves.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. liliifòlia</b>, Richard. Leaves ovate; petals thread-like, reflexed; <i>lip +large</i> (1½´ long), <i>wedge-obovate, abruptly short-pointed, brown-purplish</i>.—Moist +woodlands, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. June.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. Lœsèlii</b>, Richard. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, keeled; <i>lip +obovate or oblong</i> (2´´ long), mucronate, <i>yellowish-green, shorter than the linear +unequal petals and sepals</i>.—Bogs, N. Scotia to Md., S. Ill., and Minn. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="calypso"><b>3. CALÝPSO</b>, Salisb.</p> + +<p>Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed. +Lip larger than the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated (9´´ long), 2-pointed +underneath the apex. Column broadly winged and petal-like, ovate, bearing +the lid-like anther just below the apex; pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted, +all sessile on a square gland.—A little bog-herb; the solid bulbs producing +a single ovate or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, as in Aplectrum, and a short +(3–5´ high) scape, sheathed below, bearing a large and showy (variegated +purple, pink, and yellow) flower. (Name from the goddess <i>Calypso</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. boreàlis</b>, Salisb.—Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in +moss, with a coralloid root beneath; Maine and Vt. to Mich. and Minn., and +northward. May.—A very local and beautiful plant. Lip somewhat resembling +that of a Lady's Slipper, woolly-hairy inside. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="genus" id="tipularia"><b>4. TIPULÀRIA</b>, Nutt. <span class="smcap">Crane-fly Orchis.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals and petals spreading, oblong; the latter rather narrower. Lip prolonged +beneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length +of the flower (9–12´´ long), 3-lobed; the middle lobe linear, a little wavy, as +long as the petals, the side lobes short and triangular. Column narrow and +wingless. Anther lid-like, terminal; pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, +connected by a linear stalk with the transverse small gland.—Herb with large +solid bulbs connected horizontally, on a distinct pedicel, producing in autumn +a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a slender petiole, purplish beneath, +and in summer a long slender scape, with 1 or 2 sheaths at base, bearing a +raceme of many small greenish flowers tinged with purple. (Name from a +fancied resemblance of the flowers to insects of the genus <i>Tipula</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. díscolor</b>, Nutt. Scape 10–18´ high; lip blunt at the tip.—Sandy +woods, Vt. to N. J. and Fla., west to Mich.; very scarce.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aplectrum"><b>5. APLÉCTRUM</b>, Nutt. <span class="smcap">Putty-root. Adam-and-Eve.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth neither gibbous nor with any trace of a spur or sac at the base. +Lip free, the palate 3-ridged. Otherwise the flowers and scape (invested below<a name="page500"></a> +with 3 greenish sheaths) as in Corallorhiza; but, instead of a coral like +root, a slender naked rootstock produces each year a thick, globular, solid bulb +or corm, often 1´ in diameter (filled with exceedingly glutinous matter), which +sends up late in summer a large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, petioled, green +leaf, lasting through the winter, and early in the succeeding summer its scape +is terminated by a loose raceme of dingy rather large flowers. (The name +composed of <span class="greek">α</span>- privative and <span class="greek">πλῆκτρον</span>, <i>a spur</i>, from the total want of the +latter.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. hiemàle</b>, Nutt. Stem 1° high or more; perianth greenish-brown, +or the lip whitish, and somewhat speckled with purple, 5–6´´ long.—Woods, +in rich mould; rather rare or local, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.—Each +corm lasts 2 or 3 years before it shrivels, so that 3 or 4 are found horizontally +connected.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="corallorhiza"><b>6. CORALLORHÌZA</b>, Haller. <span class="smcap">Coral-root.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique and gibbous or obscurely spurred at +base; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, 1–3-nerved, the +upper arching; the lateral sepals ascending, their bases with that of the lip +forming the gibbosity or short spur which is mostly adnate to the summit of +the ovary; lip slightly adherent to the base of the 2-edged straightish column, +bearing a pair of projecting ridges on the face below, spreading or recurved +at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, +soft-waxy, free.—Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with +much-branched and toothed coral-like root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), +sending up a simple scape, with sheaths in place of leaves and bearing a raceme +of rather small dull-colored flowers; fruit reflexed. (Name composed of +<span class="greek">κοράλλιον</span>, <i>coral</i>, and <span class="greek">ῥίζα</span>, <i>root</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Small spur or sac adnate to the summit of the ovary; flowers small; lip +whitish or purplish, often mottled with crimson.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. innàta</b>, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish or yellowish (3–9´ +high), 5–12-flowered; pedicels very short; perianth 2–2½´´ long; <i>lip somewhat +hastately 3-lobed above the base</i>, the lamellæ thick and rather short; spur +a very small protuberance; capsule oval or elliptical (3–4´´ long).—Swamps +and damp woods, N. Eng. to northern N. J., Ohio, Mich., Minn., and northward, +and south in the mountains to Ga. May, June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. odontorhìza</b>, Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish; stem rather +slender, bulbous-thickened at base (6–16´ high), 6–20-flowered; pedicels +rather slender; perianth about 3´´ long; <i>lip entire</i> or merely denticulate, <i>thin</i>, +broadly ovate or obovate, abruptly contracted into a <i>claw-like base</i>, the lamellæ +a pair of short projections; the spur represented by a small cavity wholly adnate +to the summit of the ovary; capsule at first very acute at base, at length +short-oval (4´´ long).—Rich woods, E. Mass. (<i>Hitchings</i>) and Vt. to N. J. and +Fla., west to Mich, and Mo. May–July.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. multiflòra</b>, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9–18´ high), 10–30-flowered; +perianth 2½–4´´ long; <i>lip deeply 3-lobed</i>, with a short narrowed +base and with prominent lamellæ; spur manifest and protuberant; capsule +oblong (6–9´´ long), short-pedicelled.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to Md., west to +Mo., Iowa, and Minn. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page501"></a>§ 2. <i>Spur none; the broadly gibbous somewhat saccate base wholly free from the +ovary; flowers large for the genus, purple, unspotted, more expanding.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. striàta</b>, Lindl. Plant purplish, stout (6–16´ high), bearing 15–25 +large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels; perianth 6–7´´ long; +lip oval or obovate, perfectly entire, concave, barely narrowed at the base, +where it bears 1–3 short lamellæ; all the parts of the perianth marked with +3 darker nerves; pod oblong (9´´ long). (C. Macræi, <i>Gray</i>.)—Woods, from +L. Erie westward along the Great Lakes and to the Pacific.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hexalectris"><b>7. HEXALÉCTRIS</b>, Raf.</p> + +<p>Sepals and petals nearly equal, somewhat spreading, several-nerved, not +gibbous nor spurred at base, free. Lip obovate, with 5–6 prominent ridges +down the middle, 3-lobed above, the middle lobe somewhat concave. Pollen-masses +8, united into a single fascicle. Otherwise as in Corallorhiza. (Name +probably from <span class="greek">ἕξ</span>, <i>six</i>, and <span class="greek">ἀλεκτρυών</span>, <i>a cock</i>, from the crests of the lip.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. aphýllus</b>, Raf. Stem 1–2° high, beset with purplish scales, the +lower sheathing; flowers racemed, bracteate, brownish-purple, 6–8´´ long. +(Bletia aphylla, <i>Nutt.</i>)—Rich woods, Ky. and Mo. to Fla. and Mex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="listera"><b>8. LÍSTERA</b>, R. Brown. <span class="smcap">Twayblade.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping, +longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless; stigma with a +rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, erect, +ovate; pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland.—Roots fibrous. +Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or +raceme of greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to <i>Martin +Lister</i>, an early and celebrated British naturalist.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Column very short; sepals ovate, reflexed; plants delicate, 4–8´ high.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. cordàta</b>, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped +(½–1´ long); raceme smooth; <i>flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not longer +than the ovary; lip</i> linear, twice as long as the sepals, 1-toothed each side at +base, <i>2-cleft</i>.—Cold woods, N. J. to Mich., Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. austràlis</b>, Lindl. Leaves ovate; <i>raceme loose and slender; flowers +very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of the ovary; +lip</i> linear, 3–4 times the length of the sepals, <i>2-parted, the divisions linear-setaceous</i>.—Damp +thickets, Oswego Co., N. Y., and from N. J. to Fla. June.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Column longer, arching or straightish.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. convallarioìdes</b>, Nutt. Plant 4–9´ high; leaves oval or roundish, +and sometimes a little heart-shaped (1–1½´ long); raceme loose, pubescent; +pedicels slender, lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1-toothed +on each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly +lanceolate spreading sepals, purplish, {1/3}´ long.—Damp mossy woods, N. New +Eng. to Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to N. C.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="spiranthes"><b>9. SPIRÁNTHES</b>, Richard. <span class="smcap">Ladies' Tresses.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique on the ovary; the sepals and petals all +narrow, mostly erect or connivent, the three upper pieces sticking together<a name="page502"></a> +more or less, the two lower covering the base of the lip. Lip oblong, short +stalked or sessile, the lower part involute around the column, and with a callous +protuberance on each side of the base; the somewhat dilated summit +spreading or recurved, crisped, wavy, or rarely toothed or lobed. Column +short, oblique, bearing the ovate stigma on the front, and the sessile or short-stalked +(mostly acute or pointed) 2-celled erect anther on the back. Pollen-masses +2 (one in each cell), narrowly obovate, each 2-cleft, and split into thin +and tender plates of granular pollen united by elastic threads, and soon adhering +at base to the narrow boat-shaped viscid gland, which is set in the +slender or tapering thin beak terminating the column. After the removal of +the gland, the beak is left as a 2-toothed or 2-forked tip.—Roots clustered-tuberous; +stem more or less naked above, leaf-bearing below or at the base. +Flowers small (ours all white or greenish-white), bent horizontally, 1–3-ranked +in a spike, which is commonly more or less spirally twisted (whence the name, +from <span class="greek">σπείρα</span>, <i>a coil</i> or <i>curl</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers in 3 ranks, crowded in a close spike; leaves at the root and base of +the stem present at the flowering season.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. latifòlia</b>, Torr. Low; naked stem or scape 4–9´ (rarely 12´) high, +smooth; <i>leaves all next the base, oblong or lance-oblong</i> (1–4´ long, 3–9´´ wide), +3–5-nerved, contracted into a sheathing base; spike narrow (1–3´ long); +<i>flowers small</i> (2–3´´ long); lip quadrate-oblong, yellowish on the face, not +contracted in the middle, thin, wavy-crisped at the very obtuse or truncate +apex, the small <i>callosities</i> at the base <i>oblong, marginal and adnate</i> for their +whole length; gland and beak of the stigma short.—Moist banks, Vt. and +W. Mass. to Mich. and Minn., south to Del. and Md.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. Romanzoffiàna</b>, Cham. Stem <i>leafy below and leafy-bracted above</i> +(5–15´ high); leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to grassy-linear; spike +dense, oblong or cylindrical (1–4´ long); perianth curved and the summit +<i>manifestly ringent</i>, pure white (4´´ long), the sepals and petals all connivent +in the upper portion or galea; the <i>lip ovate-oblong, contracted below the rounded +wavy-crenulate much recurved summit</i>, otherwise entire, the callosities at base +globular and smooth; gland oblong-linear and the 2-horned <i>beak of the stigma +short</i>.—High and cool bogs, N. New Eng. to Mich. and Minn., and northward; +Norfolk, Conn. (<i>Barbour</i>); central N. Y. July, Aug. (Ireland.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. cérnua</b>, Richard. Stem <i>leafy below and leafy-bracted</i> above (6–20´ +high); <i>leaves linear-lanceolate</i>, the lowest elongated (4–12´ long, 2–9´´ wide); +spike cylindrical, rather dense (2–5´ long) and with the white fragrant flowers +either pubescent or nearly smooth; perianth horizontal or recurving (4–5´´ +long), the <i>lower sepals not upturned</i> or connivent with the upper; <i>lip oblong</i> +and very obtuse when outspread, but conduplicate or the margins much incurved, +wavy-crisped above the middle, especially at the flattish and recurved-spreading +apex, the callosities at the base prominent, nipple-shaped, somewhat +hairy; gland of the stigma linear, in a <i>long and very slender beak</i>.—Common +in wet places, especially eastward and southward. Sept., Oct. Very variable +in size and foliage, often nearly losing its root-leaves at flowering time.—A +variety, growing in dry ground but retaining its leaves and blooming somewhat +later, has greenish cream-colored or yellowish stronger-scented flowers. +E. Mass. and Del.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page503"></a>[*][*] <i>Flowers in one straight or spirally twisted rank.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Stem bearing elongated leaves at and toward the base, which mostly persist +during the flowering season.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. præ̀cox</b>, Watson. Root of fleshy or tuberous-thickened fibres; +stem 9´–2° high; lower and root-leaves linear or lance-linear (3–8´ long, 2–4´´ +wide) gradually tapering to the base, the upper reduced to sheathing bracts; +spike linear, dense (2–5´ long), usually much twisted, the axis, ovaries, etc., +downy-pubescent; bracts ovate and gradually, or rhombic-ovate and abruptly +taper-pointed, surpassing the ovary, the margins broadly hyaline; perianth 3´´ +long; lip ovate-oblong when outspread, with rather small callosities at base, +crisped at the rounded slightly recurved apex; anther and beak of the stigma +very acute. (S. graminea, var. Walteri, <i>Gray</i>.)—Wet, grassy places, Mass. +to N. J. and Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Scape very slender, merely bracted; the leaves with a blade all in a cluster +at the ground, ovate or oblong, abruptly contracted into a petiole, commonly +withering away at or before flowering; flowers small, and whole plant glabrous +or nearly so; bracts small, sharp-pointed, not longer than the capsule.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. grácilis</b>, Bigelow. <i>Roots clustered, tuberous-thickened</i>; scape 8–18´ +high, bearing a slender many-flowered one-sided or twisted spike; perianth +barely 1½–2´´ long; <i>lip oval</i> when outspread, narrowly oblong in natural form, +<i>thickish and green above</i> with thin white margins, the recurved obtuse or acutish +apex wavy-crisped, the callosities at the base nipple-shaped.—Hilly woods +and sandy plains, common. July–Oct.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. símplex</b>, Gray. Root a <i>solitary oblong or spindle-shaped tuber</i>; no +leaves at flowering time; scape 5–9´ high, bearing a small narrow (rarely 1-sided) +spike (1–3´ long) of <i>very short flowers</i> (perianth 1–1½´´ long); <i>lip thin, +white, obovate-oblong</i>, the apex eroded and crisped, the callosities at the base +slender.—Dry sandy soil, E. Mass. to N. J., Del., and Md. Aug., Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="goodyera"><b>10. GOODYÈRA</b>, R. Br. <span class="smcap">Rattlesnake-Plantain.</span></p> + +<p>Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire, and without callosities at base. Otherwise +as Spiranthes.—Root of thick fibres, from a somewhat fleshy creeping rootstock, +bearing a tuft of thickish petioled leaves, usually reticulated with white +veining. Scape, spike, and the greenish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy. +(Dedicated to <i>John Goodyear</i>, an early English botanist.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Lip strongly saccate-inflated and with a short spreading or recurved tip; +anther short, borne on a distinct filament attached to the back of the short +column, blunt; gland-bearing tip or beak of the stigma very short.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. rèpens</b>, R. Br. Small (5–8´ high) and slender; leaves ovate, +more or less white-reticulated (about 1´ long); <i>flowers several, in a loose 1-sided +spike</i>; lip with an ovate recurved tip; sepals ovate.—Woods, under evergreens, +common northward and through the Alleghanies. Aug. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. pubéscens</b>, R. Br. Larger; leaves strongly white-reticulated; +scape 6–12´ high, the <i>numerous crowded flowers not one-sided</i>; tip of the +<i>globular lip very short</i>; otherwise like the preceding, and too near to it.—Rich +woods, Newf. to Fla., west to Mich. and Minn.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page504"></a>§ 2. <i>Lip barely saccate below, tapering and its sides involute above; anther ovate, +long-pointed, borne on the base of the very short column, which is continued +above the stigma into a conspicuous tapering awl-shaped gland-bearing beak.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>G. Menzièsii</b>, Lindl. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute (2–3´ long), less +white-reticulated than the preceding, some not at all so; scape 9–12´ high; +flowers rather numerous in a looser often 1-sided spike; flower-buds less pubescent, +elongated-ovate and pointed; lip with the saccate-conduplicate lower +portion gradually tapering into the narrow barely spreading summit.—Woods, +Gaspe and Tadousac, L. Can. (<i>J. A. Allen, Goodale</i>); Crawford, N. H. (<i>Miss +Minns</i>); western N. Y. to Minn., and westward. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="epipactis"><b>11. EPIPÁCTIS</b>, Haller.</p> + +<p>Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading. Lip free, deeply concave at base, +narrowly constricted and somewhat jointed in the middle, the upper portion +dilated and petaloid. Column short, erect. Anther sessile behind the broad +truncate stigma, on a slender-jointed base; pollen-masses coarsely granular, +becoming attached to the gland capping the small rounded beak of the stigma.—Stem +leafy, with racemed flowers, conspicuous bracts, and ovaries reflexed +at maturity. (The ancient Greek name of a plant.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. Helleborìne</b>, Crantz. Stems 1–2° high; leaves broadly ovate (2–3´ long), +pointed, plicate, the upper narrower; raceme pubescent, 30–50-flowered, +1-sided; flowers varying from light greenish-yellow to dark purple; sepals +ovate-lanceolate, 3–4´´ long; petals rather smaller; lip ovate, pointed above, +with a dark centre. (E. latifolia, <i>All.</i>)—Near Syracuse and Buffalo, N. Y.; +the only known stations. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="arethusa"><b>12. ARETHÙSA</b>, Gronov.</p> + +<p>Flower ringent; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at base, +ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recurved-spreading +toward the summit; very slightly gibbous at base. Column adherent to the +lip below, petal-like, dilated at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate +cells; pollen-masses powdery-granular, 2 in each cell.—Beautiful +low herbs, consisting of a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated +usually by a single large rose-purple flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, +hidden in the sheaths of the scape, protruding after flowering. (Dedicated to +the nymph <i>Arethusa</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. bulbòsa</b>, L. Flower single (rarely 2), erect (1–2´ long), with an +entire lip recurved at the apex and bearded-crested down the face.—Bogs, +Newf. to the mountains of N. C., west to Ind. and Minn.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="calopogon"><b>13. CALOPÒGON</b>, R. Br.</p> + +<p>Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on +the upper or inner side. Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading, +distinct. Lip spreading, distant from the column, raised on a narrowed base or +stalk, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column +free, slender, winged at the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile; pollen-masses +4 (two in each cell), of soft powdery grains, lightly connected by delicate<a name="page505"></a> +threads.—Scape from a small solid bulb, sheathed below by the base of +the grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several large flowers. Bracts minute. +(Name composed of <span class="greek">καλός</span>, <i>beautiful</i>, and <span class="greek">πώγων</span> <i>beard</i>, from the bearded lip.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. pulchéllus</b>, R. Br. Leaf linear; scape about 1° high, 2–6-flowered; +flowers 1´ broad, pink-purple; lip as if hinged at the insertion, beautifully +bearded toward the dilated summit with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped +hairs.—Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pogonia"><b>14. POGÒNIA</b>, Juss.</p> + +<p>Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobed. +Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like, +stalked; pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular. (<span class="greek">Πωγωνίας</span> +<i>bearded</i>, from the lip of some of the original species.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pale rose-color, sometimes white.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. ophioglossoìdes</b>, Nutt. Root of thick fibres; stem (6–9´ high) +bearing a single oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle and a smaller one or +bract near the terminal flower, rarely one or two others with a flower in the +axil; flower 1´ long, sweet-scented; lip spatulate, appressed below to the column, +beard-crested and fringed.—Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to N. Ind. and +Minn. June, July. (Japan.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. péndula</b>, Lindl. Stem (3–8´ high) from oblong tubers, bearing +3 to 7 alternate ovate-clasping very small (3–6´´) leaves, the upper 1–4 with +drooping flowers in their axils on slender pedicels; perianth ½´ long, narrow; +lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughish or crisped above, crestless.—Damp +woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Wisc. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Sepals linear, dingy or brownish, longer and much narrower than the erect +or connivent petals; lip 3-lobed at the apex, crested down the middle, beardless; +flowers solitary (or rarely a pair), terminal; root a cluster of fibres.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. divaricàta</b>, R. Br. Stem (1–2° high) bearing <i>a lanceolate leaf in +the middle, and a leafy bract</i> next the flower, which is recurved on the ovary; +but the sepals ascending or diverging, spatulate-linear, longer than the lanceolate-spatulate +pointed and flesh-colored petals, these about 1–1½´ long.—Wet +pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. June, July.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. verticillàta</b>, Nutt. Stem (6–12´ high) naked, except some small +scales at the base and a <i>whorl of mostly 5 obovate or obovate-oblong sessile leaves</i> +at the summit; flower dusky purplish, on a <i>peduncle longer than the ovary and +capsule; sepals more than twice the length of the petals</i>, narrowly linear, spreading +from a mostly erect base (1½–2´ long); lip with a narrow crest down the +middle.—Low woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ind. and Wisc.; rather rare, +especially eastward. May, June. Glaucous when young. Fruit-stalk erect, +about 1½´ long, more than half the length of the leaves.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. affìnis</b>, Austin. Somewhat smaller than the preceding; leaves +paler and rather narrower; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellowish or greenish; +<i>peduncle much shorter than the ovary and capsule; sepals but little longer than +the petals</i>, tapering to the base; lip crested over the whole face and on the +middle of the lobes.—Low woods, S. W. Conn., S. New York, and N. New +Jersey; rare.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="orchis"><a name="page506"></a><b>15. ÓRCHIS</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Flower ringent; the sepals and petals nearly equal. Lip turned downward, +coalescing with the base of the column, spurred below. Anther-cells contiguous +and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous coarse waxy grains, which are +collected on a cobweb-like elastic tissue into 2 large masses (one filling each +anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, the base of which is attached to a gland +or sticky disk of the stigma, the two glands contained in a common little pouch +or hooded fold, placed just above the orifice of the spur. Flowers showy, in a +spike.—Our species with low scape-like stems, with 1 or 2 leaves at base, from +fleshy-fibrous roots. (<span class="greek">Ὁρχις</span>, the ancient name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. spectábilis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Showy Orchis.</span>) Root of thick fleshy fibres, <i>producing +2 oblong-obovate shining leaves</i> (3–6´ long), and a few-flowered 4 angled +scape (4–7´ high); bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; sepals and petals all lightly +united to form the vaulted galea or upper lip, pink-purple, the ovate undivided +lip white.—Rich woods, N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. May.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>O. rotundifòlia</b>, Pursh. Stem naked above, 1<i>-leaved at base</i> (5–9´ +high), from a slender creeping rootstock; leaf varying from almost orbicular +to oblong (1½–3´ long); flowers rose-purple, the lip white and spotted with +purple, 3-lobed, and the larger middle lobe dilated and 2-lobed or strongly +notched at the summit (4–6´´ long), exceeding the ovate-oblong petals and +sepals, and the slender depending spur. (Habenaria rotundifolia, <i>Richardson</i>.)—Damp +woods and bogs, N. Maine to Vt., N. Y., Minn., and northward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="habenaria"><b>16. HABENÀRIA</b>, Willd. <span class="smcap">Rein-Orchis.</span></p> + +<p>Glands or viscid disks (to which the pollen-masses are attached) naked and +exposed, separate, sometimes widely so (becoming attached, some to the proboscis, +others to the face or head of insects feeding upon the nectar of the spur, +the pollen thus carried from one blossom to another); otherwise nearly as in +true Orchis; the lateral sepals, however, mostly spreading. (Name from <i>habena</i>, +a thong or rein, in allusion to the shape of the lip or spur of some species.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. GYMNADÈNIA. <i>Cells of the anther parallel and approximate, their +glands therefore contiguous. (Appendages of the stigma in our species two +or three and much developed, oblong or club-shaped.)</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. tridentàta</b>, Hook. Stem slender (6–12´ high), with a single oblong +or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts above; +spike 6–12-flowered, oblong; <i>flowers greenish or whitish, very small; lip wedge-oblong, +truncate, and with 3 short teeth at the apex</i>; the slender and slightly club-shaped +spur curved upward, longer than the ovary.—Wet woods, N. Eng. to +Minn. and Ind., and south in the mountains to N. C. June, July.—Root of +few fleshy fibres. Appendages of the stigma three, oblong-club-shaped, one +outside each orbicular gland and one between them, rising as high as the +anther-cell, their cellular viscid summits receiving pollen in the unopened +flower, and penetrated by pollen-tubes!</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. íntegra</b>, Spreng. Root of very fleshy fibres (or some of them +tuber-like); stem several-leaved (15´ high), the 1 or 2 lower leaves elongated, +oblong-lanceolate, acute, the others becoming smaller and bract-like; spike +densely many-flowered, oblong-cylindrical; <i>flowers orange-yellow</i>, small, <i>lip<a name="page507"></a> +ovate, entire</i> or slightly crenulate or wavy, shorter than the awl-shaped descending +spur.—Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. July.—Appendages of the +stigma two, lateral, oblong, fleshy; beak or middle appendage narrow.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>H. nívea</b>, Spreng. Stem slender, 1–1½° high, many-leaved, the 1 or +2 lower leaves lance-linear and 4–8´ long, the others small and bract-like; +spike cylindrical, loosely many-flowered; <i>flowers white, small</i>; petals and <i>entire +lip linear-oblong</i>; spur thread-shaped, ascending, as long as the white ovary, +which is not twisted.—Pine-barren swamps, S. Del. to Fla. Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. PERULÀRIA. <i>Cells of the anther nearly parallel, the valves of each extended +at base so as to form the sides of a deep oblong groove or cavity, which +is lined by the dilated orbicular and incurved gland. (Flowers small, greenish, +slender-spurred.)</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>H. viréscens</b>, Spreng. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, +the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts of the +elongated raceme; petals ovate; flowers dull green; lip furnished with a tooth +on each side and a strong nasal protuberance in the middle of the base, oblong, +truncate-obtuse, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the slender +club-shaped spur.—Wet places, common; N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and +Mo. June, July.—Stem 10–20´ high; the spike at first dense, with the bracts +longer than the flowers, at length elongated and often loose, the upper bracts +shorter than the flowers, which are quite small, and with scarcely a tinge of +yellow, drying brownish.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. PLATANTHÈRA. <i>Cells of the anther sometimes parallel, more commonly +divergent, so that their tapering bases and the exposed glands are more or less +distant. (Root a cluster of fleshy fibres, or tuberous-thickened.)</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers greenish or white, small, numerous in a close spike; spur not longer +than the entire or merely notched narrow lip; anther-cells almost parallel, +wholly adnate; stem leafy.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Spur short and sac-like; the 3 sepals and 2 narrow petals erect; glands small, +rather widely separated.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>H. bracteàta</b>, R. Br. Stem 6–12´ high; lower leaves obovate, the +upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2–4 times the +length of the green flowers; spike 10–30-flowered; lip oblong-linear or slightly +spatulate, truncate and 2–3-toothed or lobed at the tip, more than twice the +length of the white spur. (H. viridis, var. bracteata, <i>Reichenb.</i>)—Damp woods +and meadows, N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, Ind., south in the mountains to N. C., +and far northward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Spur slender, incurved, about equalling the entire lip; lateral sepals spreading.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>H. hyperbòrea</b>, R. Br. Stem very leafy (6´–2° high); <i>leaves lanceolate</i>, +erect; spike dense (2–15´ long); lower bracts lanceolate, longer than the +<i>(greenish) flowers; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal</i>, the latter spreading +from the base; anther somewhat overhanging the transversely dilated stigma; +<i>glands orbicular</i>; stalk of the pollen-masses very slender and weak.—Peat +bogs and wet cold woods, N. Eng. to N. Y., S. Ill., Iowa, and northward. +June, July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>H. dilatàta</b>, Gray. Resembles n. 6, but usually more slender, with +narrower commonly <i>linear leaves; flowers white; lip lanceolate from a rhomboidal-dilated base</i>,<a name="page508"></a> +entire, its base with the bases of the petals and sepals erect-connivent, +above spreading; anther-cells almost parallel; <i>glands approximate, +large and strap-shaped, vertical</i>, nearly as long as the pollen-mass and its short +flat stalk together; stigma narrow; a trowel-shaped conspicuous beak between +the bases of the anther-cells.—Cold bogs, Conn. to N. Y., Mich., Minn., and +northward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers greenish or white, 5–15 in a loose spike, rather large for the size of +the plant; scape or stem naked above, 1-leaved at base (5–9´ high); spur +not longer than the lip; anther-cells wholly adnate, arcuate and widely separated.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>H. obtusàta</b>, Richardson. Leaf obovate or spatulate-oblong; upper +sepal very broad and rounded, the others and the petals lance-oblong; lip entire, +linear or lanceolate, deflexed (3´´ long), about the length of the tapering +and curving spur.—Cold peat bogs, Maine and N. New Eng. (Mt. Wachusett, +Mass.), to Minn. and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Flowers white or greenish, numerous in a loose spike, on a naked scape, 2-leaved +at base; spur longer than the narrow entire lip; anther-cells widely +diverging, their narrowed beak-like bases projecting forward; stalk of the +pollen-mass laterally affixed to the back of the orbicular gland, the viscous +face of which looks obliquely inward.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>H. Hoókeri</b>, Torr. Leaves orbicular, spreading (3–4´ broad); scape +mostly naked (½–1° high), bearing 10–20 upright sessile <i>yellowish-green flowers +in a strict spike</i>; sepals ovate-lanceolate; lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved, +longer than the <i>lance-awl-shaped petals; spur slender, acute, about the length of +the ovary</i> (nearly 1´ long).—Damp woods and borders of swamps, N. Scotia +to N. J., west to Minn. and Iowa.—Var. <span class="smcap">oblongifòlia</span>, Paine, has oblong +leaves (3–5´ by 1½–2´). N. Y. and Can.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>H. orbiculàta</b>, Torr. Leaves very large (4–8´ wide), orbicular, +spreading flat on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath; scape bracted +(1–2° high), bearing many spreading <i>greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme</i>; +upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; <i>lip narrowly linear and slightly spatulate, +obtuse</i>, drooping, nearly thrice the length of the oblong-lanceolate and +falcate obtuse petals; <i>spur curved</i>, slender (about 1½´ long), gradually <i>thickened</i> +toward the blunt apex, <i>twice the length of the ovary</i>; anther-cells strongly projecting +at the free beak-like base (the glands nearly ¼´ apart).—Rich woods +(especially coniferous), Newf. to Penn. and in the mountains to N. C., west to +Mich. and Minn.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*] (<span class="smcap">Fringed Orchis.</span>) <i>Flowers several or many in an open spike, with +mostly foliaceous bracts; stem (rather tall) leafy; spur thread-shaped or +scarcely club-shaped, longer than the fringed, cleft, or dissected lip; anther-cells +widely separated and usually diverging, their narrow beak-like bases, +supported by the arms of the stigma, strongly projecting forward or partly +upward.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Lip pectinately fringed but undivided; flowers golden yellow or white; anther-cells +widely divergent, the orbicular glands as if raised on a tentacle projecting +far forward or slightly inward; ovary long, tapering to the summit.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>H. cristàta</b>, R. Br. Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated; the upper +gradually reduced to sharp-pointed <i>bracts, nearly the length of the crowded<a name="page509"></a> +(yellow) flowers</i>; spike oblong or cylindrical; petals rounded, crenate; <i>lip ovate, +with a lacerate-fringed margin, scarcely shorter than the</i> slender obtuse incurved +<i>spur</i>, which is not half the length of the ovary.—Bogs, N. J. to Fla. July. +Flowers very much smaller than in the next.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>H. ciliàris</b>, R. Br. (<span class="smcap">Yellow Fringed-Orchis.</span>) Stem 1½–2° high; +leaves oblong or lanceolate; the upper passing into pointed <i>bracts</i>, which are +<i>shorter than the ovaries</i>; spike oblong, rather closely many-flowered; <i>flowers +bright orange-yellow</i>; lateral sepal rounded, reflexed; petals linear, cut-fringed +at the apex; <i>lip oblong</i> (6´´ long), <i>about half the length of the spur furnished with +a very long and copious capillary fringe</i>.—Wet sandy places, N. Eng. to Fla. +and Tex., west to Mich. and Ind. Our most handsome species.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>H. blephariglóttis</b>, Torr. (<span class="smcap">White Fringed-Orchis.</span>) Stem 1° +high; leaves, etc., as in the last; <i>flowers white</i>, rather smaller; petals spatulate, +usually slightly cut or toothed at the apex; lip ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, +with the irregular capillary fringe of the margins usually shorter than its disk, +one third the length of the spur.—Peat bogs and borders of ponds, Newf. to +N. J., west to Mich. and Minn. July.—Var. <span class="smcap">holopétala</span>, Torr., has narrower +petals with the toothing obsolete, and the lip less fringed.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] (<span class="smcap">Greenish Fringed-Orchis.</span>) <i>Lip 3-parted above the stalk-like base, the +divisions cut into capillary fringes; flowers greenish- or yellowish-white; +anther-cells not very divergent, the beaked bases projecting forward; the +large glands oval or lanceolate, nearly facing each other; ovary short-tapering +above; spurs long, clavate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>H. leucophæ̀a</b>, Gray. Stem 2–4° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate; +the bracts similar, rather shorter than the (large, fragrant) flowers; spike +commonly elongated, loose; <i>petals obovate, minutely cut-toothed; divisions of +the lip</i> (7–10´´ long) <i>broadly wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, many-cleft to the +middle into a copious thread-like fringe</i>; spur longer than the ovary (1–1½´ +long); glands transversely oval.—Moist meadows, western N. Y. to Ky., Mo., +and Minn. July.</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>H. lácera</b>, R. Br. (<span class="smcap">Ragged Fringed-Orchis.</span>) Leaves oblong or +lanceolate; raceme loosely many-flowered; <i>petals oblong-linear, entire; divisions +of the lip narrow, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes</i>; spur +about the length of the ovary; <i>glands oblong-linear</i>, as long as the stalk of the +pollen-mass.—Bogs and moist thickets, N. Scotia to N. C. and Ga., west to +Minn. and Mo.; common. July.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] (<span class="smcap">Purple Fringed-Orchis.</span>) <i>Lip fan-shaped, 3-parted above the stalk-like +base, the divisions erosely fringed; flowers purple; anther-cells widely +separated, little divergent, the orbicular glands oblique; ovary contracted +only at the summit; the long curving spur somewhat clavate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>H. psycòdes</b>, Gray. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the uppermost +passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; <i>raceme cylindrical, densely many-flowered; +lower sepals round-oval, obtuse; petals wedge-obovate or spatulate, denticulate +above</i>; divisions of the spreading lip broadly wedge-shaped, many-cleft +into a <i>short fringe</i>.—Wet meadows and bogs, common; Newf. to N. C., west +to Ind. and Minn. July, Aug.—Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in a spike +of 4–10´ in length, small, but very handsome, fragrant; lip short-stalked,<a name="page510"></a> +barely ½´ broad and not so long; the middle lobe broadest and more closely +fringed, but not so deeply cleft as the lateral ones.</p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>H. fimbriàta</b>, R. Br. Lower leaves oval or oblong, the upper few, +passing into lanceolate bracts; <i>spike or raceme oblong, loosely-flowered; lower +sepals ovate, acute; petals oblong, toothed down the sides</i>; divisions of the pendent +large lip (¾–1´ broad) fan-shaped, more fringed.—Wet meadows, N. Scotia +to N. J. and N. C., west to Mich. June.—Flowers fewer (lilac-purple), +3 or 4 times larger than those of the preceding.</p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>H. peramœ̀na</b>, Gray. Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate; +spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered; lower sepals round-ovate; +petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw; <i>divisions of the large lip very broadly +wedge-shaped, irregularly eroded-toothed</i> at the broadly dilated summit, <i>the lateral +ones truncate, the middle one 2-lobed</i>.—Moist meadows and banks, Penn. +and N. J. to Ill., and south in the mountains. Aug.—Flowers large and +showy (violet-purple); the lip paler and 8–10´´ long, variably toothed, but +not fringed.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cypripedium"><b>17. CYPRIPÈDIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Lady's Slipper. Moccason-flower.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals spreading; all three distinct, or in most cases two of them united +into one under the lip. Petals spreading, resembling the sepals but usually +narrower. Lip a large inflated sac. Column declined; on each side a fertile +stamen, with its short filament bearing a 2-celled anther; the pollen loose and +pulpy or powdery-granular; on the upper side a dilated-triangular, petal-like +but thickish body, which answers to the fertile stamen of other Orchids, and +covers the summit of the style; stigma terminal, broad, obscurely 3-lobed, +moist and roughish (not smooth and viscid as in the rest of the order). Pollen +in most of our species, especially in n. 6, exposed by the conversion of the face +of the anther into a viscid, varnish-like film, which adheres to whatever touches +it, carrying away some of the pollen.—Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves +large, many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary or +few, large and showy. (Name composed of <span class="greek">Κύπρις</span>, <i>Venus</i>, and <span class="greek">πόδιον</span>, <i>a sock</i> +or <i>buskin</i>, i.e. <i>Venus's Slipper</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>The three sepals separate; stem leafy; flower solitary, drooping.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. arietìnum</b>, R. Br. (<span class="smcap">Ram's-head L.</span>) Stem slender (6–10´ high); +upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the 2 lower and the petals linear and +nearly alike (greenish-brown), rather longer than the red and whitish veiny +lip (6´´ long), which is somewhat pubescent, especially within, and prolonged +at the apex into a short blunt conical point; leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceolate, +nearly smooth.—Cold swamps and damp woods, Maine to N. Y., Mich. and +Minn., and northward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Two of the sepals united into one under the lip.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stem leafy to the top, 1–3-flowered; lip slipper-shaped or roundish, much inflated, +horizontal, and with a rounded open orifice.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals brownish, pointed, longer than the lip.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. cándidum</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Small White Lady's Slipper.</span>) Slightly +pubescent, 1-flowered; leaves lance-oblong, acute; petals and sepals greenish, +purple-spotted; <i>sepals ovate-lanceolate; lip</i> (not 1´ long) <i>white</i>, striped with<a name="page511"></a> +purple inside, flattish laterally, convex above; <i>sterile stamen lanceolate</i>.—Bogs, +N. Y. and Penn. to Minn., Mo., and Ky.; rare. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. parviflòrum</b>, Salisb. (<span class="smcap">Smaller Yellow L.</span>) Stem 1–2° high +leaves oval, pointed; <i>sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate; lip flattish from above, +bright yellow</i> (1´ long or less); sterile stamen triangular.—Bogs and low +woods, Newf. to Ga., west to Minn. and E. Kan. May, June.—Flowers fragrant; +sepals and petals more brown-purple than in the next, into which it +seems to pass.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. pubéscens</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Larger Yellow L.</span>) Stem 2° high, pubescent, +as are the broadly oval acute leaves; <i>sepals elongated-lanceolate; lip flattened +laterally</i>, very convex and gibbous above, 1½–2´ long, <i>pale yellow</i>.—Bogs +and low woods; same range as the last.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Sepals and petals plane, rounded, white, not longer than the lip.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. spectábile</b>, Swartz. (<span class="smcap">Showy L.</span>) Downy, 2° high; leaves ovate, +pointed; sepals round-ovate or orbicular, rather longer than the oblong petals; +<i>lip much inflated, white, pink-purple</i> in front (1½´ long); sterile stamen heart-ovate.—Peat-bogs, +Maine and W. New Eng. to Minn. and Mo., and south in +the mountains to N. C. July.—The most beautiful of the genus.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Scape naked, 2-leaved at base, 1-flowered; sepals and petals greenish, +shorter than the drooping lip, which has a closed fissure down its whole +length in front.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>C. acaùle</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Stemless L.</span>) Downy; leaves oblong; scape 8–12´ +high, with a green bract at top; sepals oblong-lanceolate, pointed, nearly as +long as the linear petals; lip obovoid or oblong, rose-purple (rarely white), +nearly 2´ long, veiny; sterile stamen rhomboid.—Dry or moist woods; Newf. +to N. C., west to N. Ind., Mich., and Minn. May, June.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="bromeliaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 111.</span> <b>BROMELIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Pine-apple Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs (or scarcely woody plants, nearly all tropical), the greater part epiphytes, +with persistent dry or fleshy and channelled crowded leaves, sheathing +at the base, usually covered with scurf; 6-androus</i>; the 6-cleft perianth +adherent to the ovary in the <span class="smcap">Pine-apple</span>, etc., or free from it in</p> + +<p class="genus" id="tillandsia">1. <b>TILLÁNDSIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Long Moss.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth plainly double, 6-parted; the 3 outer divisions (sepals) membranaceous; +the 3 inner (petals) colored; all connivent below into a tube, spreading +above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypogynous! or the alternate ones cohering +with the base of the petals; anthers introrse. Ovary free; style thread-shaped; +stigmas 3. Capsule cartilaginous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved; the valves +splitting into an inner and an outer layer. Seeds several or many in each cell, +anatropous, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted stalk, like a +coma. Embryo small, at the base of copious albumen.—Scurfy-leaved epiphytes. +(Named for <i>Prof. Tillands</i> of Abo.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. usneoìdes</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Long Moss</span> or <span class="smcap">Black Moss</span>.) Stems +thread-shaped, branching, pendulous; leaves thread-shaped; peduncle short, +1-flowered; flower yellow.—East Shore, Va., south to Fla., and westward; +growing on the branches of trees, forming long hanging tufts.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="haemodoraceae"><a name="page512"></a><span class="smcap">Order 112.</span> <b>HÆMODORÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Bloodwort Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with fibrous roots, usually equitant leaves, and perfect 3–6-androus +regular flowers, which are woolly or scurfy outside; the tube of the 6-lobed +perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely the lower part, of +the 3-celled ovary.</i>—Anthers introrse. Style single, sometimes 3-partible; +the 3 stigmas alternate with the cells of the ovary. Capsule crowned or +enclosed by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, loculicidal, 3–many-seeded. +Embryo small, in hard or fleshy albumen. A small family; chiefly of the +southern hemisphere.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx-tube; style filiform; seeds peltate, amphitropous.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Lachnanthes.</b> Stamens 3, exserted; anthers versatile. Leaves equitant.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Ovary free except at the base; style 3-partible; seeds anatropous.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Lophiola.</b> Stamens 6, on the base of the woolly 6-cleft perianth. Leaves equitant.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Aletris.</b> Stamens 6, in the throat of the warty-roughened and tubular 6-toothed perianth. +Leaves flat, spreading.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lachnanthes"><b>1. LACHNÁNTHES</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Red-root.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth woolly outside, 6-parted down to the adherent ovary. Stamens 3, +opposite the 3 larger or inner divisions; filaments long, exserted; anthers +linear, fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Capsule +globular. Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the +middle.—Herb, with a red fibrous perennial root, equitant sword-shaped leaves, +clustered at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top and +terminated by a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely woolly +flowers (whence the name, from <span class="greek">λάχνη</span>, <i>wool</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>blossom</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. tinctòria</b>, Ell.—Sandy swamps, near the coast, S. E. Mass., R. I., +and N. J. to Fla. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lophiola"><b>2. LOPHÌOLA</b>, Ker.</p> + +<p>Perianth densely woolly, deeply 6-cleft; the divisions nearly equal, spreading, +longer than the 6 stamens, which are inserted at their base. Anthers fixed +by the base. Capsule ovate, free from the perianth except at the base, pointed +with the awl-shaped style, which finally splits into 3 divisions, one terminating +each valve. Seeds numerous, oblong, ribbed, anatropous.—A slender perennial +herb, with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, linear and nearly smooth +equitant leaves; the stem leafless and whitened with soft matted wool toward +the summit, as also the crowded or panicled cyme. Perianth dingy yellow +inside; the lobes naked only toward the tip, each clothed with a woolly tuft +near the base (whence the name, from <span class="greek">λοφεῖον</span>, <i>a small crest</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. aùrea</b>, Ker.—Boggy pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. June–Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aletris"><b>3. ÁLETRIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Colic-root. Star-grass.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth cylindrical, not woolly, but wrinkled and roughened outside by +thickly-set points which look like scurfy mealiness, the tube cohering below +with the base only of the ovary, 6-cleft at the summit. Stamens 6, inserted at +the base of the lobes; filaments and anthers short, included. Style awl-shaped, +3-cleft at the apex; stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Capsule ovate, enclosed in the<a name="page513"></a> +roughened perianth; the dehiscence, seeds, etc., nearly as in Lophiola.—Perennial +and smooth stemless herbs, very bitter, with fibrous roots, and a spreading +cluster of thin and flat lanceolate leaves; the small flowers in a wand-like +spiked raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (2–3° high). Bracts awl-shaped, +minute. (<span class="greek">Ἀλετρίς</span>, a female slave who grinds corn; the name applied +to these plants in allusion to the apparent mealiness dusted over the blossoms.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. farinòsa</b>, L. Flowers oblong-tubular, white; lobes lanceolate-oblong.—Grassy +or sandy woods, Mass. to Fla., Ill., and Minn. July, Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. aùrea</b>, Walt. Flowers bell-shaped, yellow (fewer and shorter); +lobes short-ovate.—Barrens, N. J. to Fla. July.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="iridaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 113.</span> <b>IRIDÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Iris Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with equitant 2-ranked leaves, and regular or irregular perfect +flowers; the divisions of the 6-cleft petal-like perianth convolute in the bud +in 2 sets, the tube coherent with the 3-celled ovary, and 3 distinct or monadelphous +stamens, alternate with the inner divisions of the perianth, with +extrorse anthers.</i>—Flowers from a spathe of 2 or more leaves or bracts, +usually showy. Style single, usually 3-cleft; stigmas 3, opposite the +cells of the ovary, or 6 by the parting of the style-branches. Capsule +3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous; embryo straight +in fleshy albumen. Rootstocks, tubers, or corms mostly acrid.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Branches of the style (or stigmas) opposite the anthers.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Iris.</b> Outer divisions of the perianth recurved, the inner erect; stigmas petal-like.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Branches of the style alternate with the anthers. Perianth regular.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Nemastylis.</b> Stem from a coated bulb. Filaments united. Style-branches 2-cleft.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Belamcanda.</b> Stems from a creeping rhizome. Filaments distinct. Stigmas dilated.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Sisyrinchium.</b> Root fibrous. Filaments united. Stigmas thread-like.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="iris"><b>1. ÌRIS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Flower-de-Luce.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth 6-cleft; the tube more or less prolonged beyond the ovary; the 3 +outer divisions spreading or reflexed, the 3 inner smaller, erect. Stamens +distinct; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the overarching petal-like +stigmas (or rather branches of the style, bearing the true stigma in the +form of a thin lip or plate under the apex); most of the style connate with +the tube of the perianth. Capsule 3–6-angled, coriaceous. Seeds depressed-flattened, +usually in 2 rows in each cell.—Perennials, with sword-shaped or +grassy leaves, and large showy flowers; ours with creeping and more or less +tuberous rootstocks. (<span class="greek">Ἶρις</span>, the <i>rainbow</i>, anciently applied to this genus on +account of its bright and varied colors.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stems leafy and rather tall (1–3° high), from thickened rootstocks, often +branching; tube of the perianth shorter than the divisions, which are beardless +and crestless, the erect inner ones (petals) much smaller than the outer.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flowers violet-blue, variegated with green, yellow or white, and purple-veined.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>I. versícolor</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Larger Blue Flag.</span>) Stem stout, angled on +one side; <i>leaves sword-shaped</i> (¾´ wide); ovary obtusely triangular with the +sides flat; flowers (2½–3´ long) short-peduncled, the funnel-form tube shorter<a name="page514"></a> +than the ovary; capsule oblong, turgid, with rounded angles.—Wet places, +Newf. to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>I. prismática</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Slender Blue Flag.</span>) Stem <i>very slender</i>, +terete; <i>leaves narrowly linear</i> (2–3´´ wide); flowers slender-peduncled (1½–2´ +long), the tube extremely short; ovary 3-angled, each side 2-grooved; capsule +sharply triangular. (I. Virginica, <i>Man.</i>; not <i>L.</i>)—Marshes near the coast, +Maine to N. C. June.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>I.</b> <span class="smcap">Caroliniàna</span>, Watson, resembling n. 1, but with longer laxer and +greener leaves, and the very large seeds in one row in each cell, probably +occurs in S. Va.</p> + +<p class="species">(Addendum) 2<sup>a</sup>. <b>I. hexágona</b>, Walt. Stems flexuous, often low and slender (1–3° +high), leafy; leaves much exceeding the stem, 6–12´´ broad; flowers solitary +and sessile in the axils, large, deep blue, variegated with yellow, purple, and +white; tube ½´ long; segments about 3´ long, the inner narrow; capsule oblong-cylindric, +6-angled, 2´ long—Prairies, Ky. (<i>Short</i>) to W. Mo. (<i>Bush</i>), +and on the coast from S. Car. southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flowers copper-colored or dull reddish-brown; petals widely spreading.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>I. fúlva</b>, Ker. Stem and leaves as n. 1; tube of the perianth cylindrical, +as long as the 6-angled ovary; style-branches narrow. (I. cuprea, <i>Pursh.</i>)—Swamps, +S. Ill. and Mo. to La. and Ga. May.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stems low (3–6´ high), from tufted and creeping slender (or here and there +tuberous-thickened) rootstocks, 1–3-flowered; tube of the perianth long and +slender; the violet-blue divisions nearly equal.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>I. vérna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf Iris.</span>) <i>Leaves linear</i>, grass-like, rather glaucous; +the thread-like tube of the perianth about the length of the divisions, +which are oblong-obovate and on <i>slender claws</i>, the outer ones slightly hairy +down the orange-yellow base, <i>crestless</i>; capsule obtusely triangular.—Wooded +hillsides, Lancaster Co., Penn., to S. C., west to Ky. and Ala. April.—Flowers +sometimes white with yellowish centre.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>I. cristàta</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Crested Dwarf Iris.</span>) <i>Leaves lanceolate</i> (3–5´ +long when grown); those of the spathe <i>ovate-lanceolate</i>, shorter than the <i>thread-like +tube of the perianth</i>, which is 2´ long and <i>much longer than the</i> light blue +obovate short-clawed <i>divisions</i>, the outer ones <i>crested</i> but beardless; capsule +sharply triangular.—In the mountains from Md. to N. C.; Trumbull Co., +Ohio (<i>Ingraham</i>); knobs of S. Ind. May.—Flowers fragrant.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>I. lacústris</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Lake Dwarf Iris.</span>) <i>Tube of the perianth rather +shorter than the divisions</i> (yellowish, ½–¾´ long), <i>dilated upward</i>, not exceeding +the spathe; otherwise as in the last, and too near it.—Gravelly shores of +Lakes Huron and Michigan. May.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>I.</b> <span class="smcap">Pseudácorus</span>, L., the <span class="smcap">Yellow Iris</span> of European marshes, with very +long linear leaves and bright yellow beardless flowers, is reported as having +become established in Mass. and N. Y.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="nemastylis"><b>2. NEMÁSTYLIS</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Perianth spreading, the segments similar and nearly equal. Filaments more +or less united into a tube. Style short, its slender 2-parted branches alternate +with the anthers and exserted between them; stigmas minute, terminal. Capsule +oblong or ovate, truncate, dehiscent at the summit. Seeds globose or +angled.—Stems terete, from coated bulbs, with few plicate leaves, and few +fugacious flowers from 2-bracted spathes. (Name from <span class="greek">νῆμα</span>, <i>a thread</i>, and +<span class="greek">στυλίς</span>, <i>style</i>, for the slender style-branches.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. geminiflòra</b>, Nutt. Stem 1–2° high; spathes 2-flowered; perianth +pale blue-purple, 1–2´ broad, the divisions oblong-obovate; capsule obovate, +½´ long.—E. Kan. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="belamcanda"><a name="page515"></a><b>3. BELAMCÁNDA</b>, Adans. <span class="smcap">Blackberry-Lily.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth 6-parted almost to the ovary; the divisions widely and equally +spreading, all nearly alike, oblong with a narrowed base, naked. Stamens +monadelphous only at base; anthers oblong. Style club-shaped, 3-cleft, the +narrow divisions tipped with a small dilated stigma. Capsule pear-shaped; +the valves at length falling away, leaving the central column covered with +the globose black and fleshy-coated seeds, imitating a blackberry (whence the +popular name).—Perennial, with rootstocks, foliage, etc., of an Iris; the +branching stems (3–4° high) loosely many-flowered; the orange-yellow perianth +mottled above with crimson-purple spots. (An East Indian name of +the species.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>B. CHINÉNSIS</b>, Adans. (Pardanthus Chinensis, <i>Ker.</i>)—Sparingly escaped +from gardens, Md. to S. Ind. and Mo. (Adv. from China, etc.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sisyrinchium"><b>4. SISYRÍNCHIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Blue-eyed Grass.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth 6-parted; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous +to the top. Stigmas thread-like. Capsule globular, 3-angled. Seeds globular.—Low +slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly +branching 2-edged or winged stems, and fugacious umbelled-clustered small +flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. (A meaningless name, of Greek origin.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. angustifòlium</b>, Mill. Scape (4–12´ high) winged or wingless, +<i>simple, the spathe solitary</i> and terminal, its outer bract more or less elongated; +flowers delicate blue, changing to purplish (rarely white), the divisions of the +perianth more or less notched, bristle-pointed and ciliate; mature <i>seeds</i> globose, +<i>large</i> (½´´ broad), faintly pitted or <i>nearly smooth</i>. (S. Bermudiana, var. mucronatum, +<i>Gray</i>, excl. descr.)—Moist meadows, etc., among grass; common +everywhere. June–Aug. +(Addendum)—<b>Sisyrinchium angustifolium.</b> What appears to be a +form of this species with pale yellow flowers is found near Independence, +Mo. (<i>Bush</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. ánceps</b>, Cav. Scape (6–18´ high) usually branching and bearing +2 or more peduncled spathes; seeds more ovate, much smaller, deeply pitted. +(S. Bermudiana, var. anceps, <i>Gray</i>, excl. descr.)—Similar localities; common.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="amaryllidaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 114.</span> <b>AMARYLLIDÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Amaryllis Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, not scurfy or woolly, with linear +flat root-leaves, and regular (or nearly so) and perfect 6-androus flowers, +the tube of the corolline 6-parted perianth coherent with the 3-celled ovary; +the lobes imbricated in the bud.</i>—Anthers introrse. Style single. Capsule +3-celled, several–many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with +a straight embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.—An order represented +in our gardens by the <i>Narcissus, Daffodil, Snowdrop</i>, etc., but with very +few indigenous representatives in this country. Bulbs acrid. Differs +from Liliaceæ chiefly in the inferior ovary.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Capsule 3-valved, loculicidal; anthers versatile; perianth funnel-shaped; glabrous.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Zephyranthes.</b> Flower naked in the throat; the tube short or none. Bulbs coated.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Hymenocallis.</b> Flower with a slender tube and narrow recurved lobes; a cup-shaped +crown connecting the stamens. Bulbs coated.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Agave.</b> Flower equally 6-cleft, persistent, no crown. Fleshy-leaved, not bulbous.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Capsule indehiscent; anthers sagittate; villous.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Hypoxis.</b> Perianth 6-parted nearly down to the ovary, persistent. Bulb solid.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="zephyranthes"><a name="page516"></a><b>1. ZEPHYRÁNTHES</b>, Herb.</p> + +<p>Perianth funnel-form, from a tubular base; the 6 divisions petal-like and +similar, spreading above; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked throat; anthers +versatile. Pod membranaceous, 3-lobed.—Leaves and low scape from a coated +bulb. Flowers solitary from a scarious simple bract. (From <span class="greek">ζέφυρος</span>, <i>a wind</i> +and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>Z. Atamásco</b>, Herb. (<span class="smcap">Atamasco Lily.</span>) Leaves bright green and +shining, very narrow, channelled, the margins acute; scape 6–12´ high; peduncle +short; spathe 2-cleft at the apex; perianth white and pink, 3´ long; +stamens and style declined.—Penn. to Va. and Fla. June. +(Addendum) (Amaryllis Atamasco, <i>L.</i>).</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hymenocallis"><b>2. HYMENOCÁLLIS</b>, Salisb.</p> + +<p>Perianth with a long and slender tube, and an equal 6-parted limb; lobes +long and narrow, recurved; the throat bearing a tubular or cup-shaped corolla-like +delicate crown, which connects the bases of the 6 exserted stamens. Anthers +linear, versatile. Capsule thin, 2–3-lobed; seeds usually 2 in each cell, +basal, fleshy, often like bulblets.—Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb. +Flowers white, fragrant, large and showy, sessile in an umbel-like head or +cluster, subtended by 2 or more scarious bracts. (Name composed of <span class="greek">ὑμήν</span>, <i>a +membrane</i>, and <span class="greek">κάλλος</span>, <i>beauty</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. occidentàlis</b>, Kunth. Leaves strap-shaped, glaucous, 1–1½° long, +9–18´´ broad; scape 3–6-flowered; bracts narrow, 2´ long; perianth-tube about +2½–4´ long, the linear segments scarcely shorter; the crown 12–15´´ long, +tubular below, broadly funnel-form above, the margin deltoid and entire, or +2-toothed and erose, between the white filaments, which are twice longer; +anthers yellow; style green.—Marshy banks of streams, S. Ill. to N. Ga. +and Ala.—Apparently distinct from H. lacera, <i>Salisb.</i> (Pancratium rotatum, +<i>Ker.</i>), of the southern coast.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="agave"><b>3. AGÀVE</b>, L. <span class="smcap">American Aloe.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted; the divisions nearly equal, +narrow. Stamens 6; anthers linear, versatile. Capsule coriaceous, many-seeded. +Seeds flattened.—Leaves thick and fleshy, often with cartilaginous +or spiny teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from a thick +fibrous-rooted crown. (Name from <span class="greek">ἀγαυή</span>, <i>noble</i>,—not inappropriate as applied +to <span class="smcap">A. Americana</span>, the <span class="smcap">Century-plant</span>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Virgínica</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">False Aloe.</span>) Herbaceous; leaves entire or +denticulate; scape 3–6° high; flowers scattered in a loose wand-like spike, +greenish-yellow, fragrant, the perianth 9–12´´ long, its narrow tube twice +longer than the erect lobes.—Dry or rocky banks, Md. and Va. to Fla., west to +S. Ind., Mo., and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hypoxis"><b>4. HYPÓXIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Star-grass.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spreading; the 3 outer divisions a little herbaceous +outside. Stamens 6; anthers sagittate, erect. Capsule crowned with +the withered or closed perianth, not opening by valves. Seeds globular, with +a crustaceous coat, ascending, imperfectly anatropous, the rhaphe not adherent<a name="page517"></a> +quite down to the micropyle, the persistent seed-stalk thus forming a sort of +lateral beak. Radicle inferior!—Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy +linear leaves and slender few-flowered scapes, from a solid bulb. (An old +name for a plant having sourish leaves, from <span class="greek">ὕποξυς</span>, <i>sub-acid</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. erécta</b>, L. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbellately +1–4-flowered scape; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish outside, yellow +within.—Meadows and open woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., +and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="dioscoreaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 115.</span> <b>DIOSCOREÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Yam Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Plants with twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks, +and ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves, small diœcious 6-androus and +regular flowers, with the 6-cleft calyx-like perianth adherent in the fertile +plant to the 3-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinct.</i>—Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, +anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged capsule. +Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dioscorea"><b>1. DIOSCORÈA</b>, Plumier. <span class="smcap">Yam.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base +of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth. Capsule 3-celled, 3-winged, loculicidally +3-valved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each +cell, flat, with a membranaceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist, +<i>Dioscorides</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. villòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Yam-root.</span>) Herbaceous. Stems slender, from +knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes; leaves mostly alternate, +sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy beneath, heart-shaped, +conspicuously pointed, 9–11-ribbed; flowers pale greenish-yellow, the +sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes; capsules +8–10´´ long.—Thickets, S. New Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Kan., and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="liliaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 116.</span> <b>LILIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Lily Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical almost always +6-androus flowers; the perianth not glumaceous, free from the chiefly 3-celled +ovary; the stamens one before each of its divisions or lobes</i> (i.e. 6, in +one instance 4), <i>with 2-celled anthers; fruit a few–many-seeded pod or +berry; the small embryo enclosed in copious albumen.</i> Seeds anatropous +or amphitropous (orthotropous in Smilax). Flowers not from a spathe, +except in Allium; the outer and inner ranks of the perianth colored +alike (or nearly so) and generally similar, except in Trillium.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder I.</span> <b>Smilaceæ.</b> Shrubby or rarely herbaceous, the petiole +of the 3–9-nerved netted-veined leaves often tendril-bearing. Flowers (in +ours) diœcious, in axillary umbels, small, with regular 6-parted deciduous +perianth. Anthers apparently 1-celled. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit a +3-celled berry, with 1–2 pendulous orthotropous seeds in each cell. +Embryo minute in horny albumen.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Smilax.</b> Characters as above.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><a name="page518"></a><span class="smcap">Suborder II.</span> <b>Liliaceæ</b> proper. Never climbing by tendrils. +Very rarely diœcious. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous.</p> + +<p class="series"><span class="smcap">Series A.</span> Floral bracts scarious. Stamens perigynous on the usually +withering-persistent nerved perianth; anthers introrse. Style undivided, +mostly persistent. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a berry. Leaves transversely +veined.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Scape from a coated bulb; fruit capsular; leaves linear.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Flowers umbellate; segments 1-nerved; pedicels not jointed.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Allium.</b> Perianth 6-parted. Capsule deeply lobed, often crested; cells 1–2-seeded. +Very alliaceous.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Nothoscordum.</b> Perianth 6-parted. Seeds several in each cell. Not alliaceous.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Androstephium.</b> Perianth tubular-funnel form. Filaments in the throat, united +into a crown.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Flowers racemose, 6-parted, the segments 3–several-nerved.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Camassia.</b> Flowers light blue, long racemose. Filaments filiform.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Ornithogalum.</b> Flowers greenish white, sub-corymbose. Filaments dilated.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] Flowers densely racemose; perianth urn-shaped, 6-toothed.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Muscari.</b> Flowers deep blue, small. Stamens included.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Stem or scape not from a bulb, several-flowered; capsule many-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Hemerocallis.</b> Scape from a fleshy-fibrous root. Flowers few, large, yellow, tubular-funnel-form; +limb 6-parted. Stamens and long style declined. Seeds globose.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Yucca.</b> Stem woody, leafy. Flowers white, campanulate, 6-parted. Stigmas sessile. +Seeds flat.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Leafy stems (scape in n. 10) from running rootstocks; fruit a berry; leaves cordate +to lanceolate (except n. 12); flowers white; pedicels jointed.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Perianth gamophyllous, 6-lobed.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Convallaria.</b> Leaves sheathing the scape. Flowers racemose; perianth bell-shaped.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Polygonatum.</b> Stem leafy. Flowers axillary; perianth cylindrical.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Perianth-segments distinct, small, spreading, persistent.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Asparagus.</b> Stems branching, the apparent leaves thread-like. Flowers axillary.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Smilacina.</b> Stem simple, leafy. Flowers 6-parted, racemose or paniculate.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Maianthemum.</b> Stem low, 2-leaved. Flowers 4-merous, racemose.</p> + +<p class="series"><span class="smcap">Series B.</span> Floral bracts none or foliaceous. Stamens hypogynous or at +the base of the distinct segments of the deciduous perianth (persistent in +n. 23); anthers extrorse or dehiscent laterally. Style undivided, deciduous +(stigmas sessile and persistent in n. 23). Fruit a loculicidal capsule +or a berry. Veinlets anastomosing (transverse in n. 15, 17–19).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Fruit a berry; stem or scape from a creeping rootstock; leaves broad, alternate or radical; +flowers narrowly campanulate.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Streptopus.</b> Stem leafy. Flowers axillary, on bent pedicels. Anthers sagittate, +acute; filaments deltoid or subulate.</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Disporum.</b> Stem leafy. Flowers few, in terminal umbels. Anthers oblong, obtuse; +filaments slender. Veinlets anastomosing.</p> + +<p class="genus">17. <b>Clintonia.</b> Flowers umbellate on a scape, few or many.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Fruit a capsule.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Stems leafy, from a short or creeping rootstock; flowers few, solitary, pendulous; capsule +few-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">18. <b>Uvularia.</b> Stem terete. Leaves perfoliate. Flowers terminal. Capsule truncate, +3-lobed.</p> + +<p class="genus">19. <b>Oakesia.</b> Stem angled. Leaves sessile. Flowers opposite the leaves. Capsule +acutely 3-winged.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page519"></a>[+][+] Stem or scape from a bulb or corm; capsule many-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">20. <b>Erythronium.</b> Scape from a solid bulb, with a pair of leaves. Flower solitary. +Seeds angled, obovoid.</p> + +<p class="genus">21. <b>Lilium.</b> Stem leafy from a scaly bulb. Seeds horizontal, flattened.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Fruit a berry; stem from a tuber-like rootstock, bearing 1 or 2 whorls of leaves; +flowers terminal; stigmas sessile.</p> + +<p class="genus">22. <b>Medeola.</b> Leaves in 2 whorls. Flowers umbellate. Perianth-segments similar, colored, +deciduous.</p> + +<p class="genus">23. <b>Trillium.</b> Leaves (3) in a terminal whorl. Flower solitary; outer sepals leaf-like, +persistent.</p> + +<p class="series"><span class="smcap">Series C.</span> Floral bracts green or greenish (rarely scarious), or none. Stamens +at the base of the distinct 1–several-nerved persistent perianth-segments; +anthers small, versatile. Styles or sessile stigmas distinct. Capsule +mostly septicidal. Seeds with a loose testa or appendaged. Leaves +with transverse veinlets (except in n. 24 and 25).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Stems leafy or bracteate, from a thick tuberous rootstock; flowers racemose; anthers +2-celled; stigmas linear.</p> + +<p class="genus">24. <b>Helonias.</b> Leaves radical, oblanceolate. Flowers perfect. Capsule broadly obovate, +many-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">25. <b>Chamælirium.</b> Stem very leafy. Flowers diœcious. Capsule oblong, many-seeded.</p> + +<p class="genus">26. <b>Xerophyllum.</b> Stem very leafy; leaves very narrow. Flowers perfect. Capsule +few-seeded.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Stems distichously equitant-leafy, from a creeping rootstock; flowers on bracteolate pedicels, +racemose; anthers 2-celled; stigmas small, terminal; seeds often appendaged.</p> + +<p class="genus">27. <b>Tofieldia.</b> Bractlets 3, verticillate. Styles short. Seeds horizontal.</p> + +<p class="genus">28. <b>Narthecium.</b> Bractlet linear. Stigma slightly lobed. Seeds ascending.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Anthers heart- or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled and peltate after opening; +stigmas terminal; capsule 3-beaked by the persistent styles; seeds angled or flattened +and margined.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Stems tall, leafy, from a thick rootstock, pubescent above; flowers polygamous, racemose-paniculate; +seeds flat, winged.</p> + +<p class="genus">29. <b>Melanthium.</b> Sepals free from the ovary, their long claws bearing the filaments.</p> + +<p class="genus">30. <b>Veratrum.</b> Sepals without claws, slightly adnate to the ovary. Leaves strongly +nerved and plicate.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Root mostly bulbous; glabrous; flowers racemose or panicled; seeds narrow, angled; +leaves linear.</p> + +<p class="genus">31. <b>Stenanthium.</b> Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, without glands.</p> + +<p class="genus">32. <b>Zygadenus.</b> Sepals oblong to ovate, glandular toward the base.</p> + +<p class="genus">33. <b>Amianthium.</b> Flowers in a dense raceme. Sepals ovate-oblong, glandless, free +from the ovary. Cells of the capsule widely divergent, 1–2-seeded.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="smilax"><b>1. SMÌLAX</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Greenbrier. Cat-brier.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious in umbels or axillary peduncles, small, greenish or yellowish, +regular, the perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Filaments linear, inserted +on the very base, the introrse anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base, +apparently 1-celled. Ovary of fertile flowers 3-celled (1-celled, with single +stigma, in n. 11); stigmas thick and spreading, almost sessile; ovules 1 or 2 +in each cell, pendulous, orthtropous; fruit a small berry.—Shrubby or rarely +herbaceous, usually climbing or supported by a pair of tendrils on the petiole +of the ribbed and netted-veined simple leaves. (The ancient Greek name, of +obscure meaning.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page520"></a>§ 1. <i>Stems herbaceous, not prickly; flowers carrion-scented; ovules 2 in each cell; +leaves membranous, mucronate-tipped; berries bluish-black with a bloom.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. herbàcea</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Carrion-Flower.</span>) Stem climbing, 3–15° high; +<i>leaves ovate or rounded, mostly heart-shaped</i> or truncate at base, abruptly acute +to short-acuminate, <i>7–9-nerved</i>, smooth; petioles ½–1´ long; peduncles elongated +(3–4´ long, or sometimes even 6–8´ and much longer than the leaves), +20–40-flowered; seeds 6.—Moist meadows and river-banks; common, from +the Atlantic to Minn., Mo., and Tex. June. Very variable.—Var. <span class="smcap">puberulénta</span>, +Gray, has the leaves more or less soft-downy beneath.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. tamnifòlia</b>, Michx. Stem upright or climbing; leaves <i>mostly 5-nerved</i>, +smooth, broadly ovate to lanceolate, truncate or cordate at base, abruptly +acute to acuminate, some of them <i>hastate with broad rounded lobes</i>; +peduncles longer than the petioles; berry smaller, 2–3-seeded.—Pine-barrens, +N. J. to S. C.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. ecirrhàta</b>, Watson. Erect, ½–3° high, <i>without tendrils</i> (or only the +uppermost petioles tendril-bearing), glabrous; lower leaves reduced to narrow +scale-like bracts, the rest thin, 5–7-nerved, <i>broadly ovate-elliptical</i> to roundish, +acute, mostly cordate at base, 2–5´ long, sometimes verticillate, sparsely pubescent +beneath; peduncles about equalling the petioles (1–2½´ long), on the +lower part of the stem; umbels 10–20-flowered; berry 3-seeded.—Md. to +S. C., west to Mich. and Mo. May, June.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Stems woody, often prickly; ovules solitary; glabrous throughout.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves ovate or roundish, etc., most of them rounded or heart-shaped at base, and +5–9-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles (2–6´´), flattened; leaves +thickish, green both sides.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. Wálteri</b>, Pursh. Stem low, somewhat angled, prickly near the base +or unarmed; <i>leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat heart-shaped</i> or +rounded at base (3–4´ long); <i>berries coral-red</i>.—Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. rotundifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Greenbrier. Horse-brier.</span>) Stem +armed with scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches; branchlets more +or less 4-angular; <i>leaves ovate or round-ovate</i>, often broader than long, slightly +heart-shaped, abruptly short-pointed (2–3´ long); <i>berries blue-black</i>, with a +bloom.—Moist thickets, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Tex. Very variable, +passing into var. <span class="smcap">quadrangulàris</span>, Gray, which has branches, and especially +branchlets, 4-angular, and is more common west.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Peduncle longer than but seldom twice the length of the short petiole, flattened; +leaves tardily deciduous or partly persistent; berries black, with a bloom.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. glaùca</b>, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angular branchlets +armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked; <i>leaves ovate</i>, rarely subcordate, +<i>glaucous beneath</i> and sometimes also above, as well as the branchlets when young +(about 2´ long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked.—Dry +thickets, E. Mass. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>S. bòna-nox</b>, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branchlets +sparsely armed with short rigid prickles; <i>leaves</i> varying from round-heart-shaped +and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and halberd-shaped +or 3-lobed, <i>green and shining both sides</i>, cuspidate-pointed, the<a name="page521"></a> +margins often somewhat bristly-ciliate or spinulose. (S. tamnoides, <i>Man.</i>; +probably not <i>L.</i>)—Thickets; Nantucket, Mass. (<i>L. L. Dame</i>); N. J. to Fla., +west to Ill., Mo., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Peduncle 2–4 times the length of the petiole; leaves ample (3–5´ long), +thin or thinnish, green both sides; berries black; stem terete and branchlets +nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>S. híspida</b>, Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated; stem (climbing +high) below densely <i>beset with long and weak blackish bristly prickles</i>, the flowering +branchlets mostly naked; <i>leaves</i> ovate and the larger heart-shaped, +pointed, slightly rough-margined, <i>membranaceous and deciduous</i>; peduncles +1½–2´ long; sepals lanceolate, almost 3´´ long.—Moist thickets, Conn. to Va., +west to Minn. and Tex. June.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>S. Pseùdo-Chìna</b>, L. <i>Rootstock tuberous; stems and branches unarmed</i>, +or with very few weak prickles; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the +branchlets ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm +in texture; peduncles flat (2–3´ long).—Dry or sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., +west to S. Ind. and Mo. July.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at base into a short +petiole, 3–5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many without +tendrils; peduncles short, seldom exceeding the petioles, terete; the umbels +sometimes panicled; branches terete, unarmed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>S. lanceolàta</b>, L. <i>Leaves thinnish</i>, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate +or lance-oblong; <i>stigmas 3; berries dull red</i>.—Rich woods and margins +of swamps, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. June.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>S. laurifòlia</b>, L. <i>Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen</i>, varying from +oblong-lanceolate to linear (2½–5´ long); <i>stigmas solitary</i> and <i>ovary 1-celled; +berries black</i> when ripe, 1-seeded, maturing in the second year.—Pine-barrens, +N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. and La. July, Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="allium"><b>2. ÁLLIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Onion. Garlic.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the very +base, 1-nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent; +the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at base. Style persistent, but jointed upon +the very short axis of the ovary, thread-like; stigma simple. Capsule lobed, +loculicidal, 3-valved, with 1–2 ovoid-kidney-shaped amphitropous or campylotropous +black seeds in each cell.—Strong-scented and pungent stemless herbs; +the leaves and scape from a coated bulb; flowers in a simple umbel, some of +them frequently changed to bulblets; spathe scarious, 1–2-valved. (The +ancient Latin name of the Garlic.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Bulbs cespitose, narrowly oblong and crowning a rhizome; coats membranous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves (2 or 3) elliptic-lanceolate; ovules solitary in each cell.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. tricóccum</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Wild Leek.</span>) Scape naked (4–12´ high from +clustered pointed bulbs, 2´ long), bearing an erect many-flowered umbel; leaves +5–9´ long, 1–2´ wide; sepals oblong (greenish white), equalling the nearly +distinct filaments; capsule strongly 3-lobed.—Rich woods, W. N. Eng. to Minn. +and Iowa, south in the mountains to N. C. Leaves appearing in early spring +and dying before the flowers are developed.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page522"></a>[*][*] <i>Leaves linear; ovules a pair in each cell.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. Schœnóprasum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Chives.</span>) Scape naked or leafy at base +(6–12´ high), bearing a globular <i>capitate umbel</i> of many rose-purple flowers; +sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated filaments; +<i>leaves awl-shaped, hollow; capsule not crested</i>.—From N. Brunswick and the +Great Lakes to the Pacific. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. cérnuum</b>, Roth. (<span class="smcap">Wild Onion.</span>) <i>Scape naked, angular</i> (½–2° +high), nodding at the apex, bearing a <i>loose or drooping few–many-flowered +umbel; leaves linear, flattened, sharply keeled</i> (1° long); sepals oblong-ovate, +acute (rose-color), shorter than the slender filaments and style; <i>capsule 6-crested</i>.—In +the Alleghanies to S. C., west to Minn., Mo., Tex., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Bulbs mostly solitary, not rhizomatous; coats often fibrous; leaves narrowly +linear, flat or channelled (terete in A. vineale).</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. stellàtum</b>, Nutt. <i>Scape terete</i> (6–18´ high), slender, bearing an +<i>erect umbel</i>; bulb-coats membranous; <i>sepals broad</i>, acute; <i>stamens and style +exserted; capsule prominently 6-crested</i>.—Rocky slopes, Minn. to W. Ill. and +Mo., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. reticulàtum</b>, Fraser. Scape 3–8´ high; <i>bulbs densely and coarsely +fibrous-coated</i>; spathe 2-valved; umbel rarely bulbiferous; sepals ovate- to +narrowly lanceolate, <i>thin and lax</i> in fruit, <i>a third longer than the stamens; capsule +crested</i>.—Sask. to Iowa and N. Mex.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>A. Nuttállii</b>, Watson. Scape 4–6° high, from a <i>very fibrous-coated +bulb</i>; spathe usually 3-valved; sepals usually broader, <i>rather rigid</i> in fruit; +<i>capsule not crested</i>.—Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>A. Canadénse</b>, Kalm. (<span class="smcap">Wild Garlic.</span>) Scape 1° high or more; +bulb-coats somewhat fibrous; <i>umbel densely bulbiferous</i> or few-flowered; sepals +narrowly lanceolate, obtusish, equalling or exceeding the stamens; <i>capsule not +crested</i>.—Moist meadows, N. Eng. to Minn., south to the Gulf. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">vineàle</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Field Garlic.</span>) Scape slender, clothed with the sheathing +bases of the leaves below the middle (1–3° high); <i>leaves terete and hollow</i>, +slender, channelled above; <i>umbel often densely bulbiferous; filaments much dilated, +the alternate ones cuspidate</i> on each side of the anther.—Moist meadows +and fields; a vile weed eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="nothoscordum"><b>3. NOTHÓSCORDUM</b>, Kunth.</p> + +<p>Flowers greenish or yellowish white. Capsule oblong-obovate, somewhat +lobed, obtuse, with the style obscurely jointed on the summit; cells several-ovuled +and -seeded. Filaments filiform, distinct, adnate at base. Bulb tunicated, +not alliaceous. Otherwise as in Allium. (Name from <span class="greek">νόθος</span>, <i>false</i>, and +<span class="greek">σκόρδιον</span>, <i>garlic</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. striàtum</b>, Kunth. Scape 1° high or less; bulb small, often bulbiferous +at base; leaves narrowly linear; flowers few, on slender pedicels, the +segments narrowly oblong, 4–6´´ long; ovules 4–7 in each cell. (Allium +striatum, <i>Jacq.</i>)—Prairies and open woods, Va. to Ind., Neb., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="androstephium"><b>4. ANDROSTÉPHIUM</b>, Torr.</p> + +<p>Perianth funnel-form, the cylindrical tube equalling the somewhat spreading +limb or shorter; segments 1-nerved. Stamens 6, in one row upon the throat;<a name="page523"></a> +the filaments united to form an erect tubular crown, with bifid lobes alternate +with the oblong versatile anthers. Capsule sessile, subglobose-triquetrous, +beaked by the stout persistent style; seeds large, few to several in each cell.—Scape +and linear leaves from a membranous- or fibrous-coated corm; pale +lilac flowers umbellate; pedicels not jointed; involucral bracts several. (Name +from <span class="greek">ἀνήρ</span>, for <i>stamen</i>, and <span class="greek">στέφος</span>, <i>crown</i>, referring to the stamineal crown.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. violàceum</b>, Torr. Scape 2–6´ high; flowers 8–12´´ long or more, +usually exceeding the stout pedicels, the tube nearly as long as the limb; crown +scarcely shorter than the limb.—Kan. to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="camassia"><b>5. CAMÁSSIA</b>, Lindl.</p> + +<p>Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, 3–7-nerved, slightly +irregular, mostly deciduous; the 6 filiform filaments at their base. Style thread-like, +the base persistent. Capsule oblong or obovate, 3-angled, loculicidal, 3-valved, +with several black roundish seeds in each cell.—Scape and linear leaves +from a coated bulb; the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly bracted, on jointed +pedicels. (From the native Indian name <i>quamash</i> or <i>camass</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Fràseri</b>, Torr. (<span class="smcap">Eastern Camass. Wild Hyacinth.</span>) Scape +1° high or more; leaves keeled; raceme elongated; bracts longer than the +pedicels; sepals pale blue, 3-nerved, 4–7´´ long; capsule acutely triangular-globose. +(Scilla Fraseri, <i>Gray</i>.)—Rich ground, W. Penn. to Minn. and +E. Kan., and in the mountains to Ga.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ornithogalum"><b>6. ORNITHÓGALUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Star-of-Bethlehem.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading 3–7-nerved sepals. Filaments 6, +flattened-awl-shaped. Style 3-sided; stigma 3-angled. Capsule membranous, +roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell, loculicidal.—Scape +and linear channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, +bracted; pedicels not jointed. (An ancient whimsical name from <span class="greek">ὄρνις</span>, <i>a bird</i>, +and <span class="greek">γάλα</span>, <i>milk</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>O.</b> <span class="smcap">umbellàtum</span>, L. Scape 4–9´ high; flowers 5–8, on long and spreading +pedicels; sepals green in the middle on the outside.—Escaped from gardens. +(Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>O.</b> <span class="smcap">nùtans</span>, L. Scape 1° high or more; flowers 5 or 6, large (1´ long), nodding +on very short pedicels; filaments very broad.—Rarely escaped from +gardens; Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="muscari"><b>7. MUSCÀRI</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Grape-Hyacinth.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth globular or ovoid, minutely 6-toothed (blue). Stamens 6, included; +anthers short, introrse. Style short. Capsule loculicidal, with 2 black angular +seeds in each cell.—Leaves and scape (in early spring) from a coated bulb; the +small flowers in a dense raceme, sometimes musk-scented (whence the name).</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">botryoìdes</span>, Mill. Leaves linear, 3–4´´ broad; flowers globular (1–1½´´ +long), deep blue, appearing like minute grapes.—Escaped from gardens +into copses and fence-rows. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>M.</b> <span class="smcap">racemòsum</span>, Mill. Leaves 1–1½´´ broad; flowers oblong-urceolate, 2–2½´´ +long, deep blue, fragrant.—Rare escape, Md. and Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hemerocallis"><b>8. HEMEROCÁLLIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Day-Lily.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth funnel-form, lily-like; the short tube enclosing the ovary, the +spreading limb 6-parted; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Anthers as in<a name="page524"></a> +Lilium, but introrse. Filaments and style long and thread-like, declined and +ascending; stigma simple. Capsule (at first rather fleshy) 3-angled, loculicidally +3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell.—Showy perennials, +with fleshy-fibrous roots; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked +at the base of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit several bracted and +large yellow flowers; these collapse and decay after expanding for a single +day (whence the name, from <span class="greek">ἡμέρα</span>, <i>a day</i>, and <span class="greek">κάλλος</span>, <i>beauty</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>H.</b> <span class="smcap">fúlva</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Day-Lily.</span>) Inner divisions (petals) of the tawny +orange perianth wavy and obtuse.—Roadsides, escaped from gardens (Adv. +from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="yucca"><b>9. YÚCCA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Bear-Grass. Spanish Bayonet.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth of 6 petal-like (white or greenish) oval or oblong and acute flat +sepals, withering-persistent, the 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens. +Stigmas 3, sessile. Capsule oblong, somewhat 6-sided, 3-celled, or imperfectly +6-celled by a partition from the back, fleshy, at length loculicidally 3-valved +from the apex. Seeds very many in each cell, flattened.—Stems woody, either +very short or rising into thick and columnar palm-like trunks, bearing persistent +rigid linear or sword-shaped leaves, and an often ample compound panicle +or branched raceme of showy flowers. (The native Haytian name for the +root of the Cassava-plant.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>Y. angustifòlia</b>, Pursh. Caudex none or very short; leaves straight +<i>very stiff and pungent</i>, ½–2° long by 1–6´´ wide, filiferous on the margin; <i>raceme +mostly simple, nearly sessile</i> (1–4° long); flowers 1½–2½´ wide; stigmas +green, shorter than the ovary; capsule 6-sided (3´ long); <i>seeds 5–6´´ broad</i>.—Dak. +to Iowa, Kan., and N. Mex. May, June.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>Y. filamentòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Adam's Needle.</span>) Caudex 1° high or less, +from a running rootstock; leaves numerous, coriaceous, more or less tapering +to a short point, rough on the back, 1½–2° long by 1–3´ wide, filiferous on +the margin; <i>panicle pyramidal, densely flowered, on a stout bracteate scape, 4–9° +high</i>; flowers large; stigmas pale, elongated; capsule 1½´ long; <i>seeds 3´´ +broad</i>.—Near the coast, Md. to Fla. and La. July. Very variable.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="convallaria"><b>10. CONVALLÀRIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Lily of the Valley.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth bell-shaped (white), 6-lobed, deciduous; the lobes recurved. Stamens +6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth; anthers introrse. Ovary +3-celled, tapering into a stout style; stigma triangular. Ovules 4–6 in each +cell. Berry few-seeded (red).—A low perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with +slender running rootstocks, sending up from a scaly-sheathing bud 2 oblong +leaves, with their long sheathing petioles enrolled one within the other so as +to appear like a stalk, and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of pretty +and sweet-scented nodding flowers. (Altered from <i>Lilium convallium</i>, the +popular name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. majàlis</b>, L.—High mountains of Va. to S. C. Apparently identical +with the European <span class="smcap">Lily of the Valley</span> of the gardens.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="polygonatum"><b>11. POLYGONÀTUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Solomon's Seal.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth cylindrical-oblong, 6-lobed at the summit; the 6 stamens inserted +on or above the middle of the tube, included; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled.<a name="page525"></a> +with 2–6 ovules in each cell; style slender, deciduous by a joint; stigma obtuse +or capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, black or blue; the cells +1–2-seeded.—Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving stems, from +creeping thick and knotted rootstocks, naked below, above bearing nearly +sessile or half-clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nodding greenish flowers; +pedicels jointed near the flower. (The ancient name, composed of <span class="greek">πολύς</span>, <i>many</i>, +and <span class="greek">γόνυ</span>, <i>knee</i>, alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstock and stem.)—Ours +are alternate-leaved species, the stem terete or scarcely angled when +fresh.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. biflòrum</b>, Ell. (<span class="smcap">Smaller Solomon's Seal.</span>) Glabrous, except +the ovate-oblong or lance-oblong <i>nearly sessile leaves</i>, which are commonly +<i>minutely pubescent as well as pale or glaucous underneath</i>; stem slender (1–3° +high); <i>peduncles 1–3- but mostly 2-flowered</i>; perianth 4–6´´ long; <i>filaments +papillose-roughened</i>, inserted toward the summit of the perianth.—Wooded +hillsides, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. gigantèum</b>, Dietrich. (<span class="smcap">Great S.</span>) <i>Glabrous throughout</i>; stem +stout and mostly tall (2–7° high), terete; <i>leaves ovate, partly clasping</i> (3–8´ +long), or the upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved; <i>peduncles several-(2–8-) flowered</i>, +jointed below the flower; flowers 5–9´´ long; <i>filaments smooth +and naked</i>, or nearly so, inserted on the middle of the tube.—Meadows and +river-banks, N. Eng. to Va., west to the Rocky Mts. June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="asparagus"><b>12. ASPÁRAGUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Asparagus.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth 6-parted, spreading above; the 6 stamens on its base; anthers +introrse. Style short; stigma 3-lobed. Berry spherical, 3-celled; the cells +2-seeded.—Perennials, with much-branched stems from thick and matted +rootstocks, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers on jointed pedicels. +The narrow, commonly thread-like, so-called leaves are really branchlets, +acting as leaves, clustered in the axils of little scales which are the true leaves. +(The ancient Greek name.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">officinàlis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Garden Asparagus.</span>) Herbaceous, tall, bushy-branched; +leaves thread-like.—A frequent escape from gardens. June. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="smilacina"><b>13. SMILACÌNA</b>, Desf. <span class="smcap">False Solomon's Seal.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent (white). Stamens 6, inserted +at the base of the divisions; filaments slender, anthers short, introrse. +Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; style short and thick, stigma obscurely +3-lobed. Berry globular, 1–2-seeded.—Perennial herbs, with simple +stems from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved mostly sessile +leaves, and white, sometimes fragrant flowers in a terminal and simple or +compound raceme. (Name a diminutive of <i>Smilax</i>, to which, however, these +plants bear little resemblance.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers on very short pedicels in a terminal racemose panicle; stamens exceeding +the small (1´´ long) segments; ovules collateral; rootstock stout, fleshy.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. racemòsa</b>, Desf. (<span class="smcap">False Spikenard.</span>) Minutely downy (1–3° +high); leaves numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ciliate, abruptly +somewhat petioled; berries pale red, speckled with purple, aromatic.—Moist +copses, N. Brunswick to S. C., west to Minn., E. Kan. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page526"></a>[*][*] <i>Flowers larger (2–3´´ long), on solitary pedicels in a simple few-flowered +raceme; stamens included; ovules not collateral; rootstock rather slender.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. stellàta</b>, Desf. Plant (1° high or less) nearly glabrous, or the 7–12 +<i>oblong-lanceolate leaves</i> minutely downy beneath when young, slightly +clasping; raceme sessile or nearly so; <i>berries blackish</i>.—Moist banks, Lab. +to N. J., west to E. Kan., Minn., and westward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. trifòlia</b>, Desf. Glabrous, <i>dwarf</i> (2–6´ high); <i>leaves 3</i> (sometimes +2 or 4), oblong, tapering to a <i>sheathing base</i>; raceme peduncled; <i>berries red</i>.—Cold +bogs, Lab. to N. Eng., west to Mich. and Min. (Sib.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="maianthemum"><b>14. MAIÁNTHEMUM</b>, Wigg.</p> + +<p>Perianth 4-parted, with as many stamens. Ovary 2-celled; stigma 2-lobed. +Otherwise as in Smilacina.—Flowers solitary or fascicled, in a simple raceme +upon a low 2–3-leaved stem. Leaves ovate- to lanceolate-cordate. (Name +from <i>Maius</i>, May, and <span class="greek">ἄνθεμον</span>, <i>a flower</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. Canadénse</b>, Desf. Pubescent or glabrous (3–5´ high); leaves +lanceolate to ovate, cordate at base with a very narrow sinus, sessile or very +shortly petioled; perianth-segments 1´´ long. (Smilacina bifolia, var. Canadensis, +<i>Gray</i>.)—Moist woods, Lab. to N. C., west to Minn. and Iowa. May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="streptopus"><b>15. STRÉPTOPUS</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">Twisted-Stalk.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth recurved-spreading from a bell-shaped base, deciduous; the 6 distinct +sepals lanceolate, acute, the 3 inner keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, extrorse, +fixed near the base to the short flattened filaments, tapering above to +a slender entire or 2-cleft point. Ovary with many ovules in each cell; style +and sometimes the stigmas one. Berry red, roundish-ovoid, many-seeded.—Herbs, +with rather stout stems from a creeping rootstock, forking and divergent +branches, ovate and taper-pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous +leaves, and small (extra-) axillary flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on +slender thread-like peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the +middle (whence the name, from <span class="greek">στρεπτός</span>, <i>twisted</i>, and <span class="greek">ποῦς</span>, <i>foot</i> or <i>stalk</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. amplexifòlius</b>, DC. Stem 2–3° high, glabrous; <i>leaves very +smooth, glaucous underneath</i>, strongly clasping; <i>flower greenish-white</i> (4–6´´ +long) on a long abruptly bent peduncle; anthers tapering to a slender entire +point; <i>stigma entire, truncate</i>.—Cold moist woods, N. Eng. to N. Minn., south +to Ohio, Penn., and in the mountains to N. C. June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. ròseus</b>, Michx. <i>Lower leaves green both sides, finely ciliate</i>, and the +branches sparingly beset with short bristly hairs; <i>flower rose-purple</i> (3–4´´ +long), more than half the length of the slightly bent peduncle; anthers 2-horned; +<i>stigma 3-cleft</i>.—Cold damp woods, N. Eng. to N. Minn., and south +in the mountains to Ga. May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="disporum"><b>16. DÍSPORUM</b>, Salisb.</p> + +<p>Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, the 6 sepals lanceolate or linear, deciduous. +Filaments thread-like, much longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers, +which are fixed by a point above the base and extrorse. Ovary with 2 ovules +(in our species) suspended from the summit of each cell; style one; stigmas<a name="page527"></a> +short, recurved-spreading, or sometimes united into one! Berry ovoid or oblong, +pointed, 3–6-seeded, red.—Downy low herbs, with creeping rootstocks, +erect stems sparingly branched above, with closely sessile ovate thin and +transversely veined leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers, on slender +terminal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. (Name from <span class="greek">δίς</span>, <i>double</i>, and +<span class="greek">σπορά</span>, <i>seed</i>, in allusion to the 2 ovules in each cell.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. lanuginòsum</b>, Benth. & Hook. Leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, +rounded or slightly heart-shaped at base, closely sessile, downy beneath; +flowers solitary, [or] in pairs; sepals linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed (½´ +long), soon spreading, twice the length of the stamens, greenish; style smooth; +stigmas 3. (Prosartes lanuginosa, <i>Don.</i>)—Rich woods, western N. Y. to Va. +and Ga., west to Ky. and Tenn. May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="clintonia"><b>17. CLINTÒNIA</b>, Raf.</p> + +<p>Perianth of 6 separate sepals, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 stamens +inserted at their base. Filaments long and thread-like; anthers linear +or oblong, extrorsely fixed by a point above the base, the cells opening down +the margins. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2–3-celled; style long; stigmas 2 or 3, or +in ours united into one. Berry few–many-seeded.—Short-stemmed perennials, +with slender creeping rootstocks, bearing a naked peduncle sheathed at +the base by the stalks of 2–4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves; flowers +rather large, umbelled, rarely single. (Dedicated to <i>De Witt Clinton.</i>)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. boreàlis</b>, Raf. Scape and leaves 5–8´ long; <i>umbel 3–6-flowered</i>; +perianth greenish-yellow, somewhat downy outside (3–4´´ long); berry ovoid, +blue; <i>ovules 20 or more</i>.—Cold moist woods, Lab. to N. C., west to Minn.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. umbellàta</b>, Torr. Flowers half the size of the last, white, speckled +with green or purplish dots; <i>umbel many-flowered</i>; berry globular, black; +<i>ovules 2 in each cell</i>.—Rich woods, in the Alleghanies from N. Y. to Ga.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="uvularia"><b>18. UVULÀRIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Bellwort.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 distinct sepals +spatulate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtusely gibbous at base, with a deep honey-bearing +groove within bordered on each side by a callus-like ridge. Stamens +much shorter, barely adherent to their base; anthers linear, much longer than +the filaments, adnate and extrorse, but the long narrow cells opening laterally. +Style deeply 3-cleft; the divisions stigmatic along the inner side. Capsule +truncate, coriaceous, 3-lobed, loculicidal at the summit. Seeds few in each +cell, obovoid, with a thin white aril.—Stems rather low, terete, from a short +rootstock with fleshy roots, naked or scaly at base, forking above, bearing +oblong perfoliate flat and membranaceous leaves with smooth margins, and +yellowish drooping flowers, in spring, solitary on terminal peduncles. (Name +"from the flowers hanging like the <i>uvula</i>, or palate.")</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>U. perfoliàta</b>, L. <i>Glaucous throughout</i>, ½–1½° high, with 1–3 leaves +below the fork; <i>leaves glabrous</i>, oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, acute; <i>perianth-segments +granular-pubescent within</i> (8–16´´ long); <i>stamens shorter than the styles; +tip of the connective acuminate</i>; cells of the capsule with 2 dorsal ridges and +2-beaked at the apex.—Rich woods, N. Eng. to Dak., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page528"></a>2. <b>U. grandiflòra</b>, Smith. Yellowish-green, <i>not glaucous</i>; stem naked +or with a single leaf below the fork; <i>leaves whitish-pubescent beneath</i>, usually +somewhat acuminate; <i>perianth-segments smooth within</i> or nearly so (12–18´´ +long); <i>stamens exceeding the styles, obtusely tipped</i>; capsule obtusely lobed. +(U. flava, <i>Smith</i>.)—Rich woods, Canada to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="oakesia"><b>19. OAKÈSIA</b>, Watson.</p> + +<p>Flowers resembling those of Uvularia, but the segments obtuse or acutish, +carinately gibbous and without ridges within. Capsule membranous, elliptical, +acutish at each end or shortly stipitate, triquetrous and acutely winged, +very tardily dehiscent. Seeds globose, with a very tumid spongy rhaphe.—Stem +acutely angled, from a slender creeping rootstock, with sessile clasping +leaves scabrous on the margin, and 1 or 2 flowers terminal on slender peduncles +but soon appearing opposite to the leaves by the growth of the branches. +(Dedicated to <i>William Oakes</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. sessilifòlia</b>, Watson. Leaves lance-oblong, acute at each end, +pale, glaucous beneath, sessile or partly clasping; sepals 7–12´´ long; anthers +obtuse; capsule short-stipitate, 6–10´´ long. (Uvularia sessilifolia, <i>L.</i>)—Low +woods, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., Neb. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>O. pubérula</b>, Watson. Slightly puberulent; leaves bright green both +sides and shining, oval, mostly rounded at base, with rougher edges; styles +separate to near the base, not exceeding the acute anthers; capsule not stipitate, +10–12´´ long. (Uvularia puberula, <i>Michx.</i>)—Mountains, Va. to S. C.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="erythronium"><b>20. ERYTHRÒNIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Dog's-tooth Violet.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth lily-like, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, recurved or spreading +above, deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the +erect base, and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6´, awl-shaped; anthers +oblong-linear, continuing erect. Style elongated. Capsule obovate, contracted +at base, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds rather numerous, ovoid, with a +loose membranaceous tip.—Nearly stemless herbs, with two smooth and +shining flat leaves tapering into petioles and sheathing the base of the commonly +one-flowered scape, rising from a deep solid-scaly bulb. Flowers rather +large, nodding, in spring. (The Greek name for the purple-flowered European +species, from <span class="greek">ἐρυθρός</span>, <i>red</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. Americànum</b>, Ker. (<span class="smcap">Yellow Adder's-tongue.</span>) Scape 6–9´ +high; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, mottled with purplish and whitish +and commonly minutely dotted; <i>perianth light yellow</i>, often spotted near +the base (10–20´´ long); style club-shaped; <i>stigmas united</i>.—Rich ground, +N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. álbidum</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">White Dog's-tooth Violet.</span>) Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, +less or not at all spotted; <i>perianth pinkish-white</i>; inner +divisions toothless; style more slender except at the apex, bearing 3 short +<i>spreading stigmas</i>.—Rich ground, N. Y. to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. propúllans</b>, Gray. <i>Offshoot arising from the stem, near the middle</i>; +leaves smaller and more acuminate; <i>flowers bright rose-color</i>, yellowish at base +(6´´ long); <i>style slender; stigmas united</i>.—In rich soil, Minn. and Ont.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lilium"><a name="page529"></a><b>21. LÍLIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Lily.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 distinct sepals, spreading +or recurved above, with a honey-bearing furrow at the base, deciduous; the 6 +stamens somewhat adhering to their bases. Anthers linear, extrorsely attached +near the middle to the tapering apex of the long filament, which is at +first included, at length versatile; the cells dehiscent by a lateral or slightly +introrse line. Style elongated, somewhat club-shaped; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule +oblong, containing numerous flat and horizontal (depressed) soft-coated +seeds densely packed in 2 rows in each cell. Bulbs scaly, producing simple +stems, with numerous alternate-scattered or whorled narrow sessile leaves, +and from one to several large and showy flowers; in summer. (The classical +Latin name, from the Greek <span class="greek">λείριον</span>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers erect, the sepals narrowed below into claws; bulbs not rhizomatous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Philadélphicum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Orange-red Lily. Wood Lily.</span>) +Stem 2–3° high; <i>leaves linear-lanceolate, whorled or scattered</i>; flowers (2–4´ +long) 1–3, open-bell-shaped, <i>reddish-orange</i> spotted with purplish inside; the +lanceolate sepals not recurved at the summit; bulb of thick fleshy jointed +scales.—Dry or sandy ground, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. Catesbæ̀i</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Southern Red Lily.</span>) <i>Leaves linear-lanceolate, +scattered</i>; flower solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long-clawed sepals wavy +on the margin and recurved at the summit, <i>scarlet</i>, spotted with dark purple +and yellow inside; bulb-scales thin, narrow and leaf-bearing.—Pine-barrens, +N. C. to Fla., west to Ky. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers nodding, the sepals sessile; bulbs rhizomatous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. supérbum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Turk's-cap Lily.</span>) Stem 3–7° high; <i>lower +leaves whorled</i>, lanceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, smooth; flowers (3´ long) often +many (3–20 or 40) in a pyramidal raceme; <i>sepals strongly revolute</i>, bright +orange, with numerous dark purple spots inside.—Rich low grounds, N. Brunswick +to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. Canadénse</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wild Yellow Lily.</span>) Stem 2–5° high; <i>leaves +remotely whorled</i>, lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves rough; +flowers few (2–3´ long), long-peduncled, oblong-bell-shaped, the <i>sepals recurved-spreading +above</i>, yellow or orange, usually spotted with brown.—Moist +meadows and bogs, N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. Gràyi</b>, Watson. Stems 2–3° high; leaves in whorls of 4–8, lanceolate, +acute or slightly acuminate, smooth; <i>flowers</i> 1 or 2, <i>nearly horizontal</i>, +<i>the sepals</i> (1½–2½´ long) but <i>little spreading above the rather broad base</i>, +rather abruptly acute, deep reddish orange, thickly spotted within.—Peaks +of Otter, Va., and southward in the mountains to N. C.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">tigrìnum</span>, Ker. (<span class="smcap">Tiger Lily.</span>) Tall, pubescent above; leaves scattered, +narrowly lanceolate, dark green, 5–7-nerved, the upper axils bulbiferous; +flowers large, resembling those of L. superbum.—An escape from +gardens. (Adv. from E. Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="medeola"><b>22. MEDÈOLA</b>, Gronov. <span class="smcap">Indian Cucumber-root.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth recurved, the 3 sepals and 3 petals oblong and alike (pale greenish-yellow), +deciduous. Stamens 6; anthers shorter than the slender filaments, +oblong, extrorsely attached above the base, but the line of dehiscence of the<a name="page530"></a> +closely contiguous parallel cells lateral or slightly introrse. Stigmas, or styles, +stigmatic down the upper side, recurved-diverging from the globose ovary, +long and thread-form, deciduous. Berry globose (dark purple), 3-celled, few-seeded.—A +perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (1–3° high, clothed +with flocculent and deciduous wool), rising from a horizontal and tuberous +white rootstock (which has the taste of cucumber), bearing near the middle a +whorl of 5–9 obovate-lanceolate and pointed, sessile, lightly parallel-ribbed +and netted-veiny, thin leaves; also another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5) much smaller +ovate ones at the top, subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved flowers. +(Named after the sorceress <i>Medea</i>, for its supposed great medicinal virtues.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. Virginiàna</b>, L.—Rich damp woods, N. Eng. to Minn., Ind., and +southward. June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="trillium"><b>23. TRÍLLIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Wake Robin. Birthroot.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, larger, +withering in age. Stamens 6; anthers linear, on short filaments, adnate, usually +introrse; the cells opening down the margins. Stigmas sessile, awl-shaped +or slender, spreading or recurved above, persistent, stigmatic down the +inner side. Ovary 3–6-angled. Berry ovate, usually 6-angled or -winged, +3-celled (purple or red). Seeds ovate, horizontal, several in each cell.—Low +perennial herbs, with a stout and simple stem rising from a short and præmorse +tuber-like rootstock, naked, bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 ample, +commonly broadly ovate, more or less ribbed but netted-veined leaves, and a +terminal large flower; in spring. (Name from <i>triplum</i>, triple; all the parts +being in threes.)—Monstrosities are not rare with the calyx and sometimes +petals changed to leaves, or the parts of the flower increased in number.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Ovary and fruit 6-angled and more or less winged.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flower sessile; the very broad connective produced beyond the anther-cells.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. séssile</b>, L. <i>Leaves sessile, ovate</i> or rhomboidal, acute, often blotched +or spotted; sepals spreading; <i>sessile petals erect-spreading</i>, narrowly lanceolate +or oblanceolate, dark and dull purple, varying to greenish, fruit globose, +6´´ long.—Moist woods, Penn. to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. recurvàtum</b>, Beck. <i>Leaves contracted at the base into a petiole, +ovate, oblong, or obovate; sepals reflexed; petals</i> pointed, the base <i>narrowed into +a claw</i>, oblong-lanceolate to -ovate, dark purple; fruit ovate, strongly winged +above, 9´´ long.—Rich woods, Ohio and Ind. to Minn. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Flower pedicelled; connective narrow, not produced; leaves subsessile.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Pedicel longer than the flower; filament shorter than the anther.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>T. eréctum</b>, L. Leaves very broadly rhombic (2½–6´ wide), shortly +acuminate; pedicel (1–3´ long) usually more or less inclined or declinate; +<i>petals ovate to lanceolate</i> (9–18´´ long), brown-purple or often white or greenish +or pinkish; stamens equalling or exceeding the <i>stout distinct spreading or +recurved stigmas</i>; fruit ovate, 1´ long, reddish.—Rich woods, N. Scotia to +N. C., west to Minn. and Mo. Flowers ill-scented.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>T. grandiflòrum</b>, Salisb. Leaves less broadly rhombic-ovate (1½–4´ +wide); pedicel erect or ascending; <i>petals oblanceolate</i>, often broadly so (1½–2½´ +long), white turning rose-color or marked with green; stamens with stout<a name="page531"></a> +filaments (persistently green about the fruit) and anthers, <i>exceeding the very +slender erect or suberect and somewhat coherent stigmas</i>; fruit globose, ½–1´ +long.—Rich woods, Vt. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Pedicel short, recurved or strongly declinate; filaments slender, about +equalling the anther.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>T. cérnuum</b>, L. Leaves very broadly rhombic-ovate (2–4´ broad); +petals white or pink, ovate- to oblong-lanceolate (6–12´´ long), wavy, recurved-spreading; +stamens with short anthers, shorter than the stout recurved distinct +stigmas; fruit ovate.—Moist woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Ga. +and Mo.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Ovary and fruit 3-lobed or angled, not winged; filaments slender, about +equalling the anthers; pedicel erect or inclined; leaves petiolate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>T. nivàle</b>, Riddell. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf White T.</span>) Small (2–4´ high); <i>leaves +oval or ovate, obtuse</i> (1–2´ long); <i>petals oblong, obtuse</i> (6–15´´ long), <i>white</i>, +scarcely wavy, spreading from an erect base, equalling the peduncle; styles +long and slender; fruit depressed globose, with 3 rounded lobes, 3–4´´ long.—Rich +woods, W. Penn. and Ky. to Minn. and Iowa.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>T. erythrocárpum</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Painted T.</span>) <i>Leaves ovate, taper-pointed</i>; +<i>petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy</i>, widely spreading, <i>white +painted with purple stripes at the base</i>, shorter than the peduncle; fruit broad-ovate, +obtuse, 7–9´´ long.—Cold damp woods and bogs, N. Brunswick to Ga., +west to Wisc. and Mo.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="helonias"><b>24. HELÒNIAS</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong purple sepals, persistent, +several-nerved, glandless, turning green, shorter than the thread-like filaments. +Anthers 2-celled, roundish-oval, blue, extrorse. Styles revolute, stigmatic +down the inner side, deciduous. Capsule obcordately 3-lobed, loculicidally +3-valved; the valves divergently 2-lobed. Seeds many in each cell, linear, with +a tapering appendage at both ends.—A smooth perennial, with many oblong-spatulate +or oblanceolate evergreen flat leaves, from a tuberous rootstock, producing +in early spring a stout hollow sparsely bracteate scape (1–2° high), +sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by a simple and short +dense raceme. Bracts obsolete; pedicels shorter than the flowers. (Name +probably from <span class="greek">ἕλος</span>, <i>a swamp</i>, the place of growth.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. bullàta</b>, L.—Wet places, Penn. and N. J. to Va.; rare and local.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chamaelirium"><b>25. CHAMÆLÍRIUM</b>, Willd. <span class="smcap">Devil's-Bit.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading 1-nerved +sepals, withering-persistent. Filaments and (white) anthers, as in Helonias; +fertile flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic +along the inner side. Capsule ovoid-oblong, not lobed, of a thin texture, +loculicidally 3-valved from the apex, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, +winged at each end.—Smooth herb, with a wand-like stem from a (bitter) +thick and abrupt tuberous rootstock, terminated by a long wand-like spiked +raceme (4–12´ long) of small bractless flowers; fertile plant more leafy than +the staminate. Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a<a name="page532"></a> +petiole. (Name formed of <span class="greek">χαμαί</span> <i>on the ground</i>, and <span class="greek">λείριον</span>, <i>lily</i>, the genus +having been founded on a dwarf undeveloped specimen.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Caroliniànum</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Blazing-Star.</span>) Stem 1–4° high. (C. +luteum, <i>Gray</i>.)—Low grounds, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Neb. and Ark. June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="xerophyllum"><b>26. XEROPHÝLLUM</b>, Michx.</p> + +<p>Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading; sepals petal-like (white), oval, +distinct, without glands or claws, 5–7-nerved, at length withering, about the +length of the awl-shaped filaments. Anthers 2-celled, short, extrorse. Styles +thread-like, stigmatic down the inner side, persistent. Capsule globular, +3-lobed, obtuse (small), loculicidal; the valves bearing the partitions. Seeds +2 in each cell, collateral, 3-angled, not margined.—Herb with the stem simple, +1–4° high, from a thick tuberous rootstock, bearing a simple dense bracteate +raceme of showy flowers, and thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, the +upper reduced to bristle-like bracts; those from the root very many in a dense +tuft, reclined, a foot long or more, 1´´ wide below, rough on the margin, remarkably +dry and rigid. (Name from <span class="greek">ξηρός</span>, <i>arid</i>, and <span class="greek">φύλλον</span>, <i>leaf</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>X. setifòlium</b>, Michx. Stem 1–4° high. (X. asphodeloides, <i>Nutt.</i>)—Pine-barrens, +N. J. to Ga. June.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tofieldia"><b>27. TOFIÈLDIA</b>, Hudson. <span class="smcap">False Asphodel.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect, usually with a little 3-bracted involucre underneath. Perianth +more or less spreading, persistent; the sepals (white or greenish) concave, +oblong or obovate, without claws, 3-nerved. Filaments awl-shaped; +anthers short, innate or somewhat introrse, 2-celled. Styles awl-shaped; +stigmas terminal. Capsule 3-angular, 3-partible or septicidal; cells many-seeded. +Seeds oblong, horizontal.—Slender perennials, mostly tufted, with +short or creeping rhizomes, and simple stems leafy only at the base, bearing +small flowers in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant, linear, +grass-like. (Named for <i>Mr. Tofield</i>, an English botanist of the last century.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Glabrous; pedicels solitary, in a short raceme or head; seeds not appendaged.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. palústris</b>, Hudson. Scape leafless or nearly so (2–6´ high), slender, +bearing a globular or oblong head or short raceme of whitish flowers; +leaves tufted, ½–1½´ long.—L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stem and inflorescence pubescent; pedicels fascicled in threes; seeds caudate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. glutinòsa</b>, Willd. Stem (6–16´ high) and pedicels very <i>glutinous +with dark glands</i>; leaves broadly linear, short; perianth not becoming rigid; +capsule thin; seeds with a contorted tail at each end.—Moist grounds, Maine +to Minn., and northward; also south in the Alleghanies. June.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>T. pùbens</b>, Ait. Stem (1–3° high) and pedicels <i>roughened with minute +glands</i>; leaves longer and narrower; perianth rigid about the firm capsule; +seeds with a short white appendage at each end.—Pine-barrens, N. J. +to Fla. and Ala. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="narthecium"><b>28. NARTHÈCIUM</b>, Moehring. <span class="smcap">Bog-Asphodel.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals 6, linear-lanceolate, yellowish, persistent. Filaments 6, woolly; anthers +linear, introrse. Capsule cylindrical-oblong, attenuate upward and bearing<a name="page533"></a> +the slightly lobed sessile stigma, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds ascending, +appendaged at each end with a long bristle-form tail.—Rootstock creeping, +bearing linear equitant leaves, and a simple stem or scape, terminated by a +simple dense bracteate raceme; pedicels bearing a linear bractlet. (Name an +anagram of <i>Anthericum</i>, from <span class="greek">ἀνθέρικος</span>, supposed to have been the Asphodel.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. Americànum</b>, Ker. Stem 1° high or more; leaves 1´´ wide, +7–9-nerved; raceme dense (1–2´ long); perianth-segments narrowly linear +(2–2½´´ long), scarcely exceeding the stamens. (N. ossifragum, var. Americanum, +<i>Gray</i>.)—Sandy bogs, pine-barrens of N. J. June, July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="melanthium"><b>29. MELÁNTHIUM</b>, Linn.</p> + +<p>Flowers monœciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 separate and free widely +spreading somewhat heart-shaped or oblong and halberd-shaped or oblanceolate +sepals, raised on slender claws, cream-colored or greenish, the base marked with +2 approximate or confluent glands, or glandless, turning greenish brown and +persistent. Filaments shorter than the sepals, adhering to their claws often to +near the summit, persistent. Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently +1-celled, shield-shaped after opening, extrorse. Styles 3, awl-shaped, +diverging, tipped with simple stigmas. Capsule ovoid-conical, 3-lobed, of 3 +inflated membranaceous carpels united in the axis, separating when ripe, and +splitting down the inner edge, several-seeded. Seeds flat, broadly winged.—Stems +tall and leafy, from a thick rootstock, roughish-downy above, as well as +the open and ample pyramidal panicle (composed chiefly of simple racemes), +the terminal part mostly fertile. Leaves linear to oblanceolate or oval, not +plaited. (Name composed of <span class="greek">μέλας</span>, <i>black</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>, from the darker +color which the persistent perianth assumes after blossoming.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Sepals with a conspicuous double gland at the summit of the claw.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. Virgínicum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bunch-flower.</span>) Stem 3–5° high, leafy, +rather slender; leaves linear (4–10´´ wide); sepals flat, ovate to oblong or +slightly hastate (2½–4´´ long); capsule 6´´ long; seeds 10 in each cell, 2–3´´ +long.—Wet meadows, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. latifòlium</b>, Desrouss. Leaves more oblanceolate, often 2´ broad; +sepals undulate (2–3´´ long), the very narrow claw nearly equalling the orbicular +or ovate blade; capsule 6–8´´ long; styles more slender; seeds 4–8 in each +cell, 3–4´´ long. (M. racemosum, <i>Michx.</i>)—W. Conn. to S. C.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Sepals oblanceolate, without glands.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>M. parviflòrum</b>, Watson. Stem rather slender (2–5° high), sparingly +leafy, naked above; leaves oval to oblanceolate (2–4´ wide), on long +petioles; sepals 2–3´´ long, oblanceolate or spatulate, those of the sterile flowers +on claws; stamens very short; capsule 6´´ long; seeds 4–6 in each cell, 4´´ +long. (Veratrum parviflorum, <i>Michx.</i>)—In the Alleghanies, Va. to S. C.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="veratrum"><b>30. VERÀTRUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">False Hellebore.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and separate +obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish) sepals, more or less contracted at the +base (but not clawed), nearly free from the ovary, not gland-bearing. Filaments +free from the sepals and shorter than they, recurving. Anthers, pistils,<a name="page534"></a> +fruit, etc., nearly as in Melanthium.—Somewhat pubescent perennials, with +simple stems from a thickened base producing coarse fibrous roots (very poisonous), +3-ranked, plaited and strongly veined leaves, and racemed-panicled dull +or dingy flowers; in summer. (Name from <i>vere</i>, truly, and <i>ater</i>, black.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>V. víride</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">American White Hellebore. Indian Poke.</span>) +<i>Stem stout, very leafy</i> to the top (2–7° high); <i>leaves broadly oval</i>, pointed, +<i>sheath-clasping; panicle pyramidal</i>, the <i>dense spike-like racemes</i> spreading; +<i>perianth yellowish-green</i>, moderately spreading, <i>the segments ciliate-serrulate; +ovary glabrous</i>; capsule many-seeded.—Swamps and low grounds, common.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>V. Woódii</b>, Robbins. <i>Stem slender, sparingly leafy</i> (2–5° high); <i>leaves +oblanceolate</i>, only the lowest sheathing; <i>panicle very narrow; perianth greenish-purple, +with entire segments; ovary tomentose</i>, soon glabrate; capsule few-seeded.—Woods +and hilly barrens, S. Ind. to Mo.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="stenanthium"><b>31. STENÁNTHIUM</b>, Gray.</p> + +<p>Flowers polygamous. Perianth spreading; the sepals narrowly lanceolate, +tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are united and coherent +with the base of the ovary, not gland-bearing, persistent, much longer than the +short stamens. Anthers, capsules, etc., nearly as in Veratrum. Seeds nearly +wingless.—Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem from a bulbous base, long and +grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves, and numerous small flowers in compound +racemes, forming a long terminal panicle; in summer. (Name composed of +<span class="greek">στενός</span>, <i>narrow</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>, from the slender sepals and panicles.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. angustifòlium</b>, Gray. Stem leafy (3–4° high), <i>very slender; leaves +2–3´´ broad</i>; panicle elongated, nearly simple, very open, with slender flexuous +branches; flowers nearly sessile or the fertile on short pedicels; sepals linear-lanceolate +(white), 2–3´´ long; <i>capsule strongly reflexed</i>, narrowly oblong-ovate, +with spreading beaks.—In the Alleghanies from Va. to S. C.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. robústum</b>, Watson. Resembling the last; <i>stem stout</i>, leafy, erect +(3–5° high); <i>leaves 4–10´´ broad</i>; panicle or raceme often 2° long, frequently +compound with numerous slender branches; sepals (white or green) 3–4´´ long; +<i>capsule erect</i>, ovate, with recurved beaks.—Penn. to S. C., Ohio and Tenn.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="zygadenus"><b>32. ZYGADÈNUS</b>, Michx.</p> + +<p>Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading; +the petal-like oblong or ovate sepals 1–2-glandular near the more or less narrowed +but not unguiculate base, which is either free, or united and coherent +with the base of the ovary. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length. +Anthers, styles, and capsule nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds angled, rarely +at all margined.—Very smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with simple +stems from creeping rootstocks or coated bulbs, linear leaves, and rather large +panicled greenish-white flowers; in summer. (Name composed of <span class="greek">ζυγός</span>, <i>a yoke</i>, +and <span class="greek">ἀδήν</span>, <i>a gland</i>, the glands being sometimes in pairs.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Glands on the perianth conspicuous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Rootstock creeping; glands 2, orbicular, above the broad claw.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>Z. glabérrimus</b>, Michx. Stems 1–3° high; leaves grass-like, channelled, +conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to a point; panicle pyramidal,<a name="page535"></a> +many-flowered; flowers perfect; sepals nearly free (½´ long), ovate, becoming +lance-ovate, with a short claw.—Grassy low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Root bulbous; glands covering the base of the sepals.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>Z. élegans</b>, Pursh. Stem 1–3° high; leaves flat, carinate; raceme +simple or sparingly branched and few-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate; base +of the perianth coherent with the base of the ovary, the thin ovate or obovate +sepals marked with a large obcordate gland, the inner abruptly contracted to a +broad claw. (Z. glaucus, <i>Nutt.</i>)—N. Eng. to N. Ill., Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>Z. Nuttàllii</b>, Gray. Like the last; raceme rather densely flowered, +with narrow bracts; perianth free; sepals with an ill-defined gland at base, not +at all clawed; seeds larger (3´´ long).—Kan. to Tex. and Col.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Glands of the perianth obscure; perianth small, rotate; bulb somewhat fibrous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>Z. leimanthoìdes</b>, Gray. Stem 1–4° high, slender; leaves narrowly +linear; flowers small (4´´ in diameter) and numerous, in a few crowded panicled +racemes; only a yellowish spot on the contracted base of the divisions of the +free perianth.—Low grounds, pine-barrens of N. J., to Ga.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="amianthium"><b>33. AMIÁNTHIUM</b>, Gray. <span class="smcap">Fly-Poison.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading; the distinct and free petal-like +(white) sepals oval or obovate, without claws or glands, persistent. Filaments +capillary, equalling or exceeding the perianth. Anthers, capsules, etc., nearly as +in Melanthium. Styles thread-like. Seeds wingless, oblong or linear, with a loose +coat, 1–4 in each cell.—Glabrous, with simple stems from a bulbous base or +coated bulb, scape-like, few-leaved, terminated by a simple dense raceme of handsome +flowers, turning greenish with age. Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. +(From <span class="greek">ἀμίαντος</span>, <i>unspotted</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>; a name formed with more regard +to euphony than to good construction, alluding to the glandless perianth.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. muscætóxicum</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Fly-Poison.</span>) <i>Leaves broadly linear</i>, +elongated, obtuse (½–1´ wide); <i>raceme simple</i>; capsule abruptly 3-horned; seeds +oblong, with a fleshy red coat.—Open woods, N. J. to Fla., west to Ky. and +Ark. June, July.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="pontederiaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 117.</span> <b>PONTEDERIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Pickerel-weed Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe; +the petal-like 6-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary; the 3 or 6 +mostly unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat.</i>—Perianth with +the 6 divisions colored alike, <i>imbricated</i> in 2 rows in the bud, the whole +together sometimes revolute-coiled after flowering, then withering away, +or the base thickened-persistent and enclosing the fruit. Anthers introrse. +Ovules anatropous. Style 1; stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit +a perfectly or incompletely 3-celled many-seeded capsule, or a 1-celled +1-seeded utricle. Embryo slender, in floury albumen.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Pontederia.</b> Spike many-flowered. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy persistent base enclosing +the 1-seeded utricle. Stamens 6.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Heteranthera.</b> Spathe 1–few-flowered. Perianth salver-shaped. Stamens 3. Capsule +many-seeded.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pontederia"><a name="page536"></a><b>1. PONTEDÈRIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Pickerel-weed.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3-lobed +upper lip; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form the lower +part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable to the base; after +flowering the tube is revolute-coiled from the apex downward, and its fleshy-thickened +persistent base encloses the fruit. Stamens 6; the 3 anterior long-exserted; +the 3 posterior (often sterile or imperfect) with very short filaments, +unequally inserted lower down; anthers versatile, oval, blue. Ovary 3-celled; +two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utricle 1-celled, +filled with the single seed.—Stout herbs, growing in shallow water, +with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled mostly heart-shaped +leaves, and a 1-leaved stem, bearing a spike of violet-blue ephemeral +flowers. Root-leaves with a sheathing stipule within the petiole. (Dedicated +to <i>Pontedera</i>, Professor at Padua at the beginning of the last century.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. cordàta</b>, L. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, blunt, or sometimes triangular-elongated +and tapering and scarcely cordate (var. <span class="smcap">angustifòlia</span>, +Torr.); spike dense, from a spathe-like bract; upper lobe of perianth marked +with a pair of yellow spots (rarely all white); calyx-tube in fruit crested with +6 toothed ridges.—N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="heteranthera"><b>2. HETERANTHÈRA</b>, Ruiz & Pav. <span class="smcap">Mud-Plantain.</span></p> + +<p>Perianth salver-form with a slender tube; the limb somewhat equally 6-parted, +ephemeral. Stamens 3, in the throat, usually unequal; anthers erect. +Capsule 1-celled or incompletely 3-celled by intrusion of the placentæ, many-seeded.—Creeping, +floating or submerged low herbs, in mud or shallow water, +with a 1–few-flowered spathe bursting from the sheathing side or base of a +petiole. (Name from <span class="greek">ἑτέρα</span>, <i>different</i>, and <span class="greek">ἀνθηρά</span>, <i>anther</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stamens unequal; 2 posterior filaments with ovate yellow anthers; the other +longer, with a larger oblong or sagittate greenish anther; capsule incompletely +3-celled; leaves rounded, long-petioled; creeping or floating plants.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. renifórmis</b>, Ruiz & Pav. Leaves round-kidney-shaped to cordate +and acute; spathe 3–5-flowered; flowers white or pale blue.—Conn. to N. J., +west to Ill. and E. Kan., and southward. (S. Am.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. limòsa</b>, Vahl. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse at both ends; +spathe 1-flowered; flowers larger, blue.—Va. to Mo. and La. (S. Am.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stamens alike, with sagittate anthers; capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentæ; +leaves linear, translucent, sessile; submerged grass-like herbs, with +only the flowers reaching the surface.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>H. gramínea</b>, Vahl. The slender branching stems clothed with +leaves and bearing a terminal 1-flowered spathe (becoming lateral); flowers +small, pale yellow, with a very long thread-like tube. (Schollera graminifolia, +<i>Willd.</i>)—N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and E. Kan.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="xyridaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 118.</span> <b>XYRIDÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Yellow-eyed-grass Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base of a naked scape, +which is terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, with extrorse<a name="page537"></a> +anthers, glumaceous calyx, and a regular colored corolla; the 3-valved +mostly 1-celled capsule containing several or many orthotropous seeds with +a minute embryo at the apex of fleshy albumen.</i></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="xyris"><b>1. XỲRIS</b>, Gronov. <span class="smcap">Yellow-eyed Grass.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are densely +imbricated in a head. Sepals 3; the 2 lateral glume-like, boat-shaped or keeled +and persistent; the anterior one larger and membranaceous, enwrapping the +corolla in the bud and deciduous with it. Petals 3, with claws, which cohere +more or less. Fertile stamens 3, with linear anthers, inserted on the claws of +the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments, which are cleft and in our species +plumose or bearded at the apex. Style 3-cleft. Capsule oblong, free, 1-celled, +with 3 parietal more or less projecting placentæ, 3-valved, many-seeded.—Flowers +yellow, produced all summer. Ours apparently all perennials. +(<span class="greek">Ξυρίς</span>, a name of some plant with 2-edged leaves, from <span class="greek">ξυρόν</span>, a <i>razor</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>X. flexuòsa</b>, Muhl. Scape slender (10–16´ high), barely flattened at +the summit, often from a bulbous base, very smooth, much longer than the +narrowly linear leaves, both commonly twisted with age; head roundish-ovoid +(3–4´´ long); <i>lateral sepals</i> oblong lanceolate, <i>finely ciliate-scarious on the narrow +wingless keel</i>, usually with a minute bearded tuft at the apex, shorter than +the bract.—Sandy or peaty bogs, Mass. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>pusìlla</b>, Gray. Small and very slender, seldom twisted, 2–9´ high, +the base not bulbous; head 2–3´´ long.—White Mts. to Penn., west to L. Superior.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>X. tórta</b>, Smith. Scape terete, with one sharp edge, slender, 9–20´ +high, from a dark bulbous base, and with the <i>linear-filiform rigid leaves</i> becoming +spirally twisted; head ovoid, becoming spindle-shaped, or oblong and +acute (5–9´´ long); sepals exceeding the bract; <i>lateral sepals winged on the +keel and fringed above the middle</i>.—Pine barrens, in dry sand, N. J. to Fla., +Tex. and Ark.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>X. Caroliniàna</b>, Walt. Scape flattish, 1-angled below, 2-edged at the +summit, smooth, ½–2° high, the base hardly bulbous; <i>leaves linear-sword-shaped, +flat</i>, 2–4´´ broad; head globular-ovoid (5–7´´ long); <i>lateral sepals obscurely +lacerate-fringed above on the winged keel</i>, rather shorter than the bract.—Sandy +swamps, near the coast, Mass. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>X. fimbriàta</b>, Ell. Scape somewhat angled, 2-edged above, rough +(2° high), rather longer than the linear-sword-shaped or strap-shaped leaves, +the base not bulbous; head oblong-ovate (6–10´´ long); <i>lateral sepals</i> lanceolate-linear, +<i>nearly twice the length of the bract, above the middle conspicuously +fringed on the wing-margined keel, and even plumose at the summit</i>.—Pine-barrens, +N. J. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="mayaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 119.</span> <b>MAYÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Mayaca Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Moss-like aquatic plants, densely leafy, with narrowly-linear sessile pellucid +leaves, axillary naked peduncles terminated by a solitary perfect 3-androus +flower, herbaceous calyx, white corolla, and a 3-valved 1-celled +several-seeded capsule.</i></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="mayaca"><a name="page538"></a><b>1. MAYÀCA</b>, Aublet.</p> + +<p>The only genus. Perianth persistent, of 3 herbaceous lanceolate sepals, +and 3 obovate petals. Stamens alternate with the petals. Ovary with 3 parietal +few-ovuled placentæ; style filiform; stigma simple.—Creeping or floating +in shallow water; the leaves 1-nerved, entire, notched at the apex; the +peduncle solitary, sheathed at base. (An aboriginal name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. Michaùxii</b>, Schott & Endl. Peduncles not much exceeding the +leaves, nodding in fruit.—Va. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="commelinaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 120.</span> <b>COMMELINÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Spiderwort Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Herbs, with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed and often branching +leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and 6-androus, often irregular flowers, +with the perianth free from the 2–3-celled ovary, and having a distinct +calyx and corolla</i>; viz., 3 persistent commonly herbaceous sepals, and +3 petals, ephemeral, decaying or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, some +of them often sterile; anthers with 2 separated cells. Style 1; stigma +undivided. Capsule 2–3-celled, 2–3-valved, loculicidal, 3–several-seeded. +Seeds orthotropous. Embryo small, pulley-shaped, partly sunk +in a shallow depression at the apex of the albumen. Leaves ovate, +lanceolate or linear, parallel-veined, flat, sheathed at base; the uppermost +often dissimilar and forming a kind of spathe.—Chiefly tropical.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Commelina.</b> Cyme sessile within a cordate or connate bract (spathe). Petals unequal. +Perfect stamens 3; filaments naked.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Tradescantia.</b> Bracts leaf-like or small and scarious. Petals equal. Perfect stamens +6; filaments bearded.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="commelina"><b>1. COMMELÌNA</b>, Dill. <span class="smcap">Day-flower.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers irregular. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal; the 2 lateral partly +united by their contiguous margins. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney-shaped, +on long claws, the odd one smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of them fertile, +one of which is bent inward; 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect +cross-shaped anthers; filaments naked. Capsule 3-celled, two of the cells 2-seeded, +the other 1-seeded or abortive.—Stems branching, often procumbent +and rooting at the joints. Leaves contracted at base into sheathing petioles; +the floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded, forming +a spathe enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and are +recurved on their pedicel before and afterwards. Petals blue. Flowering all +summer. Ours all with perennial roots, or propagating by striking root from +the joints. (Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists. <i>J.</i> and <i>G. Commelin</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Ventral cells 2-ovuled (usually 2-seeded), the dorsal 1-ovuled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. nudiflòra</b>, L. <i>Slender and creeping</i>, glabrous; leaves lanceolate, +small (1–2´ long); spathe cordate, acute, <i>with margins not united; seeds reticulated</i>. +(C. Cayennensis, <i>Richard.</i>)—Alluvial banks, Del. to Fla., west to +Ind., Mo. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. hirtélla</b>, Vahl. <i>Stout, erect</i> (2–4° high); leaves large, lanceolate, +<i>the sheaths brown-bearded</i>; spathes crowded, <i>with margins united; seeds smooth</i>.<a name="page539"></a> +(C. erecta, <i>Gray</i>, Man., not <i>L.</i>)—River-banks, Penn. to Fla., west to Mo. +and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Cells 1-ovuled, 1-seeded; seeds smooth; spathe cucullate; roots sub-tuberous</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. erécta</b>, L. Slender, often low; <i>leaves linear; cells all dehiscent</i>.—Penn. +to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. Virgínica</b>, L. Slender, usually tall; <i>leaves lanceolate</i> to linear; +<i>dorsal cell indehiscent, scabrous</i>.—Damp rich woods and banks, southern N. Y. +to Fla., west to Mich., Iowa, and Mo.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tradescantia"><b>2. TRADESCÁNTIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Spiderwort.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Stamens +all fertile; filaments bearded. Capsule 2–3-celled, the cells 1–2-seeded.—Perennials. +Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. +Leaves keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters, axillary and terminal, +produced through the summer; floral leaves nearly like the others. +(Named for the elder <i>Tradescant</i>, gardener to Charles the First of England.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Umbels terminal or sometimes lateral, sessile, subtended by 1 or 2 leaf-like +bracts; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, flowers blue.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. Virgínica</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Spiderwort.</span>) Roots fleshy-fibrous, +smooth or only slightly villous, more or less glaucous, often tall and slender +and with linear leaves, rather rarely with 1 or 2 long lateral peduncles; bracts +usually a pair.—Rich ground, N. Y. to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and the +Rocky Mts. Very variable.—Var. <span class="smcap">villòsa</span>, Watson. Often dwarf, more or +less villous throughout as well as pubescent. Mississippi valley and Gulf +States.—Var. <span class="smcap">flexuòsa</span>, Watson. Stout and dark green, with large linear-lanceolate +pubescent leaves, the stem usually flexuous, and with several short +lateral branches or sessile axillary heads. (T. flexuosa, <i>Raf.</i>)—Ohio to Ky. +and Ga. T. pilosa, <i>Lehm.</i>, is an intermediate form.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Umbel pedunculate, subtended by small subscarious bracts; flowers small, +rose-color.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. ròsea</b>, Vent. Small, slender (6–10´ high), smooth, erect from a +running rootstock; leaves very narrowly linear, grass-like.—Sandy woods, +Md. to Fla., west to Ky. and Mo.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="juncaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 121.</span> <b>JUNCÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Rush Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with small flowers, a regular and hypogynous +persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens with +2-celled anthers, a single short style, 3 filiform hairy stigmas, and an ovary +either 3-celled or 1-celled with 3 parietal placentæ, forming a loculicidal +3-valved capsule.</i> Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo enclosed at the +base of the fleshy albumen.—Flowers liliaceous in structure, but sedge-like +in aspect and texture.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Juncus.</b> Capsule 3-celled (or imperfectly so), many-seeded. Plants never hairy, in +moist ground or water.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Luzula.</b> Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. Plant, often hairy, in dry ground.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="juncus"><a name="page540"></a><b>1. JÚNCUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Rush. Bog-rush.</span></p> + +<p>Capsule many-seeded, 3-celled, or 1-celled by the placentæ not reaching the +axis. Stamens when 3 opposite the 3 outer sepals.—Chiefly perennials, and +in wet soil or water, with pithy or hollow and simple (rarely branching) stems, +and panicled or clustered small (greenish or brownish) flowers, chiefly in summer. +Plant never hairy. (The classical name, from <i>jungo</i>, to join, alluding +to the use of the stems for bands.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Stems leafless and scape-like, from matted running rootstocks, sheathed at +base; the sheaths sometimes bearing terete knotless leaves like the scape; +flowers in sessile apparently lateral panicles, the involucral leaf being similar +to and continuing the scape.</i>—<span class="smcap">Juncus</span> proper.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers solitary on the pedicels or ultimate ramifications of the panicle.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Sheaths at base of the stem leafless.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Stamens 3.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>J. effùsus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common</span> or <span class="smcap">Soft Rush</span>.) Scape soft and pliant (2–4° +high); inner sheaths awned; panicle diffusely much branched, many-flowered; +flowers small (1¼´´ long), greenish; sepals lanceolate, very acute, as long +as the narrow triangular-obovate retuse and pointless greenish-brown capsule; +anthers as long as the filaments; style very short; seeds small (about ¼´´ +long), with short pale points.—Marshy ground, very common. (Eu.)—Var. +<span class="smcap">conglomeràtus</span>, Engelm. Scape more distinctly striate; panicle closely +crowded; capsule short-pointed. In sphagnous swamps.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Stamens 6.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>J. filifórmis</b>, L. Scape very slender (1–2° high), pliant; panicle few-flowered, +almost simple; flowers 1½´´ long; sepals lanceolate, the inner a little +shorter and less acute, longer than the broadly ovate obtuse but mucronate +greenish capsule; anthers shorter than the filaments; style very short; seed +(less than {1/3}´´ long) short-pointed at both ends, indistinctly reticulated.—N. Eng. +to Mich., Neb., and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>J. Smíthii</b>, Engelm. Scape rather slender (2–3° high); panicle few-flowered, +nearly simple; flowers brown (1¼´´ long); outer sepals lanceolate, +acute, the inner a little shorter, obtusish, shorter than the broadly ovate rather +triangular acute deep chestnut-brown capsule; anthers as long as the filaments; +style short; seeds large ({1/3}´´ long or more), obtuse, short-appendaged at both +ends, many-ribbed and reticulated.—Sphagnous swamps, on Broad Mt. and +in Lebanon Co., Penn.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>J. Bálticus</b>, Dethard, var. <b>littoràlis</b>, Engelm. Scape rigid (2–3° +high); panicle loose; flowers larger (2´´ long), chestnut-brown with green; +sepals ovate-lanceolate, the outer sharp-pointed, the inner obtusish, as long as +the elliptical rather triangular obtuse and mucronate deep brown capsule; anthers +much longer than the broad filaments; style about the length of the +ovary; seeds rather large (½´´ long or more), nearly obtuse, delicately ribbed +and cross lined.—Sandy shores, Newf. to Mass., west to Penn., along the +Great Lakes, and westward.—Var. <span class="smcap">montànus</span>, Engelm. Sepals nearly equal; +anthers 4 times longer than the filament; capsule ovate-pyramidal, angled, +beaked; seeds smaller, narrower, apiculate.—Minn., west and northward.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page541"></a>[+][+] <i>Innermost sheaths leaf-bearing; stamens 6.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>J. setàceus</b>, Rostkovius. Scape slender (1–3° high); panicle loose, +rather few-flowered; flowers greenish (2´´ long); sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, +especially the 3 shining exterior ones, spreading in fruit, as long as +the nearly globose beak-pointed greenish or light-brown capsule; anthers as +long as the filaments; style conspicuous; seeds ({1/3}´´ long) almost globose, ribbed +and cross-lined.—Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers in clusters, 6-androus; innermost sheaths at base of stem leaf-bearing.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>J. Rœmeriànus</b>, Scheele. Scape stout and rigid (2–3° high), its +apex as well as the leaves pungent; panicle compound, open and spreading, +brown; 3–6 greenish or light-brown flowers (1½´´ long) in a cluster; outer +sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, longer than the obtusish inner ones, as long +as the elliptical rather triangular obtuse mucronate brown capsule; anthers +much longer than the broad filaments; styles shorter than the ovary; seeds +({1/3}´´ long) oval, obtuse, very delicately ribbed.—Brackish marshes, N. J. to +Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>J. marítimus</b>, L. Resembling the last, but with a rigid contracted +green panicle, an ovary attenuated into a style of nearly its own length, a +greenish acute capsule which usually exceeds the acute sepals, and seeds with +distinct tails and stronger ribs.—Known in this country only from Coney +Island, N. Y., where it is apparently indigenous. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Stems simple (rarely branched), leafy at base or throughout; leaves flat, or +somewhat terete or setaceous and channelled, never knotted; panicle or head +terminal.</i>—<span class="smcap">Grassy-leaved Junci.</span></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers in close heads (produced in late summer).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves thread-like, hollow; stamens 6; seeds few, large and caudate; the +single head (sometimes 2) 1–4-flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>J. stýgius</b>, L. Stems slender (6–16´ high) from slender branching +rootstocks, 1–3-leaved below, naked above; heads 1 or rarely 2, of 3–4-flowers, +about the length of the sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract; flowers pale and +reddish (2½–3´´ long); sepals lanceolate, the inner obtusish, ¾ the length of +the oblong acuminate capsule, as long as the slender stamens; filaments many +times longer than the oblong anthers; recurved stigmas shorter than the style; +seeds oblong, with a very loose coat prolonged at both ends (1½´´ long).—Peat-bogs, +Newf. to northern N. Y., west to Mich. and N. Minn. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>J. trífidus</b>, L. Stems densely tufted from matted creeping rootstocks, +erect (5–10´ high), sheathed and mostly leafless at base, 2–3-leaved at the +summit, the upper thread-like leaves subtending the sessile head; flowers brown +(1½–2´´ long); sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, equalling or rather shorter than +the ovate beak-pointed deep brown capsule; anthers much longer than the +filaments; seeds few, oblong, angled (1´´ long), short-tailed.—Alpine summits +of N. Eng. and N. Y., and far northward; also in N. J. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves flat and grass-like; stamens 3; stems flattened, simple, leafy.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>J. rèpens</b>, Michx. Stems ascending (4–6´ high) from a fibrous annual +root, at length creeping or floating; leaves short, linear, those of the stem +nearly opposite and fascicled; heads few in a loose leafy panicle, 3–12-flowered;<a name="page542"></a> +flowers green (3´´ long); sepals rigid, lance-subulate, slender-pointed, +the 3 outer as long as the linear triangular obtuse capsule, the inner much +longer; stamens as long as the outer sepals; filaments many times longer +than the oblong anthers; seeds small ({1/5}´´ long), obovate, slightly pointed, very +delicately ribbed and cross-lined.—Miry banks, Md. to Fla. and La.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>J. marginàtus</b>, Rostk. Stem erect, from a bulbous and stoloniferous +base (1–3° high); leaves long-linear; heads 3–8-flowered, panicled; flowers +purplish with green (1½´´ long); sepals oblong, the 3 outer acute and slightly +awned, the inner longer, mostly obtuse, as long as the almost globular scarcely +mucronate capsule; stamens exceeding the outer sepals; purple anthers shorter +than the filaments; style very short; seeds (¼–{1/3}´´ long) slender, pointed at +both ends and strongly ribbed.—Moist sandy places, S. New Eng. to Fla., west +to Mich., Mo., and Tex.—Var. <span class="smcap">paucicapitàtus</span>, Engelm., has few large 8–15-flowered +heads; and var. <span class="smcap">biflòrus</span>, Engelm., has numerous small 2–3-flowered +heads in much-branched panicles.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers solitary, panicled; stamens 6.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Stems slender, simple, tufted, leafy below; root perennial (fl. early in summer).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Seeds tail-pointed at both ends.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>J. Vàseyi</b>, Engelm. Stems rigid (1–2½° high); leaves nearly terete, +very slightly channelled on the inner side; panicle longer than the involucral +leaf, loose; flowers few, often one-sided, greenish or light brown (2´´ long or +more); sepals lanceolate, acute, appressed, shorter than the oblong and retuse +green-brown capsule; anthers as long as the filaments; style very short; seeds +slender (½–{2/3}´´ long), closely ribbed.—N. Maine (<i>Pringle</i>); Mich. to Iowa and +westward.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>J. Greénii</b>, Oakes & Tuckerm. Stems rigid (1–2° high); leaves +nearly terete, very deeply channelled (almost involute) on the inner side; panicle +usually much shorter than the principal erect involucral leaf, dense, the +numerous flowers often one-sided (1¾´´ long); sepals lanceolate, acute, light +greenish-brown, appressed, shorter than the ovoid-oblong obtuse greenish-brown +capsule; anthers as long as the filaments; style very short; seeds ovoid ({1/3}–{2/5}´´ +long), ribbed and delicately cross-lined.—Sandy coast of N. Eng., N. Y., and +N. J., and on the east shore of Lake Michigan.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Seeds merely apiculate at both ends.</i></p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>J. ténuis</b>, Willd. Stem wiry (9–18´ high); leaves flat or channelled; +panicle shorter than the involucral leaves, loose, or rarely crowded; flowers +green (2´´ long or more); sepals lanceolate, very acute, spreading in fruit, +longer than the ovoid retuse scarcely pointed green capsule; anthers nearly +equal to the filaments; style very short; seeds small (about ¼´´ long), delicately +ribbed and cross-lined.—Fields and roadsides, very common. (Eu.)—Var. +<span class="smcap">secúndus</span>, Engelm.; flowers smaller, secund along the incurved branches. +N. Eng. to Penn. and Del.—Var. <span class="smcap">congéstus</span>, Engelm.; branches contracted +into a head and the flowers darker-colored. Minn. and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>J. dichótomus</b>, Ell. Stems rigid (1½–2° high) from a tumid base; +leaves filiform, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side; panicle loose, +often with 1-sided forked branches, mostly longer than the involucral leaf; +flowers greenish (2´´ long or more); sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, spreading<a name="page543"></a> +in fruit, as long as the globular beaked light mahogany-colored capsule; +anthers nearly as long as the filaments; style short; seeds small ({1/5}–¼´´ long), +coarsely cross-lined.—Low sandy grounds, N. J. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>J. Gerárdi</b>, Loisel. (<span class="smcap">Black-Grass.</span>) Stems scarcely flattened, rigid +(1–2° high); panicle contracted, usually longer than the bracteal leaf; flowers +chestnut-brown with green (1¾´´ long); sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, incurved, +as long as the oval obtuse and mucronate capsule; anthers much longer than +the short filaments; style as long as the ovary; seeds (nearly {1/3}´´ long) obovate, +delicately ribbed and cross-lined.—Salt marshes; common along the +coast and in W. New York; rare about the Great Lakes. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Stems branched, diffuse, leafy; root annual, fibrous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>J. bufònius</b>, L. Stems low and slender (3–9´ high), leafy, often +branched from the base; panicle spreading, mostly with one-sided dichotomous +branches; flowers remote, greenish (2–3½´´ long); sepals linear-lanceolate, +awl-pointed, the 3 outer much exceeding the inner and the oblong obtuse +capsule; stamens short; filaments scarcely longer than the anthers, seeds +elliptical, obtuse ({1/5}–{1/6}´´ long).—Low grounds, by roadsides; common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <i>Stems leafy; leaves terete or laterally flattened, more or less distinctly knotted +by internal transverse partitions; panicle terminal, with flowers chiefly +in heads.</i>—<span class="smcap">Knotty-leaved Junci.</span></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Seeds barely pointed, not caudate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Flowers solitary or 2 together, panicled; stamens 6.</i></p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>J. pelocárpus</b>, E. Meyer. Stems slender and erect from a slender +running rootstock (6–18´ high), bearing few thread-like slightly knotted +leaves, branching above into a compound spreading panicle, bearing the flowers +in the forks and along one side of the branches; often with the flowers or +in place of them are tufts of leaves; flowers small (1–1¼´´ long), greenish with +red; sepals oblong, obtuse, the 3 inner ones longer, but shorter than the oblong +taper-beaked, 1-celled capsule; anthers much longer than the filaments; +style slender; seeds (¼´´ long) obovate, short-pointed.—Sandy, wet or swampy +places, Newf. to Fla., west along the Great Lakes to Minn. The proliferous +plants are usually sterile and much larger, with larger diffuse panicles.—Var. +<span class="smcap">súbtilis</span>, Engelm. Creeping or floating, with a single pair of flowers +at the end of the short stems.—Somerset Co., Maine (<i>C. E. Smith</i>); Canada.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Heads numerous, of 3–12-flowers (rarely more); in early summer.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Stamens 6.</i></p> + +<p class="species">19. <b>J. articulàtus</b>, L. Stems ascending or erect (9–15´ high), tufted +from a short creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves; panicle short, +spreading, the crowded heads 3–8-flowered; flowers brown, rarely pale (1¼–1½´´ +long); sepals lance-oblong, acute or mucronate, or the 3 inner obtuse and +a little longer, shorter than the ovate-oblong acute or abruptly mucronate-pointed +incompletely 3-celled commonly deep chestnut-brown shining capsule; +anthers as long as the filaments; ovary attenuate into a short style; seeds +(less than {1/3}´´ long) obovate, attenuate below, abruptly pointed above.—Wet +grounds, Newf. to Del., west to western N. Y. and Mich. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page544"></a>20. <b>J. alpìnus</b>, Villars, var. <b>insígnis</b>, Fries. Stems erect (9–18´ high) +from a creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves; panicle meagre, with +erect branches bearing distant greenish or light-brown heads, each of 3–6 +flowers (1¼–1½´´ long); sepals oblong, obtuse, the outer mucronate or cuspidate +and usually longer than the rounded inner ones, as long as or shorter +than the obtuse short-pointed incompletely 3-celled light-brown capsule; anthers +as long as the filaments; style short; seeds ({1/3}´´ or more in length) +spindle-shaped.—Wet sandy banks, L. Champlain, Cayuga Lake, along the +Great Lakes, and far west and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">21. <b>J. militàris</b>, Bigel. Stem stout (2–4° high) from a thick creeping +rootstock, bearing a solitary stout erect leaf (½–3½° long) below the middle, +which overtops the crowded and rather contracted panicle; heads numerous, +5–12- (rarely 25-) flowered; flowers brownish (1½´´ long); sepals lanceolate, +the outer awl-pointed, as long as the ovate-oblong triangular taper-beaked +1-celled capsule; anthers longer than the filaments; ovary attenuate into a +slender style; seeds (¼–{1/3}´´ long) globose-obovate, obtuse, abruptly pointed.—In +bogs and streams, Maine to Md. Sometimes producing, in flowing water, +numberless capillary submersed leaves, 2–3° long, from the rootstock.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Stamens 3.</i></p> + +<p class="species">22. <b>J. acuminàtus</b>, Michx. Stems tufted, erect, slender (1–2° long), +bearing about 2 leaves and a very loose spreading panicle; heads rather few +and large, 5–many-flowered, greenish, at length straw-colored or darker; sepals +lance-awl-shaped, sharp-pointed, equal (1½–2´´ long), as long as the triangular-prismatic +short-pointed 1-celled straw-colored or light brown capsule; +anthers a little shorter than the filaments; style almost none; seeds small +({1/5}–{1/4}´´ long), acute at both ends, ribbed-reticulated.—N. Eng. to Ga., Minn. +and Tex. May, June. Very variable. Heads often proliferous in autumn.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>débilis</b>, Engelm. Stems slender (9–18´ high); heads green, 3–6-flowered, +in a loose panicle; flowers smaller (1¼–1½´´ long); capsule longer +than the sepals.—Wet sandy soil, N. J. to S. C., west to Ohio, Mo., and Miss. +Stem sometimes decumbent and rooting.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>robústus</b>, Engelm. Stems stout, tall (2–4° high), bearing numerous +5–8-flowered light-brown heads in a large much-branched panicle; flowers +small (1–1{1/5}´´ long); ovoid capsule scarcely longer than the sepals.—Deep +swamps, Ill. to Mo. and La.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Heads few, crowded, of numerous flowers.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Stamens 3; stem rigid from a thick white horizontal rootstock.</i></p> + +<p class="species">23. <b>J. brachycárpus</b>, Engelm. Stem erect (1–2½° high), bearing +about 2 leaves and 2–10 densely flowered spherical heads (4–5´´ wide) in a +slightly spreading crowded panicle much exceeding the involucral leaf; flowers +pale green (2´´ long); sepals lance-linear, awl-pointed, the 3 outer much +longer than the inner, and the ovoid pointed 1-celled capsule rather shorter; +anthers much shorter than the filaments; style very short; seeds ({1/5}´´ long) +abruptly apiculate.—Moist places in open woods and prairies, Ohio and Mich. +to Mo., Miss., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">24. <b>J. scirpoìdes</b>, Lam. Stem erect (1–3° high), rather slender, bearing +about 2 terete leaves with wide and open sheaths, and a panicle of few or<a name="page545"></a> +many densely-flowered pale-green spherical heads, much longer than the involucral +leaf, its branches erect and often elongated; heads (3–4´´ wide) 15–40-flowered; +flowers 1¼–1½´´ long; sepals rigid, awl-shaped and (especially the +outer) bristly pointed, at length pungent, as long as the stamens and nearly +equalling the oblong-triangular taper-pointed 1-celled capsule; anthers very +small; style elongated or very short, seeds ovoid, abruptly pointed at each +end (¼´´ long).—Wet sandy soil, Mass. to N. J. and S. C., west to Ind., Mo., +and Tex.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>echinàtus</b>, Engelm. Stouter; leaves terete; branches of the compact +panicle short; heads larger (5–6´´ wide), 40–80-flowered; flowers 1¾–2´´ +long); sepals narrower and more sharply pointed, the outer a little longer +than the inner; stamens shorter and anthers longer than in the preceding, +and seeds rather smaller and more slender.—Md. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>polycéphalus</b>, Engelm. Much stouter; leaves laterally flattened +(3–6´´ wide); panicle spreading, branched, bearing many distant heads as +large as in the last; flowers 2–2½´´ long; the 3 outer sepals the longer; anthers +about as long as the filaments; seeds larger ({1/3}´´ long).—S. Va. to Fla., +west to Mo. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Stamens 6.</i></p> + +<p class="species">25. <b>J. nodòsus</b>, L. Stem erect (6–15' or 2° high), slender from a creeping +thread-like and tuber-bearing rootstock, mostly with 2 or 3 slender leaves; +heads few or several, rarely single, 8–20-flowered (3½–4´´ wide), overtopped +by the involucral leaf; flowers brown (1½–2´´ long); sepals lance-linear, awl-pointed +(the 3 outer mostly a little shorter), nearly as long as the slender +triangular taper-pointed 1-celled capsule; anthers oblong, shorter than the +filaments; style very short; seeds (about ¼´´ long) obovate, abruptly mucronate.—Swamps +and gravelly banks, N. J. and Penn. to N. Ind. and Iowa, and +northward.—July, Aug.—Var. MEGACÉPHALUS, Torr. Stem stout (1–3° +high), with thick leaves; heads few and large (6–8´´ wide), 30–80-flowered; +flowers pale green (2¼–2¾´´ long); outer sepals longest; anthers linear, shorter +than the filaments.—Western N. Y. to Minn. and Mo., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Seeds caudate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Stamens 3.</i></p> + +<p class="species">26. <b>J. Canadénsis</b>, J. Gay. Tufted stems erect, terete, smooth, bearing +2–3 leaves; heads few- or many-flowered, paniculate; sepals lanceolate, the 3 +outer shorter than the inner, not much longer than the stamens, equal to or +shorter than the triangular-prismatic almost 1-celled usually short-pointed +capsule; style mostly short; seeds more or less distinctly tail pointed, delicately +many ribbed.—Common almost everywhere. Aug., Sept. Easily distinguished +by its late flowering from the similar n. 22. Very variable.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>longicaudàtus</b>, Engelm. Stem stout and rigid (1½–3° high), +bearing in a decompound somewhat spreading panicle the numerous 5–50-flowered +heads; flowers greenish or light brown (1½–2´´ long); sepals awl-pointed, +mostly shorter than the abruptly short-pointed capsule; seeds slender +({2/3}–1´´ long), conspicuously tail-pointed.—Mass. to S. C., west to Minn. and +La. The most common form.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>subcaudàtus</b>, Engelm. Stem slender, often decumbent (1–2° +high), bearing in simpler spreading panicles fewer 8–20-flowered heads;<a name="page546"></a> +flowers greenish, as large as in the last; sepals awl-shaped, but not so rigid; +capsule mostly tapering; seeds large (½–{2/3}´´ long), with short white membranous +appendages, not reticulated.—Conn. to Penn. and Ga.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>brachycéphalus</b>, Engelm. Stem slender (1½–2½° high), bearing +numerous small 3–5-flowered heads in a large spreading panicle; flowers +greenish or light brown (1¼–1½´´ long); sepals mostly obtuse, shorter than +the brown abruptly short-pointed capsule; style longer than in other forms; +seeds smaller (¼–{1/3}´´ long), slender, with rather short appendages.—Penn. +and western N. Y., to Wisc. and Ill.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>coarctàtus</b>, Engelm. Stem slender, shorter (9–18´ high), bearing +fewer deep-brown 3–5-flowered heads in a somewhat erect contracted panicle; +flowers as large as in the last; sepals acute, or rarely obtusish, much shorter +than the prismatic abruptly pointed deep-brown capsule; seeds as in the last.—N. Eng. +to N. J., N. Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Stamens 6.</i></p> + +<p class="species">27. <b>J. ásper</b>, Engelm. Stems tufted, erect (2–3° high), terete, stout, +rigid, and with the rigid leaves rough; panicle with rigid slightly spreading +branches, bearing scattered few- (2–6-) flowered heads; flowers greenish with +brown (2½´´ long); sepals ovate-lanceolate, awl-pointed, rigid and strongly +nerved, the outer much shorter than the inner, these a little shorter than the +triangular-ovoid beaked incompletely 3-celled brown capsule, ovary tapering +into a conspicuous style; seeds large, oblong, with white or often reddish +appendages (1¼´´ long).—Sphagnous swamps, N. J. Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="luzula"><b>2. LÙZULA</b>, DC. <span class="smcap">Wood-Rush.</span></p> + +<p>Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded, one seed to each parietal placenta.—Perennials, +often hairy, usually in dry ground, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves, +and spiked-crowded or umbelled flowers. (From <i>Gramen Luzulæ</i>, or <i>Luxulæ</i>, +dim. of <i>lux</i>, light,—a name given to one of the species from its shining with +dew.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Pedicels 1-flowered, in a loose compound cyme or umbel.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. vernàlis</b>, DC. Plant 6–9´ high; leaves lance-linear, hairy; <i>umbel +mostly simple</i>; sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse capsule; seeds with a +curved appendage, (L. pilosa, <i>Willd</i>.)—Woods and banks, Newf. to the +mountains of N. C., west to Minn. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. spadícea</b>, DC., var. <b>melanocárpa</b>, Meyer. Nearly smooth (1–3° +high); leaves broadly linear; <i>corymb decompound, loose; pedicels drooping</i>; +sepals pointed, straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed and brown +capsule; seeds not appendaged. (L. parviflora, var. melanocarpa, <i>Gray</i>.)—Mountains +of Maine, Vt., and northern N. Y., to Mich. and N. Minn. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers crowded in spikes or close clusters. (Plants 6–12´ high.)</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. campéstris</b>, DC. <i>Leaves flat, linear; spikes 4–12, somewhat umbelled</i>, +ovoid, straw-color, some of them long-peduncled, others nearly sessile; +sepals bristle-pointed, longer than the obtuse capsules; seeds with a conical +appendage at base.—Dry fields and woods, common. May. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. arcuàta</b>, Meyer. <i>Leaves channelled</i>, linear; <i>spikes 3–5, on unequal +often recurved peduncles</i>, ovoid, chestnut-brown; bracts ciliate-fringed; sepals<a name="page547"></a> +taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse capsule; seeds not appendaged.—Alpine +summits of the White Mts. and far northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. spicàta</b>, Desvaux. <i>Leaves channelled</i>, narrowly linear; <i>flowers in +sessile clusters, forming a nodding interrupted spiked panicle</i>, brown; sepals +bristle-pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-pointed capsule; seeds +merely with a roundish projection at base.—With the last, and more common. +(Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="typhaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 122.</span> <b>TYPHÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Cat-tail Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Marsh or aquatic herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monœcious +flowers on a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes.</i> +Ovary 1–2-celled, with as many persistent styles and (usually elongated) +1-sided stigmas; cells 1-ovuled. Fruit nut-like when ripe, 1-seeded, rarely +2-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous; embryo straight in copious +albumen. Root perennial.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Typha.</b> Flowers in a cylindrical compact terminal spike, spathe-like bract deciduous.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Sparganium.</b> Flowers in globular heads with foliaceous bracts.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="typha"><b>1. TỲPHA</b>, Tourn. (<span class="smcap">Cat-tail Flag.</span>)</p> + +<p>Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem; +the upper part consisting of stamens only, inserted directly on the axis, and +intermixed with long hairs; the lower part consisting of stipitate 1-celled ovaries, +the stipes bearing club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of +the fruit. Nutlets minute, very long-stalked.—Spathes merely deciduous +bracts, or none. Root-stocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of +the simple jointless stems, erect, thickish. Flowering in summer. (<span class="greek">Τύφη</span>, the +old Greek name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. latifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Cat-tail.</span>) Stout and tall (4–6° high), the +flat sheathing leaves 3–10´´ broad, exceeding the stem; the staminate and +dark brown pistillate parts of the spike (each 3–6´ long or more) <i>usually +contiguous</i>, the latter at length 1´ in diameter; <i>pistillate flowers without bractlets; +stigma rhombic-lanceolate; pollen-grains in fours</i>.—In marshes, throughout +N. Am. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. angustifòlia</b>, L. Leaves narrower (3–6´´ broad), taller, somewhat +convex on the back; pistillate and staminate inflorescence usually separated +by a short interval, the light brown spike becoming 5–6´´ in diameter; <i>pollen-grains +simple; pistillate flowers with a linear stigma and a hair-like bractlet</i> +slightly dilated at the summit.—N. Eng. to N. J., west to Mich. and Mo.; +less frequent, and mainly near the coast. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sparganium"><b>2. SPARGÀNIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Bur-reed.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers collected in separate dense and spherical leafy-bracted heads, which +are scattered along the summit of the stem; the upper sterile, consisting +merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed; the lower or +fertile larger, consisting of numerous sessile 1–2-celled pistils, each surrounded +by 3–6 scales much like a calyx. Fruit wedge-shaped or club-shaped, more +or less corky toward the summit, the hard endocarp perforated at the apex.—<a name="page548"></a> +Rootstocks creeping and stoloniferous; roots fibrous. Stems simple or branching, +sheathed below by the base of the linear leaves. Flowering through the +summer. (Name from <span class="greek">σπάργανον</span>, <i>a fillet</i>, from the ribbon-like leaves.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Fruit sessile, broad and truncate, often 2-seeded; stigmas often 2, elongated; +scales rigid, nearly equalling the fruit; erect, with branched inflorescence.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. eurycárpum</b>, Engelm. Stems stout, erect (2–4° high); leaves +mostly flat and merely keeled; pistil attenuate into a short style bearing 1 or +2 elongated stigmas; fruit-heads 2–6 or more, 1´ wide; fruit many-angled +(3½–4´´ long) when mature, with a broad and depressed or retuse summit abruptly +tipped in the centre.—Borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers, N. Eng. to +Va., west to the Pacific.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Fruit comparatively narrow, and mostly somewhat stipitate, 1-celled, longer +than the scales.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. símplex</b>, Huds. <i>Stems slender, erect</i> (½–2° high); <i>leaves more or +less triquetrous</i> (2½–4´´ wide); fertile heads (1–4) of the usually simple inflorescence +often above the axils, sessile or peduncled, 6–8´´ wide in fruit; stigma +linear, equalling the rather slender style or shorter; nutlets pale, <i>fusiform</i> or +narrowly oblong (about 2´´ long), more or less contracted in the middle.—N. +Eng. to N. J., west to Mich., Minn., and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>andrócladum</b>, Engelm. Stouter (1½–3° high), with usually +<i>broader leaves</i> (4–9´´) and <i>branching inflorescence</i>, the head or peduncles axillary +or nearly so; fruiting <i>heads</i> (1–7) often <i>larger</i> (6–12´´ broad), the nutlets +2–3´´ long. (S. androcladum, <i>Morong.</i>)—In bogs or shallow water, common; +N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>angustifòlium</b>, Engelm. Very slender; leaves floating, long and +narrow (½–2½´´ wide), flat; inflorescence simple; heads (4–6´´ broad) and +nutlets smaller.—Mountain lakes and slow streams, N. Y., N. Eng., and northward; +sometimes nearly out of water, dwarf and with shorter erect leaves.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>flùitans</b>, Engelm. Floating in deep water, with long slender stems +and flat narrow leaves; inflorescence usually short, sparingly branched; style +stout with a short oval stigma; fruiting heads 4–6´´ broad; nutlets dark, as +large as in the type. (S. androcladum, var. fluctuans, <i>Morong.</i>; not S. fluitans, +<i>Fries.</i>)—Ponds, Penn., W. Conn., White Mts., N. Minn., and northward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. mínimum</b>, Fries. <i>Usually floating, with very slender stems and thin +flat narrow leaves</i>; fertile heads 1 or 2, axillary, sessile or peduncled (4–5´´ +wide); stigma oval, about as long as the short style, scarcely surpassing the +oval or obovate denticulate scales; <i>fruit oblong-obovate</i> (1–2´´ long), pointed, +somewhat triangular, the stipe very short or none.—N. Eng. to Penn., N. Ind., +Minn., north and westward.—Stems 3–6´ high when growing out of water, +much longer when submerged. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="araceae"><span class="smcap">Order 123.</span> <b>ARÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Arum Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves, +and flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded by a spathe.</i>—Floral +envelopes none, or of 4–6 sepals. Fruit usually a berry. +Seeds with fleshy albumen, or none, but filled with the large fleshy embryo.<a name="page549"></a> +A large family, chiefly tropical. Herbage abounding in slender +rhaphides.—The genuine Araceæ have no floral envelopes, and are almost +all monœcious or diœcious; but the genera of the second section, +with more highly developed flowers, are not to be separated.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Spathe surrounding or subtending the spadix; flowers naked, i.e. without perianth.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Arisæma.</b> Flowers monœcious or diœcious, covering only the base of the spadix.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Peltandra.</b> Flowers monœcious, covering the spadix; anthers above, ovaries below.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Calla.</b> Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole of the short spadix. +Spathe open and spreading.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Spathe surrounding the spadix in n. 4, none or imperfect in the rest; flowers with a +calyx or perianth and perfect, covering the whole spadix.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Symplocarpus.</b> Spadix globular, in a fleshy shell-shaped spathe. Stemless.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Orontium.</b> Spadix narrow, naked, terminating the terete scape.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Acorus.</b> Spadix cylindrical, borne on the side of a leaf-like scape.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="arisaema"><b>1. ARISÆ̀MA</b>, Martius. <span class="smcap">Indian Turnip. Dragon Arum.</span></p> + +<p>Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers monœcious or +by abortion diœcious, covering only the base of the spadix, which is elongated +and naked above. Floral envelopes none. Sterile flowers above the fertile, +each of a cluster of almost sessile 2–4-celled anthers, opening by pores +or chinks at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each of a 1-celled ovary, tipped +with a depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 orthotropous ovules erect from +the base of the cell; in fruit a 1–few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the +axis of albumen.—Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock or corm, +sending up a simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the simple or compound +veiny leaves. (Name from <span class="greek">ἀρίς</span>, a kind of <i>arum</i>, and <span class="greek">αἷμα</span>, <i>blood</i>, from the spotted +leaves of some species.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. triphýllum</b>, Torr. (<span class="smcap">Indian Turnip.</span>) <i>Leaves mostly 2, divided +into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets; spadix mostly diœcious, club-shaped</i>, obtuse, +much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at +the ovate-lanceolate, pointed summit.—Rich woods, N. Scotia to Fla., west to +Minn. and E. Kan. May.—Corm turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with +an intensely acrid juice; spathe with the petioles and sheaths green, or often +variegated with dark purple and whitish stripes or spots.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. Dracóntium</b>, Schott. (<span class="smcap">Green Dragon. Dragon-root.</span>) <i>Leaf +usually solitary, pedately divided</i> into 7–11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets; +<i>spadix often androgynous, tapering to a long and slender point</i> beyond the oblong +and convolute pointed greenish spathe.—Low grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west +to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. June.—Corms clustered; petiole 1–2° long, +much longer than the peduncle.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="peltandra"><b>2. PELTÁNDRA</b>, Raf. <span class="smcap">Arrow Arum.</span></p> + +<p>Spathe elongated, convolute throughout or with a dilated blade above. +Flowers monœcious, thickly covering the long and tapering spadix throughout +(or only its apex naked). Floral envelopes none. Anthers sessile, naked, +covering all the upper part of the spadix, each of 5 or 6 cells imbedded in the +margin of a thick and shield-shaped connective, opening by a terminal pore. +Ovaries at the base of the spadix, each surrounded by 4–5 staminodia connate +into a cup, 1-celled, bearing 1–few amphitropous or nearly orthotropous ovules<a name="page550"></a> +at the base; stigma almost sessile. Fruit a leathery or fleshy berry, 1–3-seeded. +Seed obovate, surrounded by a tenacious jelly, the base empty, the +upper part filled with a large and fleshy spherical embryo; no albumen.—Stemless +herbs, with arrow-shaped leaves and simple scapes from a thick-fibrous +or subtuberous root. Fruit in a globose cluster, enclosed by the persistent +fleshy base of the spathe. (Name from <span class="greek">πέλτη</span>, <i>a target</i>, and <span class="greek">ἀνήρ</span>, for <i>stamen</i>, +from the shape of the latter.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. undulàta</b>, Raf. Root of thick tufted fibres; scape 1–1½° high, about +equalling the leaves; basal lobes of the leaves rather long and often acutish; +spathe convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, mostly green, 4–7´ long; +sterile portion of the spadix several times longer than the pistillate; ovules +several; fruit green; seeds 1–3. (P. Virginica, <i>Kunth</i>, and most authors.)—Shallow +water, New Eng. to Fla., west to Mich. and Ind. June.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. álba</b>, Raf. Rootstock tuberous, covered with thick-fleshy roots and +propagating by offshoots; lobes of the leaves mostly short and broad, obtuse; +spathe 3–4´ long, the blade broader, acuminate, somewhat expanded, white; +sterile part of the spadix scarcely longer than the pistillate; ovules and seeds +solitary; berry scarlet, 5–6´´ long. (P. Virginica, <i>Schott.</i> Xanthosoma sagittifolia, +<i>Chapm.</i>, not <i>Schott.</i> Caladium glaucum, <i>Ell.</i> Arum Virginicum, <i>L.</i>, +in part?)—Marshes, S. Va.(?) and N. C. to Fla.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="calla"><b>3. CÁLLA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Water Arum.</span></p> + +<p>Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface +white), persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers; the lower +perfect and 6-androus; the upper often of stamens only. Floral envelopes +none. Filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, +with 5–9 erect anatropous ovules; stigma almost sessile. Berries (red) +distinct, few-seeded. Seeds with a conspicuous rhaphe and an embryo nearly +the length of the hard albumen.—A low perennial herb, growing in cold +bogs, with a long creeping rootstock, bearing heart-shaped long-petioled leaves, +and solitary scapes. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. palústris</b>, L.—Cold bogs, N. Scotia to N. J., west to Mich. and +Minn., and northward. June.—Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="symplocarpus"><b>4. SYMPLOCÁRPUS</b>, Salisb. <span class="smcap">Skunk Cabbage.</span></p> + +<p>Spathe hooded-shell-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in fruit. +Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely and densely covered with perfect +flowers, their 1-celled or abortively 2-celled ovaries immersed in the fleshy +receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with at length +rather slender filaments; anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. +Style 4-angled and awl-shaped; stigma small. Ovule solitary, suspended, +anatropous. Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the enlarged and +spongy spadix, enclosing the spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is +roughened with the persistent fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds filled +by the large globular and fleshy corm-like embryo, which bears one or several +plumules at the end next the base of the ovary; albumen none.—Perennial +herb, with a strong odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat alliaceous; +a very thick rootstock, bearing a multitude of long and coarse fibrous roots,<a name="page551"></a> +and a cluster of very large and broad entire veiny leaves, preceded in earliest +spring by the nearly sessile spathes, which barely rise out of the ground. +(Name from <span class="greek">συμπλοκή</span>, <i>connection</i>, and <span class="greek">καρπός</span>, <i>fruit</i>, in allusion to the coalescence +of the ovaries into a compound fruit.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. fœ̀tidus</b>, Salisb. Leaves ovate, cordate, becoming 1–2° long, short-petioled; +spathe spotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovate, +incurved; fruit (in autumn) 2–3´ in diam., in decay shedding the bulblet-like +seeds, which are 4–6´´ long.—Bogs and moist grounds, N. Scotia to N. C., +west to Minn. and Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="orontium"><b>5. ORÓNTIUM</b>, L., <span class="smcap">Golden-club.</span></p> + +<p>Spathe incomplete and distant, merely a leaf-sheath investing the lower part +of the slender scape, and bearing a small and imperfect bract-like blade. +Flowers crowded all over the narrow spadix, perfect; the lower with 6 concave +sepals and 6 stamens; the upper ones with 4. Filaments flattened; anthers +2-celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with an anatropous +ovule; stigma sessile, entire. Fruit a green utricle. Seed without albumen. +Embryo thick and fleshy, "with a large concealed cavity at the summit, the +plumule curved in a groove on the outside." (<i>Torr.</i>)—An aquatic perennial, +with a deep rootstock, long-petioled and entire oblong and nerved floating +leaves, and the spadix terminating the elongated scape; its rather club-shaped +emersed apex as thick as the spadix. (Origin of the name obscure.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. aquáticum</b>, L.—Ponds, Mass. to Fla. May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="acorus"><b>6. ÁCORUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Sweet Flag. Calamus.</span></p> + +<p>Spadix cylindrical, lateral, sessile, emerging from the side of a simple 2-edged +scape which resembles the leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers. Sepals +6, concave. Stamens 6; filaments linear; anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled, +opening across. Ovary 2–3-celled, with several pendulous orthotropous ovules +in each cell; stigma minute. Fruit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1–few-seeded. +Embryo in the axis of albumen.—Pungent aromatic plants, especially +the thick creeping rootstocks (<i>calamus</i> of the shops), which send up 2-edged +sword-like leaves, and scapes somewhat like them, bearing the spadix on +one edge; the upper and more foliaceous prolongation sometimes considered as +a kind of open spathe. (<span class="greek">Ἄκορας</span>, the ancient name, of no known meaning.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Cálamus</b>, L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the (yellowish-green) +spadix.—Margins of rivulets, swamps, etc., N. Scotia to Fla., +west to Minn., Iowa, and E. Kan.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="lemnaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 124.</span> <b>LEMNÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Duckweed Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct +stem and foliage, being merely a frond, producing one or few monœcious +flowers from the edge or upper surface, and commonly hanging roots from +underneath; ovules rising from the base of the cell. Fruit a 1–7-seeded +utricle. Seed large; the apex or radicular extremity of the seed-coat separable +as an operculum or lid</i> (as in Cabomba, etc.). <i>Embryo straight, surrounded +by fleshy or sometimes very scanty albumen.</i>—The simplest, and<a name="page552"></a> +some of them the smallest of flowering plants, propagating by the proliferous +growth of a new individual from a cleft in the edge or base of the +parent frond, remaining connected for some time or separating, also by +autumnal fronds in the form of minute bulblets, which sink to the bottom +of the water, but rise and vegetate in spring; the flowers (in summer) +and fruit scarce, in some species hardly ever seen. Frond more or less +cavernous; the upper surface furnished with stomata.—These plants +may be regarded as very simplified Araceæ.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Spirodela.</b> Frond 7–11-nerved, with several rootlets.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Lemna.</b> Frond 1–5-nerved, with a single rootlet.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Wolffia.</b> Frond thick, very minute (¼–{2/3}´ broad), without rootlets.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="spirodela"><b>1. SPIRODÈLA</b>, Schleiden.</p> + +<p>Anther-cells bilocellate by a vertical partition and longitudinally dehiscent. +Ovules 2. Frond 7–11-nerved or more; rootlets several, with axile vascular +tissue. Otherwise as Lemna. (From <span class="greek">σπεῖρα</span>, <i>a cord</i>, and <span class="greek">δῆλος</span>, <i>evident</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. polyrrhìza</b>, Schleid. Fronds round-obovate (2–4´´ long), thick, +purple and rather convex beneath, dark green above, palmately (mostly 7-) nerved. +(Lemna polyrrhiza, <i>L.</i>)—Very common in ponds and pools, throughout +N. Am., but very rarely found in flower or fruit. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lemna"><b>2. LÉMNA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Duckweed. Duck's-meat.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the frond, usually three together +surrounded by a spathe; two of them staminate, consisting of a stamen +only; the other pistillate, of a simple pistil; the whole therefore imitating a +single diandrous flower. <i>Ster. Fl.</i> Filament slender; anther 2-celled, didymous; +the cells dehiscent transversely; pollen-grains large, spherical, muricate. +<i>Fert. Fl.</i> Ovary 1-celled; style and truncate or funnel-shaped stigma +simple. Ovules and seeds 1–7.—Fronds 1–5-nerved, producing a single rootlet +beneath (which is destitute of vascular tissue), proliferous from a cleft in +the margin toward the base, and at length stipitate; the tissue abounding with +bundles of rhaphides. (An old Greek name of uncertain meaning.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Ovule solitary, orthotropous or nearly so; frond 1–3-nerved, thin.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Fronds oblong, stalked at base, remaining connected.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. trisúlca</b>, L. Fronds oblong to oblong-lanceolate (6–9´´ long), attenuate +at base into a slender stalk, denticulate at the tip, very obscurely 3-nerved, +often without rootlets, usually several series of offshoots remaining +connected; spathe sac-like; seeds ovate, amphitropous, with small round operculum.—Ponds +and springy places, N. Scotia to N. J., west to the Pacific. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Fronds oblong to elliptical or round-ovate, sessile, soon separating.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. Valdiviàna</b>, Philippi. <i>Fronds elliptic-oblong</i>, small (about 1´´ long), +rather thick, usually somewhat falcate, <i>obscurely 1-nerved; spathe broad-reniform</i>; +utricle long-ovate, pointed by the long style; <i>seed orthotropous</i>, oblong, +<i>with a prominent acute operculum</i>. (L. Torreyi, <i>Austin.</i>)—Pools, N. J. and +southward, westward across the continent. (S. Am.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. perpusílla</b>, Torr. <i>Fronds obovate or roundish-obovate</i>, oblique (1–1½´´ +long), <i>obscurely 3-nerved</i>; utricle ovate; style rather long; <i>seed orthotropous</i>,<a name="page553"></a> +ovate or oval, obtuse, <i>with scarcely apiculate operculum</i>.—N. Y. and N. J., +west to Mich. and Wisc.—Var. <span class="smcap">trinérvis</span>, Austin, has larger, distinctly 3-nerved +fronds, and an unequally cordate seed.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. mìnor</b>, L. <i>Fronds round- to elliptic-obovate</i> (1–2½´´ in diameter), +rather thick, <i>very obscurely 3-nerved; spathe sac-like</i>; utricle short-urn-shaped, +tipped with a short style; seed oblong-obovate, <i>amphitropous, with prominent +rounded operculum</i>.—Stagnant waters, throughout N. Am. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Ovules 2–7, anatropous; fronds very thick and spongy, flat above, very +obscurely 5-nerved (1½–3´´ long).</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. gíbba</b>, L. Fronds obovate-elliptic to nearly orbicular, almost hemispherical, +soon separating; bract sac-like.—Mo. (?) to Ariz. and Calif.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="wolffia"><b>3. WÓLFFIA</b>, Horkel.</p> + +<p>Flowers central, bursting through the upper surface of the globular (or in +some foreign ones flat) and loosely cellular frond, only 2; one consisting of a +single stamen with a 1-celled 2-valved anther; the other of a globular ovary, +tipped with a very short style and a depressed stigma. Ovule orthotropous, +rather oblique in the cell. Utricle spherical. Albumen thin.—Fronds rootless, +proliferous from a cleft or funnel-shaped opening at the base, the offspring +soon detached; no rhaphides.—The simplest and smallest of flowering plants, +from ¼–{2/3}´´ long (an African and Cuban species much larger), floating as little +grains on the water. (Named for <i>John Fred. Wolff</i>, who wrote on Lemna in +1801.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>W. Columbiàna</b>, Karsten. Globose or globular, {1/3}–{2/3}´´ long, very +loosely cellular, light green all over, not dotted; stomata 1–6; the opening +at the base circular and with a thin border.—Floating rather beneath the surface +of stagnant waters, Conn. to N. J., west to Minn. and La.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>W. Brasiliénsis</b>, Weddell. Oblong, smaller and more densely cellular, +flattish and deep green with many stomata above, tumid and pale below, +brown-dotted all over, anterior edge sharp, opening at base circular.—Growing +with the last, but floating on the surface.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="alismaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 125.</span> <b>ALISMÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Water-Plantain Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Marsh herbs, with scape-like stems, sheathing leaves, and perfect or monœcious +or diœcious flowers; perianth of 3 herbaceous persistent sepals and +as many (often conspicuous) white deciduous petals, which are imbricate or +involute in bud; stamens 6 or more, included; ovaries numerous, distinct, +1-celled and mostly 1-ovuled, becoming achenes in fruit</i> (in our genera); +<i>seeds erect; campylotropous.</i>—Roots fibrous; leaves radical, petiolate and +strongly nerved with transverse veinlets, the earlier sometimes without +blade; flowers long-pedicellate, mostly verticillate, in a loose raceme or +panicle, with lanceolate scarious bracts slightly connate at base.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Alisma.</b> Flowers perfect, usually 6-androus. Carpels flattened, in one whorl.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Sagittaria.</b> Flowers mostly unisexual. Stamens rarely few. Carpels flattened, in +dense heads, winged.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Echinodorus.</b> Flowers perfect. Stamens 6 or more. Carpels capitate, turgid and +ribbed, often beaked.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="alisma"><a name="page554"></a><b>1. ALÍSMA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Water-Plantain.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect. Petals involute in the bud. Stamens definite, mostly 6. +Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming flattened +coriaceous achenes, which are dilated and 2–3-keeled on the back.—Roots +fibrous. Leaves all from the root, several-ribbed, with connected veinlets. +Scape with whorled panicled branches. Flowers small, white or pale rose-color. +(The Greek name; of uncertain derivation.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Plantàgo</b>, L. Perennial by a stout proliferous corm; leaves long-petioled, +ovate, oblong, or lanceolate or even linear, acute, mostly rounded or +heart shaped at base, 3–9-nerved; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered +(1–2° long); carpels obliquely obovate, forming an obtusely triangular whorl +in fruit.—Shallow water and ditches, across the continent. Very variable as +to foliage, but the leaves usually more broadly cordate-ovate than in Old +World forms (var. Americànum, <i>R. & S.</i>); when growing under water thinner +and narrowly lanceolate. (Eu., etc.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sagittaria"><b>2. SAGITTÀRIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Arrow-head.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, or often diœcious in n. 1 and 4, and polygamous in n. 7. +Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Ovaries many, +crowded in a spherical or somewhat triangular depressed head on a globular +receptacle, in fruit forming flat membranaceous winged achenes.—Marsh or +aquatic, mostly perennial, stoloniferous herbs, with milky juice and fibrous +roots; the scapes sheathed at base by the bases of the long cellular petioles, of +which the primary ones, and sometimes all, are flattened, nerved, and destitute +of any proper blade (i.e. are phyllodia); when present the blade is arrow-shaped +or lanceolate, nerved and with cross-veinlets as in Alisma. Flowers +produced all summer, whorled in threes, with membranous bracts; the sterile +above. (Name from <i>sagitta</i>, an arrow, from the prevalent form of the leaves.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. SAGITTARIA proper. <i>Flowers monœcious, with the lower whorls pistillate, +or diœcious; stamens few or numerous, covering the receptacle; sepals +spreading or reflexed in fruit.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Filaments numerous, narrow, as long as or longer than the linear-oblong anthers; +bracts 3, distinct; fruiting heads larger.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. variábilis</b>, Engelm. Scape (¼–4° high) angled, with one or more +of the lower whorls fertile; leaves very various, almost always sagittate; +bracts mostly pointed; pedicels of the fertile flowers at least half the length +of the sterile ones; petals wholly white; filaments glabrous, nearly twice the +length of the anthers; achenes obovate (about 1´´ long), winged on both margins, +with a long curved or usually horizontal beak ¼–{1/3} its length. (S. sagittæfolia, +<i>L.</i>, var. variabilis, <i>M. Micheli.</i>)—In water or wet places, very common; +exceedingly variable in size and foliage, ordinarily with narrow halberd-shaped +or sagittate leaves,—sometimes diœcious, with large, broad and obtuse leaves +(var. <span class="smcap">obtùsa</span>), or monœcious, with large, broad and acute leaves (var. <span class="smcap">latifòlia</span>), +or the narrow leaves with long and linear diverging lobes (var. <span class="smcap">angustifòlia</span>), +or with some leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, others more +or less sagittate (var. <span class="smcap">diversifòlia</span>), etc. Root propagating by stolons tuberiferous +at the extremity.—The European species has the fertile pedicels only<a name="page555"></a> +{1/3} or ¼ the length of the sterile; claws of the petals purple-tinged; filaments +not longer than the anthers; and achenes almost orbicular, very broadly winged +and with a short straight beak.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. p<b>ubéscens</b>, Engelm. Upper part of petiole and scape and especially +the orbicular-ovate obtuse bracts and sepals pubescent or woolly; beak +of fruit horizontal.—N. J. and Penn. to Ga.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. (?) <b>grácilis</b>, Engelm. Lobes of the sagittate leaves very narrowly +linear (½–2´´ wide); achene narrowly cuneate-obovate (2´´ long), the beak long, +stout, and strongly recurved, the sides usually strongly 1–3-crested. (S. cristata, +<i>Engelm.</i>?)—Mass. to western N. Y.; Iowa.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. lancifòlia</b>, L. Scape 2–5° high, with several of the lower whorls +fertile; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, rarely linear, all with a tapering +base, thick or coriaceous (6–18´ long and on a long and stout petiole, never +sagittate), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick midrib; bracts ovate, +acute or acuminate; pedicels slender, the fertile scarcely shorter than the +sterile ones; filaments pubescent; achenes falcate, winged on the back, +pointed with an incurved beak.—Swamps, Md. to Ky., Mo., and southward. +(W. Ind.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Filaments very short, with enlarged mostly glandular base; anthers ovate or +short-oblong; fruiting heads small; bracts more or less connate; leaves very +rarely sagittate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. heterophýlla</b>, Pursh. Scape weak (3´–2° high), at length procumbent; +leaves lanceolate or lance-oval, entire, or with one or two narrow +basal sagittate appendages; <i>bracts roundish, obtuse</i>; flowers of the lowest +whorl fertile and <i>almost sessile</i>; the sterile on long pedicels; filaments glandular-pubescent; +<i>achenes narrowly obovate with a long erect beak</i>.—N. Eng to +Fla., west to Minn. and Mo. Varies as to foliage, the leaves being broad +(var. <span class="smcap">ellíptica</span>, Engelm.), or rigid and narrowly lanceolate with stout petioles +(var. <span class="smcap">rígida</span>, Engelm.), or nearly linear (var. <span class="smcap">angustifòlia</span>, Engelm.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. gramínea</b>, Michx. Scape 3´–2° high; <i>phyllodia flat</i>, mostly +<i>broadly linear, acuminate</i>; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear, on long slender +petioles, sometimes reduced to the petiole merely; bracts rather obtuse; whorls +of flowers often few, all staminate or the lower fertile; <i>pedicels</i> slender, <i>spreading</i>, +nearly equal; <i>filaments 15–20, glandular-pubescent; achene small</i> (½´´ long), +narrowly obovate, almost beakless, <i>winged on the back, flat and scarcely costate +on the sides</i>.—N. Eng. to Minn., south to the Gulf; very variable.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. tères</b>, Watson. <i>Phyllodia terete, very acutely attenuate</i> upward, 3–12´ +long, very rarely bearing a narrow blade; scape ½–1½° high; bracts connate +at base; <i>pedicels</i> in 1–3 whorls, all very <i>slender and spreading</i>, 1 or 2 +fruiting, ½–1´ long; filaments 12, dilated, pubescent; <i>achene</i> obovate, 1´´ <i>long, +with an erect beak</i>, the margins and sides <i>crenately several-crested</i>.—In shallow +water, S. New Eng. to N. J. (Hyannis, Mass., <i>Deane</i>; Wading River, L. I., +<i>Miller</i>; barrens of N. J., <i>Torrey</i>.) Phyllodia usually very strongly nodose. +(Addendum)—<b>Sagittaria teres</b> has been collected also at Brewster, Mass. +(<i>Farlow</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. nàtans</b>, Michx., var. <b>loràta</b>, Chapm. Usually dwarf; <i>leaves linear, +strap-shaped, obtuse or acutish</i>, 1–6´ long, equalling or shorter than the +scape, very rarely with a narrow blade; pedicels in 1–3 whorls, only 1 or 2 +fruiting, <i>stouter and recurved</i>; bracts connate or spathe-like; <i>filaments 6–8, +glabrous; achene</i> obovate, <i>short-beaked, 1´´ long</i>, the margins and sides <i>crenately crested</i>.<a name="page556"></a> +(S. pusilla, <i>Pursh.</i>)—In mud or shallow water, near the coast; +N. Y. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. (?) <b>gracíllima</b>, Watson. Scape and the almost or wholly bladeless +leaves very slender and greatly elongated (2–4° long, 1´´ wide); pedicels all +elongated, in usually distant whorls, the lower pistillate, slender and spreading; +fruit unknown. (S. natans, <i>Engelm.</i> in Torr. Bull. ix. 4.)—In deep water +of streams in E. Mass. (<i>Hitchings, Boott, C. E. Faxon</i>, etc.) Wholly submerged, +only 1 or 2 flowers appearing at a time, floating on the surface. The +fruit, maturing under water, has not yet been collected.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. LOPHIOCÁRPUS. <i>Fertile flowers perfect; stamens 9–15, at the base +of the receptacle; sepals erect and embracing the fruit.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>S. calycìna</b>, Engelm. Scape weak (3–9´ high), at length mostly procumbent; +usually only the lowest whorl fertile, with pedicels as long as those +of the sterile flowers, recurved in fruit; bracts orbicular, obtuse or rarely pointed; +filaments slightly rough, as long as the anthers; achenes obovate with a short +horizontal style; leaves broadly halberd-shaped, obtuse or acutish, with wide +spreading lobes, often wider than long, or lanceolate or sometimes reduced to +linear phyllodia.—Maine to Del., west to Wisc., Mo., and Tex. Quite variable, +several forms being enumerated, as var. <span class="smcap">spongiòsa</span>, with spongy texture +and bladeless submerged leaves, eastward; and westward, var. <span class="smcap">flùitans</span>, with +lance-linear floating leaves.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="echinodorus">3. <b>ECHINÓDORUS</b>, Richard.</p> + +<p>Flowers perfect. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6–21 or more. +Ovaries several or many, imbricated in a head, forming thick and ribbed +achenes in fruit, often beaked with a projecting persistent style.—Mostly +annuals, with the habit of Sagittaria, the naked stems sparingly branched or +simple, and the flowers on rather short pedicels, in whorls of 3–6 or more. +Fl. summer and autumn. (Name from <span class="greek">ἐχινώδης</span>, <i>prickly</i>, or from <span class="greek">ἐχῖνος</span>, and +<span class="greek">δορός</span> <i>a leathern bottle</i>, applied to the ovary, which is in most species armed +with the persistent style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. párvulus</b>, Engelm. Scapes 1–3´ high; shoots often creeping and +proliferous; <i>leaves lanceolate or spatulate, acute</i> (½–1½´ long, including the +petiole); umbel single, 2–8-flowered; pedicels reflexed in fruit; flower 3´´ +broad; <i>stamens 9; styles much shorter than the ovary; achenes beakless</i>, obtusely +few-ribbed.—In mud, Mass. to Mich. and E. Minn., south to Fla. and +Tex. (S. Am.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. rostràtus</b>, Engelm. <i>Scape erect</i>, 3´–2° high, longer than the +leaves; <i>leaves broadly ovate, cordate or truncate at base, obtuse</i> (the blade 1–3´ +long); umbel proliferous, in a branched panicle; flower 5´´ broad; <i>stamens 12; +styles longer than the ovary; achenes beaked</i>, acutely many-ribbed.—Swamps +and ditches, Ill. to Fla., Mo., and Tex.—A low form (var. <span class="smcap">lanceolàtus</span>, +Engelm.) has the leaves lanceolate with an acute base. Ill., Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. radìcans</b>, Engelm. <i>Stems or scape prostrate, creeping</i> (2–4° long), +proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers; leaves somewhat truncately +broadly heart-shaped, obtuse (2–8´ broad), long-petioled; flowers 6–9´´ broad; +<i>stamens about 21; styles shorter than the ovary; achenes short-beaked</i>, the keeled +back denticulate.—Swamps, Ill. to N. C. and Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="naiadaceae"><a name="page557"></a><span class="smcap">Order 126.</span> <b>NAIADÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Pondweed Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Marsh or mostly immersed aquatic herbs, with stems jointed and leafy or</i> +(in Triglochin) <i>naked and scape-like, leaves sheathing at base or stipulate, +and flowers perfect or unisexual, often spathaceous, with perianth of 4 or 6 +herbaceous distinct valvate segments, or membranous and tubular or cup-shaped, +or none.</i> Stamens 1, 2, 4 or 6, with extrorse anthers. Ovaries +1–6, distinct or more or less coherent, 1-celled, usually 1-ovuled, in fruit +follicular or capsular or an indehiscent berry or utricle.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder I.</span> <b>Juncagineæ.</b> Marsh plants, with terete bladeless +leaves; flowers perfect, spicate or racemose, with herbaceous 6- (rarely +3-) lobed perianth; carpels 3 or 6, more or less united, separating at +maturity. Seeds anatropous; embryo straight.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Triglochin.</b> Ovaries 3–6, united until maturity. Leaves radical. Flowers bractless, +in a spike-like raceme terminating a jointless scape.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Scheuchzeria.</b> Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, at length divergent. Flowers bracteate in a +loose raceme upon a leafy stem.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder II.</span> <b>Naiadeæ.</b> Immersed aquatics, with flat leaves; +ovaries solitary or distinct, 1-ovuled.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Flowers perfect, spiked or clustered; anthers 4 or 2, sessile; leaves alternate.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Potamogeton.</b> Spike peduncled. Sepals 4, herbaceous. Anthers 4. Ovaries 4, sessile.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Ruppia.</b> Flowers on an enclosed spadix, at length long-exserted, without perianth. +Anther-cells 4, distinct. Ovaries 4, becoming stipitate.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Flowers monœcious or diœcious, axillary, naked, monandrous; leaves opposite (alternate +in n. 6).</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Zannichellia.</b> Monœcious. Pistils (2–5) from a cup-shaped involucre or sheath.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Zostera.</b> Pistils and stamens alternate in 2 vertical rows on the inner side of a leaf-like +enclosed spadix. Stigmas 2, linear. Stem creeping.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Naias.</b> Diœcious; pistil solitary, naked. Stamen enclosed in a membranous spathe. +Stems floating, with opposite or ternate leaves.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="triglochin"><b>1. TRIGLÒCHIN</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Arrow-grass.</span></p> + +<p>Sepals and petals nearly alike (greenish), ovate, concave, deciduous. Stamens +3–6; anthers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into a 3–6-celled +compound ovary; stigmas sessile; ovules solitary. Capsule splitting +when ripe into 3–6 carpels, which separate from a persistent central axis.—Perennials, +with rush-like, fleshy leaves, below sheathing the base of the wand-like +naked and jointless scape. Flowers small, in a spiked raceme, bractless. +(Name composed of <span class="greek">τρεῖς</span>, <i>three</i>, and <span class="greek">γλωχίν</span>, <i>point</i>, from the three points of +the ripe fruit in n. 1 when dehiscent.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Fruit of 3 carpels.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. palústris</b>, L. Scape (6–18´ high) and leaves slender; <i>sepals and +stamens 6; fruit linear-club-shaped; carpels</i> when ripe separating from below +upward, leaving a triangular axis, <i>awl-pointed at base</i>.—Marshes, western +N. Y. to Ill., Minn., and westward. Aug. (Eu., Asia, etc.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. striàta</b>, Ruiz & Pav. Scape (6–12´ high) and leaves slender; flowers +very small; <i>sepals and stamens 3; fruit globose-triangular</i>, or when dry +3-lobed. (T. triandra, <i>Michx.</i>)—Sea-shore, Md. to Fla. (S. Am., etc.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page558"></a>[*][*] <i>Fruit of 6 carpels (rarely 5).</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>T. marítima</b>, L. Scape (1–3° high) and leaves thickish, fleshy; +fruit ovate or oblong, acutish; carpels rounded at base and slightly grooved +on the back, the edges acute.—Salt-marshes along the coast, Lab. to N. J., +and in saline places in the interior across the continent. (Eu., Asia, etc.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="scheuchzeria"><b>2. SCHEUCHZÈRIA</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish-yellow), but the +latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6; anthers linear. Ovaries 3, globular, +slightly united at base, 2–3 ovuled, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit forming +3 diverging and inflated 1–2 seeded pods, opening along the inside.—A +low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending +simple stem, which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like +conduplicate leaves, and terminated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with +sheathing bracts; leaves tubular at the apex. (Named for <i>John</i> and <i>John Jacob +Scheuchzer</i>, distinguished Swiss botanists early in the 18th century.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. palústris</b>, L.—Peat-bogs, N. Brunswick to N. J., westward across +the continent. June. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="potamogeton"><b>3. POTAMOGÈTON</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Pondweed.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect. Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, opposite +the sepals; anthers nearly sessile, 2-celled. Ovaries 4 (rarely only one), +with an ascending campylotropous ovule; stigma sessile or on a short style. +Fruit drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed; endocarp (<i>nutlet</i>) crustaceous. +Embryo hooked, annular, or cochleate, the radicular end pointing +downward.—Herbs of fresh, or one in brackish, ponds and streams, with +jointed mostly rooting stems, and 2-ranked leaves, which are usually alternate +or imperfectly opposite; the submersed ones pellucid, the floating ones often +dilated and of a firmer texture. Stipules membranous, more or less united +and sheathing. Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud, mostly raised on +a peduncle to the surface of the water. (An ancient name, composed of +<span class="greek">ποταμός</span>, <i>a river</i>, and <span class="greek">γείτων</span>, <i>a neighbor</i>, from the place of growth.)—By <i>fruit</i>, +the full-grown fresh or macerated fruit is intended; by <i>nutlet</i>, that with the +fleshy outer portion or epicarp removed. All except n. 19 flower in summer; +the month mentioned indicates the time of ripening of the fruit.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Leaves of two sorts; floating ones more or less coriaceous, with a dilated +petioled blade, different in form from the thinner submersed ones.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Submersed leaves reduced to narrowly grass-like or filiform sessile phyllodia.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Stems rather stout; stipules free; spikes all emersed, cylindrical and densely +fruited; fruits fleshy and turgid, obliquely obovate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. nàtans</b>, L. <i>Stem simple or sparingly branched</i>; floating leaves all +long-petioled, elliptical or ovate, somewhat cordate at base, obtuse but with a +blunt point, 21–29-nerved; upper submersed leaves lanceolate, early perishing, +the lower (later in the season) very slender (3–7´ long, barely 1´´ wide); +upper <i>stipules very long, acute; peduncle about the thickness of the stem</i>; spikes +1–2´ long; sides of the turgid <i>nutlet with a small deep impression in the middle</i>;<a name="page559"></a> +embryo coiled into an incomplete elliptical ring.—Ponds and ditches, N. Scotia +to Va., westward across the continent. In deeper or flowing water the +plant becomes more slender and often wholly submersed (var. <span class="smcap">prolíxus</span>, +<i>Koch</i>).—Aug., Sept. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. Oakesiànus</b>, Robbins. Stem more slender, <i>much branched</i>; floating +leaves smaller (1–1½´ long), ovate- or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, fewer-(17–23-) nerved; +lowest submersed ones almost capillary (only ¼–½´´ wide), +continuing through the flowering season; spikes shorter (¾–1´ long), on +<i>peduncles much thicker than the stem</i>; fruit smaller and more acute; <i>sides of +the turgid nutlet not at all impressed</i>; curvature of the embryo nearly circular, +its apex directed to a point above its base.—Ponds, and especially pools and +stagnant ditches, Mass. to N. J.; also Anticosti. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. Pennsylvánicus</b>, Cham. <i>Stems compressed</i>, often simple from +the creeping rootstocks; floating leaves chiefly opposite (1–3½´ long), 11–17-nerved, +oblong, tapering into a <i>short petiole</i>, the lower gradually narrowing +and passing into the submersed ones, which are very numerous and approximate, +2-ranked, linear (2–5´ long, and 1–2½´´ wide), 5–7-nerved, the lateral +nerves slender and nearly marginal, the space within the inner nerves <i>coarsely +cellular-reticulated; stipules very obtuse</i>; spikes numerous, about the length of +the thickened peduncle; <i>fruit round-obovate</i>, flattish, 3-keeled when dry; <i>nutlet +distinctly impressed on the sides</i>; curvature of the embryo transversely oval. +(P. Claytonii, <i>Tuckerm.</i>)—Still or flowing water, N. Brunswick to S. C., west +to N. Ind. and Minn. July, Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Like the preceding section, but all the parts small, slender and delicate, +only the fertile plants producing floating leaves; spikes very small and few-flowered; +propagated by autumn buds.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. Vasèyi</b>, Robbins. Very delicate; stem almost capillary; <i>floating +leaves obovate</i> (3–5´´ long) and about the length of their filiform petioles, +with 5 nerves deeply impressed beneath, cross-veins distinct; submersed leaves +filiform-linear, very attenuate (1–2´ long, {1/8}–¼´´ wide) and acute; <i>stipules</i> +not adnate, scarious, <i>long</i>, acute; spikes all emersed, few, interrupted-oblong, +3–5-flowered, on a thickish peduncle; fruit oblique, round-obovate ({2/3}´´ long), +compressed, slightly sharp-margined, tipped with a distinct recurved style, the +sides impressed and face acute; upper portion of the embryo circularly incurved, +its apex transverse to the fruit.—Canada and N. Eng.; also Ill. The +fruiting form, with floating leaves, rare; the submerged form apparently much +more abundant.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. lateràlis</b>, Morong. Stem filiform, branching; <i>floating leaves elliptical</i> +(4–6´´ long by 2´´ wide), with 5–7 nerves deeply impressed beneath, +tapering at base into a somewhat dilated petiole shorter than the blade; <i>submersed +leaves linear</i>, acute (1–3´ long by ¼–½´´ wide), 1–3-nerved, the mid-nerve +with fine veins or cellular reticulations on each side, bi-glandular at +base; <i>stipules short; peduncles with a very peculiar lateral appearance</i>, widely +spreading at maturity, sometimes even recurved, often thicker than the stem; +spikes often interrupted (2–4-flowered); fruit obliquely obovate (hardly 1´´ +long), the back much curved, with two fine grooves upon it; embryo oval in +its curve, the apex nearly touching the base.—Mass. and Mich.; rare. Undeveloped +specimens resemble P. pusillus.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page560"></a>[+][+][+] <i>Stems slender or filiform, much branched; floating leaves sometimes +wanting; stipules adnate to the base of the leaf; spikes of two kinds, one +emersed, cylindrical and many-flowered, on a club-shaped peduncle, the other +submersed, globular and few-flowered; fruit flat, cochleate, with thin or +scarcely any flesh and a thin nutlet; embryo spiral.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. Spiríllus</b>, Tuckerm. Floating leaves oval to lance-oblong and +lanceolate (the largest 10´´ long, 4´´ wide), usually obtuse, about equalling the +<i>rather dilated petioles</i>, with 5–many nerves beneath deeply impressed; upper +submersed leaves either with or without a lance-oblong or broad-linear proper +blade; the numerous lower ones narrow-linear, tapering toward the obtuse +apex (¾–1½´ long, ¼–{2/3}´´ wide); stipules early lacerate; <i>submersed flowers usually +solitary on very short erect peduncles; fruit</i> with the back either <i>winged +and with 4–5 distinct teeth or wingless and entire; embryo coiled 1¾ turns</i>.—Rivers, +and even far up small streams, N. Eng. to Va., west to Mich. and +Mo. June–Aug.—Stem less slender than in the next.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. hýbridus</b>, Michx. Floating leaves oval to lance-oblong (the largest +10´´ long, 6´´ wide), often acute, longer than the <i>filiform petioles</i>, with about +5–7 nerves beneath deeply impressed; submersed leaves very numerous, almost +setaceous (1–3´ long, very rarely ½´´ wide); stipules obtuse; emersed +spikes 4–7´´ long; <i>submersed</i> spikes 1–4-flowered, their <i>peduncles</i> (of their +own length) <i>frequently recurved; fruit minute, about 8-toothed on the margin; +embryo coiled 1½ turns</i>.—Shallow stagnant waters, N. Brunswick to Fla., west +to Mich., Mo., and N. Mex. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Submersed leaves lanceolate, rarely oval or linear, membranaceous; spikes +dense, many-flowered, on stout peduncles.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. ruféscens</b>, Schrad. Stem simple; floating leaves (often wanting) +2–5´ long, rather thin, <i>wedge-oblanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole</i>, 11–17-nerved; +<i>submersed leaves almost sessile</i>, lanceolate and lance-oblong, smooth +on the margin, fewer-nerved; stipules broad, hyaline, obtuse, upper ones +acuminate; spike 1–2´ long, often somewhat compound; fruit obovate, lenticular, +pitted when immature, with an acute margin and pointed with the +rather long style; embryo incompletely annular.—In streams or ponds, N. +Brunswick to N. J., west to Minn. and Tex. Aug., Sept. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>P. flùitans</b>, Roth. Stem often branching below; <i>floating leaves thinnish, +lance-oblong or long-elliptical</i>, often acute, <i>long-petioled</i>, 17–23-nerved; +<i>submersed leaves very long</i> (3–12´, by 2–12´´ wide), <i>lanceolate and lance-linear</i>, +7–15-nerved, coarsely reticulated; peduncles somewhat thickened upward; +fruit obliquely obovate, obscurely 3-keeled when fresh, and distinctly so when +dry, the middle one winged above and sometimes with 3–5 shallow indentations; +the rounded slightly curved face surmounted by the short style; nutlet +with the sides scarcely impressed; upper part of the embryo circularly in-curved. +(P. lonchites, <i>Tuckerm.</i>)—In streams or rarely in ponds, N. Brunswick +to N. J., west to Minn. and Iowa. Aug., Sept. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>P. púlcher</b>, Tuckerm. Stem simple, black-spotted; <i>leaves of three +kinds</i>; floating ones becoming very large (4½ by 3½´), <i>roundish-ovate and cordate +or ovate-oblong</i>, 25–37-nerved, <i>all alternate; upper submersed ones (3–5) +usually lanceolate</i>, acute at base and very long-acuminate, 10–15-nerved, very +thin, cellular each side of the midrib, undulate, short-petioled; <i>lowest</i> (2–4<a name="page561"></a> +near the base of the stem) <i>thicker, plane, oval or oblong</i> with a rounded base, +or spatulate-oblong, on longer petioles; stipules rather short and obtuse; peduncles +thicker than the stem; fruit with a rounded back and angular face, +pointed, distinctly 3-keeled when fresh, sharply so when dry; nutlet with two +deep dorsal furrows, and a sinus below the angle in front; sides flat; embryo +circularly much incurved above.—Ponds, Vt. to Ga. and Mo. July, Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>P. amplifòlius</b>, Tuckerm. Stems simple, of very variable length; +<i>floating leaves</i> (sometimes wanting) large, <i>oblong or lance-ovate</i>, sometimes +slightly cordate at base, abruptly acutish, 30–50-nerved, on <i>rather long petioles</i>; +submersed leaves often very large (reaching 7´ by 2´), lanceolate or oval, +acute at each end, <i>usually much recurved, undulate</i>, mostly on short petioles; +<i>stipules very long and tapering to a point</i>, soon becoming loose; peduncles +thickened upward, in deep water much elongated; fruit very large (over 2´´ +long), rather obliquely obovate, 3-keeled, with a broad stout beak; nutlet +slightly impressed on the sides; upper part of the embryo curved into a ring.—Ponds +and rivers, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. Aug., Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>P. Illinoénsis</b>, Morong. <i>Stem stout, branching</i> towards the summit; +floating leaves opposite, oval or ovate (2–5´ long by 1½–2´ broad), 19–25-nerved, +rounded or subcordate at base, with a short blunt point at apex, on +short petioles, <i>submersed leaves rather few, oblong-elliptical</i>, acute at each end, +<i>usually ample</i> (largest 8´ by 1½´); <i>stipules coarse, obtuse, strongly bicarinate</i> +(2´ long); peduncles often clustered at the summit (2–4´ long), thickening +upward; <i>fruit roundish-obovate</i> (1¾–2´´ long), 3-keeled on the back, middle +keel prominent; nutlet flattened and slightly impressed on the sides, obtuse +or pointed at base; apex of embryo directed transversely inward.—Streams +and ditches, western N. Y. to Ill., Iowa, and Minn. Very near the last.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>P. heterophýllus</b>, Schreb. <i>Stem slender, very branching</i> below; +floating leaves mostly thin, variable, but with a short blunt point, 9–15-nerved, +usually 1–2´ long and 6–9´´ wide; submersed ones usually lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, +acuminate or cuspidate, narrowed toward the base, about 7-nerved +on the stem and 3-nerved on the branches; upper ones petioled, lower sessile; +<i>stipules obtuse</i>, loose; peduncles somewhat thickened upward; fruit small, +roundish, compressed, scarcely keeled; embryo annular above. (P. gramineus, +<i>Fries</i>.)—Still or flowing water, common. Varies exceedingly in its submersed +leaves, peduncles, etc.; the var. <span class="smcap">graminifòlius</span> (Fries), growing in +rapid streams, with stems much elongated and less branched, and the flaccid +submersed leaves 2–7´ long by 2–10´´ wide.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. (?) <b>myriophýllus</b>, Robbins. Sending up from running rootstocks +many short repeatedly dichotomous and densely leafy stems; fertile stems +very slender; floating leaves small, delicate, lance-oblong, on long filiform +petioles; submersed stem-leaves larger, early perishing; those of the branches +(deep-green) linear-oblanceolate, very small (¾–1´ long), acute, sometimes +minutely serrulate; spike slender, loosely-flowered, much shorter than the +thickened peduncle.—Apponaug Pond, R. I., without fruit.</p> + +<p class="species">13<sup>a</sup>. <b>P. Zízii</b>, Mert. & Koch. Resembling P. lucens, but smaller, much +branched at base; <i>upper leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, long-petioled</i> and +<i>sometimes emersed</i>, the others subsessile, all usually numerous, undulate and +<i>shining</i>; peduncle elongated. (P. lucens, var. minor, <i>Nolte</i>. Also P. gramineus, +var. (?) spathulæformis, <i>Robbins</i>; P. spathæformis, <i>Tuckerm.</i>; "P. varians,<a name="page562"></a> +<i>Morong</i>.")—N. Eng to Fla., and westward. Connecting with the next +section. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly sessile, membranaceous and dilated, +lanceolate, oblong, or oval; stipules obtuse, becoming loose.</i></p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>P. lùcens</b>, L. Stem thick, branching, sometimes very large; <i>leaves +more or less petioled</i>, oval or lanceolate, <i>mucronate</i>, often rough serrulate, <i>frequently +shining</i>; peduncles often elongated; <i>fruit</i> roundish and compressed, +<i>with obtuse margins, slightly keeled</i>; embryo circularly incurved above.—Ponds, +N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Pacific. Aug., Sept. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. (?) <b>Connecticuténsis</b>, Robbins. Stem flexuous; <i>leaves</i> all submersed, +nearly sessile, lanceolate, <i>acuminate, crisped, not shining nor serrulate; +fruit larger, distinctly keeled</i>; nutlet thick and hard.—Lake Saltonstall, East +Haven, Conn.</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>P. prælóngus</b>, Wulf. Stem very long, branching, flexuous; <i>leaves</i> +lance-oblong or lanceolate (sometimes 7´ long), <i>half-clasping, obtuse with a boat-shaped +cavity</i> at the extremity, thence splitting on pressure; stipules scarious, +very obtuse; spikes rather loose-flowered; <i>peduncles very long</i> (sometimes +reaching 20´); <i>fruit</i> obliquely obovate, compressed, <i>sharply keeled</i> when dry; +style terminating the nearly straight face; curve of the embryo oval and longitudinal.—Ponds +and large rivers, N. Scotia to Mass., west to Minn. and +Iowa. Sept., Oct.—Stem white; foliage bright green. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>P. perfoliàtus</b>, L. Stem branching; <i>leaves orbicular, ovate or lanceolate +from a cordate-clasping base</i>, usually obtuse and often minutely serrulate; +peduncles short, cylindrical; <i>fruit</i> irregularly obovate, <i>obtusely margined</i>; +embryo incurved in an oval.—Ponds and slow streams, common. N. Scotia +to Fla., west to Minn. and Iowa. Sept., Oct. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>lanceolàtus</b>, Robbins. Larger; <i>leaves long-lanceolate</i> from a cordate +clasping base and <i>acuminate</i>, wavy, 3–4½´ long; <i>peduncles thickened upward</i>.—Same +range as the species, and extending west to the Pacific.</p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>P. críspus</b>, L. <i>Stem compressed; leaves linear-oblong</i>, half-clasping, +obtuse, <i>serrulate, crisped-wavy, 3-nerved; fruit long-beaked</i>; upper portion of the +embryo incurved in a large circle.—Flowing and stagnant waters, Mass. to +N. J. and Va., west to western N. Y. June, July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>P. Mýsticus</b>, Morong. <i>Stem very slender</i> and irregularly branching, +nearly filiform (1–3° high); <i>leaves oblong-linear</i> (½–1½´ long by 2–3´´ wide), +5–7-nerved, <i>finely undulate and entire, obtuse or bluntly pointed, abruptly narrowing +at base, sessile or partly clasping</i>; spikes few, capitate (4–6-flowered). +on erect peduncles (1–2´ long); fruit (immature) obovate, small (hardly ¾´´ +long), <i>obscurely 3-keeled on the back</i>, a little beaked by the slender recurved +style.—Mystic Pond, Medford, Mass.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <i>Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly membranaceous and sessile, linear +or setaceous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stipules free from the sheathing base of the leaf.</i></p> + +<p class="species">19. <b>P. zosteræfòlius</b>, Schum. <i>Stem branching, wing-fattened; leaves</i> +linear and grass-like (commonly 4´ by 1½´´), <i>abruptly pointed, with many fine +and 3 larger nerves</i>; stipules (seen young) oblong, very obtuse; <i>spikes cylindrical</i>, +12–15-flowered, <i>not half as long as the peduncle</i>; fruit obliquely obovate, +somewhat keeled and with slight teeth on the back, the sides not impressed,<a name="page563"></a> +the face arching and terminated by the short style; <i>summit of the large embryo +lying transverse to the fruit</i>. (P. compressus, <i>Fries</i>; not <i>L.</i>?)—Still and slow-flowing +waters, N. Eng. to N. J., Iowa, and Minn. Aug., Sept. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">20. <b>P. Híllii</b>, Morong. Stem slender, <i>widely branching, flattish</i>; leaves +linear, <i>acute</i> (1–2½´ long by ½–1¼´´ wide), <i>3-nerved</i>, the lateral nerves delicate +and near the margin; stipules whitish, striate, obtuse (3–5´´ long); <i>spikes +capitate</i> (3–6-fruited), <i>on short spreading or recurved peduncles</i>; fruit as in +the last.—Mich. and western N. Y.</p> + +<p class="species">21. <b>P. obtusifòlius</b>, Mertens & Koch. <i>Stem flattened, very branching; +leaves</i> linear, tapering toward the base, obtuse and mucronate or very acute, +<i>3- (rarely 5-) nerved; stipules elongated</i>, very obtuse; <i>spike ovate, continuous</i>, +5–8-flowered, <i>about the length of the peduncle</i>; fruit oval, apiculate with the +style, not keeled when fresh, <i>upper portion of embryo</i> coiled inward and <i>lying +transverse to the fruit</i>.—Slow streams and ponds, Canada and N. Eng. to western +N. Y. and Mich. Sept., Oct. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">22. <b>P. pauciflòrus</b>, Pursh. <i>Stem filiform, flattish and very branching; +leaves narrowly linear</i> (1–2´ long and seldom ½´´ wide), acute, <i>obscurely 3-nerved; +stipules obtuse; spikes</i> capitate, 1–4- <i>(usually 2-) flowered</i>, on short +club-shaped peduncles; <i>fruit roundish-lenticular</i>; the <i>back</i> more or less <i>crested</i>; +upper portion of the embryo incurved in a circle.—Still or stagnant waters, +N. Brunswick to Ga., Iowa, Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Niagarénsis</b>, Gray. Stem often longer (1–3°); leaves larger (1½–3½´ +long by 1´´ wide or less), 3–5-nerved at base, very acute and mucronate, +narrowed to the subpetiolate base. (P. Niagarensis, <i>Tuckerm</i>.)—Running +water, Great Lakes to S. C.; also in Cal.</p> + +<p class="species">23. <b>P. pusíllus</b>, L. <i>Stem slender</i>, flattish or nearly cylindrical, often very +branching; <i>leaves narrow- or setaceous-linear</i>, acuminate, <i>acute or subacute, 1–3-nerved</i>, +furnished with <i>translucent glands</i> on each side at the base; stipules at +first obtuse; spikes interrupted or capitate, 2–8-flowered, on rather long peduncles; +<i>fruit</i> obliquely elliptical, <i>scarcely keeled; apex of embryo</i> incurved and +<i>directed obliquely downward</i>.—Pools and ditches, N. Scotia to N. J., west to +Minn. and Mo., and westward.—Leaves sometimes almost setaceous (var. +tenuissimus, <i>Koch</i>).</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>polyphýllus</b>, Morong. Dwarf form (3–5´ high), divaricately branching +from the base, very leafy throughout; leaves very obtuse, not cuspidate, +3-nerved; non-flowering but abundantly provided with propagating buds which +are formed on the thickened and hardened ends of the branches and closely +invested by imbricated leaves.—In a shallow pool, S. Natick, Mass.</p> + +<p class="species">24. <b>P. mucronàtus</b>, Schrad. Resembling P. pusillus, but stem less +branching; <i>leaves broader</i> (almost 1´´ wide), <i>often 5-nerved; spikes interrupted</i>. +(P. pusillus, var. major, <i>Fries</i>.)—N. Brunswick to western N. Y., Mich., and +Minn. July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">25. <b>P. gemmíparus</b>, Robbins. Stem filiform, branching, terete, varying +greatly in height; <i>leaves hair-like</i>, sometimes not as broad as the stem, often +with no apparent midrib, <i>tapering to the finest point</i> (1–3´ long), bi-glandular at +base; stipules ½–1´ long; spikes few (3–6-flowered), <i>interrupted</i>, on long filiform +peduncles; <i>propagating buds very numerous</i>; fruit like that of P. pusillus, +very rare. (P. pusillus, var.? gemmiparus, <i>Robbins</i>.)—Slow-moving streams +and still water, Mass. Aug., Sept.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page564"></a>26. <b>P. Tuckermàni</b>, Robbins. <i>Very slender and delicate</i> from a creeping +rootstock, of a fine light green; stem filiform with several short and repeatedly +dichotomous leaf-bearing branches; <i>leaves</i> thin and flat, but <i>setaceous and tapering +to near the fineness of a hair</i> (1–4´ long and {1/3}´´ extreme width), obscurely +1–3-nerved, with a few coarse reticulations; stipules rather persistent below, +{1/3}´ long, obtuse; <i>peduncle solitary, very long</i>, rather thickened upward; <i>spike 4–8-flowered, +in fruit continuous, oblong; fruit thick-lenticular</i>, obscurely 3-keeled; +<i>nutlet slightly impressed on the sides; shell thick and hard</i>; embryo nearly annular.—Cold +ponds, White Mountains of N. H., N. Y., and N. J.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf.</i></p> + +<p class="species">27. <b>P. pectinàtus</b>, L. <i>Stem filiform</i>, repeatedly dichotomous; <i>leaves very +narrowly linear</i>, attenuate to the apex, 1-nerved with a few transverse veins; +<i>spikes interrupted</i>, on long filiform peduncles; fruit obliquely broad-obovate, +compressed, <i>bluntly keeled</i>; shell of nutlet very thick; <i>embryo spirally incurved</i>.—N. Brunswick +to Fla., westward across the continent. Aug.–Oct. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">28. <b>P. marìnus</b>, L. Resembling narrow-leaved forms of the last species, +<i>low and very leafy</i>; peduncles much elongated; <i>fruit much smaller</i> (1´´ long) +and thinner, round-obovate, <i>not keeled</i> upon the rounded back, tipped with the +broad sessile stigma; <i>embryo annular</i>.—Western N. Y., Ill., Mich., and southward. +Probably the range of this species is much more extensive than indicated, +as it has been confounded with P. pectinatus.</p> + +<p class="species">29. <b>P. Robbínsii</b>, Oakes. <i>Stem</i> ascending from a creeping base, <i>rigid</i>, +very branching, <i>invested by the bases of the leaves and stipules; leaves crowded +in two ranks, recurved-spreading</i>, narrow-lanceolate or linear (3–5´ long and 2–3´´ +wide), acuminate, <i>ciliate-serrulate</i> with translucent teeth, many-nerved; stipules +obtuse when young, their nerves soon becoming bristles; <i>spikes numerous, +loosely few-flowered</i>, on short peduncles; fruit oblong-obovate (2´´ long), +<i>keeled with a broadish wing</i>, acutely beaked; embryo stout, ovally annular.—In +ponds and slow streams, N. Brunswick to N. J., the N. shore of L. Superior, +and far westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ruppia"><b>4. RÚPPIA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Ditch-grass.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers perfect, 2 or more approximated on a slender spadix, which is at +first enclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf, entirely destitute of +floral envelopes, consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each with 2 large and separate +anther-cells, and 4 small sessile ovaries, with solitary campylotropous suspended +ovules; stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit small obliquely ovate pointed drupes, +each raised on a slender stalk which appears after flowering; the spadix itself +also then raised on an elongated thread-form peduncle. Embryo ovoid, with a +short and pointed plumule from the upper end, by the side of the short cotyledon.—Marine +herbs, growing under water, with long and thread-like forking +stems, and slender almost capillary alternate leaves, sheathing at the base. +Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion. (Dedicated to <i>H. B. +Ruppius</i>, a German botanical author of the early part of the 18th century.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. marítima</b>, L. Leaves linear-capillary; nut ovate, obliquely erect, +1½´´ long; fruiting peduncles capillary (3–6´ long); stipes 1–12´´ long.—Shallow +bays, along the entire coast; also occasionally in saline places in the +interior. (Eu., Asia, etc.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="zannichellia"><a name="page565"></a><b>5. ZANNICHÉLLIA</b>, Micheli. <span class="smcap">Horned Pondweed.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil; +the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2–4-celled +anther; the fertile of 2–5 (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same cup-shaped +involucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, beaked with a short +style, which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma. +Seed orthotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent and coiled.—Slender +branching herbs, growing under water, with mostly opposite long and +linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing membranous stipules. (Named +in honor of <i>Zannichelli</i>, a Venetian botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>Z. palústris</b>, L. Style at least half as long as the fruit, which is flattish, +somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less toothed on the back +(not wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile; or, in var. <span class="smcap">pedunculàta</span>, +both the cluster and the separate fruits evidently peduncled.—Ponds and slow +streams, throughout N. America, but not common. July. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="zostera"><b>6. ZOSTÈRA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Grass-wrack. Eel-grass.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately arranged +in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like spadix, which +is hidden in a long and sheath-like base of a leaf (spathe); the sterile flowers +consisting of single ovate or oval 1-celled sessile anthers, as large as the ovaries, +and containing a tuft of threads in place of ordinary pollen; the fertile of single +ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl-shaped +style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule; stigmas 2, long +and bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, enclosing an oblong +longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cotyledon +almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which +protrudes a doubly curved slender plumule.—Grass-like marine herbs, growing +wholly under water, from a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed +by the bases of the very long and linear, obtuse, entire, grass-like, ribbon-shaped +leaves (whence the name, from <span class="greek">ζωστήρ</span>, <i>a band</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>Z. marìna</b>, L. Leaves obscurely 3–5-nerved.—Common in shoal +water of bays along the coast, from Newf. to Fla. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="naias"><b>7. NÀIAS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Naiad.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers diœcious or monœcious, axillary, solitary and sessile; the sterile +consisting of a single stamen enclosed in a little membranous spathe; anther at +first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile flowers consisting +of a single ovary tapering into a short style; stigmas 2–4, awl-shaped; ovule +erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a loose and separable +membranous epicarp. Embryo straight, the radicular end downward.—Slender +branching herbs, growing under water, with opposite and linear leaves, +somewhat crowded into whorls, spinulose-toothed, sessile and dilated at base. +Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in the +axils; in summer. (<span class="greek">Ναιάς</span>, <i>a water-nymph</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. marìna</b>, L. <i>Stem rather stout and often armed with broad prickles; +leaves broadly linear</i> (3–18´´ long), <i>coarsely and sharply toothed</i>, the dilated base +entire; fruit 2–2½´´ long; <i>seed very finely lineate, oblong</i>, slightly compressed.<a name="page566"></a> +(N. major, <i>All.</i>)—Marshes and salt-springs of western N. Y. and Mich. Teeth +of one or more brownish cells upon a many-celled base. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>grácilis</b>, Morong. Internodes long (1–3´) and nearly naked, with +only a few teeth above; leaves very narrow, the dilated base also toothed; +fruit smaller.—Canoga marshes, western N. Y.; also in Fla.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>recurvàta</b>, Dudley. Stems short, inclined to be dichotomously +branched, recurved-spreading; leaves usually recurved, the teeth prominent, +the dilated base with a projecting tooth each side.—Cayuga marshes, N. Y.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>N. fléxilis</b>, Rostk. & Schmidt. <i>Stems usually very slender; leaves +very narrowly linear</i> (½–1´ long), <i>very minutely serrulate</i>; fruit 1½´´ long, +narrowly oblong; <i>seeds lance-oval, smooth and shining</i>.—Ponds and slow +streams, N. Scotia to S. C., Iowa and Minn. Teeth on the margins of the +leaves 1-celled. (Eu.)—Var. <span class="smcap">robústa</span>, Morong. Stem stout, few-leaved, +sparsely branching, elongated; leaves flat, abruptly acute.—E. Mass., Mich., +and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>N. Índica</b>, Cham., var. <b>gracíllima</b>, A. Br. Branches alternate; +<i>leaves</i> very narrowly linear, <i>nearly capillary</i>, straight, <i>serrate, the rounded lobes +of the sheathing base spinulose-ciliate; fruit linear, impressed-dotted between the +numerous ribs</i>.—Mass. to Penn., west to Ind. and Mo. Teeth of 3 cells each.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="eriocauleae"><span class="smcap">Order 127.</span> <b>ERIOCAÙLEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Pipewort Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Aquatic or marsh herbs, stemless or short-stemmed, with a tuft of fibrous +roots, a cluster of linear and often loosely cellular grass-like leaves, and +naked scapes sheathed at the base, bearing dense heads of monœcious or +rarely diœcious small 2–3-merous flowers, each in the axil of a scarious +bract; the perianth double or rarely simple, chaffy; anthers introrse</i>; the +fruit a <i>2–3-celled 2–3-seeded capsule</i>; seeds pendulous, orthotropous; +embryo at the apex of mealy albumen.—Chiefly tropical plants, a few +in northern temperate regions.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Eriocaulon.</b> Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-form in the staminate +flowers; stamens twice as many as its lobes (4). Anthers 2-celled.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Pæpalanthus.</b> Perianth as in the last; stamens only as many as the corolla-lobes (3). +Anthers 2-celled.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Lachnocaulon.</b> Perianth simple, of 3 sepals. Stamens 3, monadelphous below. +Anthers 1-celled.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="eriocaulon"><b>1. ERIOCAÙLON</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Pipewort.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious and androgynous, i.e. both kinds in the same head, either +intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, rarely diœcious. +<i>Ster. Fl.</i> Calyx of 2 or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spatulate or +dilated upward. Corolla tubular, 2–3-lobed, each of the lobes bearing a black +gland or spot. Stamens twice as many, one inserted at the base of each lobe +and one in each sinus; anthers 2-celled. Pistils rudimentary. <i>Fert. Fl.</i> Calyx +as in the sterile flowers, often remote from the rest of the flower (therefore perhaps +to be viewed as a pair of bractlets). Corolla of 2 or 3 separate narrow +petals. Stamens none. Ovary often stalked, 2–3-lobed, 2–3-celled; style 1; +stigmas 2 or 3, slender. Capsule membranaceous, loculicidal.—Leaves mostly +smooth, loosely cellular and pellucid, flat or concave above. Scapes or peduncles<a name="page567"></a> +terminated by a single head, involucrate by some outer empty bracts. +Flowers, also the tips of the bracts, etc., usually white-bearded or woolly. +(Name compounded of <span class="greek">ἔριον</span>, <i>wool</i>, and <span class="greek">καυλός</span>, <i>a stalk</i>, from the wool at the +base of the scape.)—Our species are all stemless, wholly glabrous excepting +at the base and the flowers, with a depressed head and dimerous flowers.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. decangulàre</b>, L. <i>Leaves obtuse</i>, varying from linear-lanceolate to +linear-awl-shaped, rather rigid; scapes 10–12-ribbed (1–3° high); head hemispherical, +becoming globular (2–7´´ wide); scales of the involucre acutish, +straw-color or light brown; <i>chaff</i> (bracts among the flowers) <i>pointed</i>.—Pine-barren +swamps, N. J. to Fla. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. gnaphalòdes</b>, Michx. <i>Leaves spreading</i> (2–5´ long), <i>grassy-awl-shaped</i>, +rigid, or when submersed thin and pellucid, tapering gradually to a +<i>sharp point</i>, mostly shorter than the sheath of the <i>10-ribbed scape</i>; scales of +the involucre very obtuse, turning lead-color; <i>chaff obtuse</i>.—Pine-barren +swamps, N. J. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. septangulàre</b>, Withering. <i>Leaves short</i> (1–3´ long), <i>awl-shaped, +pellucid</i>, soft and very cellular; <i>scape 4–7-striate</i>, slender, 2–6´ high, or when +submersed becoming 1–6° long, according to the depth of the water; <i>chaff +acutish</i>; head 2–3´´ broad; the bracts, chaff, etc., lead-color, except the white +coarse beard.—In ponds or along their borders, Newf. to N. J., west to Ind., +Mich., and Minn. July, Aug. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="paepalanthus"><b>2. PÆPALÁNTHUS</b>, Martius.</p> + +<p>Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla of +the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower ternary +throughout. Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon. (Name from <span class="greek">παιπάλη</span>, <i>dust</i> +or <i>flour</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>, from the meal-like down or scurf of the heads and +flowers of many South American species.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. flavídulus</b>, Kunth. Tufted, stemless; leaves bristle-awl-shaped +(1´ long); scapes very slender, simple, minutely pubescent (6–12´ high), 5-angled; +bracts of the involucre oblong, pale straw-color, those among the flowers +mostly obsolete; perianth glabrous; sepals and petals of the fertile flowers +linear-lanceolate, scarious-white.—Low pine-barrens, S. Va. to Fla.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lachnocaulon"><b>3. LACHNOCAÙLON</b>, Kunth. <span class="smcap">Hairy Pipewort.</span></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, etc., as in Eriocaulon. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla none! +<i>Ster. Fl.</i> Stamens 3; filaments below coalescent into a club-shaped tube around +the rudiment of a pistil, above separate and elongated; anthers 1-celled! <i>Fert. +Fl.</i> Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 tufts of hairs (in place of a corolla). Stigmas +3, two-cleft.—Leaves linear-sword-shaped, tufted. Scape slender, bearing +a single head, 2–3-angled, hairy. (Name from <span class="greek">λάχνος</span>, <i>wool</i>, and <span class="greek">καυλός</span>, <i>stalk</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Michaùxii</b>, Kunth.—Low pine-barrens, Va. to Fla.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="cyperaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 128.</span> <b>CYPERÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Sedge Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots, mostly solid stems</i> (culms), +<i>closed sheaths, and spiked chiefly 3-androus flowers, one in the axil of each +of the glume-like imbricated bracts </i>(scales, glumes)<i>, destitute of any perianth,<a name="page568"></a> +or with hypogynous bristles or scales in its place; the 1-celled ovary with a +single erect anatropous ovule, in fruit forming an achene.</i> Style 2-cleft +with the fruit flattened or lenticular; or 3-cleft and fruit 3-angular. Embryo +minute at the base of the somewhat floury albumen. Stem-leaves +when present 3-ranked.—A large, widely diffused family.</p> + +<p class="key">I. Flowers all perfect, rarely some of them with stamens or pistal abortive; +spikes all of one sort.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. SCIRPEÆ.</b> Spikelets mostly many-flowered, with only 1 (rarely 2) of the +lower scales empty.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Scales of the spikelet strictly 2-ranked, conduplicate and keeled.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Flowers destitute of bristles and of beak to the achene, inflorescence terminal.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Cyperus.</b> Spikelets few–many-flowered, usually elongated or slender.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Kyllinga.</b> Spikelets 1-flowered (but of 3 or 4 scales), glomerate in a sessile head.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Flower furnished with bristles; achene beaked; inflorescence axillary.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Dulichium.</b> Spikelets 6–10-flowered, slender, clustered on an axillary peduncle.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Scales of the several–many-flowered spikelet imbricated all round (subdistichous in n. 5).</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Achene crowned with the bulbous persistent base of the style (usually deciduous in n. 7); +flowers without inner scales (bractlets).</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Hypogynous bristles (perianth) generally present; culm naked.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Eleocharis.</b> Spikelets solitary, terminating the culm. Stamens 3.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Bristles always none; culm leafy.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Dichromena.</b> Spikelets crowded into a leafy-involucrate head, laterally flattened, the +scales more or less conduplicate and keeled. Many of the flowers imperfect or abortive.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Psilocarya.</b> Spikelets in broad open cymes. Style almost wholly persistent.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Fimbristylis.</b> Spikelets in an involucrate umbel. Culm leafy at base. Style usually +wholly deciduous.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Style not bulbous at base.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Flowers without inner scales, but bristles generally present.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Scirpus.</b> Spikelets solitary or clustered, or in a compound umbel, the stem often leafy +at base and inflorescence involucrate. Barbed bristles 3–8 or none. Stamens mostly 3.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Eriophorum.</b> As Scirpus, but the bristles naked, exserted and often silky in fruit. +Stamens 1–3.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Flower with one or more inner scales.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Fuirena.</b> Scales of the spikelet awned below the apex. Flower surrounded by 3 stalked +petal-like scales alternating with 3 bristles.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Hemicarpha.</b> Flower with a single very minute hyaline scale next the axis of the +spikelet; bristles none.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Lipocarpha.</b> Flower enclosed by 2 inner scales, one next the axis, the other in front +of the achene; bristles none.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. RHYNCHOSPOREÆ.</b> Spikelets mostly 1–2-flowered, with 2–many of +the lower scales empty.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Rhynchospora.</b> Spikelets terete or flattish; scales convex, either loosely enwrapping +or regularly imbricated. Achene crowned with a persistent tubercle or beak, and commonly +surrounded by bristles.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Cladium.</b> Spikelets terete, few-flowered, the scales, etc., as in the preceding. Achene +destitute of tubercle. No bristles.</p> + +<p class="key">II. Flowers unisexual.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. SCLERIEÆ.</b> Flowers monœcious; the staminate and pistillate in the +same or in different clustered spikes. Achene naked, bony or crustaceous, supported +on a hardened disk.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Sclerlia.</b> Spikes few-flowered; lower scales empty. No bristles or inner scales.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><a name="page569"></a><b>Tribe IV. CARICEÆ.</b> Flowers monœcious in the same (androgynous) or in separate +spikes or sometimes diœcious. Achene enclosed in a sac (<i>perigynium</i>).</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Carex.</b> Hypogynous bristle short and enclosed in the perigynium or none.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cyperus"><b>1. CYPÈRUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Galingale.</span> (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 1.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets many–few-flowered, mostly flat, variously arranged, mostly in +clusters or heads, which are commonly disposed in a simple or compound terminal +umbel. Scales 2-ranked, conduplicate and keeled (their decurrent base +below often forming margins or wings to the hollow of the joint of the axis next +below), deciduous when old. Stamens 1–3. No bristles or inner scales. Style +2–3-cleft, deciduous. Achene lenticular or triangular, naked at the apex.—Culms +mostly triangular, simple, leafy at base, and with one or more leaves at +the summit, forming an involucre to the umbel or head. Peduncles or +rays unequal, sheathed at base. All flowering in late summer or autumn. +(<span class="greek">Κύπειρος</span>, the ancient name.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. PYCRÈUS. <i>Achene lenticular, the edge turned to the rhachis; spikelet +flattened, many flowered; rhachis narrow, not winged. Annuals.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Umbel simple or capitate, rarely slightly compound.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. flavéscens</b>, L. Culms 4–10´ high, spikelets 5–8´´ long; involucre +3-leaved, very unequal; spikelets becoming linear, obtuse, clustered on +the 2–4 very short rays (peduncles); <i>scales obtuse, straw-yellow; stamens 3; +achene shining, orbicular</i>, its superficial cells oblong.—Low grounds, N. Eng. +to Mich., Ill., and southward. (Eu., etc.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. diándrus</b>, Torr. (Pl. 1, fig. 1–4.) Spikelets lance-oblong (3–9´´), +scattered or clustered on the 2–5 very short or unequal rays; <i>scales rather obtuse, +purple-brown</i> on the margins or nearly all over; <i>stamens 2, or sometimes +3; achene dull, oblong-obovate</i>; otherwise much like the last.—Low grounds, +common from the Atlantic to Minn., Ark., and N. Mex.—Var. <span class="smcap">castàneus</span>, +Torr. Scales more firm and browner; with the type.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. Nuttàllii</b>, Torr. Culms 4–12´ high; spikelets lance-linear, acute +and very flat (½–1´ long), crowded on the few usually very short (or some of +them distinct) rays; <i>scales oblong, yellowish-brown</i>, rather loose; <i>stamens 2; +achene oblong-obovate, very blunt, dull</i>.—Mostly in salt or brackish marshes, +along the coast from Mass. to the Gulf.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. polystàchyus</b>, Rottb., var. <b>leptostàchyus</b>, Boeckl. Culms +very slender, 6–15´ high; leaves and elongated involucre very narrow; spikelets +few to many on the 4–8 rays, linear, acute, 2–9´´ long; <i>scales thin, ovate, +acute, closely imbricated, pale brown</i>; stamens 2; <i>achene linear-oblong or clavate, +short-pointed, grayish and minutely pitted</i>. (C. microdontus, <i>Torr.</i>)—Margins +of ponds and streams, Va. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Umbel compound.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. flavícomus</b>, Vahl. Culm stout (1–3° high); leaves of the involucre +3–5, very long; spikelets linear (4–9´´ long), spiked and crowded +on the whole length of the branches of the several-rayed umbel, spreading; +<i>scales oval, very obtuse, yellowish and brownish, broadly scarious- (whitish-) +margined; stamens 3; achene obovate, mucronate</i>, blackish.—Low grounds, +Va. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page570"></a>§ 2. CYPERUS proper. <i>Achene triangular; spikelets usually many-flowered, +more or less flattened, with carinate scales, the rhachis marginless or nearly +so (winged in n. 12).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stamen 1; spikelets short and small (1½–5´´ long) in globular heads, ovate or +linear-oblong, many-flowered; achene oblong-obovate to linear.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Low annuals; involucre 2–3-leaved; heads few; scales pointed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>C. aristàtus</b>, Rottb. Dwarf (1–5´ high); <i>spikelets chestnut-brown, +oblong becoming linear</i>, 7–13-flowered, in 1–5 ovate heads (sessile and clustered, +or short-peduncled); <i>scales nerved, tapering to a long recurved point</i>; +achene oblong-obovate, obtuse. (C. inflexus, <i>Muhl.</i>)—Sandy wet shores; +common. Sweet-scented in drying.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>C. acuminàtus</b>, Torr. Slender (3–12´ high); <i>spikelets ovate, becoming +oblong</i>, 16–30-flowered, <i>pale; scales obscurely 3-nerved, short-tipped</i>; +achene oblong, pointed at both ends.—Low ground, Ill. and southwestward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Tall perennial (1–4° high); heads many, greenish; scales pointless.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>C. calcaràtus</b>, Nees. Culm obtusely triangular; leaves and involucre +very long, keeled; umbel compound, many-rayed; spikelets ovate (1½´´ long), +in numerous small heads; achenes pale, linear, on a slender stipe; scales narrow, +acutish, obscurely 3-nerved. (C. virens, <i>Gray</i>, in part; not <i>Michx.</i> C. +Luzulæ, var. umbellatus, <i>Britt.</i>)—Wet places, Del. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stamens 3 (2 in </i>C. fuscus<i>); spikelets clustered on the rays of a simple umbel +(or in a single sessile head); scales mostly green or greenish and many-nerved, +abruptly sharp-pointed; achene obovate, sharply triangular.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Low annuals.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>C. Compréssus</b>, L. Culms 3–9´ high, with a simple sessile or a few +umbellate clusters of oblong to linear spikelets (15–30-flowered and 3–8´´ +long) with crowded strongly keeled and very acute pale scales.—Sterile fields +along the coast, Md. to Fla. and Tex.; also adventive near Philadelphia.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">fúscus</span>, L. Of similar habit; spikelets much smaller (2–4´´ long), +the thin brown scales (greenish only on the keel) barely acutish and very +faintly nerved.—Revere Beach, Mass. (<i>Young</i>); on ballast at Philadelphia. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Perennial, propagating from hard clustered corms or bulb-like tubers.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>C. Schweinítzii</b>, Torr. <i>Culm rough on the angles (1–2° high)</i>; umbel +4–8-rayed, rays very unequal, erect; <i>spikelets loosely or somewhat remotely +6–12-flowered, with convex many-nerved scales</i>; joints narrowly winged.—Dry +sandy shores and ridges, western N. Y. and Penn. to Minn. and Kan.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>C. filicúlmis</b>, Vahl. Culm slender, wiry, often reclined (8–15´ +high); <i>leaves linear</i> (½–2´´ wide) or filiform; <i>spikelets numerous and clustered +in one sessile dense head, or in 1–7 additional looser heads on spreading rays</i> of +an irregular umbel; <i>joints of the axis naked; scales blunt</i>, greenish.—Dry +sterile soil; common, especially southward.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>C. Gràyii</b>, Torr. Culm thread-form, wiry (6–12´ high); <i>leaves almost +bristle-shaped</i>, channelled; <i>umbel simple, 4–6-rayed; spikes 5–10 in a +loose head, spreading; joints of the axis winged; scales rather obtuse</i>, greenish-chestnut-color.—Barren +sands, Plymouth, Mass., to N. J., near the coast.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page571"></a>§ 3. PAPỲRUS. <i>Style 3-cleft; achene triangular; stamens 3; spikelets many-flowered, +flattened, the carinate scales decurrent upon the rhachis as scarious +wings; spikes in simple or compound umbels.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Wings of the rhachis soon separating to the base as a pair of free scales; annual.</i></p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>C. erythrorhìzos</b>, Muhl. (Pl. 1, fig. 5–8.) Culm obtusely triangular +(3´–3° high); umbel many-rayed; involucre 4–5-leaved, very long; +involucels bristle-form; spikelets very numerous, crowded in oblong or cylindrical +nearly sessile heads or spikes, spreading horizontally, linear, flattish (3–6´´ +long), bright chestnut-colored; scales lanceolate, mucronulate.—Alluvial +banks, L. I. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and southward; also adventive in N. Eng.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Wings of the rhachis persistently attached; perennial by slender running +rootstocks.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Achene round-obovate; scales mucronate or acute, free or spreading.</i></p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>C. Háspan</b>, L. Culms sharply angled (1–1½° high); leaves linear, +often reduced to membranous sheaths; <i>umbel spreading, the filiform rays mostly +longer than the 2-leaved involucre</i>; spikelets narrowly linear; scales light reddish-brown, +oblong, <i>mucronate, 3-nerved</i>.—Ponds and ditches, Va. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>C. dentàtus</b>, Torr. (Pl. 1, fig. 9.) Culms slender (1° high); leaves +rigid and keeled; <i>umbel erect, shorter than the 3–4-leaved involucre</i>; scales +reddish-brown, <i>with green keel</i>, ovate, <i>acute, 7-nerved</i>.—Sandy swamps, N. Eng. +and northern N. Y. to S. C. and W. Va. Spikes often abortive and changed +into leafy tufts.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Achene linear to oblong; scales appressed, pointless or nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Perennial by tuberiferous stolons.</i></p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>C. rotúndus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Nut-grass.</span>) Culm slender (½–1½° high), longer +than the leaves; umbel simple or slightly compound, about equalling the involucre; +the few rays each bearing 4–9 <i>dark chestnut-purple</i> 12–40-flowered +<i>acute spikelets</i> (4–9´´ long); <i>scales ovate, closely appressed, nerveless</i> except on +the keel.—Sandy fields, Va. to Fla. and Tex.; also adventive near Philadelphia +and New York city. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>C. esculéntus</b>, L. Culm (1–2½° high) equalling the leaves; umbel +often compound, 4–7-rayed, much shorter than the long involucre; <i>spikelets +numerous, light chestnut or straw-color, acutish</i>, 12–30-flowered (4–7´´ long); +<i>scales ovate or ovate-oblong narrowly scarious-margined, nerved</i>, the acutish <i>tips +rather loose</i>; achene oblong-obovate. (C. phymatodes, <i>Muhl.</i>)—Low grounds, +along rivers, etc., N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn, and Tex.; spreading extensively +by its small nut-like tubers and becoming a pest in cultivated grounds.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Perennial, propagating by corm-like tubers from the base; spikelets narrow, +acuminate, often teretish; scales oblong-lanceolate; achene linear-oblong.</i></p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>C. strigòsus</b>, L. Culm mostly stout (1–3° high); most of the rays +of the umbel elongated (1–5´), their sheaths 2-bristled; <i>spikelets 5–25-flowered</i>, +spreading; scales several-nerved, much longer than the achene.—Damp or +fertile soil, Canada to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and the Pacific. Very variable +in the number and length of the rays of the simple or compound umbel, and in +the size of the spikelets (2½–6 or even 12´´ long), more or less densely crowded +on the axis.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page572"></a>§ 4. DICLÍDIUM. <i>Style 3-cleft; spikelets narrow, terete or nearly so, few–many-flowered, +the scales closely appressed and the broad wings of the jointed +rhachis enclosing the triangular achene.</i></p> + +<p class="species">19. <b>C. speciòsus</b>, Vahl. Culm stout, <i>mostly low</i> (5–20´ high); <i>rays of +the simple or compound umbel mostly all short and crowded; spikelets 10–20-flowered, +yellowish-brown</i> at maturity (3–7´´ long), the short joints of its axis +winged with very broad scaly margins which embrace the <i>ovate triangular +achene; the scales ovate, obtusish, imbricately overlapping</i>. (C. Michauxianus, +<i>Gray</i>, Manual; not <i>Schultes</i>.)—Low grounds and sandy banks, N. Eng. to +Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">20. <b>C. Engelmánni</b>, Steud. Resembles n. 19; but the <i>spikelets more +slender</i> and terete, <i>somewhat remotely 5–15-flowered</i>, the zigzag joints of the +axis slender and narrowly winged, and the oblong or oval broadly scarious <i>scales +proportionally shorter</i>, so as to expose a part of the axis of each joint, <i>the successive +scales not reaching the base of the one above</i> on the same side; achene oblong-linear, +very small.—Low grounds, Mass. to Wisc. and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 5. MARÍSCUS. <i>Spikelets 1–4-flowered, subterete, usually in dense heads; +scales oppressed, several-nerved, the lower empty and often persistent after +the fall of the rest of the spikelet; joints of the rhachis winged, enclosing the +triangular achene. Perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Spikelets slender and acuminate, more or less refracted in usually close umbelled +spikes.—Connecting with § 4.</i></p> + +<p class="species">21. <b>C. Lancastriénsis</b>, Porter. Culm (1–2° high) triangular; <i>leaves +rather broadly linear</i>; umbel of 6–9 mostly elongated rays; <i>spikelets very numerous +in short-oblong close heads</i>, soon reflexed, of 3–6 narrow scales, the +upper and lower empty, twice the length of the linear-oblong achene, which +is nearly 1´´ long.—Rich soil, Penn. and N. J. to Ala.</p> + +<p class="species">22. <b>C. retrofráctus</b>, Torr. Culm and leaves usually minutely downy +and rough on the obtusish angles (1–3° high); umbel many-rayed; <i>spikelets +slender-awl-shaped</i>, very numerous in obovate or oblong heads terminating the +elongated rays, <i>soon strongly reflexed, 1–2-flowered</i> in the middle (3–5´´ long); +scales usually 4 or 5, the two lowest ovate and empty, the fertile lanceolate +and pointed, the uppermost involute-awl-shaped; achene linear, 1¼´´ long.—Sandy +fields, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">23. <b>C. refráctus</b>, Engelm. Culm 1–2° high; rays usually more or less +elongated; spikelets very slender, in rather loose heads, divaricate or more or +less reflexed, 2–4-flowered; achene linear, 1¼´´ long.—N. J. to N. C. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Spikelets very short, blunt, in densely compacted globose or cylindrical heads.</i></p> + +<p class="species">24. <b>C. ovulàris</b>, Torr. Culm sharply triangular (6´–2° high); umbel +1–6-rayed; <i>spikelets</i> (50–100) in a <i>globular head, 3-flowered, oblong, blunt</i> (1½–2´´ +long); scales ovate, obtuse, a little longer than the ovate-oblong achene.—Sandy +dry soil, southern N. Y. to Fla., west to Ill., Ark., and Tex.—Var. +<span class="smcap">robústus</span>, Boeckl., is a form with large heads (4–8´´ long), the spikelets 3–4-flowered. +(C. Wolfii, <i>Wood</i>.)—Ill. to Ark., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">25. <b>C. Torrèyi</b>, Britton. Like the last, but the <i>heads cylindrical or oblong, +spikelets usually 2-flowered</i>, and <i>achene linear-oblong</i>.—L. Island to Fla., +west to Tex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="kyllinga"><a name="page573"></a><b>2. KYLLÍNGA</b>, Rottboell. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 1.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets of 3 or 4 two-ranked scales, 1–1½-flowered; the 2 lower scales +minute and empty, as in Cyperus, § 4, but style oftener 2-cleft and achene +lenticular; spikes densely aggregated in solitary or triple sessile heads.—Culms +leafy at base; involucre 3-leaved. (Named after <i>Peter Kylling</i>, a Danish +botanist of the 17th century.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>K. pùmila</b>, Michx. Annual; culms 2–9´ high; head globular or +3-lobed, whitish-green (about 4´´ broad), spikelets strictly 1-flowered; upper +scales ovate, pointed, rough on the keel; stamens and styles 2; leaves linear.—Low +grounds, Ohio to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dulichium"><b>3. DULÍCHIUM</b>, Pers. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 1.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets many- (6–10-) flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on axillary +solitary peduncles emerging from the sheaths of the leaves; scales 2-ranked, +lanceolate, decurrent, forming flat wing-like margins on the joint below. +Perianth of 6–9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft above. +Achene flattened, linear-oblong, beaked with the long persistent style.—A +perennial herb, with a terete simple hollow culm (1–2° high), jointed and +leafy to the summit; leaves short and flat, linear, 3-ranked. (An alteration +of <i>Dulcichinum</i>, an old name for a species of Cyperus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. spathàceum</b>, Pers.—Borders of ponds, N. Scotia to Fla., west to +Minn. and Tex. July–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="eleocharis"><b>4. ELEÓCHARIS</b>, R. Br. <span class="smcap">Spike-Rush.</span> (<a href="#plate3">Pl. 3.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelet single, terminating the naked culm, many–several-flowered. Scales +imbricated all round in many (rarely in 2 or 3) ranks. Perianth of 3–12 (commonly +6) bristles, usually rough or barbed downward, rarely obsolete. Stamens +2–3. Style 2–3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a tubercle jointed +upon the apex of the lenticular or triangular achene.—Leafless, chiefly perennial, +with tufted culms sheathed at the base, from matted or creeping root-stocks; +flowering in summer. (Name from <span class="greek">ἕλος</span>, <i>a marsh</i>, and <span class="greek">χαίρω</span> <i>to delight +in</i>; being marsh plants.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Spikelet terete, hardly if at all thicker than the spongy-cellular culm; scales +firmly persistent; style mostly 3-cleft; bristles 6 (rarely 7), firm or rigid, +mostly barbed downward, equalling or surpassing the triangular or lenticular +achene.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Spikelet linear or lanceolate-awl-shaped, few-flowered; scales (only 3–9) few-ranked, +convolute-clasping the long flattened joints of the axis, lanceolate, +herbaceous (green) and several-nerved on the back, and with thin scarious +margins.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. Robbínsii</b>, Oakes. <i>Flower-bearing culms exactly triangular</i>, rather +stout, erect (8´–2° high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive stems or +fine leaves, which float in the water; sheath obliquely truncate; spikelet 4–10´´ +long; achene oblong-obovate, triangular, minutely reticulated, about half +the length of the bristles, tipped with a flattened awl-shaped tubercle.—Shallow +water, N. Eng. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page574"></a>[*][*] <i>Spikelet cylindrical, many-flowered, 1–2´ long; scales in several ranks, firm-coriaceous +with scarious margin, pale, nerveless or faintly striate; culms large +and stout (2–4° high); basal sheaths often leaf-bearing.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. equisetoìdes</b>, Torr. <i>Culm terete, knotted as if jointed by many +cross-partitions; achene smooth</i> (the minute reticulation transversely linear-rectangular), +with a conical-beaked tubercle.—Shallow water, R. I. to Fla., +west to Mich. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. quadrangulàta</b>, R. Br. (Pl. 3, fig. 6–9.) <i>Culm continuous and +sharply 4-angled; achene finely reticulated</i>, with a conical flattened distinct tubercle.—Shallow +water, central N. Y. to Mich., and southward; rare.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Spikelet terete and turgid-ovate, much thicker than the very slender culm; +scales thin-coriaceous or firm-membranaceous, persistent, ovate; style 3-cleft; +bristles stout, barbed downward (or sometimes upward), as long as the striate +and pitted-reticulated triangular achene and its tubercle; culms tufted from +fibrous roots, 1–2° high.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>E. tuberculòsa</b>, R. Br. (Pl. 3, fig. 10.) <i>Culms flattish</i>, striate; spikelet +3–6´´ long, many-flowered; <i>tubercle flattish-cap-shaped, as large as the body +of the achene</i>.—Wet sandy soil, from Mass. along the coast to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>E. tórtilis</b>, Schult. <i>Culms sharply triangular, capillary</i>, twisting when +dry; spikelet 2–3´´ long, few-flowered; <i>conical-beaked tubercle much smaller +than the achene</i>. (E. simplex, <i>Torr.</i>)—Eastern shore of Md. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. <i>Spikelets terete, much thicker than the culm, many-flowered; scales imbricated +in many or more than 3 ranks, thin-membranaceous or scarious, with a +thicker midrib, usually brownish or purplish, sometimes deciduous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Style 2-cleft (often 3-cleft in n. 7 and 10) and the smooth achene lenticular; +culms slender or thread-form, terete or compressed.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Annuals; culms tufted, from fibrous roots.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>E. capitàta</b>, R. Br. Culms terete, ¼–8´ high or more; <i>spikelets ovate +to oblong</i> (1–3´´ long), obtuse, 15–40-flowered; <i>scales thickish</i>, round-ovate, <i>obtuse</i>, +brown or brownish with green keel and paler margins; stamens 2; achene +obovate, <i>black, about equalling the 6–8 bristles</i>, tipped with a flattened or saucer-shaped +tubercle. (E. dispar, <i>E. J. Hill</i>.)—In sand or gravel near sloughs, +Md. (<i>Canby</i>) to Fla. and Tex.; N. Ind. (<i>Hill</i>). (S. Am., etc.)</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>E. ovàta</b>, R. Br. Culms nearly terete, 8–14´ high; <i>spikelet globose-ovoid +to ovate-oblong, obtuse</i>, 1–6´´ long (dull brown); <i>scales very obtuse, densely +crowded in many ranks; style</i> 3- (rarely 2-) <i>cleft</i>; achene obovate with narrow +base, pale-brownish, shining, shorter than the 6–8 bristles, <i>broader than the +short-deltoid, acute and flattened tubercle</i>. (E. obtusa, <i>Schult.</i>)—Muddy places, +N. Brunswick to Minn., south and westward. Variable as to the length of its +bristles. A low form, with smaller and more narrowly obovate achenes, and +the bristles very short or none, is E. diandra, <i>Wright</i>. A dwarf form occurs +with very small and few-flowered heads. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>E. Engelmánni</b>, Steud. Like the last; spikelets usually narrowly +cylindrical and acute or acutish, 2–8´´ long; achene broad and truncate, the +tubercle covering the summit; bristles not exceeding the achene. (E. obtusa, +var. detonsa, <i>Gray</i>.)—Mass. to Penn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page575"></a>[+][+] <i>Perennials, with running rootstocks.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>E. olivàcea</b>, Torr. (Pl. 2, fig. 1–5.) Culms flattish, grooved, diffusely +tufted on slender matted rootstocks (2–4´ high); <i>spikelet ovate, acutish, +20–30-flowered; scales ovate, obtuse</i>, rather loosely imbricated (purple with a +green midrib and slightly scarious margins); achene obovate, dull, abruptly +beaked with a narrow tubercle, shorter than the <i>6–8 bristles</i>.—Wet, sandy +soil, Mass. to N. C., and western N. Y.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>E. palsútris</b>, R. Br. Culms nearly terete, striate, 1–5° high; <i>spikelet +oblong-lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered; scales ovate-oblong</i>, loosely imbricated, +reddish-brown with a broad and translucent whitish margin and a greenish +keel, the upper acutish, the lowest rounded and often enlarged; achene rather +narrowly obovate, somewhat shining, crowned with a short ovate or ovate-triangular +flattened tubercle, shorter than the <i>usually 4 bristles</i>.—Very common, +either in water, when it is pretty stout and tall, or in wet grassy grounds, +when it is slender and lower. (Eu., Asia.)—Var. <span class="smcap">glaucéscens</span>, Gray. Culms +slender or filiform; tubercle narrower, acute, beak-like, sometimes half as long +as the achene. With the type.—Var. <span class="smcap">cálva</span>, Gray. Bristles none; tubercle +short, but narrower than in the type.—Var. <span class="smcap">vìgens</span>, L. H. Bailey. Culms +very stout, rigid; achene more broadly obovoid. Lake Champlain and along +the Great Lakes to Minn.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Achene triangular or turgid; style 3-cleft.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Bristles at least equalling the smooth achene, downwardly barbed, persistent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>E. rostellàta</b>, Torr. <i>Culms flattened and striate-grooved</i>, wiry, erect +(1–2½° high), <i>the sterile ones reclining, rooting and proliferous</i> from the apex +(1–2° high), the sheath transversely truncate; <i>spikelet spindle-shaped</i>, 12–20-flowered; +scales ovate, obtuse (light-brown); achene obovate-triangular, narrowed +into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is overtopped by the 4–6 +bristles.—Marshes, N. Eng. to S. C., west to Mich. and Ky.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>E. intermèdia</b>, Schultes. <i>Culms capillary, wiry</i>, striate-grooved, +densely tufted from fibrous roots, <i>diffusely spreading or reclining</i> (6–12´ long); +<i>spikelet oblong-ovate, acutish, loosely 10–20-flowered</i> (2–3´´ long); scales oblong, +obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown; achene obovoid with a narrowed +base, beaked with a slender conical-awl-shaped distinct tubercle, which +nearly equals the 6 bristles.—Wet slopes, Penn. to Iowa, north to Canada.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>E. Torreyàna</b>, Boeckl. Like the preceding, but more capillary and +heads smaller (1½–2´´ long), <i>sometimes proliferous</i>, the one or more short new +culms from the axil of its lowest scale, which persists as an herbaceous bract; +achene very much smaller, with sharper angles and a short conical tubercle, +which is hardly equalled by the 3–6 slender bristles. (E. microcarpa, var. filiculmis, +<i>Torr.</i>)—Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">(Addendum) 13<sup>a</sup>. <b>E. álbida</b>, Torr. Like n. 12 and 13 in habit, somewhat stouter; +spikelet dense, ellipsoidal or oblong, 1–4´´ long, acutish, with pale obtuse +scales; achene very small, triangular-obovate, very smooth, with a broadly +triangular tubercle upon a narrow base, shorter than or exceeding the reddish +bristles.—Salt marshes, Northampton Co., Va. (<i>Canby</i>), and south to Fla. +and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Bristles 2–4, shorter than the achene, slender and fragile, or none.</i></p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>E. ténuis</b>, Schultes. <i>Culms almost capillary, erect</i> from running rootstocks, +<i>4-angular</i> and flattish (1° high), the sides concave; <i>spikelet elliptical, acutish, +20–30-flowered</i> (3´´ long); <i>scales ovate, obtuse</i>, chestnut-purple with a broad +scarious margin and green keel; <i>achene obovate, roughish-wrinkled, crowned +with a small depressed tubercle</i>, persistent after the fall of the scales; bristles +½ as long as the achene or none.—N. Scotia to N. C., Minn., and Mo. June.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page576"></a>15. <b>E. compréssa</b>, Sullivant. <i>Culms flat</i>, striate, tufted, erect (1–2° +high); <i>spikelet ovate-oblong</i>, or at length lanceolate, <i>20–30-flowered</i> (4–7´´ +long); <i>scales lanceolate-ovate, acute</i>, dark purple with broad white pellucid +margins and summit; <i>achene</i> yellowish, <i>obovate-pear-shaped</i>, obtusely triangular, +<i>wrinkled, crowned with a small conical</i> and pointed <i>tubercle; bristles 1–4, +very slender</i>, fragile, shorter than or equalling the achene (sometimes none or +a single rudiment).—Wet places, N. Y. and Ont. to Minn. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>E. melanocárpa</b>, Torr. <i>Culms flattened</i>, grooved, wiry, erect (9–18´ +high); <i>spikelet cylindrical-ovoid or oblong, thick</i>, obtuse, densely many-flowered +(3–6´´ long); scales closely many-ranked, roundish-ovate, very obtuse, +brownish with broad scarious margins; <i>achene smooth, obovate-top-shaped, obtusely +triangular, the broad summit entirely covered like a lid by the flat depressed +tubercle</i>, which is raised in the centre into a short abrupt triangular point; +bristles often obsolete; achene soon blackish.—Wet sand, Mass. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>E. tricostàta</b>, Torr. <i>Culms flattish</i> (1–2° high); <i>spikelet soon cylindrical</i>, +densely many-flowered (6–9´´ long), thickish; scales ovate, very obtuse, +rusty brown, with broad scarious margins; <i>achene obovate, with 3 prominent +thickened angles, minutely rough-wrinkled, crowned with a short-conical acute +tubercle</i>; bristles none.—N. J. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>E. Wólfii</b>, Gray. Culms slender (1° high), from very small creeping +rhizomes, <i>2-edged</i>; spikelet ovate-oblong, acute; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, +scarious, pale purple; achene pyriform, shining, <i>with 9 nearly equidistant obtuse +ribs and transverse wrinkles between them; tubercle depressed, truncate</i>, more or +less apiculate; bristles not seen.—Wet prairies, N. Iowa and S. Minn.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 4. <i>Spikelet more or less flattened, thicker than the slender or capillary culm, +few–many-flowered; the thin membranaceous scales somewhat 2–3-ranked; +style 3-cleft; bristles of the perianth 3–6, fragile or fugacious. Small or delicate +species, differing from the last division chiefly in the flattish spikelets.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Tubercle contracted at its junction with the achene.</i></p> + +<p class="species">19. <b>E. aciculàris</b>, R. Br. Culms finely capillary (2–8´ long), <i>more or +less 4-angular</i>; spikelet 3–9-flowered; scales ovate-oblong, rather obtuse +(greenish with purple sides); achene obovate-oblong, <i>with 3-ribbed angles and +2–3 times as many smaller intermediate ribs</i>, also transversely striate, longer +than the 3–4 very fugacious bristles; <i>tubercle conical-triangular</i>.—Muddy +shores, across the continent. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + +<p class="species">20. <b>E. pygmæ̀a</b>, Torr. Culms bristle like, flattened and grooved (1–2´ +high); spikelet ovate, 3–8-flowered; scales ovate (greenish), the upper rather +acute; <i>achene ovoid, acutely triangular, smooth and shining, tipped with a minute +tubercle</i>; bristles mostly longer than the fruit, sometimes wanting.—Brackish +marshes, from N. Brunswick to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Tubercle continuous with the nutlet and not contracted at base.</i></p> + +<p class="species">21. <b>E. pauciflòra</b>, Link. Culms striate-angled, very slender (3–9´ high), +scarcely tufted, on slender running rootstocks, with a short truncate sheath at +base; scales of the ovate spikelet evidently 2-ranked, chestnut-brown, pointless, +all flower-bearing, the two lower larger; bristles 3–6, about as long as the +conspicuously beaked triangular achene. (Scirpus pauciflorus, <i>Lightfoot</i>.)—Wet +places, N. Y. to N. Ill. and Minn., north and westward. (Eu., Asia.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dichromena"><a name="page577"></a><b>5. DICHRÒMENA</b>, Richard. (<a href="#plate4">Pl. 4.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets aggregated in a terminal leafy-involucrate head, more or less compressed, +few-flowered, all but 3 or 4 of the flowers usually imperfect or abortive. +Scales imbricated somewhat in 2 ranks, more or less conduplicate or +boat-shaped, keeled, white or whitish. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Perianth, +bristles, etc., none. Achene lenticular, wrinkled transversely, crowned with +the persistent and broad tubercled base of the style.—Culms leafy, from creeping +perennial rootstocks; the leaves of the involucre mostly white at the base +(whence the name, from <span class="greek">δίς</span>, <i>double</i>, and <span class="greek">χρῶμα</span>, <i>color</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. leucocéphala</b>, Michx. Culm triangular (1–2° high); leaves +narrow; those of the involucre 4–7; achene truncate, not margined.—Damp +pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. Aug., Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>D. latifòlia</b>, Baldwin. (Pl. 4, fig. 1–5.) Culm stouter, nearly terete; +leaves broadly linear, those of the involucre 8 or 9, tapering from base to +apex; achene round-obovate, faintly wrinkled, the tubercle decurrent on its +edges.—Low pine-barrens, Va. to Fla.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="psilocarya"><b>6. PSILOCÁRYA</b>, Torr. <span class="smcap">Bald-rush.</span> (<a href="#plate4">Pl. 4.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets ovoid, terete, the numerous scales all alike and regularly imbricated, +each with a perfect flower. Perianth (bristles) wholly wanting. Stamens +mostly 2. Style 2-cleft, its base or the greater part of it enlarging and +hardening to form the beak of the lenticular or tumid more or less wrinkled +achene.—Annuals, with leafy culms, the spikelets in terminal and axillary +cymes. (Name from <span class="greek">ψιλός</span>, <i>naked</i>, and <span class="greek">καρύα</span>, <i>nut</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. scirpoìdes</b>, Torr. Annual (4–10´ high), leafy; leaves flat; spikelets +20–30-flowered; scales oblong-ovate, acute, chestnut-colored; achene +somewhat margined, beaked with a sword-shaped almost wholly persistent +style. (Rhynchospora scirpoides, <i>Gray</i>.)—Inundated places, S. N. Eng.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="fimbristylis"><b>7. FIMBRÍSTYLIS</b>, Vahl. (<a href="#plate3">Pl. 3.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets several–many-flowered, terete; scales all floriferous, regularly +imbricated in several ranks. Perianth (bristles, etc.) none. Stamens 1–3. +Style 2–3-cleft, often with a dilated or tumid base, which is deciduous (except +in n. 4) from the apex of the naked lenticular or triangular achene. Otherwise +as in Scirpus.—Culms leafy at base. Spikelets in our species umbelled, +and the involucre 2–3-leaved. (Name compounded of <i>fimbria</i>, a fringe, and +<i>stylus</i>, style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Style 2-cleft, flattened and ciliate; achene lenticular; tubercle soon deciduous; +spikelets many-flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>F. spadícea</b>, Vahl, var. <b>castànea</b>, Gray. Culms (1–2½° high) +tufted from a <i>perennial root, rigid</i>, as are the <i>thread-form convolute-channelled +leaves</i>, smooth; spikelets ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, dark chestnut-color +(2´´ thick); <i>stamens 2 or 3; achene very minutely striate and reticulated</i>.—Salt +marshes along the coast, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla. July–Sept.—Scales +lighter colored than in the tropical form.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>F. láxa</b>, Vahl. (Pl. 3, fig. 1–5.) Culms slender (2–12´ high) from +an <i>annual root, weak</i>, grooved and flattish; <i>leaves linear, flat, ciliate-denticulate,<a name="page578"></a> +glaucous</i>, sometimes hairy; spikelets ovate, acute (3´´ long); <i>stamen 1; achene +conspicuously 6–8-ribbed on each side, and with finer cross-lines</i>.—Low ground, +Penn. to Fla., west to Ill. and La. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Style 3-cleft and achene triangular; tubercle soon deciduous; spikelets +smaller and fewer-flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>F. autumnàlis</b>, Roem. & Schult. (Pl. 3, fig. 6–9.) Annual (3–16´ +high), in tufts; culms flat, slender, diffuse or erect; leaves flat, acute; +umbel compound; spikelets oblong, acute (1–2´´ long), single or 2–3 in a +cluster; scales ovate-lanceolate, mucronate; stamens 1–3.—Low grounds, +Maine to Fla., west to Ill. and La.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Style 3-cleft, filiform and not ciliate; achene acutely triangular; tubercle +more or less persistent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>F. capillàris</b>, Gray. Low annual, densely tufted (3–9´ high); culm +and leaves nearly capillary, the latter short; umbel compound or panicled; +spikelets (2´´ long) ovoid-oblong; stamens 2; achene minutely wrinkled, very +obtuse.—Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and the Pacific.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>F.</b> <span class="smcap">Váhlii</span>, Link (F. congesta, <i>Torr.</i>), a diminutive southern species, with +long filiform leaves, sessile capitate spikelets, narrow acuminate scales, and +the style 2-cleft and not ciliate, has been found in ballast-sand along the northern +coast.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="scirpus"><b>8. SCÍRPUS</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Bulrush</span> or <span class="smcap">Club-Rush</span>. (<a href="#plate3">Pl. 3.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets several–many-flowered, solitary or in a terminal cluster which is +subtended by a 1–several-leaved involucre (this when simple often appearing +like a continuation of the culm), terete, the scales being regularly imbricated +all round in many or several ranks, or rarely somewhat compressed and the +fewer scales inclining to be 2-ranked. Flowers to all the scales, or to all but +one or two of the lowest, all perfect. Perianth of 3–6 mostly retrorsely barbed +or ciliate bristles (not elongated), or sometimes wanting. Stamens mostly 3. +Style 2–3-cleft, simple, not bulbous at base, wholly deciduous, or sometimes +leaving a tip or point to the lenticular or triangular achene.—Culms sheathed +at base; the sheaths usually leaf-bearing. Mostly perennials; flowering in +summer. (The Latin name of the Bulrush.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Spikelets solitary, few-flowered, small, often flattish; achene triangular, smooth.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Involucre a short awl-shaped bract; culms tufted (3–12´ high), filiform.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. cæspitòsus</b>, L. <i>Culms terete</i>, wiry, densely sheathed at base, in +compact turfy tufts; the upper sheath bearing a very <i>short awl-shaped leaf</i>; +spikelet ovoid, rusty-color; involucral bract a rigid-pointed scale, resembling +the lowest proper scale of the spikelet and scarcely surpassing it; <i>bristles 6, +smooth</i>, longer than the abruptly short-pointed achene.—Coast of Maine, alpine +summits of N. Eng., swamps of northern N. Y., N. Ill., Minn., and northward; +also on Roan Mt., N. C. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. Clintònii</b>, Gray. <i>Culms acutely triangular</i>, almost bristle-like; +sheaths at the base bearing a <i>very slender almost bristle-shaped leaf</i> shorter +(usually very much shorter) than the culm; involucral bract awl-shaped, mostly +shorter than the chestnut-colored ovate spikelet, which has <i>pointless scales</i>; +otherwise as the next.—Rather dry plains, N. Y. June.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page579"></a>3. <b>S. planifòlius</b>, Muhl. <i>Culms triangular, leafy</i> at base; <i>leaves linear, +flat, as long as the culm</i>, and like it rough-edged; involucral bract a bristle-tipped +scale usually overtopping the ovate or oblong chestnut-colored spikelet, +the green midrib of the <i>scales extended into sharp points; bristles upwardly +hairy</i>, as long as the pointless achene.—Dry or moist ground, N. Eng. to +Del., west to western N. Y. and Penn.; W. Mo. (<i>B. F. Bush.</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>One-leaved involucre more conspicuous, and as if continuing the culm.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. subterminàlis</b>, Torr. Aquatic; culms (1–3° long, thickish-filiform) +partly and the shorter filiform leaves wholly submersed, cellular; the +filiform green bract 6–12´´ long, much surpassing the oblong spikelet; scales +somewhat pointed; bristles 6, bearded downward, rather shorter than the abruptly-pointed +achene.—Slow streams and ponds, N. Eng. to N. J., west to +Mich. and N. Ind.—Var. <span class="smcap">terréstris</span>, Paine; less tall, with firmer stem and +leaves, and fruiting spike more turgid. Growing chiefly emersed; Herkimer +Co., N. Y.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Spikelets clustered (rarely only one), appearing lateral, the one-leaved involucre +resembling and seeming to be a continuation of the naked culm.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Culm sharply triangular, stout, chiefly from running rootstocks; spikelets many-flowered, +rusty brown, closely sessile in one cluster; sheaths at base more or +less leaf-bearing.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. púngens</b>, Vahl. Running rootstocks long and stout; <i>culm sharply +3-angled</i> throughout (1–4° high) with concave sides; <i>leaves 1–3, elongated</i> +(4–10´ long), keeled and channelled; spikelets 1–6, capitate, ovoid, usually +long, overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf; scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, +2-cleft at the apex and awn-pointed from between the acute lobes; <i>anthers +tipped with an awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage; style 2-cleft</i> (rarely +3-cleft); bristles 2–6, shorter than the obovate plano-convex and mucronate +smooth achene.—Borders of salt and fresh ponds and streams, throughout +N. Am. (Eu., S. Am.)</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. Torrèyi</b>, Olney. Rootstocks slender if any (so that the plant is +readily pulled up from the mud); <i>culm 3-angled</i>, with concave sides, rather +slender (2–4° high), <i>leafy at base; leaves 2 or 3, more than half the length of +the culm</i>, triangular-channelled, slender; <i>spikelets 1–4, oblong or spindle-shaped, +acute, distinct</i>, pale chestnut-color, long overtopped by the slender erect involucral +leaf; scales ovate, smooth, entire, barely mucronate; <i>style 3-cleft; bristles +longer than the unequally triangular-obovate very smooth long-pointed achene</i>.—Borders +of ponds, brackish and fresh, N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., and Minn.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>S. Olnèyi</b>, Gray. <i>Culm 3-wing-angled, with deeply excavated sides</i>, +stout (2–7° high), the <i>upper sheath bearing a short triangular leaf or none</i>; +spikelets 6–12, closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, overtopped by the short involucral +leaf; scales orbicular, smooth, the inconspicuous mucronate point +shorter than the scarious apex; <i>anthers with a very short and blunt minutely +bearded tip; style 2-cleft</i>; bristles 6, scarcely equalling the narrowly obovate +plano-convex and mucronate achene.—Salt marshes, S. New Eng. to Fla., +west to the Pacific.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">mucronàtus</span>, L. Resembling the last, 1–3° high; spikelets numerous +in a dense cluster, oblong-ovate, 6–8´´ long or less; scales ovate, mucronate,<a name="page580"></a> +firm, scarcely at all scarious; <i>style 3-cleft</i>; achene smaller, broadly obovate.—In +a single locality in Delaware Co., Penn.; probably introduced from S. +Europe.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Culm triangular, tall and stout, from slender running rootstocks; spikelets +many-flowered, loosely umbellate or corymbed, involucellate-bracted.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>S. Cánbyi</b>, Gray. Culm (3–5° high) 3-angled, usually sharply so +above, obtusely below, the sheath at base extended into a long slender triangular +and channelled leaf (2–4° long); involucral leaf similar (4–8´ long), +continuing the culm; spikelets oblong (4–6´´ long), single or sometimes proliferously +2 or 3 together, nodding on the apex of the 5–9 long filiform and +flattened peduncles or rays of the dichotomous umbel-like corymb, or the central +one nearly sessile; scales loosely imbricated, oblong-ovate, acute, pale, +thin and scarious, with a greenish nerved back; bristles 6, firm, furnished +above with spreading hairs rather than barbs, equalling the slender abrupt +beak of the obovate-triangular shining achene (1½´´ long).—In a pond near +Salisbury, Md.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Culm terete, very tall and stout, from a deep running rootstock, leafless +or very nearly so; spikelets numerous, clustered in a one-sided compound +umbel-like panicle longer than the involucral leaf; involucellate bracts small, +scale-like and rusty-scarious; scales of the spikelets rusty or chestnut-brown, +scarious, the midrib extended into a mucronate point.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>S. lacústris</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Great Bulrush.</span>) Culm 3–9° high, ½–1´ thick +at base; spikelets ovate-oblong (3–4´´ long); scales mostly a little downy on +the back and ciliate; style 2-cleft; achene pale and dull, obovate with a narrowed +base, plano-convex, mucronate-pointed, usually overtopped by the 4–6 +slender downwardly barbed bristles. (S. validus, <i>Vahl.</i>)—Common everywhere +in still fresh water. (Eu., Asia, etc.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+][+] <i>Culms slender from an annual root, terete, plano-convex or obtusely triangular, +naked; the sheaths rarely bearing a short leaf; spikelets few or +several in a sessile cluster, sometimes solitary, much overtopped by the involucral +leaf; bristles often few or wanting.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>S. débilis</b>, Pursh. (Pl. 3, fig. 1–5.) <i>Culms obtusely triangular</i>, with +somewhat hollowed sides, 1–2° high, yellowish-green, shining; spikelets 3–12, +capitate, ovate-oblong, obtuse (3–4´´ long), chestnut-brown; involucral +leaf often horizontal at maturity; scales roundish; stamens 3; style 2–3-cleft; +<i>bristles 6, stout</i>, downwardly barbed, equalling or two surpassing the obovate +<i>turgidly plano-convex</i> (or bluntly 3-sided) abruptly mucronate-pointed +<i>smoothish</i> achene.—Swamps, Mass. to S. C., Minn. and Neb. Aug., Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>S. Smíthii</b>, Gray. <i>Culms terete</i>, slender, 3–12´ high, often leaf-bearing +from the upper sheath, dull green as are the 1–3 oblong-ovate acute +spikelets; involucral leaf always erect; scales oblong-oval; style 2-cleft; +<i>bristles 1 or 2 minute rudiments or none</i>; achene <i>somewhat lenticular, smooth</i>, +deciduous with the scales.—Wet shores, Delaware Bay to L. Ontario, Mich., +N. Ind., and Ill. July.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>S. supìnus</b>, L., var. <b>Hállii</b>, Gray. <i>Culms filiform</i>, 5–12´ high; +upper sheath rarely distinctly leaf-bearing; spikelets 1–7 in a sessile or sometimes +geminately proliferous cluster, ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, greenish;<a name="page581"></a> +scales ovate, strongly keeled, mucronate-pointed; stamens 2 or 3; style +2-cleft; <i>bristles none; achene obovate-orbicular</i>, mucronate, plano-convex, <i>strongly +wrinkled transversely</i>.—Wet shores, Ill. to Tex.; also found in E. Mass. +(<i>Hitchings</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Spikelets in simple or mostly compound umbellate or cymose-panicled +clusters, many-flowered, terete; involucre of mostly several flat leaves; culm +tall, from tufted or running rootstocks, triangular, leafy, sedge-like; leaves +rough on the margin; style mostly 3-cleft.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Spikelets large (6–15´´ long); midrib of the scales extended beyond the mostly +lacerate or two-cleft apex into a distinct awn.</i></p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>S. marítimus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sea Club-Rush.</span>) Leaves flat, linear, as long +as the stout culm (1–3° high), those of the involucre 1–4, very unequal; +spikelets few–several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1–4 unequal +rays bearing 1–7 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty-brown) spikelets; awns +of the scales soon recurved; <i>achene obovate-orbicular, compressed, flat on one +side, convex or obtuse-angled on the other, minutely pointed, shining, shorter than +the</i> 1–6 unequal and deciduous (sometimes obsolete) <i>bristles</i>.—Saline localities, +on the coast from N. Scotia to Fla., and in the interior across the continent. +(Eu.)—Var. <span class="smcap">macrostáchyos</span>, Michx.; larger, with very thick oblong-cylindrical +heads (1–1½´ long), and longer involucral leaf (often 1° long).</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>S. fluviátilis</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">River C.</span>) Culm very stout, 3–5° high; +leaves flat, broadly linear (½´ wide or more), tapering gradually to a point, +the upper and those of the very long involucre very much exceeding the <i>compound +umbel; rays 5–9, elongated, recurved-spreading</i>, each bearing 1–5 +ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute paler heads; scales less lacerate and awns +less recurved; <i>achene obovate, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicuously +pointed, opaque</i>, scarcely equalling the 6 rigid bristles.—Borders of lakes and +large streams, W. Vt. to Conn. and Penn., west to Minn. and Iowa.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Spikelets very numerous, small (1–3´´ long); scales mucronate-pointed or +blunt; umbel-like cymose panicle irregular, compound or decompound; culm +2–5° high, unusually leafy; leaves broadly linear, green and rather soft; +bristles very slender, often more or less tortuous and naked below.</i></p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>S. sylváticus</b>, L. <i>Spikelets lead-colored, clustered 3–10 together at +the end of the mostly slender ultimate divisions</i> of the open decompound panicle, +ovoid or lance-ovate, 2´´ long; scales bluntish; bristles 6, downwardly barbed +throughout, rather exceeding the triangular short-pointed achene; style 3-cleft.—Along +brooks, E. Mass. to N. Y.; rare.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>dígynus</b>, Boeckl. Style 2-cleft and the achene not at all angled on +the back; stamens 2, and bristles 4. (S. microcarpus, <i>Presl.</i>)—N. Scotia and +N. Eng. to Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>S. atròvirens</b>, Muhl. Leaves somewhat more rigid; <i>spikelets dull +greenish-brown, densely conglomerate (10–30 together) into close heads</i>, these also +usually densely clustered in a less compound panicle; scales pointed; <i>bristles</i> +sparsely and strongly <i>downwardly barbed above the middle, naked below</i>, nearly +straight, as long as the conspicuously pointed and obovate-oblong triangular +achene.—Wet meadows and bogs, N. Scotia and N. Eng., west to Minn., Kan., +and the Pacific.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page582"></a>17. <b>S. polyphýllus</b>, Vahl. Culm usually more leafy; <i>spikelets yellow-brown, +ovate</i>, becoming cylindrical, <i>clustered 3–8 together in small heads on</i> the +short ultimate divisions of the <i>open decompound umbel</i>; scales mucronate; <i>bristles +6, usually twice bent, soft-barbed toward the summit only</i>, about twice the +length of the achene.—Swamps and borders of ponds, western N. Eng to +N. C., west to Minn, and Ark.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="eriophorum"><b>9. ERIÓPHORUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Cotton-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate3">Pl. 3.</a>)</p> + +<p>Bristles naked, usually very numerous, often silky and becoming greatly +elongated. Otherwise as in Scirpus.—Spikelets single or clustered or umbellate, +usually involucrate with erect scale-like bracts, upon a leafy or naked +stem; scales membranaceous, 1–3-nerved. Style very slender and elongated, +3-cleft. Achene acutely triangular. (Name composed of <span class="greek">ἔριον</span>, <i>wool</i> or <i>cotton</i>, +and <span class="greek">φορός</span>, <i>bearing</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Bristles 6, rust-colored, becoming tortuous and entangled; culm very leafy, bearing +numerous spikelets in an involucrate decompound cymose-panicled umbel.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. lineàtum</b>, Benth. & Hook. Culm triangular, leafy (1–3° high); +leaves linear, flat, rather broad, rough on the margins; umbels terminal and +sometimes axillary, loose, drooping, the terminal with a 1–3-leaved <i>involucre +much shorter than the long slender rays</i>; spikelets oblong, becoming cylindrical +(2–4´´ long), on thread-like drooping pedicels; <i>bristles at maturity scarcely +exceeding the</i> ovate green-keeled <i>pointed scales</i>; achene sharp-pointed. (Scirpus +lineatus, <i>Michx.</i>)—Low grounds, western N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. +and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. cyperìnum</b>, L. (Pl. 3, fig. 6–10, under Scirpus.) (<span class="smcap">Wool-Grass.</span>) +Culm nearly terete (2–5° high); leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid, those of +the <i>involucre 3–5, longer than the umbel</i>, the rays at length drooping; spikelets +exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the lateral pedicelled, woolly at +maturity (1½–3´´ long); the rust-colored <i>bristles much longer than the pointless +scales</i>; achene short-pointed. (Scirpus Eriophorum, <i>Michx.</i>)—Wet meadows +and swamps, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn. and Iowa. Exceedingly variable +in the character and size of the umbel, the typical form having the spikelets +mostly clustered in small heads.—Var. <span class="smcap">láxum</span> has the spikelets scattered, +the lateral long-pedicelled.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Bristles 6, crisped, white; spikelet single, small; involucre of one short bract.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. alpìnum</b>, L. (Pl. 3, fig. 1–6.) Culms slender, many in a row +from a running rootstock (6–10´ high), scabrous, naked; sheaths at the base +awl-tipped.—Cold bogs, Lab. to N. Eng., west to Minn. June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Bristles very numerous, not crisped, forming dense cottony heads in fruit.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Culm bearing a single spikelet; involucre none.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>E. vaginàtum</b>, L. Culms in close tufts (1° high), leafy only at the +base, above with 2 inflated leafless sheaths; root-leaves long and thread-form, +triangular-channelled; scales of the ovate spikelet long-pointed, lead-color at +maturity.—Cold and high peat-bogs, N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and +northward. May, June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page583"></a>[+][+] <i>Culm leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, involucrate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>E. Virgínicum</b>, L. Culm rigid (2–4° high); leaves very narrowly +linear, elongated, flat; <i>spikelets nearly sessile, crowded in a dense cluster or +head; wool rusty or copper-color</i>, only thrice the length of the scale; stamen 1.—Bogs +and low meadows, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn. and Neb. July, Aug.—Var. +<span class="smcap">álbum</span>, Gray, has the wool white. N. New York.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>E. polystáchyon</b>, L. Culm rigid (1–2° high), obscurely triangular; +<i>leaves linear, flat, or barely channelled below</i>, triangular at the point; <i>involucre +2–3-leaved</i>; spikelets several (4–12), on smooth nodding peduncles, some of +them elongated in fruit; achene obovate; <i>wool white</i>, very straight (1´ long or +more).—Bogs, Newf. to Ga., Minn., and westward. June, July. (Eu.)—Var. +<span class="smcap">latifòlium</span>, Gray; peduncles rough; leaves sometimes broader and flatter.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>E. grácile</b>, Koch. Culm slender (1–2° high), rather triangular; +<i>leaves slender, channelled-triangular</i>, rough on the angles; <i>involucre short and +scale-like, mostly 1-leaved</i>; peduncles rough or roughish-pubescent; spikelets +3–7, small, when mature the copious white wool 6–9´´ long; achene elliptical-linear.—Cold +bogs, Newf. to N. J., west to Minn. and Mo. Scales in our plant +mostly light chestnut and about 3-nerved. June–Aug. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="fuirena"><b>10. FUIRÈNA</b>, Rottboell. <span class="smcap">Umbrella-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate2">Pl. 2.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and terminal. +Scales imbricated in many ranks, awned below the apex, all floriferous. Perianth +of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usually +with as many alternating small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achene +triangular, pointed with the persistent base of the style. Culms from a perennial +root, obtusely triangular. (Named for <i>G. Fuiren</i>, a Danish botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>F. squarròsa</b>, Michx., var. <b>híspida</b>, Chapm. (Pl. 2, fig. 1–7.) +Stem (1–3° high) leafy; leaves and sheaths usually densely hairy; spikelets +ovoid-oblong (4–6´´ long), clustered in heads, bristly with the spreading awns +of the scales; perianth-scales rhombic or deltoid-ovate, with a short thick awn +or point, the interposed mostly barbed bristles shorter than the achene.—Sandy +wet places, N. J. to Fla., west to Ky. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>pùmila</b>, Torr. Usually low (1–6´ high or more), with 1–6 spikelets; +perianth-scales narrowly to broadly oblong or ovate, long-stipitate and +attenuate to a long awn; barbed bristles usually exceeding the achene.—Mass. +to N. J., Fla., and La.; Mich. The commonest form.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hemicarpha"><b>11. HEMICÁRPHA</b>, Nees. (<a href="#plate2">Pl. 2.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelet, flowers, etc., as in Scirpus, except that there is a minute translucent +scale (readily overlooked) between the flower and the axis of the spikelet. +Stamen only one. Style 2-cleft. Bristles or other perianth none. (Name from +<span class="greek">ἥμι</span>, <i>half</i>, and <span class="greek">κάρφος</span>, <i>straw</i> or <i>chaff</i>, in allusion to the single inner scalelet.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. subsquarròsa</b>, Nees. Dwarf or minute annual (1–5´ high); involucre +1-leaved, as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually with +another minute leaf; spikelets 2–3 (barely 2´´ long); scales brown, tipped +with a short recurved point.—Sandy borders of ponds and rivers, N. Eng. to +Fla., west to the Pacific.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lipocarpha"><a name="page584"></a><b>12. LIPOCÁRPHA</b>, R. Br. (<a href="#plate2">Pl. 2.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets terete, many-flowered, in a terminal close cluster involucrate by +leafy bracts. Scales spatulate, regularly imbricated all round in many ranks, +awnless, deciduous, a few of the lowest empty. Inner scales (bractlets) 2 to +each flower, thin, one between the scale of the spikelet and the flower, one between +the latter and the axis of the spikelet. Bristles or other perianth none. +Stamens 1 or 2. Style 2–3-cleft. Achene flattish or triangular, naked at the +tip.—Culms leafy at base. (Name formed of <span class="greek">λίπος</span>, <i>fat</i>, and <span class="greek">κάρφος</span>, <i>chaff</i>, +from the thickness of the inner scales of some species.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. maculàta</b>, Torr. Annual; culm (4–8´ high) much longer than +the linear concave leaves; spikelets (1–2´´ long) green and dark-spotted; inner +scales delicate; stamen one; achene oblong with a contracted base.—Springy +or miry places, Va. to Fla.; near Philadelphia, probably adventive.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="rhynchospora"><b>13. RHYNCHÓSPORA</b>, Vahl. <span class="smcap">Beak-Rush.</span> (<a href="#plate4">Pl. 4.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets panicled or variously clustered, ovate, globular, or spindle-shaped, +terete, or sometimes flattish; but the scales open or barely concave (not boat-shaped +nor keeled); the lower commonly loosely imbricated and empty, the +uppermost often subtending imperfect flowers. Perianth in the form of bristles +(mostly 6). Stamens mostly 3. Achene lenticular, globular, or flat, crowned +with a conspicuous tubercle or beak consisting of the persistent indurated base +or even of the greater part of the style.—Chiefly perennials, with more or less +triangular and leafy culms; the spikelets in terminal and axillary clusters; +flowering in summer. (Name composed of <span class="greek">ῥύγχος</span>, <i>a snout</i>, and <span class="greek">σπορά</span>, <i>a seed</i>, +from the beaked achene.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. RHYNCHOSPORA proper. <i>Spikelets terete or biconvex, few–many-flowered; +style conspicuously 2-cleft, its base only forming the tubercle of the +mostly lenticular achene; bristles usually present, merely rough or barbed-denticulate +(not plumose).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Achene transversely wrinkled; bristles mostly 6, upwardly denticulate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. cymòsa</b>, Nutt. <i>Culm triangular; leaves linear</i> (¼´ wide); cymes +corymbose, the <i>spikelets crowded and clustered; achene round-obovate</i>, twice +the length of the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical tubercle.—Low +grounds, Penn. and N. J. to Fla., west to N. Ind. and Ill.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. Torreyàna</b>, Gray. (Pl. 4, figs. 1–5.) <i>Culm nearly terete, slender; +leaves bristle-form</i>; cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the <i>spikelets mostly pedicelled; +achene oblong-obovate</i>, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the +broad compressed-conical tubercle.—Swamps; pine-barrens of N. J. to S. C.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. inexpánsa</b>, Vahl. <i>Culm triangular</i>, slender; <i>leaves narrowly linear; +spikelets spindle-shaped, mostly pedicelled, in drooping panicles; achene +oblong</i>, half the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the triangular-subulate +tubercle.—Low grounds, Va. to Ga.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Achene smooth and even.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Bristles 6, long and conspicuous, upwardly denticulate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>R. fúsca</b>, Roem. & Schultes. Culm 6–12´ high; <i>leaves bristle-form +channelled</i>; spikelets ovate-oblong, few, clustered in 1–3 loose heads (dark<a name="page585"></a> +chestnut-color); <i>achene obovate, half the length of the bristles</i>, equalling the triangular-sword-shaped +acute tubercle, which is rough serrulate on the margins.—Low +grounds, N. Brunswick to N. J., west to L. Superior. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>R. gracilénta</b>, Gray. Culms very slender, 1–2° high; <i>leaves narrowly +linear</i>; spikelets ovoid, in 2–4 small clusters, the lateral long-peduncled; +<i>achene ovoid, rather shorter than the bristles</i>, about the length of the flat awl-shaped +tubercle.—Low grounds, southern N. Y. and N. J. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>R. oligántha</b>, Gray. Culm and leaves filiform, 6–12´ high; spikelets +very few (1–4), ovate-oblong; bristles plumose below the middle; achene +obovate-oblong, bearing a conical tubercle {1/3} its length.—Del. (<i>Canby</i>) to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Bristles none, or 1–3 and minute; spikelets pale, 1-flowered.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>R. pállida</b>, M. A. Curtis. Culm (1–2° high) acutely triangular; +leaves and spikelets as in the next species, but only a terminal dense cluster, +which is less white or turns pale reddish-tawny; achene obovate-lenticular, +tipped with a minute depressed and apiculate tubercle; the delicate bristles +4–5 times shorter or obsolete.—Bogs in pine-barrens of N. J. and N. C.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Bristles long, denticulate downward, or both ways in n. 11.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Spikelets white or whitish, becoming tawny with age, perfecting only a single +flower; stamens usually 2; bristles 9–12, or even 20.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>R. álba</b>, Vahl. Culm slender (1–2° high), triangular above; leaves +narrowly linear or almost bristle-form; spikelets lanceolate, densely crowded +in a head-like terminal corymb and usually one or two lateral ones; achene +oblong-obovate with a narrowed base, scarcely longer than the flattened-awl-shaped +tubercle, shorter than the bristles.—Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to N. +Ind., Minn., and Oregon. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Spikelets chestnut-colored or darker in</i> n. <i>10 and 11, few–several-flowered; +stamens 3; bristles usually 6.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>R. capillàcea</b>, Torr. Culm 6–9´ high, slender; <i>leaves bristle-form; +spikelets 3–6 in a terminal cluster</i>, and commonly 1 or 2 on a remote axillary +peduncle, <i>oblong-lanceolate</i> (pale chestnut-color, 3´´ long); <i>achene oblong-ovoid</i>, +stipitate, very obscurely wrinkled, about <i>half the length of the</i> (6, rarely 12) <i>stout +bristles</i>, and twice the length of the lanceolate-beaked tubercle.—Bogs and +rocky river-banks, N. Vt. to Penn., west to western N. Y. and Minn.—Var. +<span class="smcap">levisèta</span>, Hill. Bristles perfectly smooth. N. W. Ind.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>R. Knieskérnii</b>, Carey. Culm 6–18° high, slender; <i>leaves narrowly +linear</i>, short; <i>spikelets numerous, crowded in 4–6 distant clusters, oblong-ovate</i> +(scarcely 1´´ long); <i>achene obovate</i>, narrowed at base, <i>equalling the bristles</i>, +twice the length of the triangular flattened tubercle.—Pine-barrens of N. J. +(on bog iron ore exclusively) to Va.; rare.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>R. glomeràta</b>, Vahl. Culm 1–3° high; <i>leaves linear, flat; spikelets +numerous in distant clusters or heads</i> (often in pairs from the same sheath), +<i>ovoid-oblong</i>; achene obovate, margined, narrowed at base, as long as the lance-awl-shaped +flattened tubercle, which equals the always <i>downwardly barbed +bristles</i>.—Low grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich. and N. Ind.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>R. cephalántha</b>, Gray. Culm stout (2–3° high); <i>leaves narrowly +linear, flat, keeled; spikelets very numerous, crowded in 2 or 3 or more dense +globular</i> heads which are distant (and often in pairs), <i>oblong-lanceolate</i>, dark<a name="page586"></a> +brown; achene orbicular-obovate, margined, narrowed at base, about as long +as the awl-shaped beak; <i>bristles</i> twice longer, stout, <i>barbed downward and +sometimes also upward</i>.—Sandy swamps, Long Island to N. J. and Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. CERATOSCHŒ̀NUS. <i>Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, in fruit flattish, +cymose-panicled, of only one perfect and 1–4 staminate flowers; scales few; +bristles rigid, minutely scabrous upward; style simple or barely 2-toothed, +filiform and gradually thickened downward, in fruit persistent as an exserted, +slender-awl-shaped, upwardly roughened beak, several times longer than the +smooth flat obovate achene; coarse perennials; spikelets in flower 4´´, in fruit +including the projecting beak about 1´ long.</i></p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>R. corniculàta</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Horned Rush.</span>) Culm 3–6° high; leaves +about 6´´ wide; <i>cymes decompound, diffuse; bristles awl-shaped</i>, stout, unequal, +<i>shorter than the achene.</i>—Wet places, Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Mo.</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>R. macrostàchya</b>, Torr. (Pl. 4, fig. 1–4.) <i>Cymes</i> decompound, +or in the northern form <i>somewhat simple</i> and smaller, and the spikelets usually +more clustered; <i>bristles capillary, twice the length of the achene</i>.—Borders of +ponds, Mass. to N. J. and Fla.; rare.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cladium"><b>14. CLÀDIUM</b>, P. Browne. <span class="smcap">Twig-Rush.</span> (<a href="#plate5">Pl. 5.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales; the lower +empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or imperfect flower; the terminal +flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2–3-cleft, deciduous. +Achene ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed, +without any tubercle, in which it differs from Rhynchospora. (Diminutive of +<span class="greek">κλάδος</span>, <i>a branch</i>, from the repeatedly branched cyme of the original species.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. mariscoìdes</b>, Torr. Perennial; culm obscurely triangular (1–2° +high); leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rough-margined; cymes small; the +spikelets clustered in heads 3–8 together on 2–4 peduncles; style 3-cleft.—Bogs, +N. Scotia to Del., west to S. Minn. and Iowa. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="scleria"><b>15. SCLÈRIA</b>, Berg. <span class="smcap">Nut-Rush.</span> (<a href="#plate5">Pl. 5.</a>)</p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious; the fertile spikelets 1-flowered, usually intermixed with +clusters of few-flowered staminate spikelets. Scales loosely imbricated, the +lower empty. Stamens 1–3. Style 3-cleft. Achene globular, stony, bony, +or enamel-like in texture. Bristles, etc., none. Perennials, with triangular +leafy culms, mostly from creeping rootstocks; flowering in summer; all in +low ground or swamps. Inflorescence, in our species, of terminal and axillary +clusters, the lower clusters usually peduncled. (Name, <span class="greek">σκληρία</span>, <i>hardness</i>, from +the indurated fruit.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Achene smooth.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. triglomeràta</b>, Michx. <i>Culm</i> (1½–3° high) <i>and broadly linear +leaves roughish</i>; fascicles of spikelets few, the lowest peduncled, the upper +<i>somewhat in threes; achene ovate-globose</i> or depressed, on an obscure crustaceous +disk.—Mass. and Vt. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.—Var. <span class="smcap">grácilis</span>, +Britton. Culms slender (1–2° long); fascicles few-flowered, the lower (2–3-flowered) +on very long filiform peduncles; achene not more than half as +large, acutish.—N. J.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page587"></a>2. <b>S. oligántha</b>, Ell. Culms slender, 2° high, the angles somewhat +winged; <i>leaves linear</i> (2´´ wide), <i>smooth</i> except the scabrous apex; lateral fascicles +1 or 2, usually on long exserted peduncles; <i>achene ovate, on a tuberculate +disk</i>.—Va. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Achene papillose or warty.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. pauciflòra</b>, Muhl. Smoothish or hairy; culm slender (9–24´ high); +leaves narrowly linear; fascicles few-flowered, the lateral pedunculate, sessile, +or wanting; bracts ciliate; achene globose-ovate; the disk a narrow ring +bearing 3 pairs of minute tubercles.—N. H. to Ohio, south to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Achene reticulated or wrinkled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4.<b> S. reticulàris</b>, Michx. (Pl. 5, fig. 6–10.) Culms slender, <i>erect</i>, +scabrous (1–2½° high); leaves linear (1–1½´´ wide), smooth; lateral fascicles +1–3, loose, remote, nearly erect, <i>on short often included peduncles</i>; bracts glabrous; +achene globose, <i>regularly reticulated and pitted</i>, not hairy, resting upon +a double greenish conspicuously 3-lobed disk, the inner appressed to and deciduous +with the achene.—E. Mass. to Fla.—Var. <span class="smcap">pubéscens</span>, Britton. Edges +of reticulations more or less hairy, especially toward the apex; lateral fascicles +generally on longer peduncles. Pine-barrens of N. J. to Fla.—Var. <span class="smcap">obscùra</span>, +Britton. Achene bony, its surface with very obscure reticulations, nearly +smooth at the summit. R. I. and N. C.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. Torreyàna</b>, Walpers. Culms weak, <i>diffuse</i>, slightly scabrous or +smooth; leaves linear (2–4´´ wide), smooth; lateral fascicles loose, on <i>more or +less elongated and drooping filiform peduncles</i>; achene <i>irregularly pitted-reticulated +or pitted-rugose with the ridges somewhat spirally arranged and more or +less hairy</i> (sometimes smooth); otherwise as in the last. (S. laxa, <i>Torr.</i>)—Pine-barrens, +N. J. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. verticillàta</b>, Muhl. Smooth; culms simple, slender (4–24´ high); +leaves narrowly linear, <i>fascicles</i> 3–9-flowered, 4–6, <i>sessile in an interrupted +spikelet; achene</i> globose (½´´ broad), somewhat triangular at base, <i>rough-wrinkled +with short elevated ridges; disk obsolete</i>.—E. Mass. to Ont., Minn., +and south to the Gulf.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="carex"><b>16. CÀREX</b>, Ruppius. <span class="smcap">Sedge.</span> (By <span class="smcap">L. H. Bailey</span>.)</p> + +<p>Flowers unisexual, destitute of floral envelopes, disposed in spikes; the +staminate consisting of three stamens, in the axil of a bract, or <i>scale</i>; the +pistillate comprising a single pistil with a bifid or trifid style, forming in fruit +a hard lenticular or triangular achene, which is enclosed in a sac (<i>perigynium</i>) +formed by the complete union of the borders of a bractlet or of connate bractlets +and borne in the axil of a bract, or <i>scale</i>. Staminate and pistillate flowers +borne in different parts of the spike (spike <i>androgynous</i>), or in separate +spikes on the same culm, or rarely the plant diœcious.—Perennial grass-like +herbs with mostly triangular culms, 3-ranked leaves, usually with rough margins +and keel, and spikes in the axils of leafy or scale-like bracts, often aggregated +into heads. An exceedingly critical genus, the study of which should +be attempted only with complete and fully mature specimens. (The classical +Latin name, of obscure signification; derived by some from <span class="greek">κείρω</span>, <i>to cut</i>, on account +of the sharp leaves—as the English name <i>Shear-grass</i>.) (Pl. 5 and 6.)</p> + +<p><a name="page588"></a>Synopsis of Sections and Groups.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. CAREX proper. Staminate flowers forming one or more terminal linear or club-shaped +spikes (often pistillate at base or apex). Pistillate flowers usually in distinct and simple +mostly peduncled spikes. Cross-section of perigynium circular, obtusely angled, or +prominently triangular in outline. Style mostly 3-parted and achene triangular or +triquetrous.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 1. <b>Physocarpæ.</b> Perigynium mostly straw-colored at maturity, papery in texture, usually +more or less inflated, smooth (sometimes hairy in n. 6), nerved, tapering into a beak +as long as or longer than the body; spikes few to many, distinct, compactly flowered; +stigmas 3 (2 in n. 10).</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 1. <i>Paucifloræ.</i> Perigynium greenish, linear-lanceolate or almost needle shaped, not inflated, +strongly deflexed at maturity, several times longer than the inconspicuous scale; +spike androgynous, the pistillate flowers at base, few.—Sp. 1.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 2. <i>Lupulinæ.</i> Perigynium green or greenish tawny or sometimes yellow, more or less +inflated (except in n. 2–4) long, usually very turgid at base, mostly erect or nearly so, +very gradually attenuate to a long slenderly toothed beak exceeding the scale; spikes 3 +or more, the staminate mostly 1 and stalked, the pistillate often sessile, usually short +and thick, often becoming dark colored in drying.—Sp. 2–8.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 3. <i>Vesicariæ.</i> Perigynium smooth and shining, much inflated, at maturity straw-colored +or sometimes purple, beaked and conspicuously short toothed (entire in n. 10), usually +prominently few nerved, much shorter than in [+] 2; staminate spikes commonly 2 or +more; pistillate spikes as a rule long and densely cylindrical.—Sp. 9–16.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 4. <i>Pseudocyperæ.</i> Perigynium less inflated, more conspicuously nerved or even costate, +and with more or less setaceous or awned teeth; scale usually awned; spikes mostly +nodding or spreading, comose in appearance, greenish, greenish-yellow, or ochroleucous.—Sp. +17–19.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 5. <i>Squarrosæ.</i> Perigynium obconic or obovoid, squarrose in exceedingly dense short +spikes.—Sp. 20, 21.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 2. <b>Trachychlænæ.</b> Perigynium mostly thick and hard in texture, often scabrous or +hirsute, straight-beaked; pistillate spikes compactly flowered, mostly large, erect or +nearly so; staminate spikes 1 or more; stigmas 3. Generally large and coarse.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 1. <i>Shortianæ.</i> Terminal spike androgynous, staminate below; perigynium small, scabrous, +nearly beakless, entire.—Sp. 22.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 2. <i>Anomalæ.</i> Terminal spike all staminate; pistillate spikes long and cylindrical, mostly +dense; perigynium broad and short, short-beaked, the orifice very slightly notched or +entire, mostly granulate.—Sp. 23.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 3. <i>Hirtæ.</i> A heterogeneous group, distinguished from [+] 2 by the longer and more deeply +cut beak (slightly toothed in n. 24), and by the hairy perigynium (smooth in n. 25)—Sp. +24–27.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 4. <i>Paludosæ.</i> Staminate spikes 2 or more, long stalked; the pistillate 2–several, usually +all peduncled, long and heavy, loose-flowered, erect or nodding; perigynium large, thick +in texture, strongly nerved, mostly smooth, usually conspicuously beaked. Coarse +species.—Sp. 28, 29.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 3. <b>Microrhynchæ.</b> Parallel with [*] 2; distinguished in general by the much smaller +and nearly or entirely beakless and mostly entire-mouthed perigynium, which is much +thinner in texture; stigmas 2 or 3. Paludose and alpine species, of various habit, mostly +with colored spikes, often in dense tufts or tussocks.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 1. <i>Atratæ.</i> Terminal spike club-shaped and androgynous with the staminate flowers below +(very rarely all staminate in n. 32); pistillate spikes mostly short and dark-colored, +erect or drooping; stigmas 3.—Sp. 30–32.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 2. <i>Rigidæ.</i> Mostly stiff, with short erect closely flowered spikes, an entirely staminate +terminal spike, dark colored scales, and bracts with purple or black auricles at base; +stigmas 2 or 3.—Sp. 33.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 3. <i>Acutæ.</i> Mostly larger and more slender, usually paludose, with green or light-colored +large and long spikes; stigmas 2 (3 in n. 39). Distinguished from [+] 2 mainly by habit.—Sp. +34–39.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page589"></a>[+] 4. <i>Cryptocarpæ.</i> Large, with nodding or drooping large spikes, their dark scales very +long and conspicuous; stigmas 2.—Sp. 40, 41.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 5. <i>Pendulinæ.</i> Distinguished from [+] 4 by the smaller size, smaller spikes, sheathless +bracts, and whitish, more or less granulated, nearly pointless perigynium; stigmas 3.—Sp. +42–45.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 4. <b>Hymenochlænæ.</b> Perigynium mostly light green or whitish, usually thin and membranous, +often somewhat inflated or loosely investing the achene, commonly smooth +and shining (hairy in n. 46, sometimes in n. 47), slender or oblong, attenuate to a distinct +or long minutely toothed straight beak (or beakless or nearly so in [+] 1 and n. 55); +pistillate spikes several or many, mostly loosely flowered and on filiform nodding or +widely spreading peduncles; bracts leaf-like; terminal spike staminate or androgynous; +stigmas 3. Mostly rather tall and slender upland species.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 1. <i>Virescentes.</i> Terminal spike pistillate at top; pistillate spikes oblong or cylindrical, +dense, erect; perigynium ovate or obovate, nearly or quite beakless, often hairy.—Sp. +46, 47.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 2. <i>Sylvaticæ.</i> Terminal spike all staminate; pistillate spikes mostly long-exserted, slender; +perigynium few-nerved, contracted into a cylindrical beak which is longer than the +body.—Sp. 48.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 3. <i>Flexiles.</i> Terminal spike all staminate; pistillate spikes rather thick (very small in +n. 50), more or less drooping; perigynium beaked, few-nerved or nerveless, tawny or +whitish.—Sp. 49, 50.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 4. <i>Debiles.</i> Terminal spike all staminate (occasionally pistillate above in n. 53); pistillate +spikes very narrow and slender, long-exserted and nodding, mostly very loosely +flowered; perigynium rather small, not turgid, prominently beaked.—Sp. 51–53.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 5. <i>Gracillimæ.</i> Terminal spike pistillate at top; pistillate spikes habitually thicker than +in [+] 4; perigynium ovate-oblong, more or less turgid; the beak short or none.—Sp. +54–57.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 6. <i>Griseæ.</i> Terminal spike staminate; perigynium more or less turgid or plump, often +glaucous, scarcely beaked, finely striate; spikes erect.—Sp. 58, 59.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 5. <b>Spirostachyæ.</b> Perigynium smooth or minutely granulated or rarely somewhat +serrate on the margins, prominently nerved, mostly yellowish, squarrose, mostly beaked +(entirely beakless in n. 63), the orifice entire; staminate spike mostly single; pistillate +spikes 2–5, short (usually 1´ long or less), yellow or fuscous, compactly flowered; stigmas +3.—Medium-sized species, growing in meadows and grassy swales.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 1. <i>Granulares.</i> Spikes scattered, cylindrical, the lowest long-stalked; bracts erect, long +and leafy; sheaths short or nearly obsolete.—Sp. 60, 61.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 2. <i>Extensæ.</i> Spikes mostly approximate or aggregated at the top of the culm (becoming +remote in C. extensa), the lowest 1 or 2 subtended by a long and leafy mostly abruptly +spreading and nearly or entirely sheathless bract. Terminal spike sometimes androgynous.—Sp. +62.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 3. <i>Pallescentes.</i> Spikes globular or short-oblong, obtuse, sessile or short-peduncled, approximate +at the top of the culm; bracts short, leaf-like, sheathless; perigynium entire +at the orifice, the beak none or very short and stout.—Sp. 63, 64.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 6. <b>Dactylostachyæ.</b> Perigynium mostly short and triangular, mostly with a short and +straight or curved beak, green or greenish, scarcely inflated; scales of the pistillate +spikes mostly whitish (sometimes dark-colored in the <i>Digitatæ</i>), often small; staminate +spike mostly one; pistillate spikes short (seldom exceeding 1´), commonly rather loosely +flowered and slender (spike single and plant diœcious in n. 83); bracts sheathing, the +sheaths often conspicuous and colored.—Low and lax or slender species inhabiting +meadows and copses.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 1. <i>Oligocarpæ.</i> Slender and narrow-leaved, with leafy bracts and inconspicuous green +sheaths; perigynium rounded on the angles, finely many-striate, often somewhat punctulate +as in n. 58, to which the group forms a transition.—Sp. 65–67.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 2. <i>Laxifloræ.</i> Slender and more or less broad-leaved, with mostly leafy bracts, green or +purple sheaths, and loosely flowered spikes; perigynium mostly conspicuously three-angled, +with a more or less curved beak.—Sp. 68–74.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page590"></a>[+] 3. <i>Paniceæ.</i> Mostly stouter and narrow-leaved, with thinner spikes; perigynium often +strongly nerved, not conspicuously triangular, often somewhat turgid; bracts and +sheaths various.—Sp. 75–78.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 4. <i>Bicolores.</i> Small species with a beakless, more or less round or pyriform perigynium, +which is commonly glaucous; terminal spike androgynous or all staminate; stigmas +mostly 2.—Sp. 79.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 5. <i>Digitatæ.</i> Low species; sheaths membranaceous or hyaline and colored, either not +prolonged into a bract or the bract very short and not foliaceous; perigynium more or +less three-angled, often hairy, the beak straight or nearly so.—Sp. 80–83.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 7. <b>Sphæridiophoræ.</b> Perigynium mostly short and rounded, three-angled in the <i>Triquetræ</i>, +firm or hard in texture, not inflated, hairy or scabrous, the beak straight and +usually bifid; staminate spike one; pistillate spikes short (1´ long or less), usually globular +or short-oblong, more or less sessile and approximate or the longer ones radical +(spike single in n. 84); bracts sheathless, short, or obsolete; stigmas rarely two.—Low +species of dry ground, with leaves all radical.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 1. <i>Scirpinæ.</i> Spike one, unisexual; plant diœcious.—Sp. 84.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 2. <i>Montanæ.</i> Spikes two to several, the lowest occasionally long-peduncled and radical; +perigynium rounded, contracted above and below, mostly bearing two prominent ribs, +more or less hairy.—Low species of dry soils.—Sp. 85–91.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 3. <i>Triquetræ.</i> Taller; spikes mostly approximate at the top of the culm, oblong or cylindrical; +perigynium conspicuously 3-angled.—Sp. 92.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 8. <b>Phyllostachyæ.</b> Perigynium much as in the <i>Montanæ</i>; spike one, staminate above; +pistillate flowers few, often remote, usually on a more or less zigzag rhachis; scales prolonged +and leaf-like.—Sp. 93–95.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 9. <b>Leptocephalæ.</b> Perigynium thin in texture, green, oblong or lanceolate or linear in +general outline, beakless; spike one, staminate above, thin and slender; stigmas mostly +three.—Small, slender and grass-like.—Sp. 96.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 10. <b>Physocephalæ.</b> Spike one, globular or short-oblong, staminate at the apex; perigynium +straw-colored, paper-like, more or less inflated; stigmas three. Leaves remarkably +broad in our species.—Sp. 97.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. VIGNEA. Staminate flowers few and inconspicuous, borne at the base or apex of the +pistillate spikes. Pistillate flowers in short sessile spikes (or spike single in some +cases), which are commonly more or less aggregated into heads or even panicled. Perigynium +plano-convex. Styles two and achene lenticular.—The spikes, especially the +uppermost, usually have contracted bases when the staminate flowers are borne below +the pistillate ones, and empty scales at the top when the staminate flowers are borne +at the summit.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 11. <b>Acroarrhenæ.</b> Staminate flowers borne at the top of the spikes (or, in the <i>Multifloræ</i> +and <i>Arenariæ</i>, spikes often wholly staminate and the plants occasionally diœcious).</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 1. <i>Fœtidæ.</i> Spikes tawny or brown, not elongated, very densely aggregated into a continuous +globose somewhat chaffy head; perigynium ovate or ovate-lanceolate, nerveless +or nearly so, mostly thin in texture.—Sp. 98, 99.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 2. <i>Vulpinæ.</i> Spikes mostly yellow or tawny when mature, densely aggregated or sometimes +somewhat scattered below or even panicled; perigynium thick in texture, spongy +at base, mostly stipitate, bearing very conspicuous nerves, which converge below and +are especially prominent on the outer side.—Sp. 100–102.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 3. <i>Multifloræ.</i> Heads various, mostly loosely flowered, sometimes a panicle, yellow or +tawny; spikes short (rarely longer than broad), staminate flowers sometimes occupying +whole spikes in the middle or at the apex of the head; perigynium mostly small +and short and nearly nerveless, or in some species becoming nearly lanceolate and more +or less prominently nerved, firm in texture, usually numerous.—Sp. 103–108.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 4. <i>Arenariæ.</i> Spikes longer than in the last section, linear or nearly so, aggregated into +short, almost globose heads; perigynium lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly larger +and more delicate in texture; scales awn-pointed or very acute. Staminate flowers +variously situated.—(C. arenaria.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page591"></a>[+] 5. <i>Muhlenbergianæ.</i> Spikes green or nearly so when mature, aggregated or scattered, +never in compound heads; perigynium mostly short-ovate, staminate flowers always at +the top of the spike.—Sp. 109–114.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 6. <i>Dioicæ.</i> Spike commonly one, small; plants small and slender, often diœcious.—Sp. +115–117.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 12. <b>Hyparrhenæ.</b> Staminate flowers borne at the base of the spikes (or in n. 124 and +125 variously situated).</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 1. <i>Elongatæ.</i> Spikes silvery green or sometimes tawny when mature, distinct, mostly +small; perigynium not wing-margined nor conspicuously broadened, mostly nearly flat +on the inner surface.—Sp. 118–124.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 2. <i>Ovales.</i> Spikes tawny or dark, rather large, sometimes crowded; perigynium with a +more or less thin or winged margin, which is mostly incurved at maturity, rendering +the perigynium concave inside.—Sp. 125–132.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] 3. <i>Cyperoideæ.</i> Spikes green, oblong, densely crowded into a short head subtended by +two or three leafy bracts which are erect and prolonged from six inches to a foot; perigynium +linear-lanceolate, scarcely margined.—Sp. 133.</p> + + +<p class="key"><b>Artificial Key.</b></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Spike 1, staminate at top; scales of pistillate flowers leaf-like <span class="right">Sp. 93–95</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Spike 1, scales not leaf-like.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Usually diœcious, stigma 2 <span class="right">115–117</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Stigmas 3.—</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Perigynium densely hairy <span class="right">84</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Spike staminate at base; perigynia squarrose <span class="right">21</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Spike staminate at top.—</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Globose; leaves broad <span class="right">97</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Perigynium nearly linear, beakless <span class="right">96</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Perigynium long, spindle-shaped <span class="right">1</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Spikes several or numerous, sessile, spicate or capitate; stigmas 2.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">All in a globose or ovoid uninterrupted head.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">All staminate above.—</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Usually green at maturity <span class="right">112, 114</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Usually yellow or tawny or brown <span class="right">98, 99, 104, 105</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">All staminate below.—</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Leafy-bracteate <span class="right">133</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Not leafy-bracteate.—</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Green <span class="right">118–120</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Usually tawny or brown <span class="right">125–132</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Some or all of the spikes distinct or the head interrupted.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Staminate and pistillate flowers variously disposed, some of the spikes often unisexual.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Head large and long <span class="right">108, C. arenaria</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Head short or linear <span class="right">124, 125</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Spikes staminate above <span class="right">100–114</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Spikes staminate below <span class="right">118–133</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:2em">Spikes usually more or less pedicelled, the wholly or partially staminate spikes uppermost.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Terminal spike (rarely the 2 or 3 uppermost) staminate only at base.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Stigmas 2 <span class="right">34–38, 79</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Stigmas 3; spikes erect,</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Short and squarrose <span class="right">20, 21</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Not squarrose <span class="right">22, 30, 32, 46, 47, 54, 79</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Stigmas 3; spikes more or less drooping <span class="right">31, 51–53, 55–57</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:4em">Terminal spike or spikes staminate.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Stigmas 2.—</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Spikes spreading or pendulous <span class="right">34, 37, 40, 41</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Spikes erect or nearly so <span class="right">9–16, 34–41, 85–91, 79</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em">Stigmas 3; spikes spreading or drooping.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Perigynium prominently 3-angled <span class="right">68–74</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Perigynium large, thin, much inflated <span class="right">9–16</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Perigynium firmer, not inflated.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Beakless <span class="right">42–45</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Beaked or prominently pointed.—</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:12em">Teeth long, stiff and sharp <span class="right">17–19</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:12em">Teeth short and thin, or none <span class="right">30, 31, 39, 48–53</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:6em"><a name="page592"></a>Stigmas 3; spikes erect or ascending.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Perigynium hairy.—</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Spikes very large, globose <span class="right">6</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Spikes very small, sessile or nearly so <span class="right">81–83, 85–92</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Spikes cylindrical, heavy <span class="right">24–28</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Perigynium granular-roughened <span class="right">23</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:8em">Perigynium smooth,</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Thin and turgid, loosely enclosing the achene.—</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:12em">Beakless <span class="right">58, 59</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:12em">Beaked <span class="right">5–17</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:10em">Firm in texture, not inflated,</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:12em">Long-beaked, deeply toothed <span class="right">2–4, 26, 28</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:12em">Less prominently beaked, short-toothed, sharply 3-angled <span class="right">69–74</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:12em">Wholly beakless and pointless <span class="right">58, 59, 63, 78, 79</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:12em">Very small, black and shining; leaves capillary <span class="right">80</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:12em">Culm and leaves thinly pubescent <span class="right">64</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:12em">Perigynium more or less pointed or beaked.</p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:14em">Spikes spreading or drooping <span class="right">51–53, 68–70, 75</span></p> + + <p class="key" style="margin-left:14em">Spikes erect <span class="right">60–62, 65–68, 71–78</span></p> + +<p class="key">[*] 1. <span class="smcap">Physocárpæ</span>.—[+] 1. <i>Pauciflòræ</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. pauciflòra</b>, Lightf. (Pl. 5, fig. 1–16.) Very slender but erect, +6–18´ high; leaves very narrow, much shorter than the culm; staminate and +pistillate flowers 2–5; perigynium at maturity easily detached.—Cold sphagnum +swamps, New Eng. to N. Penn. and Minn.; local. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 1.—[+] 2. <i>Lupulìnæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Teeth of the perigynium strongly reflexed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. subulàta</b>, Michx. Green, very slender but erect, 6´–2° high; +leaves narrow, somewhat shorter than the culm; bracts leafy, sheathing; +pistillate spikes 2–4, scattered, 2–6-flowered; perigynium deflexed.—Deep +sphagnum swamps, R. I. to E. Penn., and southward; very local.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Teeth erect or spreading.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Whole plant yellowish; perigynium little or not at all inflated.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. Michauxiàna</b>, Boeckl. Slender but stiff and erect, 1–2° high; +leaves narrow and firm, shorter than the culm; spikes 2–3, the lowest +usually remote and short-peduncled, the remainder aggregated and sessile; +staminate spike small, wholly sessile; perigynium not inflated, erect or spreading, +twice longer than the blunt scale. (C. rostrata, <i>Michx.</i>)—Bogs and lake-borders, +mountains of N. H. and N. Y., and westward to L. Superior; local.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. folliculàta</b>, L. Stout, 2–3° high; leaves very broad and flat, +lax; pistillate spikes 3–4, scattered, all but the uppermost prominently peduncled; +staminate spike short-peduncled; perigynium larger, inflated, the +scale awned and nearly as long.—Cold swamps, New Eng. to N. J. and Penn., +and west to Mich.; rather local.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Plant green; perigynium much inflated.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. intuméscens</b>, Rudge. Slender, 18–30´ high; leaves narrow, +pistillate spikes two, loosely 1–8-flowered, the perigynium erect-spreading, +not prominently many-nerved.—Wet pastures and swamps; common.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>C. Gràyii</b>, Carey. Larger and stouter; leaves broad and flat, 3–4´´ +wide; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, the lowest often peduncled, perfectly globular +and compactly 12–30-flowered, the perigynium spreading or deflexed +and prominently many-nerved.—Meadows and copses, Vt. to Ill., and south<a name="page593"></a> +to Ga.; rare eastward.—In var. <span class="smcap">hispídula</span>, Gray, the perigynium is sparsely +hispidulous.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>C. lupulìna</b>, Muhl. Very stout and leafy; leaves rather broad and +loose; pistillate spikes 2–6, approximate at the top of the culm, all closely +sessile or the lower sometimes short-peduncled, oblong or short-cylindrical, +very heavy and densely flowered; staminate spike small and sessile; perigynium +large and rather soft, erect or but slightly spreading, giving the spike +a hop-like aspect (whence the name). (C. lurida, <i>Bailey</i>.)—Swamps and wet +pastures; frequent.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>pedunculàta</b>, Dewey. Spikes more or less scattered, some or all +prominently peduncled; staminate spike usually conspicuous, often long-peduncled, +very variable in size; perigynium more spreading. (C. gigantea, +<i>Rudge</i>.)—With the species, but more common.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>polystàchya</b>, Schwein. & Torr. Stouter, the leaves very broad +(often ½´); bracts broad and far exceeding the culm; pistillate spikes 4–6, +all long (3–4´) and cylindrical, more or less short-peduncled, somewhat scattered, +becoming yellow; perigynium very large, ascending. (C. lupuliformis, +<i>Sartw.</i>)—N. Y. and N. J.; not common.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">lupulìna</span> × <span class="smcap">retrórsa</span>, Dudley. Distinguished from C. lupulina by its +straw-colored perigynium, which is less inflated and more spreading, standing +at nearly right angles to the axis of the spike; scales acute to short-awned, +rough. (C. lurida × retrorsa, <i>Bailey</i>).—Ithaca, N. Y. (<i>Dudley</i>), and Lansing, +Mich. (<i>Bailey</i>). Resembles n. 16.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>C. grándis</b>, Bailey. Distinguished from C. lupulina, var. polystachya, +by its much more scattered and mostly shorter slim spikes, which are comparatively +loosely flowered; perigynium swollen below but very abruptly contracted +into a slender beak 3–4 times as long as the body, spreading at right +angles or nearly so, never becoming yellow; scales narrow, smooth. (C. gigantea +of previous editions.)—Swamps, Ky., Del., and southward; local.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 1.—[+] 3. <i>Vesicàriæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Spikes very small, globular or short-oblong.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>C. oligospérma</b>, Michx. Very slender, but stiff, 18–30´ high; +leaves and bracts very narrow, becoming involute; staminate spike single, +peduncled; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, sessile or the lowest very short-peduncled, +3–8-flowered; perigynium turgid, short-ovoid, gradually contracted into a +very short and minutely toothed beak, prominently few-nerved, yellow, nearly +twice longer than the blunt scale.—Deep swamps and borders of lakes, N. +Eng. to Penn. and Minn.; frequent.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>C. miliàris</b>, Michx. Culm very slender but erect, 12–18´ high, +smooth, or slightly rough above on the angles; leaves almost filiform, mostly +shorter than the culm; staminate spikes 1–2, exceedingly narrow, elevated +an inch or two; pistillate spikes 1–3, the upper one sessile and the lowest +very short stalked, 9´´ long or less, the lower subtended by a short leafy bract; +perigynium very small, broad or round-ovate or ovate-oblong, thin but firm, +bearing a nerve on each side but otherwise nerveless or very nearly so, rounded +into a very short terete entire or somewhat erose beak; scales brown, lance-ovate, +white tipped, about as long as the perigynium. (C. rotundata? of last +ed.)—Outlet of Moosehead Lake, Maine, and northward.</p> + +<p class="variety"><a name="page594"></a>Var. <b>màjor</b>, Bailey. Culm much stouter (often over 2° high), thick and +very sharply angled; leaves stout and channelled or involute; staminate spikes +short-stalked; the pistillate 1–5, darker, mostly longer and larger; scale +varying from wholly obtuse to acutish.—Outlet of Moosehead Lake (<i>Porter</i>), +and northward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. (?) <b>aùrea</b>, Bailey. Taller and mostly stouter than the type; pistillate +spikes one or two, often staminate at top, yellow or stramineous; perigynium +longer, gradually produced into a conspicuous and more or less +toothed beak, prominently few-nerved, yellow, broader and usually longer +than the blunt scale. (C. pulla, and var. miliaris, last ed.)—Outlet of Moosehead +Lake (<i>Smith</i>), and northward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Spikes much larger, cylindrical.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Scales all, or all but the very lowest, smooth.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>C. utriculàta</b>, Boott. Very stout and robust, 3–4° high; leaves +broad (4–6´´) and flat, very prominently nodulose, particularly below; spikes +3–4, 3–6´ long, very thick and dense above but usually more or less attenuate +below, erect or nearly so, all but the lowest sessile or very short-stalked; +perigynium ovate, only moderately inflated, rather abruptly contracted into a +short toothed beak, at maturity usually squarrose, rather prominently few-nerved, +the upper longer than the sharp scale, the lower shorter than or only +equalling the sharper or awned scale. (C. rostrata, <i>Bailey</i>, etc.)—Swamps, +everywhere; common. Passes imperceptibly into var. <span class="smcap">mìnor</span>, Boott, which is +distinguished by its much smaller size, spikes 2½´ long or less, smaller perigynium, +blunt scales, and narrower and little nodulose leaves. With the +type.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>C. monìle</b>, Tuckerm. Rather slender but erect, 2–3° high, the culm +sharply angled and usually rough above; pistillate spikes 2–3, the lowest one +or two short-stalked, erect or spreading, 1–3´ long, narrowly cylindrical; +perigynium turgid, prominently beaked, about 10-nerved, ascending, longer +than the very sharp scale. (C. Vaseyi, <i>Dewey</i>.)—Meadows and swales; +common.—In var. <span class="smcap">monstròsa</span>, Bailey, the plant is very slender throughout, +and the terminal spike more or less pistillate, while the remaining spikes are +reduced to one or two which are very small and loosely flowered and usually +on very long filiform peduncles. E. Mass. (<i>Swan</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>C. Tuckermàni</b>, Dewey. Differs from the last chiefly in the comparatively +shorter (1–2´ long) spikes, which are much thicker (usually ½´ or +more); perigynium greatly inflated and very thin and papery, the body broader +than long (about 3´´ thick); scale thin and narrow, acute, all but the very +lowest less than half the length of the perigynium.—Swamps, W. New Eng. +to N. J., and west to Minn.; frequent.</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>C. bullàta</b>, Schkuhr. (Pl. 6, fig. 15–20.) Slender, 1–2° high; culm +very sharply and roughly angled, thin but stiff; leaves narrow, rough-edged, +stiff; spikes 1 or 2, remote, short and thick (rarely 1½´ long), sessile or the lower +short-peduncled, more or less spreading; perigynium turgid but very firm, +dull straw colored and shining as if varnished, prominently few-nerved, the long +beak usually minutely roughened; scale membranaceous and blunt, about {1/3} +as long as the perigynium.—Swamps from E. Mass, to N. J. and E. Penn., +and southward; frequent.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page595"></a><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">bullàta</span> × <span class="smcap">utriculàta</span>, Bailey. Perigynium considerably smaller and +more spreading, less shining; scales longer and sharper. (C. Olneyi, <i>Boott</i>.)—Providence, +R. I. (<i>Olney</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>C. retrórsa</b>, Schwein. Stout, 2–3° high; culm obtusely angled +and smooth or nearly so; leaves broad and soft, roughish, much longer than +the culm; spikes 3–5, approximate near the top of the culm or the lowest +remote, all but the lowest 1 or 2 sessile, 1–2´ long and very compactly +flowered, erect or spreading; perigynium very thin and papery, much inflated, +prominently nerved, strongly reflexed; scale very short and small.—Swamps, +from Penn. northward; common.—In var. <span class="smcap">Hárth</span>, Gray, a common monstrous +form, the spikes are more or less scattered and peduncled, loosely flowered, +and the perigynium less reflexed or spreading.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Scales all rough-awned.</i></p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>C. lùrida</b>, Wahl. Variable in size, mostly ranging from 1½–3° +high, stout; culm rather obtusely angled and smooth; leaves long and loose, +rough; spikes 2–4, variously disposed, the 1 or 2 upper sessile, nearly erect +or often drooping, very densely flowered; perigynium thin and turgid, often +somewhat shining, rather lightly about 10-nerved, very long and slenderly +beaked, ascending; staminate spike single, scales linear, half as long as the +perigynium or more. (C. tentaculata, <i>Muhl.</i>)—Swamps, N. Eng. to S. Ill., and +southward; abundant eastward. Very variable.—Var. <span class="smcap">grácilis</span>, Bailey. +Plant more slender; spikes 2–3, very small and narrowly cylindrical (1´ +long or less, and 3´´ broad or less). Mts. of Vt., Penn., and Tenn.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>fláccida</b>, Bailey. Lower, scarcely exceeding 12–15´ in height; +spikes 2–4, all sessile and approximate at the top of the culm, small and +straight (1´ long or less), dull brown or reddish-brown, loosely flowered and entirely +lacking the dense and comose appearance of the type; perigynium very +thin and much inflated, the body usually larger than in the type and more +gradually contracted into the beak.—N. Y. to N. J.; apparently scarce.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">lùrida</span> × <span class="smcap">lupulìna</span>, Bailey. Very like C. lurida, but the spikes usually +all approximate or only the lowest separated, erect or spreading, all sessile, +green or greenish, often curved; perigynium very long-beaked and ascending; +staminate spike one, sessile or very nearly so, strongly resembling that of C. +lupulina. (C. tentaculata, var. altior, <i>Boott</i>.)—Mass., Conn., and N. Y.; little +known. C. lupulina × retrorsa is distinguished from this by its yellow or +straw-colored more scattered spikes which are shorter and always straight, +and the loose, larger and more inflated perigynia.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 1.—[+] 4. <i>Pseudocypèræ.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Spikes all erect or ascending.</i></p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>C. Schweinítzìi</b>, Dewey. Soft but erect, 1–2° high, stoloniferous, +yellowish-green and becoming straw-colored in drying; culm flattish and +smooth; leaves broad (3–4´´), the radical longer than the culm, the others +mostly short; spikes 3–4, the lower one or two short-peduncled, narrowly +long-cylindrical (1½–3´ long, 4´´ broad); perigynium thin and somewhat inflated, +prominently few-nerved, the long beak short-toothed, ascending; scale +awned and commonly rough at the tip, a little shorter than the perigynium.—Swamps, +W. New Eng. to N. J., and west to Mich.; local.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page596"></a>[++][++] <i>Spikes widely spreading or drooping.</i></p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>C. hystricìna</b>, Muhl. Slender but erect, 1–2° high; culm very +sharply angled and rough, at least above; leaves rather narrow, roughish; +spikes 1–3, borne near the top of the culm, the upper one often sessile, the +remainder on more or less filiform stalks, short (rarely 1½´ long) and compactly +flowered; perigynium greenish, very strongly 15–20-nerved, the very +slender beak strongly toothed; scale linear and rough-awned, nearly or quite +as long as the perigynium.—Swales, throughout; frequent. Often confounded +with n. 16.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Dudlèyi</b>, Bailey. Taller; spikes larger and slimmer (1½–2½´ long), +light straw-colored, all secund and widely divaricate or nodding; perigynium +stronger toothed; scales usually more prominent.—Swales, Conn. (<i>Wright</i>), +Ithaca, N. Y. (<i>Dudley</i>), Wisc. (<i>Lapham</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">19. <b>C. Pseùdo-Cypèrus</b>, L. Tall and stout, 2–3° high; culm thick +and very sharply triangular, rough throughout; leaves very long, rough-margined; +spikes 3–5, all slenderly peduncled and more or less drooping, all +somewhat contiguous, long (mostly 2–3´) and narrowly cylindrical, very compactly +flowered; perigynium elliptic-lanceolate, more or less 2-edged, many-costate, +the beak shorter than the body, with erect short teeth, strongly reflexed; +scale very rough-awned, about the length of the perigynium.—Swamps and +lake-borders, N. Eng. to Penn., and Mich.; rare. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Americàna</b>, Hochst. Mostly stouter, the leaves broader (about ¼´); +spikes thicker and commonly more drooping; perigynium longer, the beak +mostly longer than the body and the teeth long and prominently spreading. +(C. comosa, <i>Boott</i>.)—Swamps; common.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 1.—[+] 5. <i>Squarròsæ.</i></p> + +<p class="species">20. <b>C. stenólepis</b>, Torr. Stout and very leafy, 1–2° high; culm obtusely +angled, very smooth; leaves about 3´´ broad, rough on the nerves, the +upper and the bracts very much longer than the culm; terminal spike often +pistillate at top; other spikes 3–5, the uppermost sessile on the zigzag rhachis, +short (1–1½´ or less) and evenly cylindrical, often staminate at top; perigynium +very abruptly contracted into a short but slender toothed beak, shorter +than the long-linear and rough scale.—Swamps and meadows, central Penn., +to N. Ohio, west and southward; frequent.</p> + +<p class="species">21. <b>C. squarròsa</b>, L. Cespitose, 2–3° high; culm sharply angled, more +or less rough above; leaves broad and weak, roughish, exceeding the culm; +bracts much less prominent than in the last; spikes 1–3, thick, the terminal +always two-thirds pistillate or more, the remainder more or less stalked, erect +or slightly nodding, globular or oblong-cylindric, brown, exceedingly densely +flowered; perigynium larger, the beak rough; scale short and usually invisible.—Bogs, +throughout; infrequent.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 2. <span class="smcap">Trachychlænæ</span>.—[+] 1. <i>Shortiànæ.</i></p> + +<p class="species">22. <b>C. Shortiàna</b>, Dewey. Tall and slender but strict, in small clumps, +2–3° high; leaves about ¼´ broad, flat, rough on the nerves; spikes 3–5, +somewhat approximate near the top of the culm, the lowest 2 or 3 short-peduncled, +erect, small (1´ long or less, and 2´´ wide), evenly cylindrical, exceedingly +densely flowered; perigynium small, circular or round-ovate, flat,<a name="page597"></a> +sharp-edged, nerveless, the orifice entire, perfectly squarrose; scale thin and +blunt, about the length of the perigynium.—Wet meadows, S. Penn. and Va. +to Ill.; rare eastward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 2.—[+] 2. <i>Anómalæ.</i></p> + +<p class="species">23. <b>C. scabràta</b>, Schwein. Tall and rather stout, very leafy, 1–3° high, +culm sharply and very roughly angled; leaves broad and flat, very rough; +spikes 3–5, scattered, the upper 1 or 2 sessile, the remainder often long-peduncled +and sometimes nodding, 1–2´ long, narrowly cylindrical and compactly +flowered; perigynium broadly ovate, prominently few-nerved, rough, +the beak nearly as long as the body and slightly toothed; scale acute and +rough-tipped, green-nerved, about as long as the body of the perigynium.—Wet +meadows and glades, as far west as Mich.; common eastward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 2.—[+] 3. <i>Hirtæ.</i></p> + +<p class="species">24. <b>C. vestìta</b>, Willd. Stout and stiff, 2–3° high; culm sharply angled, +smooth or somewhat rough; leaves narrow and rather short, roughish; +staminate spike 1, rarely 2, sessile or nearly so; pistillate spikes 2–5, +approximate and sessile, or rarely the lowest sub-radical, often staminate at +top, oblong or short-cylindric (rarely 1´ long), compactly flowered; perigynium +ovate, nerved, stiffly hairy, short-beaked, the beak often purple, and white-hyaline +at the orifice, which becomes more or less split with age; scale thin +and blunt or acute, shorter than the perigynium.—Tufted in sandy soils, from +N. Eng. to N. Y., and southward; frequent.</p> + +<p class="species">25. <b>C. striàta</b>, Michx., var. <b>brèvis</b>, Bailey. Stiff, 1½–2½° high; culm +sharply angled, smooth or slightly rough above, mostly exceeding the leaves; +leaves narrow and stiff, becoming involute; spikes 1–2, mostly closely sessile, +considerably separated when two, short (rarely 1½´ long) and rather thick, +erect; perigynium broad-ovate with impressed nerves, smooth, ascending, short-beaked +and very short-toothed; scale thin, obtuse or acutish, mostly about ½ as +long as the perigynium.—Pine-barren swamps, N. J., and southward; local.</p> + +<p class="species">26. <b>C. Houghtònii</b>, Torr. Stiff, 1–2° high, extensively creeping; +culm rather sharply angled, rough, exceeding the leaves; leaves flat and very +sharp-pointed; spikes 1–3, sessile or the lowest short-stalked, erect, varying +from nearly globular to cylindric (1½´ long), compact; perigynium short-ovate, +stiffly pubescent, prominently nerved and toothed; scale thin-margined, acute +or awned, shorter than the perigynium.—Sandy knolls and banks from Maine +to Minn. along our northern borders, and northwestward; rather local.</p> + +<p class="species">27. <b>C. filifórmis</b>, L. Tall and very slender but erect, 2–3° high; culm +obtuse, smooth; leaves very long, involute-filiform, rough; spikes 1–3, sessile, +somewhat scattered, erect, short and thick (rarely over 1´ long); perigynium +very short-ovate, the teeth very short, the few nerves obscured by the +dense stiff hairs; scale thin and blunt, about as long as the perigynium.—Bogs, +throughout, north of Penn.; frequent. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>latifòlia</b>, Boeckl. Culm mostly rough above; leaves flat, 1–2´´ +broad; spikes usually somewhat slimmer and scales often sharper and longer. +(C. lanuginosa, <i>Michx.</i>)—Swales and low meadows, throughout; common.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">hírta</span>, L. Variable in size (½–2° high), widely creeping; culm rather +slender but erect, obtuse and smooth or slightly rough above; leaves soft and<a name="page598"></a> +flat, generally sparsely hairy and the sheaths very hirsute, rarely smooth; +spikes 2–3, distant, more or less shortly-peduncled, erect or nearly so, 1½´ long +or less and rather loose; perigynium long-ovate, nerved, soft-hairy, the prominent +beak slenderly toothed; scale thin and green-nerved, awned, mostly a +little shorter.—E. Mass. to central N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 2.—[+] 4. <i>Paludòsæ.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Teeth slender, mostly spreading.</i></p> + +<p class="species">28. <b>C. trichocárpa</b>, Muhl. Stout and tall, 2–3° high; culm sharply +angled, rough above; leaves very numerous, flat and very rough, but not +hairy, much exceeding the culm; spikes 2–5, scattered, the lower stalked +and more or less spreading, long and heavy (1–4´) but loosely flowered at +base; perigynium long-ovate, many-costate, sparsely short-hairy, about twice +as long as the membranaceous, acute or acuminate scale.—Marshes; frequent.—Var. +<span class="smcap">imbérbis</span>, Gray. Mostly smaller throughout; perigynium smooth; +scales usually sharper and longer. Drier places, N. Y. to Mo.; infrequent.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Dewèyi</b>, Bailey. Leaves narrower, often becoming somewhat involute, +smoother; spikes short (seldom over 1½´ long), all but the lowest one +sessile; perigynium smooth, thick in texture, becoming polished with age, the +nerves impressed; scales sharp, mostly a little shorter than the perigynium.—Dakota +(<i>Seymour</i>), and northwestward. Resembles small forms of n. 29.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>aristàta</b>, Bailey. Mostly stouter; leaves more or less hairy on the +under surface and sheaths; perigynium usually longer, smooth, the teeth longer +and more spreading. (C. aristata, <i>R. Br.</i>)—N. Eng. to Minn.; rare eastward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Teeth short, erect or very nearly so.</i></p> + +<p class="species">29. <b>C. ripària</b>, W. Curtis. Very large and stout, 2–4° high, stoloniferous; +leaves mostly broad, flat, rough, glaucous, much longer than the sharply +angled culm; spikes 2–4, scattered and all more or less peduncled, the lowest +often very long-stalked, varying from almost globular in starved plants to 3–4´ +long, erect or the lower somewhat drooping, loosely flowered below; perigynium +ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, rather lightly many-nerved, becoming polished, +the beak short and thick; scale varying from blunt to awned, shorter or +longer than the perigynium.—Swales; common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">acutifórmis</span>, Ehrh. Stout, 2–3° high; culm thick and sharp, mostly +smooth; leaves broad, flat and glaucous, much prolonged; spikes 3–5, all but +the uppermost peduncled, spreading or drooping, narrowly cylindric (2–3´ +long), loosely flowered below; perigynium ovate, very strongly many-nerved, +the short beak slightly toothed; scale rough-awned and longer than the perigynium. +(C. paludosa, <i>Gooden</i>.)—Swales, Dorchester, and New Bedford, +Mass. (Nat. from Eu.) The former station has been recently destroyed.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 3. <span class="smcap">Microrhynchæ.</span>—[+] 1. <i>Atràtæ.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Alpine; plant small.</i></p> + +<p class="species">30. <b>C. alpìna</b>, Swartz. Small and slender, ½–2° high; culm thin and +obtuse, smooth or roughish, naked above; leaves narrow and flat, shorter than +the culm; spikes commonly 3, sometimes 2 or 4, aggregated, globular and +very small, all closely sessile or rarely the lowest exceedingly short-stalked; +perigynium orbicular or obovate, nerveless or nearly so, the short beak slightly +notched, a little longer than the ovate and black mostly obtuse scale.—Isle +Royale, L. Superior. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page599"></a>31. <b>C. atràta</b>, L., var. <b>ovàta</b>, Boott. Very slender but erect, 1–2° high; +culm rather sharp, roughish above; leaves narrow but flat, shorter than the +culm; spikes 3–5, all but the terminal one on slender stalks ½–2´ long, drooping +when mature, 1´ long or less, ovate-oblong or short-cylindric, reddish-brown; +perigynium broadly ovate, thin and puncticulate, very short-beaked, +the orifice slightly notched; scale blunt, thin-margined, about as long as the +perigynium. (C. atrata, <i>Man.</i>)—White Mountains, N. H., Smugglers' Notch, +Vt. (<i>Brainerd</i>), and northward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Paludose; plant larger.</i></p> + +<p class="species">32. <b>C. fúsca</b>, All. Rather slender but stiff, 1–3° high; culm sharp, +roughish above; leaves very narrow, rough, mostly shorter than the culm; +spikes 2–4, the terminal rarely all staminate, all sessile and approximate or +the lowest sometimes very short-stalked, varying from globular to narrowly +cylindric (often becoming 1½´ long), dark brown or variegated; perigynium +elliptic and beakless, whitish and granular, nearly nerveless, the orifice entire; +staminate scales very long-lanceolate, the pistillate lance-ovate and very sharp, +conspicuously longer than the perigynium. (C. Buxbaumii, <i>Wahl.</i>)—Bogs, +throughout; frequent. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 3.—[+] 2. <i>Rígidæ.</i></p> + +<p class="species">33. <b>C. vulgàris</b>, Fries. Low and stiff, about 1° or sometimes 18´ high; +culm sharp, smooth or rather rough above; leaves narrow and stiff, shorter +than the culm, glaucous blue; staminate spike sessile or nearly so; spikes 2–4, +all sessile or rarely the lowest very short-stalked, short and erect (1´ long or +less), very densely flowered or sometimes becoming loose below, the lowest +subtended by a bract 1–3´ long; perigynium appressed, oval or round-ovate, +mostly finely striate toward the base, the beak entire or very nearly so, bright +green until over-mature; scale ovate and very obtuse, purple with a faint white +nerve, conspicuously narrower and shorter than the perigynium, thus causing +the spike in the growing plant to assume a characteristic green-and-black +appearance.—Swales and low meadows along the sea-board, from Mass. northward; +common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>strictifórmis</b>, Bailey. Taller (1½–2½° high) and looser; culms slender; +leaves long and narrow, lax, scarcely glaucous; staminate spike longer +peduncled; pistillate spikes looser and often longer, mostly brown or tawny-green. +(C. limula, <i>Man.</i>)—Swales from E. Penn. northward, near the seaboard; +frequent. Often confounded with n. 34, but easily distinguished by the +non-cespitose habit, sheaths not fibrillose, and the short scales very obtuse.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>hyperbòrea</b>, Boott. Somewhat stoloniferous, low, often smaller +than the type; spikes shorter and mostly loosely flowered, often becoming +very thin; scales generally longer, giving the spikes a darker color; stigmas +often 3. (C. rigida, var. (?) Bigelovii, <i>Tuckerm.</i>)—Alpine summits of N. H., +Vt., and N. Y. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 3.—[+] 3. <i>Acùtæ.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Stigmas 2; scales not conspicuously acute, or if so, divaricate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Spikes erect, or rarely spreading in n. 34.</i></p> + +<p class="species">34. <b>C. strícta</b>, Lam. Tall and slender but erect, 2–4° high, generally +in dense clumps when old, or rarely in small tufts; culm sharp, rough above;<a name="page600"></a> +leaves long and narrow, rough on the edges, the lowest sheaths usually becoming +prominently fibrillose; 1 or 2 lowest bracts leafy and equalling the culm; +spikes 3–5, variable in size and shape, scattered, the lowest usually more or +less peduncled and clavate and the others sessile, erect or spreading, oblong or +cylindric (½–2´ long and 2–3´´ broad), all compactly flowered above but often +attenuate at base (or rarely alternate-flowered throughout), the upper mostly +staminate at top, all greenish-purple or pallid; perigynium ovate and small, +tawny, mostly lightly few-nerved and somewhat granular, the beak very short +and commonly entire; scale obtuse to nearly acute, about equalling the perigynium +or a little shorter.—Swales, throughout; abundant and variable.</p> + +<p>Var. <b>angustàta</b>. Stricter; spikes longer and narrower (3–4´ long +about 1½´´ broad), never clavate, more approximate and always erect, the staminate +portion usually much longer (often 1–2´), rust-colored; scales narrower +and sharper, mostly longer than the perigynium. (C. angustata, <i>Boott</i>, in part.)—Same +range as the type, but less common.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>decòra</b>, Bailey. Usually smaller; basal sheaths rarely fibrillose; +spikes shorter (seldom over 1´ long), sessile or very nearly so, rarely attenuate +at base, spreading, the terminal staminate flowers few, rust-colored; bracts +more spreading; scales very sharp and spreading, longer than the perigynium. +(C. aperta, <i>Man.</i>)—N. Eng. to Wisc.; rather rare.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">strícta × filifórmis.</span> Leaves and culms very slender; spikes short +(1´ long or less), sessile and compact, the upper 1 or 2 scarcely bracted, pallid; +perigynium small, smooth.—Keweenaw Co., Mich. (<i>Farwell</i>.) Exactly intermediate +between the two species.</p> + +<p class="species">35. <b>C. aquátilis</b>, Wahl. Large and stout, glaucous, 2–4° high; culm +very obtuse and smooth; leaves exceedingly long, broader than in the last, the +bracts broad and prolonged far beyond the culm; spikes 3–5, 1–2´ long, very +compact or the lowest sometimes attenuate below, erect, thick (3´´ broad or less); +perigynium round-ovate or broadly elliptic, nerveless, greenish, imbricated; +scale obtuse and much shorter and narrower than the perigynium.—Swamps +and lake-margins, N. Eng. to Minn.; not common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">36. <b>C. lenticulàris</b>, Michx. Rather slender but erect, pale throughout, +1–2° high; culm sharp, usually slightly rough above; leaves very narrow, +numerous, much surpassing the culm; spikes 3–6, more or less aggregated or +the lowest remote, the terminal androgynous or staminate, mostly sessile, erect; +perigynium ovate, minutely granular, brown-nerved, the tip empty and entire; +scale pale and obtuse, about ½ the length of the perigynium.—Gravelly borders +of ponds and lakes, northern N. Eng. to Minn.; mostly local.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Spikes widely spreading or drooping.</i></p> + +<p class="species">37. <b>C. tórta</b>, Boott. Slender but erect, 1½–2½° high, in clumps, with exceedingly +tough and cord-like roots; culm rather sharp, smooth or roughish +above; leaves flat and rather soft, those of the culm very short; spikes 3–5, +mostly somewhat approximate or the lower remote, the upper sessile and ascending +but the others drooping, long and slender (often 3´ long, 2´´ broad or less); +perigynium lance-ovate, thin and green, nerveless, the slim upper half empty +and more or less tortuous, the beak entire or erose; scale purple-margined and +very obtuse, shorter than the perigynium.—Cold banks and swamps, Vt. to +N. C.; infrequent.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page601"></a>[++][++] <i>Stigmas 2; scales long-acute and ascending.</i></p> + +<p class="species">38. <b>C. salìna</b>, Wahl., var. <b>cuspidàta</b>, Wahl. Rather stout, 1–2½° +high; culm rather sharp, smooth; leaves narrow but flat; spikes 2–4, somewhat +approximate, the lowest 1 or 2 very short-stalked, erect, short (1½´ or less) +and rather thick, the lower subtended by leaf-like bracts 3–4´ long; perigynium +elliptic, somewhat granular, marked with 2 or 3 nerves or nerveless, the +minute beak entire; scale brown-margined, produced into a lighter and rough +awn much exceeding the perigynium. (C. salina, <i>Man.</i>)—Salt marshes, Mass., +and along the coast northward; rare in the United States. (Eu.) Anomalous +forms, which appear to be hybrids, have been separated as</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">strícta × salìna</span>, Bailey. Spikes thinner and more scattered, more +inclined to be peduncled; scales blunt or short-awned, little exceeding the +perigynium.—Near Boston, Mass., <i>W. Boott, Morong</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++][++] <i>Stigmas 3.</i></p> + +<p class="species">39. <b>C. prasìna</b>, Wahl. Slender, somewhat flexuose, 1½–2½° high; culm +rather sharp, smooth; leaves very narrow, soft and flat, rough; spikes 2–3, +peduncled and spreading or drooping, somewhat approximate, green, 1–2´ +long, narrow and loosely flowered; perigynium pale, narrowly triangular-ovate, +thin, nearly nerveless, produced into a short but slender entire or minutely +toothed beak; scale very thin and acute, nearly colorless, shorter than the +perigynium. (C. miliacea, <i>Muhl.</i>)—Meadows and bogs, Vt. to Mich., and +southward; infrequent.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 3.—[+] 4. <i>Cryptocárpæ.</i></p> + +<p class="species">40. <b>C. marítima</b>, O. F. Mueller. Mostly stout, 1–2½° high; culm sharp, +smooth or rough above; spikes 2–6, scattered, all or all but the upper one +on very long weak stalks and pendulous, 1–3´ long and thick and bushy, +usually staminate at top; perigynium nearly orbicular, pale, few-nerved or +nerveless, the beak very short and entire or nearly so; scale produced into a +greenish rough awn 3–8 times as long as the perigynium.—Salt marshes of +the coast, Mass., Maine, and northward; not common. Leaves smooth, broad +and flat. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">41. <b>C. crinìta</b>, Lam. Robust and mostly stout, 2–4° high; culm sharp +and rough or sometimes smooth; leaves about 3´´ broad, flat, more or less +rough on the nerves and margins; spikes 3–6, somewhat scattered, all variously +peduncled, mostly secund, curved and drooping (or in small forms rarely nearly +erect), 1–4´ long, narrowly and evenly cylindric, compact or attenuate below, +often staminate at top; perigynium ovate, thin and puncticulate, obscurely +nerved, the minute point entire; scale greenish-brown and rough-awned, 2–3 +times as long as the perigynium. (C. gynandra, <i>Schwein.</i>)—Swales; +common.—Var. <span class="smcap">mìnor</span>, Boott. Much smaller in all its parts, 10–18´ high; leaves +narrow; spikes 3–4, 1½´ long or less, less drooping; scales less prominent.—Maine +to N. Y.; scarce. Somewhat resembles n. 39.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">crinìta × tórta</span>, Bailey. More slender than C. crinita, the leaves narrower; +spikes nearly as slender as those of C. torta; scales blunt or simply +acute and little longer than the perigynium, or sometimes very short-awned.—Moist +meadows near the Glen House, White Mts. (<i>Brainerd</i>). Might be +mistaken for drooping spiked forms of n. 34.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page602"></a>[*] 3.—[+] 5. <i>Pendulìnæ.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Spikes narrowly cylindrical.</i></p> + +<p class="species">42. <b>C. littoràlis</b>, Schwein. Somewhat slender but erect, 1–2° high; +leaves narrow and rather stiff, flat, glaucous, shorter than the sharp and nearly +smooth culm; staminate spikes 1–3, dark purple, 1½´ long or less, the scales +obtuse; pistillate spikes 2–4, somewhat approximate, on thread-like peduncles, +1–2´ long, usually staminate at top; perigynium lance-oval, faintly +nerved, the minute beak entire, mostly longer than the obtuse purple scale; +bracts prominently purple-auricled. (C. Barrattii, <i>Schwein.</i> & <i>Torr.</i>)—Marshes +near the coast, N. J. and southward; rare.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Spikes globular or oblong.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Scales very sharp, prominently longer than the perigynium.</i></p> + +<p class="species">43. <b>C. Magellánica</b>, Lam. Slender but erect, 8–18´ high; leaves flat +and lax, somewhat shorter than the culm; lowest bract as wide as the leaves +or nearly so and exceeding the culm; spikes 2–3, approximate, all slenderly +stalked and drooping; perigynium orbicular or broad-ovate, nerved in the +centre, ½–{2/3} the length of the scale. (C. irrigua, <i>Smith</i>.)—Deep swamps, +throughout, north of Penn.; local. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Scales blunt, little exceeding the perigynium.</i></p> + +<p class="species">44. <b>C. rariflòra</b>, Smith. Very small but stiff, 4–10´ high, somewhat +stoloniferous; culm obtuse and very smooth; leaves very narrow, becoming +involute, shorter than the culm; spikes 1–2, only 3–10-flowered, drooping, +borne in the axil of a minute awl-like and purple-auricled bract; perigynium +ovate, nearly pointless, obscurely nerved, mostly a little shorter than the enveloping +scale.—Mt. Katahdin, Maine (<i>Goodale</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">45. <b>C. limòsa</b>, L. Slender but rather stiff, 1–2° high, stoloniferous; +culm sharp, rough above; leaves very narrow, strongly keeled or involute; +spikes 1–2, nodding on short stalks or the upper one erect, oblong, springing +from the axil of a very narrow bract which is nearly always shorter than the +culm; perigynium very short-pointed, about the length of the broad scale.—Deep +swamps, throughout, north of Penn.; local. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 4. <span class="smcap">Hymenochlæ̀næ.</span>—[+] 1. <i>Virescéntes.</i></p> + +<p class="species">46. <b>C. viréscens</b>, Muhl. Slender, erect or spreading, 1–1½° high; +leaves very narrow, more or less hairy; spikes 3–5, green, short-oblong, all +somewhat stalked and often spreading, compact (1½´´ thick or less); perigynium +ovate and costate, very hairy, longer than the thin and white acute scale.—Var. +<span class="smcap">costàta</span>, Dewey, usually the commoner form, is taller (often reaching +2½°), with spikes long-cylindric, ½–2´ long, and a stronger ribbed perigynium.—Banks +and copses, N. Eng. to Mich., and southward; common eastward.</p> + +<p class="species">47. <b>C. trìceps</b>, Michx., var. <b>hirsùta</b>, Bailey. Usually stiffer; leaves +hairy; spikes 2–4 (usually 3), all contiguous or occasionally the lowest somewhat +removed, sessile, short-oblong or globular, green or brown (2–3´´ thick); +perigynium broad-ovate, flattish, very obtuse, often sparsely hirsute when +young but smooth at maturity; staminate scales very sharp; pistillate scales +acute or short-awned, about the length of or shorter than the perigynium.—Dry +copses and fields, N. Eng. to Mo., and southward; rare northward.—Var.<a name="page603"></a> +<span class="smcap">Smíthii</span>, Porter. Tall, slender, olive-green, the leaves very long, very nearly +smooth; spikes small, globular or short-cylindrical (½´ long or less), the lowest +often somewhat remote, all more inclined to be peduncled; perigynium globular +and turgid, brown, squarrose, giving the spike a characteristic plump appearance.—Fields +and woodlands, southern N. J., E. Penn., and southward; +also in Ark.; frequent.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 4.—[+] 2. <i>Sylváticæ.</i></p> + +<p class="species">48. <b>C. longiróstris</b>, Torr. Very slender but erect, 1½–3° high, growing +in stools; leaves narrow, flat, loose; spikes 3–5, 1–2´ long, loosely flowered, +drooping; perigynium thin, slightly inflated, green, nearly nerveless, spreading, +the beak longer than the body, about the length of the awned scale.—Shady +banks from N. Eng. to Neb., and northward; frequent.—Var. <span class="smcap">mìnor</span>, +Boott. Smaller and slenderer; spikes 9´´ long or less, very narrow and very +loosely or even alternately few-flowered; perigynium smaller. Neb. and +westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 4.—[+] 3. <i>Fléxiles.</i></p> + +<p class="species">49. <b>C. castànea</b>, Wahl. Slender but erect, 1–2½° high; leaves broad +and flat, hairy, much shorter than the rough culm; spikes 2–4, approximate, +widely spreading or drooping on filiform stalks, 1´ long or less, rather dense, +tawny; perigynium broad lanceolate, gradually narrowed into a beak ½ as long +as the body, thin, with a nerve on each side, longer than the light brown or +whitish acute thin scale. (C. flexilis, <i>Rudge</i>.)—Banks, Conn. to Minn.; local.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">arctàta × castànea</span>, Bailey. Leaves mostly narrower, less hairy or +smooth; spikes very slender and loosely flowered (scarcely over 1´´ wide), erect +or drooping, chestnut color; perigynium thin, long-ovate, shorter-beaked, +lightly nerved, mostly surpassing the pointed whitish scale. (C. Knieskernii, +<i>Dewey</i>.)—Oneida Co., N. Y.; Keweenaw Co., Mich. (<i>Farwell</i>); N. Minn.</p> + +<p class="species">50. <b>C. capillàris</b>, L. Very slender but erect, 2–12´ high; culm smooth, +longer than the narrow flat or at length involute leaves; spikes 2–4, either +scattered or approximate, all more or less long-peduncled and drooping, borne +in the axils of conspicuous sheathing bracts, very small (3–12-flowered); perigynium +thin, very small, oblong-ovoid, the beak hyaline-lipped, longer than +the very obtuse white scale.—Alpine summits of the White Mts.; Cortland, +N. Y., Alcona Co., Mich., and Point de Tour, L. Huron. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 4.—[+] 4. <i>Débiles.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Perigynium thin, rarely with more than two prominent nerves.</i></p> + +<p class="species">51. <b>C. arctàta</b>, Boott. Slender, erect, 1–2° high; radical leaves much +shorter than the culm and very broad (2½–5´´), flat; bracts broad and short, +long-sheathing; spikes 3–5, all widely spreading or drooping on filiform stalks, +1–3´ long and exceedingly slender; perigynium short (2´´ long or less), abruptly +and conspicuously stipitate and abruptly contracted into a beak, 3-cornered, +prominently nerved, green, mostly spreading, scarcely longer than the +very sharp or cuspidate scale.—Woods and copses, N. Eng. to Penn. and Minn.; +common.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Faxòni</b>, Bailey. Spikes shorter and usually short-peduncled, erect +or nearly so, much more densely flowered, part of them commonly contiguous +at the top of the culm, rendering the shorter staminate spike inconspicuous;<a name="page604"></a> +perigynium usually larger.—Lisbon, N. H. (<i>Faxon</i>); Keweenaw Co., Mich. +(<i>Farwell</i>); extreme northern Minn. (<i>Bailey</i>); also in Canada.</p> + +<p class="species">52. <b>C. débilis</b>, Michx., var. <b>Rúdgei</b>, Bailey. Very slender and diffuse, +1–2½° high (or rarely reduced to 3–4´!); leaves narrow and lax, longer than +the culm; spikes mostly heavier than in the last; perigynium much longer, +very gradually narrowed at each end, scarcely angled and not prominently +nerved, rusty when ripe, erect, twice longer than the obtuse or acutish scale. +(C. debilis, of last ed.)—Copses, N. Eng. to N. Mich., and southward; frequent +east and southward.—Var <span class="smcap">stríctior</span>, Bailey. Usually taller, strict; +leaves broader (about 2´´ wide) and firmer; spikes stiffer, simply spreading +or even erect; perigynium mostly shorter and greener, often little exceeding +the scale. White Mts. (<i>Faxon</i>).—Var <span class="smcap">pùbera</span>, Gray. Perigynium usually +more slender, more nerved and minutely pubescent. Center and Lancaster +Counties, Penn. (<i>Porter, Lumsden</i>), and Bedford Co., Va. (<i>Curtiss</i>).</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">débilis × viréscens</span>, Bailey. Plant slender and very green; leaves +flat, rough, mostly longer than the culm, spikes 2–3, 2´ long, thin and slender, +erect or nearly so, the terminal one bearing a few pistillate flowers at top; +perigynium exactly intermediate between the two species, lance-ovate, nerved +and slightly hairy, short-beaked, thin, twice longer than the scale.—Revere, +near Boston, Mass. (<i>Faxon</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Perigynium firm, prominently many-nerved.</i></p> + +<p class="species">53. <b>C. venústa</b>, Dewey, var. <b>mìnor</b>, Boeckl. Slender but strict, 1½–2° +high; leaves narrow and strict, about as long as the culm; spikes 1–2´ +long, scattered, the upper usually ascending, the terminal one sometimes +staminate at top; perigynium ascending, the very short and stout beak prominently +toothed, thrice longer than the rusty narrow scale. (C. glabra, <i>Boott</i>.)—Sphagnous +swamps, Oneida Co., N. Y., N. J., and southward; local.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 4.—[+] 5. <i>Gracíllimæ.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Perigynium small, scarcely turgid.</i></p> + +<p class="species">54. <b>C. æstivàlis</b>, M. A. Curtis. Slender but erect, 1–1½° high; leaves +very narrow, flat, shorter than the culm, the sheaths pubescent; spikes 3–4, +erect or spreading, 1–2´ long and very loosely flowered, all but the lowest +short-stalked; perigynium very small, ovate, scarcely pointed and the orifice +entire, few-nerved, about twice longer than the obtuse scale.—Saddle Mountain, +W. Mass., and southward in the mountains to N. C.; rare.</p> + +<p class="species">55. <b>C. gracíllima</b>, Schwein. Tall and slender, sometimes diffuse, 1½–3° +high; leaves broad and flat (the radical about 3´´ wide), very dark and +bright green; spikes 3–4, scattered, the terminal rarely staminate, densely +flowered except at base, peduncled and drooping, green; perigynium ovate, +thin and slightly swollen, nerved, obtuse, orifice entire, twice longer than the +very obtuse scale.—Woodlands and low meadows, throughout; common.—In +poorer soil and sunny places, it runs into var. <span class="smcap">hùmilis</span>, Bailey, and is then +smaller, has much narrower leaves and very small erect spikes (2–12-flowered), +and mostly smaller perigynia.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">gracíllima × hirsùta</span>, Bailey. In habit like var. humilis; spikes +tawny; perigynium like that of C. triceps, var. hirsuta; plant smooth, or very +minutely pubescent under a strong lens.—Philipstown, N. Y. (<i>Barratt</i>).</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page605"></a><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">gracíllima × pubéscens</span>, Bailey. Tall and erect; leaves narrower +than in the last, usually slightly hairy; spikes slender, erect or slightly spreading, +often staminate at top; perigynium exactly intermediate between the two +species, ovate, obscurely nerved, sparsely hairy, beaked, about the length +of the ovate ciliate rough-awned scale. (C. Sullivantii, <i>Boott</i>.)—Columbus, +Ohio (<i>Sullivant</i>); Yonkers, N. Y. (<i>E. C. Howe</i>); Stanton, Del. (<i>Commons</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Perigynium large, prominently inflated</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">56. <b>C. formòsa</b>, Dewey. Slender, erect, 1–2½° high; leaves flat, mostly +rather broad, those of the culm very short; spikes 3–5, scattered, oblong or +short-cylindrical (1´ long or less), compact, all flexuose or drooping; perigynium +ovate, puncticulate, obscurely nerved, short-beaked with a slightly notched +orifice, all but the lowest one or two twice longer than the blunt or cuspidate +scale.—Woods and copses, Vt. to Mich.; local.</p> + +<p class="species">57. <b>C. Davísii</b>, Schwein. & Torr. Always taller; spikes heavier; perigynium +more inflated, strongly nerved and prominently toothed, no longer or +shorter than the conspicuously awned and spreading scale.—Wet meadows, +W. Mass. to S. Minn., and southward; rare east and northward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 4.—[+] 6. <i>Gríseæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">58. <b>C. grísea</b>, Wahl. Stout, 1–2° high; leaves broad (2–3´´) and slightly +glaucous; bracts broad and leaf-like, diverging, very much exceeding the culm; +staminate spike small and sessile; pistillate spikes 3–4, short (1´ long or less), +the highest two usually contiguous to the staminate spike and sessile, the others +somewhat remote and peduncled, all erect, compact; perigynium oblong, pointless, +marked with impressed nerves, turgid and cylindric, all but the lowest +longer than the narrow, cuspidate or blunt, nerved scale.—Moist grounds, +throughout, except along our northern borders; common.—Var. <span class="smcap">angustifòlia</span>, +Boott. Much more slender; leaves scarcely half so wide, the bracts, +especially, much narrower and shorter and more erect; spikes slender, perigynium +scarcely inflated, triangular-oblong, bearing a sharp beak-like point, +2-ranked; scale nerveless, long-awned and spreading. N. J. to S. Ohio, and +southward; common.—Var. <span class="smcap">globòsa</span>, Bailey. Low, 3–12´ high, often spreading; +spikes few-flowered, often with but 2 or 3 perigynia; perigynium short, +inflated, very blunt, nearly globose or obovate; scale short, not prominently +cuspidate or the upper ones wholly blunt. Mo., Kan., and southward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. (?) <b>rígida</b>, Bailey. Rigid; leaves rather narrow, long and erect; +staminate spike prominently peduncled; pistillate spikes scattered, all more +or less stalked, conspicuously 2 ranked; perigynium triangular-oblong, hard, +longer than the cuspidate ascending scale.—Sellersville, Penn., and Del.</p> + +<p class="species">59. <b>C. glaucodèa</b>, Tuckerm. Lax or somewhat strict (6–18´ high), +densely glaucous; leaves flat, variable in width; spikes as in n. 58; perigynium +firm, not inflated, prominently impressed-nerved, glaucous, longer than +the short-cuspidate or blunt thin and appressed scale. (C. flaccosperma, last +ed.)—Meadows and swamps, Mass. to S. Ill., and southward; local.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 5. <span class="smcap">Spirostàchyæ</span>.—[+] 1. <i>Granulàres</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">60. <b>C. granulàris</b>, Muhl. Erect or spreading, 8´–2° high, somewhat +glaucous; leaves flat, various; bracts broad and long, much exceeding the +culm; spikes 3–4, scattered, all but the upper peduncled, erect or ascending,<a name="page606"></a> +compact, short-oblong to cylindric, never exceeding 1´ in length; staminate +spike small and usually sessile; perigynium ovoid, very strongly nerved, the +nearly entire short beak usually bent; scale thin and pointed, about ½ the +length of the perigynium.—Moist grassy places; common.—Var. <span class="smcap">haleàna</span>, +Porter. Habitually lower and more slender; radical leaves very broad (3–4´´) +and more glaucous; pistillate spikes ½´ long or less, thinner; perigynium a +half smaller, narrower. Wisc. to Va.; infrequent.</p> + +<p class="species">61. <b>C. Cràwei</b>, Dewey. Low, strict, stoloniferous (4–12´ high); leaves +narrow; bracts scarcely exceeding the culm; spikes 2–4, scattered, the lowest +radical or nearly so, short-peduncled or the upper sessile, erect, compact, 9´´ +long or less; staminate spike generally peduncled; perigynium ovate, usually +resinous dotted, obscurely or few-nerved, very short-pointed, longer than the +obtuse or short-pointed scale.—Moist places, N. Y. to Ill. and Minn.; local, +especially eastward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 5.—[+] 2. <i>Exténsæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">exténsa</span>, Gooden. Slender but strict, 1–2° high; leaves involute; +spikes about 3, the lowest remote and short-peduncled, the remainder approximate +and sessile, short (about ½´ long) and compact; perigynium ovate, very +strongly nerved, ascending, the short stout beak sharply toothed, longer than +the blunt brown-edged scale.—Long Island and Coney Island, N. Y.; Norfolk, +Va., <i>McMinn.</i> (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">62. <b>C. flàva</b>, L. Very slender but strict and stiff, 1–2° high, yellowish +throughout; leaves flat but narrow, mostly shorter than the culm; staminate +spike sessile or nearly so, usually oblique; pistillate spikes 2–4, all contiguous +or rarely the lowest one remote, all but the lowest sessile, short-oblong or +globular, densely flowered, the lowest subtended by a long divaricate bract; +perigynium ovate, produced into a deflexed beak as long as the body, strongly +nerved, thrice longer than the blunt scale.—Swales and wet meadows, N. Eng. +to L. Superior; rare westward. (Eu.)—Var. <span class="smcap">gráminis</span>, Bailey. Smaller and +green, 6–12´ high; leaves mostly longer than the culm; bracts erect; perigynium +straight or nearly so, the beak often rough. Grassy places, probably +common and generally distributed.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>virídula</b>, Bailey. Small and slender, very strict, green or greenish-white; +leaves narrow, equalling or exceeding the culm; bracts long and +strictly erect, spikes very small or sometimes becoming cylindric, more closely +aggregated; perigynium conspicuously smaller, the beak very short and +straight. (C. Œderi, last ed.)—Cold bogs, N. Eng. to Penn., and northwestward; +local.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 5.—[+] 3. <i>Pallescéntes</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Perigynium wholly beakless.</i></p> + +<p class="species">63. <b>C. palléscens</b>, L. Slender, erect, 4´–2° high, tufted; leaves narrow, +flat, the lower slightly pubescent, particularly on the sheaths; spikes 2–4, +½´ long or less, densely flowered, all but the upper one very shortly peduncled, +erect or spreading; perigynium globular-oblong, thin and very nearly +nerveless, about the length of the cuspidate scale.—Glades and meadows, +N. Eng. to Penn., Wisc. and L. Superior; rare westward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Perigynium very stout-beaked.</i></p> + +<p class="species">64. <b>C. Torrèyi</b>, Tuckerm. Stiff, 1–1½° high; culm and leaves thinly +pubescent; spikes all sessile, very short; perigynium obovate, very strongly<a name="page607"></a> +many-nerved, retuse, the beak short and straight, equalling or exceeding the +mostly cuspidate scale.—Supposed to have been collected, a half-century ago, +in N. Y. by Torrey, and in Penn. by Schweinitz. It occurs in the Rocky +Mountain region, and high northward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 6. <span class="smcap">Dactylostàchyæ</span>.—[+] 1. <i>Oligocárpæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Sheaths smooth.</i></p> + +<p class="species">65. <b>C. conoídea</b>, Schkuhr. Slender but strict, 1–1½° high; staminate +spike long-peduncled or rarely nearly sessile; spikes 2–3, scattered, short-stalked +or the upper one sessile (the lowest frequently very long-stalked), oblong +(rarely 1´ long) and rather loosely flowered, erect; perigynium oblong-conical, +impressed-nerved, gradually narrowed to a point, the orifice entire; +scale loosely spreading and rough-awned, equalling or exceeding the perigynium.—Moist +grassy places, N. Eng. to Ill., and southward; rare westward.</p> + +<p class="species">66. <b>C. oligocárpa</b>, Schkuhr. Diffuse, 10–18´ high; bracts flat and +spreading; staminate spike sessile or stalked; spikes 2–4, scattered, stalked +or the uppermost sessile, loosely 2–8-flowered, erect; perigynium small, hard, +finely impressed-nerved, abruptly contracted into a conspicuous mostly oblique +beak, the orifice entire; scale very loosely spreading and rough-awned, longer +than the perigynium.—Dry woods and copses, W. New Eng. to Mo., and +southward; rare westward. Often confounded with small forms of n. 58.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Sheaths pubescent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">67. <b>C. Hitchcockiàna</b>, Dewey. Erect, 1½–2° high; spikes 2–4, all +more or less peduncled, very loosely few-flowered, erect; perigynium triangular-ovate, +many-striate, the strong beak prominently oblique, shorter than +the rough-awned scale.—Rich woods, W. New Eng. to Ill., and southward to +Penn. and Ky.; frequent.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 6.—[+] 2. <i>Laxiflòræ</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Sheaths green.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Perigynium mostly obscurely triangular, the beak very prominent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">68. <b>C. laxiflòra</b>, Lam. Slender but mostly erect, 1–2° high; leaves +rarely over 2´´ wide, rather soft; staminate spike peduncled or at least conspicuous; +pistillate spikes 2–4, scattered, peduncled or the upper one sessile, +loosely flowered, cylindric or sometimes reduced to short-oblong, erect or the +lower loosely spreading; perigynium obovate, conspicuously nerved, the short +entire beak much bent or recurved; scale thin and white, blunt or cuspidate, +mostly shorter than the perigynium.—Grassy places, throughout; common. +Exceedingly variable.—Var. <span class="smcap">vàrians</span>, Bailey. Mostly stouter than the type, +the leaves broader; pistillate spikes ½–1´ long, the two upper more or less +contiguous to the staminate spike and sessile or nearly so; bracts leafy and +prolonged.—Copses and grassy places, throughout; common. Counterfeits +var. patulifolia.—Var. <span class="smcap">striátula</span>, Carey. Diffuse; pistillate spikes rarely +over ½´ long, the upper sessile and aggregated about the inconspicuous staminate +spike, the lowest usually long-exserted. Grassy places, throughout; very +common.—Var. <span class="smcap">latifòlia</span>, Boott. Rather low; leaves ½´ broad or more; +staminate spike sessile or very nearly so; pistillate spikes cylindric and loose, +the upper one or two contiguous; bracts very broad. Deep rich woods, E. +Mass. (<i>Deane</i>) to Penn. and Mich.; common westward.—Var. <span class="smcap">patulifòlia</span>,<a name="page608"></a> +Carey. Glaucous; leaves 3´´ broad or more; staminate spike prominent, mostly +stalked; pistillate spikes long and alternately flowered, scattered and peduncled; +perigynium (as in the following varieties) elliptic, attenuate at both ends, +mostly less prominently nerved, and the beak not strongly recurved. Open +places, N. Eng. to Mich., and southward; frequent.—Var. <span class="smcap">divaricàta</span>, +Bailey. Tall and stout; leaves narrower; staminate spike large and stalked; +pistillate spikes scattered, all but the upper one prominently peduncled, long; +perigynium very large, divaricate, triangular, contracted into a stipe-like base +at least half as long as the body. Near Washington, <i>Vasey</i>.—Var. <span class="smcap">stylofléxa</span>, +Boott. Very weak and slender; leaves 2´´ wide or less; staminate +spike usually peduncled; pistillate 2–3, scattered, few-flowered, lowest drooping; +perigynium very long-pointed. S. E. Penn., and southward; frequent.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Perigynium sharply triangular, short, and mostly not prominently beaked.</i></p> + +<p class="key"><i>a.</i> <i>Spikes drooping or flexuose.</i></p> + +<p class="species">69. <b>C. digitàlis</b>, Willd. Very slender, bright green, tufted, 6–18´ high; +leaves very narrow (1–2´´ wide); staminate spike short stalked; pistillate +spikes 2–4, all on filiform stalks and all but the upper widely spreading or +drooping, linear, alternately flowered; perigynium very small, impressed-nerved, +longer than the acute whitish scale.—Dryish woods and glades, N. +Eng. to Mich., and southward; frequent.—Var. <span class="smcap">copulàta</span>, Bailey. Leaves +much broader, and the culms weak and reclined; spikes heavier and mostly +shorter; perigynium larger, very sharp. Rich woods, central Mich., and +probably elsewhere westward.</p> + +<p class="species">70. <b>C. laxicúlmis</b>, Schwein. Differs from the variety of n. 69 chiefly +in its more cespitose habit, its densely glaucous-blue covering, very slender +culm, and very long and filiform peduncles. (C. retrocurva, <i>Dewey</i>.)—Glades, +N. Eng. to Mich. and Va.; rare westward.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>b.</i> <i>Spikes erect.</i></p> + +<p class="species">71. <b>C. ptychocárpa</b>, Steudel. Low, glaucous, 3–10´ high; leaves flat +and rather broad (2´´ or more), much exceeding the culm; bracts leafy and +much prolonged; staminate spike very small and sessile, mostly overtopped +by the upper pistillate spike; pistillate spikes 2–3, sessile or short-stalked or +rarely the lowest long-peduncled, erect; perigynium tawny, much as in n. 69, +twice longer than the very thin obtuse scale.—Low grounds or swamps, E. +Mass., N. J., Del., and southward; local.</p> + +<p class="species">72. <b>C. platyphýlla</b>, Carey. Low, spreading, glaucous, 6–12´ high; +leaves ½´ broad or more, mostly shorter than the culms; bracts with thin and +sharp-pointed leaf-like tips 1–2´ long; staminate spike stalked; pistillate +spikes 2–3, scattered, all more or less peduncled, alternately 2–10-flowered; +perigynium short, strongly many-striate, about the length of the acute or +cuspidate scale.—Rich shady woods and banks, N. Eng. to Mich., and southward +to Va.; mostly local.</p> + +<p class="species">73. <b>C. Careyàna</b>, Torr. Tall and slender, mostly erect, 1–2° high; +leaves bright green, firm, 3–4´´ wide or more, shorter than the long culm; +bracts leafy, longer than in the last; staminate spike heavy and stalked; pistillate +spikes 2–3 (mostly 2), the upper usually near the terminal spike, and +nearly sessile, the other remote and long-peduncled, loosely 2–8-flowered;<a name="page609"></a> +perigynium very large and very sharply angled, the beak oblique, finely many-nerved, +twice longer than the sharp scale.—Rich woods, N. Eng. to Mich., +and southward to Washington; rare.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Sheaths usually purple.</i></p> + +<p class="species">74. <b>C. plantagínea</b>, Lam. Slender but erect, 1–2° high; leaves ½–1´ +broad, very firm, appearing after the flowers and persisting over winter, shorter +than the culm; staminate spike purple and clavate, stalked; pistillate spikes +3–4, scattered, loosely few-flowered, erect, the peduncles included in the leafless +sheaths; perigynium smaller than in n. 73, prominently beaked, about as +long as the sharp scale.—Rich woods, N. Eng. to Wisc., and southward; local.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 6.—[+] 3. <i>Paníceæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Beak cylindrical and prominent; plant not glaucous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">75. <b>C. Saltuénsis</b>, Bailey. Very slender and more or less diffuse, strongly +stoloniferous, 1–1½° high; leaves narrow and soft, shorter than the culm; +spikes 2–3, scattered, all peduncled and more or less spreading, loosely 3–10-flowered; +perigynium small, nearly nerveless, thin, the beak straight and +sharply toothed; scale loose, acute, shorter than the perigynium. (C. vaginata, +last ed.)—Deep swamps, Vt. to Minn.; local.</p> + +<p class="species">76. <b>C. polymórpha</b>, Muhl. Stout, 1–2° high; leaves rather broad, +short; spikes 1–2, short-stalked, erect, compact or rarely loose, usually +staminate at the apex, 1½´ long or less; perigynium long-ovate, obscurely +nerved; the very long and nearly straight beak oblique or lipped at the orifice; +scale reddish-brown, obtuse, shorter than the perigynium.—Moist +meadows, Mass. to N. C.; local.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Beak short or none; plant often glaucous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Plants of ordinary habit.</i></p> + +<p class="species">77. <b>C. tetánica</b>, Schkuhr. Rather slender, rarely glaucous, somewhat +stoloniferous; culm scabrous, at least above; spikes all peduncled, the upper +one very shortly so, pale, all more or less attenuate below, the lower borne in +the axils of bracts 3´ long or more; perigynium not turgid, greenish, prominently +many-nerved, the beak strongly bent; scale obtuse or abruptly mucronate, +all except the lowest mostly shorter than the perigynium.—Meadows +and borders of ponds from W. Mass. westward; common westward.—Var. +<span class="smcap">Woòdii</span>, Bailey. Very slender and strongly stoloniferous; leaves narrow, +very long and lax; spikes mostly alternately flowered throughout; scales +often sharper. (C. Woodii, <i>Dewey</i>.) Rich woods, N. Y. to Mich., and south +to Washington; frequent.—Var. <span class="smcap">Mèadii</span>, Bailey. Stiffer; leaves mostly +broader and stricter; spikes thick and densely flowered, not attenuate at base, +the upper one often sessile; perigynium larger. (C. Meadii, <i>Dewey</i>.) R. I. +to Neb., and southward; rare eastward.—Var. <span class="smcap">Cánbyi</span>, Porter. Stout and +stiff; leaves still broader (about 2´´ wide) and flat; spikes thick, often ¼´ wide; +perigynium long, straight or very nearly so; scale large, nearly equalling or +exceeding the perigynium. E. Penn. (<i>Canby</i>); Ill. and Wisc.; little known.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">panícea</span>, L. Strict, often stiff, glaucous-blue 1–2° high; culm smooth; +bracts 1–2´ long; spikes 1–3, scattered, colored, peduncled, erect, rather compact +or loose below, seldom 1´ long; perigynium ovoid, yellow or purple, somewhat +turgid, scarcely nerved, the point usually curved, mostly longer than the +purple-margined scale.—Fields, E. Mass. and R. I. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page610"></a>[=][=] <i>Very strict, densely glaucous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">78. <b>C. lívida</b>, Willd. Culms 18´ high or less; leaves narrow, often becoming +involute; spikes 1 or 2 and aggregated or approximate, or rarely a third +nearly radical, sessile or nearly so, erect, narrow; perigynium ovoid-oblong, +nerved, granular, beakless, the point straight or nearly so, orifice entire; scale +obtuse, mostly a little shorter than the perigynium.—Pine-barrens of N. J., +and sphagnum swamps northward to N. Eng. and L. Superior; local. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 6.—[+] 4. <i>Bicolòres</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">79. <b>C. aùrea</b>, Nutt. Low and slender, 1° high or less; bracts exceeding +the culm; spikes 2–4, all but the lowest usually approximate, peduncled or +the upper one or two sessile, erect, loosely few-flowered or sometimes becoming +¾´ long, at maturity yellow or brown, the terminal one frequently pistillate +above; perigynium fleshy at maturity, nerved, longer than the blunt scale.—Wet +meadows and springy banks, throughout; rather common.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 6.—[+] 5. <i>Digitàtæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Spikes two or more.</i></p> + +<p class="species">80. <b>C. ebúrnea</b>, Boott. Exceedingly slender and capillary, erect, 4–12´ +high, stoloniferous; leaves shorter than the culm; staminate spike very small +and very short-peduncled, overtopped by the two upper pistillate spikes; pistillate +spikes 2–4, approximate or the lowest remote, all stalked, erect, 2–6-flowered; +perigynium very small, almost nerveless, smooth and becoming black and +shining at full maturity; scale white and thin, obtuse, shorter than the perigynium.—Tufted +in sandy or light soils from N. Eng. to Ky. and Neb.; frequent.</p> + +<p class="species">81. <b>C. Richardsòni</b>, R. Br. Rather stiff, 4–9´ high, stoloniferous; +sheaths short, purple or brown; staminate spike stout and mostly short-peduncled; +pistillate spikes 1–2, approximate, the very short stalks included, erect, +compact, less than ½´ in length; perigynium obovoid, firm, hairy, the very short +beak entire or erose; scale brown with a conspicuous white-hyaline margin, +obtuse or pointless, and longer than the perigynium.—Dry ground, western +N. Y. to Ill., and northwestward; rare.</p> + +<p class="species">82. <b>C. pedunculàta</b>, Muhl. Low and diffuse, 3–10´ high, forming +mats; leaves abundant, very green, flat and firm, longer than the weak culms; +staminate spike very small, with the uppermost pistillate spike sessile at its +base; pistillate spikes 2–4 on each culm, scattered and long-peduncled from +green sheaths, erect or spreading, many other spikes nearly or quite radical +and very long-stalked, all 3–8-flowered; perigynium triangular-obovate, smooth +or very slightly pubescent above, the short and nearly entire beak somewhat +oblique; scale green or purple, truncate and cuspidate, mostly a little longer +than the perigynium.—Dry woods and banks, N. Eng. to Va. (<i>Kennedy</i>) and +Minn.; frequent northward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Spike one or rarely a rudiment of a second; plant diœcious.</i></p> + +<p class="species">83. <b>C. pícta</b>, Steudel. Rather weak, 1° high or less; leaves flat and firm, +persisting through the winter, at least twice longer than the culm; a sheathing +purple scale at the base of the spike; staminate spike about 1´ long, clavate +in anthesis, the purple scales ending in a very short and blunt whitish tip; +pistillate spike narrower and mostly longer, the scales more abruptly contracted<a name="page611"></a> +into a colored cusp and at length deciduous; perigynium obovate, much contracted +below into a stipe-like base, very strongly nerved, entirely pointless, +hairy above, covered by the scale. (C. Boottiana, <i>Benth.</i>)—In a wooded ravine +with Hepatica and Epigæa, near Bloomington, Ind. (<i>Dudley</i>); also Ala. and La.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 7. <span class="smcap">Sphæridióphoræ</span>.—[+] 1. <i>Scirpìnæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">84. <b>C. scirpoídea</b>, Michx. Strict, the pistillate plant mostly stiff, 6–18´ +high; leaves flat, shorter than the culm; spike 1´ long or less, densely cylindrical, +very rarely with a rudimentary second spike at its base; perigynium +ovate, short-pointed, very hairy, about the length of the ciliate purple scale.—Mountains +of N. New Eng.; Drummond's Island, L. Huron. (Norway.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 7.—[+] 2. <i>Montànæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Some or all of the culms longer than the leaves (or in the type of n. 85 frequently +shorter).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Staminate spike minute, wholly or partially concealed in the head; leaves +always very narrow; radical spikes often present.</i></p> + +<p class="species">85. <b>C. defléxa</b>, Hornem. Diffuse and low, tufted; culms 1–6´ high, +setaceous, more or less curved or spreading, little exceeding or shorter than +the leaves; staminate spike exceedingly minute and nearly always entirely invisible +in the head; pistillate spikes 2–3, 2–5-flowered, green, or green and +brown, all aggregated into a head, the lowest one always more or less short-peduncled +and subtended by a leafy bract ½´ long or less; radical spikes few; +perigynium very small and much contracted below, sparsely hairy or nearly +smooth, the beak flat and very short, mostly longer than the acutish scale. +(C. Novæ-Angliæ, last ed., mostly.)—High mountains of N. H. and Vt.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Dèanei</b>, Bailey. Taller and lax, the culms 6–12´ high and some +or all prominently longer than the longer and loose leaves; staminate spike +much larger (2–3´´ long), erect or oblique, sessile; pistillate spikes larger (4–8-flowered), +less aggregated or the lowest usually separated, though rarely more +than ¼´ apart; radical spikes usually numerous; bract mostly longer.—Swales +or dryish places, high or subalpine regions, Mt. Desert, Maine (<i>Rand</i>); Essex, +Mass.; N. H., Vt., and N. Y.; scarce. In aspect like n. 86.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>mèdia</b>, Bailey. Rather stiff, 4–12´ high, in dense tufts; most of the +spikes equalling or exceeding the leaves, the staminate prominent, erect (3–5´´ +long), sessile or very short-peduncled; pistillate spikes 2–3, all scattered, +the uppermost at or near the base of the staminate spike, the lowest usually +very prominently peduncled and subtended by a conspicuous bract which surpasses +the culm, all rather compactly 3–8-flowered, green, or brown and green; +radical spikes several; perigynium larger, much like that of short-beaked forms +of n. 90.—Keweenaw Co., Mich. (<i>Farwell</i>); also far westward.</p> + +<p class="species">86. <b>C. vària</b>, Muhl. Erect, mostly strict, 6–15´ high, tufted and somewhat +stoloniferous; culms variable in length, often twice longer than the +leaves; staminate spike 3´´ long or less; pistillate spikes closely aggregated, +or rarely somewhat loosely disposed but never scattered, all strictly sessile, +green; radical spikes none; lower bract usually present; perigynium longer-pointed +than in the last, about the length of the sharp scale. (C. Emmonsii, +<i>Dewey</i>.)—Banks and dry woods; frequent.—In var. <span class="smcap">coloràta</span>, Bailey, the +scales are purple. Mostly southward.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page612"></a>[=][=] <i>Staminate spike very prominent (or in the variety of n. 89 very small, but +the leaves broad); radical spikes none.</i></p> + +<p class="key"><i>a.</i> <i>Scales smooth.</i></p> + +<p class="species">87. <b>C. Nòvæ-Ángliæ</b>, Schwein. Very slender and soft, erect, stoloniferous, +6–8´ high; culms little longer than the very narrow leaves; staminate +spike exceedingly narrow (3–8´´ long by about ½´´ wide), mostly minutely +peduncled; pistillate spikes 2, or rarely 3, the upper one near the base of the +staminate spike, the lower very short-peduncled and removed ½–1´ and subtended +by a leafy bract which nearly or quite equals the culm, both rather +loosely 3–6-flowered; perigynium very narrow, often nearly oblanceolate, +small, very thinly hairy, the beak sharp and prominent; stigmas often 2.—Mountain +swamps of W. Mass., and Mt. Desert, Maine (<i>Rand</i>); rare.</p> + +<p class="species">88. <b>C. Pennsylvánica</b>, Lam. A foot high or less, erect, strongly stoloniferous, +forming large patches; leaves narrow and more or less involute, dark +or dull green, mostly nearly as long as the culm; staminate spike ½´ (rarely ¾´) +long, usually dull brown or brown-purple, sessile or very nearly so; pistillate +spikes 1–3, contiguous or the two lower rarely ½´ apart, all sessile and usually +dark-colored, the lowest bract very short or at least rarely prominent; perigynium +short- or round-ovate, hairy.—Dry fields; our commonest species.</p> + +<p class="species">89. <b>C. commùnis</b>, Bailey. Habitually taller and stricter, 8–18´ high, +in small tufts, never stoloniferous; leaves proportionately shorter, broad +(about 2´´), flat and pale; staminate spike mostly longer, often short-peduncled +and usually paler; pistillate spikes 2–4, scattered on the upper part of the +culm, green or tawny, the lowest one or two sometimes peduncled and often +with prominent leafy bracts. (C. varia, last ed.)—Dry hill-sides; common.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Wheèleri</b>, Bailey. Mostly greener, 3–14´ high; leaves soft and +flat and much shorter than the culm; staminate spike ¼´ long or less, very +narrow, sessile and oblique; pistillate spikes mostly closer together.—Knolls +in woods, Ionia Co., Mich. (<i>Wheeler</i>), and Alcona Co. (<i>Bailey</i>); Middletown, +Conn. (<i>Barratt</i>), and Cheshire Co., N. H. It has much the aspect of n. 86, but +is readily distinguished by the broad leaves and more scattered spikes.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>b.</i> <i>Scales rough-cuspidate.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">præ̀cox</span>, Jacq. Rather stiff, the culm sometimes curved, 3–10´ high; +leaves flat, shorter than the culm; staminate spike prominently clavate, mostly +sessile; pistillate spikes 2–3, all contiguous, sessile or the lowest very short-peduncled +and subtended by a bract scarcely as long as itself, all oblong or +short-cylindric, the lowest about 6´´ long; perigynium triangular-obovoid, the +very short beak entire or erose, thinly hispid-hirsute, about the length of the +scale.—Fields, E. Mass. (Nat. from Eu. early in the century.)</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Part or usually all of the culms much shorter than the leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="species">90. <b>C. umbellàta</b>, Schkuhr. (Pl. 6, fig. 11–14.) Low, growing in small +and dense mats (1–3´ across); leaves short and often stiff (2–6´long), flat, the +earliest very narrow but the later often 2´´ broad; spikes all on separate scapes +which rarely exceed 1–2´ in length (or rarely one or two short true culms), +usually densely aggregated at the surface of the ground and hidden by the +leaves, the pistillate spikes green or tawny and rather loosely few-flowered; +perigynium slenderly beaked, toothed, very lightly pubescent, about the length +of the acute and often rough-tipped scale.—Dry banks and knolls, N. Eng.<a name="page613"></a> +to N. J. and N. Y., and perhaps farther westward; infrequent.—Var. <span class="smcap">vícina</span>, +Dewey. Tufts looser and larger; leaves longer (often 1° or more) and laxer, +sometimes broader; some pistillate spikes borne near the base of the staminate +on a true culm which is 3–8´ high, one or two on each culm. With the species +and farther westward; infrequent.</p> + +<p class="species">91. <b>C. nìgro-marginàta</b>, Schwein. Leaves mostly stiffer than in n. 90, +often broader, and some of the culms prolonged; perigynium smooth or nearly +so, shorter beaked; scales purple-margined, giving the spikes a very dark or +variegated appearance, considerably larger and longer than in the last.—Dry +hillsides, N. J., and southward; local.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 7.—[+] 3. <i>Triquétræ.</i></p> + +<p class="species">92. <b>C. pubéscens</b>, Muhl. Strict, 1–2° high, pubescent throughout; +leaves flat and soft, shorter than the culm; spikes 2–4, the lower 1 or 2 short-peduncled, +and about ½´ long, loosely flowered, erect; perigynium very hairy, +conspicuously beaked and minutely toothed, straight, about the length of the +truncate and rough-cuspidate thin scale.—Copses and moist meadows, N. +Eng. to Ky., and westward; frequent.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 8. <span class="smcap">Phyllostáchyæ.</span></p> + +<p class="species">93. <b>C. Jamèsii</b>, Schwein. (Pl. 5, fig. 17–21.) Diffuse, 6–10´ high; +leaves very narrow (1´´ or less), much surpassing the culm; spike very small, +the staminate portion inconspicuous, the pistillate flowers 1–3 and loosely disposed; +perigynium globular, produced into a very long and roughened nearly +entire beak; scale narrow, the lowest often 1–2´ long, the upper often shorter +than the perigynium. (C. Steudelii, <i>Kunth.</i>)—Woods, N. Y. to Ill., and southward; +frequent.</p> + +<p class="species">94. <b>C. Willdenòvii</b>, Schkuhr. Lower, stiffer, the leaves broader and +pale; spike larger, the pistillate flowers 3–9, compact; perigynium bearing +a prominent two-edged very rough beak; scales chaffy, nerved, as broad as +and somewhat longer than the perigynium, or the lowest rarely overtopping +the spike.—Copses, Mass. to Mich., and southward; rare.</p> + +<p class="species">95. <b>C. Báckii</b>, Boott. Forming dense mats; leaves still broader (2´´ or +more), very abundant; staminate flowers about 3; pistillate 2–5; perigynium +more gradually beaked, smooth throughout; scales very broad and leaf-like, +all exceeding the culm and entirely enveloping the spike.—W. Mass. to Ohio, +and far westward; local and rare, especially eastward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 9. <span class="smcap">Leptocéphalæ.</span></p> + +<p class="species">96. <b>C. polytrichoìdes</b>, Muhl. Capillary, erect or slightly diffuse, 6–18´ +high; leaves mostly shorter than the culm; spike 2–4´´ long, linear, the +staminate portion very small; perigynium thin and green, nerved, about twice +longer than the obtuse caducous scale.—Bogs; common.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 10. <span class="smcap">Physocéphalæ.</span></p> + +<p class="species">97. <b>C. Fràseri</b>, Andrews. Cespitose; culm 6–15´ high, naked or the +lower portion included in loosely sheathing abortive leaves, smooth and stiff; +leaves 1´ broad or more, destitute of midrib, very thick and persistent, pale, +1–2° long; spike whitish; perigynium ovoid, faintly nerved, much longer +than the scale.—Rich mountain woods, Va. and southward; very local and +rare. A most remarkable plant.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page614"></a>§ 2. VÍGNEA.—[*] 11. <span class="smcap">Acroarrhènæ.</span>—[+] 1. <i>Fœ́tidæ</i></p> + +<p class="species">98. <b>C. chordorhìza</b>, Ehrh. Very extensively stoloniferous; culm +mostly erect, 1–1½° long; leaves involute, shorter than the culm; perigynium +globular, very strongly nerved, short-pointed and entire, about the length of +the acute scale.—Cold bogs and soft lake-borders, Vt. to Iowa, and northward; +infrequent. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">99. <b>C. stenophýlla</b>, Wahl. Stiff, 3–8´ high; leaves involute and shorter +than the culm; perigynium ovate, flat on the inner face, lightly nerved, gradually +contracted into a short and entire rough-edged beak, tightly enclosing +the achene, at maturity longer than the hyaline acutish scale.—Dry grounds, +Thayer Co., Neb. (<i>Bessey</i>); Emmet Co., Iowa (<i>Cratty</i>), and westward. (Eu).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 11.—[+] 2. <i>Vulpìnæ.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Beak shorter than or about as long as the body of the perigynium.</i></p> + +<p class="species">100. <b>C. conjúncta</b>, Boott. Strict but rather weak, 1½–3½° high; culm +soft and sharply triangular or nearly wing-angled, becoming perfectly flat +when pressed; leaves soft, about 3´´ broad; head 1–3´ long, interrupted, often +nearly green, infrequently bearing a few setaceous bracts; perigynium lance-ovate, +light colored, whitish and thickened below, the beak lightly notched +and roughish, about equalling or a little exceeding the cuspidate scale.—Swales +and glades, N. J., Ky., and westward; usually rare.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Beak twice the length of the body of the perigynium or longer.</i></p> + +<p class="species">101. <b>C. stipàta</b>, Muhl. Stout, 1–3° high, in clumps; culm rather soft, +very sharp; head 1–3´ long, rarely somewhat compound at base, interrupted, +the lowest spikes often ½´ long; perigynium lanceolate, brown-nerved, the beak +toothed and roughish, about twice the length of the body, and much longer +than the scale.—Swales; common and variable.</p> + +<p class="species">102. <b>C. crus-córvi</b>, Shuttlew. Stout, glaucous, 2–3° high; culm +rough, at least above; leaves flat and very wide; head much branched and +compound, 3–6´ long; perigynium long lanceolate, the short base very thick +and disk-like, the roughish and very slender beak thrice the length of the body +or more, 3–4 times the length of the inconspicuous scale.—Swamps, S. Minn. +to Neb. and Ky., and southward; rare northward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 11.—[+] 3. <i>Multiflòræ.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Spikes conspicuously panicled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">103. <b>C. decompósita</b>, Muhl. Stout, exceedingly deep green, 1½–3° +high, in stools; culm very obtusely angled, almost terete below; leaves firm, +channelled below, longer than the culm; head 2–4´ long, the lower branches +ascending and 1–2´ long; perigynium very small, round-obovate, few-nerved, +hard and at maturity shining, the abrupt short beak entire or very nearly so; +scale acute, about the length of the perigynium.—Swamps, N. Y. to Mich., +and southward; local.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Spikes in a simple or nearly simple head.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Leaves very narrow (1´´ broad or less), becoming more or less involute.</i></p> + +<p class="species">104. <b>C. teretiúscula</b>, Gooden. Slender but mostly erect, 1½–2½° high, +in loose stools; culm rather obtuse, rough at the top, mostly longer than the +leaves; head 1–2´ long, compact or somewhat interrupted, narrow ({1/4}´ wide or<a name="page615"></a> +less); perigynium very small, ovate and truncate below, bearing a few inconspicuous +short nerves on the outer side, stipitate, firm and at maturity blackish +and shining, the short beak lighter colored; scale chaffy and acute, about the +length of the perigynium.—Swales, N. Eng. to Penn., and westward; common. +(Eu.)—Var. <span class="smcap">ramòsa</span>, Boott. More slender; head mostly longer, the upper +portion often somewhat nodding, the spikes scattered and the lowest ones +often slightly compound. N. Y., and westward; common.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Leaves broader and flat (occasionally involute in n. 106).</i></p> + +<p class="key"><i>a.</i> <i>Scales very sharp, mostly rough-tipped.</i></p> + +<p class="key">1. <i>Perigynium large (2´´ long or more), nerveless on the inner face.</i></p> + +<p class="species">105. <b>C. alopecoídea</b>, Tuckerm. Stout but rather soft, 2–3° high; +culm rather sharp, thick and soft in texture; leaves 2–3´´ wide, about the +length of the culm, very green; head 1½´ long or less, sometimes green, and +occasionally a little compound, the spikes many and compactly or somewhat +loosely disposed or the lowest often separate and all mostly short-oblong; +perigynium ovate, tapering into a rough beak, very prominently stipitate, +with a few brown nerves on the outer face, ascending, about equalling or a +little exceeding the scale.—Open swales, N. Y., Penn., and Mich.; local. In +aspect like n. 101.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>sparsispicàta</b>, Dewey. Weak, the leaves much narrower and lax; +head 1–3´ long and linear or nearly so, the spikes smaller and separated or +scattered.—S. E. Mich. (<i>Cooley, Clark</i>); little known.</p> + +<p class="species">106. <b>C. grávida</b>, Bailey. Lower and the culm thinner and more sharply +angled, 1–2° high; leaves rather narrower and firmer, shorter than the culm; +head short, always simple, globular or short-oblong, the lowest spikes rarely +distinct; spikes few (4–7), globular, or broader than long; perigynium broadly +ovate, nearly twice larger, sessile, plump and somewhat polished at maturity, +prominently spreading.—N. Ill. to Iowa and Neb.—Var. <span class="smcap">laxifòlia</span>, Bailey. +Much larger, 2–3½° high; leaves broader (about ¼´) and lax; head large and +dense, ovoid or oblong, scarcely interrupted. N. Ill. to Dak.</p> + +<p class="key">2. <i>Perigynium very small, mostly nerved on the inner face.</i></p> + +<p class="species">107. <b>C. vulpinoídea</b>, Michx. Mostly rather stiff, 1–2½° high; culm +very rough, at least above; leaves various, mostly flat and longer than the +culm; head 1–4´ long, usually much interrupted and frequently somewhat +compound, varying from dull brown to almost green at maturity, commonly +provided with many very setaceous short bracts; spikes very numerous, ascending +and densely flowered; perigynium ovate or lance-ovate, mostly ascending.—Low +places, variable; very abundant, especially northward.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>b.</i> <i>Scales blunt, smooth and hyaline-tipped.</i></p> + +<p class="species">108. <b>C. Sartwéllii</b>, Dewey. Stiff and strict, 1½–2½° high; leaves produced +into a long slender point, mostly shorter than the culm; staminate +flowers variously disposed, frequently whole spikes being sterile; head 1–3´ +long and rather narrow, the individual spikes usually clearly defined, or occasionally +the head interrupted below, tawny-brown; perigynium elliptic or +lance-elliptic, nerved on both sides, very gradually contracted into a short +beak; scale about the length of the perigynium. (C. disticha, last ed.)—Bogs, +central N. Y., west and northward; frequent.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page616"></a>[*] 11.—[+] 4. <i>Arenàriæ.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">arenària</span>, Linn. Extensively creeping, 1° high or less; leaves very +narrow and very long-pointed, shorter than the culm; head about 1´ long, +dense or sometimes interrupted, ovoid or oblong; spikes few to many, those +at the apex of the head usually staminate, the intermediate ones staminate at +the summit, the lowest entirely pistillate and subtended by a bract about 1´ +long; perigynium very strongly nerved on both faces, wing-margined above, +sharply long-toothed, about the length of the scale.—Sea-beaches near Norfolk, +Va. (<i>McMinn</i>). (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 11.—[+] 5. <i>Muhlenbergiànæ.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Heads narrow, the spikes scattered (or often aggregated in</i> C. muricata.)</p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Perigynium almost terete.</i></p> + +<p class="species">109. <b>C. tenélla</b>, Schkuhr. Exceedingly slender, 6´–2° high, in tufts; leaves +flat, soft, and weak, mostly shorter than the culm; spikes 1–3-flowered, or +the terminal 4–6-flowered, all distinct and scattered on the upper part of the +culm, the bracts obsolete or the lowest present and very short; perigynium +elliptic-ovate, very plump, finely nerved, the minute beak entire, longer than +the white scale, usually at length splitting and exposing the blackish achene.—Cold +swamps, N. Eng. to Penn., and far westward; common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Perigynium flattish.</i></p> + +<p class="species">110. <b>C. ròsea</b>, Schkuhr. Always slender and weak, erect, 1–2½° high, +exceeding the narrow leaves; spikes 5–8, 6–14-flowered, the upper 3–4 aggregated, +the others 3–9´´ apart, the lowest usually with a setaceous bract; +perigynium lance-ovate, thin and shining, nerveless, scarcely margined, rough +on the edges above, perfectly squarrose, very green, about twice longer than +the translucent white scale.—Rich woods, N. Eng. to Minn. and Neb.; frequent.—Var. +<span class="smcap">radiàta</span>, Dewey. Lower and much more slender, the culms +sometimes almost capillary; spikes 2–5, scattered, 2–4-flowered; perigynium +mostly narrower and more ascending. Open places and drier woods; common.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Texénsis</b>, Torr. Very slender but strict, 1° high or less; spikes +3–4, all contiguous or the lower ones approximate, 2–6-flowered; perigynium +lanceolate, the base prominently spongy, smooth or nearly so, conspicuously +divaricate.—Dry places, S. Ill. (<i>Schneck</i>), and southward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>retrofléxa</b>, Torr. Often rather stiff, 1–1½° high; spikes 4–8, the +upper ones aggregated, the lower 1 or 2 separated and commonly subtended +by a conspicuous bract, often brownish; perigynium ovate, smooth throughout, +very prominently corky and swollen at the base, which is frequently contracted +almost to a stipe, at maturity usually widely spreading or reflexed; scale +brownish and sharp, at length deciduous. (C. retroflexa, <i>Muhl.</i>)—Copses, +throughout; rare northward.</p> + +<p class="species">111. <b>C. sparganioìdes</b>, Muhl. Stouter, stiff; culm 2–3° high; leaves +very broad (usually ¼´ or more) and flat, their sheaths conspicuously clothing +the base of the culm; spikes 6–10, the 2 or 3 upper ones contiguous, the remainder +entirely separate, very green, oblong or short-cylindric, the lowest often +compound, all truncate at top; perigynium ovate, wing-margined, rough on +the short beak, often obscurely nerved on the outer face, considerably longer +than the rough-pointed scale.—Rich woods; frequent.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">muricàta</span>, L. Culm 1–2° high, rough, longer than the narrow leaves; +spikes 5–10, variously disposed, but usually some of them scattered, frequently<a name="page617"></a> +all aggregated, rarely tawny; perigynium heavy, ovate, thin and shining, +nerveless, the long beak minutely rough, spreading, a little longer than the +sharp green or brownish scale.—Dry fields, E. Mass., where it is common, +and sparingly south and westward to Va. and Ohio. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Heads short-oblong or globular, the spikes all aggregated, or only the lowest +one or two separate</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Plant very stiff throughout</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">112. <b>C. Muhlenbérgii</b>, Schkuhr. Pale, growing in small tufts, 1–2½° +high; culms much prolonged beyond the few narrow and at length involute +leaves; head {3/4}´ long or less, the individual spikes clearly defined; spikes +globular, 4–8; perigynium nearly circular, very strongly nerved on both +faces, broader than the rough-cuspidate scale and about as long.—Open sterile +soils; frequent.—Var. <span class="smcap">enérvis</span>, Boott. Perigynium nearly or entirely +nerveless. Southeastern N. Y., and southward; rare.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Plant strict but not stiff.</i></p> + +<p class="species">113. <b>C. cephaloídea</b>, Dewey. Lax, very green, 2–3° high; leaves +broad (2–3´´) and thin, shorter than the long culm; head rather loose, ¾´ long +or more, all but the very uppermost spikes clearly defined; perigynium ovate, +entirely nerveless, long rough-pointed, spreading, twice longer than the very +thin scale or more.—Shady banks, W. Mass. to Mich.; frequent.</p> + +<p class="species">114. <b>C. cephalóphora</b>, Muhl. Mostly smaller and stricter, pale; leaves +half as wide or less; head small, rarely ½´ long, globular or very short-oblong, +never interrupted, the lower 1 or 2 spikes usually bearing a very setaceous +short bract; perigynium twice smaller than in the last, scarcely longer than +the rough-cuspidate scale.—Dry and mostly sterile knolls; common.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>angustifòlia</b>, Boott. Low, 8´ high or less; leaves very narrow; head +smaller, usually tawny; perigynium mostly broader.—West and southward; +rare.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 11.—[+] 6. <i>Diòicæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Perigynium nerveless or very nearly so</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">115. <b>C. capitàta</b>, L. Rigid, 3´–1° high; leaves filiform, shorter than +the culm; head globular, uniformly staminate above, brown, very small; perigynium +broadly ovate, very thin, whitish, prominently beaked, erect and appressed, +longer than the very thin and obtuse scale.—Alpine summits of the +White Mountains. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Perigynium prominently nerved</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">116. <b>C. gynòcrates</b>, Wormsk. Stiff but very slender, 3–6´ high, diœcious; +leaves filiform and setaceous, about the length of the culm; spike oblong, +2–4´´ long; perigynium elliptic-ovate, nearly terete, stipitate, widely +spreading or reflexed at maturity, 1 or 2 sometimes borne at the base of the +staminate spike.—Cold sphagnum swamps, Penn., north and westward; local, +particularly southward.</p> + +<p class="species">117. <b>C. exìlis</b>, Dewey. Very stiff, slender, 1–2° high; leaves involute-filiform +and very stiff, shorter than the culm; spike varying from almost +globular to cylindrical (frequently 1´ long), either unisexual or the sexes variously +placed, very rarely a supplementary spike at base; perigynium elliptic-ovate, +flattish, stipitate and somewhat cordate at base, strongly brown-nerved<a name="page618"></a> +on the outer face, rather faintly nerved on the inner, rough-edged above, +sharply toothed, spreading, a little longer than the scale.—Cold swamps and +lake-borders, N. Eng. and eastern N. Y. to N. J.; rare.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 12. <span class="smcap">Hyparrhènæ</span>.—[+] 1. <i>Elongàtæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Perigynium very sharp-margined, firm, often thickened at base, spreading in +open and at maturity stellate spikes.</i></p> + +<p class="species">118. <b>C. echinàta</b>, Murray, var. <b>cephalántha</b>, Bailey. Rather stiff +but slender, 1–2° high; leaves very narrow and involute, about the length of +the culm; spikes 5–8, approximate or even aggregated into a head, green, +compactly 15–30-flowered, short-oblong or nearly globular; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, +rough on the margins above, nerved on both faces, spreading or +reflexed at maturity, the beak long and prominent, longer than the sharp +white scale. (C. stellulata, last ed.)—E. Penn. (<i>Porter</i>) to Mass. (<i>Morong</i>), +and westward to L. Superior; rare.—Var. <span class="smcap">conférta</span>, Bailey. Very stiff; +spikes contiguous or scattered, spreading, short-oblong or globular, dense; +perigynium broadly ovate or even nearly round-ovate, very strongly nerved, +reflexed or widely spreading. Near the sea-coast; uncommon. The perigynia +resemble those of n. 112.—Var. <span class="smcap">micróstachys</span>, Boeckl. Mostly very +slender; spikes few, 3–10-flowered, usually tawny; perigynium small, lance-ovate, +nerved on the outer face but usually nerveless on the inner, erect or +spreading, the beak rather long or prominent. (C. scirpoides, <i>Schkuhr.</i> C. +sterilis, <i>Willd.</i>) Swales, throughout; very common and variable.—Var. <span class="smcap">angustàta</span>, +Bailey. Exceedingly slender; spikes few and very few-flowered, +mostly all contiguous; perigynium lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, twice the +length of the scale or more. N. Y., Vt., and northward; rare.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Perigynium scarcely sharp-margined, thin in texture, not thickened at base, +mostly in closely flowered and rounded or oblong spikes.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Perigynium ovate or nearly so, the beak short or none.</i></p> + +<p class="key"><i>a.</i> <i>Bracts not prolonged.</i></p> + +<p class="species">119. <b>C. canéscens</b>, L. Stiff and rather stout, 1–2½° high, glaucous and +pale throughout, growing in stools; spikes 4–8, globular or oblong, very +densely 20–50-flowered, approximate or somewhat scattered on the upper +part of the culm, usually prominently contracted below with the staminate +flowers; perigynium short-ovate, silvery-white and minutely puncticulate, +never thickened at base, faintly few-nerved, smooth throughout, ascending, +the beak very short and entire; scale obtuse or acutish, about the length of +the perigynium.—Cool swamps and bogs, N. Eng. to Penn., west and northward; +frequent northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>vulgàris</b>, Bailey. Very slender, lower, not glaucous, in small and +loose tufts; spikes smaller and usually fewer, loosely flowered; perigynium +mostly more beaked, prominently spreading.—Mostly in drier places; very +common. Perigynium much shorter than in any form of n. 118.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>alpícola</b>, Wahl. Low and stiff, or at lower altitudes becoming somewhat +slender, seldom much over 1° in height; spikes small, globular or nearly +so, dense, well defined and brown or tawny; perigynium as in the type, ascending. +(C. vitilis, <i>Fries.</i>)—Mountains from N. Eng. to Ga., sparingly along +our northern boundary, and far westward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety"><a name="page619"></a>Var. <b>polystàchya</b>, Boott. Erect and mostly strict, not glaucous, 1½–2½° +high, scarcely tufted; leaves very lax and exceeding the culm; spikes oblong, +more or less aggregated in an oblong interrupted head, the lowest 1 or 2 subtended +by short scale-like bracts; perigynium somewhat spreading. (C. arcta, +<i>Boott</i>.) Low woods, N. New Eng. to N. Minn.; rare. Resembles C. echinata, +var. cephalantha.</p> + +<p class="species">120. <b>C. Norvégica</b>, Willd. Low and stiff, but rather slender, 1° high +or less; leaves very narrow, mostly shorter than the culm; spikes 3–5, somewhat +scattered, brown, globular or oblong, compactly many-flowered, the +terminal one long-contracted below with the staminate flowers; perigynium +very short-ovate, thick, the beak rough, a little longer than the very obtuse +scale.—Salt marshes, Maine, and northward, rare. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">121. <b>C. tenuiflòra</b>, Wahl. Very slender and diffuse, 1–1½° high, in +tufts; leaves very narrow and lax, shorter than the filiform culm; spikes 2–4, +all loosely few-flowered and silvery-green, and aggregated into a small +globular head; perigynium elliptic, obscurely nerved, smooth, beakless, spreading, +about the length of the white thin scale.—Bogs, N. New Eng. to N. +Minn.; local. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key"><i>b.</i> <i>Bracts much prolonged, the lowest 2–3´ long.</i></p> + +<p class="species">122. <b>C. trispérma</b>, Dewey. (Pl. 6, fig. 1–5.) Exceedingly slender, in +small and loose tufts, the weak reclining culms 1–2° long; leaves soft and +narrow, shorter than the culm; spikes 2–3, 1–3´ apart, silvery-green, 2–3-flowered; +perigynium very thin, finely nerved, the beak entire or nearly so; +scale acute, very thin, usually shorter than the perigynium.—Cold bogs, +throughout; common northward.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Perigynium ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">123. <b>C. Deweyàna</b>, Schwein. Weak, 1–1½° high; leaves flat and soft, +shorter than the culm, yellowish-green; spikes 3–6, mostly oblong or sometimes +but 2–3-flowered, loose, the upper ones contiguous but the lower 1 or 2 +usually considerably separated on the zigzag rhachis and mostly subtended +by a bract, all silvery-green; perigynium ovate-lanceolate or narrower, very +thin in texture, nerveless, somewhat thickened below on the outer face, the +long beak rough; scale very thin, acute or cuspidate, about the length of the +perigynium.—Dry woods; common.</p> + +<p class="species">124. <b>C. bromoìdes</b>, Schkuhr. Lax, 1–2° high, in dense stools; leaves +very narrow, about as long as the culm; staminate flowers variously situated +in the head, sometimes a few spikes wholly sterile, rarely the plants diœcious; +spikes 3–6, oblong or short-cylindric, erect, silvery-tawny or brown; perigynium +linear-lanceolate, firm especially at the base, prominently nerved, the +long and roughened beak toothed; scale sharp, shorter than the perigynium.—Open +bogs; common.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 12.—[+] 2. <i>Ovàles.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Perigynium ovate-lanceolate, with winged margins.</i></p> + +<p class="species">125. <b>C. siccàta</b>, Dewey. Extensively creeping, 1–2° high, erect; leaves +firm, narrow, about the length of the culm; staminate flowers variously situated, +usually some of the spikes wholly sterile; spikes 3–5, aggregated or +separated, ovoid or short-oblong, silvery-brown; perigynium firm, nerved on<a name="page620"></a> +both faces, the long beak rough and toothed, the margins prominent or sometimes +very narrow; scale acute, about the length of the perigynium.—Sandy +fields and banks, N. Eng. to Ohio, west and northward; frequent.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Perigynium ovate-lanceolate or narrower, scale-like, with little distinction +between body and margin.</i></p> + +<p class="species">126. <b>C. Muskinguménsis</b>, Schwein. Robust, erect, 2–3° high; leaves +many and lax, loosely sheathing, those on the sterile shoots crowded near +the top, all flat and long-pointed; spikes 6–12, contiguous, erect, narrowly cylindric +(often 1´ long), becoming light brown and presenting a dried appearance, +very densely flowered; perigynium linear-lanceolate (3´´ long), prominently +nerved, ciliate on the white margins above, appressed, twice the length of the +scale or more. (C. arida, <i>Schwein. & Torr.</i>)—Woods and copses, Mich. and +Ohio to Ill. and Wisc.; local.</p> + +<p class="species">127. <b>C. tribuloìdes</b>, Wahl. Stout and erect, 2–3° high; leaves narrower +than in the last, loosely sheathing; spikes 6–15, aggregated into an +oblong or somewhat interrupted heavy head, short-oblong or sometimes nearly +globular, green or tawny-green, compact, not narrowed above; perigynium +linear-lanceolate (3´´ long), obscurely nerved, erect but the points conspicuous, +rough-margined, nearly twice the length of the scale. (C. lagopodioides, +<i>Schkuhr</i>.)—Open swales; frequent.—Var. <span class="smcap">turbàta</span>, Bailey. Culm softer +and often lax; the leaves broader; spikes more loosely disposed, forming a head +1–2´ long, which is slender and more or less interrupted but always erect, +green, becoming tawny, if at all, only when the perigynia begin to fall, obovate-oblong +(¼ to rarely ½´ long), contracted below; perigynium ascending and more +appressed, the points therefore not conspicuous. Woods, throughout; rare.—Var. +<span class="smcap">redúcta</span>, Bailey. Very slender, 1–2° high, the culm projecting beyond +the leaves; spikes 2–10, small and nearly globular (usually less than 3´´ +broad), all usually distinct, the lowest separated, brown, especially at maturity, +the head often flexuose; perigynium small, the points spreading and conspicuous. +Copses, N. Eng. to Dak.; infrequent.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Bébbii</b>, Bailey. Stiff or rather slender, erect, 1–2½° high; head +dense, ovoid or oblong (¼–¾´ or very seldom 1´ long), the lowest spike only +rarely distinct, straw-colored; spikes small (3´´ long or less), their axes ascending; +bracts at the base of the head small or none; points of the small perigynium +conspicuous. (C. Bebbii, <i>Olney</i>.)—Dry low grounds, throughout; common.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>cristàta</b>, Bailey. Stout and stiff, 1½–3° high; head more or less +open or at least the lower 1 or 2 spikes commonly distinct, 1´ long or more, +green; spikes larger than in the last and almost exactly globular, their axes +more divergent or fully horizontal; bracts usually conspicuous, sometimes +one of them foliaceous; perigynium spreading, the points more conspicuous. +(C. cristata, <i>Schwein</i>.)—Moist ground, throughout from Penn. northward; +common.</p> + +<p class="species">128. <b>C. scopària</b>, Schkuhr. Rather slender but erect, 1–2½° high; leaves +very narrow, shorter than the culm; head short and comparatively thick, always +tawny or brown, bractless or nearly so; spikes 3–8, all contiguous or bunched, +ovate-oblong, always prominently narrowed or cone-shaped above, ascending; +perigynium as in n. 127, but erect or ascending.—Open swales, throughout; +common eastward.</p> + +<p class="variety"><a name="page621"></a>Var. <b>mìnor</b>, Boott. Much smaller, 6–10´ high, the leaves very narrow; +head very small and darker brown; spikes very small (2–4´´ long).—Rocky and +sterile places, northward; frequent.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++][++] <i>Perigynium ovate or broader, thickened in the middle, wing-margined +(in n. 129 marginless).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Head silvery-brown, silvery-green, or silvery-whitish.</i></p> + +<p class="species">129. <b>C. adústa</b>, Boott. Very stiff and stout, 1½–2½° high, in dense tufts; +head very heavy, erect, varying from globular to oblong, silvery-brown; spikes +5–10, globular and heavy, all aggregated or sometimes distinct, the lowest 1 +or 2 subtended by a short and very broad-based, nerved and pointed bract; +perigynium broadly ovate, wingless or very nearly so, plump, shining, nerved +on the outer face but nerveless on the inner, filled by the large achene; scale +acute, about the length of the perigynium. (C. pinguis, <i>Bailey</i>.)—Dry and +mostly hard soils, Mt. Desert, Maine (<i>Greenleaf</i>), and northward, and Crawford +Co., Mich. (<i>Bailey</i>), to N. Minn., and far northwestward; local.</p> + +<p class="species">130. <b>C. fœ̀nea</b>, Willd. Slender, erect or the top of the culm flexuose, +1–2° high; head long and weak, often nodding; spikes 5–8, small, nearly +globular and much contracted below, silvery-green, alternately disposed; perigynium +varying from ovate to long-ovate, very thin, much longer than the +small achene, prominently rough-margined, strongly many-nerved on both +faces, especially on the small inner face; bracts entirely wanting or inconspicuous. +(C. adusta, last ed.)—Dryish copses, N. Eng. to Penn. and Minn.; not +common.—Var. <span class="smcap">perpléxa</span>, Bailey. Mostly taller and stouter; spikes larger +and less attenuated or even truncate below, approximate or even aggregated, +the head erect or nearly so and the lowest bract occasionally prominent; perigynium +thicker and firmer in texture. N. Eng. to Minn.; infrequent.</p> + +<p class="species">131. <b>C. silícea</b>, Olney. Stiff, 1–2° high, in clumps; leaves very narrow, +becoming involute, not exceeding the culm; head 1–3´ long, usually flexuose +or nodding above the middle at maturity; spikes 5–8, silvery-white or silvery-tawny +at full maturity, all more or less separated, ovate, conspicuously contracted +below and cone-shaped above, erect on the culm; perigynium very +broad-ovate and very thin, obscurely nerved, appressed, about as long as the +acute colorless scale. (C. fœnea, var. sabulonum, last ed.; C. straminea, var. +moniliformis, <i>Tuckerm</i>.)—Sands of the sea-shore, Maine to N. J.; frequent.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Head dull brown or green (usually somewhat silvery in</i> var. fœnea <i>of n. 132).</i></p> + +<p class="species">132. <b>C. stramínea</b>, Willd. Very slender, erect, but the top of the culm +often flexuose, 1–3° high; leaves narrow and long-pointed, stiff, shorter than +the culm; spikes 3–8, tawny, very small (2–3´´ broad), globular or sometimes +a little tapering below from the presence of many staminate flowers, usually all +entirely distinct on the very slender, often zigzag or flexuose rhachis; bracts +none, or only the lowest conspicuous; perigynium small and ovate, nerved on +both faces but never unusually prominently nerved on the inner face (as is the +perigynium of n. 130), the points spreading and rather conspicuous; scale +acute, about the length of the perigynium. (C. straminea, var. tenera, last +ed.)—Dryish copses and fields; common. Immensely variable.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>mirábilis</b>, Tuckerm. Culm long and mostly weak, often 4° high, +much longer than the loose leaves; spikes 4–8, larger, usually all contiguous<a name="page622"></a> +or occasionally the lowest 1 or 2 separate, spreading, loosely flowered, tawny +or frequently greenish; perigynium narrowly ovate, thin, longer than the +scale, the points much spreading and very conspicuous. (C. mirabilis, <i>Dewey</i>.)—Shady +places, throughout; frequent.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>brèvior</b>, Dewey. (Pl. 6, fig. 6–10.) Culm always stiff, 1½–2½° +high, longer than the stiff long-pointed leaves; spikes 3–8, all distinct, contiguous +or more or less separated, large (3–5´´ broad), globular, the head +always short and erect; perigynium orbicular or ovate-orbicular, often cordate +at base, mostly very broadly winged. (C. straminea, and vars. typica, +hyalina, and Meadii, last ed.)—Dry soils, throughout; common.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>apérta</b>, Boott. Culm slender but strict below the head, 1–2° high, +growing in dense tufts; leaves very narrow, usually much shorter than the +culm; spikes 4–6, large, heavy, much contracted below, usually all separated, +becoming rusty, disposed in a weak or nodding head; perigynium narrowly +ovate.—Bogs, throughout; rare westward. Transition to n. 128, from which +the ovate perigynia distinguish it.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>invìsa</b>, W. Boott. Culm very slender, weak above; leaves very narrow +with exceedingly long thin points, about the length of the culm; spikes +small (3´´ broad or less), ovate, variously disposed in dense or open heads or +sometimes the lowest remote or even subradical, rusty, the lower ones subtended +by filiform bracts 2–5´ long.—Swales near the sea-board, Maine to +Del.; infrequent. Apt to be confounded with n. 128.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>alàta</b>, Bailey. Culm very stiff, 1½–3° high, longer than the stiff +leaves; spikes very large, oblong or conical, always pointed, usually all contiguous, +green or sometimes becoming tawny; perigynium orbicular or orbicular-obovate, +very abruptly contracted into a short beak which is prominent +in the spike. (C. alata, <i>Torr.</i>)—Swales, Mass. to Ill., and southward; rare +and uncharacteristic far inland.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>cumulàta</b>, Bailey. Culm very stiff, 2–3° high, greatly exceeding +the firm leaves; spikes 5–30, all aggregated or densely capitate, green, widely +divergent, pointed above, very abruptly contracted or even truncate at base, +very densely flowered; perigynium small, broad, very obscurely nerved, the +points inconspicuous.—Dry grounds, Penn. to N. Eng., and northward; rare.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>fœ̀nea</b>, Torr. Culm very stiff, longer than the leaves, 1–2° high; +spikes 4–8, contiguous or separated, never densely aggregated, prominently +contracted both above and below, very densely flowered, green, or often silvery-green. +(C. fœnea, last ed., excl. vars.; not <i>Willd.</i>)—Near the sea-coast; +frequent.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">leporìna</span>, L. Distinguished from C. straminea, var. brevior, as follows:—Usually +lower; spikes rusty-brown, ovoid or oblong, erect or appressed, more +or less contracted both above and below, contiguous in an interrupted head 1´ +long or less; perigynium lance-ovate, thin, very narrowly margined, erect and +appressed, obscurely nerved.—About Boston (<i>W. Boott, Morong</i>). (Adv. +from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] 12.—[+] 3. <i>Cyperoídeæ</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">133. <b>C. sychnocéphala</b>, Carey. Erect, 3–18´ high, leafy; head ½–1´ +long; perigynium very slender, faintly nerved, 5–6 times longer than the exceedingly +small achene, mostly a little longer than the sharp scale.—Glades, +central N. Y. to Minn., and far westward; rare.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="gramineae"><a name="page623"></a><span class="smcap">Order 129.</span> <b>GRAMÍNEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Grass Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Grasses, with usually hollow stems</i> (culms) <i>closed at the joints, alternate +2-ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade; +the hypogynous flowers solitary in the axils of imbricated 2-ranked glumes</i>, +forming a 1–many-flowered <i>spikelet</i>; the lower glumes (1 or usually 2) +empty, the succeeding <i>flowering glumes</i> enclosing each a somewhat +smaller and usually thinner scale (called the <i>palet</i>) and 2 or 3 very minute +hyaline scales (<i>lodicules</i>) at the base of the flower. Stamens 1–6, +commonly 3; anthers versatile, 2-celled, the cells distinct. Styles mostly +2 or 2-parted; stigmas hairy or feathery. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, +forming a seed-like grain (<i>caryopsis</i>) in fruit. Embryo small, on the +outside and at the base of the floury albumen.—Roots fibrous. Sheath +of the leaves usually more or less extended above the base of the blade +into a scarious appendage (<i>ligule</i>). Spikelets panicled or spiked. Palet +usually 2-nerved or 2-keeled, enclosed or partly covered by the glume. +Grain sometimes free from, sometimes permanently adherent to, the +palet.—A vast and most important family, as it furnishes the cereal +grains, and the principal food of cattle, etc. The terms <i>flowering glume</i> +and <i>palet</i> are now adopted in place of the <i>outer</i> and <i>inner palets</i> of previous +editions, while for convenience the term flower is often retained +for the flower proper together with the enclosing flowering glume. (See +<a href="#plate7">Plates 7–15.</a>)</p> + +<p class="series"><span class="smcap">Series A.</span> Spikelets jointed upon the pedicel below the glumes, of one terminal +perfect flower (sometimes a lower staminate or neutral flower in +n. 5), or some or all of the 1-flowered spikelets unisexual in n. 10–12. +Glumes 4 (rarely only 2 or 3).</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. PANICEÆ.</b> Spikelets of one perfect flower, in spikes or panicles. Flowering +glume awnless, in fruit more rigid than the empty glumes.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Spikelets in 2–4 ranks on a more or less flattened rhachis.—See also n. 5 (§ Digitaria).</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Rhachis produced beyond the upper spikelet; glumes 3.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Spartina.</b> Spikelets much flattened laterally in 2 close ranks.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Rhachis not produced above the upper spikelet (rarely in n. 3).</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Beckmannia.</b> Spikelets obovate, in 2 close rows. Glumes 3 (or 4), strongly concave, +carinate.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Paspalum.</b> Spikelets plano-convex, sessile or nearly so. Glumes 3 (rarely 2).</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Eriochloa.</b> Spikelets plano-convex, lanceolate, with a basal callus, short-pedicelled.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Spikelets irregularly paniculate or spicate.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Panicum.</b> Spikelets ovate, not involucrate nor the pedicels bristly. Glumes 4, the +lowest usually small or minute.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Setaria.</b> Spikelets in dense cylindrical spikes or panicles, the pedicels bristle-bearing.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Cenchrus.</b> Spikelets (1–5) enclosed in a globular spiny bur-like involucre.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Amphicarpum.</b> Spikelets of 2 kinds, one in a terminal panicle, the other subterranean +on radical peduncles.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. ORYZEÆ.</b> Spikelets unisexual or perfect, in loose panicles, with only 2 +glumes (in our genera) and palet none. Stamens often 6.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Leersia.</b> Flowers perfect. Spikelets much flattened. Glumes carinate.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Zizania.</b> Spikelets unisexual. Glumes convex, narrow.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><a name="page624"></a><b>Tribe III. MAYDEÆ.</b> Spikelets of a single perfect or unisexual or rudimentary +flower, in jointed spikes, in pairs at each joint, mostly imbedded in the thick rhachis.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Tripsacum.</b> Spikelets monœcious, the staminate above in the spike.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Rottbœllia.</b> One spikelet of each pair sterile and shortly pedicelled, the other fertile, +sessile and sunk in the rhachis.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe IV. ANDROPOGONEÆ.</b> Spikelets in pairs or threes on the (usually jointed +and bearded) rhachis of a spike or branches of a panicle, one sessile and fertile, the lateral +pedicelled and often sterile or rudimentary; 2 upper glumes smaller and hyaline, +that of the fertile flower mostly awned.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Erianthus.</b> Spikelets in pairs, spicate, all alike fertile, involucrate with a silky tuft.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Andropogon.</b> Spikelets spicate, in pairs, the pedicellate sterile or rudimentary; +rhachis bearded.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Chrysopogon.</b> Spikelets in open panicles, in pairs or threes, only the sessile fertile.</p> + +<p class="series"><span class="smcap">Series B.</span> Rhachis of the spikelet usually jointed above the persistent lower +glumes (jointed below the glumes only in n. 19, 31, and 36). Spikelets +1–many-flowered, the uppermost flowers often imperfect or rudimentary.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe V. PHALARIDEÆ.</b> Glumes 5, only the uppermost fertile, the 2 middle ones +rudimentary or empty or staminate; palet 1-nerved. Panicle mostly contracted and +spike-like.</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Phalaris.</b> Middle glumes mere rudiments each side of the shining triandrous flower.</p> + +<p class="genus">17. <b>Anthoxanthum.</b> Middle glumes empty, awned on the back. Stamens 2.</p> + +<p class="genus">18. <b>Hierochloe.</b> Middle glumes triandrous. Fertile flower diandrous.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe VI. AGROSTIDEÆ.</b> Glumes 3; flower solitary, perfect (rarely a rudimentary +or perfect second flower in n. 23 and 32–34), palet 2-nerved.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Flowering glume with a terminal awn (none in n. 22), closely embracing the grain in fruit; +spikelets in panicles or loose spikes, the rhachis not produced beyond the flower (except +in n. 24 and a single species of n. 23).—<span class="smcap">Stipeæ.</span></p> + +<p class="key">[+] Fruiting glume firm and indurated, with a callus at base (none in n. 22).</p> + +<p class="genus">19. <b>Aristida.</b> Awn 3-fid, the branches divaricate. Callus acute.</p> + +<p class="genus">20. <b>Stipa.</b> Awn simple, twisted. Callus mostly acute.</p> + +<p class="genus">21. <b>Oryzopsis.</b> Awn simple, straight, deciduous. Flower oblong; callus short, obtuse.</p> + +<p class="genus">22. <b>Milium.</b> Awn none. Flower small, ovoid, without callus.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Fruiting glume thin and membranous; outer glume smaller or minute.</p> + +<p class="genus">23. <b>Muhlenbergia.</b> Flower mostly hairy at base, the glume mucronate or awned.</p> + +<p class="genus">24. <b>Brachyelytrum.</b> Rhachis produced into a bristle above. Outer glumes very small, +the flowering one long-awned. Stamens 2.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Flowering glume awnless or short-awned, loosely embracing the grain, thin, the lower +glumes complicate carinate; spikelets in dense spike-like panicles, the rhachis not produced.—<span class="smcap">Phleoideæ.</span></p> + +<p class="genus">25. <b>Heleochloa.</b> Awns none. Spikes short and scarcely exserted.</p> + +<p class="genus">26. <b>Phleum.</b> Glumes somewhat truncate, mucronate or short awned. Spike cylindric.</p> + +<p class="genus">27. <b>Alopecurus.</b> Lower glumes united at base, the flowering awned on the back. Palet +none. Spike cylindric.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Glumes membranous, the lower rarely strongly complicate, the flowering with a dorsal +awn or awnless; spikelets variously panicled.—<span class="smcap">Agrosteæ.</span></p> + +<p class="key">[+] Flowering glume 1- (rarely 3-) nerved, awnless; grain loosely enclosed or naked.</p> + +<p class="genus">28. <b>Sporobolus.</b> Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Flowering glume 3–5 nerved, mostly awned; grain enclosed.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Rhachis not reduced above the single flower.</p> + +<p class="genus">29. <b>Agrostis.</b> Spikelets in an open panicle.</p> + +<p class="genus">30. <b>Polypogon.</b> Empty glumes long-awned. Panicle spike-like.</p> + +<p class="genus">31. <b>Cinna.</b> Spikelets flattened, in a loose panicle. Palet 1-nerved. Stamen 1</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page625"></a>[++][++] Rhachis bearing a rudimentary second flower or short bristle (except in species of +n. 33).</p> + +<p class="genus">32. <b>Apera.</b> Flowering glume bifid, awned. Panicle very loose and delicate.</p> + +<p class="genus">33. <b>Calamagrostis.</b> Flowers hairy-tufted at base. Glumes membranaceous. Palet thin.</p> + +<p class="genus">34. <b>Ammophila.</b> Spikelets large. Flowers hairy tufted at base. Glumes and palet +chartaceous.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe VII. AVENEÆ.</b> Spikelets 2–several-flowered, panicled, the rhachis or base +of the flowers often bearded; upper flower imperfect or rudimentary (except in n. 37). +Flowering glume bearing a twisted, bent or straight awn on its back or below the apex.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] One of the flowers staminate only.</p> + +<p class="genus">35. <b>Arrhenatherum.</b> Lower flower staminate, long awned; middle flower perfect, nearly +awnless; the upper rudimentary.</p> + +<p class="genus">36. <b>Holcus.</b> Flowers 2, the lower perfect, awnless, the upper staminate, awned.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Flowers all perfect or the uppermost usually rudimentary.</p> + +<p class="genus">37. <b>Aira.</b> Spikelets very small, in a diffuse panicle. Flowers 2, perfect, awned toward +the base.</p> + +<p class="genus">38. <b>Deschampsia.</b> Spikelets 2-flowered, with a hairy rudiment. Glumes thin-scarious, +the flowering one erose-truncate awned near the middle.</p> + +<p class="genus">39. <b>Trisetum.</b> Spikelets 2–several-flowered. Flowering glume thin, compressed, carinate, +2-toothed, awned above by the excurrent mid nerve.</p> + +<p class="genus">40. <b>Avena.</b> Spikelets 2–several-flowered. Flowering glume hard and firm, rounded on +the back, 5–9 nerved, the mid-nerve long-excurrent at or below the 2-toothed apex.</p> + +<p class="genus">41. <b>Danthonia.</b> As Avena, but the 3 middle nerves of the flowering glume running into +a flattish twisted awn from between the teeth.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe VIII. CHLORIDEÆ.</b> Spikelets 2–several-flowered with one or more of the +upper flowers imperfect (flower 1 and perfect in n. 45) arranged in 2 rows upon the +rhachis of a 1-sided spike.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Spikelets with one perfect flower.</p> + +<p class="genus">42. <b>Cynodon.</b> Spikes 3–5, slender, digitate. Flower and the rudiment awnless.</p> + +<p class="genus">43. <b>Ctenium.</b> Spike solitary, terminal. Flowers 4–6, the middle one perfect.</p> + +<p class="genus">44. <b>Gymnopogon.</b> Spikes filiform, racemose. Spikelets remote, of a perfect flower and +an awned rudiment.</p> + +<p class="genus">45. <b>Schedonnardus.</b> Spikes 3–9, slender, scattered, distant. Spikelets small, 1-flowered +awnless.</p> + +<p class="genus">46. <b>Bouteloua.</b> Spikes scattered (rarely 1 and terminal), dense. Glume of perfect flower +3-toothed. Rudimentary flowers 1–3 awned.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Spikelets with two or more perfect flowers; awns none.</p> + +<p class="genus">47. <b>Eleusine.</b> Spikes digitate, dense.</p> + +<p class="genus">48. <b>Leptochloa.</b> Spikes racemose, slender. Spikelets small, alternate.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Spikelets diœcious; spikes small, very dissimilar.</p> + +<p class="genus">49. <b>Buchloe.</b> Pistillate spikes capitate, sessile, the spikelets 1-flowered; staminate spikes +(2 or 3) on a peduncle, the spikelets 2–3-flowered.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe IX. FESTUCEÆ.</b> Spikelets few–many-flowered, panicled, the uppermost +flowers often imperfect or abortive. Glumes pointless or the flowering ones tipped with +a straight awn or bristle.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Flowering glume 1–3 nerved, 2–3-toothed. Rhachis short-bearded or glabrous.</p> + +<p class="genus">50. <b>Triodia.</b> Rhachis of the spikelet bearded. Nerves of the flowering glume 3, villous, +at least the middle one more or less excurrent.</p> + +<p class="genus">51. <b>Diplachne.</b> Rhachis glabrous. Glume 1–3-nerved, with 2 small teeth, and a short +awn in the cleft.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Glume 3-nerved, entire or 2-toothed and mucronate between the teeth. Rhachis and +flowers long-villous. Tall reeds with ample panicles.</p> + +<p class="genus">52. <b>Phragmites.</b> Spikelets 3–7-flowered, lowest flower naked, staminate or neutral. +Glume entire.</p> + +<p class="genus">53. <b>Arundo.</b> As n. 52, but flowers all perfect. Glume bifid.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page626"></a>[*][*][*] Glume 3-nerved, the nerves (at least the mid-nerve) excurrent; spikelets few, in the +axils of floral leaves.</p> + +<p class="genus">54. <b>Munroa.</b> Low or prostrate much-branched annual.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*] Glume 3- (rarely 1-) nerved, obtuse or acute, awnless; rhachis and flower naked.</p> + +<p class="genus">55. <b>Kœleria.</b> Panicle contracted. Spikelets 2–4-flowered. Glumes compressed-keeled, +acute or mucronate.</p> + +<p class="genus">56. <b>Eatonia.</b> Panicle slender, more or less dense. Spikelets 2-flowered. Glumes very +dissimilar, usually obtuse, the upper empty one enclosing the flowers.</p> + +<p class="genus">57. <b>Eragrostis.</b> Spikelets flattened, 2–many-flowered. Glumes acute or acutish. Palet +persistent.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*][*] Glume 3–5-nerved, obtuse or abrupt-cuspidate; spikelet 3–5-flowered; upper +sterile flowers convolute around each other.</p> + +<p class="genus">58. <b>Melica.</b> Glumes 5-nerved or more, scarious, obtuse. Panicle simple or nearly so.</p> + +<p class="genus">59. <b>Diarrhena.</b> Glumes 3-nerved, coriaceous, the flowering one abruptly cuspidate. +Panicle loosely few-flowered.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*][*][*] Flowering glume 5-nerved or more (sometimes obscurely so). Only the terminal +flower abortive, or none.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Glumes more or less strongly compressed and carinate (ventricose in n. 63).</p> + +<p class="genus">60. <b>Uniola.</b> Spikelets broad, flat and 2-edged, in usually loose panicles. Glumes coriaceous, +acute, the 3–6 lower ones empty.</p> + +<p class="genus">61. <b>Distichlis.</b> Diœcious. Spikelets large, flattened, in a close panicle. Empty glumes +2, acute.</p> + +<p class="genus">62. <b>Dactylis.</b> Panicle contracted in 1-sided clusters. Glumes herbaceous, awn-pointed, +rough-ciliate on the keel.</p> + +<p class="genus">63. <b>Briza.</b> Spikelets heart-shaped, in lax panicles. Glumes roundish, ventricose, scarious-margined.</p> + +<p class="genus">64. <b>Poa.</b> Spikelets small, flattened, ovate to lance-ovate, in a loose panicle. Flowering +glumes membranous and scarious-margined, pointless, usually webby or pubescent +toward the base.</p> + +<p class="genus">65. <b>Graphephorum.</b> Spikelets compressed, in a loose panicle, the hairy jointed rhachis +produced into a hairy pedicel. Glumes thin-membranous, faintly nerved, entire.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Glumes convex on the back, not carinate (or somewhat so in n. 70).</p> + +<p class="genus">66. <b>Scolochloa.</b> Spikelets subterete, in a lax panicle, the rhachis villous at the base of +the flowers, ending in a naked pedicel. Glumes coriaceous, prominently 7-nerved, +toothed at the apex. In water.</p> + +<p class="genus">67. <b>Glyceria.</b> Spikelets terete or flattish. Flowering glumes scarious at the usually blunt +summit, prominently 5–7-nerved.</p> + +<p class="genus">68. <b>Puccinellia.</b> Mainly as Glyceria, but the glumes obsoletely 5-nerved.</p> + +<p class="genus">69. <b>Festuca.</b> Spikelets terete or flattish. Flowering glume acute, pointed or awned at the +tip, few-nerved. Styles terminal.</p> + +<p class="genus">70. <b>Bromus.</b> Glume rounded or keeled on the back, mostly awned below the 2-cleft tip, +5–9-nerved. Styles scarcely terminal.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe X. HORDEÆ.</b> Spikelets 1–several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a zigzag +jointed channelled rhachis, forming a spike. Empty glumes sometimes abortive or +wanting. Uppermost flower imperfect or abortive.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Spikelets single at each joint of the solitary spike.</p> + +<p class="genus">71. <b>Lolium.</b> Spikelets many-flowered, placed edgewise on the rhachis of the spike, with +one empty glume.</p> + +<p class="genus">72. <b>Agropyrum.</b> Spikelets 3–several-flowered, placed flatwise on the rhachis. Empty +glumes 2, right and left.</p> + +<p class="genus">73. <b>Lepturus.</b> Spikelets small, 1–2-flowered; empty glumes 1 or 2. Spike very slender.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the solitary spike; the empty glumes side by side in +front of the spikelets (none or rudimentary in n. 76.)</p> + +<p class="genus">74. <b>Hordeum.</b> Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint, the lateral ones usually sterile.</p> + +<p class="genus"><a name="page627"></a>75. <b>Elymus.</b> Spikelets 1–several-flowered, all perfect and similar.</p> + +<p class="genus">76. <b>Asprella.</b> Spikelets few-flowered, somewhat pedicelled, 1–3 at each joint. Glumes +none or small and deciduous.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe XI. BAMBUSEÆ.</b> Tall woody reeds, the flat leaves with a short petiole jointed +upon the sheath. Spikelets few–many-flowered, flattened, in panicles or racemes.</p> + +<p class="genus">77. <b>Arundinaria.</b> Flowering glumes rounded on the back, many-nerved, acuminate or +bristle-pointed; empty glumes very small.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="spartina"><b>1. SPARTÌNA</b>, Schreber. <span class="smcap">Cord</span> or <span class="smcap">Marsh Grass</span>. (<a href="#plate9">Pl. 9.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, very much flattened laterally, jointed and sessile in 2 +ranks on the outer side of a triangular rhachis. Glumes 3, unequal, lanceolate, +strongly compressed-keeled, acute or bristle-pointed, mostly rough-bristly +on the keel; palet thin, equalling or longer than the flowering glume. Stamens +3. Styles long, more or less united.—Perennials, with simple and rigid often +reed-like culms, from extensively creeping scaly rootstocks, racemed spikes, +very smooth sheaths, and long tough leaves (whence the name, from <span class="greek">σπαρτίνη</span>, +<i>a cord</i>, such as was made from the bark of the <i>Spartium</i> or Broom).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Spikelets compactly imbricated, very rough-hispid on the keels; spikes (2–4´ long) +more or less peduncled; culm and elongated leaves rigid.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. cynosuroìdes</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Fresh-water Cord-Grass.</span>) <i>Culm rather +slender</i> (2–6° high); <i>leaves narrow</i> (2–4° long, ½´ wide below or less), tapering +to a very slender point, keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying, smooth +except the margins; <i>spikes</i> 5–20, scattered, spreading; rhachis rough on the +margins; <i>glumes awn-pointed</i>, especially the middle one (its awn about ¼´ long), +strongly serrulate-hispid on the keel, <i>the lower equalling the upper</i>, whose strong +midrib abruptly terminates below the membranous apex.—Banks of rivers +and lakes, or in rich soil, especially northward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. polystàchya</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Salt Reed-Grass.</span>) <i>Culm tall and stout</i> +(4–9° high, often 1´ in diameter near the base); <i>leaves broad (½–1´), roughish +underneath</i>, as well as the margins; <i>spikes 20–50, forming a dense oblong raceme</i> +(purplish); <i>glumes barely mucronate, the lower half the length of the flowering +one</i>, of which the rough-hispid midrib reaches to the apex.—Salt or +brackish marshes, within tide-water, especially southward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. júncea</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Rush Salt-Grass.</span>) <i>Culms low</i> (1–2° high) <i>and +slender; leaves narrow and rush-like, strongly involute, very smooth; spikes</i> 1–5, +on very short peduncles, the rhachis smooth; <i>glumes acute</i>, the lower scarcely +half the length of the middle one, not half the length of the upper.—Salt +marshes and sea-beaches. Aug. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Spikelets loosely imbricated, or somewhat remote and alternate, the keels only +slightly hairy or roughish under a lens; spikes sessile and erect, soft; leaves, +rhachis, etc., very smooth; culm rather succulent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. strícta</b>, Roth. (<span class="smcap">Salt Marsh-Grass.</span>) (Pl. 9, fig. 1–3.) Culm +1–4° high, leafy to the top; leaves soon convolute, narrow; spikes few (2–4), +the rhachis slightly projecting beyond the crowded or imbricated spikelets; +glumes acute, very unequal, the larger 1-nerved, a little longer than the +flower.—Salt marshes, Penn., etc.—Odor strong and rancid. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>glàbra</b>, Gray. Culm and leaves longer; spikes 5–12 (2–3´ long); +Spikelets imbricate-crowded.—Common on the coast.</p> + +<p class="variety"><a name="page628"></a>Var. <b>alterniflòra</b>, Gray. Spikes more slender (3–5´ long), and the spikelets +remotish, barely overlapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspicuous +bract-like appendage; larger glume indistinctly 5-nerved; otherwise as +in the preceding form, into which it passes.—Common with the last; also +Onondaga Lake, <i>J. A. Paine</i>.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="beckmannia"><b>2. BECKMÁNNIA</b>, Host. (<a href="#plate16">Pl. 16.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets jointed upon the pedicels, 1–2-flowered (only one fertile), obovate +and laterally compressed, imbricated in 2 rows upon one side of the angled +rhachis of a spike. Glumes 3 or 4, the 2 lower strongly concave and carinate, +obtuse or acutish, the 1 or 2 flowering glumes narrower, lanceolate, acute or +acuminate and a little exserted, becoming rather rigid and with the thin palet +enclosing the oblong grain.—A stout erect subaquatic perennial, with the +short spikes erect and simply spicate or in a strict narrow panicle. (Named +for <i>John Beckmann</i>, professor of botany at Goettingen.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. erucæfórmis</b>, Host, var. <b>uniflòra</b>, Scribn. Glumes 3 and spikelets +1-flowered; spikes (6´´ long or less) panicled.—N. W. Iowa, W. Minn., +and westward. The Old World form, which also is found in the far northwest, +has 2-flowered spikelets.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="paspalum"><b>3. PÁSPALUM</b>, L. (<a href="#plate13">Pl. 13.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed, in 2–4 rows on one side of a flattened +or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed upon very short pedicels, plano-convex, +awnless, 1-flowered. Glumes 3 (rarely only 2), the terminal one +flowering. Flower coriaceous, mostly orbicular or ovate, flat on the inner +side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. Spikes one or more, at or toward the +summit of an elongated peduncle. (<span class="greek">Πασπάλος</span>, a Greek name for Millet.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Spikes with a (1´´) broad and thin membranaceous or foliaceous and keeled +rhachis, the incurved margins partly enclosing the small two-rowed spikelets. +(Smooth, aquatic, or nearly so, decumbent or floating.)</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. flùitans</b>, Kunth. Annual; <i>leaves lanceolate, flat</i> (3–8´´), broad; +<i>spikes numerous in a raceme</i>, the rhachis somewhat projecting beyond the +minute and slightly pubescent spikelets into a tapering point, scabrous on the +back.—River-swamps, Va. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward. Sept., Oct.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. Walteriànum</b>, Schultes. Perennial; <i>leaves linear, short; spikes</i> +3–7, the lowest partly included in the sheath of the uppermost leaf, the rhachis +blunt; spikelets glabrous.—Low or wet grounds, N. J. (Cape May, +<i>Nuttall</i>), Del., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Spikes with a narrow wingless rhachis; perennials, or mostly so.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Spikelets very obtuse, orbicular; spikes one terminal and often 1–5 lateral.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. setàceum</b>, Michx. Culm ascending or decumbent (1–2° long), +slender; leaves (2´´ wide, flat) and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs; +<i>spikes very slender</i> (2–4´ long), smooth, <i>mostly solitary on a long peduncle, and +usually one from the sheaths of each of the upper leaves on short peduncles or included</i>; +<i>spikelets</i> (½´´ wide) <i>narrowly 2-rowed</i>.—Sandy fields; common from +E. Mass. to Ill., and southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. læ̀ve</b>, Michx. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 13</a>, fig. 1–3.) Bright green, sparingly villous, +rather stout; stems somewhat decumbent; leaves and spikes widely spreading;<a name="page629"></a> +spikes (2–4) approximate, 2–4´ long, smooth or nearly so; spikelets +about 1´´ wide, 2-rowed.—Moist soil, S. New Eng. to Ky., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. Floridànum</b>, Michx. Stout, erect, 3–6° high, glaucous; sheaths +and leaves more or less villous, the latter and the spikes erect or ascending; +spikes (2–5) broader, 2–5´ long, the smooth spikelets nearly 2´´ broad, in 2 +rows.—Moist soil; Del. to Fla., Ark., and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Spikelets acute; spikes several, racemose.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. dilatàtum</b>, Poir. Stout, erect, 2–5° high, villous at the top of the +sheath; spikes few on a naked peduncle, erect, 2–3´ long; spikelets 1´´ long +or more, the lower glume soft-villous on the margin.—Va. to Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Spikelets acute; spikes always a pair at the summit of the naked +peduncle.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. dístichum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Joint-Grass.</span>) Nearly glabrous, rather glaucous; +culms ascending (about 1° high) from a long creeping base; leaves linear-lanceolate +(2–3´ long); peduncle usually short; <i>spikes short</i> and closely-flowered +(9´´–2´ long), often slightly separated; rhachis flat on the back; <i>spikelets +ovate, slightly pointed</i> (barely 1½´´ long), <i>approximate on one side of the rhachis</i>.—Wet +fields, Va. and southward. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. Ellióttii</b>, Watson. Culms ascending (1–2½° high) from a creeping +base; leaves lanceolate (3–6´ long, 4–6´´ wide); <i>spikes slender</i>, rather sparsely +flowered (1–4´ long), <i>both sessile</i> upon the long slender peduncle; <i>spikelets +ovate-lanceolate</i> (2´´ long), <i>on nearly opposite sides of the rhachis</i>. (Milium +paspalòdes, <i>Ell.</i> P. Digitaria, <i>Chapm.</i>; not <i>Poir.</i>)—Va. and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="eriochloa"><b>4. ERIÓCHLOA</b>, HBK. (<a href="#plate16">Pl. 16.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets ovate, subsessile or shortly pedicelled upon one side of the rhachis +of a spike, with a callus at base and jointed on the pedicel, 1-flowered. Glumes +3, the 2 empty ones slightly unequal, membranaceous, acute, the flowering one +shorter, indurated, obtuse, enclosing the free grain.—Coarse tufted grasses, +with flat leaves, the spikes more or less scattered along a common peduncle, +and the pedicels and rhachis of the spike usually pubescent or hairy (hence +the name, from <span class="greek">ἔριον</span>, <i>wool</i>, and <span class="greek">χλόα</span>, <i>grass</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. polystàchya</b>, HBK. Culms erect or decumbent, 2° high; spikes +6–12, erect or ascending, 1–2´ long, forming a compound spike 3–6´ long; +spikelets glabrous, very shortly pedicelled, oblong-lanceolate, nearly 2´´ long.—S. +Kan. to Tex. and Mex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="panicum"><b>5. PÁNICUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Panic-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate13">Pl. 13.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets jointed upon the pedicels, ovate, panicled, racemed, or sometimes +spiked, not involucrate, with one perfect and sometimes a second lower rudimentary +or staminate flower. Glumes 4, but the lower one usually short or +minute (rarely even wanting), and the third empty or sterile, membranaceo-herbaceous. +Upper flower perfect, closed, coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually +flattish parallel with the glumes, awnless (except in § 3), enclosing the free +and grooveless grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, usually purple. (An +ancient Latin name of the Italian Millet, P. Italicum (now Setaria Italica), of +uncertain origin and meaning.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page630"></a>§ 1. DIGITÀRIA. <i>Spikelets crowded 2–3 together in simple and mostly 1-sided +clustered spikes or spike-like racemes, wholly awnless and pointless, +1-flowered; lower glume minute or obsolete or wanting; annual, often purplish.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Spikes erect; the rhachis filiform and nearly terete.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. filifórme</b>, L. Culms very slender (1–2° high), upright; lower +sheaths hairy; spikes 2–8, alternate, approximate, filiform; spikelets oblong, +acute (½´´ long); lower glume almost wanting.—Dry sandy soil, Mass. to +N. J. along the coast, to Iowa, Neb., and southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Spikes spreading; the rhachis flat and thin.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">glàbrum</span>, Gaudin. Culms spreading, prostrate, or sometimes erect +(5–12´ long), glabrous; <i>spikes 2–6, widely diverging</i>, nearly digitate; spikelets +ovoid (about 1´´ long); <i>upper empty glume equalling the flower, the lower +almost wanting</i>.—Cultivated grounds and waste places; common, especially +southward; sometimes appearing indigenous. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">sanguinàle</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Crab-</span> or <span class="smcap">Finger-Grass</span>.) (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 13</a>, fig. +1–3.) Culms erect or spreading (1–2° high); leaves and sheaths glabrous +or hairy; <i>spikes 4–15, spreading</i>, digitate; spikelets oblong (1½´´ long); <i>second +glume half the length of the flower, the lower one small</i>.—Cultivated and +waste grounds. Aug.–Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. PANICUM proper. <i>Spikelets scattered, in panicles, awnless.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Panicle elongated and racemose, wand-like or pyramidal; the numerous and +usually pointed spikelets short-pedicelled, excepting n. 3 and 4.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Sterile flower none; lower glume short; spikelets ½–1½´´ long; annuals except +n. 4; leaves flat; sheaths flattened.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Glabrous and smooth throughout; spikelets appressed, short-pedicelled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. prolíferum</b>, Lam. Culms usually thickish and rather succulent, +branched, geniculate and ascending from a procumbent base; sheaths flattened; +ligule ciliate; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal, the +slender primary branches at length spreading; spikelets pale green, rarely +purplish; lower glume broad, {1/3} to ¼ the length of the upper, which is little +longer than the flowering one.—Marshy river-banks and shores, especially if +brackish, but also in the interior, from Mass. to Iowa, and southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Hispid or hairy on the sheaths, at least the lower; spikelets mostly scattered +on slender pedicels in an ample, loose, at length very effuse panicle; culms +mostly branched from the base, erect or ascending (10–20´ high).</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. capillàre</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Old-witch Grass.</span>) (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 13</a>, fig. 4, 5.) All the +sheaths and usually the leaves <i>copiously hairy or hispid</i>; panicle mostly very +compound, the branches divaricate when old; spikelets from ovoid to narrowly +oblong, pointed; <i>lower glume half the length of the upper empty one</i>, which is +longer than the <i>elliptical obtuse perfect flower</i>.—Sandy soil and cultivated +fields everywhere. Aug.–Oct.—Varies extremely in size and appearance, +the culms erect and simple, or decumbent, geniculate and branched; in depauperate +forms the spikelets only ¾´´, in the larger forms 1½´´ in length.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. autumnàle</b>, Bosc. Root perennial (?), lower sheaths and margins +of the small narrow leaves more or less hairy, <i>otherwise glabrous</i>, except some +<i>bristly hairs in the main axils of the very effuse capillary panicle</i>, its much +elongated divisions sparingly branched, or even simple and terminated with +solitary <i>spindle</i>-shaped spikelets; <i>lower glume minute; perfect flower lanceolate-oblong and pointed</i>,<a name="page631"></a> +nearly equalling the lance-oblong obtusish empty glumes.—Sand-hills, +Ill. to Minn., Mo., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Sterile flower rudimentary (staminate in n. 7), its glume fully twice the +length of the lower glume; spikelets small (1 or 1½´´ long); root perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. ánceps</b>, Michx. <i>Culms flat, upright</i> (2–4° high); leaves rather +broadly linear (1–2° long, 4–5´´ wide), smooth; panicle contracted-pyramidal; +<i>spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed</i>, a little curved; <i>second glume 5–7-nerved</i>; +neutral flower one third longer than the perfect one.—Wet sandy +soil, N. J. and Penn. to S. Ill., and southward. Aug.—Spikelets larger and +branches of the panicle longer and narrower than in the next.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. agrostoìdes</b>, Muhl. <i>Culms flattened, upright</i> (2–4° high); leaves +long, and with the sheaths smooth; panicles terminal and often lateral, pyramidal +(4–8´ long); <i>spikelets</i> racemose, crowded and one-sided on the spreading +branches, <i>ovate-oblong, acute</i> (purplish); <i>second glume 5-nerved</i>, longer than +the neutral flower; perfect flower shorter, bearded at the apex.—Wet meadows +and shores, E. Mass. to Minn., Neb., and common southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. Curtísii</b>, Chapm. Culms stout, 3–4° high, often rooting below; +mostly glabrous; panicle slender, simple, spike-like (6–8´ long), the spikes +appressed; spikelets lanceolate, acute; lower glume half the length of the +5-nerved second one.—Ponds, Del. to Fl. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Sterile flower staminate; lower glume more than half the length of the +next; spikelets large (2–2½´´ long), ovate, pointed, as are the glumes, etc.; +perennials, glabrous, with tall or stout and rigid upright culms.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. virgàtum</b>, L. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 13</a>, fig. 8, 9.) Tall (3–5° high); <i>leaves very +long, flat</i>; ligule silky-bearded; <i>branches of the compound loose and large panicle</i> +(9´–2° long) <i>at length spreading or drooping</i>; spikelets scattered, usually +purplish.—Moist sandy soil; common. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>P. amàrum</b>, Ell. Culms (1½° high or more) sheathed to the top; +<i>leaves involute, glaucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contracted panicle</i>, +the simple racemose branches of which are appressed; spikelets pale.—Sandy +shores, Conn., Va., and southward. Aug., Sept.—The northern form +(var. <span class="smcap">mìnus</span>, Vasey & Scribn.) somewhat smaller than the southern.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Panicle short or small, loosely spreading or diffuse; perennials.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Sterile flower none; spikelets warty roughened.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>P. verrucòsum</b>, Muhl. Smooth; culms branching and spreading, +very slender (1–2° long), naked above; leaves linear-lanceolate (2–3´´ wide), +shining; branches of the diffuse panicle capillary, few-flowered; spikelets +dark green, oval, acute, ¾´´ long; lower glume ¼ as long as the faintly nerved +second.—Sandy swamps, N. Eng. to Va., near the coast, and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Lower (sterile) flower neutral, or in n. 12 and sometimes in n. 11 staminate, +the palet scarious and sometimes small and inconspicuous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Culm-leaves broadly lanceolate or wider, with 9–15 principal nerves (obscure +or none in n. 17).</i></p> + +<p class="key">[=] <i>Spikelets 1–1½´´ long.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>P. xanthophỳsum</b>, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched +near the base (9–15´ high); <i>sheaths hairy; leaves lanceolate, very acute</i> (4–6´<a name="page632"></a> +long by ½´ wide), <i>not dilated at the ciliate-bearded clasping base, smooth</i> except +the margins, <i>strongly 9–11-nerved; panicle long-peduncled, very simple</i>, the +appressed branches bearing a few <i>roundish-obovate spikelets</i> (about 1½´´ long); +lower glume ovate, acutish, {1/3}–½ the length of the 9-nerved second.—Dry +sandy soil, Maine to Penn., Wisc., Iowa, and northward; rare. June.—Yellowish-green; +spikelets minutely downy; sterile flower sometimes staminate.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>P. latifòlium</b>, L. Culm (1–2° high) smooth; the joints and the +throat or margins of the otherwise <i>smooth sheaths often bearded with soft woolly +hairs; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base</i> (often 1´ wide), +taper-pointed, 11–15-nerved, smooth, or sparingly downy-hairy; panicle more +or less exserted (2–3´ long), usually long-peduncled, the branches spreading; +<i>spikelets obovate, 1½´´ long</i>, downy; lower glume ovate, not half the length of +the many-nerved second; sterile flower often (not always) with 3 stamens.—Moist +thickets; common. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>P. clandestìnum</b>, L. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 13</a>, fig. 6, 7.) Culm rigid (1–3° high), +very leafy to the top, at length producing appressed branches, the <i>joints naked</i>; +<i>sheaths rough with papillæ bearing very stiff and spreading bristly hairs</i>; leaves +oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base, very taper-pointed; lateral and +usually also the terminal <i>panicle more or less enclosed in the sheaths</i>, or with +the terminal one at length long-peduncled;—otherwise resembling n. 12; +but <i>the spikelets more ovoid</i>, often smooth; the lower flower (always?) neutral.—Low +thickets and river-banks, N. Eng. to Mich., Mo., and southward. +June–Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>P. víscidum</b>, Ell. Culms stout, upright or ascending, at length +much branched, leafy to the top, <i>densely velvety-downy all over</i>, as also the +sheaths, with reflexed soft and often clammy hairs, except a ring below each +joint; leaves likewise velvety, lanceolate (½´ wide), 11–13-nerved; panicle +spreading, the lateral ones included; <i>spikelets obovate</i>, 1 or 1½´´ <i>long</i>, downy; +the roundish lower glume scarcely one fourth the length of the 7-nerved second +one.—Damp soil, N. J. to Va., and southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>P. scopàrium</b>, Lam. <i>Culms</i> upright, at length much branched and +reclining (1–2° long), <i>roughish; leaves lanceolate</i> (3–5´ long by {1/3}–½´ wide), +<i>rather faintly 9-nerved</i>, hairy or smooth, <i>fringed</i> on the whole margin or next +the base <i>with long and stiff spreading hairs, the sheaths bristly throughout</i> with +similar hairs; <i>panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few</i> tumid-obovate hairy or +smoothish <i>spikelets about 1½´´ long</i>; lower glume roundish, about half or a +quarter of the length of the upper one. (P. pauciflorum, <i>Ell.</i>)—Wet meadows +and copses, E. Mass. to Minn., west and southward. June, July.</p> + +<p class="species">16. <b>P. commutàtum</b>, Schultes. Rather slender, erect, 1–2° high, +<i>nearly glabrous</i>; leaves lanceolate, acuminate (3–6´ long), the margins toward +the base and the sheaths sparsely ciliate; panicle spreading, often short-peduncled; +<i>spikelets</i> scattered, glabrous, <i>oblong, acutish</i>, little more than 1´´ +long; <i>lower glume ovate</i>, often acute.—N. Y. to Fla.—A frequent variety +with smaller spikelets (not 1´´ long) approaches the next, and has also been +confused with P. dichotomum.—Ont. to Va. and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[=][=] <i>Spikelets less than 1´´ long.</i></p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>P. nítidum</b>, Michx. (Lam.?) Resembles the last; leaves rather +thick and the principal nerves very obscure or none except at the base; panicle<a name="page633"></a> +broad, more slender; spikelets smaller ({2/3}´´ long), broadly ovate and very +obtuse; lower glume very obtuse. (P. sphærocarpon, <i>Ell.</i>)—N. Y. to Ga., +and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">18. <b>P. microcárpon</b>, Muhl. Like the last; the broadly lanceolate +leaves nearly similar, but usually longer (8´ long or less), distinctly nerved; +panicle soon exserted on a slender peduncle, rather narrower, with numerous +slender branches and very many-flowered (3–7´ long); spikelets about ½´´ +long, ovoid, smooth or smoothish; lower glume orbicular and very small.—Dry +or moist thickets, Penn. to Mich., Neb., and southward. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Culm-leaves linear or sometimes narrowly lanceolate (basal often lanceolate); +primary nerves often indistinct or none; spikelets small.</i></p> + +<p class="species">19. <b>P. depauperàtum</b>, Muhl. Culms simple or branched from the +base, forming close tufts (6–12´ high), terminated by a simple and few-flowered +contracted panicle, often much overtopped by the narrowly linear and +elongated (4–7´) upper leaves; spikelets ¾–1½´´ long, oval-obovate, commonly +pointed when young; lower glume ovate.—Varies, with the leaves involute, +at least when dry (P. involutum, <i>Torr.</i>), and with the sheaths either beset +with long hairs or nearly smooth; the panicle either partly included, or on a +long and slender peduncle.—Dry woods and hills; rather common. June.</p> + +<p class="species">20. <b>P. consanguíneum</b>, Kunth. Culms slender, 1–2° high, often decumbent +and rooting below; nearly glabrous or the sheaths and leaves somewhat +pubescent or villous; panicle small, with rather few spreading few-flowered +branches; <i>spikelets</i> 1–1½´´ long, <i>oblong-obovate, acutish</i>.—Dry woods, +Norfolk, Va., and south to Fl. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">21. <b>P. dichótomum</b>, L.! Culms (8´–2° high) at first mostly simple, +bearing a more or less exserted spreading compound panicle (1–3´ long), and +linear to linear-lanceolate flat leaves (those tufted at the root usually ovate-lanceolate +and very short, thickish); but commonly branching later in the +season, the branches often clustered, and bearing nearly simple and included +small panicles; <i>spikelets</i> ½-{2/3}´´ long, <i>elliptical, obtuse</i>, downy or smooth; +lower glume roundish.—Common everywhere. Very variable both in habit +and in the amount of villosity (depending upon the soil, exposure, season, etc.), +so that it is difficult to specify any well defined varieties. The more conspicuous +forms are (<i>a</i>) <i>commùne</i>, with simple culms erect or ascending, and leaves +suberect, usually pale green—(<i>b</i>) <i>fasciculàtum</i>, with clustered leafy branches +and short peduncles, a common autumnal state—and (<i>c</i>) <i>grácile</i>, the culms +lax, very slender and elongated, with rather distant spreading leaves (usually +bright green), and mostly long-pedunculate panicles.</p> + +<p class="species">22. <b>P. laxiflòrum</b>, Lam.! Closely resembling the last species, in its +several forms; distinguished by the larger acutish spikelets (nearly or quite +1´´ long).—Common.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. ECHINÓCHLOA. <i>Spikelets imbricated-spiked on the branches of the +simple or compound raceme or panicle, usually rough with appressed stiff +hairs; lower palet of the sterile flower awl-pointed or awned.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">Crus-gálli</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Barnyard-Grass.</span>) Root annual; culms stout, +branching from the base (1–4° high); leaves lanceolate (½´ wide or more), +rough-margined, otherwise with the sheaths smooth; spikes alternate (1–3´ +long), crowded in a dense panicle; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed; glume<a name="page634"></a> +of the neutral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length.—Varies +greatly; sometimes awnless or nearly so; sometimes <i>long-awned</i>, especially +in the var. <span class="smcap">híspidum</span>, a very large and coarse form with the sheaths of the +leaves very bristly.—Moist, chiefly manured soil; the variety in ditches, especially +of brackish water; possibly indigenous. Aug.–Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="setaria"><b>6. SETÀRIA</b>, Beauv. <span class="smcap">Bristly Foxtail Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 13</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets altogether as in Panicum proper, and awnless, but with the short +peduncles bearing below the joint of the spikelet solitary or clustered bristles +resembling awns (but not forming an involucre). Inflorescence a dense spiked +panicle, or apparently a cylindrical spike.—Annuals, in cultivated or manured +grounds, with linear or lanceolate flat leaves. (Name from <i>seta</i>, a bristle.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Bristles single or in pairs, roughened or barbed downward.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">verticillàta</span>, Beauv. Spike cylindrical (2–3´ long, pale green), +composed of apparently whorled short clusters; bristles short, adhesive.—Near +dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Bristles in clusters, roughened or barbed upward.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">glaùca</span>, Beauv. (<span class="smcap">Foxtail. Pigeon-Grass.</span>) (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 13</a>, fig. 1, 2.) <i>Spike +cylindrical, dense, tawny yellow</i> (2–4´ long); <i>bristles 6–11 in a cluster</i>, much +longer than the spikelets; <i>perfect flower transversely wrinkled</i>.—Very common, +in stubble, etc. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">víridis</span>, Beauv. (<span class="smcap">Green Foxtail. Bottle-Grass.</span>) <i>Spike nearly +cylindrical, more or less compound, green; bristles few</i>, longer than the spikelets; +<i>flower striate lengthwise and dotted</i>.—Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">Itálica</span>, Kunth. <i>Spike compound</i>, interrupted at base, thick, <i>nodding</i> +(6–9´ long), <i>yellowish or purplish; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster</i>, either much longer +or else shorter than the spikelets.—Cultivated under the name of <span class="smcap">Millet</span>, or +<span class="smcap">Hungarian</span> or <span class="smcap">Bengal Grass</span>; rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cenchrus"><b>7. CÉNCHRUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Hedgehog-</span> or <span class="smcap">Bur-Grass</span>. (<a href="#plate14">Pl. 14.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed 1 to 5 together in a globular +and bristly or spiny involucre, which becomes coriaceous and forms a deciduous +hard and rigid bur; the involucres sessile in a terminal spike. Styles +united below. (An ancient Greek name of Setaria Italica.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. tribuloìdes</b>, L. Annual; culms branched and ascending (1° high +or less); leaves flat; spike oblong, of 8–20 spherical heads; involucre prickly +all over with spreading and barbed short spines, more or less downy, enclosing +2 or 3 spikelets.—Sandy soil, on river banks, etc. Aug.—A vile weed.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="amphicarpum"><b>8. AMPHICÁRPUM</b>, Kunth. (<a href="#plate13">Pl. 13.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets jointed upon the pedicels, 1-flowered, oblong or ovoid, of two +kinds; one kind in a terminal panicle, deciduous from the joint without fruit, +although the flower is perfect; the other kind solitary at the extremity of +slender runner-like radical peduncles (more or less sheathed toward the base), +much larger than the others, perfect and fertile, subterranean, fertilized in the +bud. Glumes 3, nearly equal, 5-nerved in the panicle, many nerved in the fertile +spikelets; palet a little shorter; all becoming indurated and enclosing the +very large grain. Stamens 3 (small in the radical flowers). Stigmas plumose, +deep purple. (Name from <span class="greek">ἀμφίκαρπος</span>, <i>doubly fruit-bearing</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Púrshii</b>, Kunth. Annual or biennial(?), erect, 1–4° high; leaves +lanceolate, copious on the lower part of the culm, hispid, especially on the<a name="page635"></a> +sheaths; panicle strict, naked; grain ovoid or oblong (2–3´´ long), terete.—Moist +sandy pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="leersia"><b>9. LEÉRSIA</b>, Swartz. <span class="smcap">White Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate7">Pl. 7.</a>)</p> + +<p>Flowers crowded in one-sided panicled spikes or racemes, perfect, but those +in the open panicles usually sterile by the abortion of the ovary, those enclosed +in the sheaths of the leaves close-fertilized in the bud and prolific. Spikelets +1-flowered, flat, more or less imbricated over each other, jointed upon the short +pedicels. Glumes 2, chartaceous, strongly flattened laterally or conduplicate, +awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keels, closed, nearly equal in length, but the +lower much broader, enclosing the flat grain. Palet none. Stamens 1–6. +Stigmas feathery, the hairs branching.—Perennial marsh grasses; the flat +leaves, sheaths, etc., rough upward, being clothed with very minute hooked +prickles. (Named after <i>John Daniel Leers</i>, a German botanist.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Spikelets narrowly oblong, rather loosely crowded.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Virgínica</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">White Grass.</span>) <i>Panicle simple; the spikelets +closely appressed</i> on the slender branches, around which they are partly curved +(1½´´ long); stamens 2 (a third imperfect or wanting); glumes sparingly ciliate +(greenish-white).—Wet woods; Maine to Minn., and southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. oryzoìdes</b>, Swartz. (<span class="smcap">Rice Cut-grass.</span>) (Pl. 7, fig. 1–3.) <i>Panicle +diffusely branched; spikelets flat, rather spreading</i> (2½–3´´ long); <i>stamens</i> 3; +glumes strongly bristly-ciliate (whitish).—Very wet places; Mass, to Minn., +and southward; common. Aug. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Spikelets broadly oval, imbricately covering each other (2½–3´´ long).</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. lenticulàris</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Catch-fly Grass.</span>) Smoothish; panicle +simple; glumes very flat, strongly bristly-ciliate (said to close and catch flies); +stamens 2; otherwise like the preceding.—Low grounds, Va., Ill., and +southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="zizania"><b>10. ZIZÀNIA</b>, Gronov. <span class="smcap">Water</span> or <span class="smcap">Indian Rice</span>. (<a href="#plate7">Pl. 7.</a>)</p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious; the staminate and pistillate both in 1-flowered spikelets +in the same panicle. Glumes 2, subtended by a small cartilaginous ring, +herbaceo-membranaceous, convex, awnless in the sterile, the lower one tipped +with a straight awn in the fertile spikelets. Palet none. Stamens 6. Stigmas +pencil-form.—Large, often reed-like water-grasses. Spikelets jointed +upon the club-shaped pedicels, very deciduous. (Adopted from <span class="greek">ζιζάνιον</span>, the +ancient name of some wild grain.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>Z. aquática</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Indian Rice. Water Oats.</span>) (Pl. 7, fig. 1–4.) +Annual; culms 3–9° high; leaves flat, 2–3° long, linear-lanceolate; <i>lower +branches of the</i> ample pyramidal <i>panicle staminate, spreading; the upper erect, +pistillate; lower glume long-awned</i>, rough; styles distinct; grain linear, slender, +6´´ long.—Swampy borders of streams and in shallow water; common, +especially northwestward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>Z. miliàcea</b>, Michx. Perennial; panicle diffuse, ample, the <i>staminate +and pistillate flowers intermixed; awns short</i>; styles united; grain ovate.—Penn. +(?), Ohio, and southward. Aug.—Leaves involute.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="tripsacum"><a name="page636"></a><b>11. TRÍPSACUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Gama-Grass. Sesame-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate14">Pl. 14.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets monœcious, in jointed unilateral spikes, staminate above and fertile +below. Staminate spikelets in pairs, sessile at each triangular joint of the +narrow rhachis, both alike, 2-flowered, longer than the joints; glumes 4, coriaceous, +the lower (outer) one nerved, the second boat-shaped, the upper with +the palets very thin and membranaceous, awnless; anthers opening by 2 pores +at the apex. Pistillate spikelets 2-flowered (the lower flower neutral), single +and deeply imbedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened rhachis, +occupying a boat-shaped recess which is closed by the polished and cartilaginous +ovate outer glume, the inner glume much thinner and pointed, the +upper with the palets very thin and scarious, pointless. Styles united; stigmas +very long (purple), hispid. Grain ovoid, free.—Culms stout and tall, +solid, from very thick creeping rootstocks. Leaves broad and flat. Spikes axillary +and terminal, separating spontaneously into joints at maturity. (Name +from <span class="greek">τρίβω</span>, <i>to rub</i>, perhaps in allusion to the polished fertile spike.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. dactyloìdes</b>, L. Spikes (4–8´ long) 2–3 together at the summit +(when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened), and also solitary from +some of the upper sheaths (when the fertile part is cylindrical); in var. <span class="smcap">monostàchyum</span>, +the terminal spike also solitary.—Moist soil, from Conn. to +Penn. and Fla., near the coast, and from Ill. southward. Aug.—Culm 4–7° +high; leaves like those of Indian Corn. This is one of our largest and most +remarkable Grasses; sometimes used for fodder at the South.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="rottboellia"><b>12. ROTTBŒ́LLIA</b>, L. f. (<a href="#plate16">Pl. 16.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets in pairs at each joint of a terete slender spike, awnless; one imperfect +or rudimentary on a short and thick appressed pedicel; the other sessile +and imbedded in an excavation of the joint of the rhachis, 1-flowered or +rarely with a second staminate flower. Glumes 4, obtuse, the outer hard and +cartilaginous, with a transverse depression next the base, the inner one boat-shaped +and membranaceous, the 2 upper thin and delicate. Stamens 3. Styles +2.—Tall or coarse perennials, with rigid stems, and single cartilaginous spikes +terminating the stem and axillary branches, chiefly subtropical. (Named for +<i>Prof. C. F. Rottboell</i>, an excellent Danish botanist, who wrote much upon +Gramineæ, Cyperaceæ, etc.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. rugòsa</b>, Nutt. Culm flattish, 2–4° high; leaves linear; spikes +1–2´ long, the lateral ones on short clustered branches in the axils, often +partly included in the sheaths of the leaves; sterile flower neutral; lower +glume transversely rugose.—Low pine-barrens, from S. Del. (<i>W. M. Canby</i>) +southward near the coast. Sept.–Oct.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="erianthus"><b>13. ERIÁNTHUS</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">Woolly Beard-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate14">Pl. 14.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets spiked, in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, one sessile, +the other pedicelled, both 1-flowered, alike. Glumes 4, the 2 lower nearly +equal, one 4–5-nerved, the other many-nerved; the 2 upper hyaline, one +empty, the upper awned from the tip. Stamens 3. Grain free.—Tall and +stout reed-like perennials, with the spikes crowded in a panicle, and clothed +with long silky hairs, especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet +(whence the name, from <span class="greek">ἔριον</span>, <i>wool</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>).</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page637"></a>1. <b>E. saccharoìdes</b>, Michx. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 14</a>, fig. 1, 2.) Culm (4–6° high) +woolly-bearded at the joints; <i>panicle contracted; the silky hairs longer than the +spikelets</i>, shorter than the awn; stamens 2. (E. alopecuroides, <i>Ell.</i>)—Wet +pine-barrens, from N. J. and Ill. southward; rare. Sept., Oct.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. brevibárbis</b>, Michx. Culm (2–5° high), somewhat bearded at the +upper joints; <i>panicle rather open</i>; silky hairs shorter than the spikelets.—Low +grounds, Va., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="andropogon"><b>14. ANDROPÒGON</b>, Royen. <span class="smcap">Beard-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate14">Pl. 14.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, spiked or racemed, +one of them pedicelled and sterile (staminate, pistillate or neutral), often a +mere vestige, the other sessile, 1-flowered and fertile; lower glume the larger, +coriaceous and nerved, blunt, the second carinate and acute, the 2 upper hyaline, +the flowering glume awned from the tip. Stamens 1–3. Grain free.—Coarse, +mostly rigid perennials, mostly in sterile or sandy soil; with lateral +or terminal spikes commonly clustered or digitate; the rhachis hairy or plumose-bearded, +and often the sterile or staminate flowers also (whence the +name, composed of <span class="greek">ἀνήρ</span>, <i>man</i>, and <span class="greek">πώγων</span>, <i>beard</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Spikes digitate, thickish, short-bearded, the sterile spikelet staminate; stamens 3.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. furcàtus</b>, Muhl. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 14</a>, fig. 1–3.) Tall, 3–4° high, rigid, the +naked summit of the culm (and usually some lateral branches) terminated by +2–5 rigid spikes; spikelets approximate, appressed; hairs at the base of the +fertile spikelet, on the rhachis and on the stout pedicel of the awnless staminate +spikelet short and rather sparse; awn of fertile flower long and bent; +leaves flat, roughish, the lower ones long. ("A. provincialis, <i>Lam.</i>")—Common +in dry sterile soil. Aug.–Oct.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Spikes with slender often zigzag rhachis, silky-villous.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Single and scattered along the branches, with the silky hairs shorter than the +flowers; sterile spikelet conspicuous but mostly neutral; the fertile triandrous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. scopàrius</b>, Michx. Culms slender (1–3° high), with numerous +paniculate branches; lower sheaths and narrow leaves hairy; spikes slender, +scattered, mostly peduncled (1–2´ long), very loose, often purplish, silky with +lax dull-white hairs; sterile spikelet awn-pointed or awnless; the fertile about +half the length of its twisted or bent awn.—Dry ground. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. marítimus</b>, Chapm. Smooth and glaucous; culms ascending +from creeping rootstocks, 1–1½° high; leaves rather rigid, divaricate, their +compressed sheaths imbricated; panicle short; peduncles included within +the conspicuous bracts; rhachis and pedicels copiously ciliate with spreading +hairs; glumes larger, 3–4´´ long.—Sandy sea-coast; Cape May, and south +to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>In pairs or clustered; the copious soft-silky hairs much longer than the flowers; +sterile spikelet a small neutral rudiment (in n. 4 and 5), or altogether +wanting on the very plumose-hairy pedicel; fertile flower monandrous, its +awn capillary; leaves narrow, the lower or their sheaths often rather hairy.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. argénteus</b>, Ell. Smooth; culms rather slender (1–3° high); +<i>spikes</i> in pairs (rarely in fours) on short mostly exserted<a name="page638"></a> +<i>and loosely paniculate peduncles, densely flowered</i> (1–2´ long), <i>very silky with long bright white +hairs</i>. (A. argyræus, <i>Schultes.</i>)—Md. to Va., near the coast, and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. Ellióttii</b>, Chapm. Closely resembling the last; sheaths and leaves +villous; upper nodes of the branches densely bearded.—Md. to Fla. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>A. Virgínicus</b>, L. Culm flattish below, slender (2–3° high) <i>sparingly +short-branched above</i>, sheaths smooth; <i>spikes 2 or 3 together in distant +appressed clusters, shorter than their sheathing bracts</i>, weak (1´ long), the spikelets +loose on the filiform rhachis, the soft <i>hairs dull white</i>. (A. dissitiflorus, +<i>Michx.</i> A. vaginàtus, <i>Ell.</i>, a form with larger and inflated sheaths.)—Sandy +soil, E. Mass. to Va., Ill., and southward. Sept., Oct.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>A. macroùrus</b>, Michx. Culm stout (2–3° high), <i>bushy-branched at +the summit</i>, loaded with very numerous <i>spikes forming thick leafy clusters</i>; +sheaths rough, the uppermost hairy; flowers nearly as in the preceding; the +sterile spikelet of each pair wholly wanting, its pedicel slender and very plumose.—Low +and sandy grounds, N. Y. to Va., near the coast, and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>A. laguroìdes</b>, DC. Culms slender, tall, the elongated peduncle +bearing numerous sessile spikes in a spike-like panicle 2–4´ long; spikes +slender, 1´ long or more, very silky; spikelets glabrous, the sterile a narrow +convolute empty glume.—Central Kan. to Tex. and Mex.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Spikes digitate-clustered, very silky; sterile spikelet larger than the +fertile one.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>A. Hàllii</b>, Hackel. Culm stout, 2–3° high; lateral peduncles few, +scarcely exserted from the sheaths; spikes 2–5, 1–3´ long, dense; spikelets +3–4´´ long.—Central Kan. to Dak., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chrysopogon"><b>15. CHRYSOPÒGON</b>, Trin. (<a href="#plate14">Pl. 14.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets in pairs on the ramifications of an open panicle (those at the ends +of the branches in threes), the lateral ones pedicellate, sterile or often reduced +merely to their pedicels; only the sessile middle or terminal one fertile, its +glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless; otherwise nearly as in +Andropogon. Stamens 3. (Name composed of <span class="greek">χρυσός</span>, <i>gold</i>, and <span class="greek">πώγων</span>, <i>beard</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. nùtans</b>, Benth. (<span class="smcap">Indian Grass. Wood-Grass.</span>) Root perennial; +culm simple (3–5° high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, glaucous; sheaths +smooth; panicle narrowly oblong, crowded or loose (6–12´ long); the perfect +spikelets at length drooping (yellowish or russet-brown and shining), clothed +especially toward the base with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than +the twisted awn; sterile spikelets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced +to a mere plumose-hairy pedicel. (Andropogon avenaceus, <i>Michx.</i> Sorghum +nutans, <i>Gray</i>.)—Dry soil; common, especially southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="phalaris"><b>16. PHÁLARIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Canary-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate13">Pl. 13.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets crowded in a clustered or spiked panicle, 1-flowered. Glumes 5, +the third and fourth reduced to mere rudiments (a scale or a pedicel), one on +each side, at the base of the flowering glume and palet, which are flattish, +awnless and shining, shorter than the equal boat-shaped and keeled persistent +empty glumes, finally coriaceous or cartilaginous, and closely enclosing the +flattened free and smooth grain. Stamens 3.—Leaves broad, mostly flat. +(The ancient name, from <span class="greek">φαλός</span>, <i>shining</i>, alluding to the shining seed.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page639"></a>§ 1. PHALARIS proper. <i>Panicle very dense, spike-like; glumes wing-keeled.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">Canariénsis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Canary-Grass.</span>) Annual, 1–2° high; spike oval; +empty glumes white with green veins, the rudimentary ones small lanceolate +scales.—Waste places and roadsides; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. DÍGRAPHIS. <i>Panicle branched, the clusters open in anthesis; glumes +not winged on the back.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. arundinàcea</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Reed C.</span>) (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 13</a>, fig. 1, 2.) Perennial, +2–4° high; leaves flat (3–5´´ wide); glumes open at flowering, 3-nerved, +thrice the length of the fertile flower; rudimentary glumes reduced to a minute +hairy scale or pedicel.—Wet grounds; common, especially northward. +June, July.—Var. <span class="smcap">pícta</span>, the leaves striped with white, is the familiar <span class="smcap">Ribbon-Grass</span> +of the gardens. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="anthoxanthum"><b>17. ANTHOXÁNTHUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Sweet Vernal-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate13">Pl. 13.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets spiked-panicled, 1-flowered. Glumes 5, the third and fourth empty, +hairy, 2-lobed and awned on the hack, the flowering glume and palet small, +hyaline and obtuse; basal glumes persistent, very thin, acute, keeled, the +lower half as long as the upper. Squamulæ none. Stamens 2. Grain ovate, +adherent. (Name compounded of <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθων</span>, <i>of flowers</i>. <i>L.</i>)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">odoràtum</span>, L. Spikelets (brownish or tinged with green) spreading at +flowering-time; one middle glume bearing a bent awn from near its base, the +other short-awned below the tip.—Meadows, pastures, etc. Low slender +perennial; very sweet-scented in drying. May–July. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hierochloe"><b>18. HIERÓCHLOE</b>, Gmelin. <span class="smcap">Holy Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate13">Pl. 13.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 3-flowered, open-panicled, the two lower (lateral) flowers staminate +only, 3-androus, sessile, the carinate glumes often awned on the middle of the +back or near the tip, the uppermost flower perfect, short-pedicelled, scarcely +as long as the others, 2-androus, awnless. Basal glumes persistent, carinate, +acute, somewhat 3-nerved, equalling or exceeding the spikelet.—Perennials; +leaves flat. (Name composed of <span class="greek">ἱερός</span>, <i>sacred</i>, and <span class="greek">χλόη</span>, <i>grass</i>; these sweet-scented +grasses being strewn before the church-doors on saints' days, in the +North of Europe.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. boreàlis</b>, Roem. & Schultes. (<span class="smcap">Vanilla</span> or <span class="smcap">Seneca Grass</span>.) (Pl. +13, fig. 1, 2.) Panicle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal (2–5´ long); peduncles +smooth; staminate flowers with the glume mucronate or bristle-pointed at or +near the tip; rootstock creeping.—Moist meadows, chiefly northward near +the coast and along the Great Lakes. May.—Culm 1–2° high, with short, +lanceolate leaves. Spikelets chestnut-color; the staminate flowers strongly +hairy-fringed on the margins, and the fertile one at the tip. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. alpìna</b>, Roem. & Schultes. Panicle contracted (1–2´ long); one +of the staminate flowers with its glume barely pointed or short-awned near +the tip, the other long-awned from below the middle; lowest leaves very narrow.—Alpine +mountain-tops, N. Eng., N. Y., and northward. July. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aristida"><b>19. ARÍSTIDA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Triple-awned Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate8">Pl. 8.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, not jointed on the pedicels. Outer glumes unequal, +often bristle-pointed; the flowering glume tipped with three awns; the palet +much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa.—Culms branching; leaves narrow,<a name="page640"></a> +often involute. Spikelets in simple or panicled racemes or spikes. Grain +linear. All grow in sterile, dry soil, and all ours have the awns naked and +persistent, and flower late. (Name from <i>arista</i>, a beard or awn.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Awns separate to the base, not jointed with the glume.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Awns very unequal; the much shorter or minute lateral ones erect, the elongated +middle one horizontal or turned downward; low (5–18´ high) and branching, +mostly tufted annuals, and the spikelets in nearly simple spikes.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Middle awn more or less coiled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. ramosíssima</b>, Engelm. Culms much branched; spikes loose, +usually exserted; lower glumes 6–10´´ long, exceeding the upper, usually +rather strongly 3–5-nerved; middle awn 1´ long, soon abruptly hooked-recurved, +the lateral ones 1–3´´ long.—Dry prairies of Ill., Ky., and Mo.—Also +var. <span class="smcap">uniaristàta</span>, Engelm., with the lateral awns wanting.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. basiràmea</b>, Engelm. Spikes closer, mostly enclosed at base, at +all the lower nodes (even to the base of the culm) very short and sessile; lower +glumes 4–8´´ long, mostly thin and 1-nerved or rather faintly 3-nerved; middle +awn very slender, 6´´ long, the lateral 2´´ long.—Ill. to Neb. and Minn.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. dichótoma</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Poverty Grass.</span>) Culms low, very slender, +much branched throughout, ascending; spikelets in narrow strict simple +or compound spikes; lower glumes nearly equal (3–4´´ long), longer than the +flowering glume and fully equalling its minute lateral awns (or unequal and +shorter, in var. <span class="smcap">Curtíssii</span>, Gray), the soon reflexed middle awn about as long.—Dry, +sandy or gravelly fields; common, Maine to Ill., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Middle awn nearly straight (not coiled).</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. grácilis</b>, Ell. Culms slender, erect (6–18´ high), naked above and +terminating in a slender raceme- or spike-like virgate panicle; lower glumes +1-nerved, about the length of the upper, the exserted lateral awns varying from +one third to fully half the length of the horizontally bent middle one: or in +var. <span class="smcap">depauperàta</span>, from one fifth to one third its length.—Sandy soil, coast +of Mass., and from Ill. southward.—Middle awn 3–9´´ long in the ordinary +forms, but not rarely shorter, and very variable often on the same plant.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Awns all diverging and alike, or the lateral ones moderately shorter, rarely +at all coiled.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Glumes equal or the middle one longer.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. strícta</b>, Michx. Culms (2–3° high) densely tufted from a <i>perennial</i> +root, bearing a (1°) long <i>spiked panicle</i>; leaves involute-thread-form, long, +rigid, sometimes downy; awns about the length of the glumes (6´´) or the lateral +one third shorter.—Va. and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>A. oligántha</b>, Michx. Culms (6–20´ high) tufted from an <i>annual</i> +root, bearing a <i>loosely few-flowered raceme</i>; leaves short, somewhat involute +when dry; lower glume 3–5-nerved (nearly 1´ long); <i>awns capillary</i>, 1½–3´ +long, much exceeding the slender spikelet.—Va. to Ill., and common southwestward.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>A. purpùrea</b>, Nutt. Perennial; culms (1° high or less) densely tufted, +spreading; leaves revolute and filiform, short; panicle loose, of rather few +slender-pedicellate spikelets; lower glumes thin, 1-nerved, loose, the outer<a name="page641"></a> +about half the length of the inner, which is 8–10´´ long; awns 2–4´´ long.—Minn. +and Dak. to Tex.—Very variable.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Middle glume shorter than the lower; perennials, simple-stemmed, 2–4° high.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>A. purpuráscens</b>, Poir. (<a href="#plate8">Pl. 8.</a>) <i>Glabrous</i>; leaves long, rather +involute; spikelets in a (10–18´) long spiked panicle; lower glumes 1-nerved; +<i>awns much longer than the spikelet</i>, the middle one about 1´ long.—Mass. to +Mich., Minn., and southward; common.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>A. lanàta</b>, Poir. Tall and stout; <i>leaves</i> tardily involute, <i>rough</i> above, +rigid; <i>sheaths woolly</i>; panicle (1–2° long) spike-like or more compound and +open; glumes 1-nerved, 6–8´´ long; middle awn 1´ long.—Del. to Fla.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Awns united below into one, jointed with the apex of the glume; root annual.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>A. tuberculòsa</b>, Nutt. Culm branched below (6–18´ high), tumid +at the joints; panicles rigid, loose, the branches in pairs, one of them short and +about 2-flowered, the other elongated and several-flowered; lower glumes (1´ +long, including their slender-awned tips) longer than the upper, which is +tipped with the common stalk (about its own length) of the 3 equal divergently-bent +awns (1½–2´ long) twisting together at the base.—Sandy soil, E. +Mass. to N. J.; also Wisc., Minn., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="stipa"><b>20. STÌPA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Feather-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate8">Pl. 8.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, terete; the flower falling away at maturity (with the +conspicuous obconical bearded and often sharp-pointed callus) from the membranaceous +persistent lower glumes. Fertile glumes coriaceous, cylindrical-involute +and closely embracing the smaller palet and the cylindrical grain, +having a long and twisted or tortuous simple awn jointed with its apex. +Stamens mostly 3. Stigmas plumose.—Perennials, with narrow involute +leaves and a loose panicle. (Name from <span class="greek">στύπη</span>, <i>tow</i>, in allusion to the flaxen +appearance of the feathery awns of the original species. In our species the +awn is naked.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Callus or base of the flower short and blunt; lower glumes pointless.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Richardsònii</b>, Link. Culm (1½–2° high) and leaves slender; +panicle loose (4–5´ long), with slender few-flowered branches; lower glumes +nearly equal, oblong, acutish (2½–4´´ long), about equalling the pubescent +linear-oblong fertile one, which bears a tortuous awn 6–9´´ long.—Pleasant +Mountain, near Sebago Lake, Maine, Mt. Marcy, N. Y., north shore of L. +Superior, Mont., and northward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Callus pungently pointed, at maturity villous-bearded; flowering glume slender +and minutely bearded at the tip; empty glumes taper-pointed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. avenàcea</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black Oat-Grass.</span>) (<a href="#plate8">Pl. 8.</a>) Culm slender (1–2° +high); leaves almost bristle-form; <i>panicle open; fertile glume blackish, +nearly as long as the lower ones</i> (about 4´´ long); the awn bent above, twisted +below (2–3´ long).—Dry woods, S. New Eng. to Wisc., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. spàrtea</b>, Trin. (<span class="smcap">Porcupine Grass.</span>) Culm rather stout (1½–3° +high); <i>panicle contracted; fertile glume linear</i>, ¾–1´ long (including the long +callus), pubescent below, <i>shorter than the</i> lanceolate slender subulate pointed<a name="page642"></a> +greenish <i>lower glumes</i>; the twisted strong awn (3½–7´ long), pubescent below, +rough above.—Plains and prairies, from Ill. and N. Mich. northwestward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. virídula</b>, Trin. Culms clustered, 1–3° high or more; panicle +narrow and usually dense, 6–18´ long; glumes very thin, 3–4´´ long; fertile +glume usually somewhat silky, with a short callus; awn 1´ long, slender, glabrous +or a little pubescent below.—W. Minn., Dak., and southwestward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="oryzopsis"><b>21. ORYZÓPSIS</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">Mountain Rice.</span> (<a href="#plate8">Pl. 8.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, nearly terete. Lower glumes herbaceous or thin-membranaceous, +several-nerved, nearly equal, commonly rather longer than the +oblong flower, which is deciduous at maturity, and with a very short obtuse +callus or scar-like base. Flowering glume coriaceous, at length involute so +as closely to enclose the equal palet and the oblong grain; a simple untwisted +and deciduous awn jointed on its apex. Stamens 3. Squamulæ 2 or 3, conspicuous. +Stigmas plumose.—Perennials, with rigid leaves and a narrow +raceme or panicle. Spikelets greenish, rather large. (Name composed of +<span class="greek">ὄρυζα</span>, <i>rice</i>, and <span class="greek">ὄψις</span>, <i>likeness</i>, from a fancied resemblance to that grain.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Styles distinct, short; culm leafy to the summit; leaves broad and flat.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. melanocárpa</b>, Muhl. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed; sheaths +bearded in the throat; panicle simple or sparingly branched; awn thrice the +length of the blackish glume (nearly 1´ long).—Rocky woods, N. Eng. to +Penn., Minn., Mo., and westward. Aug.—Culm 2–3° high.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Styles united below, slender; culms tufted, naked; leaves concave or involute.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>O. asperifòlia</b>, Michx. (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) Culms (9–18´ high), with +sheaths bearing a mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the <i>long and rigid +linear leaf from the base</i>; very simple panicle or raceme few-flowered; <i>awn +2–3 times the length of the rather hairy whitish glume</i>.—Hillsides, etc., in rich +woods; common, N. Eng. to Minn., and northward. May.—Leaves without +keels, rough-edged, pale beneath, lasting through the winter. Squamulæ +lanceolate, almost as long as the palet!</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>O. Canadénsis</b>, Torr. Culms slender (6–15´ high), the lowest +sheaths leaf-bearing; <i>leaves involute-thread-shaped</i>; panicle contracted (1–2´ +long), the branches usually in pairs; glume pubescent, whitish; <i>awn short and +very deciduous, or wanting</i>.—Rocky hills and dry plains, Maine to W. New +Eng., the mountains of Penn., Wisc., Minn., and northward; rare. May.—Glumes +1–2´´ long, sometimes purplish.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="milium"><b>22. MÍLIUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Millet-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate13">Pl. 13.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, diffusely panicled, not jointed with their pedicels, consisting +of 2 equal membranaceous convex and awnless persistent glumes, with +a coriaceous awnless flowering glume and narrow palet. Stamens 3. Stigmas +branched-plumose. Grain not grooved, enclosed in its glume and palet, +all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin name of the Millet, which however +belongs to a different genus, of uncertain meaning.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. effùsum</b>, L. Smooth perennial, 3–6° high; leaves broad and +flat, thin; panicle spreading (6–9´ long); flower ovoid-oblong.—Cold damp +woods and mountain meadows, N. Eng. to Ill., and northward. June. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="muhlenbergia"><a name="page643"></a><b>23. MUHLENBÉRGIA</b>, Schreber. <span class="smcap">Drop-seed G.</span> (<a href="#plate8">Pl. 8.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely in open panicles. Empty glumes +mostly acute or bristle-pointed, persistent, usually thin; the lower rather +smaller or minute. Flower very short-stalked or sessile, the glume and palet +usually minutely bearded at base, herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed +grain, often equal, the glume 3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex. +Stamens 3. (Dedicated to the <i>Rev. Dr. Henry Muhlenberg</i>, a distinguished +American botanist of the early part of this century.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. MUHLENBERGIA proper. <i>Panicles contracted or glomerate, on branching +rigid culms from scaly creeping rootstocks; leaves short and narrow.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowering glume barely mucronate or sharp-pointed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. sobolífera</b>, Trin. Culms ascending (1–2° high), rarely branching; +the <i>simple contracted panicle very slender</i> or filiform; lower <i>glumes barely +pointed, almost equal, one third shorter than the flower</i>; flowering glume abruptly +short-mucronate, equalling the palet.—Open rocky woods, Mass. to +Mich., Minn., and southward. Aug.—Spikelets less than 1´´ long.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. glomeràta</b>, Trin. Culms upright (1–3° high), sparingly branched +or simple; <i>panicle</i> (2–3´ long) <i>oblong-linear, contracted into an interrupted +glomerate spike</i>, long-peduncled, the branches sessile; <i>glumes awned</i>, nearly +equal, and (with the bristle-like awn) about twice the length of the unequal +very acute flowering glume and palet.—Bogs and wet rocks, common, especially +northward. Aug.—Var. <span class="smcap">ramòsa</span>, Vasey. A stout strict much-branched +leafy form, the lower glumes but little longer than the flower. Ill. to Dak.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>M. Mexicàna</b>, Trin. Culms ascending, much branched (2–3° high); +<i>panicles</i> lateral and terminal, often included at the base, <i>contracted, the branches +densely spiked-clustered</i>, linear (green and purplish); lower <i>glumes awnless, +sharp-pointed</i>, unequal, the upper about the length of the very acute flowering +one.—Low grounds; common. Aug. Varies with more slender panicles.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowering glume bristle-awned from the tip; flowers short-pedicelled.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Lower glumes long and bristle-pointed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>M. sylvática</b>, Torr. & Gray. (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) Culms ascending, much +branched and diffusely spreading (2–4° long); contracted <i>panicles densely +many-flowered; lower glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the +flowering one</i>, which bears an awn twice or thrice the length of the spikelet.—Low +or rocky woods; common. Aug., Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>M. ambígua</b>, Torr. Culms ascending, clustered and branching, 1° +high; panicles contracted, densely many-flowered; <i>spikelet 2-flowered</i>, the upper +flower like the lower and perfect, or more frequently reduced to a mere +awn at the base of the lower flower; lower glumes nearly equal, long-pointed; +<i>flowering glume villous</i>, as long as the lower and equalling the palet, its awn +nearly twice longer.—Minn. (shore of Elysian Lake, Waseca Co., <i>Geyer</i>).—A +remarkable species, approaching Brachyelytrum in the structure of the +spikelet, but with wholly the habit of Muhlenbergia.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Lower glumes short or minute, not or scarcely pointed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>M. Willdenòvii</b>, Trin. Culms upright (3° high), slender, simple or +sparingly branched; contracted <i>panicle slender, loosely flowered; lower glumes<a name="page644"></a> +slightly unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the flowering one</i>, which bears +an awn 3–4 times the length of the spikelet.—Rocky woods; rather common. +Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>M. diffùsa</b>, Schreber. (<span class="smcap">Drop-seed. Nimble Will.</span>) (Pl. 8, fig. +3–5.) Culms diffusely much branched (8–18´ high); contracted <i>panicles +slender</i>, rather loosely many-flowered, terminal and lateral; <i>empty glumes +extremely minute, the lower obsolete</i>, the upper truncate; awn once or twice +longer than the flowering glume.—Dry hills and woods, from S. New Eng. +to Mich., Iowa, and southward. Aug., Sept.—Spikelets only 1´´ long.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. TRICHÓCHLOA. <i>Panicle very loose and open, the long branches and +pedicels capillary; leaves narrow, often convolute-bristle-form.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>M. capillàris</b>, Kunth. (<span class="smcap">Hair-Grass.</span>) Culm simple, upright (2° +high) from a fibrous root; panicle capillary, expanding (6–20´ long, purple); +empty glumes unequal, the lower mostly pointless, the upper more or less +bristle-pointed, one third or half the length of the long-awned flowering glume.—Sandy +soil, W. New Eng. to N. J., Ky., Mo., and southward. Sept.—Pedicels +1–2´ long, scarcely thicker than the awns, which are about 1´ long.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="brachyelytrum"><b>24. BRACHYÉLYTRUM</b>, Beauv. (<a href="#plate8">Pl. 8.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, with a conspicuous filiform pedicel of an abortive second +flower about half its length, nearly terete, few, in a simple appressed racemed +panicle. Lower glumes unequal, persistent, usually minute, or the +lower one almost obsolete. Flowering glume and palet chartaceo-herbaceous, +involute, enclosing the linear-oblong grain, somewhat equal, rough with scattered +short bristles, the first 5-nerved, extended into a long straight awn, the +palet 2-pointed; the awn-like sterile pedicel partly lodged in the groove on its +back. Stamens 2; anthers and stigmas very long.—Perennial, with simple +culms (1–3° high) from creeping rootstocks, downy sheaths, broad and flat +lanceolate pointed leaves, and spikelets ½´ long without the awn. (Name composed +of <span class="greek">βραχύς</span>, <i>short</i>, and <span class="greek">ἔλυτρον</span>, <i>husk</i>, from the minute glumes.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. aristàtum</b>, Beauv. Rocky woods; common. June.—Var. <span class="smcap">Engelmánni</span>, +Gray, is a western form, with the second glume awn-pointed, +nearly half the length of the flowering one.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="heleochloa"><b>25. HELEÓCHLOA</b>, Host. (<a href="#plate7">Pl. 7.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, crowded in a dense spike or spike-like panicle. Lower +glumes persistent, membranaceous, acute, ciliate-carinate, awnless; flowering +glume similar, a little longer, and a little exceeding the palet. Stamens 3.—Low +cespitose annuals; spike often scarcely exserted from the upper sheath. +(Name from <span class="greek">ἕλος</span>, <i>a meadow</i>, and <span class="greek">χλόα</span>, <i>grass</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>H.</b> <span class="smcap">schœnoìdes</span>, Host. Usually nearly prostrate and tufted; leaves rather +rigid, tapering to a sharp point; spike oblong, thick, 7–20´´ long. (Crypsis +schœnoides, <i>Lam.</i>)—Waste places, N. J. to Del. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="phleum"><b>26. PHLÈUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Cat's-tail Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate7">Pl. 7.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, in a very dense cylindrical spike-like panicle. Lower +glumes persistent, membranaceous, folded-carinate, subtruncate, mucronate or +short-awned; flowering glume hyaline, shorter, truncate. Stamens 3. Styles +distinct.—Perennials. (From <span class="greek">φλέως</span>, a Greek name for a kind of reed.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page645"></a><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">praténse</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Timothy. Herd's-Grass</span> in New Eng. and N. Y.) +Tall; <i>spike long-cylindrical</i>; lower glumes ciliate on the back, tipped with <i>a +short bristle</i>.—Meadows, commonly cultivated for hay. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. alpìnum</b>, L. Low; <i>spike ovate-oblong</i>; lower glumes strongly +ciliate on the back, tipped with a rough <i>awn about their own length</i>.—Alpine +tops of the White Mountains, N. H., and high northward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="alopecurus"><b>27. ALOPECÙRUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Foxtail Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate7">Pl. 7.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, jointed on the pedicel. Lower glumes boat-shaped, +strongly compressed and keeled, nearly equal, united at base, equalling or exceeding +the flowering glume, which is awned on the back below the middle; +palet mostly wanting! Stamens 3. Styles mostly united. Stigmas long and +feathered.—Clusters contracted into a cylindrical and soft dense spike; perennial. +(Name from <span class="greek">ἀλώπηξ</span>, <i>fox</i>, and <span class="greek">οὐρά</span>, <i>tail</i>, from the shape of the spike.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">praténsis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Meadow Foxtail.</span>) Culm upright, smooth (2° high); +the upper leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath; spike stout, 1½–2½´ long; +<i>flowering glume equalling the acute lower glumes; awn exserted more than half +its length, twisted</i>.—Meadows and pastures, eastward. May. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">geniculàtus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Floating F.</span>) (Pl. 7, fig. 1–4.) Culm ascending, +often bent at the lower joints; upper leaf as long as its sheath; spike slender, +1–2´ long; <i>flowering glume rather shorter than the obtuse lower glumes, the awn +from near its base and projecting front half to twice its length beyond it</i>.—Moist +meadows, eastward. June–Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>aristulàtus</b>, Torr. The awn very slender and scarcely exserted. +(A. aristulatus, <i>Michx.</i>)—In water and wet places; common. June–Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sporobolus"><b>28. SPORÓBOLUS</b>, R. Br. <span class="smcap">Drop-seed Grass. Rush-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate7">Pl. 7.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets small, 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in an open or contracted or spiked +panicle. Lower glumes persistent, 1–3-nerved, not awned or pointed, the +lower smaller; flowering glume of the same texture as the lower ones +(membranaceo-chartaceous) and usually longer than they, naked, awnless and +mostly pointless, 1-nerved (rarely somewhat 3-nerved); palet similar, 2-nerved. +Stamens chiefly 3. Stigmas simply feathery. Grain globular to oblong or +cylindrical, deciduous, often very thin, containing the loose seed.—Culms +wiry or rigid. Leaves involute, the throat usually bearded, and sheaths often +enclosing the panicles. (Name from <span class="greek">σπορά</span>, <i>seed</i>, and <span class="greek">βάλλω</span>, <i>to cast forth</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Panicle contracted, often simple; grain oval or oblong; perennial, except n. 2.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. ásper</b>, Kunth. Culms tufted (2–4° high); lowest leaves very +long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and thread-like +point, the upper short, involute; sheaths partly or at first wholly enclosing +the contracted panicle; <i>flower much longer than the unequal lower glumes</i>; +grain oval or oblong. (Vilfa aspera, <i>Beauv.</i>)—Sandy fields and dry hills, +especially southward. Sept.—Spikelets 2–3´´ long. Flowering glume and +palet rough above, smooth or hairy below, the palet tapering upward, acute, +and one half to twice longer than the glume, or else obtuse and equalled or +even considerably exceeded by the glume!</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. vaginæflòrus</b>, Vasey. (Pl. 7, fig. 4, 5.) Culms slender (6–12´ +high), ascending; leaves involute-awl-shaped (1–4´ long); panicles simple +and spiked, the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the sheaths; <i>flowering<a name="page646"></a> +glume and palet somewhat equal, acute, about the length of the nearly equal +lower glumes</i>, only {1/3} longer than the oval grain. (Vilfa vaginæflora, <i>Torr.</i>)—Barren +and sandy dry fields; common, especially southward. Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. cuspidàtus</b>, Torr. Erect culms and appressed leaves more slender +than in the preceding; <i>panicle exserted</i>, very simple and narrow; spikelets +smaller, the lower <i>glumes acuminate</i>, little shorter than the cuspidate upper +one. (Vilfa cuspidata, <i>Torr.</i>)—Maine (on the St. John's River, <i>G. L. Goodale</i>); +also Iowa, Minn., and common westward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. depauperàtus</b>, Vasey. Resembling n. 3, but the culms decumbent +at base and matted, the leaves short and usually widely spreading, and +the lower glumes barely acute, not half the length of the upper one.—W. +Minn. to Kan., and southwestward.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. Virgínicus</b>, Kunth. <i>Culms</i> tufted, slender (5–12´ long), often +procumbent, <i>branched</i>; leaves convolute, rigid; palets rather shorter than the +nearly equal acute glumes. (Vilfa Virginica, <i>Beauv.</i>)—Sandy seashore, Virginia +(<i>Clayton</i>) and southward.—Spikelets much smaller and more numerous +than in the others.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. mìnor</b>, Vasey. Culms tufted, very slender, geniculate and ascending, +simple, 1° high; leaves short and narrow; peduncles little exserted from +the sheaths; spikelets (1½–2´´ long) in a very narrow simple compressed panicle +(1–2´ long), not crowded; glumes and palet nearly equal, acute or somewhat +acuminate.—Va. to N. C., Tenn. and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">Índicus</span>, R. Br. Culms stout, erect, 2–3° high; leaves elongated, attenuate; +panicle very narrow, 6–18´ long, the densely crowded spikelets ½´´ +long.—On ballast, and naturalized southward. (From Trop. Am.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Panicle pyramidal, open; glumes very unequal; grain globose, utricular; +perennials.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>S. júnceus</b>, Kunth. <i>Leaves involute</i>, narrow, rigid, the lowest elongated; +culm (1–2° high) naked above, bearing a narrow loose panicle; +empty <i>glumes ovate, rather obtuse</i>, the lower one half as long as, <i>the upper +equalling, the nearly equal flowering glume and palet</i>.—Dry soil, Penn. to +Wisc. and Minn., and (chiefly) south to Fla. Aug.—Spikelets 1–2´´ long, +shining.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>S. heterólepis</b>, Gray. <i>Leaves involute-thread-form</i>, rigid, the lowest as +long as the culm (1–2°) which is naked above; panicle very loose; empty +<i>glumes very unequal; the lower awl-shaped</i> (or bristle-pointed from a broad +base) and somewhat shorter, <i>the upper ovate-oblong and taper-pointed and longer, +than the equal flowering glume and palet</i>.—Dry soil, Conn. and N. Y. to Minn., +Neb., and Mo. Aug.—Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (<i>Sullivant</i>), stouter +than the last, the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle 1´´ in diameter, shining, +thick and coriaceous!</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>S. cryptándrus</b>, Gray. (Pl. 7, fig. 1–3.) Culm 2–3° high; <i>leaves +flat</i>, pale (2´´ wide); the pyramidal lead-colored <i>panicle bursting from the upper +sheath</i> which usually encloses its base, its spreading branches hairy in the +axils; spikelets 1´´ long; <i>upper empty glume lanceolate, rather acute, twice the +length of the lower one</i>, as long as the nearly equal flowering glume and palet; +sheaths strongly bearded at the throat.—Sandy shores, coast of New Eng. +and of the Great Lakes, Minn. to Kan., and westward. Aug., Sept.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page647"></a>10. <b>S. airoìdes</b>, Torr. Culm tufted, often stout, erect, ½–3° high; +leaves strongly revolute and attenuate, rather rigid; panicle open and diffuse, +broadly pyramidal, glabrous; spikelets solitary on slender pedicels, 1´´ long; +lower glumes unequal, rather obtuse.—Neb. to Tex., and westward.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">asperifòlus</span>, Thurb., a similar but smaller species, with thinner and +shorter leaves very rough on the margin, the inflorescence scabrous, and spikelets +smaller, with the glumes nearly equal, is very common westward, and probably +occurs within our limits—as also S. <span class="smcap">confùsus</span>, Vasey (S. ramulosus of +authors, not <i>Kunth</i>), a low slender annual, with very short culms and a delicate +diffuse panicle, the very small spikelets (½´´ long) on filiform-clavate +pedicels.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Empty glumes almost equal; panicle racemose-elongated, open, the pedicels +capillary; sheaths naked at the throat; spikelets not unfrequently two-flowered; +perennial.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>S. compréssus</b>, Kunth. Very smooth, <i>leafy to the top; culms tufted, +stout, very flat</i>; sheaths flattened, much longer than the internodes; <i>leaves +erect</i>, narrow, conduplicate-channelled; empty glumes acutish, about one third +shorter than the obtuse flowering one.—Bogs, on Long Island and in the +pine-barrens of N. J. Sept.—Forming strong tussocks, 1–2° high. Panicle +8–12´ long; spikelets 1´´ long, purplish.</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>S. serótinus</b>, Gray. Smooth; <i>culms very slender, flattish</i> (8–15´ +high), <i>few-leaved</i>; leaves very slender, channelled; <i>panicle soon much exserted</i>, +the diffuse capillary branches scattered; glumes ovate, obtuse, about half the +length of the flower.—Sandy wet places, Maine to N. J. and Mich. Sept.— +A very delicate grass; the spikelets half a line long.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="agrostis"><b>29. AGRÓSTIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Bent-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate7">Pl. 7.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, in an open panicle. Empty glumes somewhat equal, +or the lower rather longer, usually longer than the flowering one, pointless. +Flowering glume and palet very thin, pointless, naked; the first 3–5-nerved, +frequently awned on the back; the palet often minute or none. Stamens +chiefly 3. Grain (caryopsis) free.—Culms usually tufted, slender; root commonly +perennial. (Name from <span class="greek">ἀγρός</span>, <i>a field</i>, the place of growth.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. AGROSTIS proper. <i>Palet manifest, but shorter than the glume.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">álba</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Fiorin</span> or <span class="smcap">White Bent-Grass.</span>) Rootstocks creeping +or stoloniferous; culms 1–2° high, often decumbent at base; leaves short, +flat, the ligule long and acute; panicle contracted after flowering, greenish, +purplish or brownish, the branches slightly rough; flowering glume nearly +equalling the empty ones, 3-nerved, rarely short-awned, the palet about half as +long.—Meadows and fields, a valuable grass; naturalized from Eu. and cultivated, +and perhaps native north and westward.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <span class="smcap">vulgàris</span>, Thurb. (<span class="smcap">Red Top. Herd's-Grass</span> of Penn., etc.) (Pl. 7, +fig. 1, 2.) Panicle more or less spreading after flowering; ligule short and +truncate. (A. vulgaris, <i>With.</i>)—Low meadows and pastures; nat. from Eu. +and cultivated, also perhaps indigenous.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. arachnoìdes</b>, Ell. Culms (1° high) and leaves very slender; +panicle open, weak and drooping; glumes nearly equal, roughish on the keel +and margins, the flowering glume shorter, with 2 minute bristles at the truncate +apex and a long exceedingly delicate awn on the back above the middle; +palet minute.—Mo. to Ky., Tenn., and S. Car.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page648"></a>2. <b>A. exaràta</b>, Trin. Culms erect, 1–2° high; leaves mostly erect; +panicle narrow, crowded, greenish, the rays mostly flower-bearing to the base; +spikelets 1½–2´´ long; glumes nearly equal, acute, the flowering ones shorter, +sometimes awned above the middle.—Wisc. (<i>Vasey</i>) to Sask., and far +westward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. TRICHÒDIUM. <i>Palet abortive, minute, or none.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. elàta</b>, Trin. <i>Culms firm or stout</i> (2–3° high); leaves flat (1–2´´ +wide); upper ligules elongated (2–3´´ long); <i>spikelets crowded on the branches +of the spreading panicle above the middle</i> (1½´´ long); flowering glume awnless, +slightly shorter than the rather unequal lower ones; the palet wanting.—Swamps, +N. J. and southward. Oct.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. perénnans</b>, Tuckerm. (<span class="smcap">Thin-Grass.</span>) <i>Culms slender</i>, erect from +a decumbent base (1–2° high); leaves flat (the upper 4–6´ long, 1–2´´ wide); +<i>panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green; the branches short, divided +and flower-bearing from or below the middle; flowering glume awnless</i> (rarely +short-awned), shorter than the unequal lower ones; the palet minute or obsolete.—Damp +shaded places. July, Aug.—Spikelets, etc., as in n. 5, into +which it seems to vary.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. scàbra</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Hair-Grass.</span>) (Pl. 7, fig. 3.) <i>Culms very slender</i>, +erect (1–2° high); leaves short and narrow, the lower soon involute (the +upper 1–3´ long, less than 1´´ wide); <i>panicle very loose and divergent, purplish, +the long capillary branches flower-bearing at and near the apex; flowering +glume awnless or occasionally short-awned</i> on the back, shorter than the rather +unequal very acute empty ones; the palet minute or obsolete; root biennial?—Exsiccated +places; common. June–Aug.—Remarkable for the long and +divergent capillary branches of the extremely loose panicle; these are whorled, +rough with very minute bristles (under a lens), as also the keel of the glumes. +Spikelets 1´´ long. A dwarf mountain form occurs, growing in tufts in hollows +of rocks, etc.—A variety (?) from about the White Mountains, etc. (var. +montana, <i>Tuckerm</i>.), has a more or less exserted awn.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>A. canìna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Brown Bent-Grass.</span>) Culms 8´–2° high; root-leaves +involute-bristle-form, those of the culm flat and broader; panicle loose; +lower glumes slightly unequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, the flowering one +<i>exsertly awned on the back</i> at or below the middle; spikelets brownish or purplish, +rarely pale or greenish (1–1½´´ long).—Meadows, sparingly naturalized +eastward. A mountain form with shorter and more spreading panicle (A. +Pickeríngii & A. concinna, <i>Tuckerm</i>., A. canina, var. alpina, <i>Oakes</i>, & Ed. 2, +and essentially A. rubra, <i>L</i>. ex <i>Wahl</i>., and A. borealis, <i>Hartm.</i>) is indigenous +on mountain-tops, Maine to N. Y.; also an ampler form in the Alleghanies of +Penn. and southward (A. rupéstris, <i>Chapman</i>, etc.). July–Aug. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="polypogon"><b>30. POLYPÒGON</b>, Desf. <span class="smcap">Beard-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate8">Pl. 8.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted, mostly spike-like panicle. Empty +glumes nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the membranaceous +flowering one which is commonly short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. +Grain free. (Name composed of <span class="greek">πολύ</span>, <i>much</i>, and <span class="greek">πωγών</span>, <i>beard</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">Monspeliénsis</span>, Desf. Panicle interrupted; lower glumes oblong, the +awn from a notch at the summit, the flowering one also awned; root annual.—Isles +of Shoals (<i>Robbins</i>), ballast heaps, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cinna"><a name="page649"></a><b>31. CÍNNA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Wood Reed-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate8">Pl. 8.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, much flattened, crowded in an open flaccid panicle. +Empty glumes persistent, lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, rough-serrulate +on the keel; the lower rather smaller, the upper a little exceeding the flower, +which is manifestly stalked, smooth and naked; flowering glume much like +the lower, longer than the palet, usually short awned or mucronate on the +back below the pointless apex. Stamen one, opposite the 1-nerved palet! +Grain linear-oblong, free.—A perennial, rather sweet-scented grass, with +simple and upright somewhat reed-like culms (2–7° high), bearing an +ample compound terminal panicle, its branches in fours or fives; the broadly +linear-lanceolate flat leaves (4–6´´ wide) with conspicuous ligules. Spikelets +green, often purplish-tinged. (From <span class="greek">κίννα</span>, a name in Dioscorides for a kind +of grass.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. arundinàcea</b>, L. (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) Panicle 6–15´ long, rather +dense, the branches and pedicels spreading in flower, afterward erect; spikelets +2½–3´´ long.; awn of the glume either obsolete or manifest.—Moist woods +and shaded swamps; rather common. July, Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. péndula</b>, Trin. Panicle loose and more slender, the branches nearly +capillary and drooping in flower; pedicels very rough; glumes thinner, the +lower less unequal; spikelets 1½–2´´ long; palet obtuse. (C. arundinacea, +var. pendula, <i>Gray</i>.)—Deep damp woods, N. New Eng. to Lake Superior and +northward, and on mountains southward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="apera"><b>32. APÈRA</b>, Adans.</p> + +<p>With the characters of Agrostis; distinguished by the presence of a second +rudimentary flower in the form of a short bristle, and by the 2-toothed palet +little shorter than the flowering bifid glume, which is dorsally awned.—A +rather late annual, with narrow flat leaves, and a contracted or spreading panicle +with numerous filiform branches and very numerous small shining spikelets. +(Name from <span class="greek">ἄπηρος</span>, <i>unmaimed</i>; application obscure.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">spìca-vénti</span>, Beauv. Spikelets ½–1´´ long.—Sparingly naturalized. +(Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="calamagrostis"><b>33. CALAMAGRÓSTIS</b>, Adans. <span class="smcap">Reed Bent-G.</span> (<a href="#plate8">Pl. 8.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, and (in our species) often with a pedicel or rudiment +of a second abortive flower (rarely 2-flowered), in an open or spiked panicle. +Lower glumes mostly membranaceous, keeled or boat-shaped, often acute, +commonly nearly equal, and exceeding the flower, which bears at the base +copious white bristly hairs; flowering glume thin, bearing a slender awn on +the back or below the tip, or sometimes awnless; the palet mostly shorter. +Stamens 3. Grain free.—Perennials, with running rootstocks, and mostly +tall and simple rigid culms. (Name compounded of <span class="greek">κάλαμος</span>, <i>a reed</i>, and +<span class="greek">ἀγρόστις</span>, <i>a grass</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. DEYEÙXIA. <i>Rudiment of a second flower present in the form of a plumose +or hairy small pedicel behind the palet (very rarely more developed and +having a glume or even stamens); glumes membranaceous, or the flowering +one thin and delicate, the latter 3–5-nerved and awn-bearing.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Panicle loose and open, even after flowering; the mostly purple-tinged or lead-colored +strigose-scabrous glumes not closing in fruit; copious hairs of the<a name="page650"></a> +rhachis about equalling the flowering glume, not surpassed by those of the +rudiment; awn delicate, straight.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Canadénsis</b>, Beauv. (<span class="smcap">Blue-Joint Grass.</span>) (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) +Culm tall (3–5° high); leaves flat when fresh, glaucous; panicle oblong; +<i>glumes ovate-lanceolate</i>, acute, 1¼–1½´´ long; <i>awn</i> from near the middle of the +upper glume, not exceeding and <i>scarcely stouter than the basal hairs</i>. (Deyeuxia +Canadensis, <i>Hook. f.</i>)—Wet grounds; common northward. July.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. Langsdórffii</b>, Trin. Spikelets larger, 2½–3´´ long; <i>glumes lanceolate +or oblong-lanceolate and gradually taper-pointed</i>; awn stouter; otherwise +like the preceding, (Deyeuxia Langsdorffii, <i>Kunth.</i>)—Mountains of N. New +Eng., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Panicle strict, its short branches appressed or erect after flowering, and the +glumes mostly closed; flowering glume less delicate, roughish, sometimes of as +firm texture as the lower; awn stouter.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves narrow, inclined to be involute; awn straight.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. strícta</b>, Trin. Panicle glomerate and lobed, strict, 2–4´ long; +glumes 1½–2´´ long, ovate-oblong, not acuminate; hairs scarcely or little +shorter than the flower, and as long as those of the rudiment; awn from the +middle of the thin flowering glume or lower, and barely exceeding it. (Deyeuxia +neglecta, <i>Kunth</i>?)—Mountains of N. New Eng., Lake Superior, and +north and westward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. Lappónica</b>, Trin. Culm and rootstocks stouter than in C. stricta; +the narrow panicle less dense, and purplish spikelets larger; glumes fully 2´´ +long, tapering to a point; awn from much below the middle of the glume, +stout. (Deyeuxia Lapponica, <i>Kunth.</i>)—Isle Royale, Lake Superior, to Lab., +north and westward. Aug. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves broader, flat; awn stouter, bent, divergent, or twisted when dry.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. confìnis</b>, Nutt. Tall; <i>panicle</i> elongated (4–6´), its rather slender +branches <i>spreading at flowering-time</i>, afterward appressed; glumes lance-oblong, +very acute, 2´´ long, pale; <i>hairs of the flower copious, equal</i>, slightly or +one third shorter than the thin flowering glume and than those of the rudiment; +awn borne much below the middle of the glume, somewhat surpassing +it; grain glabrous. (Deyeuxia confinis, <i>Kunth.</i>)—Swamps, N. and W. New +York (especially Penn Yan, <i>Sartwell</i>) and Penn.; Minn., and westward. July.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>C. Nuttalliàna</b>, Steud. Culm stout (3–5° high); <i>panicle contracted +and spike-like</i>; glumes lanceolate and tapering into slender awl-shaped tips, +3´´ long; <i>hairs on the lower side scanty and barely half the length of the firm +and keeled flowering glume</i>, on the other side longer and equalling the copious +tuft on the summit of the rudiment; awn borne half-way between the middle +and the tapering tip of the glume, stout, not twisted; grain bearded at the top. +(Deyeuxia Nuttalliana, <i>Vasey.</i>)—Moist grounds, E. New Eng. to Penn., Va., +and southward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>C. Pórteri</b>, Gray. Culm slender (2–4° high); a woolly-bearded ring +at the junction of the broadly linear leaves with the sheath; <i>panicle long and +narrow</i>, with the branches appressed; glumes lanceolate, acute, pale, 2–2½´´ +long; <i>hairs of the flower and of the short rudiment scanty</i>, and both reaching +about to the middle of the flower behind the palet, but <i>very short or none at the<a name="page651"></a> +base of the firm-membranaceous flowering glume</i>, which bears near its base <i>a +twisted awn</i> of its own length. (Deyeuxia Porteri, <i>Vasey</i>.)—Dry woods, +Pulpit Rocks and vicinity, Huntingdon Co., Penn., <i>Prof. T. C. Porter</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>C. Pickeríngii</b>, Gray. Culm 1–1½° high; <i>leaves short; panicle pyramidal</i>, +purplish; glumes ovate-oblong, bluntish or bluntly pointed (1½–2´´ +long); <i>hairs both of the flower and of the rudiment very short</i> and scanty, one +fourth or fifth the length of the flower, none behind the obtuse flowering glume, +which bears between its middle and base a short stout (straight or bent, not +twisted) awn. (Deyeuxia Pickeringii, <i>Vasey</i>.)—White Mts., in the alpine +region of Mt. Washington, and a more luxuriant form with smaller spikelets +at Echo Lake, Franconia; Andover, Mass. (<i>J. Robinson</i>); Cape Breton.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. CALAMOVÍLFA. <i>Rudiment of second flower wanting; glumes and +palet rather chartaceous, compressed-keeled; flowering glume 1-nerved, entirely +awnless; palet strongly 2-keeled; panicle at length open and loose.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>C. brevípilis</b>, Gray. Branches of the diffuse pyramidal panicle capillary +(purplish); empty <i>glumes orate</i>, mucronate; the upper slightly, the +lower nearly one half shorter than the <i>flowering glume and palet</i>, which are +<i>more than twice the length of the hairs and bristly-bearded along the keels</i>. +(Ammophila brevipilis, <i>Benth.</i>)—Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of N. J.; rare. +Sept.—Culm 2–4° high; leaves nearly flat; spikelets 2´´ long.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>C. longifòlia</b>, Hook. Culm (1–4° high) stout, from thick running +rootstocks; <i>leaves rigid, elongated, involute</i> above and tapering into a long +thread-like point; panicle at first close, becoming open and pyramidal, the +branches smooth; <i>glumes lanceolate</i>, the upper as long as the flower, the lower +¼ shorter; <i>the copious hairs more than half the length of the naked flower</i>. (Ammophila +longifolia, <i>Benth.</i>)—Sands, along the upper Great Lakes, from Ill. +and Mich. to Dak., Kan., and westward. Aug.—Spikelets 2½–3´´ long.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ammophila"><b>34. AMMÓPHILA</b>, Host. (<a href="#plate16">Pl. 16.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets large, in a contracted spike-like panicle, 1-flowered, with a pedicel-like +rudiment of a second flower (plumose above), the flower hairy-tufted at +base. Empty glumes scarious-chartaceous, lanceolate, compressed-keeled, +nearly equal; flowering glume and palet similar, a little shorter, the glume +5-nerved, slightly mucronate or obscurely awned near the tip, the palet 2-keeled.—A +coarse perennial maritime species, with running rootstocks. +(Name from <span class="greek">ἄμμος</span>, <i>sand</i>, and <span class="greek">φιλέω</span>, <i>to love</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. arundinàcea</b>, Host. (<span class="smcap">Sea Sand-Reed.</span>) Culm stout and rigid +(2–3° high) from firm running rootstocks; leaves long, soon involute; panicle +contracted into a dense cylindrical spike (5–9´ long); spikelets 5–6´´ long; +hairs only one third of the length of the flower. (Calamagrostis arenaria, +<i>Roth</i>.)—Sandy beaches, N. J. to Maine and northward, and on the Great +Lakes. Aug. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="arrhenatherum"><b>35. ARRHENATHÈRUM</b>, Beauv. <span class="smcap">Oat-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate12">Pl. 12.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets open-panicled, 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third flower; the +middle flower perfect, its glume barely bristle-pointed from near the tip; the +lowest flower staminate only, bearing a long bent awn below the middle of +the back (whence the name, from <span class="greek">ἄῤῥην</span>, <i>masculine</i>, and <span class="greek">ἀθήρ</span>, <i>awn</i>);—otherwise +as in Avena, of which it is only a peculiar modification.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page652"></a><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">avenàceum</span>, Beauv. Root perennial; culm 2–4° high; leaves broad, +flat; panicle elongated; glumes scarious, very unequal.—Meadows and lots; +absurdly called <i>Grass of the Andes</i>. May–July. (Nat from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="holcus"><b>36. HÓLCUS</b>, L. (partly). <span class="smcap">Meadow Soft-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate12">Pl. 12.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets crowded in an open panicle, 2-flowered; the boat-shaped membranaceous +glumes enclosing and much exceeding the remotish flowers. Lower +flower perfect, its papery or thin-coriaceous glume awnless and pointless; the +upper flower staminate, otherwise similar, but bearing a stout bent awn below +the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Grain free. (A name in +Pliny for a kind of grass, from <span class="greek">ὁλκός</span>, <i>attractive</i>, of obscure application.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>H.</b> <span class="smcap">lanàtus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Velvet-Grass.</span>) Perennial, soft-downy and pale; panicle +oblong; upper empty glume mucronate-awned under the apex; awn of +the staminate flower curved.—Moist meadows. June. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aira"><b>37. AÌRA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Hair-Grass.</span></p> + +<p>Spikelets very small, in an open diffuse panicle, of 2 perfect contiguous flowers. +Glumes thin-membranaceous, the two lower persistent, nearly equal, acute, +keeled; the flowering ones obscurely nerved, acutely 2-cleft at the apex, bearing +a slender twisted awn below the middle. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to +the base. Grain oblong, adnate.—Low annuals, with short setaceous leaves. +(An ancient Greek name for Darnel.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">caryophýllea</span>, L. Culms 5–10´ high, bearing <i>a very diffuse panicle</i> +of purplish and at length <i>silvery scarious spikelets</i>.—Dry fields, Nantucket; +also Newcastle, Del., <i>W. M. Canby</i>. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">præ̀cox</span>, L. Culms tufted, 3–4´ high; branches of the <i>small and dense +panicle</i> appressed; awn from below the middle of the glume.—Sandy fields, +N. J. to Va.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="deschampsia"><b>38. DESCHÁMPSIA</b>, Beauv. (<a href="#plate12">Pl. 12.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets small, panicled, of 2 perfect flowers and the hairy pedicel or rudiment +of a third (rarely staminate); rhachis hairy. Empty glumes persistent, +membranaceous and shining, carinate, acute, nearly equal; flowering glumes +toothed or erose-denticulate at the truncate summit, usually delicately 3–5-nerved, +with a slender twisted awn near or below the middle. Grain oblong, +free.—Root perennial. (Named for Loiseleur-<i>Deslongchamps</i>, a French botanist.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Empty glumes somewhat shorter than the flowers.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. flexuòsa</b>, Trin. (<span class="smcap">Common Hair-Grass.</span>) (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 12</a>, fig. 1–3.) +Culms slender, nearly naked (1–3° high) above the small tufts of <i>involute +bristle-form root-leaves</i> (1–6´ long); branches of the small spreading panicle +capillary; <i>awn longer than the palet, at length bent and twisted</i>. (Aira flexuosa, +<i>L.</i>)—Dry places; common. June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>D. cæspitòsa</b>, Beauv. Culm tufted (2–4° high); <i>leaves flat, linear</i>; +panicle pyramidal or oblong (6´ long); <i>awn straight, barely equalling the glume</i>. +(Aira cæspitosa, <i>L.</i>)—Shores of lakes and streams; N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., +and northward. June, July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Empty glumes longer than the flowers, 2–2½´´ long.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>D. atropurpùrea</b>, Scheele. Culms 8–15´ high, weak; leaves flat, +rather wide; panicle of few spreading branches; awn stout, twice longer than +the nerveless truncate ciliolate-denticulate glume. (Aira atropurpurea, <i>Wahl.</i>)—Alpine +summits of N. H. and N. Y., to Lab. and northward. Aug. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="trisetum"><a name="page653"></a><b>39. TRISÈTUM</b>, Persoon. (<a href="#plate12">Pl. 12.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 2–several-flowered, often in a contracted panicle; the flowering +glume compressed-keeled, of about the same thin-membranaceous texture as +the empty glumes, bearing a bent or flexuous (rarely twisted) awn at or below +the sharply 2-toothed or 2-pointed apex (whence the name, from <i>tris</i>, three, +and <i>seta</i>, a bristle); otherwise nearly as in Avena. Ours are perennials.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. subspicàtum</b>, Beauv., var. <b>mólle</b>, Gray. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 12</a>, fig. 1, 2.) +<i>Minutely soft-downy; panicle dense, much contracted</i>, oblong or linear (2–3´ +long); glumes about the length of the 2–3 smooth flowers; awn dorsal, diverging, +much exserted.—Mountains and rocky river-banks, N. New Eng. to +L. Superior, and northward. July.—About 1° high; leaves flat, short. (Eu.) +(Addendum)—<b>Trisetum subspicatum</b>, var. <b>molle</b>, is reported from +Roan Mt., N. C. (<i>Scribner</i>), and probably occurs on the higher Alleghanies +northward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. palústre</b>, Torr. <i>Smooth; panicle</i> rather long and narrow (5´ long), +<i>loose, the branches capillary; spikelets flat</i> (3´´ long); lower glumes shorter +than the two smooth lanceolate flowers; the upper flower on a slightly hairy +joint of the rhachis, with a slender spreading or bent awn next the short 2-pointed +tip, the <i>lower commonly awnless</i> or only mucronate-pointed.—Low +grounds, southern N. Y. to Ill., and southward. June.—Culm slender, 2–3° +high; leases flat, short; spikelets yellowish-white, tinged with green.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="avena"><b>40. AVÈNA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Oat.</span> (<a href="#plate12">Pl. 12.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 2–many-flowered, panicled; the flowers herbaceo-chartaceous, or +becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly unequal empty +glumes; the uppermost flower imperfect; rhachis and base of the flower often +bearded. Flowering glume rounded on the back, mostly 5–11-nerved, bearing +a long usually bent or twisted awn on the back or between the two acute +teeth at the apex, proceeding from the mid-nerve only. Stamens 3. Grain +oblong-linear, grooved on one side, usually hairy at least at the top, free, but +invested by the palet. (The classical Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Spikelets large (1´ long); annual.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">Fátua</span>, L. Resembling the common oat (<i>A. sativa</i>), the few spikelets +in a loose panicle, mostly pendulous; flowering glumes covered with long +brownish hairs and bearing a bent awn 1–2´ long.—Wisc., Minn. (Nat. +from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Smaller-flowered perennials.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. striàta</b>, Michx. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 12</a>, fig. 1, 2.) <i>Glabrous and smooth</i> throughout, +slender (1–2° high); leaves narrow; ligule short, truncate; panicle simple, +loose; spikelets (6´´ long) on capillary pedicels, 3–6-flowered, much +exceeding the scarious-margined purple acute empty glumes; <i>lower glume 1-, +upper 3-nerved</i>; rhachis smooth; <i>flowers short-bearded at base</i>; flowering glume +7-nerved, much longer than the ciliate-fringed palet (4´´ long), mostly shorter +than its soon bent or divergent awn, which rises just below the tapering very +sharply cuspidate 2-cleft tip.—Rocky, shaded hills, N. New Eng., N. Y., and +northwestward. June.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. Smíthii</b>, Porter. Taller (2½–4½° high), rather stout; leaves broadly +linear (3–6´´ wide) and taper-pointed, flat, and with the sheaths and culm <i>retrorsely +scabrous</i>; ligule elongated, acute; panicle larger (6–12´ long), the +few branches at length spreading; empty glumes slightly purplish, the lower +3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved, scabrous on the nerves; rhachis minutely hispid;<a name="page654"></a> +<i>flowers (3–5) naked</i> at base; awn straight, {1/3}–½ the length of the 7-nerved +glume.—N. Mich. and Isle Royale, L. Superior. April, May.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="danthonia"><b>41. DANTHÒNIA</b>, DC. <span class="smcap">Wild Oat-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate12">Pl. 12.</a>)</p> + +<p>Flowering glume (oblong or ovate, rounded-cylindraceous, 7–9-nerved) bearing +between the sharp-pointed or awn-like teeth of the tip an awn usually composed +of the 3 middle nerves, which is flattish and spirally twisting at base; +otherwise nearly as in Avena. Empty glumes longer than the imbricated +flowers. Ours perennials, 1–2° high, with narrow and soon involute leaves, +hairy sheaths bearded at the throat, and a small simple panicle or raceme of +about 7-flowered spikelets. (Named for <i>Danthoine</i>, a French botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. spicàta</b>, Beauv. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 12</a>, fig. 1–3.) Culms tufted, low; leaves +short, very narrow; spikelets few, 3–5´´ long, <i>subspicate; flowering glume +loosely hairy, its teeth short and pointless</i>.—Dry and sterile or rocky soil.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>D. serícea</b>, Nutt. Culms taller and not tufted (1–3° high), <i>terete</i>; +leaves larger, <i>at least the sheaths silky-villous</i>; spikelets more numerous and +panicled, 6–9´´ long; <i>flowering glume very silky-villous, tipped with slender +awn-pointed teeth</i>.—Dry or moist sandy soil, southern Mass., N. J., and southward; +rare. June.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>D. compréssa</b>, Aust. Culms slender, 2° high, somewhat compressed, +paler and subcaniculate on the narrower side; leaves elongated, very narrow, +villous only at the summit of the sheath; spikelets 6–12, loosely panicled, 5´´ +long; flowering glume loosely hairy or pubescent, the teeth very long-awned.—Dry +banks; Vt. (<i>Pringle</i>); E. Mass., N. Y., Penn., and mountains of N. C.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cynodon"><b>42. CÝNODON</b>, Richard. <span class="smcap">Bermuda</span> or <span class="smcap">Scutch-Grass</span>. (<a href="#plate9">Pl. 9.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, with a mere naked short-pedicelled rudiment of a second +flower, imbricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis; the spikes usually +digitate at the naked summit of the flowering culms. Empty glumes keeled, +pointless, rather unequal; flowering glume and palet pointless and awnless, +the glume larger, boat-shaped. Stamens 3.—Low diffusely branched and +extensively creeping perennials, with short flattish leaves. (Name composed +of <span class="greek">κύων</span>, <i>a dog</i>, and <span class="greek">ὀδούς</span>, <i>a tooth</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">Dáctylon</span>, Pers. Spikes 3–5; flowering glume smooth, longer than +the blunt rudiment.—Penn., and southward, where it is cultivated for pasturage. +(Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ctenium"><b>43. CTÉNIUM</b>, Panzer. <span class="smcap">Toothache-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate9">Pl. 9.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets densely imbricated in two rows on one side of the flat curved rhachis +of the solitary terminal spike. Glumes persistent; the lower (interior) +much smaller; the other concave below, bearing a stout recurved awn, like a +horn, on the middle of the back. Flowers 4–6, all but one neutral; the one +or two lower consisting of empty awned glumes, and the one or two uppermost +of empty awnless glumes; the perfect flower intermediate, its glume membranaceous, +awned or mucronate below the apex and densely ciliate toward the +base, 3-nerved. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. (Name <span class="greek">κτενίον</span>, <i>a small comb</i>, +from the pectinate appearance of the spike.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Americànum</b>, Spreng. Culm (3–4° high from a perennial root) +simple, pubescent or roughish; larger glume warty-glandular outside, conspicuously +awned.—Wet pine-barrens, S. Va. and southward.—Taste very +pungent.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gymnopogon"><a name="page655"></a><b>44. GYMNOPÒGON</b>, Beauv. (<a href="#plate9">Pl. 9.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets of one perfect flower, and the rudiment of a second (consisting of +an awn-like pedicel mostly bearing a naked bristle), sessile and remotely alternate +on long filiform rays or spikes, which form a crowded naked raceme. +Glumes lance-awl-shaped, keeled, almost equal, rather longer than the membranaceous +flowering glume, which is cylindrical-involute, with the midrib +produced from just below the 2-cleft apex into a straight and slender bristle-like +awn; palet nearly as long, with the abortive rudiment at its base. Stamens +3. Stigmas pencil-form, purple.—Root perennial. Leaves short and +flat, thickish, 1–3´ long. (Name composed of <span class="greek">γυμνός</span>, <i>naked</i>, and <span class="greek">πώγων</span>, a +<i>beard</i>, alluding to the reduction of the abortive flower to a bare awn.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. racemòsus</b>, Beauv. (Pl. 9, fig. 1, 2.) Culms clustered from a +short rootstock (1° high), wiry, leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate; <i>spikes flower-bearing +to the base</i> (5–8´ long), soon divergent; awn of the abortive flower +shorter than its stalk, equalling the <i>pointed glumes</i>, not more than half the +length of the awn of the fertile flower.—Sandy pine-barrens, N. J. to Va., and +southward. Aug., Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. brevifòlius</b>, Trin. Filiform <i>spikes long-peduncled, i.e. flower-bearing</i> +only above the middle; flowering glume ciliate near the base, short-awned; +<i>awn of the abortive flower obsolete or minute; glumes acute</i>.—Sussex +Co., Del., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="schedonnardus"><b>45. SCHEDONNÁRDUS</b>, Steud. (<a href="#plate11">Pl. 11.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets small, acuminate, 1-flowered, appressed-sessile and scattered along +one side of the slender rhachis of the distant sessile and divaricately spreading +spikes. Empty glumes persistent, narrow, acuminate, more or less unequal, +the longer usually a little shorter than the rather rigid acuminate flowering +one. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain linear.—A low slender annual, +branching from the base, with short narrow leaves. (Name from <span class="greek">σχεδόν</span>, <i>near</i>, +and <i>Nardus</i>, from its resemblance to that genus.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. Texànus</b>, Steud. Stem (6–20´ long) naked and curved above, +bearing 3–9 racemosely disposed thread-like and triangular spikes 1–3´ long; +spikelets 1½´´ long. (Lepturus paniculatus, <i>Nutt.</i>)—Open grounds and salt-licks, +Ill. to Mont., Col., and Tex. Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="bouteloua"><b>46. BOUTELOÙA</b>, Lagasca. <span class="smcap">Muskít-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate9">Pl. 9.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets crowded and closely sessile in 2 rows on one side of a flattened +rhachis, comprising one perfect flower below and one or more sterile (mostly +neutral) or rudimentary flowers. Glumes convex-keeled, the lower one shorter. +Perfect flower with the 3-nerved glume 3-toothed or cleft at the apex, the 2-nerved +palet 2-toothed; the teeth, at least of the former, pointed or subulate-awned. +Stamens 3; anthers orange-colored or red.—Rudimentary flowers +mostly 1–3-awned. Spikes solitary, racemed or spiked; the rhachis somewhat +extended beyond the spikelets. (Named for <i>Claudius Boutelou</i>, a Spanish +writer upon floriculture and agriculture.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. CHONDRÒSIUM. <i>Spikes pectinate, of very many spikelets, oblong or +linear, very dense, solitary and terminal or few in a raceme; sterile flowers +1–3 on a short pedicel, neutral, consisting of 1–3 scales and awns.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page656"></a>1. <b>B. oligostàchya</b>, Torr. Glabrous, perennial (6–12´ high); <i>leaves +very narrow</i>; spikes 1–5, the rhachis glabrous; <i>glumes all sparingly soft-hairy</i>, +the lobes awl-pointed; <i>sterile flower copiously villous-tufted</i> at the summit of +the naked pedicel, its 3 awns equalling the larger glume.—N. W. Wisc. to +Dak., and south to Tex. and Mex.—Glumes obscurely if at all papillose along +the keel, the middle lobe of the flowering one 2-cleft at the tip. Sterile flowers +often 2, the second mostly a large awnless scale, becoming hood-like and +coriaceous.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <i>B. hirsùta</i>, Lag. Tufted (8–20´ high), perennial; <i>leaves flat, lance-linear</i>, +papillose-hairy or glabrous; spikes 1–4; <i>upper empty glume hispid</i> with +strong bristles <i>from dark warty glands; flowering glume pubescent</i>, 3-cleft into +awl-pointed lobes; <i>sterile flower and its pedicel glabrous, the 3 awns longer than +the glumes</i> and fertile flower.—Sandy plains, Ill., Wisc., Minn., and southwestward +to Mex.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. ATHEROPÒGON. <i>Spikes short, numerous in a long and virgate one-sided +spike or raceme, spreading or reflexed, each of few (4–12) spikelets; +sterile flowers neutral, rudimentary.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>B. racemòsa</b>, Lag. (Pl. 9, fig. 1, 2.) Culms tufted from perennial +rootstocks (1–3° high); sheaths often hairy; leaves narrow; spikes ½´ or less +in length, nearly sessile, 20–60 in number in a loose general spike (8–15´ +long); flowers scabrous; glume of the fertile with 3 short awl pointed teeth; +sterile flower reduced to a single small awn, or mostly to 3 awns shorter than +the fertile flower, and 1 or 2 small or minute scales. (B. curtipendula, <i>Gray</i>.)—Dry +hills and plains, southern N. Y. to Minn., and south to Tex. and Mex. +July–Sept.—Passes by transitions into var. <span class="smcap">aristòsa</span>, with spikes shorter; +sterile flower of a large saccate glume, awned at the 2-cleft tip and from the +lateral nerves, the middle awn exserted, and with a rudiment of a palet.—Ill. +(<i>Geyer</i>), and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="eleusine"><b>47. ELEUSÌNE</b>, Gaertn. <span class="smcap">Crab-Grass. Yard-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate9">Pl. 9.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 2–6-flowered, with a terminal imperfect flower or naked rudiment, +closely imbricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis; the spikes +digitate. Glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers; flowering glume +and palet awnless, the glume ovate, keeled, larger than the palet. Stamens 3. +Pericarp (utricle) containing a loose wrinkled seed.—Low annuals, with flat +leaves, and flowers much as in Poa. (Name from <span class="greek">Ἐλευσίν</span>, the town where +Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshipped.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">Índica</span>, Gaertn. (<span class="smcap">Dog's-tail</span> or <span class="smcap">Wire Grass.</span>) (Pl. 9, fig. 1–6.) +Culms ascending, flattened; spikes 2–5 (about 2´ long, greenish); glumes +pointless; terminal flower a mere rudiment.—Yards, etc., chiefly southward. +(Nat. from Ind.?)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">Ægyptìaca</span>, Pers. (Pl. 9, fig. 1–4, as Dactyloctenium.) Culms often +creeping at base; leaves ciliate at base; spikes 4–5; lower glume awned and +the flowering one pointed. (Dactyloctenium Ægyptiacum, <i>Willd.</i>)—Cultivated +fields and yards, Va., Ill., and southward. (Adv. from Afr.?)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="leptochloa"><b>48. LEPTÓCHLOA</b>, Beauv. (<a href="#plate16">Pl. 16.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 3–many-flowered (the uppermost flower imperfect), loosely spiked +on one side of a long filiform rhachis; the spikes racemed. Glumes menbranaceous, +keeled, rarely awned, nearly equal; flowering glume 3-nerved,<a name="page657"></a> +sometimes simply awned, larger than the palet. Stamens 2 or 3. Seed +closely enclosed.—Ours annuals. Leaves flat. (Name composed of <span class="greek">λεπτός</span>, +<i>slender</i>, and <span class="greek">χλόα</span>, <i>grass</i>, from the long attenuated spikes.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. mucronàta</b>, Kunth. Sheaths hairy; spikes numerous (20–40, +2–4´ in length), in a long panicle-like raceme; spikelets small; glumes more +or less mucronate, nearly equalling or exceeding the 3–4 awnless flowers.—Fields, +Va. to Ill., Mo., and southward. Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="buchloe"><b>49. BÙCHLOË</b>, Engelm. <span class="smcap">Buffalo Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate16">Pl. 16.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets diœcious (rarely monœcious), very unlike; the staminate 2–3-flowered, +sessile in 2 rows in short 1-sided spikes, the empty glumes blunt, +1-nerved, very unequal, the flowering larger, 3-nerved, a little exceeding the +2-nerved palet; fertile spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted, capitate, 1-sided +spike, the large outer glumes indurated, 3-fid at the apex, united at base and +resembling an involucre, the inner (lower) much smaller and membranaceous, +or in the lowest spikelet resembling the outer; flowering glume narrow, hyaline, +bifid or nearly entire, enclosing the 2-nerved palet. Styles distinct. +Grain ovate, free.—A perennial, creeping or stoloniferous, with narrow flat +leaves; staminate spikes (2–3) in a pedunculate spike, the pistillate pair sessile +in the broad sheaths of the upper leaves. (Name a contraction of <i>Bubalochloë</i>, +from <span class="greek">βούβαλος</span>, <i>buffalo</i>, and <span class="greek">χλόη</span>, <i>grass</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. dactyloìdes</b>, Engelm. Low (3–8´ high) and broadly tufted; +sterile spikes 3–6´´ long, the fertile heads 3´´ long.—Plains of the Sask. to +Minn., Kan., and Tex. One of the most valuable grasses of the plains.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="triodia"><b>50. TRIÒDIA</b>, R. Br. (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 3–12-flowered, somewhat terete, the rhachis with bearded joints; +terminal flower abortive. Empty glumes unequal; flowering glumes membranaceous +or somewhat chartaceous, much larger than the 2-toothed palet, +convex, 2–3-toothed or cleft at the apex, conspicuously hairy-bearded or villous +on the 3 strong nerves, of which the lateral are marginal or nearly so +and usually excurrent, as is the mid-nerve especially, into a short cusp or awn. +Stamens 3. Stigmas dark purple, plumose. Grain oblong, nearly gibbous.—Leaves +taper-pointed; sheaths bearded at the throat. Panicle simple or compound; +the spikelets often racemose, purplish. (Name from <span class="greek">τρι</span>-, <i>three</i>, and +<span class="greek">ὀδούς</span>, <i>a tooth</i>, alluding to the flowering glume.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. TRIODIA proper. <i>Glumes shorter than the crowded flowers, the flowering +one 3-cuspidate by the projection of the nerves, and usually with intermediate +membranaceous teeth; palet naked.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. cùprea</b>, Jacq. (<span class="smcap">Tall Red-top.</span>) Perennial; culm upright (3–5° +high), very smooth, as are the flat leaves; panicle large and compound, the +rigid capillary branches spreading, naked below; spikelets very numerous, +5–7-flowered, shining, purple (4´´ long); the flowering glumes hairy toward +the base, their points almost equal, scarcely exceeding the intermediate teeth, +thus appearing 5-toothed. (Tricuspis seslerioides, <i>Torr.</i>)—Dry or sandy +fields, southern N. Y. to Mo., and southward. Aug.—A showy grass, with +the spreading panicle sometimes 1° wide.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page658"></a>§ 2. <b>TRIPLÀSIS.</b> <i>Glumes much shorter than the somewhat remote flowers; +flowering glume and palet strongly fringe-bearded, the glume 2-cleft at the +summit, its mid-nerve produced into an awn between the truncate or awn-pointed +divisions.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>T. purpùrea</b>, Hack. (<span class="smcap">Sand-Grass.</span>) Culms many in a tuft from +the same annual root, ascending (6–12´ high), with numerous bearded joints; +leaves involute-awl-shaped, mostly short; panicles very simple, bearing few +2–5-flowered spikelets, the terminal one usually exserted, the axillary ones +included in the commonly hairy sheaths; <i>awn much shorter than the glume, +seldom exceeding its eroded-truncate or obtuse lateral lobes</i>. (Tricuspis purpurea, +<i>Gray</i>.)—In sand, Mass. to Va. along the coast, and southward; also +L. Erie, near Buffalo, and Ill. Aug., Sept.—Plant acid to the taste.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="diplachne"><b>51. DIPLÁCHNE</b>, Beauv. (<a href="#plate9">Pl. 9.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets several-flowered, narrow, erect and scattered along the slender +rhachis of the long spicate spikes; flowers all perfect or the uppermost staminate. +Empty glumes membranaceous, carinate, acute, unequal; flowering +glume slightly longer, 1–3-nerved, 2-toothed, and mucronate or shortly awned +between the teeth. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free.—Coarse grasses, +with narrow flat leaves, and several or many slender spikes sessile upon an +elongated peduncle. (Name from <span class="greek">διπλόος</span>, <i>double</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄχνη</span>, in the sense of +<i>chaff</i>, with reference to the 2-lobed glume.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. fasciculàris</b>, Beauv. Smooth; leaves longer than the geniculate-decumbent +and branching culms, the upper sheathing the base of the panicle-like +spike, which is composed of many strict spikes (3–5´ long); spikelets +slightly pedicelled, 7–11-flowered, much longer than the lanceolate glumes; +flowers hairy-margined toward the base, the glume with 2 small lateral teeth +and a short awn in the cleft of the apex. (Leptochloa fascicularis, <i>Gray</i>.)— +Brackish meadows, from R. I. southward along the coast, and from Ill. southward +on the Mississippi. Aug.–Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="phragmites"><b>52. PHRAGMÌTES</b>, Trin. <span class="smcap">Reed.</span> (<a href="#plate11">Pl. 11.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 3–7-flowered; the flowers rather distant, silky-villous at base, and +with a conspicuous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect and 3-androus, except +the lowest, which is either neutral or with 1–3 stamens, and naked. Glumes +membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, lanceolate, keeled, sharp-pointed, +very unequal; flowering glume and palet membranaceous, slender, the glume +narrowly awl-shaped, thrice the length of the palet. Squamulæ 2, large. +Styles long. Grain free.—Tall and stout perennials, with long running root-stocks, +numerous broad leaves, and a large terminal panicle. (<span class="greek">Φραγμίτες</span>, +<i>growing in hedges</i>, which this aquatic grass does not.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. commùnis</b>, Trin. Panicle loose, nodding; spikelets 3–5-flowered; +flowers equalling the beard.—Edges of ponds. Sept.—Looks like Broom-Corn +at a distance, 5–12° high; leaves 2´ wide. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="arundo"><b>53. ARÚNDO</b>, L.</p> + +<p>Flowers all perfect; flowering glume bifid, short-awned between the teeth. +Otherwise as Phragmites. (The Latin name of the species.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page659"></a><b>A.</b> <span class="smcap">Dònax</span>, L. Very tall (10–18°); spikelets 3–4-flowered.—Closely resembling +Phragmites communis. Cultivated for ornament, and naturalized +in Bedford Co., Va. (<i>A. H. Curtiss.</i>) (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="munroa"><b>54. MÚNROA</b>, Torr. (<a href="#plate16">Pl. 16.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets usually 3-flowered, few (2–4) and nearly sessile in the axils of +floral leaves; flowers perfect, or the uppermost abortive. Empty glumes +lanceolate, acute, hyaline and 1-nerved; flowering glumes larger, 3-nerved, +rather rigid, the mid-nerve stout, excurrent, the lateral ones scarcely so.—Low +or prostrate many-stemmed annuals, fasciculately branched, with crowded +short flat rigid or pungent leaves, the short sheaths strongly striate. (Named +for the English agrostologist, Maj.-Gen. <i>William Munro</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. squarròsa</b>, Torr. Glaucous, somewhat pubescent and villous at +the nodes or glabrous; leaves 3–12´´ long.—Dry plains, central Kan. to Dak., +west to Mont., Utah, and New Mex.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="koeleria"><b>55. KŒLÈRIA</b>, Pers. (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 3–7-flowered, crowded in a dense and narrow spike-like panicle. +Glumes membranaceous, compressed-keeled, obscurely 3-nerved, barely acute, +or the flowering glume often mucronate or bristle-pointed; the empty ones +moderately unequal, nearly as long as the spikelet. Stamens 3. Grain free.—Tufted +with simple upright culms, the sheaths often downy; allied to Dactylis +and Poa. (Named for Prof. <i>G. L. Koeler</i>, an early writer on Grasses.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>K. cristàta</b>, Pers. Culms 1–2° high; leaves flat, the lower sparingly +hairy or ciliate; panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at base; spikelets +2–4-flowered; flowering glume acute or mucronate.—Var. <span class="smcap">grácilis</span>, +Gray, with a long and narrow spike, the flowers usually barely acute.—Dry +hills, Penn. to Ill. and Kan., thence north and westward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="eatonia"><b>56. EATÒNIA</b>, Raf. (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets usually 2-flowered, with an abortive rudiment or pedicel, numerous, +in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Empty glumes somewhat +equal in length, but very dissimilar, a little shorter than the flowers; +the lower narrowly linear, keeled, 1-nerved; the upper broadly obovate, folded +round the flowers, 3-nerved on the back, not keeled, scarious-margined. Flowering +glume oblong, obtuse, compressed-boat-shaped, naked, chartaceous; the +palet very thin and hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved.—Perennial, +tall and slender grasses, with simple tufted culms, and often +sparsely downy sheaths, flat lower leaves, and small greenish (rarely purplish) +spikelets. (Named for Prof. <i>Amos Eaton</i>, author of a popular Manual of the +Botany of the United States, which was for a long time the only general +work available for students in this country, and of other popular treatises.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Upper empty glume rounded-obovate and very obtuse; panicle usually dense.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. obtusàta</b>, Gray. (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>) Panicle dense and contracted, somewhat +interrupted, rarely slender; the spikelets crowded on the short erect branches; +upper glume rough on the back; flowers lance-oblong.—Dry soil, N. Penn. to +Fla., Mich., and far westward. June, July.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page660"></a>[*][*] <i>Glume narrower, sometimes acutish; panicle more loose and slender.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. Pennsylvánica</b>, Gray. Leaves mostly 3–6´ long; panicle long +and slender, loose, the racemose branches lax and somewhat elongated; +glumes thin and broadly scarious, the lowest half the length of the flower, +very narrow, the upper obtuse or bluntly somewhat pointed; the 2 (rarely 3) +flowers lanceolate, with pointed glumes.—Varies, with a fuller panicle, 6–8´ +long, with the aspect of Cinna (var. <span class="smcap">màjor</span>, <i>Torr.</i>); and, rarely, with the lower +palet minutely mucronate-pointed!—Moist woods and meadows; common.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. Dudlèyi</b>, Vasey. Culms very slender; leaves shorter, 1–2´ long; +panicle very slender, the branches few, short and mostly appressed; empty +glumes nearly equal, the lower oblong, the upper broadly elliptical, apiculate; +flowering glumes shorter than in n. 2, acutish.—Long Island to central N. Y., +south to S. C.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="eragrostis"><b>57. ERAGRÓSTIS</b>, Beauv. (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 2–70-flowered, nearly as in Poa, except that the flowering glume +is but 3- (rarely 1-) nerved, not webby-haired at the base, and is deciduous; +palet persistent on the rhachis after the rest of the flower has fallen.—Culms +often branching. Leaves linear, frequently involute, and the ligule or throat +of the sheath bearded with long villous hairs. Panicle various. (Name from +<span class="greek">ἦρ</span>, <i>spring</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄγροστις</span>, <i>a grass</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Prostrate and creeping, much branched; root annual; spikelets flat, imperfectly +diœcious, clustered, almost sessile, in the more fertile plant almost capitate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. réptans</b>, Nees. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 10–30-flowered; flowers +lance-ovate, acute; leaves short, almost awl-shaped.—Gravelly river-borders; +common. Aug.—Flowering branches 2–5´ high.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Diffusely spreading, or the flowering culms ascending, low (6–15´ high), +annual; spikelets often large, flat, forming a narrow crowded panicle.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">mìnor</span>, Host. Sheaths often hairy; leaves flat, smooth; spikelets short-pedicelled, +lance- or oblong-linear, 8–20-flowered, lead-colored (2–5´´ long); +flowers ovate, obtuse, the lateral nerves becoming evident, and keel smooth. +(E. poæoides, <i>Beauv.</i>)—Sandy waste places, eastward; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">màjor</span>, Host. Sheaths mostly glabrous; spikelets larger (3–10´´ long), +becoming linear, whitish when old, 10–50-flowered; flowers more spreading, +their glumes larger, with very strong lateral nerves and rough on the keel. +(E. poæoides, var. megastachya, <i>Gray</i>.)—Similar situations, and more common. +Aug.—Emits a sharp, unpleasant odor. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Erect, or in group [+] diffusely spreading and ascending; panicle open, +its branches capillary; spikelets proportionally small, sometimes minute. +(Number of flowers in the spikelet very variable, according to age, etc.)</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Annual; culms slender, branching and decumbent or spreading at base; leaves +narrow, flat, soft; branches of the narrow panicle rather short and thickly-flowered, +not bearded in the axils, or sometimes the lowest sparingly.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>E.</b> <span class="smcap">pilòsa</span>, Beauv. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 10</a>, fig. 1–4.) Panicle elongated-oblong, with +rather erect branches (except at flowering-time); <i>spikelets</i> 5–12-flowered (2–4´´ +long, purplish-lead-color), becoming linear, <i>about equalling their pedicels; +empty glumes</i> (small) <i>and flowering ones obtuse</i>, the latter broadly ovate, <i>1-nerved</i> +(lateral nerves obsolete).—Sandy or gravelly waste places, S. New Eng. to Ill., +and southward. Aug.—Plant 6–12´ high. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page661"></a>2. <b>E. Fránkii</b>, Meyer. Much branched and diffuse (3–8´ high); panicle +ovate-oblong, rather dense, spreading; <i>spikelets 2–5-flowered</i> (1–1½´´ long), <i>on +slender pedicels; glumes very acute; the flowering one ovate, acute</i>, rather obscurely +<i>3-nerved</i>.—Low or sandy ground, S. Penn. to Kan., and southwestward. +Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. Púrshii</b>, Schrader. Sparingly branched at the decumbent base, +then erect (½–2° high); panicle elongated, the branches widely spreading, +very loose; <i>spikelets 5–18-flowered</i>, oblong-lanceolate, at length linear (2–4½´´ +long), <i>mostly much shorter than their capillary pedicels; glumes all ovate and +acute, or the flowering ones acutish, 3-nerved</i>.—Sandy or sterile open grounds, +Penn. to Mo., and southwestward; also introduced northward.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Culms simple, or branching only at the very base, firm, erect, mostly forming +thick tufts; leaves very long; panicle very large, compound, often longer +than the culm, with elongated loosely-flowered branches, their axils often +bearded. (Doubtful perennials, or n. 5 annual.)</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>E. ténuis</b>, Gray. <i>Panicle virgately elongated</i> (1–2½° long), very loose, +the spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their remote divisions +and long <i>diverging pedicels</i> capillary; spikelets 2–6- (sometimes 7–12-) flowered, +pale or greenish; <i>lower glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute</i> (1½–2´´ +long), membranaceous, as are the <i>oblong-lanceolate acute flowers; flowering +glume distinctly 3-nerved</i>; the upper ciliate-scabrous.—Sandy soil, Ohio to Ill., +Kan., and southward. Aug.–Oct.—Leaves rather rigid, 1½–2° long, glabrous +or sparingly hairy; the sheaths hairy or glabrous; the throat strongly +bearded; flowers much larger than in the next, fully 1½´´ long.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>E. capillàris</b>, Nees. <i>Panicle widely expanding</i>, usually much longer +than the culm, its spreading branches (mostly naked in the axils) and long +<i>diverging pedicels</i> capillary; <i>spikelets rather terete</i>, very small, 2–4-flowered, +greenish or purplish; <i>glumes and flowers ovate, acute</i> (less than 1´´ long); <i>flowering +glume obscurely 3-nerved</i>, scarcely keeled; the palet rough-ciliate.—Sandy +dry soil and fields; common, especially southward. Aug., Sept.—Leaves and +sheaths very hairy, or nearly glabrous; the former about 1° long, not rigid; +panicle 1–2° long, soon diffuse.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>E. pectinàcea</b>, Gray. <i>Panicle widely diffuse</i>, its rigid divergent main +branches <i>bearded in the axils; the capillary pedicels more or less appressed</i> on +the secondary branches; <i>spikelets flat</i>, 5–15-flowered, becoming linear, purple +or purplish; glumes and flowers ovate or oblong-ovate, acutish; <i>flowering +glume strongly 3-nerved; palet hirsute-ciliate</i>.—Leaves long, rigid, mostly hairy, +the sheaths especially so; plant 1–3° high; spikelets 2–3´´ long, 1´´ wide, +closely flowered.—Var. <span class="smcap">spectábilis</span>, Gray. Leaves and sheaths mostly glabrous; +branches of the panicle (the lower reflexed with age) and pedicels +shorter; spikelets rather larger.—Sandy dry ground, from E. Mass. near the +coast, and from Ohio and Ill., southward. Aug.–Oct.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>E. campéstris</b>, Trin. Glabrous or the sheaths villous at the throat; +culm short, bearing an elongated and very open panicle with divaricate branches +bearded at base; <i>spikelets</i> linear, flat, 8–12-flowered, <i>sessile or nearly so</i> along +the branchlets; <i>glumes very acute or acuminate</i>, 3-nerved, roughish on the keel; +palet minutely ciliate. (E. pectinacea, var. refracta, <i>Chapm.</i> Poa refracta, +<i>Ell.</i>)—Del. and Md. to Fla. and Ala.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="melica"><a name="page662"></a><b>58. MÉLICA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Melic-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 2–8-flowered; the 1–3 upper flowers imperfect and dissimilar, convolute +around each other, and enwrapped by the upper fertile flower. Empty +glumes usually large, scarious-margined, convex, obtuse; the upper 7–9-nerved. +Flowering glume papery-membranaceous, dry and sometimes indurating +with age, rounded or flattish on the back, 5–many-nerved, scarious at +the entire blunt summit. Stamens 3.—Perennials with soft flat leaves. Panicle +simple or sparingly branched; the rather large spikelets racemose-one-sided. +(An old Italian name for Sorghum, from <i>mel</i>, honey.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. mùtica</b>, Walt. (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>) Slender, with usually narrow leaves, the +panicle often reduced to a simple raceme; lower glumes nearly equal and +almost equalling the spikelet; fertile flowers usually 2; flowering glumes +broad, smooth, obtuse.—Rich soil, Penn. to Fla., west to Wisc., Iowa, and Tex.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. diffùsa</b>, Pursh. Taller, 2½–4° high, with mostly broader leaves +and a more usually compound and many-flowered panicle; lower glumes more +unequal, the outer very broad; fertile flowers usually 3; flowering glumes +somewhat scabrous and more acute. (M. mutica, var. diffusa, <i>Gray</i>.)—Penn. +to Ill., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">(Addendum) 3. <b>M. Pórteri</b>, Scribn. Tall and slender; panicle very narrow, the slender +branches erect or the lower slightly divergent; pedicels flexuous or recurved, +pubescent; glumes very unequal and shorter than the spikelet; fertile +flowers 3–5, the glumes scabrous.—Mountains of Col. and southward; reported +from Cass Co., Neb. (<i>J. G. Smith</i>).</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="diarrhena"><b>59. DIARRHÈNA</b>, Raf. (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets several-flowered, smooth and shining, one or two of the uppermost +flowers sterile. Empty glumes ovate, much shorter than the flowers, coriaceous; +the lower much smaller; flowering glume ovate, convex on the back, +rigidly coriaceous, its 3 nerves terminating in a strong and abrupt cuspidate +or awl-shaped tip. Squamulæ ovate, ciliate. Stamens 2. Grain very large, +obliquely ovoid, obtusely pointed, rather longer than the glume, the cartilaginous +shining pericarp not adherent to the seed.—A nearly smooth perennial, +with running rootstocks, producing simple culms (2–3° high) with long linear-lanceolate +flat leaves toward the base, naked above, bearing a few short-pedicelled +spikelets (2–3´´ long) in a very simple panicle. (Name composed of +<span class="greek">δίς</span>, <i>two</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄῤῥην</span>, <i>man</i>, from the two stamens.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. Americàna</b>, Beauv. Shaded river-banks and woods, Ohio to Ill., +and southward. Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="uniola"><b>60. UNÌOLA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Spike-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate11">Pl. 11.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets closely many-flowered, very flat and 2-edged; 3–6 of the lowest +glumes empty, lanceolate, compressed-keeled; flowering glume coriaceo-membranaceous, +strongly laterally compressed and keeled, striate-nerved, usually +acute or pointed, entire, enclosing the much smaller compressed 2-keeled palet +and the free laterally flattened smooth grain. Stamen 1 (or in U. paniculata +3).—Upright smooth perennials, growing in tufts from strong creeping rootstocks, +with broad leaves and large spikelets in an open or spiked panicle. +(Ancient name of some plant, a diminutive of <i>unio</i>, unity.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Spikelets large (½–2´ long), ovate or oblong, 9–30-flowered; panicle open.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>U. paniculàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sea Oats.</span>) Culm and panicle elongated (4–8° +high); <i>leaves narrow</i>, when dry convolute; <i>spikelets ovate, short-pedicelled</i>; +glumes glabrous, bluntish, several of the lower sterile; stamens 3.—Sand-hills +on the sea shore, S. Va. and southward.</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page663"></a>2. <b>U. latifòlia</b>, Michx. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 11</a>, fig. 1–3) Culm 2–4° high; panicle +loose; <i>leaves broad</i> and flat (nearly 1´ wide); <i>spikelets</i> at length <i>oblong, hanging +on long pedicels</i>; glumes acute, ciliate on the keel, all but the lowest with +perfect monandrous flowers.—Shaded slopes, S. Penn. to Ill., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Spikelets small; panicle contracted, wand-like; perfect flowers long-pointed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>U. grácilis</b>, Michx. Culm 3° high, slender; <i>spikelets short-pedicelled</i> +(2–3´´ long), broadly wedge-shaped, acute at base, <i>4–8-flowered</i>; glumes ovate +and divergently beaked, long, the 3 lowest empty.—Sandy soil, from Long +Island to Va., near the coast, and southward. Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="distichlis"><b>61. DISTÍCHLIS</b>, Raf. <span class="smcap">Spike-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets and numerous flowers compressed, crowded in a densely spiked or +capitate panicle. Glumes herbaceous or membranaceous, the lower faintly +many-nerved; flowering glumes rather coriaceous, laterally much flattened, +faintly many-nerved, acute. Ovary stalked.—Flowers diœcious, rather large. +Leaves crowded, involute, usually rigid. (Name from <span class="greek">δίστιχος</span>, <i>two-ranked</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. marítima</b>, Raf. Culms tufted from creeping rootstocks (9–18´ +high); spike oblong, flattened (1´ long); spikelets ovate or oblong, 5–10-flowered; +glumes smooth and naked; grain pointed. (Brizopyrum spicatum, +<i>Hook</i>.)—Salt marshes and shores. Aug.—Glumes of the pistillate flowers +more rigid and almost keeled; stigmas very long, plumose; the staminate +glumes smaller and somewhat rounded on the back. +(Addendum)—<b>Distichlis maritima.</b> On alkaline soil in Neb., and very +common in similar localities west and southwestward; chiefly the var. +<span class="smcap">strícta</span>, Thurb., with setaceously convolute leaves, the many- (10–20-) +flowered spikelets in a loose panicle.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dactylis"><b>62. DÁCTYLIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Orchard Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets several-flowered, crowded in one-sided clusters, forming a branching +dense panicle. Glumes all herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough-ciliate +on the keel; the flowering one 5-nerved, the upper most commonly smaller +and thinner. Stamens 3. Grain lance-oblong, acute, free.—Stout tufted perennial; +leaves keeled. (<i>Dactylos</i>, a name in Pliny for a grass with digitate +spikes, from <span class="greek">δάκτυλος</span>, <i>a finger</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>D.</b> <span class="smcap">glomeràta</span>, L. Rough, rather glaucous (3° high); leaves broadly +linear; branches of the panicle naked at base; spikelets 3–4-flowered.—Fields +and yards, especially in shade. June. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="briza"><b>63. BRÌZA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Quaking Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped, flattish-tumid; the flowers +closely imbricated. Glumes roundish, unequal, purplish, very concave or +ventricose, 3–5-nerved; the flowering ventricose on the back, heart-shaped at +the base, papery-membranaceous and becoming dry, scarious-margined, obscurely +many-nerved; the palet much smaller, ovate, flat. Stamens 3. Stigmas +branched-plumose. Grain flattened parallel with the glumes, adhering to +the palet.—Leaves flat; panicle loose, diffuse, with large showy spikelets often +drooping on delicate pedicels. (<span class="greek">Βρίζα</span>, the Greek name of a kind of grain.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">mèdia</span>, L. Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets 5–9-flowered +(3´´ long); lower glumes shorter than the first flowering one; root perennial. +—Pastures; sparingly eastward. June. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="poa"><b>64. PÒA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Meadow-Grass. Spear-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets ovate or lance-ovate, laterally compressed, several- (2–10-) flowered, +in an open panicle. Empty glumes mostly shorter than the flowers, the<a name="page664"></a> +lower smaller; flowering glume membranaceo-herbaceous, with a delicate scarious +margin, compressed-keeled, pointless, 5-nerved (the intermediate nerves +more obscure or obsolete), the principal nerves commonly clothed with soft +hairs at and toward the often cobwebby base; palet membranaceous, 2-toothed. +Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas simply plumose. Grain oblong, free.—Culms +tufted, from perennial roots, except n. 1. Leaves smooth, usually flat and +soft. (<span class="greek">Πόα</span>, an ancient Greek name for grass or fodder.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Low and spreading (3–6´ high) from an annual or biennial root, flaccid; +branches of the short panicle single or in pairs.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">ánnua</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Low Spear-Grass.</span>) Culms flattened; panicle often 1-sided, +usually short and pyramidal, sometimes more slender (P. cristata, +<i>Chapm.</i>); spikelets crowded, very short-pedicelled, 3–7-flowered.—Cultivated +and waste grounds, everywhere. April–Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Low; the culms (6–20´ long) geniculate-ascending from a running rootstock, +rigid, very much flattened; panicle simple and contracted.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">compréssa</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Wire-Grass. English Blue-Grass.</span>) (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 10</a>, fig. +1–4.) Pale, as if glaucous; leaves short; panicle dense and narrow, somewhat +one-sided (1–3´ long), the short branches mostly in pairs; spikelets almost +sessile, 3–10-flowered, flat.—Dry, mostly sterile soil, in waste places; rarely +in woods. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Low alpine or alpestrine species, erect, in perennial tufts.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Soft and flaccid, smooth or nearly so, even to the branches of the panicle; leaves +short and flat, short-pointed; ligule elongated.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. alpìna</b>, L. Culms rather stout (8–14´ high); <i>leaves broadly linear</i>, +especially those of the culm (1½–2´ long, 1½–3´´ wide); <i>panicle short and broad</i>; +spikelets broadly ovate, 3–9-flowered (about 3´´ long); flowering glume villous +on the midrib and margins.—N. Maine (?), Isle Royale and north shore +of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. láxa</b>, Haenke. Culms slender (4–9´ high); <i>leaves narrow; panicle +somewhat raceme-like, narrow</i>, often one-sided and nodding; spikelets 2–4-flowered, +one half smaller.—Alpine mountain-tops of Maine, N. H., and N. New +York, and high northward (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>More strict and rigid, roughish, especially the panicle; ligule short.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. nemoràlis</b>, L. Culms 6–20´ high; leaves narrow, short, soon involute; +branches of the panicle 2–5 together, very scabrous; spikelets purplish +(or sometimes pale), 2–5-flowered; lower <i>glumes ovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed</i>, +the flowering lanceolate, somewhat webby at base, villous on the keel +and margins below the middle, its nerves obscure. (P. cæsia, <i>Smith.</i>)—The +more common form has a usually narrow somewhat nodding panicle, with short +ascending branches, the small pale or purplish spikelets 2-flowered. Lab. to +N. Maine and N. Vt.; Lake Champlain (<i>Pringle</i>); N. shore of L. Superior +to N. Iowa, and westward.—A form with somewhat stouter and stricter habit, +the darker or often pale spikelets 3–5-flowered (P. cæsia, var. strictior, <i>Gray</i>), +corresponds nearly to the European P. cæsia. High mountains of N. H. and +Vt., and Gardner's Island, L. Champlain (<i>C. E. Faxon</i>), Isle Royale and N. +shore of L. Superior, and westward.—Also a form with the branches of the +short panicle broadly divaricate; N. Wisc. (<i>Lapham</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page665"></a>[*][*][*][*] <i>Taller (1–3°) meadow or woodland grasses; panicle open.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Spikelets mostly very numerous and crowded on the rather short rough branches +(usually in fives) of the oblong or pyramidal panicle, green, or sometimes +violet-tinged; flowers acute, crowded, more or less webbed at base.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. serótina</b>, Ehrhart. (<span class="smcap">False Red-top. Fowl Meadow-Grass.</span>) +Culms tufted without running rootstocks; leaves narrowly linear, soft and +smooth; <i>ligules elongated; spikelets</i> 2–4- (rarely 5-) flowered (1–2´´ long), <i>all +short-pedicelled</i> in an elongated panicle, often tinged with dull purple; flowers +and glumes narrow; <i>flowering glume very obscurely nerved</i>.—Wet meadows +and low banks of streams; common, especially northward. July, Aug.—A +good grass for moist meadows. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. praténsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">June Grass. Spear Grass. Kentucky Bluegrass.</span>) +Culms sending off copious <i>running rootstocks</i> from the base, and the +<i>sheaths smooth; ligule short and blunt</i>; panicle short-pyramidal; <i>spikelets</i> 3–5-flowered, +<i>crowded</i>, and mostly <i>almost sessile</i> on the branches, ovate-lanceolate or +ovate; <i>flowering glume 5-nerved, hairy on the margins</i> as well as keel.—Common +in dry soil; imported for pastures and meadows. Indigenous in mountain regions +from N. Penn. to New Eng., and northward. May–July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>P.</b> <span class="smcap">triviàlis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Roughish Meadow-Grass.</span>) Culms erect from a somewhat +decumbent base, but no distinct running rootstocks; <i>sheaths and leaves +more or less rough; ligule oblong, acute</i>; panicle longer or with the branches +more distant; spikelets mostly 3-flowered, broader upward; <i>flowering glume +prominently 5-nerved, naked at the margins</i>; otherwise nearly as in the preceding.—Moist +meadows, etc. July. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Spikelets fewer and more scattered, on slender pedicels; plants soft and +smooth, flowering early. (No running rootstocks, except in n. 10.)</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Spikelets small (1–2´´ long), pale green, rather loosely 2–4-flowered; flowers +oblong, obtuse; flowering glume scarcely scarious-tipped; culm-leaves lance-linear, +acute, 1–3´ long.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>P. sylvéstris</b>, Gray. <i>Culm flattish</i>, erect; branches of the oblong-pyramidal +panicle short, numerous, in fives or more; <i>flowering glumes villous +on the keel its whole length, and on the margins below the middle</i>, sparingly +webbed at base.—Rocky woods and meadows, western N. Y. to Wisc., Kan., +and southward. June.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>P. débilìs</b>, Torr. <i>Culms terete</i>, weak; branches of the small panicle +few and slender (the lower l½–2´ long to the few spikelets), in pairs and threes; +<i>flowers very obtuse, smooth and glabrous</i>, except a sparing web at base.—Rocky +woodlands, R. I. to Penn. and Wisc. May.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Spikelets 2´´ long, light green; oblong-lanceolate flowers and glumes acute.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>P. alsòdes</b>, Gray. Leaves rather narrowly linear, acute, the uppermost +(2½–4´ long) often sheathing the base of the narrow and loose panicle, +the capillary branches appressed when young, mostly in threes or fours; flowering +glume very obscurely nerved, villous on the keel below, and with a narrow +cobwebby tuft at base, otherwise glabrous.—Woods, on hillsides, N. Eng. to +Penn. and Va., west to Wisc. May, June.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++][++] <i>Spikelets larger (3–4´´ long), pale green, rarely purple-tinged, few and +scattered at the ends of the long capillary branches (mostly in pairs or +threes) of the very diffuse panicle; flowers 3–6, loose, oblong and obtuse, as<a name="page666"></a> +is the larger glume; flowering glume conspicuously scarious at the apex, +villous below the middle on the keel and margins; culms flattish, smooth.</i></p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>P. flexuòsa</b>, Muhl. (not of Wahl.) Culms 1–3° high, tufted, its +<i>leaves all linear (2–5´ long), gradually taper-pointed; panicle very effuse</i> (its +branches 2–4´ long to the 4–6-flowered spikelets or first ramification); <i>flowering +glume prominently nerved, no web</i> at the base.—Dry woods, Penn. and +Del. to Ky., and southward. Feb.–May.—Near the last.</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>P. brevifòlia</b>, Muhl. Culms 1–1½° high from <i>running rootstocks</i>, +2–3-leaved, the <i>upper leaves very short (½–2´ long), lanceolate, all abruptly cuspidate-tipped</i>; +branches of the short panicle mostly in pairs; spikelets 3–4-flowered; +<i>flowering glume rather obscurely nerved, cobwebby at base</i>.—Rocky +or hilly woodlands, Penn., Va., and sparingly westward to Ky. and Ill. April, +May.—Culm scarcely surpassing the long root-leaves.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="graphephorum"><b>65. GRAPHÉPHORUM</b>, Desv. (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 2–4-flowered, compressed, the rhachis pilose on one side, jointed, +produced above the flowers into a hairy pedicel. Empty glumes thin-membranaceous, +acute, carinate, mostly nearly equalling the remote flowers; flowering +glume thin and membranaceous or scarious, convex, scarcely keeled, faintly +nerved, entire, pointless and awnless. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Ovary +glabrous.—Perennial, with linear flat leaves, their sheaths closed at base, the +spikelets in a loose panicle. (Named from <span class="greek">γραφίς</span>, <i>a pencil</i>, and <span class="greek">φέρω</span>, <i>to bear</i>, +from the terminal hairy pedicel.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. melicoídeum</b>, Desv. Culm 1–2° high; leaves roughish; panicle +open; glumes unequal, lanceolate, their midrib and the pedicels rough.—N. +Maine, N. Vt., Upper Mich., and northward; rare.—Var. <span class="smcap">màjus</span>, Gray, is +a luxuriant form, 2–3° high, with ampler panicle; borders of a swamp, Macomb +Co., Mich. Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="scolochloa"><b>66. SCOLÓCHLOA</b>, Link.</p> + +<p>Spikelets 2–4-flowered, subterete. Rhachis hairy at the base of the flowers, +ending in a naked pedicel. Empty glumes concave, membranaceous, unequal, +the outer 3-nerved, acute, the inner 5-nerved, toothed at the apex, nearly equalling +the flowers; flowering glume more rigid, prominently 7-nerved, toothed +at the apex; nerves all parallel. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Ovary hairy.—Tall +perennials, growing in water, with loosely sheathing leaves, and spikelets +in a lax panicle. (Name probably from <span class="greek">σκῶλος</span>, <i>a prickle</i>, and <span class="greek">χλόα</span>, <i>grass</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. festucàcea</b>, Link. Stout, 3–4° high, smooth; leaves rough on +the margins; panicle suberect; spikelets 3–4´´ long. (Festuca borealis, +<i>Hook</i>.)—Emmet Co., Iowa (<i>Cratty</i>), and northward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="glyceria"><b>67. GLYCÈRIA</b>, R. Br. <span class="smcap">Manna-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets terete or flattish, several–many-flowered; the flowers mostly early +deciduous by the breaking up of the rhachis into joints, leaving the short and +unequal 1–3-nerved membranaceous lower glumes behind. Flowering glume +and palet naked, of a rather firm texture, nearly equal; the glume rounded on +the back, scarious (and sometimes obscurely toothed) at the blunt or rarely<a name="page667"></a> +acute summit, glabrous, prominently 5–7-nerved, the nerves parallel and separate. +Squamulæ fleshy and truncate, or none. Stamens commonly 2. Styles +present; stigmas compoundly plumose. Ovary smooth. Grain oblong, free, +the furrow very narrow or none.—Perennial smooth marsh grasses, mostly +with creeping bases or rootstocks; spikelets panicled. (Name from <span class="greek">γλυκερός</span>, +<i>sweet</i>, in allusion to the taste of the grain.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Spikelets ovate, oblong, or linear-oblong, 1–3´´ in length</i>,</p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>At length nodding in an open panicle, flattish laterally but turgid.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. Canadénsis</b>, Trin. (<span class="smcap">Rattlesnake-Grass.</span>) Culm stout, 2–3° +high; leaves long, roughish; panicle oblong-pyramidal, at length drooping; +spikelets ovate, at length very broad and tumid, Briza-like, 2´´ long, pale, with +purplish glumes; flowering glume acute or blunt-pointed, firm, with not very +prominent nerves, longer than the rounded palet.—Bogs and wet places; common +from Penn. to E. Kan., and northward. July.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Erect in a narrow contracted panicle, somewhat flattened and turgid.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. obtùsa</b>, Trin. Culm stout, 1–2° high, very leafy; leaves long, +smooth; <i>panicle narrowly oblong, dense</i> (3–5´ long); spikelets 3–7-flowered, +2–3´´ long; flowering glume obtuse.—Bogs, E. New Eng. to Penn. and +southward, near the coast.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>G. elongàta</b>, Trin. Leaves very long (1° or more), rough; <i>panicle +narrowly racemose, elongated</i> (1° long), <i>recurving</i>; the branches and 3–4-flowered +spikelets <i>appressed</i>; flowering glume obtuse.—Wet woods, N. Eng. to +Mich., Minn., and northward; Roan Mt., N. C. (<i>Scribner</i>). July–Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] <i>Diffuse; flower-glume truncate-obtuse, strongly 7-nerved; palet 2-toothed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>G. nervàta</b>, Trin. (<span class="smcap">Fowl Meadow-Grass.</span>) (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 10</a>, fig. 1–3.) +Culm erect, 1–3° high; leaves rather long; branches of the loose <i>panicle</i> +capillary, <i>at length drooping, the numerous small spikelets</i> (1–2´´ long, commonly +purplish) <i>ovate-oblong</i>, 3–7-flowered.—Moist meadows; common. June.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>G. pállida</b>, Trin. Culms slender, 1–3° long, ascending from a creeping +base; leaves short, sharp-pointed, pale; <i>branches of the rather simple panicle +slender, erect-spreading</i>, rough; the <i>spikelets usually few, somewhat appressed, +oblong-linear</i>, 5–9-flowered (pale, 2–3´´ long); <i>flowering glume minutely 5-toothed</i>; +the palet lanceolate, conspicuously 2-toothed.—Shallow water; Maine +to Va., west to Ky., Ind., and Mich.; common, especially northward. July.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>G. grándis</b>, Watson. (<span class="smcap">Reed Meadow-Grass.</span>) Culm stout, upright, +3–5° high; leaves large (1–2° long, {1/3}–½´ wide); <i>panicle much branched, +ample</i> (8–15´ long), <i>the numerous branches ascending, spreading with age; spikelets +oblong or linear-oblong</i>, 3–6-flowered (usually purplish, 2–3´´ long); <i>flowering +glume entire</i>. (G. aquatica of Amer. authors.)—Wet grounds; N. Eng. +to western N. Y., Mich., Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Spikelets linear (½–1´ long), pale, appressed on the branches of the long narrow +racemose panicle, terete except during anthesis; palets minutely roughish, +the upper 2-toothed; squamulæ unilateral or united; ligule long; culm flattened +(1–5° high), ascending from a rooting base.</i> (Glyceria, <i>R. Br.</i>)</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>G. flùitans</b>, R. Br. Panicle 1° long; the simple branches appressed, +finally spreading below; leaves short and rather broad, very smooth; spikelets<a name="page668"></a> +7–13-flowered; <i>flowering glume oblong, obtuse</i>, or the scarious tip acutish, entire +or obscurely 3-lobed, usually rather longer than the blunt palet.—Shallow +water; common. June–Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>G. acutiflòra</b>, Torr. Spikelets 5–12-flowered, few and scattered; +<i>flowering glume oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the long tapering point of the +palet</i>.—Wet places, Penn. to Maine; rather rare. June.—Resembles the +last; but the erect leaves smaller, the separate flowers twice the length (4´´ +long), and less nerved.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="puccinellia"><b>68. PUCCINÉLLIA</b>, Parl. (<a href="#plate16">Pl. 16.</a>)</p> + +<p>Characters as in Glyceria, but the flowering glumes inconspicuously or obsoletely +5-nerved; squamulæ thin and distinct; stigmas sessile and simply plumose; +grain compressed, often broadly furrowed.—Mostly saline species; +perennial. (Named for Prof. <i>Benedetto Puccinelli</i>, an Italian botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. marítima</b>, Parl. (<span class="smcap">Goose-Grass. Sea Spear-Grass.</span>) <i>Root +stoloniferous</i>; culms erect, 1–1½° high; <i>leaves involute, acute or pungent</i>; lower +<i>branches of the narrow panicle often solitary or in pairs, appressed</i> or more or +less spreading; spikelets 3–6´´ long, oblong or linear, 4–9-flowered; flowering +glumes rounded at the summit, 1½´´ long. (Glyceria maritima, <i>Wahl.</i> +Atropis maritima, <i>Griseb.</i>)—Marshes along the coast; not rare, and somewhat +variable in the form of the panicle and size of the glumes. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. (?) <b>mìnor</b>, Watson. Culms low and slender, from very slender +creeping rootstocks; leaves very narrow and involute; ligule long; panicle +short and very narrow; spikelets 2–4-flowered, the flowers 1´´ long or less.—Shore +of Mt. Desert Island (<i>E. L. Rand</i>); Labrador (<i>J. A. Allen</i>).—Probably +rather a form of the western P. airoides (Poa airoides, <i>Nutt.</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. dístans</b>, Parl. <i>Not stoloniferous</i>; culms rather stout, geniculate +below; <i>leaves mostly flat, short</i>; ligule short; <i>lower branches of the panicle +in fours or fives</i>, usually more or less naked at base, soon <i>spreading</i> and at +length deflexed; spikelets 2–3´´ long, 3–6-flowered; flowering glume truncate-obtuse, +½–1´´ long. (Glyceria distans, <i>Wahl.</i> Atropis distans, <i>Griseb.</i>)—Salt +marshes along the coast and on ballast; apparently much rarer than +the last, and perhaps not native. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="festuca"><b>69. FESTÙCA</b>, L. <i>Fescue-grass</i>. (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 3–many-flowered, panicled or racemose; the flowers not webby +at base. Lower glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Flowering glumes chartaceous +or almost coriaceous, roundish (not keeled) on the back, more or less +3–5-nerved, acute, pointed, or often bristle-awned from the tip, rarely blunt; +the palet mostly adhering at maturity to the enclosed grain. Stamens 1–3.—Flowers, +and often the leaves, rather dry and harsh. (An ancient Latin +name of some kind of grass, of uncertain meaning.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Flowers awl-shaped, bristle-pointed or awned from the tip; panicle contracted.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Annuals or biennials, slender, 5–18´ high; leaves convolute-bristle-form.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>F.</b> <span class="smcap">Myùrus</span>, L. Panicle spike-like, one-sided; spikelets about 5-flowered; +lower glumes very unequal; <i>awn much longer than the flowering glume</i>, fully +6´´ in length; stamen 1.—Dry fields, Nantucket, Mass., to Del., and southward. +July. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page669"></a>1. <b>F. tenélla</b>, Willd. Panicle spike-like, one-sided, or more compound +and open; spikelets 7–13-flowered; <i>awn 1–3´´ long or more, usually shorter +than or about equalling the glume</i>; stamens 2.—Dry sterile soil, especially +southward. June, July.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Perennial, tufted, 6–24´ high; stamens 3.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>F. ovìna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sheep's Fescue.</span>) Glaucous, ½–2° high; leaves mostly +radical, very narrow and convolute; panicle somewhat one-sided, short, usually +more or less compound, open in flowering; spikelets 3–8-flowered; awn +not more than half the length of the flower, often much shorter or almost +wanting.—Indigenous in northern New Eng., about Lake Superior, and +northward; naturalized farther south as a pasture grass. June.—Varies +greatly.—Var. <span class="smcap">vivípara</span>, L. (which with us has running rootstocks), a state +with the spikelets partially converted into leafy shoots, is found on the alpine +summits of the White Mts., and high northward.—Var. <span class="smcap">duriúscula</span>, Koch, +is a tall form, with spikelets rather larger, usually in a more compound panicle; +culm-leaves often flat or less convolute, and the lower with their sheaths +either smooth or hairy. New Eng. to Va., and westward, as a naturalized +plant, and indigenous northward. A native form of this variety with a lax +panicle, 2–4-flowered spikelets, and slender awns nearly as long as the glume +(var. rubra, of last ed.), is found on Keweenaw Peninsula (<i>Robbins</i>) and Isle +Royale, L. Superior (<i>Gilman</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Flowers oblong or lanceolate, awnless or nearly so (1½–4´´ long); grain often +free! (Root perennial; culms mostly tall; leaves flat.)</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>F. nùtans</b>, Willd. Culm 2–4° high, naked above; leaves broadly +linear, taper-pointed, dark green, often rather hairy; <i>panicle of several long +and slender spreading branches</i>, mostly in pairs, <i>drooping</i> when old, rough, +naked below, bearing near their extremity a few ovate 3–5-flowered spikelets +(3´´ long) on pretty long pedicels; <i>flowers ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, close together</i>, +coriaceous, smooth, very obscurely 5-nerved.—Rocky woods and copses. +July.—A common form with the panicle more or less contracted and somewhat +erect has been distinguished as F. Shortii.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>F.</b> <span class="smcap">elàtior</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Taller</span> or <span class="smcap">Meadow Fescue</span>.) (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 10</a>, fig. 1–3.) <i>Panicle +narrow</i>, contracted before and after flowering, <i>erect, with short branches</i>; +spikelets crowded, 5–10-flowered; <i>flowers rather remote, oblong-lanceolate</i>; +flowering glume 5-nerved, scarious-margined, blunt, acute, or rarely with a +distinct but very short awn.—The type is large, 3–4° high; spikelets about +6´´ long, in an ample and compound panicle. Rich grass-land.—Var. <span class="smcap">praténsis</span>, +Gray (F. pratensis, <i>Huds.</i>), is lower (1–3° high), with a simpler or +close panicle of smaller or narrower spikelets, and abounds in grass-lands. +June–Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>F.</b> <span class="smcap">gigantèa</span>, Vill. Erect, glabrous, 3–4° high; leaves bright green, 3–6´´ +broad; panicle very loose, nodding; spikelets 3–6-flowered; flowering glumes +3´´ long, with a slender awn of twice the length.—Of rare occurrence near the +coast. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="bromus"><b>70. BRÒMUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Brome-Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate10">Pl. 10.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 5–many-flowered, panicled. Glumes unequal, membranaceous; +the lower 1–5-, the upper 3–9-nerved. Flowering glume either convex on<a name="page670"></a> +the back or compressed-keeled, 5–9-nerved, awned or bristle-pointed from +below the mostly 2-cleft tip; palet at length adhering to the groove of the +oblong or linear grain. Stamens 3. Styles attached below the apex of the +ovary.—Coarse grasses, with large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels +thickened at the apex. (An ancient name for the Oat, from <span class="greek">βρόμος</span>, <i>food</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Flowering glume oblong, turgid, and convex on the back; the flowers imbricated +over one another before expansion; lower empty glume distinctly 3–5-nerved, +the upper 5–9-nerved.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Perennial; indigenous. Lower glume strongly 3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. Kálmii</b>, Gray. (<span class="smcap">Wild Chess.</span>) Culm slender (1½–3° high); +leaves and sheaths conspicuously or sparingly hairy; panicle simple, small +(3–4´ long); spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely 7–12-flowered, +densely silky all over; awn only one third the length of the lance-oblong +flower; flowering glume 7–9-nerved, much longer and larger than the palet.—Dry +ground, N. Eng. to Penn., Mo., Minn., and northward. June, July.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Annuals or biennials, introduced into grain-fields, or rarely in waste grounds.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">secálinus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cheat</span> or <span class="smcap">Chess</span>.) (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 10</a>, fig. 1, 2.) <i>Panicle spreading, +even in fruit</i>, the drooping peduncles little branched; <i>spikelets oblong-ovate, +turgid, smooth</i>, of 8–10 rather distant flowers; glume rather longer +than the palet, short-awned or awnless; sheaths nearly glabrous.—Too common +in wheat-fields. June, July. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">móllis</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Soft Chess.</span>) <i>Whole plant downy; panicle more erect, +contracted in fruit; spikelets conical-ovate</i>, somewhat flattened; flowers closely +imbricated; <i>glume acute</i>, equalling the awn.—Wheat-fields, N. Y. to Va.; +scarce. June. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">racemòsus</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Upright Chess.</span>) Very similar to the last, but nearly +glabrous or the sheaths sometimes hairy; glumes glabrous and shining. +(Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Flowering glume somewhat convex, but keeled and laterally more or less compressed, +at least above; flowers soon separating from each other; lower empty +glume 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved, or with an obscure additional pair.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Perennial, tall (3–5° high); flowers oblong or lanceolate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>B. ciliàtus</b>, L. Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches +at length divergent, drooping; spikelets 7–12-flowered; flowering glume +tipped with an awn ½–¾ its length, silky with appressed hairs near the margins, +at least below (or rarely naked), smooth or smoothish on the back;—or, +in var. <span class="smcap">púrgans</span>, Gray, clothed all over with short and fine appressed +hairs.—River-banks and moist woodlands; common. July, Aug.—Culm +and large leaves (3–6´´ wide) smooth or somewhat hairy; the sheaths in the +larger forms often hairy or densely downy near the top. Variable, comprising +several forms.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">ásper</span>, L. Culm slender and panicle smaller; spikelets 5–9-flowered; +glume linear-lanceolate, scarcely keeled, hairy near the margins, rather longer +than the awn; sheaths and lower leaves hairy or downy.—N. Brunswick to +Mich. and Ky. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Annual or biennial; flowers slender; palet pectinate-ciliate on the nerves.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">stérilis</span>, L. Culm glabrous; leaves rather downy; panicle open; +spikelets on elongated nearly straight simple peduncles, of 5–9 rather distant +7-nerved roughish linear-awl-shaped long-awned flowers (awn 1´ long).—Waste +places and river-banks, E. Mass. to Penn.; rare. June. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page671"></a><b>B.</b> <span class="smcap">tectòrum</span>, L. Leaves short; panicle lax, somewhat 1-sided, the more +numerous pubescent spikelets on very slender curving pedicels.—More common, +N. Eng. to Penn. and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lolium"><b>71. LÒLIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Darnel.</span> (<a href="#plate11">Pl. 11.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets many-flowered, solitary on each joint of the continuous rhachis, +placed edgewise; empty glumes, except in the terminal spikelet, only one +(the upper) and external. Otherwise nearly as in Agropyrum. (Ancient +Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">perénne</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Darnel, Ray-</span> or <span class="smcap">Rye-Grass</span>.) Root perennial; +<i>glume shorter than the spikelet; flowers 8–15</i>, awnless or sometimes short-awned.—Fields +and lots; eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">temuléntum</span>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bearded Darnel.</span>) Root annual; culm taller; +<i>outer glume fully equalling the</i> 5–7-flowered <i>spikelet; awn longer than the flower</i> +(½´ long).—Grain-fields; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="agropyrum"><b>72. AGROPỲRUM</b>, Gaertn. (<a href="#plate11">Pl. 11.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 3–many-flowered, compressed, 2-ranked, alternate on opposite +sides of a solitary terminal spike, single at each joint (the lowermost, or all, +rarely in pairs) and sessile with the side against the axis. Glumes transverse +(i.e. right and left), nearly equal and opposite, lanceolate, herbaceous, +nerved. Flowering glumes rigid, convex on the back, 5–7-nerved, pointed +or awned from the tip; palet flattened, bristly-ciliate on the nerves, adherent +to the groove of the grain. Stamens 3.—Our species rather coarse perennials, +of difficult definition. (Name from <span class="greek">ἀγρός</span> <i>a field</i>, and <span class="greek">πυρός</span>, <i>wheat</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Multiplying by long running rootstocks; awn shorter than the flower or none.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. rèpens</b>, Beauv. (<span class="smcap">Couch-, Quitch-</span>, or <span class="smcap">Quick-Grass</span>.) <i>Spikelets +4–8-flowered, glabrous</i> or nearly so; glumes 3–7-nerved; rhachis glabrous, +but rough on the edges; awns when present straight; leaves flat and often +roughish or pubescent above. (Triticum repens, <i>L.</i>)—Nat. from Europe in +cultivated grounds, fields, etc., and very troublesome; indigenous in some of +its forms northwestward and on the coast.—Varies greatly. The ordinary +form has a narrow spike, with 3–5-flowered spikelets, the glumes merely +acute and rigid-cuspidate, or acuminate, or short-awned. A tall form, rather +bright green, bears awns nearly as long as the glumes. Other forms abound, +especially on or near the coast. A maritime variety, much resembling var. +glaucum, <i>Boiss.</i> (A. glaucum, <i>R. & S.</i>), with large crowded 5–10-flowered +spikelets and glumes very blunt or mucronate, glaucous and the leaves +rather rigid and pungent, occurs on the coast of Maine (Cape Elizabeth, +<i>Tuckerman</i>). In the more usual form of this variety, with the large spikes +often elongated (3–9´) and the leaves less rigid, the glumes are acuminate +or rarely short-awned. The rhachis or the whole inflorescence and the lower +sheaths are sometimes very pubescent. The glabrous state, or a very similar +glabrous variety, is also abundant in the western region, from Kan. and Neb. +to Dak., and westward, where it is known as <i>Blue-joint</i> or <i>Blue-stem</i>. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. dasystàchyum</b>, Vasey. Resembling the last; glaucous; leaves +narrow and often involute; the 5–9-flowered <i>spikelets densely downy-hairy</i> all +over; glumes thinner with scarious margins, mostly long-acuminate. (Triticum +dasystachyum, <i>Gray</i>.)—Sandy shores of Lake Huron and Superior, and +northward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page672"></a>[*][*] <i>No obvious running rootstocks, glabrous, or the flat and roughish leaves sometimes +hairy above; glumes as well as flowers mostly awned or awn-pointed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. violàceum</b>, Lange. <i>Spike short, dense, strict and rigid</i>, usually +tinged with violet or purple; spikelets 3–5-flowered; <i>glumes</i> conspicuously 5-nerved, +<i>rather abruptly narrowed into a cusp or short awn</i>. (Triticum +violaceum, <i>Hornem.</i>)—Alpine region of the White Mts., L. Superior, north and +westward. (Eu.)—Passing into a variety with longer usually pale narrow +spikes and attenuate often long-awned glumes, which sometimes approaches +A. caninum. N. Brunswick, White Mts., N. H., Penn. (<i>Porter</i>), L. +Superior, and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. canìnum</b>, R. & S. (<span class="smcap">Awned Wheat-Grass.</span>) <i>Spike usually more +or less nodding</i>, at least in fruit, rather dense (3–6´ long); spikelets 3–5-flowered; +<i>glumes 3–5-nerved; awns straight or somewhat bent or spreading, +fully twice the length of the palet</i>. (Triticum caninum, <i>L.</i>)—Sparingly naturalized +in cultivated ground and meadows. Indigenous along our northern +borders, and westward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. ténerum</b>, Vasey. Culms 1–3° high; leaves narrow; spike very +narrow, 2–7´ long; spikelets 3–5-flowered; glumes short-acuminate.—Minn. +to Kan., and very common westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lepturus"><b>73. LEPTÙRUS</b>, R. Br.</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1–2-flowered, solitary and alternate upon the opposite sides of a +narrow spike, sessile and appressed in the concave joints. Empty glumes +transverse, narrow, rigid, 5-nerved, the flowering much shorter, thin and hyaline.—Low +annuals, branching at the base, with narrow leaves and rigid +often curved spikes. (Name from <span class="greek">λεπτός</span>, <i>narrow</i>, and <span class="greek">οὐρά</span>, <i>tail</i>, or spike.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">incurvàtus</span>, Trin. Much branched, decumbent, 6´ high or less; spikes +terminal and lateral, 1–4´ long, the base included in the broad sheath.—Borders +of brackish marshes, Md. to S. Va., and on ballast northward. (Nat. +from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="hordeum"><b>74. HÓRDEUM</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Barley.</span> (<a href="#plate11">Pl. 11.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 1-flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment on the inner side, three +at each joint of the rhachis of a terminal spike, but the lateral ones usually +imperfect or abortive, and short-stalked. Empty glumes side by side in front +of the spikelets, 6 in number, forming a kind of involucre, slender and awn-pointed +or bristle-form. Flowering glume and palet herbaceous, the former +(anterior) convex, long-awned from the apex. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, +commonly adherent.—Spike often separating into joints. Ours annuals or +biennials, or scarcely perennial. (The ancient Latin name.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. jubàtum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Squirrel-tail Grass.</span>) (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 11</a>, fig. 1, 2.) Low; +lateral flowers abortive, on a short pedicel, short-awned; the perfect flower +bearing a capillary awn (2´ long) about equalling the similar capillary glumes, +all spreading.—Sandy sea-shore, upper Great Lakes, and westward. June.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>H. praténse</b>, Huds. Low (6–18´ high); lateral flowers imperfect or +neutral, awnless or merely pointed; perfect flower with awn as long as those +of the glumes (3–6´´); spike linear, 1–2´ long.—Plains, especially in saline +soil, Ohio to Ill. and westward; also sparingly introduced, Va., and southward +along the coast. May, June. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="elymus"><a name="page673"></a><b>75. ÉLYMUS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Lyme-Grass. Wild Rye.</span> (<a href="#plate11">Pl. 11.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 2–4 at each joint of the rhachis of a terminal spike, all fertile +and alike, sessile, each 1–7-flowered. Glumes conspicuous, nearly side by +side in front of the spikelets, 2 for each spikelet, forming an involucre to the +cluster. Flower coriaceous; the glume rounded on the back, acute or awned +at the apex. Grain adherent to the involving glume (whence the name, an +ancient one for some grain, from <span class="greek">ἐλυω</span>, <i>to roll up</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Glumes and flowers firm or rigid, all or only the latter awned; spikelets 1–5-flowered; +slender perennials, with rather harsh and broad flat leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Spike large and stout.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. Virgínicus</b>, L. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 11</a>, fig. 1–3.) Culm stout, 2–3° high; <i>spike +rigidly upright, dense</i> (2–3´ long, 6´´ thick), the short <i>peduncle usually included +in the sheath</i>; spikelets 2–3 together, 2–3-flowered, smooth, rather short-awned, +about the length of the thickened strongly-nerved and bristle-pointed +<i>lanceolate glumes</i>.—River-banks; common. Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. Canadénsis</b>, L. <i>Spike soon nodding</i> (5–9´ long), on an exserted +peduncle; spikelets mostly in pairs, of 3–5 long-awned rough or rough-hairy +flowers; the <i>awl-shaped glumes tipped with shorter awns</i>.—Var. <span class="smcap">glaucifòlius</span>, +Gray, is pale or glaucous throughout, the flowers with more spreading awns +(1½´ long).—Var. <span class="smcap">intermèdius</span>, Vasey, has the awns scarcely longer than the +glumes.—River-banks; common.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Spike and culm more slender.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. striàtus</b>, Willd. More or less <i>pubescent; spike dense and thickish</i> +(2–4´ long), upright or slightly nodding; spikelets mostly in pairs, 1–2- (or +rarely 3-) flowered, minutely bristly-hairy; <i>glumes awl-shaped, bristle-awned</i>, +1–3-nerved, <i>about thrice the length of the flowers</i>, which are only 3´´ long exclusive +of the capillary awn (1´ long).—Var. <span class="smcap">villòsus</span>, Gray, has very hairy +flowers and glumes, and villous sheaths.—Rocky woods and banks. July, +Aug.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>E. Sibíricus</b>, L., var. <b>Americànus</b>. <i>Glabrous; spike wand-like</i> +(2–6´ long, 2–3´´ thick), often somewhat nodding; spikelets in pairs, 3–6-flowered; +<i>glumes linear-lanceolate</i>, 3–5-nerved, acuminate and smooth or often +scabrous on the nerves, <i>short-awned, shorter than the flowers</i>, which bear an +erect awn of once or twice their length.—Marquette, Mich. (<i>Porter</i>), N. Minn., +and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Glumes and palet awnless and soft in texture; reed-like perennials</i>.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>E. móllis</b>, Trin. Culm (3° high) velvety at top; spike thick, erect +(8´ long); spikelets 2 or 3 at each joint, 5–8-flowered; the lanceolate pointed +5–7-nerved glumes (1´ long) and the pointed flowers soft-villous; rhachis of +the spikelets separating into joints.—Shore of the Great Lakes, Maine, and +northward. (Near E. arenarius.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Empty glumes very narrow, and all very long-awned; spike disarticulating +at maturity.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>E. Sitànion</b>, Schultes. Low (½–2° high), stout; spike 1–4´ long, the +peduncle slightly exserted; the spreading scabrous awns 2–3´ long.—Central +Minn. to Kan., and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="asprella"><a name="page674"></a><b>76. ASPRÉLLA</b>, Willd. <span class="smcap">Bottle-brush Grass.</span> (<a href="#plate11">Pl. 11.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets 2–3 or sometimes solitary on each joint of the rhachis of a terminal +spike, raised on a very short callous pedicel, loosely 2–4-flowered (when +solitary flatwise on the rhachis). Glumes none! or small, awn-like, and deciduous. +Otherwise nearly as in Elymus. (Name a diminutive of <i>asper</i>, +rough or prickly.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Hýstrix</b>, Willd. Perennial; culms 3–4° high; leaves and sheaths +smoothish; spike loose (3–6´ long); the spreading spikelets 2–3 together, +early deciduous; flowers smoothish or often rough-hairy, tipped with an awn +thrice their length (1´ long). (Gymnostichum Hystrix, <i>Schreb.</i>)—Moist +woodlands. July, Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="arundinaria"><b>77. ARUNDINÀRIA</b>, Michx. <span class="smcap">Cane.</span> (<a href="#plate11">Pl. 11.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spikelets flattened, 5–14-flowered; the flowers somewhat separated on the +jointed rhachis. Empty glumes very small, membranaceous, the upper one +larger. Flowering glumes and palet herbaceous or somewhat membranaceous, +the glume convex on the back, many-nerved, tapering into a mucronate point +or bristle. Squamulæ 3, longer than the ovary. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, +free.—Arborescent or shrubby grasses, simple or with fascicled branches, and +with large spikelets in panicles or racemes; blade of the leaf jointed upon the +sheath; flowers polygamous. (Name from <i>arundo</i>, a reed.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. macrospérma</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Large Cane.</span>) (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 11</a>, fig. 1, 2.) Culms +arborescent, 10–40° high and ½–3´ thick at base, rigid, simple the first year, +branching the second, afterwards at indefinite periods fruiting, and soon after +decaying; leaves lanceolate (1–2´ wide), smoothish or pubescent, the sheath +ciliate on one margin, stoutly fimbriate each side of the base of the leaf; panicle +lateral, composed of few simple racemes; spikelets 1–3´ long, purplish +or pale, erect; flowering glume lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous or +pubescent, fringed (5–12´´ long).—River-banks, S. Va.(?), Ky., and southward, +forming cane-brakes. April.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>suffruticòsa</b>, Munro. (<span class="smcap">Switch Cane. Small Cane.</span>) Lower and +more slender (2–10° high), often growing in water; leaves 4´´–1´ broad; +spikelets solitary or in a simple raceme at the summit of the branches, or frequently +on leafless radical culms. (A. tecta, <i>Muhl.</i>)—Swamps and moist soil, +Md., S. Ind. to S. E. Mo., and southward. Sometimes fruiting several years +in succession.</p> + + + + +<h2 class="phylum"><a name="page675"></a>SERIES II.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS.</span></h2> + +<p>Vegetables destitute of proper flowers (i.e. having no +stamens nor pistils), and producing instead of seeds minute +one-celled germinating bodies called <i>spores</i>, in which there +is no embryo or rudimentary plantlet.</p> + + +<h2 class="class"><span class="smcap">Class III. ACROGENS.</span></h2> + +<p>Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis or stem, growing +from the apex, and commonly not with later increase +in diameter, usually furnished with distinct leaves; reproduction +by antheridia and archegonia, sometimes also by +gemmation.</p> + + +<h2 class="subclass"><span class="smcap">Subclass I. VASCULAR ACROGENS, or PTERIDOPHYTES.</span>[1]</h2> + +<p>[Footnote 1: The orders of this Subclass have been elaborated anew for this edition by +Prof. <span class="smcap">Daniel C. Eaton</span> of Yale University.]</p> + +<p>Stems containing woody fibre and vessels (especially scalariform +or spiral ducts). Antheridia or archegonia, or both, +formed on a minute prothallus which is developed from the +spore on germination, the archegonium containing a nucleus, +which after fertilization becomes an oöspore and at length +grows into the conspicuous spore-bearing plant.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="equisetaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 130.</span> <b>EQUISETÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Horsetail Family.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Rush-like, often branching plants, with jointed and mostly hollow stems +from running rootstocks, having sheaths at the joints, and, when fertile, +terminated by the conical or spike-like fructification composed of shield-shaped +stalked scales bearing the spore-cases beneath.</i>—A single genus.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="equisetum"><a name="page676"></a><b>1. EQUISÈTUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Horsetail. Scouring Rush.</span> (<a href="#plate2">Pl. 21</a>)</p> + +<p>Spore-cases (<i>sporangia, thecæ</i>) 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of the angled +shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1-celled, opening down the inner side +and discharging the numerous loose spores. To the base of each spore are +attached 4 thread-like and club-shaped elastic filaments, which roll up closely +around the spore when moist, and uncoil when dry.—Rootstocks perennial, +wide-creeping, hard and blackish, jointed, often branched and sometimes bearing +small tubers. Stems erect, cylindrical, hollow, jointed; the surface striated +or grooved with alternate ridges and furrows, the cuticle in most species containing +silica in the form of minute granules, rosettes, or tubercles; the joints +containing besides the central air-cavity a circle of smaller hollows beneath +the furrows and a set of still smaller ones beneath the ridges; the nodes closed +and solid, each bearing instead of leaves a sheath which is divided into teeth +corresponding in number and position to the principal ridges of the stem; +stomata in the furrows, each with two pairs of guard-cells, of which the outer +pair is marked with radiating lines of silica. Branches, when present, in +whorls from the base of the sheath, like the stem, but without the central air-cavity. +Prothallus green, formed upon the ground, often variously lobed, +usually diœcious. (The ancient name, from <i>equus</i>, horse, and <i>seta</i>, bristle.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Annual-stemmed, not surviving the winter.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Fruiting in spring from soft and rather succulent pale or brownish fertile stems, +the sterile stems or branches appearing later, herbaceous and very different.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Fertile stems unbranched, destitute of chlorophyll and soon perishing; the +sterile branching copiously.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>E. arvénse</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common H.</span>) Fertile stems (4–10´ high) with loose +and usually distant about 8–12-toothed sheaths; the sterile slender (at length +1–2° high), 10–14-furrowed, producing long and simple or sparingly branched +4-angular branches, their teeth 4, herbaceous, lanceolate.—Moist, especially +gravelly soil; very common. March–May. Rootstocks often bearing little +tubers.—Var. <span class="smcap">campéstre</span>, Milde, is a not uncommon state, in which the sterile +stem bears a small fruiting spike at the summit. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Fertile stems when older producing herbaceous 3-sided branches, and lasting +through the summer, except the naked top which perishes after fructification.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>E. praténse</b>, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also the fertile stems producing +<i>simple straight branches</i>; sheaths of the stem with ovate-lanceolate short teeth, +those of the branches 3-toothed; stems more slender and the branches shorter +than in the last.—Mich. to Minn., and northward. April, May. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>E. sylváticum</b>, L. Sterile and fertile stems (about 12-furrowed) producing +<i>compound racemed branches</i>; sheaths loose, with 8–14 rather blunt +teeth, those of the branches bearing 4 or 5, of the branchlets 3, lance-pointed +divergent teeth.—Wet shady places; common northward. May. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Fruiting in summer; stems all of one kind, or the fertile contemporaneous +with and like the sterile, equally herbaceous, producing mostly simple branches, +or sometimes nearly naked.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>E. palústre</b>, L. Stems (10–18´ high) slender, very deeply 5–9-grooved, +<i>the ridges narrow and acute</i>, roughish, the lance-awl shaped teeth<a name="page677"></a> +whitish-margined; branches always hollow, 4–7-angled, rather few in a +whorl.—Wet places, Niagara River (<i>Clinton</i>), Wisc. (<i>Austin</i>), and northward. +June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>E. littoràle</b>, Kühlewein. Stems (8–18´ high) slender, deeply 6–16-grooved, +<i>the ridges rounded</i>, the teeth shorter than in the last, narrowly white-margined; +branches often solid, 3–4-angled, 2–6 in a whorl.—Wet sandy +shores, Vt. and N. Y., and northward.—Spores always abortive, whence the +plant has been considered a hybrid, perhaps of E. arvense and E. limosum. +July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>E. limòsum</b>, L. (<a href="#plate2">Pl. 21</a>, fig. 1–5.) Stems (2–5° high) <i>slightly many-furrowed</i>, +smooth, sometimes continuing unbranched, but usually producing +ascending branches after fructification; sheaths appressed, with 10–22 (commonly +about 18) dark-brown and acute rigid short teeth.—In shallow water; +rather common.—Air-cavities none under the grooves, but small ones under +the ridges. A form in which the branches bear numerous small spikes is var. +<span class="smcap">polystàchyum</span>, Brückner. June, July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Stems all alike, evergreen, unbranched, or producing a few slender erect +branches; fruiting in summer. Central air-cavity of the stem very large.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stems tall and stout (1½–4° or even 6° high), simple, or casually branched, +evenly many-grooved; sheaths appressed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>E. hyemàle</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Scouring-Rush. Shave-Grass.</span>) Stems 1½–4° +high, 8–34 grooved, the <i>ridges</i> roughened by two more or less distinct lines of +<i>tubercles; sheaths elongated</i>, with a black girdle above the base and a black limb; +ridges of the sheaths obscurely 4-carinate, the teeth blackish, membranaceous, +soon falling off.—Wet banks; common northward. Formerly in common +use for polishing wood and metal. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>E. robústum</b>, Braun. Stems tall and stout (sometimes 8–10° high +and nearly an inch thick), 20–48-grooved, the <i>ridges</i> roughened <i>with one line +of transversely oblong tubercles; sheaths rather short</i>, with a black girdle at base +and a black limb; ridges of the sheaths tricarinate, the blackish teeth soon +falling off.—River-banks, Ohio and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>E. lævigàtum</b>, Braun. Stems 1–4° high, rather slender, pale green, +14–30-grooved, the ridges almost smooth; sheath slightly enlarged upward, +with a black girdle at the base of the mostly deciduous white-margined teeth, +and rarely also at the base of the sheath; ridges of the sheath with one keel, +or sometimes obscurely tricarinate.—By streams and in clayey places, Ohio +to Minn., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stems slender, in tufts, 5–10-grooved; sheaths looser.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>E. variegàtum</b>, Schleicher. <i>Stems ascending</i> (6–18´ long), usually +simple from a branched base, <i>5–10-grooved</i>; sheaths green variegated with +black above, the 5–10 teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle.—Shores or river-banks, +N. H. (Bellows Falls, <i>Carey</i>) and Niagara to Minn., and northward; +rare. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>E. scirpoìdes</b>, Michx. <i>Stems very numerous in a tuft, filiform</i> (3–6´ +high), <i>flexuous and curving, mostly 6-grooved</i>, with acute ridges; <i>sheaths 3-toothed</i>, +the bristle-pointed teeth more persistent; central air-cavity wanting.—Wooded +hillsides, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="filices"><a name="page678"></a><span class="smcap">Order 131.</span> <b>FÍLICES.</b> (<span class="smcap">Ferns.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Leafy plants, with the leaves</i> (fronds) <i>usually raised on a stalk or petiole</i> +(stipe), <i>rising from a</i> (sometimes greatly elongated) <i>rootstock, separately +rolled up</i> (circinate) <i>in the bud, and bearing on the under surface +or along the margin small reticulated sporangia, which at length split open +and discharge the numerous minute spores. Prothallus green, above ground, +normally monœcious.</i></p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder I.</span> <b>Polypodiàceæ.</b> Sporangia collected in dots, lines, +or variously shaped clusters (<i>sori</i> or <i>fruit-dots</i>) on the back or margins +of the frond or its divisions, cellular-reticulated, stalked, the stalk running +into a vertical incomplete many-jointed ring, which by straightening +at maturity ruptures the sporangium transversely on the inner side, discharging +the spores. Fruit dots often covered (at least when young) by +a membrane called the <i>indusium</i> (or less properly the <i>involucre</i>), growing +either from the back or the margin of the frond. (<a href="#plate16">Plates 16–19.</a>)</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe I. POLYPODIEÆ.</b> Fructification on the back of the frond, in round or +roundish fruit-dots (<i>sori</i>) placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, without indusium +of any kind. Stipes articulated to the rootstock, leaving a distinct scar when +separated. Veins free (not reticulated) in our species.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Polypodium.</b> Sori round, in one or more rows, on each side of the midrib or of the +segments of the frond.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe II. GRAMMITIDEÆ.</b> Sori more or less elongated, without indusium, placed +on the back of the frond, usually along the veins or near their extremities. Veins free +in our species.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Notholæna.</b> Sori short, of few rather large sporangia, placed near the tips of the +veins; under surface of the frond usually either chaffy, woolly, or powdery.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe III. PTERIDEÆ.</b> Fructification marginal or intramarginal, provided with a +general indusium formed of the (either altered or unchanged) margin of the frond. Stipes +not articulated to the rootstock. Veins free in all our species.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Sporangia at the ends of the veins, on a reflexed portion of the margin of the frond.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Adiantum.</b> Midrib of the pinnules marginal or none. Stipe black and polished.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Sporangia borne on a continuous marginal vein-like receptacle, connecting the apices of +the veins, and covered by a delicate whitish indusium formed of the reflexed margin.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Pteris.</b> Midrib of the pinnules central. Stipe light colored.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Sporangia at or near the ends of the unconnected veins, borne on the under surface +of the frond; indusium various.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Cheilanthes.</b> Sori minute, at the ends of the veins; indusium continuous or interrupted. +Fronds mostly chaffy, woolly, or pulverulent, rarely smooth.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Pellæa.</b> Sori on the upper part of the veins, distinct, or mostly forming a confluent submarginal +band of sporangia. Indusium membranaceous, continuous, rarely wanting. +Sterile and fertile fronds not very unlike; stipes dark colored; fronds smooth.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Cryptogramme.</b> Sori roundish or elongated and extending far down the free veins, +at first covered by the very broad continuous indusium, at length exposed and confluent. +Sterile and fertile fronds very different; stipes light colored; fronds smooth.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe IV. BLECHNEÆ.</b> Sori oblong or linear, borne on a veinlet parallel to the +midrib, and covered with a special usually concave or arched indusium attached to the +fruiting veinlet, and opening along the inner side.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Woodwardia.</b> Sori forming a chain-like row each side of the midrib or central vein. +Veins reticulated.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><a name="page679"></a><b>Tribe V. ASPLENIEÆ.</b> Sori more or less elongated, occupying one or both sides of +oblique veins, covered by a special indusium which is attached by one side to the fertile +vein, and is free on the other. Stipes not articulated.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Asplenium.</b> Sori on the upper side or rarely on both sides of a veinlet. Veins free +in all our species.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Scolopendrium.</b> Sori linear, confluent in pairs, each pair appearing like a single +sorus with a double indusium opening down the middle. Veins free.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Camptosorus.</b> Sori oblong, variously curved, or some of them in opposite pairs. +Veins reticulated.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe VI. ASPIDIEÆ.</b> Sori round or roundish, on the back or rarely at the apex of +the vein, with a special indusium, rarely naked. Stipes not articulated to the rootstock.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Indusium obsolete or none.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Phegopteris.</b> Sori round, rather small. Veins free in our species.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Indusium evident, round or roundish, covering the sporangia, at least when young. +Sterile and fertile fronds not very unlike. Veins free in our species.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Aspidium.</b> Indusium flat or slightly convex, orbicular or round-reniform, fixed by +the centre, opening all round the margin.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Cystopteris.</b> Indusium convex, fixed by a broad base partly under the sorus, commonly +reflexed as the sporangia ripen.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Indusium obscure, irregularly semicircular. Fertile fronds much contracted and very +unlike the sterile ones.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Onoclea.</b> Sporangia on an elevated receptacle; divisions of the fertile frond pod-like +or berry-like.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe VII. WOODSIEÆ.</b> Sori round, borne on the veins; indusium fixed under the +sorus, divided into segments or into slender filaments.</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Woodsia.</b> Small ferns with free veins. Indusium very delicate.</p> + +<p class="tribe"><b>Tribe VIII. DICKSONIEÆ.</b> Sori roundish, marginal or submarginal. Indusium +cup-shaped or two-valved, the outer portion composed of a reflexed lobule of the frond, +or more or less united to it.</p> + +<p class="genus">17. <b>Dicksonia.</b> Indusium in our species small, membranaceous, nearly globular. Frond +elongated, decompound.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder II.</span> <b>Hymenophyllàceæ.</b> Sporangia sessile on a +bristle-like receptacle within a cup-shaped or bivalvular involucre, the +ring transverse and complete. Fronds delicately membranaceous.</p> + +<p class="genus">18. <b>Trichomanes.</b> Involucres funnel-form or cup-shaped.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder III.</span> <b>Schizæàceæ.</b> Sporangia ovate, sessile, having a +complete transverse articulated ring at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal +slit. (<a href="#plate19">Pl. 19.</a>)</p> + +<p class="genus">19. <b>Schizæa.</b> Sporangia naked, fixed in a double row to the midrib of the narrow fertile +segments. Sterile fronds rigid, simple or dichotomously branched.</p> + +<p class="genus">20. <b>Lygodium.</b> Sporangia borne in a double row on narrow fertile segments, each sporangium +seated on a separate veinlet, and provided with a special scale-like indusium. +Fronds leafy, climbing.</p> + +<p class="suborder"><span class="smcap">Suborder IV.</span> <b>Osmundàceæ.</b> Sporangia naked, globose, mostly +pedicelled, reticulated, with no ring or mere traces of one near the apex, +opening into two valves by a longitudinal slit. Stipes winged at base +and almost stipulate! (<a href="#plate19">Pl. 19.</a>)</p> + +<p class="genus">21. <b>Osmunda.</b> Fertile pinnæ or fronds very much contracted, bearing the abundant and +large sporangia upon the margins of the very narrow segments. Veins free.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="polypodium"><a name="page680"></a><b>1. POLYPÒDIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Polypody.</span> (<a href="#plate16">Pl. 16.</a>)</p> + +<p>Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one or more +rows each side of the midrib or central vein, or irregularly scattered, each borne +in our species on the end of a free veinlet. Rootstocks creeping, branched, +often covered with chaffy scales, bearing scattered roundish knobs, to which +the stipes are attached by a distinct articulation. (Name from <span class="greek">πολύς</span>, <i>many</i>, +and <span class="greek">ποῦς</span>, <i>foot</i>, alluding to the branching rootstock.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. vulgàre</b>, L. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 16</a>, fig. 1–3.) Fronds evergreen, oblong, <i>smooth +both sides</i>, 4–10´ high, simple and deeply pinnatifid; the divisions linear-oblong, +obtuse or somewhat acute, remotely and obscurely toothed; veins once +or twice forked; <i>fruit-dots large, midway between the midrib and the margin</i>.—Rocks; +common. July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. incànum</b>, Swartz. Fronds evergreen and coriaceous, oblong, +2–6´ high, <i>grayish and very scurfy underneath with peltate scales</i>, simply pinnatifid; +the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse; <i>fruit-dots rather small, near the +margin</i>; veins forking, free in the N. American plant!—Rocks and trunks +of trees, Va. and Ohio to Ill., and southward. Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="notholaena"><b>2. NOTHOLÆ̀NA</b>, R. Brown. <span class="smcap">Cloak-fern.</span></p> + +<p>Fruit-dots roundish or oblong, placed near the ends of the veins, soon more +or less confluent into an irregular marginal band, with no proper involucre. +Veins always free. Fronds of small size, 1–4-pinnate, the lower surface almost +always either hairy, tomentose, chaffy, or covered with a fine waxy white or +yellow powder. (Name from <span class="greek">νόθος</span>, <i>spurious</i>, and <span class="greek">λαῖνα</span>, <i>a cloak</i>, the woolly +coating of the original species forming a spurious covering to the sporangia.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. dealbàta</b>, Kunze. Fronds triangular-ovate, 1–3´ long, 3–4-pinnate; +rhachis and branches straight, black and shining; ultimate pinnules +scarcely a line long, white and powdery on the lower surface.—Clefts of calcareous +rocks, Mo., Kan., and southwestward. July–Aug.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="adiantum"><b>3. ADIÁNTUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Maidenhair.</span> (<a href="#plate17">Pl. 17.</a>)</p> + +<p>Fruit-dots marginal, short, borne on the under side of a transversely oblong, +crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin or summit of a lobe +or tooth of the frond reflexed to form an indusium; the sporangia attached to +the approximated tips of the free forking veins.—Main rib (costa) of the pinnules +none (in our species), or at the lower margin. Stipes black and polished. +(The ancient name, from <span class="greek">α</span> privative and <span class="greek">διαίνω</span>, meaning <i>unwetted</i>, the smooth +foliage repelling rain-drops.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. pedàtum</b>, L. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 17</a>, fig. 1–3.) <i>Frond forked at the summit of +the upright slender stalk</i> (9–15´ high), the recurved branches bearing on one +side several slender spreading pinnate divisions; pinnules numerous, short-stalked +and obliquely triangular-oblong, entire on the lower margin, from +which the veins all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other.—Rich, +moist woods. July.—A delicate and most graceful Fern.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. Capíllus-Véneris</b>, L. <i>Fronds with a continuous main rhachis, +ovate-lanceolate</i>, 9–18´ long, often pendent, 2–3-pinnate at the base, the upper +third or half simply pinnate; pinnules wedge-obovate or rhomboid, 6–12´´ +long, deeply and irregularly incised; veinlets flabellately forking from the<a name="page681"></a> +base; involucres lunulate or transversely oblong.—Moist rocky places, Va. +to Mo., and southward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pteris"><b>4. PTÈRIS</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Brake</span> or <span class="smcap">Bracken</span>. (<a href="#plate17">Pl. 17.</a>)</p> + +<p>Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire +margin of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge which +forms a continuous membranaceous indusium, attached to an uninterrupted +transverse vein-like receptacle connecting the tips of the forked free veins.—Fronds +1–3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient Greek name of Ferns, +from <span class="greek">πτερόν</span>, <i>a wing</i>, on account of the prevalent pinnate or feathery fronds.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. aquilìna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Brake.</span>) Frond dull green (2–3° wide), +ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (1–2° high), the widely spreading +branches twice pinnate; pinnules oblong-lanceolate; the upper undivided; +the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round +with the indusium, which is really double in this species.—Var. <span class="smcap">caudàta</span>, +with the lobes very narrow and revolute, the terminal ones much elongated, +is a southern form, which extends in a modified condition as far north as New +Jersey.—Thickets and hillsides, common. Aug. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cheilanthes"><b>5. CHEILÁNTHES</b>, Swartz. <span class="smcap">Lip-fern.</span> (<a href="#plate17">Pl. 17.</a>)</p> + +<p>Sporangia borne on the thickened ends of free veinlets, forming small and +roundish distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit-dots, covered by a mostly +whitish and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common indusium, formed +of the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnule.—Low, mostly +with 2–3-pinnate and hairy or chaffy, rarely smooth fronds, the sterile and +fertile nearly alike, the divisions with the principal vein central. Some species +with continuous indusium connect this genus very closely with the next. +(Name composed of <span class="greek">χεῖλος</span>, <i>a lip</i>, and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>, from the shape of the indusium.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Fronds smooth, or at most hairy.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Alabaménsis</b>, Kunze. <i>Fronds smooth</i>, chartaceous (2–8´ long), +ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate; pinnæ numerous, oblong-lanceolate; pinnules triangular-oblong, +rather acute, often auriculate or lobed; <i>indusium continuous, +rather broad, pale, and of firm consistence</i>.—On rocks, mountains of Va. to +Ky., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. vestìta</b>, Swartz. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 17</a>, fig. 1, 2.) Fronds (6–15´ high), lanceolate-oblong, +hirsute, as are the brown and shining stipes, with <i>straightish prominently +articulated rusty hairs</i>, twice pinnate; pinnæ rather distant, triangular-ovate; +pinnules oblong, crowded (2–4´´ long), more or less incised, <i>the ends +of the roundish or oblong lobes reflexed and forming separate herbaceous involucres</i>, +which are pushed back by the ripened sporangia.—Clefts of rocks, Manhattan +Island (<i>W. W. Denslow</i>) and N. J. to Ill., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Fronds woolly or tomentose.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. tomentòsa</b>, Link. Fronds (12–20´ high) lanceolate-oblong, densely +tomentose with <i>slender and entangled whitish obscurely articulated hairs</i>, thrice +pinnate; primary and secondary pinnæ oblong or ovate-oblong; <i>pinnules distinct</i>, +minute (½–1´´ long), roundish-obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the +upper surface less woolly, <i>the reflexed narrow margin forming a continuous somewhat<a name="page682"></a> +membranaceous indusium</i>.—Mountains of Va. and Ky.; thence west and +southward.—Stipe and rhachis rather stout, brown, covered with narrow chaffy +scales and whitish hairs.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>C. lanuginòsa</b>, Nutt. Stipes slender, at first hairy, black or brown, +shining; fronds (3–6´ high) ovate-lanceolate, woolly with <i>soft whitish distinctly +articulated flattened hairs</i>, becoming smoother above, twice or thrice pinnate; +pinnæ (5–6´´ long) ovate, the lowest distant, the others contiguous; <i>pinnules +crenately pinnatifid</i>, or mostly divided into minute and roundish densely +crowded segments (½–1´´ long), <i>the herbaceous margin recurved forming an almost +continuous indusium</i>.—In dense tufts, on dry rocks and cliffs, Ill. to Minn., +thence west and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pellaea"><b>6. PELLÆ̀A</b>, Link. <span class="smcap">Cliff-Brake.</span> (<a href="#plate16">Pl. 16.</a>)</p> + +<p>Sporangia in roundish or elongated clusters on the upper part of the free +veins, distinct, or confluent laterally so as to imitate the marginal continuous +line of fructification of Pteris, commonly covered by a broad membranaceous +and continuous (rarely interrupted) general indusium, which consists of the +reflexed and altered margin of the fertile pinnule or division. Small ferns, +with 1–3-pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrower divisions than the +sterile, but otherwise similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth and +shining. (Name from <span class="greek">πελλός</span>, <i>dusky</i>, alluding to the stipe.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. grácilis</b>, Hook. (<a href="#plate16">Pl. 16.</a>) Fronds smooth (3–6´ high), <i>delicately +membranaceous and slender</i>, of few pinnæ, the lower ones once or twice pinnately +parted into 3–5 decurrent divisions, those of the fertile frond oblong +or linear-oblong, entire or sparingly incised; of the sterile ovate or obovate, +crenate or incised; veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked.—Shaded +calcareous rocks, Mass. to Minn., and northward; rare. July.—Rootstock +very slender, creeping; stipes polished, brownish, darker and +sparingly chaffy at base.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. atropurpùrea</b>, Link. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs +on the midribs and especially on the <i>dark purple and polished stalk</i> and rhachis, +6–15´ high; <i>frond coriaceous</i>, pale, once or below twice pinnate; the divisions +broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat +heart-shaped or else truncate at the stalked base; veins about twice +forked.—Dry calcareous rocks; not common, but of wide range. July.—Rootstock +short and stout; stipes clustered.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cryptogramme"><b>7. CRYPTOGRÁMME</b>, R. Brown. <span class="smcap">Rock-Brake.</span></p> + +<p>Fruit-dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free forking +veins. True involucre or indusium none, the herbaceous margins of the fertile +segments at first reflexed and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat +and exposing the confluent sporangia.—Low ferns, with smooth, 2–3-pinnate +fronds, the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with much narrower divisions. +(Name from <span class="greek">κρυπτός</span>, <i>hidden</i>, and <span class="greek">γραμμή</span>, <i>a line</i>, alluding to the lines +of sporangia at first concealed by the reflexed margin.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. acrostichoìdes</b>, R. Brown. Stipes densely tufted, straw-colored; +fronds 2–3-pinnate (6–10´ high); fertile segments stalked, linear or linear-oblong +(3–5´´ long), the sporangia in lines extending down the veins almost<a name="page683"></a> +to the midrib, confluent when ripe and covering the under surface of the now +fully opened segments; sterile fronds on much shorter stipes, with ovate or +obovate decurrent and crenately toothed or incised segments. (Allosorus +acrostichoides, <i>Sprengel</i>.)—On rocks, from L. Superior westward and +northward.—Very near C. crispa of Eu.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="woodwardia"><b>8. WOODWÁRDIA</b>, Smith. <span class="smcap">Chain-fern.</span> (<a href="#plate17">Pl. 17.</a>)</p> + +<p>Fruit-dots oblong or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on transverse +anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium fixed +by its outer margin to the fruitful veinlet, free and opening on the side next +the midrib. Veins more or less reticulated, free toward the margin of the +frond.—Large ferns, with pinnatifid or pinnate fronds. (Named for <i>Thomas +J. Woodward</i>, an English botanist.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. ANCHÍSTEA. <i>Sterile and fertile fronds alike; veins forming only one +row of meshes (areoles).</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>W. Virgínica</b>, Smith. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 17</a>, fig. 4, 5.) Fronds (2–3° high) pinnate, +with numerous lanceolate pinnatifid pinnæ; segments oblong; veins +forming a row of narrow areoles along the midrib both of the pinnæ and of +the lobes, the outer veinlets free; fruit-dots oblong, one to each areole, confluent +when ripe.—Wet swamps, Maine to Ark., and southward. Rootstocks +creeping, often 6–8° long! July.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. LORINSÈRIA. <i>Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; veins of the sterile +fronds forming many rows of meshes.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>W. angustifòlia</b>, Smith. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 17</a>, fig. 1–3.) Fronds pinnatifid; +sterile ones (12–18´ high) with lanceolate serrulate divisions united by a broad +wing; fertile fronds taller, with narrowly linear almost disconnected divisions, +the areoles and fruit-dots (4–5´´ long) in a single row each side of the secondary +midribs; rootstocks creeping.—Wet woods, New Eng., near the coast, to +Ark., and southward; rare. Aug., Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="asplenium"><b>9. ASPLÈNIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Spleenwort.</span> (<a href="#plate18">Pl. 18.</a>)</p> + +<p>Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate; the straight, or rarely curved, +indusium fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the fertile +vein;—in some species a part of the fruit-dots are double, the fertile vein bearing +two indusia placed back to back. Veins free in all our species. (Name +from <span class="greek">α</span>- privative and <span class="greek">σπλήν</span>, <i>the spleen</i>, for supposed remedial properties.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. ASPLENIUM proper. <i>Indusium straight or slightly curved, attached to +the upper side of the vein, rarely double.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Small evergreen ferns; fronds pinnatifid, or pinnate only near the base.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. pinnatífidum</b>, Nutt. <i>Fronds</i> (3–6´ long) lanceolate, <i>pinnatifid, +or pinnate below, tapering above into a slender prolongation</i>, "the apex sometimes +rooting"; <i>lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, or the lowest pair long-acuminate</i>; fruit-dots +irregular, those next the midrib often double, even the slender prolongation +fertile.—On cliffs and rocks, Penn. to Mo., and southward; very rare. +July.—Resembles the Walking-Leaf (Camptosorus), but the veins are free. +<i>Stipes brownish, becoming green above, and so passing into the broad pale green +midrib.</i></p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page684"></a>2. <b>A. ebenoìdes</b>, R. R. Scott. <i>Fronds</i> (4–9´ long) broadly lanceolate +<i>pinnatifid, below pinnate, the apex prolonged and slender; divisions lanceolate +from a broad base, the lower ones shorter</i>, often proliferous, as is the apex of the +frond; fruit-dots much as in the last; <i>stipes black and polished, as is the lower +part of the midrib, especially beneath</i>.—Limestone cliffs, Conn. and Penn., and +southward; very rare, usually growing with Camptosorus and Asplenium +ebeneum, of which <i>Rev. M. G. Berkeley</i> considered it a probable hybrid.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Small evergreen ferns; the narrow fronds simply pinnate with numerous pinnæ.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Pinnæ not auricled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. víride</b>, Hudson. <i>Fronds</i> (2–5´ long) tufted, <i>linear in outline, pale +green, softly herbaceous; pinnæ roundish-ovate or ovate-rhomboid</i>, short-stalked, +crenately toothed (2–4´´ long), the midvein indistinct and forking; <i>the slender +stipe brownish and passing into a green herbaceous rhachis</i>.—Shaded cliffs; +northern New Eng., west and northward; rare. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. Trichómanes</b>, L. <i>Fronds</i> (3–8´ long) in dense spreading tufts, +<i>linear in outline, dark green and more rigid; pinnæ roundish-oblong or oval</i> (3–4´´ +long), entire or crenulate, rarely incised, unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate +at base, attached by a narrow point, the midvein forking and evanescent; +<i>the thread-like stipe and rhachis purple-brown and shining</i>.—Shaded cliffs; +common. July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Pinnæ more or less auricled.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. párvulum</b>, Mart. & Gal. Fronds upright (4–10´ high), narrowly +linear-oblanceolate; <i>pinnæ</i> (2–6´´ long) <i>rigid and thickish, mostly opposite</i>, nearly +sessile, somewhat deflexed, oblong, obtuse, <i>entire or crenulate</i>, auricled on the +upper or both sides; sori rather few, as near the margin as the continuous +midvein; stipe and rhachis black and shining.—Mountains of Va. to Mo., +and southward.—Nearly intermediate between the last and the next.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>A. ebèneum</b>, Ait. Fronds upright (9–18´ high), linear-oblanceolate +in outline, fertile ones much the taller; <i>pinnæ</i> (6–18´´ long) <i>firmly membranaceous, +mostly alternate</i>, sessile, spreading, oblong or oblong-linear, <i>finely serrate +or even incised</i>, the base auricled on the upper or both sides; sori many, +nearer the elongated midvein than the margin; stipe and rhachis blackish-purple +and shining.—Rocky, open woods; rather common.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Small evergreen ferns; the broader fronds 1–3-pinnate; pinnæ incised.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>A. Bradlèyi</b>, D. C. Eaton. <i>Fronds oblong-lanceolate</i>, 4–7´ long, besides +the blackish and somewhat shining stipe, membranaceous, pinnate; pinnæ +rather numerous, <i>the lower ones no larger than the middle ones</i>, all short-stalked, +oblong-ovate, obtuse, incised or pinnatifid into oblong toothed lobes.—On +rocks, Ky. and southward; rare. A single plant has been gathered near Newburg, +N. Y.—Intermediate between A. ebeneum and A. montanum.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>A. montànum</b>, Willd. <i>Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base</i> (2–5´ +long), subcoriaceous, pinnate; pinnæ ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately cleft +into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper gradually simpler; <i>rhachis +green, broad and flat; stipe brown at base</i>.—Cliffs and rocks, from Conn. and +Penn. to Ky., and southward. July.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>A. Rùta-murària</b>, L. <i>Fronds deltoid-ovate</i> (1–2½´ long), subcoriaceous, +laxly 2–3-pinnate at base, the pinnæ alternate; <i>ultimate segments few</i>,<a name="page685"></a> +stalked (2–5´´ long), <i>from narrowly cuneate to roundish-obovate</i>, toothed or incised +at the apex; veins forking; sori 2–4 on a segment.—Limestone cliffs, +Vt. to Mich., and southward; scarce. July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*][*] <i>Tall ferns (2–4° high), not evergreen; fronds pinnate or sub-bipinnate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>A. angustifòlium</b>, Michx. <i>Fronds</i> thin, <i>simply pinnate; pinnæ</i> +numerous, short-stalked, <i>linear-lanceolate, acuminate</i>, entire or crenulate (3–4´ +long), <i>those of the fertile frond narrower</i>; fruit-dots linear, 20–40 each side of +the midvein; indusia slightly convex.—Rich woods, W. New Eng. to Wisc., +and southward along the mountains. Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>A. thelypteroìdes</b>, Michx. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 18</a>, fig. 1, 2.) <i>Fronds</i> (2–3° +high) <i>pinnate; pinnæ deeply pinnatifid</i>, linear-lanceolate (3–5´ long); the lobes +oblong, obtuse, minutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 3–6 pairs of <i>oblong +fruit-dots</i>, some of them double.—Rich woods; not rare. July–Sept.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. ATHÝRIUM. <i>Indusium delicate, curved, often crossing the vein, and attached +to both sides of it, thus becoming reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>A. Filix-fœ́mina</b>, Bernh. Fronds (1–3° high) ovate-oblong or +broadly lanceolate, twice pinnate; pinnæ lanceolate, numerous; pinnules confluent +on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and doubly serrate, +or elongated and pinnately incised with cut-toothed segments; fruit-dots short, +variously curved, at length confluent.—Moist woods; common and presenting +many varying forms. July. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="scolopendrium"><b>10. SCOLOPÉNDRIUM</b>, Smith. <span class="smcap">Hart's-Tongue.</span> (<a href="#plate18">Pl. 18.</a>)</p> + +<p>Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous +by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of +the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening +along the middle. (The ancient Greek name, so called because the numerous +parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede, or <i>Scolopendra</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. vulgàre</b>, Smith. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-heart-shaped +base, entire or wavy-margined (7–18´ long, 1–2´ wide), bright green.—Shaded +ravines and under limestone cliffs; central N. Y.; also in Canada +and Tenn.; very rare. Aug. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="camptosorus"><b>11. CAMPTOSÒRUS</b>, Link. <span class="smcap">Walking-Leaf.</span> (<a href="#plate18">Pl. 18.</a>)</p> + +<p>Fruit-dots oblong or linear, as in Asplenium, but irregularly scattered on +either side of the <i>reticulated veins</i> of the simple frond, those next the midrib +single, the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs (so that their two indusia +open face to face), or to become confluent at their ends, thus forming crooked +lines (whence the name, from <span class="greek">καμπτός</span>, <i>bent</i>, and <span class="greek">σωρός</span>, for <i>fruit-dot</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. rhizophýllus</b>, Link. Fronds evergreen, sub-coriaceous, growing +in tufts, spreading or procumbent (4–12´ long), gradually narrowed from a +cordate or auricled base to a long and slender acumination, which often roots +at the end and forms a new plant.—Shaded rocks, especially calcareous rocks, +N. Eng. to Minn., and southward to Kan. and Ala.—The auricles are sometimes +greatly elongated, and even rooting; in another form they are lacking, +as in the thinner leaved C. Sibiricus. July.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="phegopteris"><a name="page686"></a><b>12. PHEGÓPTERIS</b>, Fée. <span class="smcap">Beech Fern.</span></p> + +<p>Fruit-dots small, round, naked (no indusium), borne on the back of the veins +below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock.—Our species have free +veins and bright green membranaceous fronds, decaying in early autumn. +(Name composed of <span class="greek">φηγός</span>, an <i>oak</i> or <i>beech</i>, and <span class="greek">πτερίς</span>, <i>fern</i>.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Fronds twice pinnatifid; pinnæ all sessile, adnate to the winged rhachis.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. polypodioìdes</b>, Fée. Fronds triangular, <i>longer than broad</i> (4–9´ +long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath; pinnæ linear-lanceolate, <i>the lowest +pair deflexed and standing forward</i>; their divisions oblong, obtuse, entire, +the basal decurrent upon the main rhachis; fruit-dots all near the margin.—Damp +woods; common northward. July.—Rootstock slender, creeping, bearing +a few distant slender stalks, rather longer than the fronds. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. hexagonóptera</b>, Fée. Fronds triangular, <i>usually broader than +long</i> (7–12´ broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath; +pinnæ lanceolate; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, <i>those of +the very large lowest pinnæ elongated and pinnately lobed</i>, basal ones very much +decurrent and forming a continuous many-angled wing along the main rhachis; +fruit-dots near the margin; some also between the sinus and the midrib.—Rather +open woods, New Eng. to Minn., and southward; common. July.—Larger +and broader than the last, which it often closely resembles.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Fronds ternate, the three divisions petioled; rhachis wingless.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. Dryópteris</b>, Fée. <i>Fronds smooth</i>, broadly triangular (4–6´ wide); +the three triangular primary divisions <i>all widely spreading</i>, 1–2-pinnate; segments +oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed; fruit-dots near the margin.—Rocky +woods; common northward. July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. calcàrea</b>, Fée. <i>Fronds minutely glandular</i> and somewhat rigid, +<i>the lateral divisions ascending</i>; lowest inferior pinnæ of the lateral divisions +smaller in proportion than in the last species, which it otherwise closely resembles.—Iowa +and Minn.; rare. July. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aspidium"><b>13. ASPÍDIUM</b>, Swartz. <span class="smcap">Shield Fern. Wood Fern.</span> (<a href="#plate19">Pl. 19.</a>)</p> + +<p>Fruit-dots round, borne on the back or rarely at the apex of the veins. Indusium +covering the sporangia, flat or flattish, scarious, orbicular and peltate +at the centre, or round-kidney-shaped and fixed either centrally or by the sinus, +opening all round the margin. Stipe continuous (not articulated) with the +rootstock.—Our species have free veins and 1–3-pinnate fronds. (Name, +<span class="greek">ἀσπίδιον</span>, <i>a small shield</i>, from the shape of the indusium.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. DRYÓPTERIS. <i>Indusium reniform, or orbicular with a narrow sinus.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Veins simple or simply forked and straight; fronds annual, decaying in autumn, +the stalks and slender creeping rootstocks nearly naked.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Thelýpteris</b>, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline; pinnæ +horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, <i>the lowest +pairs scarcely smaller</i>; lobes oblong, entire, obtuse or appearing acute when +in fruit from the <i>strongly revolute margins; veins mostly forked</i>, bearing the (soon +confluent) fruit-dots near their middle; indusium minute, smooth and naked.—Marshes; +common. Aug.—Stalk 1° long or more, usually longer than the +frond, which is of thicker texture than the next, and slightly downy. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page687"></a>2. <b>A. Noveboracénse</b>, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline, +<i>tapering both ways from the middle</i>; pinnæ lanceolate, <i>the lowest 2 or more +pairs gradually shorter and deflexed</i>; lobes flat, oblong, basal ones often enlarged +and incised; <i>veins simple</i>, or forked in the basal lobes; fruit-dots distinct, +near the margin; indusium minute, the margin glanduliferous.—Swamps +and moist thickets; common. July.—Frond pale green, delicate and membranaceous, +hairy beneath along the midribs and veins.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Veins, at least the lowest, more than once forked or somewhat pinnately +branching; fruit-bearing veinlets often obscure or vanishing above the fruit-dot; +fronds, at least the sterile ones, often evergreen; stalks and apex of +the thickened rootstock scaly or chaffy, and often the main rhachis also.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Fronds small, pinnate; pinnæ pinnatifid; indusia very large, persistent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>A. fràgrans</b>, Swartz. Fronds (4–12´ high) glandular and aromatic, +narrowly lanceolate, with linear-oblong pinnately-parted pinnæ; their crowded +divisions (2´´ long) oblong, obtuse, toothed or nearly entire, nearly covered beneath +with the very large thin imbricated indusia, which are orbicular with a +narrow sinus, the margin sparingly glanduliferous and often ragged.—On +rocks, especially near waterfalls, mountains of northern New Eng., west and +northward.—Rootstock stout, nearly erect, densely chaffy, as are the crowded +stipes and rhachis. (Asia, and barely reaching S. E. Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Large (1–2½° high), the fronds mostly twice pinnate with variously toothed +and incised pinnules; indusia rather small, shrivelled in age, or deciduous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. spinulòsum</b>, Swartz. Stipes with a few <i>pale-brown deciduous +scales</i>; frond ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate; <i>pinnæ oblique to the rhachis, +elongated-triangular</i>, the lower pairs broadly triangular; pinnules set obliquely +on the midribs, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, acute, incisely serrate +or pinnatifid with spinulosely-toothed lobes; <i>indusium</i> smooth and <i>without +marginal glands</i>.—In damp woods, New Eng. to Ky., and northward. July.—The +common European type, rare in North America. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>intermèdium</b>, D. C. Eaton. <i>Scales</i> of the stipe few, <i>brown with +a darker centre</i>; frond broadly oblong-ovate, twice or often thrice pinnate; +<i>pinnæ spreading, oblong-lanceolate</i>, the lower unequally triangular-ovate; pinnules +crowded, ovate-oblong, spreading, pinnately divided; the oblong lobes +spinulose-toothed at the apex; <i>margin of the indusium denticulate and beset +with minute stalked glands</i>.—Woods, everywhere.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>dilatàtum</b>, Hook. <i>Scales</i> of the stipe large, <i>brown with a dark centre</i>; +<i>frond broader, ovate or triangular-ovate</i> in outline, oftenest thrice pinnate; +pinnules lance-oblong, the lowest often much elongated; <i>indusium</i> (in the +North American plant) <i>smooth and naked</i>.—A dwarf state, fruiting when +only 5–8´ high, answers to var. dumetorum.—N. New Eng. to Minn., chiefly +in mountain woods, and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. Boòttii</b>, Tuckerman. <i>Scales</i> of the stipe <i>pale-brown</i>; fronds (1–2½° +long) elongated-lanceolate in outline, somewhat narrowed at base; lowest pinnæ +triangular-ovate, the upper longer and narrower; pinnules oblong-ovate, +sharply spinulose-serrate or the lower pinnatifid; <i>indusium minutely glandular</i>. +(A. spinulosum, var. Boottii, of last ed. A. cristatum, var. uliginosum, <i>Milde</i>.)—Wet +thickets and about ponds, New Eng. to Del. and Minn. July.—Sterile +fronds much smaller and simpler than the fertile. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page688"></a>[+][+][+] <i>Large (2–4° high); fronds once pinnate and the pinnæ deeply pinnatifid, +or nearly twice pinnate; fruit-dots not very near the margin; the indusium +large, thinnish and flat, persistent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>A. cristàtum</b>, Swartz. <i>Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline</i> +(1–2° long); <i>pinnæ short</i> (2–3´ long), <i>triangular-oblong</i>, or the lowest nearly +triangular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute, deeply pinnatifid; +the <i>divisions (6–10 pairs) oblong</i>, very obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, the +lowest pinnatifid-lobed; <i>fruit-dots as near the midvein as the margin</i>; indusium +round-reniform, the sinus mostly shallow, smooth and naked.—Swamps, etc.; +common. July.—Stipes and the stout creeping rootstock bearing broad and +deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.)</p> + +<p>Var. <b>Clintoniànum</b>. <i>Frond in every way much larger</i> (2½–4° long); +<i>pinnæ</i> oblong-lanceolate, <i>broadest at base</i> (4–6´ long, 1–2´ broad), deeply pinnatifid; +the <i>divisions (8–16 pairs)</i> crowded or distant, <i>linear-oblong</i>, obtuse, +obscurely serrate or cut-toothed, the basal sometimes pinnately lobed; veins +pinnately forking, the lowest anterior veinlets bearing the <i>fruit-dots near the +midvein</i>; indusium orbicular with a shallow sinus, smooth and naked.—Swampy +woods, New Eng. to N. J., N. Y. (<i>G. W. Clinton</i>, etc.), and westward. +July.—Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy (like the stipes) with large +bright-brown scales. A showy fern, unlike any European form of A. cristatum, +and often mistaken for A. Goldianum.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>A. Goldiànum</b>, Hook. <i>Frond broadly ovate</i>, or the fertile ovate-oblong +in outline (2–3° long); <i>pinnæ</i> (6–9´ long), oblong-lanceolate, <i>broadest +in the middle</i>, pinnately parted; the <i>divisions (about 20 pairs) oblong-linear, +slightly scythe-shaped</i> (9–15´´ long), serrate with appressed teeth; veins pinnately +forking and bearing the <i>fruit-dots very near the midvein</i>; indusium very +large, orbicular with a deep narrow sinus, smooth and without marginal +glands.—Rich and moist woods, from Conn. to Ky., and northward. July.—A +stately fern, often 4° high, the fronds growing in a circle from a stout +ascending chaffy rootstock, and decaying in autumn. Indusium with the +sides of the sinus often overlapping, thus appearing to be round and entire as +in § Polystichum.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+][+] <i>Large (1–3° high); stipes very chaffy at base; fronds twice pinnate, +but the upper pinnules confluent, some of the lower pinnatifid-toothed; fruit-dots +rather large; indusium convex, without marginal glands, persistent.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>A. Fílix-mas</b>, Swartz. Frond lanceolate in outline (1–3° high); +pinnæ linear-lanceolate, tapering from base to apex; pinnules oblong, very +obtuse, serrate at the apex and obscurely so at the sides, the basal incisely +lobed, distinct, the upper confluent; fruit-dots nearer the midvein than the +margin, and usually confined to the lower half of each fertile pinnule.—Rocky +woods, N. Mich. to Dak. and Col.—Frond thickish but not surviving +the winter. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>A. marginàle</b>, Swartz. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 19</a>, fig. 1, 2.) Frond evergreen, smooth, +thickish and almost coriaceous, ovate-oblong in outline (1–2° long); pinnæ +lanceolate, acuminate, slightly broadest above the base; pinnules oblong or +oblong-scythe-shaped, crowded, obtuse or pointed, entire or crenately-toothed; +fruit-dots close to the margin.—Rocky hillsides in rich woods; common, especially +northward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page689"></a>§ 2. POLÝSTICHUM. <i>Indusium orbicular and entire, peltate, fixed by the +depressed centre; fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen, very chaffy on the +rhachis, etc.; pinnæ or pinnules auricled at base on the upper side, crowded, +the teeth or lobes bristle-tipped.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Fronds simply pinnate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>A. acrostichoìdes</b>, Swartz. (<span class="smcap">Christmas Fern.</span>) (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 19</a>, fig. 3, 4.) +Frond lanceolate (1–2½° high), <i>stalked; pinnæ linear-lanceolate</i>, somewhat +scythe-shaped, half-halberd-shaped at the slightly stalked base, serrulate with +appressed bristly teeth; <i>the fertile</i> (upper) <i>contracted and smaller</i>, bearing contiguous +fruit-dots near the midrib, which are confluent with age, covering the +surface.—Var. <span class="smcap">incìsum</span> is a state with cut-lobed pinnæ, a not unfrequent case +in the sterile fronds; sometimes with all the tips fertile.—Common in rocky +woods, especially northward. July.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>A. Lonchìtis</b>, Swartz. Frond linear-lanceolate (9–20´ high), <i>scarcely +stalked, very rigid; pinnæ broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, or the lowest triangular</i>, +strongly auricled on the upper side, and wedge-truncate on the lower, +densely spinulose-toothed (1´ or less in length), copiously fruit-bearing; fruit-dots +contiguous and near the margins.—Woods, southern shore of Lake Superior, +and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Fronds bipinnate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>A. aculeàtum</b>, Swartz, var. <b>Braùnii</b>, Koch. <i>Fronds spreading</i> +(1½–2° long), oblong-lanceolate in outline, with a tapering base, the lower of +the many pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinnæ gradually reduced in size and obtuse; +pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate and almost rectangular at +base, short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with long +and soft as well as chaffy hairs.—Deep woods, mountains of New Eng., N. Y., +and Penn., and northward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cystopteris"><b>14. CYSTÓPTERIS</b>, Bernhardi. <span class="smcap">Bladder Fern.</span> (<a href="#plate19">Pl. 19.</a>)</p> + +<p>Fruit-dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins; +the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner +side (toward the midrib) partly under the fruit-dot, early opening free at +the other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat +jagged, soon thrown back or withering away.—Tufted ferns with slender +and delicate 2–3-pinnate fronds; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of +<span class="greek">κύστις</span>, <i>a bladder</i>, and <span class="greek">πτερίς</span>, <i>fern</i>, from the inflated indusium.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. bulbífera</b>, Bernh. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 19</a>, fig. 1–3.) <i>Frond lanceolate, elongated</i> +(1–2° long), 2-pinnate; the pinnæ lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal (1–2´ +long); the <i>rhachis and pinnæ often bearing bulblets underneath, wingless</i>; +pinnules crowded, oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid; indusium short, truncate +on the free side.—Shaded ravines, not rare from N. Eng. to Ark., commoner +on calcareous rocks. July.—Specimens from Tenn. and Ark. have +sometimes shorter fronds and few or no bulblets, indicating an approach to the +next species.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. frágilis</b>, Bernh. <i>Frond oblong-lanceolate</i> (4–8´ long, besides the +brittle stalk which is fully as long), 2–3-pinnate; the pinnæ and <i>pinnules</i> ovate +or lanceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute,<a name="page690"></a> +<i>decurrent on the margined or winged rhachis</i>; indusium tapering or acute at +the free end.—Shaded cliffs and rocky woods; common and greatly varying +in the shape and cutting of the pinnules. July. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="onoclea"><b>15. ONOCLÈA</b>, L. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 16</a> and 19.)</p> + +<p>Sporangia borne on elevated receptacles, forming roundish sori imperfectly +covered by very delicate hood-shaped indusia attached to the base of the receptacles. +Fertile fronds erect, rigid, with contracted pod-like or berry-like +divisions at first completely concealing the sporangia, and at last, when dry +and indurated, cracking open and allowing the spores to escape. Sterile +fronds foliaceous. Rootstocks creeping and constantly forming new plants. +(Name apparently from <span class="greek">ὄνος</span>, <i>a vessel</i>, and <span class="greek">κλείω</span>, <i>to close</i>, from the singularly +rolled up fructification.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. ONOCLEA proper. <i>Sterile frond with anastomosing veins.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. sensíbilis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sensitive Fern.</span>) (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 19</a>, fig. 1, 2.) Fronds +scattered; the sterile ones long-stalked (2–15´ long), triangular-ovate, pinnatifid +into a few oblong-lanceolate sinuately lobed or nearly entire segments; +veins reticulated with fine meshes; fertile fronds contracted, closely bipinnate, +the pinnules rolled up into berry-like bodies.—Moist meadows and thickets, +very common and variable. July.—Imperfectly fertile fronds sometimes +occur, with the still foliaceous pinnæ cut into obovate segments with free veins +and abortive sori; the so-called var. <span class="smcap">obtusilobàta.</span></p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. STRUTHIÓPTERIS. <i>Sterile frond with free veins.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>O. Struthiópteris</b>, Hoffmann. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 16</a>, fig. 1–5.) Fronds growing +in a crown; sterile ones short-stalked (2–10° high), broadly lanceolate, narrowed +toward the base, pinnate with many linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid pinnæ; +veins free, the veinlets simple; fertile frond shorter, pinnate with pod-like +or somewhat necklace-shaped pinnæ. (Struthiopteris Germanica, <i>Willd.</i>)—Alluvial +soil, common northward. July.—The rootstock sends out slender +underground stolons, which bear fronds the next year. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="genus" id="woodsia"><b>16. WOÓDSIA</b>, R. Brown. (<a href="#plate19">Pl. 19.</a>)</p> + +<p>Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of simply-forked free veins; the very +thin and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the receptacle, +<i>under</i> the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the +top into irregular pieces or lobes.—Small and tufted pinnately-divided ferns. +(Dedicated to <i>Joseph Woods</i>, an English botanist.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Stalks obscurely articulated some distance from the base; fronds chaffy or +smooth, never glandular; indusium divided nearly to the centre into slender +hairs which are curled over the sporangia.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>W. Ilvénsis</b>, R. Brown. <i>Frond oblong-lanceolate</i> (2–6´ long by 12–18´´ +wide), smoothish and green above, <i>thickly clothed underneath as well as +the stalk with rusty bristle-like chaff</i>, pinnate; the pinnæ crowded, oblong, obtuse, +sessile, pinnately parted, <i>the numerous crowded segments oblong</i>, obtuse, +obscurely crenate; the fruit-dots near the margin, somewhat confluent when +old.—Exposed rocks; common, especially northward, and southward in the +Alleghanies. June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page691"></a>2. <b>W. hyperbòrea</b>, R. Brown. Frond narrowly oblong-lanceolate (2–6´ +long by 8–12´´ wide), smooth above, sparingly paleaceous-hirsute beneath, +pinnate; the pinnæ triangular-ovate, obtuse, pinnately lobed, the lobes few +and nearly entire; fruit-dots rarely confluent.—Mountain ravines, northern +Vt. and N. Y., and northward; rare. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>W. glabélla</b>, R. Brown. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 19</a>, fig. 1–3.) <i>Smooth and naked +throughout; frond linear</i> and very delicate (2–5´ high), pinnate; <i>pinnæ roundish-ovate</i>, +the lower ones rather remote (2–4´´ long), obtuse, crenately lobed; +fruit-dots scanty; the hairs of the indusium fewer than in the last two species.—On +moist mossy rocks, mountains of northern New Eng., north and westward. +First found at Little Falls, N. Y., by <i>Dr. Vasey</i>. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Stalks not articulated; fronds never chaffy, often glandular-pubescent.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Indusium of a few broad segments, at first covering the sorus completely.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>W. obtùsa</b>, Torr. (<a href="#plate1">Pl. 19</a>, fig. 4, 5.) Frond broadly lanceolate, minutely +glandular-hairy (6–12´ high), pinnate, or nearly twice pinnate; pinnæ +rather remote, triangular-ovate or oblong (1–2´ long), bluntish, pinnately +parted; segments oblong, obtuse, crenately toothed, the lower pinnatifid with +toothed lobes; veins forked, and bearing the fruit-dots on or below the minutely +toothed lobes; indusium at length splitting into several spreading +jagged lobes.—Rocky banks and cliffs; not rare.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Indusium entirely concealed beneath the sorus, divided into very narrow +segments or reduced to minute hairs.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>W. Oregàna</b>, D. C. Eaton. Smooth, with fronds (2–8´ high, 8–12´´ +wide) elliptical-lanceolate, pinnate, the fertile ones tallest; pinnæ triangular-oblong, +obtuse, pinnatifid; segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, finely toothed, +and in larger fronds incised; fruit-dots near the margin; indusium very small, +divided almost to the centre into a few necklace-like-jointed cilia.—Crevices +of rocks, south shore of Lake Superior (<i>Robbins</i>), and westward.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>W. scopulìna</b>, D. C. Eaton. Much like the last, but the rather larger +fronds puberulent beneath with minute jointed hairs and stalked glands; indusium +deeply cleft into narrow segments ending in jointed hairs.—Rocky +places, Minn., southward and westward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dicksonia"><b>17. DICKSÒNIA</b>, L'Her. (<a href="#plate17">Pl. 17.</a>)</p> + +<p>Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein +or fork; the sporangia borne on an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in a +membranaceous cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top, and on the +outer side partly adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the frond. (Named for +<i>James Dickson</i>, an English Cryptogamic botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. pilosiúscula</b>, Willd. Fronds minutely glandular and hairy (2–3° +high), ovate-lanceolate and acuminate in outline, pale green, very thin, with +strong chaffless stalks rising from slender extensively creeping naked root-stocks, +mostly bipinnate; primary pinnæ lanceolate, pointed, the secondary +pinnatifid into oblong and obtuse cut-toothed lobes; fruit-dots minute, each on +a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. (D. punctilobula, +<i>Kunze</i>.)—Common in moist and shady places, from New Eng. to +Minn.—Frond sweet-scented in drying.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="trichomanes"><a name="page692"></a><b>18. TRICHÓMANES</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Filmy Fern.</span></p> + +<p>Sporangia with a transverse entire ring, sessile on a cylindrical receptacle +which is produced from the end of a vein and enclosed in a funnel-form or +cup-shaped involucre of the same substance with the frond. Fronds very +thin and pellucid, often consisting of a single layer of cells. (An ancient +Greek name for some fern.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. radìcans</b>, Swartz. Fronds very delicate, oblong-lanceolate in outline +(4–8´ long, 6–18´´ wide), bipinnatifid; rhachis narrowly winged; pinnæ +triangular-ovate, the divisions toothed or again lobed; involucres tubular-funnel-shaped, +margined, the mouth truncate; receptacle often much exserted.—On +moist and dripping sandstone cliffs, Ky., and southward; rare.—Though +the fronds are so very delicate, yet they survive for several years; they begin +to fruit the second or third year, and thereafter the receptacle continues to +grow and to produce new sporangia at its base. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="schizaea"><b>19. SCHIZÆ̀A</b>, Smith. (<a href="#plate20">Pl. 20.</a>)</p> + +<p>Sporangia large, ovoid, striate-rayed at the apex, opening by a longitudinal +cleft, naked, vertically sessile in a double row along the single vein of the +narrow divisions of the pinnate (or radiate) fertile appendages to the slender and +simply linear, or (in foreign species) fan-shaped or dichotomously many-cleft +fronds (whence the name, from <span class="greek">σχίζω</span>, <i>to split</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. pusílla</b>, Pursh. Sterile fronds linear, very slender, flattened and +tortuous; the fertile ones equally slender (¼´´ wide), but taller (3–4´ high), +and bearing at the top the fertile appendage, consisting of about 5 pairs of +crowded pinnæ (each 1–1½´´ long).—Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J.; +very local. Sept. (Also in Nova Scotia and Newf.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lygodium"><b>20. LYGÒDIUM</b>, Swartz. <span class="smcap">Climbing Fern.</span> (<a href="#plate20">Pl. 20.</a>)</p> + +<p>Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed (or compound) +divisions in pairs, with mostly free veins; the fructification on separate +contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of which is covered with a +double row of imbricated hooded scale-like indusia, fixed by a broad base to +short oblique veinlets. Sporangia much as in Schizæa, but oblique, fixed to +the veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each +indusium. (Name from <span class="greek">λυγώδης</span>, <i>flexible</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. palmàtum</b>, Swartz. Very smooth; stalks slender, flexile and +twining (1–3° long), from slender running rootstocks; the short alternate +branches or petioles 2-forked; each fork bearing a round-heart-shaped palmately +4–7-lobed frondlet; fertile frondlets above, contracted and several +times forked, forming a terminal panicle.—Low moist thickets and open +woods, Mass. to Va., Ky., and sparingly southward; rare. Sept.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="osmunda"><b>21. OSMÚNDA</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Flowering Fern.</span> (<a href="#plate20">Pl. 20.</a>)</p> + +<p>Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond destitute of chlorophyll, very +much contracted, and bearing on the margins of the narrow rhachis-like divisions +short-pedicelled and naked sporangia; these are globular, thin and reticulated, +large, opening by a longitudinal cleft into two valves, and bearing near<a name="page693"></a> +the apex a small patch of thickened oblong cells, the rudiment of a transverse +ring.—Fronds tall and upright, growing in large crowns from thickened rootstocks, +once or twice pinnate; veins forking and free. Spores green. (<i>Osmunder</i>, +a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity, Thor.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Sterile fronds truly bipinnate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. regàlis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Flowering Fern.</span>) Very smooth, pale green (2–5° +high); sterile pinnules 13–25, varying from oblong-oval to lance-oblong, +finely serrulate, especially toward the apex, otherwise entire, or crenately lobed +toward the rounded, oblique and truncate, or even cordate and semi-auriculate +base, sessile or short-stalked (1–2´ long); the fertile racemose-panicled at the +summit of the frond.—Swamps and wet woods; common. The cordate pinnules +sometimes found here are commoner in Europe. May, June. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Sterile fronds once pinnate; pinnæ deeply pinnatifid; the lobes entire.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>O. Claytoniàna</b>, L. (<a href="#plate2">Pl. 20</a>, fig. 1–3.) Clothed with loose wool +when young, soon smooth; <i>fertile fronds taller than the sterile</i> (2–4° high); +pinnæ oblong-lanceolate, with oblong obtuse divisions; <i>some (2–5 pairs) of +the middle pinnæ fertile</i>, these entirely pinnate; sporangia greenish, turning +brown.—Low grounds, common. May.—Fruiting as it unfolds.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>O. cinnamòmea</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cinnamon Fern.</span>) Clothed with rusty wool +when young; <i>sterile fronds tallest</i> (at length 3–5° high), smooth when full +grown, the lanceolate pinnæ pinnatifid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions; +<i>fertile fronds separate</i>, appearing earlier from the same rootstock and soon +withering (1–2° high), contracted, twice pinnate, covered with the cinnamon-colored +sporangia.—Var. <span class="smcap">frondòsa</span> is a rare occasional state, in which some +of the fronds are sterile below and more sparsely fertile at their summit, or +rarely in the middle.—Swamps and low copses, everywhere. May.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="ophioglossaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 132.</span> <b>OPHIOGLOSSÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Adder's-Tongue +Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>Leafy and often somewhat fleshy plants; the leaves (<i>fronds</i>) simple +or branched, often fern-like in appearance, erect in vernation, developed +from underground buds formed either inside the base of the old stalk or +by the side of it, and bearing in special spikes or panicles rather large +subcoriaceous bivalvular sporangia formed from the main tissue of the +fruiting branches. Prothallus underground, not green, monœcious.—A +small order, separated from Ferns on account of the different nature of +the sporangia, the erect vernation, etc.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Botrychium.</b> Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Veins free.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Ophioglossum.</b> Sporangia cohering in a simple spike. Veins reticulated.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="botrychium"><b>1. BOTRÝCHIUM</b>, Swartz. <span class="smcap">Moonwort.</span> (<a href="#plate20">Pl. 20.</a>)</p> + +<p>Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots (which are full of +starch, in very minute, irregular granules!); the base of the naked stalk containing +the bud for the next year's frond; frond with an anterior fertile and +a posterior sterile segment; the former mostly 1–3-pinnate, the contracted +divisions bearing a double row of sessile naked sporangia; these are distinct, +rather coriaceous, not reticulated, globular, without a ring, and open transversely<a name="page694"></a> +into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately +divided or compound; veins all free. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name +a diminutive of <span class="greek">βότρυς</span>, <i>a cluster of grapes</i>, from the appearance of the +fructification.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. BOTRYCHIUM proper. <i>Base of the stalk containing the bud completely +closed; sterile segment more or less fleshy; the cells of the epidermis straight.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Sterile portion of the frond sessile or nearly so at or above the middle of the +plant. Plants small.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. Lunària</b>, Swartz. <i>Sterile segment</i> nearly sessile, borne near the +middle of the plant, <i>oblong, simply pinnate with 5–15 lunate or fan-shaped</i> very +obtuse crenate, incised or nearly entire, <i>fleshy divisions</i>, more or less excised at +the base on the lower or on both sides, the veins radiating from the base and +repeatedly forking; fertile segment panicled, 2–3-pinnate.—N. Eng. to Lake +Superior, and northward; rare.—Very fleshy, 4–10´ high. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>B. símplex</b>, Hitchcock. Fronds small (2–4´, rarely 5–6´ high), <i>the +sterile segment short-petioled from near the middle of the plant, thickish</i> and fleshy, +simple and roundish, or <i>pinnately 3–7-lobed</i>; the lobes roundish-obovate, nearly +entire, decurrent on the broad and flat indeterminate rhachis; <i>the veins all +forking from the base</i>; fertile segment simple or 1–2-pinnate.—Maine to +N. Y., Minn., and northward; rare. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>B. lanceolàtum</b>, Angstroem. Fronds small (3–10´ high); <i>the sterile +segment closely sessile at the top of the</i> long and slender common <i>stalk</i>, scarcely +fleshy, <i>triangular, ternately twice pinnatifid; the acute lobes</i> lanceolate, incised +or toothed; veinlets forking from a <i>continuous midvein</i>; fertile part 2–3-pinnate. +—N. Eng. and N. J. to Ohio and Lake Superior. July–Aug. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>B. matricariæfòlium</b>, Braun. Fronds small (3–10´ high); <i>the +sterile segment nearly sessile at the top of the</i> long and slender <i>common stalk</i>, +moderately fleshy, <i>ovate or triangular</i>, varying from pinnate to bipinnatifid; +<i>the lobes oblong-ovate and obtuse; midvein dissipated</i> into forking veinlets; fertile +part 2–3-pinnate.—Same range as the last. June, July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Sterile portion of the frond long-stalked; the common stalk short in proportion +to the size of the plant. Plants usually larger.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>B. ternàtum</b>, Swartz. (<a href="#plate20">Pl. 20.</a>) <i>Plant very fleshy</i> (4–16´ high), +sparsely hairy; <i>sterile segment long-petioled</i> from near the base of the plant, +broadly triangular, <i>ternate and variously decompound with stalked divisions</i>; +ultimate segments varying from roundish-reniform and sub-entire to ovate-lanceolate +and doubly incised; fertile segment erect, 2–4-pinnate.—The following +varieties pass into each other:—Var. <span class="smcap">austràle</span>; frond ample; ultimate +segments rhomboid-ovate with a denticulate margin.—Var. <span class="smcap">intermèdium</span>; +frond of moderate size; ultimate segments as in var. australe. (B. lunarioides, +of last ed.)—Var. <span class="smcap">rutæfòlium</span>; frond small; ultimate segments few, ovate +and semicordate.—Var. <span class="smcap">lunarioìdes</span>; frond small; ultimate segments roundish-reniform.—Var. +<span class="smcap">oblìquum</span>; frond moderate; ultimate segments obliquely +lanceolate, denticulate or toothed.—Var. <span class="smcap">disséctum</span>; segments dissected into +innumerable narrow lobes or teeth.—Pastures and hillsides, sometimes in +dry woods, rather common, especially vars. intermedium and obliquum.—Var. +rutæfolium occurs in Europe.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page695"></a>§ 2. OSMUNDÓPTERIS. <i>Base of the stalk containing the bud open along one +side; sterile segment membranaceous; the cells of the epidermis flexuous.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>B. Virginiànum</b>, Swartz. <i>Fronds tall and ample; sterile segment +sessile above the middle of the plant</i>, broadly triangular, thin and membranaceous, +<i>ternate</i>; the short-stalked <i>primary divisions once or twice pinnate</i>, and +then once or twice pinnatifid; the oblong lobes cut-toothed toward the apex; +<i>veins forking from a midvein</i>; fertile part 2–3-pinnate.—Rich woods; common. +—Plant 1–2° high, or often reduced to a few inches, in which case it is +B. gracile, <i>Pursh.</i> June, July. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ophioglossum"><b>2. OPHIOGLÓSSUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Adder's-Tongue.</span> (<a href="#plate20">Pl. 20.</a>)</p> + +<p>Rootstock erect, fleshy and sometimes tuberous, with slender fleshy roots +which are sometimes proliferous; bud placed by the side of the base of the +stalk; fronds with anterior and posterior segments as in Botrychium, but +the coriaceous sporangia connate and coherent in two ranks on the edges +of a simple spike. Sterile segment fleshy, simple in our species; the veins +reticulated. Spores copious, sulphur-yellow. (Name from <span class="greek">ὄφις</span>, <i>a serpent</i>, and +<span class="greek">γλῶσσα</span>, <i>tongue</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. vulgàtum</b>, L. Fronds from a slender rootstock (2–12´ high), +mostly solitary; sterile segment sessile near the middle of the plant, ovate or +elliptical (1–3´ long); midvein indistinct or none; veins forming small meshes +enclosed in larger ones.—Bogs and pastures; not common. July. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="lycopodiaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 133.</span> <b>LYCOPODIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Club-Moss Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>Low plants, usually of moss-like aspect, with elongated and often much +branched stems covered with small lanceolate or subulate, rarely oblong +or rounded, persistent entire leaves; the sporangia 1–3-celled, solitary +in the axils of the leaves, or on their upper surface, when ripe opening +into two or three valves, and shedding the numerous yellow spores, which +are all of one kind.—The Order, as here defined, consists mainly of the +large genus</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lycopodium"><b>1. LYCOPÒDIUM</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Club-Moss.</span> (<a href="#plate21">Pl. 21.</a>)</p> + +<p>Spore-cases coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 2-valved, +mostly by a transverse line round the margin, discharging the subtile spores in +the form of a copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder.—Perennials, with +evergreen one-nerved leaves, imbricated or crowded in 4–16 ranks. (Name +compounded of <span class="greek">λύκος</span>, <i>a wolf</i>, and <span class="greek">ποῦς</span>, <i>foot</i>, from no obvious resemblance.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. <i>Spore-cases in the axils of the ordinary (dark green and shining, rigid, +lanceolate, about 8-ranked) leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. Selàgo</b>, L. Stems erect and rigid, dichotomous, forming a level-topped +cluster (3–6´ high); <i>leaves uniform</i>, crowded, ascending, glossy, pointed, +entire or denticulate; sporangia in the axils of unaltered leaves.—Mountain-tops, +Maine to Lake Superior, and northward.—The leaves of this and the next +species often bear little gemmæ, with the lower bracts pointed, and the 2–3 +uppermost broadly obovate and fleshy, as figured in 1768 by Dillenius. These +gemmæ fall to the ground and their axis grows into the stem of a new plant,<a name="page696"></a> +as specimens collected in 1854 show very plainly. (For their true nature see +Sachs' Lehrbuch, Engl. trans., p. 411.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. lucídulum</b>, Michx. Stems assurgent, less rigid, dichotomous (6–12´ +long); leaves pointed, toothed, at first spreading, then deflexed, arranged, +in alternate zones of shorter and longer leaves, the shorter leaves more frequently +bearing sporangia in their axils; proliferous gemmæ usually abundant.—Cold, +damp woods; common northward. Aug.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. <i>Spore-cases only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, thus forming a +spike.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves of the creeping sterile and of the upright fertile stems or branches and +those of the simple spike nearly alike, many-ranked.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. inundàtum</b>, L. <i>Dwarf</i>; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid; +the fertile solitary (1–4´ high), bearing a short thick spike; <i>leaves lanceolate +or lance-awl-shaped, acute</i>, soft, spreading, <i>mostly entire</i>, those of the prostrate +stems curving upward.—Var. <span class="smcap">Bigelòvii</span>, Tuckerm., has fertile stems 5–7´ +high, its leaves more awl-shaped and pointed, sparser and more upright, often +somewhat teeth-bearing.—Sandy bogs, northward, not common; the var., +eastern New Eng. to N. J., and southward. Aug. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. alopecuroìdes</b>, L. <i>Stems stout</i>, very densely leafy throughout; +the sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creeping; the fertile of the same +thickness, 6–20´ high; <i>leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed, +spreading, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle; those of the cylindrical +spike with long setaceous tips</i>.—Pine-barren swamps, N. J. to Va., and southward. +Aug., Sept.—Stems, including the dense leaves, ½´ thick; the comose +spike, with its longer spreading leaves, ¾–1´ thick.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves (bracts) of the catkin-like spike scale-like, imbricated, yellowish, ovate +or heart-shaped, very different from those of the sterile stems and branches.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Spikes sessile (i.e. branches equally leafy to the top), single.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. annótinum</b>, L. Much branched; <i>stems prostrate and creeping</i> (1–4° +long); <i>the ascending branches similar</i> (5–8´ high), sparingly forked, the +sterile ones making yearly growths from the summit; <i>leaves equal, spreading</i>, +in about 5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green); +spike solitary, oblong-cylindrical, thick.—Var. <span class="smcap">púngens</span>, Spring, is a reduced +sub-alpine or mountain form, with shorter and more rigid pointed erectish +leaves.—Woods; common northward; the var. on the White Mountains, +with intermediate forms around the base. July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>L. obscùrum</b>, L. Rootstock cord-like, subterranean, bearing scattered, +erect, tree-like stems dividing at the summit into several densely dichotomous +spreading branches; leaves linear-lanceolate, decurrent, entire, acute, +6-ranked, those of the two upper and two lower ranks smaller and appressed, +the lateral ones incurved spreading; spikes 1–10, erect, mostly sessile; bracts +scarious-margined, broadly ovate, abruptly apiculate.—Var. <span class="smcap">dendroídeum</span> +(L. deudroideum, <i>Michx.</i>) has all the leaves alike and incurved spreading.—Moist +woods. Aug.—Remarkable for its tree-like appearance.</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">alpìnum</span>, L., or its var. <span class="smcap">sabinæfòlium</span>, occurs from Labrador to Washington +Territory, and is to be expected in northern Maine and Minn. It has +slender branches with rigid nearly appressed leaves.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page697"></a>[+][+] <i>Spikes peduncled, i.e. the leaves minute on the fertile branches.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Leaves homogeneous and equal, many-ranked; stems terete.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>L. clavàtum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Club-Moss.</span>) Stems creeping extensively, +with similar ascending short and very leafy branches; the fertile terminated +by a slender peduncle (4–6´ long), bearing about 2–3 (rarely 1 or 4) +linear-cylindrical spikes; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurved spreading (light +green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle.—Dry woods; common, +especially northward. July. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Leaves of two forms, few-ranked; stems or branches flattened.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>L. Caroliniànum</b>, L. (<a href="#plate21">Pl. 21.</a>) Sterile stems and their few short +branches <i>entirely creeping</i> (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly +clothed with broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1-nerved <i>lateral +leaves widely spreading in 2 ranks</i>, and a shorter intermediate row appressed +on the upper side; also sending up a slender simple peduncle (2–4´ high, +clothed merely with small bract-like and appressed awl-shaped leaves), <i>bearing +a single cylindrical spike</i>.—Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Va., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>L. complanàtum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Ground-Pine.</span>) Stems extensively creeping +(often subterranean), the erect or <i>ascending branches several times forked +above</i>; bushy <i>branchlets crowded, flattened</i>, fan-like and spreading, <i>all clothed +with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in 4 ranks</i>, with decurrent-united +bases, the lateral rows with somewhat spreading tooth-like tips, those +of the upper and under rows smaller, narrower, wholly appressed; peduncle +slender, <i>bearing 2–4 cylindrical spikes</i>.—Var. <span class="smcap">Chamæcyparíssus</span> has narrower, +more erect and bushy branches, and the leaves less distinctly dimorphous.—Woods +and thickets; common, especially northward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="selaginellaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 134.</span> <b>SELAGINELLÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p>Leafy plants, terrestrial or rooted in mud, never very large; the stems +branching or short and corm-like; the leaves small and 4–6-rowed, or +subulate and elongated; sporangia one-celled, solitary, axillary or borne +on the upper surface of the leaf at its base and enwrapped in its margins, +some containing large spores (<i>macrospores</i>) and others small spores (<i>microspores</i>). +The macrospores are in the shape of a low triangular pyramid +with a hemispherical base, and marked with elevated ribs along the angles. +In germination they develop a minute prothallus which bears archegonia +to be fertilized by antherozoids developed from the microspores.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Selaginella.</b> Terrestrial; stems slender; leaves small; sporangia minute and axillary.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Isoetes.</b> Aquatic or growing in mud; stems corm-like: leaves elongated and rush-like; +sporangia very large, enwrapped by the dilated bases of the leaves.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="selaginella"><b>1. SELAGINÉLLA</b>, Beauv. (<a href="#plate21">Pl. 21.</a>)</p> + +<p>Fructification of two kinds, namely, of minute and oblong or globular spore-cases, +containing reddish or orange-colored powdery microspores; and of mostly +2-valved tumid larger ones, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1–6) much larger globose-angular +macrospores; the former usually in the upper and the latter in the +lower axils of the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike, but sometimes the two kinds<a name="page698"></a> +are on opposite sides all along the spike. (Name a diminutive of <i>Selago</i> an +ancient name of a Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated, and which +the plants greatly resemble in habit and foliage.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves all alike and uniformly imbricated; those of the spike similar.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. spinòsa</b>, Beauv. <i>Sterile stems prostrate</i> or creeping, small and +slender; <i>the fertile thicker, ascending, simple</i> (1–3´ high); <i>leaves lanceolate, +acute, spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate</i>. (S. selaginoides, <i>Link.</i>)—Wet +places, N. H. (<i>Pursh</i>), Mich., Lake Superior, Colorado, and northward; rare.—Leaves +larger on the fertile stems, yellowish-green. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. rupéstris</b>, Spring. (<a href="#plate2">Pl. 21</a>, fig. 1–4.) <i>Much branched in close +tufts</i> (1–3´ high); <i>leaves densely appressed-imbricated, linear-lanceolate</i>, convex +and with a grooved keel, <i>minutely ciliate, bristle-tipped</i>; those of the +strongly quadrangular spike rather broader.—Dry and exposed rocks; very +common.—Grayish-green in aspect, resembling a rigid Moss. Very variable +farther west and south. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves shorter above and below, stipule-like; the lateral larger, 2-ranked.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. àpus</b>, Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched, +flaccid; leaves pellucid-membranaceous, the larger spreading horizontally, +ovate, oblique, mostly obtuse, the smaller appressed, taper-pointed; those of +the short spikes nearly similar; larger spore cases copious at the lower part +of the spike.—Low, shady places; not rare, especially southward.—A delicate +little plant, resembling a Moss or Jungermannia.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="isoetes"><b>2. ISÒETES</b>, L. <span class="smcap">Quillwort.</span> (<a href="#plate21">Pl. 21.</a>)</p> + +<p>Stem or trunk a fleshy more or less depressed corm, rooting just above its 2-lobed +(or in many foreign species 3-lobed) base, above covered with the dilated +and imbricated bases of the awl-shaped or linear somewhat quadrangular +leaves, which include four air-tubes, intercepted by cross partitions. Sporangia +pretty large, orbicular or ovoid, plano-convex, very thin, sessile in the axils of +the leaves, and united at the back with their excavated bases (the thin edges +of the excavation folding round partly cover them, forming the <i>velum</i>), traversed +internally by transverse threads; those of the outer leaves filled with +large spherical macrospores, their whitish crustaceous integument marked by +one circular, and on the upper surface by three radiating elevated lines (circumscribing +a lower hemisphere, and three upper segments which open valve-like +in germination); those of the inner leaves filled with very minute and powdery +grayish microspores; these are always obliquely oblong and triangular.—Mostly +small aquatics, grass-like or rush-like in aspect, some always submerged, +others amphibious, a few living in merely moist soil, maturing their +fruit in late summer and early autumn, except n. 7 and some forms of n. 6.</p> + +<p>This genus is left essentially as it was elaborated for the 5th edition by the +late Dr. <span class="smcap">George Engelmann</span>. The present editor has added to the range +of a few species, and given var. robusta of n. 3.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Growing under water, only accidentally or in very dry seasons out of water; +leaves without stomata (except in forms of n. 3) and peripherical bast-bundles.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>I. lacústris</b>, L. (<a href="#plate2">Pl. 21</a>, fig. 1–5.) Leaves (10–25 in number, 2–6´ +long) dark green, rigid; sporangium ovoid or circular, the upper third, or less,<a name="page699"></a> +covered by the velum, the free part pale and unspotted; both kinds of spores +the largest of our species; macrospores (0.32–0.38´´ wide) covered with short +and twisted crested ridges, which often anastomose; microspores (0.017–0.020´´ +long) smooth.—Mountain lakes, Penn., N. Y., and New Eng. to Lake Superior, +and northward, often with n. 3. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>I. Tuckermàni</b>, Braun. Leaves (10–30, 2–3´ long) very slender, +awl shaped, olive-green, the outer recurved; sporangium ovoid or circular, the +upper third covered by the velum, the free part sometimes brownish-spotted; +macrospores (0.22–0.28´´ wide) on the upper segments covered with parallel +and anastomosing ridges, the lower half reticulated; microspores (0.013–0.015´´ +long) smooth or very delicately papillose.—Mystic and other ponds +near Boston, together with the next (<i>Tuckerman, W. Boott</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>I. echinóspora</b>, Durieu. Leaves slender, awl-shaped; sporangium +ovoid or circular; macrospores (0.20–0.25´´ wide) beset all over with small +entire and obtuse or slightly forked spinules. (Eu.)—In this European form, +the leaves are very slenderly attenuated (3–4´ long), the upper margin of the +sporangium only is covered with the narrow velum, the free part is unspotted, +and the slightly papillose microspores are larger (0.015–0.016´´ long).</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Braùnii</b>, Engelm. Leaves (15–30 in number, 3–6´ long) dark and +often olive-green, straight or commonly recurved, half or two thirds of the +sporangium covered by the velum, the free part often with light brown spots; +macrospores as in the type; microspores smaller (0.013–0.014´´ long), smooth. +(I. Braunii, <i>Durieu.</i>)—Ponds and lakes, New Eng. to N. Y., Penn., Mich., and +northward, often with the two preceding.—Frequently with a few stomata, +especially in Niagara specimens.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>robústa</b>, Engelm. Stouter; leaves (25–70, 5–8´ long) with abundant +stomata all over their surface; velum covering about one half of the large +spotted sporangium; macrospores 0.18–0.27´´ wide.—Lake Champlain, north +end of Isle La Motte (<i>Pringle</i>).</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>muricàta</b>, Engelm. Leaves (15–30, 6–10´ long) straight or flaccid, +bright green; about one half of the almost circular sporangium covered by +the velum, unspotted; macrospores (0.22–0.27´´ wide) with shorter and blunter +spinules; microspores as in the last variety, or rarely spinulose. (I. muricata, +<i>Durieu.</i>)—In some ponds north of Boston (<i>W. Boott</i>).</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>Boóttii</b>, Engelm. Leaves (12–20, 4–5´ high) awl shaped, stiffly +erect, bright green, with stomata; sporangium as in the last; macrospores as +in the type, but a little smaller and with very slender spinules. (I. Boottii, +<i>Braun</i>, in litt.)—Pond in Woburn, near Boston, partly out of water (<i>W. Boott</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Growing partly out of water, either by the pond drying up or by the receding +of the ebb tide; leaves with stomata, and in n. 6 and 7 with four or more +peripherical bast-bundles.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>I. saccharàta</b>, Engelm. Leaves (10–15, 2–3´ long) slender, olive-green, +curved; sporangium small, ovoid, only the upper edge covered by the +velum, nearly unspotted; macrospores (0.20–0.22´´ wide) minutely tuberculate; +microspores (0.012´´ long) papillose.—On Wicomico and Nanticoke +Rivers, eastern shore of Maryland, between high and low tide (<i>Canby</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>I. ripària</b>, Engelm. Leaves (15–30, 4–8´ long) slender, deep green, +erect; sporangium mostly oblong, upper margin to one third covered by the<a name="page700"></a> +velum, the free part spotted; macrospores very variable in size (0.22–0.30´´ +wide), the upper segments covered by short crested ridges, which on the lower +hemisphere run together forming a network; microspores larger than in any +other species except n. 1 (0.013–0.016´´ long), mostly somewhat tuberculated.—Gravelly +banks of the Delaware, from above Philadelphia to Wilmington, +between flood and ebb tide; margins of ponds, Lake Saltonstall, Conn. (<i>Setchell</i>), +and northward.—Distinguished from the nearly allied I. lacustris by the stomata +of the leaves, the spotted sporangium, the smaller size of the macrospores +and their reticulation on the lower half.</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>I. Engelmánni</b>, Braun. Leaves long (25–100, 9–20´ long), light +green, erect or at last prostrate, flat on the upper side; sporangium mostly +oblong, unspotted, the velum very narrow; macrospores (0.19–0.24´´ wide) +covered all over with a coarse honeycomb-like network; microspores (0.012–0.014´´ +long) mostly smooth.—Shallow ponds and ditches, from Mass. (near +Boston, <i>W. Boott, H. Mann</i>) and Meriden, Conn. (<i>F. W. Hall</i>), to Penn. and +Del. and (probably through the Middle States) to Mo.—By far the largest of +our species, often mature in July.</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>grácilis</b>, Engelm. Leaves few (8–12 only, 9–12´ long) and very +slender; both kinds of spores nearly as in the type.—Southern New Eng. +(Westville, Conn., <i>Setchell</i>) and N. J. (<i>Ennis</i>); entirely submersed!</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>válida</b>, Engelm. Trunk large and stout (often 1–2´ wide); leaves +(50–100, even 200, 18–25´ long) with an elevated ridge on the upper side; +sporangium oblong or linear-oblong (4–9´´ long), {1/3}–½ or more covered by +the velum; spores very small; macrospores 0.16–0.22´´ wide; microspores +0.011–0.013´´ long, spinulose.—Del. (<i>Canby</i>) and Penn. (<i>Porter</i>). Sept.</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>I. melanópoda</b>, J. Gay. Leaves (15–50, 6–10´ long) very slender, +keeled on the back, straight, bright green, usually with dark brown or black +shining bases; sporangium mostly oblong, with a very narrow velum, brown +or spotted; macrospores very small (0.14–0.18´´ wide), smoothish, or with faint +tubercles or ridges; microspores (0.010–0.012´´ long) spinulose.—Shallow +ponds, and wet prairies and fields, central and northern Ill. (<i>E. Hall, Vasey</i>), +and westward. June, and sometimes again in Nov.—Trunk more spherical +and more deeply 2-lobed, and both kinds of spores smaller than in any other of +our species; leaves disappearing during the summer heat. Closely approaching +the completely terrestrial species of the Mediterranean region.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="marsiliaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 135.</span> <b>MARSILIÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p>Perennial plants rooted in mud, having a slender creeping rhizome +and either filiform or 4-parted long-petioled leaves; the somewhat crustaceous +several-celled sporocarps borne on peduncles which rise from the +rhizome near the leaf-stalks, or are more or less consolidated with the +latter, and contain both macrospores and microspores.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="marsilia"><b>1. MARSÌLIA</b>, L. (<a href="#plate25">Pl. 25.</a>)</p> + +<p>Submersed or emersed aquatic plants, with slender creeping rootstocks, +sending up elongated petioles, which bear at the apex a whorl of four nervose-veined +leaflets, and at or near their base, or sometimes on the rootstock, one<a name="page701"></a> +or more ovoid sporocarps. These sporocarps or fruit usually have two teeth +near the base, and are 2-celled vertically, with many transverse partitions, and +split or burst into 2 valves at maturity. The sporocarps have a ring along +the edges of the valves, which at length swells up and bears the sausage-shaped +compartments from their places. The compartments contain macrosporangia +and microsporangia intermixed. (Named for <i>Aloysius Marsili</i>, +an early Italian naturalist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. quadrifòlia</b>, L. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous; sporocarps +usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles, +pedicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy, the basal teeth small, obtuse, or the +upper one acute.—In water, the leaflets commonly floating on the surface; +Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Conn., and now introduced in many places. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. vestìta</b>, Hook. & Grev. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy, +entire (2–7´´ long and broad); petioles 1–4´ long; peduncles free from the +petiole; sporocarps solitary, short-peduncled (about 2´´ long), very hairy when +young; upper basal tooth of sporocarp longest, acute, straight or curved, lower +tooth acute, the sinus between them rounded. (M. mucronata, <i>Braun</i>.)—In +swamps which become dry in summer; Iowa and southwestward.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="salviniaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 136.</span> <b>SALVINIÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p>Floating plants of small size, having a more or less elongated and +sometimes branching axis, bearing apparently distichous leaves; sporocarps +or conceptacles very soft and thin-walled, two or more on a common +stalk, one-celled and having a central, often branched receptacle +which bears either macrosporangia containing solitary macrospores, or +microsporangia with numerous microspores.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="azolla"><b>1. AZÓLLA</b>, Lam. (<a href="#plate21">Pl. 21.</a>)</p> + +<p>Small moss-like plants, the stems pinnately branched, covered with minute +2-lobed imbricated leaves, and emitting rootlets on the under side. Conceptacles +in pairs beneath the stem; the smaller ones acorn-shaped, containing at +the base a single macrospore with a few corpuscles of unknown character +above it; the larger ones globose, and having a basal placenta which bears +many pedicellate microsporangia which contain masses of microspores.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. Caroliniàna</b>, Willd. Plants somewhat deltoid in outline (4–12´´ +broad), much branched; leaves with ovate lobes, the lower lobe reddish, the +upper one green with a reddish border; macrospores with three attendant corpuscles, +its surface minutely granulate; masses of microspores glochidiate.—Floating +on quiet waters, from Lake Ontario westward and southward,—appearing +like a reddish hepatic moss.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Salvínia nàtans</span>, L., was said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface of +small lakes in Western New York, and has more recently been said to occur in +Missouri. It has oblong-oval floating leaves 4–6´´ long, closely pinnately-veined, +which bear conceptacles and branching plumose fibres on their under +surface.</p> + + +<h2 class="subclass"><a name="page702"></a><span class="smcap">Subclass II. CELLULAR ACROGENS, or +BRYOPHYTES.</span></h2> + +<p>Plants composed of cellular tissue only. Antheridia or +archegonia, or both, formed upon the stem or branches of the +plant itself, which is developed from the germinating spore +usually with the intervention of a filiform or conferva-like +prothallus.—Divided into the <i>Musci</i>, or Mosses, and the <i>Hepaticæ</i>.</p> + + +<p class="division"><span class="smcap">Division I. HEPÁTICÆ.</span>[1] (<span class="smcap">Liverworts.</span>)</p> + +<p>[Footnote 1: Elaborated for this edition by Prof. <span class="smcap">L. M. Underwood</span>, of Syracuse, N. Y.]</p> + +<p>Plants usually procumbent, consisting of a simple thallus, a +thalloid stem, or a leafy axis; leaves when present 2-ranked, +with uniform leaf-cells and no midvein; thalloid forms with +or without a midvein, smooth or scurfy or scaly beneath and +usually with numerous rootlets. Sexual reproduction by antheridia +and archegonia, which are immersed in the thallus, +or sessile or pedicelled upon it, or borne on a peduncled receptacle. +The fertilized archegonium develops into a capsule +(<i>sporogonium</i>) closely invested by a calyptra, which ruptures +above as the ripened capsule (containing numerous spores and +usually elaters) pushes upward. It is also commonly surrounded +by a usually double involucre, the inner (often called +<i>perianth</i>) more or less tubular, the outer tubular or more often +foliaceous, sometimes wholly wanting. Propagation is also +effected by offshoots (<i>innovations</i>), runners (<i>flagella</i>), or by +<i>gemmæ</i>, which appear at the margin of the leaves or on the +surface of the thallus, often in special receptacles.</p> + + +<p class="order" id="jungermanniaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 137.</span> <b>JUNGERMANNIÀCEÆ.</b> <span class="smcap">Scale-Mosses.</span></p> + +<p>Plant-body a leafy axis or rarely thallose. Capsule borne on a slender +often elongated pedicel, splitting at maturity into 4 valves. Elaters +mixed with the spores, mostly bispiral (unispiral in n. 1–3, 32, and 33, +1–3-spiral in n. 5 and 28). Antheridia and archegonia diœcious or +monœcious, in the latter case either mingled in the same inflorescence, +or separated upon the same branch, with the antheridia naked in the +axils of the lower leaves, or on separate parts of the same plant. Leaves<a name="page703"></a> +2-ranked, incubous (i.e. the apex of each leaf lying on the base of the +next above), or succubous (i.e. the apex of each leaf lying under the base +of the next above), or sometimes transverse, with frequently a third row +of rudimentary leaves beneath the stem.</p> + + +<p class="key"><b>Artificial Key to the Genera.</b></p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. Plant-body a leafy axis.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Leaves complicate-bilobed (i.e. folded together) or with a small basal lobe.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Lower lobe smaller than the upper.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Root-hairs borne on the stems or underleaves.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Frullania.</b> Lower lobe mostly saccate, more or less remote from the stem. Branches +intra-axillary, the leaves on either side free.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Jubula.</b> Lower lobe saccate; branches lateral, a basal leaf borne partly on the stem, +partly on the branch.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Lejeunea.</b> Lower lobe incurved, more or less inflated.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Porella.</b> Lower lobe ligulate. Perianth triangular, the third or odd angle ventral.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Root-hairs rising from the lower lobes.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Radula.</b> Perianth compressed. Underleaves none.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Upper lobe smaller than the lower, or the two somewhat equal.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Leaves succubous as to their lower lobes.</p> + +<p class="genus">15. <b>Scapania.</b> Involucral leaves 2; perianth dorsally compressed, the mouth truncate, +bilabiate, decurved.</p> + +<p class="genus">16. <b>Diplophyllum.</b> Involucral leaves few; perianth erect, round, the mouth denticulate.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Leaves transverse.</p> + +<p class="genus">25. <b>Marsupella.</b> Perianth tubular or somewhat compressed. (Compare also Jungermannia § Sphenolobus.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Leaves palmately 3–4- (or many-) cleft.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Divisions numerous, capillary. Plants large, usually in conspicuous mats.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Ptilidium.</b> Leaves palmatifid with ciliate margins.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Trichocolea.</b> Leaves setaceously multifid.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Leaves 3–4-cleft or parted; plants small, mostly inconspicuous.</p> + +<p class="genus">10. <b>Lepidozia.</b> Leaf-divisions two cells wide or more.</p> + +<p class="genus">11. <b>Blepharostoma.</b> Leaf-divisions only one cell wide.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] Leaves entire, emarginate, or 2–3-toothed or -lobed.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Leaves closely imbricate on short julaceous stems.</p> + +<p class="genus">27. <b>Gymnomitrium.</b> Involucre double, the inner shorter.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Leaves deeply bilobed.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Herberta.</b> Underleaves large. Perianth fusiform on an elongated branch.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Cephalozia.</b> Underleaves mostly wanting; perianth mostly triangular on a short +branch.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+] Leaves incubous, mostly plane or depressed.</p> + +<p class="genus">9. <b>Bazzania.</b> Leaves mostly 2–3-toothed. Perianth fusiform on a short branch.</p> + +<p class="genus">14. <b>Kantia.</b> Leaves mostly entire. Perianth fleshy, pendulous, subterranean.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+][+][+] Leaves succubous or transverse.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Underleaves entire or nearly so.</p> + +<p class="genus">13. <b>Odontoschisma.</b> Involucral leaves numerous, small, incised, those of the stem +rounded or retuse.</p> + +<p class="genus">21. <b>Mylia.</b> Involucral leaves 2, connate at base. Large.</p> + +<p class="genus">22. <b>Harpanthus.</b> Involucral leaves few, smaller than the semi-vertical emarginate stem-leaves. +Small.</p> + +<p class="genus"><a name="page704"></a>24. <b>Jungermannia.</b> Involucral leaves few, mostly larger than the entire or bidentate +stem-leaves. Medium-sized or large.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Underleaves 2–4-cleft, -parted, or -divided.</p> + +<p class="genus">17. <b>Geocalyx.</b> Involucre fleshy, saccate, pendent. Leaves bidentate; underleaves 2-cleft.</p> + +<p class="genus">18. <b>Lophocolea.</b> Fruit terminal on the main stem or a primary branch. Involucral leaves +distinct.</p> + +<p class="genus">19. <b>Chiloscyphus.</b> Fruit on a short lateral branch. Involucral leaves distinct. (See +also Jungermannia.)</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++][++] Underleaves mostly wanting.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>a.</i> Leaves entire or barely retuse.</p> + +<p class="genus">23. <b>Liochlæna.</b> Involucral leaves distinct, like those of the stem; perianth truncate-depressed +at the apex.</p> + +<p class="genus">26. <b>Nardia.</b> Involucral leaves connate at base and adnate to the perianth.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>b.</i> Leaves bidentate or bilobed, rarely 3-lobed.</p> + +<p class="genus">12. <b>Cephalozia.</b> Branches all from beneath. Perianth on a short branch, mostly trigonal +with the odd angle beneath.</p> + +<p class="genus">24. <b>Jungermannia.</b> Simple or branching laterally. Perianth terminal, mostly laterally +compressed.</p> + +<p class="key"><i>c.</i> Leaves mostly spinulose or dentate.</p> + +<p class="genus">20. <b>Plagiochila.</b> Involucral leaves large; perianth laterally compressed.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. Plant-body pseudo-foliaceous with succubous leaf-like lobes.</p> + +<p class="genus">28. <b>Fossombronia.</b> Perianth large, campanulate.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. Plant-body a thallus.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Thallus with a distinct costa.</p> + +<p class="genus">29. <b>Pallavicinia.</b> Thallus 3–6´´ wide, mostly simple, the margins sinuate or undulate. +Perianth tubular, at length dorsal.</p> + +<p class="genus">30. <b>Blasia.</b> Thallus 3–6´´ wide, lobed, dichotomous, or radiate, the margins pinnatifid-sinuate.</p> + +<p class="genus">32. <b>Metzgeria.</b> Thallus narrow (1–2´´), ciliate at the margins or on one or both sides.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Thallus with an inconspicuous costa or none.</p> + +<p class="genus">33. <b>Aneura.</b> Thallus rather narrow, mostly palmately or pinnately lobed. Sporogonium +rising from the under side near the margin.</p> + +<p class="genus">31. <b>Pellia.</b> Thallus wider, mostly simple or forked. Sporogonium rising from the upper +surface.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="frullania"><b>1. FRULLÀNIA</b>, Raddi. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves incubous, complicate-bilobed, the lower lobe usually inflated, helmet- +or club-shaped; underleaves bifid, rarely entire, with basal rootlets. Diœcious +or monœcious. Fruit terminal on the branches. Involucral leaves 2 or 4, +larger than the stem-leaves; perianth 3–4-angled, mucronate. Calyptra +pyriform, fleshy. Capsule globose, the lower third solid. Elaters truncate at +each end, unispiral, adherent to the valves. Spores large, reddish, minutely +muricate. Antheridia most often on a short branch, globose-oblong or cylindric. +Archegonia 2–4, long-styled. (Named for <i>Leonardo Frullani</i>, an Italian +Minister of State.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. TRACHYCÓLEA. <i>Perianth triangular in section, rough with tubercles or +scales, or villous; lower leaf-lobe helmet-shaped, truncate at base.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Lower leaf-lobe about three fourths the size of the upper.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>F. Oakesiàna</b>, Aust. Stems widely branching; fertile branches short; +leaves obliquely orbicular, loosely imbricate, the lower lobe rotund, contiguous +to the stem; underleaves ovate-rotund or subobovate, little wider than the<a name="page705"></a> +stem, bifid; involucral leaves more or less connate, equally bilobed, the lobes +entire, obtuse; perianth small, subobovate-pyriform, smooth or 1–7-nerved or +alate both sides.—White Mts., on stunted spruce and birch trees.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Lower leaf-lobe much smaller than the upper.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Underleaves scarcely wider than the stem, ovate, bifid, the divisions entire, +acute; perianth 1-carinate or smooth, except in n. 2; stems creeping.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>F. Virgínica</b>, Lehm. Stems short, irregularly branching; leaves +crowded, ovate, entire, somewhat concave, the lower lobes sometimes expanded +into a lanceolate lamina; underleaves round-ovate, bifid, twice the width of +the stem; perianth compressed-pyriform, tuberculate, 2–4-carinate dorsally, +4-carinate ventrally.—On bark of trees, rarely on rocks; common.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>F. Eboracénsis</b>, Lehm. Branches clustered; leaves loose, imbricate +on the branches, round-ovate, entire; perianth pyriform, slightly compressed +and repand, smooth, obscurely carinate beneath and gibbous toward the apex. +(F. saxatilis, <i>Lindenb.</i>)—On trees and rocks; common northward.</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>F. Pennsylvánica</b>, Steph. Stems dichotomous; leaves imbricate, +flat, ovate, mucronate or rarely obtuse, entire; lower lobe marginal, large, +round-cucullate; underleaves broadly ovate, deeply parted, the divisions long-acuminate; +diœcious; antheridial spikes on short lateral branches, elongated; +lobes of the involucral leaves acuminate, much narrowed at base, and the +large underleaves carinate-concave, deeply parted, their apiculate divisions +entire or toothed.—Shaded rocks, Stony Creek, Carbon Co., Penn. (<i>Rau</i>). +Known only from the original description.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>F. saxícola</b>, Aust. Stems numerous, widely branching; leaves orbicular, +scarcely oblique, flat; lower lobe near the stem, small, or rarely larger +and round-galeate; underleaves scarcely wider than the stem, subovate, bifid; +perianth broadly oblong, bowl-shaped with very short mouth, papillose, abruptly +broad-carinate beneath, 1–many-nerved each side of the keel, 2-angled.—Sloping +dry trap rocks, Closter, N. J. (<i>Austin</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Underleaves 2–3 times wider than the stem, round or subquadrate, bifid, +the divisions blunt or truncate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[++] <i>Leaves lax, rather distant; lower lobe mostly expanded, ovate-lanceolate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>F. æolòtis</b>, Nees. Procumbent, irregularly branched or subpinnate; +leaves semi-vertical, subsquarrose, obliquely cordate, the lower lobe expanded; +underleaves ovate, acutely bifid, the upper margin angular-dentate or entire; +sporogonium unknown.—On trees and rocks, chiefly in mountain regions.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] <i>Leaves close-imbricate; lower lobe galeate, seldom expanded except on +terminal leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>F. squarròsa</b>, Nees. Decumbent, pinnately branching, the short +fertile branch lateral; leaves subvertical, suborbicular, obtuse, entire; lower +lobe obovate-cucullate or galeate, subappressed; underleaves cordate or rounded, +sinuate-subdentate, slightly bifid; perianth oblong, triquetrous, convex dorsally, +strongly keeled ventrally.—On rocks and trees, N. Y. to Ohio, and +southward; rather common.</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>F. plàna</b>, Sulliv. Procumbent, widely branching or subpinnate; +leaves orbicular, subimbricate; lower lobe very small, as broad as long, close +to the stem; underleaves rather large, flat, rounded, slightly bifid; monœcious;<a name="page706"></a> +perianth oblong-oval or subobovate, triquetrous, dorsally sulcate, acutely +keeled ventrally; antheridial spikes globose.—Shaded rocks, N. Y. and N. J. +to E. Tenn.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>F. dilatàta</b>, Nees. Loosely and widely pinnate; leaves round, entire, +opaque; lower lobe subrounded, cucullate, close to the stem; underleaves +subquadrate, toothed at the anterior angles; involucral leaves with 2 or 3 +entire lobes; perianth tuberculate, retuse.—Rocks and trunks of trees; rather +common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. THYOPSIÉLLA. <i>Perianth smooth; leaves semicordate at base (marked +by a central moniliform row of cells, or sometimes in n. 12 by a few scattered +large cells); lower lobe near the stem (except in n. 11), cylindric-saccate, +mostly erect; underleaves round-oval, the margin entire, recurved; diœcious.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves orbicular.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>F. Asagrayàna</b>, Mont. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>) Creeping, simply pinnate; leaves +concave, obtuse, decurved; lower lobe oblong-clavate, emarginate at base; +underleaves oblong, flat, 2-cleft, the sinus obtuse; involucral leaves unequally +2-cleft, the dorsal segment oblong, pointed, nearly entire, the ventral subulate; +perianth pyriform, 3-sided, obtusely keeled beneath. (F. Grayana of authors.)—Rocks +and bark of coniferous trees; frequent.</p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>F. Tamarísci</b>, Nees. Bipinnately branching, somewhat rigid; leaves +obtuse, mucronately acute or subacuminate, decurved, entire; lower lobe distant +from the stem, oval or oblong; underleaves quadrate-ovate or obovate, +emarginate, the margin revolute; involucral leaves bifid, serrulate; perianth +oblong, sulcate dorsally, obtusely keeled ventrally.—N. Eng. and southward; +rare. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves oblong from a narrowed base.</i></p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>F. fragilifòlia</b>, Tayl. Procumbent, subpinnate, the alternate flattened +branches subremote; leaves subimbricate, ascending, recurved, entire; +lower lobe oblong-galeate; underleaves round-obovate, flat, appressed, bifid, +the margins entire or angled; perianth obovate-cordate, concave dorsally, +keeled ventrally; involucral leaves subequally lobed, obtusely few-toothed. +(F. polysticta, <i>Mont.</i> F. Sullivantiæ, <i>Aust.</i>)—On trees in a cedar swamp, +Urbana, Ohio (<i>Sullivant</i>). (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="jubula"><b>2. JÙBULA</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate25">Pl. 25.</a>)</p> + +<p>Characters nearly as in Frullania. Leaves large and flat, an axillary one +at the base of each branch without a lower lobe. Calyptra turnip-shaped, +abruptly globose above. Monœcious, with 2 antheridia in each leaf of a spike-like +branch, and the archegonia mostly solitary. (Name from <i>juba</i>, a mane, +alluding to the persistent elaters.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>J. Hutchínsiæ</b>, Dumort., var. <b>Sullivántii</b>, Spruce. Subdichotomously +branching; leaves dark olive-green, subimbricate, obliquely ovate, +acute, entire or subrepand; lower lobe saccate, rather remote from the stem, +not spurred as in the European form; underleaves roundish, serrate or entire; +involucral leaves bifid, serrate; perianth triangular-obpyriform. (Frullania +Hutchinsiæ, <i>Nees</i>, in part.)—Wet rocks, N. Eng. to S. C.; more common in +the mountains.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lejeunea"><a name="page707"></a><b>3. LEJEÙNEA</b>, Libert. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves decurrent at the folds, the lower lobe incurved and ventricose; underleaves +usually present, entire or bifid. Archegonium with a slender persistent +style, solitary on a usually very short branch; the perianth free from the involucral +leaves, oval or oblong, terete or angular, variously carinate, cristate, or +ciliate. Capsule globose, 4-cleft to the middle, the valves recurved. Spores +large (40–50 µ broad), globose or oblong, tuberculate. Antheridia at the +base of ordinary leaves or in the axils of the leaves of a spike-like branch.—Otherwise +as Frullania. (Named for <i>A.-L.-S. Lejeune</i>, a French botanist.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Underleaves entire.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. clypeàta</b>, Sulliv. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>) Stems procumbent, somewhat pinnately +branched, ¾–1´ long; leaves whitish-green, round-ovate, cellular-crenulate, +deflexed; lower lobe flat, oblong-quadrate; underleaves round-quadrate; +monœcious; involucral leaves larger than those of the stem, the perianth +round-obovate, 2–3-carinate dorsally, 1-carinate ventrally, the keels rough. +(L. calyculata, <i>Tayl.</i>)—On rocks and trees; common south and westward.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Underleaves bifid; leaves entire.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. serpyllifòlia</b>, Libert, var. <b>Americàna</b>, Lindb. Stems long, +somewhat branching, pale, pellucid and fragile; leaves rather remote, flat, +opening from a basilar sac, scarcely decurved, obliquely roundish-ovate, obtuse, +often slightly repand; underleaves about half as large, round-oval with +a broad obtuse sinus and acute lobes; monœcious; the obovate-clavate perianth +on a lateral branch. (L. cavifolia, <i>Aust.</i>)—On cedars, etc., Catskill Mts. +(<i>Cleve</i>), Belleville, Ont. (<i>Macoun</i>), and southward; rather common.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. lùcens</b>, Tayl. Whitish, filiform, pinnately branched; leaves remote, +rarely subimbricate, obliquely ovate-triangular, rounded or obtuse, semi-cordate +at base; lower lobe ovoid, acute or apiculate; underleaves ½ as large as +the lateral, round-oval, deeply bifid, the lobes broad-subulate; diœcious; involucral +leaves rather longer, with lanceolate lobes; perianth scarcely emersed, +broadly pyriform, 5-carinate. (L. cucullata, <i>Sulliv.</i>; not <i>Nees.</i>)—Near Cincinnati; +moist rocks, Alleghany Mts. and southward (<i>Sullivant</i>). Minute +and flaccid.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Underleaves obsolete; leaves muriculate-denticulate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. calcàrea</b>, Libert. Very minute; stems slender, loosely branching; +leaves ovate, falcate-decurved, sinuate-complicate at base; monœcious; +involucral leaves bifid, the divisions entire; perianth on a very short lateral +branch, pyriform-clavate, acutely 5-angled, the margin echinate-muriculate. +(L. echinata, <i>Tayl.</i>)—On rocks and roots of trees; rather common. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="radula"><b>4. RÁDULA</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves large, complicate-bilobed, incubous; lower lobe small, bearing root-hairs; +underleaves none. Diœcious, rarely monœcious. Fruit usually terminal. +Involucral leaves 2, slightly smaller than the cauline, 2-lobed; perianth +tubular, compressed or nearly terete, truncate, entire or crenate. Calyptra +pyriform, persistent. Capsule oval-cylindric. Elaters slender, free. Spores +large, globose, minutely tuberculate. Antheridia in the ventricose bases of<a name="page708"></a> +spicate leaves. (<i>Radula</i>, a scraper or spatula, in allusion to the form of the +perianth.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Lower lobe subquadrate, barely incumbent on the stem.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. complanàta</b>, Dumort. Creeping, widely subpinnately branching; +leaves imbricate, spreading, rounded, the lower lobe obtuse or acute; +monœcious; perianth obconic, compressed, the mouth entire, truncate; antheridia +in the bases of 2–3 pairs of strongly imbricate tumid leaves.—On rocks +aud roots of trees; common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. obcónica</b>, Sulliv. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>) Smaller, indeterminately branched; +leaves somewhat remote, round-obovate, convex; monœcious; perianth clavate-obconic, +obliquely truncate; antheridia axillary on short lateral branches +rising near the terminal involucre.—On trees in cedar swamps, N. J. to Ohio.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Lower lobe small, rounded, more or less transversely adnate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. tènax</b>, Lindb. Stems brownish-green, rigid, tenacious; leaves +remote, scarcely decurrent, obliquely elliptic-ovate, opaque, the cells round +and strongly chlorophyllose; diœcious; the antheridial spike lateral below +the keel of a leaf, long, linear, somewhat obtuse. (R. pallens, <i>Sulliv.</i>; not +<i>Gottsche.</i>)—On rotten trunks, in the Catskill Mts., and southward, especially +in the mountains.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="porella"><b>5. PORÉLLA</b>, Dill. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves large, incubous, complicate-bilobed; lower lobe ligulate, suberect; +underleaves similar, decurrent at base, the apex entire. Diœcious. Fruit on +a short lateral branch. Involucral leaves usually 4, 2-lobed, the margin ciliate +or denticulate; perianth somewhat oval, compressed, bilabiate, incised or entire. +Calyptra globose, persistent. Capsule globose, reddish, short-stalked. Elaters +very numerous, 2–3-spiral, free. Spores large, rough. Antheridia solitary in +the saccate bases of leaves, crowded in short spikes. (Name a diminutive of +<i>porus</i>, an opening.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaves more or less remote; stems bipinnate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. pinnàta</b>, L. Stems irregularly pinnate, fastigiate at the ends; +leaves scarcely incubous, ovate-oblong, the rounded apex sometimes slightly +decurved; lower lobe minute, flat, oblong, obtuse, as long but not half as wide +as the flat, entire, ovate-rectangular, scarcely decurrent underleaves. (Madotheca +Porella, <i>Nees.</i>)—On rocks and trees subject to inundation; common. +(Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Leaves mostly closely imbricate; stems mostly simply pinnate (or bipinnate +in n. 2).</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. platyphýlla</b>, Lindb. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>) Yellowish or fuscous-green; +stems irregularly pinnate, often fastigiate at the ends; leaves obliquely ovate, +more or less concave at base and the rounded upper margin curved upward +aud undulate, mostly entire; lower lobe obliquely ovate, the margin strongly +recurved, with an acute tooth at base; underleaves semicircular, with strongly +reflexed margins. (Madotheca platyphylla, <i>Dumort.</i>)—On rocks and trees; +common eastward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. Thùja</b>, Lindb. Fuscous-green or blackish, somewhat regularly +pinnate; leaves convex, closely appressed, obliquely round-ovate, the rounded<a name="page709"></a> +apex decurved, more or less denticulate; lower lobe oblong, obtuse, with an +acute tooth at base, longer but narrower than the quadrate underleaves, both +with strongly recurved sparsely denticulate margins. (Madotheca Thuja, <i>Dumort.</i>)—On +rocks and trees; more common westward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. dentàta</b>, Lindb. Mostly fuscous-green, irregularly pinnate or subdichotomous; +leaves more remote on the branches, obliquely round-ovate, the +rounded summit slightly decurved, more or less denticulate; lower lobe decurrent, +twisted, obliquely ovate, acute, with recurved undulate denticulate +margin and a large acute tooth at base; underleaves twice as wide as the +lower lobes, quadrate-oval, the undulate reflexed margin dentate, especially +near the base. (Madotheca rivularis, <i>Nees.</i>)—Shaded rocks, Yellow Springs, +Ohio (<i>Sullivant</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>P. Sullivántii</b>, Underw. Stems strongly decurved at the ends in +drying; leaves suberect, the straight ventral margin strongly involute toward +the apex; cells large, punctate-stelliform; perianth broadly keeled beneath, +the keel 2-angled. (Madotheca Sullivantii, <i>Aust.</i>)—Alleghany Mts. (<i>Sullivant</i>); +rare.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="ptilidium"><b>6. PTILÍDIUM</b>, Nees. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves incubous, complicate-bilobed, each lobe divided and lacerately ciliate; +underleaves 4–5-lobed, ciliate. Diœcious. Fruit terminating short +branches. Involucral leaves 2–4, 4-cleft; perianth terete, obovate, the mouth +connivent, plicate, denticulate. Calyptra pyriform, coriaceous. Capsule ovate. +Spores globose. Antheridia in the base of closely imbricated leaves. (Name +a diminutive of <span class="greek">πτίλον</span>, <i>a feather</i>, from the fringed foliage.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. ciliàre</b>, Nees. Stems crowded, subpinnate; fringes of the foliage +long-setaceous. (Blepharozia ciliaris, <i>Dumort.</i>)—On rotten logs and stumps; +common. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="trichocolea"><b>7. TRICHOCÓLEA</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves succubous, 4–5-divided, and with the underleaves setaceously +fringed. Diœcious. Fruit terminal, or axillary from the growth of innovations. +Involucral leaves coalescent into an oblong truncate hairy tube, +blended in our species with the calyptra; perianth none. Capsule oblong, its +pedicel bulbous at base. Elaters free. Antheridia large, in the axils of leaves +on terminal branches. (Name from <span class="greek">θρίξ</span>, <i>hair</i>, and <span class="greek">κολεός</span>, <i>a sheath</i>, from the +hairy involucre.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>T. tomentélla</b>, Dumort. Stems pinnately decompound, densely +tufted, glaucous, 2–6´ long; leaves nearly uniform; underleaves subquadrate, +as wide as the stem.—Among mosses in swamps; common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>T.</b> <span class="smcap">Biddlecòmiæ</span>, Aust., very imperfectly described from specimens collected +in Urbana, Ohio, is said to be simply and rather distantly pinnate.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="herberta"><b>8. HERBÉRTA</b>, S. F. Gray. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves large, incubous or nearly transverse, narrow, 3-ranked, the underleaves +being scarcely smaller, cleft to or below the middle, the lobes acute. +Diœcious. Fruit terminal on a long branch. Involucral leaves numerous, +equitant; perianth ovate-subulate or narrowly fusiform, 3-angled, deeply 6–8-lobed.<a name="page710"></a> +Calyptra small, obovate, deeply trifid. Capsule large, globose. Elaters +free. Spores large, muriculate. Antheridia in the bases of leaves of a short +terminal spike. (Named for <i>William Herbert</i>, an English botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. adúnca</b>, S. F. Gray. Stems long and slender, erect, brownish, nearly +simple; leaves and underleaves almost alike, curved and one-sided, the lobes +lanceolate. (Sendtnera juniperina, <i>Sulliv.</i>; not <i>Nees.</i>)—On rocks, Greenwood +Mts., N. J., Catskill Mts., N. Y., and probably northward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="bazzania"><b>9. BAZZÀNIA</b>, S. F. Gray. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves incubous, oblique, decurved, mostly truncate-tridentate; underleaves +wider than the stem, mostly 3–4-toothed or crenate. Diœcious. Fruit on a +short branch from the axil of an underleaf. Involucral leaves much imbricate, +concave, orbicular or ovate, incised at the apex; perianth ovate-subulate +or fusiform, somewhat 3-keeled. Calyptra pyriform or cylindric-oblong. Capsule +oblong. Antheridial spikes from the axils of underleaves. (Named for +<i>M. Bazzani</i>, an Italian Professor of Anatomy.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. trilobàta</b>, S. F. Gray. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>) Creeping, dichotomous, proliferous; +leaves ovate, the broad apex acutely 3-toothed; underleaves roundish-quadrangular, +spreading, 4–6-toothed above; perianth curved, cylindric, plicate +at the narrow apex and 3-toothed. (Mastigobryum trilobatum, <i>Nees.</i> +M. tridenticulatum, <i>Lindenb.</i>)—Ravines, wet woods and swamps; common +and variable. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>B. defléxa</b>, Underw. Stems forked or alternately branched; leaves +strongly deflexed, cordate-ovate or ovate-oblong, falcate, the upper margin +arcuate, the narrow apex 2–3-toothed or entire; underleaves roundish-quadrate, +the upper margin bifid, crenate, or entire; perianth cylindric, arcuate, +plicate above and denticulate. (Mastigobryum deflexum, <i>Nees.</i>)—On rocks +in the higher mountains eastward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lepidozia"><b>10. LEPIDÒZIA</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves small, incubous, palmately 2–4-cleft or -parted; underleaves similar, +often smaller. Diœcious or rarely monœcious. Fruit terminal on short +branches from the under side of the stem. Involucral leaves small, appressed, +concave, 2–4-cleft; perianth elongated, ovate-subulate or narrowly fusiform, +obtusely triangular above, entire or denticulate. Calyptra included, pyriform +or oblong. Capsule oblong-cylindric. Spores minute, smooth or roughish. +Antheridia large, pedicelled, solitary in the axils of 2-cleft spicate leaves. +(Name from <span class="greek">λεπίς</span>, <i>a scale</i>, and <span class="greek">ὄζος</span>, <i>a shoot</i>, for the scale-like foliage.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. réptans</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>) Creeping, pinnately compound, the +branches often flagellate; leaves decurved, subquadrate, 3–4-cleft; involucral +leaves ovate, truncate, unequally 4-toothed; perianth incurved, dentate.—On +the ground and rotten wood, N. J., and common northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. setàcea</b>, Mitt. Leaves deeply 2–3-cleft or -parted, incurved, the +lobes subulate, formed of a somewhat double series of cells; underleaves similar; +perianth ciliate. (Jungermannia setacea, <i>Web.</i>)—On the ground and +rotten wood; common. Resembling the next in its leaves, but smaller and +brownish. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="blepharostoma"><a name="page711"></a><b>11. BLEPHARÓSTOMA</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate25">Pl. 25.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves transverse or slightly incubous, 3–4-parted, the divisions capillary; +underleaves smaller, mostly 2–3-parted. Diœcious or monœcious. Fruit terminal. +Involucral leaves numerous, verticillate, deeply 4-cleft; perianth exserted, +pyriform-cylindric, laciniate. Calyptra short, oblong, bilabiate. Capsule +cylindric-oblong. Elaters large, very obtuse. Spores large, smooth. +Antheridia solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts. (Name from <span class="greek">βλέφαρον</span>, <i>an +eyelid</i>, and <span class="greek">στόμα</span>, <i>mouth</i>, in allusion to the fringed orifice of the perianth.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. trichophýllum</b>, Dumort. Flaccid, branched, creeping; leaf-divisions +straight, spreading, each composed of a single row of cells; perianth +ovate-cylindric. (Jungermannia trichophylla, <i>L.</i>)—On the ground and rotten +wood. Minute, light green. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="cephalozia"><b>12. CEPHALÒZIA</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves mostly succubous, chiefly 2-lobed, the margins uniformly plane or +subincurved; underleaves smaller, often wanting except on fruiting branches. +Branches from the under side of the stem. Monœcious or diœcious. Involucral +leaves numerous, capitate, 3-ranked, usually 2-lobed; perianth long, +triangular-prismatic, the constricted mouth variously dentate. Calyptra small. +Capsule somewhat oblong. Elaters free. Spores minute. Antheridia in +the base of inflated spicate leaves. (Name from <span class="greek">κεφαλή</span>, <i>head</i>, and <span class="greek">ὄζος</span>, <i>bud</i>, +for the capitate involucre.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. CEPHALOZIA proper. <i>Perianth more or less 3-angled or 3-carinate; +leaf-cells large (mostly 25–50 µ broad); plants mostly medium-sized.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Underleaves rarely present except on fruiting branches.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. Virginiàna</b>, Spruce. Without runners, usually pale; leaves small, +obliquely round-ovate, acutely 2-lobed nearly to the middle; cells quadrate-hexagonal, +opaque; diœcious, rarely monœcious; involucral leaves round-quadrate, +with slender acuminate lobes; perianth large, widest above the +middle, unequally ciliolate; capsule large, long-exserted; antheridial spike +long. (C. catenulata of authors; not <i>Huebn.</i>)—On rotten wood or swampy +ground, N. Eng. to Va., and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. multiflòra</b>, Spruce. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>) Often subpinnate, without runners, +pale green; leaves small, round-rhombic, decurrent, bifid {1/3} their length; cells +quadrate-hexagonal, pellucid; diœcious; inner involucral leaves 3–4 times as +long as the outer; perianth linear-fusiform, 3-plaited when young, triangular +only above when mature, ciliate or toothed, fleshy; calyptra fleshy, oval-globose; +capsule rather short-pedicelled; spores cinnamon-color.—On the ground +and rotten wood; common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. pléniceps</b>, Underw. Stems very short, branching, densely cespitose, +pale green or whitish; leaves thick, orbicular, strongly concave, subclasping +but not decurrent, bifid {1/3} their length, the acute lobes incurved and +strongly connivent; involucral leaves oblong, palmately 2–4-cleft, the ventral +like the underleaves; perianth large, oblong-cylindric, obtusely angled, the +plicate mouth denticulate. (Jungermannia pleniceps, <i>Aust.</i>)—Among Sphagnum +in the White Mts. (<i>Oakes</i>).</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page712"></a>4. <b>C. bicuspidàta</b>, Dumort. Prostrate or assurgent, cespitose, usually +greenish or reddish, with runners; lower leaves small and distant, the upper +larger, round-ovate, cleft nearly to the middle, the lobes ovate-lanceolate and +acute, the lower lobe narrower and acuminate; cells large, pellucid; monœcious; +involucral leaves about 3 pairs, the innermost nearly three times as +long as the outer, cleft ½ their length; perianth four times as long as the leaves, +linear-prismatic or fusiform, thin, denticulate or ciliate; capsule cylindric-oblong; +spores purple. (Jungermannia bicuspidata, <i>L.</i>)—On the ground, +mountains of N. Eng., N. Y., and N. J. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>C. curvifòlia</b>, Dumort. Slender, rarely forked, without runners, +greenish, reddish, or often purple; leaves imbricate, ascending, obovate, concave, +semicordate at base, lunately bifid below the middle, the lobes incurved +or hooked; cells small, quadrate; monœcious or diœcious; involucral leaves +complicate, the lobes subovate, spinulose-denticulate; perianth large, rose-purple, +triquetrous, the wide mouth ciliate; calyptra thin; capsule oblong-globose. +(Jungermannia curvifolia, <i>Dicks.</i>)—On rotten logs in swamps, etc.; +common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Underleaves usually present; leaves rarely subimbricate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>C. flùitans</b>, Spruce. Stems 2–3´ long, loosely creeping, with short +thick runners; leaves large, ovate-oblong, lobed to near the middle, the lower +lobe larger, lanceolate, obtuse; cells large, mostly hexagonal; underleaves +linear, appressed; diœcious; involucral leaves cleft to the middle; perianth +oval-cylindric, nearly entire; calyptra short, pyriform; capsule oblong; spores +small, minutely tuberculate; antheridia globose, pedicelled, solitary in the +axils.—In bogs, on mosses or partly floating; rare. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. CEPHALOZIÉLLA. <i>Perianth 3–6-angled; leaf-cells small (14–20 µ +broad); plants small, often minute; underleaves present in n. 9.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>C. divaricàta</b>, Dumort. Sparingly branched, without runners; +leaves very small, cuneate or round-quadrate, the ovate-triangular lobes acute; +cells pellucid or subopaque; involucral leaves larger, the lobes acute, denticulate; +perianth linear or narrowly fusiform, prismatic, denticulate or subentire; +capsule oblong-globose, long-exserted. (Jungermannia divaricata, <i>Smith.</i>)—Dry +rocks and sand, pine barrens of N. J., and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>C. Macoùnii</b>, Aust. Slender, much branched, dark green; leaves +scarcely broader than the stem, wide-spreading, bifid with a broad or lunate +sinus, the broad-subulate lobes mostly acute; cells subquadrate, somewhat pellucid; +diœcious; involucral leaves appressed, 2–3-lobed, irregularly spinulose; +perianth small, whitish, obovate or ovate-fusiform, obtusely 3-angled, setulose +or ciliate.—Rotten logs, mountains of N. Eng., and northward (<i>Austin</i>, +<i>Macoun</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>C. Sullivántii</b>, Aust. Stems 3–6´´ long, fleshy, rootlets numerous; +fertile branches suberect, clavate; leaves imbricate, often narrower than the +stem, subquadrate-ovate, more or less serrate, the sinus and lobes subacute; +diœcious; involucral leaves 3, erect, free; perianth broadly oval or subobovate, +obtusely and sparingly angled, the apex slightly plicate, the mouth connivent, +dentate, sometimes narrowly scarious; capsule oval.—On rotten wood, N. J., +Ohio, and Ill.; rare. Our smallest species.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="odontoschisma"><a name="page713"></a><b>13. ODONTOSCHÍSMA</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves succubous, ovate or roundish, entire or retuse, rarely bidentate; +underleaves minute, sometimes obscure or wanting. Diœcious or sometimes +monœcious. Fruit terminal on a short branch from the lower side of the +stem. Involucral leaves few, 3-ranked, bifid or rarely 3–4-cleft; perianth +large, triangular-fusiform, ciliate or dentate. Calyptra membranous. Capsule +cylindric-oblong. Antheridia in small whitish spikes on the under side +of the stem. (Name from <span class="greek">ὀδούς</span>, <i>a tooth</i>, and <span class="greek">σχίσμα</span>, <i>a cleft</i>, alluding to the +perianth.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>O. Sphágni</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>) Leaves spreading or ascending, +ovate, rounded or oblong, entire or retuse, subconcave; underleaves mostly +wanting; perianth 3–6 times longer than the leaves, subulate-fusiform, laciniate +or ciliate. (Sphagnœcetis communis, <i>Nees</i>.)—Among mosses, N. J. +to Ill., and southward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>O. denudàta</b>, Lindb. Stems densely rooting, somewhat leafless at +base, flagellate, branching above; leaves spreading, broadly ovate, entire; +underleaves broadly oval, entire or subdenticulate; perianth close-connivent +above, at length bursting irregularly.—On rotten wood, Canada to Ohio, and +south along the mountains. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="kantia"><b>14. KÁNTIA</b>, S. F. Gray. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves large, incubous, flat or convex, entire or retuse; underleaves small, +roundish, the apex entire, retuse or bifid. Diœcious or monœcious. Involucre +pendulous, subterranean, clavate or subcylindric, fleshy, hairy, attached to +the stem by one side of its mouth. Calyptra membranous, partly adnate to +the involucre. Capsule cylindric, the valves spirally twisted. Spores minute, +roughish. Antheridia solitary in the reduced leaves of short lateral branches. +(Name from <i>J. Kant</i>, a physician at The Hague.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>K. Trichómanis</b>, S. F. Gray. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>) Creeping, without ventral +runners; leaves pale green, imbricate, spreading, roundish-ovate, obtuse. +(Calypogeia Trichomanis, <i>Corda</i>.)—On the ground and rotten logs; very +common. (Eu.)—Var. <span class="smcap">rivulàris</span>, Aust. Leaves dusky green or blackish, +more scattered, flaccid; cells large. N. J. (<i>Austin</i>.)—Var. <span class="smcap">ténuis</span>, Aust. +Very slender, innovate-branching; leaves smaller, especially above, dimidiate-ovate +or subfalcate, subdecurrent. Southern N. J. (<i>Austin</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>K. Sullivántii</b>, Underw. Prostrate, with ventral runners; leaves +flat, subcontiguous or imbricate, obliquely round-ovate, minutely 2-toothed +with a lunulate sinus, abruptly decurrent; cells large, uniform; underleaves +minute, the upper orbicular, bifid, the lower twice 2-lobed, the primary lobes +round-quadrate, divaricate, the secondary ovate or subulate. (Calypogeia +Sullivantii, <i>Aust.</i>)—Delaware Water Gap, N. J. (<i>Austin</i>).</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="scapania"><b>15. SCAPÀNIA</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves complicate-bilobed, the upper lobe smaller, the lower succubous; +margins entire or dentate or ciliate; underleaves none. Diœcious. Fruit +terminal. Involucral leaves like the cauline but more equally lobed; perianth +obovate, dorsally compressed, bilabiate, the mouth truncate, entire or +toothed, decurved. Capsule ovate. Elaters long, attached to the middle of<a name="page714"></a> +the valves. Antheridia 3–20, in the axils of small saccate leaves, which are +scarcely imbricate or crowded into terminal heads. (Name from <span class="greek">σκαπάνιον</span>, <i>a +shovel</i>, from the form of the perianth.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Leaf-lobes somewhat equal.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. subalpìna</b>, Dumort. Leaves equidistant, imbricate, cleft nearly to +the middle, the roundish obtuse lobes denticulate on the outer margin; perianth +much exceeding the involucral leaves, obovate from a narrow base, +denticulate.—Mountains of N. Eng. (<i>Oakes, Austin</i>); L. Superior (<i>Gillman, +Macoun</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>S. glaucocéphala</b>, Aust. Stems short, cespitose, creeping or ascending, +subsimple, with numerous offshoots; leaf-lobes broadly ovate, entire, +mostly obtuse and apiculate; involucral leaves sometimes denticulate; perianth +small, subcuneate, entire. (Jungermannia glaucocephala, <i>Tayl.</i>; S. +Peckii, <i>Aust.</i>)—On rotten wood, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Canada.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Lower lobe about twice the size of the upper, except near the summit.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves broader than long; upper lobes rounded or blunt.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>S. undulàta</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>) Ascending or erect, slightly branched; +leaves lax, spreading, entire or ciliate-denticulate, the lobes round-trapezoidal, +equal at the summit of the stem; perianth oblong-incurved, nearly entire, +twice as long as the outer involucre.—In woods, damp meadows, and rills; +common, especially in mountain districts.—Var. <span class="smcap">purpùrea</span>, Nees; a form +with long lax stems and rose-colored or purplish leaves. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>S. irrígua</b>, Dumort. Creeping; leaves somewhat rigid, repand, deeply +lobed; lobes rounded, submucronate, the lower appressed, the upper convex +with incurved apex; perianth ovate, denticulate. (S. compacta, var. irrigua, +<i>Aust.</i>)—Wet places, N. J., Catskill Mts., mountains of N. Eng., and northward. +(Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves longer than broad; upper lobes more or less acute.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>S. nemoròsa</b>, Dumort. Rather stout, flexuose, creeping at base; +leaves rather distant, decurrent on both sides, ciliate-dentate, the lower lobe +obovate, obtuse, slightly convex, the upper cordate, acute, concave; perianth +densely ciliate; capsule large, roundish-ovate, reddish-brown. (S. breviflora, +<i>Tayl.</i>)—On rocks, etc., in swamps and rills; common and variable. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>S. Oakèsii</b>, Aust. Leaves obovate, somewhat spreading, often deflexed, +closely complicate, convex, the lower lobe coarsely dentate, and with +deep purple spur-like teeth on the keel, the upper roundish and less dentate; +perianth usually dentate.—White Mts. (<i>Oakes, Austin</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Lower lobes 3–4 times the size of the upper.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>S. exsécta</b>, Aust. Ascending; leaves subcomplicate, entire, the lower +lobe ovate, acute or bidentate, concave, the upper small and tooth-like; involucral +leaves 3–5-cleft; perianth oblong, obtuse, plicate. (Jungermannia exsecta, +<i>Schmidel.</i>)—High mountains, far northward; rare.—Perhaps better +retained in Jungermannia. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>S. umbròsa</b>, Dumort. Stems short, decumbent, slightly branched; +leaf-lobes ovate, acute, serrate; perianth incurved, naked at the mouth.—White +Mts.; rare.—The tips of the shoots are frequently covered with a +dark mass of gemmæ. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="diplophyllum"><a name="page715"></a><b>16. DIPLOPHÝLLUM</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate25">Pl. 25.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves rather narrow, complicate-bilobed, the lobes subequal or the upper +smaller, the lower succubous; underleaves none. Fruit terminal. Involucral +leaves few. Perianth cylindrical, scarcely or not at all compressed, pluriplicate, +denticulate. (Name from <span class="greek">διπλός</span>, <i>double</i>, and <span class="greek">φύλλον</span>, <i>leaf</i>, on account +of the folded 2-lobed leaves.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>D. álbicans</b>, Dumort., var. <b>taxifòlium</b>, Nees. Stems ascending, +almost rootless; leaves closely folded, subdenticulate, with a rudimentary +pellucid line near the base or none, the lobes obtuse or acutish, the lower +oblong-scymitar-shaped, the upper smaller, subovate; perianth ovate, plicate. +(Jungermannia albicans and J. obtusifolia of <i>Sulliv.</i>; not of <i>L.</i> and <i>Hook.</i>)—Under +rocks in mountain ravines and on the ground. (Eu.)—The typical +form occurs in N. Scotia, distinguished by a broad pellucid median line in +both lobes.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="geocalyx"><b>17. GEÓCALYX</b>, Nees. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves succubous, bidentate; underleaves 2-cleft, with linear divisions. +Fruit lateral, pendent. Involucre simple, fleshy, saccate, oblong, truncate, +attached to the stem by one side of the mouth. Calyptra membranous, +partly adnate to the involucre. Capsule oblong. Elaters free. Antheridia +in the axils of small leaves on spike-like lateral branches. (Name from <span class="greek">γέα</span>, +<i>the earth</i>, and <span class="greek">κάλυξ</span>, <i>a cup</i>, from the subterranean involucres.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. gravèolens</b>, Nees. Leaves ovate-quadrate, 2-toothed, light green; +underleaves oval-lanceolate, cleft to the middle.—On the ground, and rotten +logs; not rare. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lophocolea"><b>18. LOPHOCÓLEA</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves succubous, dorsally decurrent, obliquely ovate-oblong, broadly truncate +or bidentate; underleaves smaller, more or less quadrate, bifid or with +4–8 capillary lobes. Diœcious or monœcious. Fruit terminal on the main +stem or primary branches. Involucral leaves 2–4, large, often spinulose; +perianth triangular-prismatic, 3-lobed, ciliate or laciniate. Calyptra short, +obovate, at length lacerate above. Capsule oblong-globose. Antheridia +mostly solitary in or near the base of ordinary leaves. (Name from <span class="greek">λόφος</span>, +<i>a crest</i>, and <span class="greek">κολεός</span>, <i>a sheath</i>, from the crested perianth.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Underleaves mostly bifid (or 3–4-cleft in n. 1); divisions mostly entire.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. bidentàta</b>, Dumort. Stems 1–2´ long, procumbent, sparsely +branching; leaves pale green, ovate-triangular, acutely 2-toothed, the teeth +oblique with a lunulate sinus; monœcious; perianth oblong-triangular, lacinate; +antheridia 2–3 in a cluster, axillary.—On rocks in shady rills; not common. +(Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>L. Austìni</b>, Lindb. Creeping; leaves uniformly deeply lobed, the +lobes and usually the sinus acute; underleaves comparatively small, the lobes +subulate; cells small; monœcious; antheridia solitary in the upper axils. (L. +minor, <i>Aust.</i>; not <i>Nees</i>.)—On roots of trees in woods (<i>Austin</i>). Imperfectly +known.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>L. Macoùnii</b>, Aust. Stems very short, prostrate, ascending at the +apex, densely radiculose; leaves suberect, ovate-subquadrate, 2-lobed with obtuse<a name="page716"></a> +lobes and sinus, or retuse or often entire; underleaves light pink, deeply +bifid, the setaceous lobes spreading-incurved; monœcious; involucral leaves +somewhat oblong, repandly 2–4-toothed at the apex; perianth subobovate, +slightly angled.—On logs, Little Falls, N. Y. (<i>Austin</i>); Ont. (<i>Macoun</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>L. mìnor</b>, Nees. Diffusely branching; leaves pale green, oval-subquadrate, +expanded, convex, slightly rigid, equally and acutely bifid with a +lunate sinus; underleaves {1/3} as large, deeply bifid, the lanceolate lobes acuminate; +diœcious; involucral leaves like the cauline; perianth obtusely triangular-plicate +at the apex. (L. crocata, <i>Aust.</i>; not <i>Nees</i>.)—On the ground +and dry rocks in limestone regions (<i>Austin</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Divisions of the underleaves more or less dentate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>L. heterophýlla</b>, Nees. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>) Stems short, creeping or ascending, +much branched; leaves ovate-subquadrate, entire, retuse and bidentate on +the same stem; underleaves large, 2–3-cleft; involucral leaves lobed and dentate; +perianth terminal, the mouth crested.—On the ground and rotten logs +in woods and swamps; very common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>L. Hàllii</b>, Aust. Creeping, very slightly rooting; leaves subvertical, +oblong, cleft nearly to the middle with obtuse sinus and erect mostly obtuse +lobes; lower underleaves small, subequally 2-parted with an obtuse sinus, the +upper ones larger, with a single tooth on each side or palmately 3–4-parted, +the apical sublanceolate and narrowly bifid.—On the ground, Ill. (<i>Hall</i>).</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="chiloscyphus"><b>19. CHILOSCỲPHUS</b>, Corda. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves succubous, dorsally decurrent, mostly rounded and entire; underleaves +rooting at the base, usually deeply 2-cleft. Fruit terminal on a very +short lateral branch. Involucral leaves 2–6, the outer smaller, the inner variously +cut; perianth small, obconic or campanulate, 3-angled and 3-lobed only +at the apex, the lobes usually spinose. Calyptra fleshy, subglobose or clavate. +Capsule oblong-globose. Antheridia in the saccate bases of stem-leaves. +(Name from <span class="greek">χεῖλος</span>, <i>a lip</i>, and <span class="greek">σκύφος</span>, <i>a bowl</i>, from the form of the perianth.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Underleaves 4-parted.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>C. ascéndens</b>, Hook. & Wils. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>) Prostrate; leaves large, +pale green, ascending, roundish-oblong, slightly emarginate; involucral leaves +two, 2-cleft; perianth 2–3-lobed, the lobes long and irregularly lacerate-toothed.—On +rotten logs; rather common.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Underleaves bifid.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>C. palléscens</b>, Dumort. Procumbent, creeping; leaves flattened, +ovate-subquadrate, obtuse or retuse; underleaves ovate, distant, free; involucral +leaves two, 2-toothed; perianth deeply trifid, the lobes spinose-dentate, mostly +shorter than the conspicuous calyptra.—Mountains of N. Eng. (<i>Oakes</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>C. polyánthos</b>, Corda. Procumbent, creeping; leaves subascending, +ovate-subquadrate, truncate or subretuse; underleaves ovate-oblong, distant, +free; involucral leaves 2, slightly 2-toothed; perianth 3-lobed, the short lobes +nearly entire, shorter than the calyptra.—Var. <span class="smcap">rivulàris</span>, Nees. Larger, +more branching, succulent; leaves mostly rounded above; underleaves often +divided in halves or wanting.—On the ground among mosses or on rotten +logs, common; the variety in shaded rills or still ponds. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="plagiochila"><a name="page717"></a><b>20. PLAGIOCHÌLA</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves large, succubous, rounded or truncate above, dentate or spinose or +rarely entire, the dorsal margin reflexed; underleaves usually none. Diœcious +or monœcious. Fruit terminal, or axillary by the growth of offshoots. Involucral +leaves larger than the cauline; perianth laterally compressed, erect or +decurved, obliquely truncate and bilabiate, the lobes entire or ciliate-dentate. +Capsule thick, oval. Elaters attached to the middle of the valves. Antheridia +oval, 2–3 in the axils of spicate leaves. (Name from <span class="greek">πλάγιος</span>, <i>oblique</i>, and <span class="greek">χεῖλος</span>, +<i>lip</i>, from the form of the perianth.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Underleaves 2–3-cleft, fugacious.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. porelloìdes</b>, Lindenb. Branches ascending; leaves subimbricate, +convex-gibbous, round-obovate, the uppermost repand-denticulate, the rest entire, +the dorsal margin reflexed; perianth terminal, oblong-ovate, the mouth +compressed, denticulate.—Among mosses in swamps and river-bottoms; +common.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. interrúpta</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate24">Pl. 24.</a>) Prostrate, horizontally branched, +copiously rooting; leaves imbricate, horizontal, oval, entire or slightly repand; +underleaves lanceolate; perianth terminal, broadly obconic, the mouth compressed, +repand-crenulate. (P. macrostoma, <i>Sulliv.</i>)—Moist banks and decayed +logs, N. Eng., Ohio, and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Underleaves wanting.</i></p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. spinulòsa</b>, Dumort. Creeping, branches ascending; leaves remote, +obliquely spreading, obovate-cuneate, the dorsal margin reflexed, entire, +the ventral and apex spinulose-toothed; perianth rounded, at length oblong, +the mouth spinulose.—Shaded rocks in mountain regions; rare. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>P. asplenoìdes</b>, Dumort. Branched, creeping or ascending; leaves +subimbricate, obliquely spreading, round-obovate, entire or denticulate, the +dorsal margin reflexed; perianth much exceeding the involucral leaves, oblong, +dilated at the truncate or ciliate apex.—In rocky rivulets; common. +(Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="mylia"><b>21. MÝLIA</b>, S. F. Gray. (<a href="#plate25">Pl. 25.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves succubous, semi-vertical, circular, or ovate and pointed; underleaves +subulate. Diœcious. Fruit terminal or pseudaxillary. Involucral leaves 2, +clasping; perianth ovate-oblong, laterally compressed above a subterete base, +the apex at length bilabiate, denticulate. Capsule ovate, coriaceous. Elaters +free. Antheridia 2 in the axils of bracts clustered near the apex of distinct +branches. (Name from <i>Mylius</i>, an early botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. Taylòri</b>, S. F. Gray. Stems erect, nearly simple, radiculose; leaves +large, convex, orbicular, entire, purplish; cells large; underleaves lance-subulate, +entire or subdentate; perianth terminal, oval; calyptra finally long-exserted. +(Jungermannia Taylori, <i>Hook.</i>)—Wet rocks, high mountains of +N. Eng. and N. Y. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="harpanthus"><b>22. HARPÁNTHUS</b>, Nees. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves succubous, semi-vertical, ovate, emarginate; underleaves connate +with the leaves, ovate or lanceolate, 1-toothed at base. Diœcious. Fruit on +short shoots from the axils of the underleaves, finally sublateral. Involucral<a name="page718"></a> +leaves 2 or 4. Perianth terete, the lower half thickened. Calyptra fleshy, confluent +with the perianth for {2/3} its length. Capsule oval. Antheridia 1 or 2 in +the axils of bracts terminal on slender branches. (Name from <span class="greek">ἅρπη</span> <i>a sickle</i>, +and <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>H. scutàtus</b>, Spruce. Stems filiform, decumbent, usually simple; +leaves smaller at the base and apex of the stems, roundish-ovate, concave, +sharply bidentate, the apex lunate or acute; underleaves large, acuminate, +involucral leaves two, 2–3-cleft, the upper adnate to the perianth; perianth +ovate, becoming obovate, obscurely 3–4-plicate, splitting above on one side; +capsule deep brown. (Jungermannia scutata, <i>Weber.</i>)—On rotten logs in +damp places; common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>H.</b> <span class="smcap">Flotoviànus</span>, Nees. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>) Stems flexuous, procumbent, mostly +unbranched; leaves ovate-orbicular, horizontal, the apex contracted and emarginate +with a shallow sinus; underleaves large, ovate or lanceolate, obliquely +inserted, entire or more often toothed on one or both sides near the middle; +diœcious; perianth subcylindric, slightly sickle-shaped, the mouth pointed at +first, notched on one side and finally crenulate; antheridia elliptic, single in +the base of swollen leaves. (Pleuranthe olivacea, <i>Tayl.</i>)—"North America" +(<i>Drummond</i>), but not collected recently; certainly extralimital.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="liochlaena"><b>23. LIOCHLÆ̀NA</b>, Nees. (<a href="#plate25">Pl. 25.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves succubous, ovate-oblong, entire or slightly retuse; underleaves none. +Diœcious or monœcious. Involucral leaves 2 or 4, like the cauline; perianth +pyriform, becoming cylindric, incurved, abruptly rounded at the summit, +the minute orifice prominently ciliolate. Capsule oblong, long-exserted. +Elaters attached to the middle of the valves. Spores minute, globose. Antheridia +in the axils of ordinary leaves. Archegonia 5–12. (Name from +<span class="greek">ληῖος</span>, <i>smooth</i>, and <span class="greek">χλαῖνα</span>, <i>a cloak</i>, referring to the perianth.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>L. lanceolàta</b>, Nees. Closely creeping, branched; leaves sometimes +decurrent; involucral leaves vertical; perianth at right angles with the stem; +monœcious.—On banks and rotten logs; not rare. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="jungermannia"><b>24. JUNGERMÁNNIA</b>, Micheli. (<a href="#plate25">Pl. 25.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves succubous, rarely subtransverse, entire, lobed or dentate, the margins +never recurved; underleaves present or none. Diœcious or monœcious. Fruit +terminal. Involucral leaves 4 or fewer, like the cauline or more incised, free; +perianth laterally compressed or terete, usually 3–10-carinate, the usually +small mouth entire or toothed. Calyptra oval-pyriform. Capsule globose or +oblong, rarely cylindric. Spores minute, smooth or roughish. Archegonia +8–70. (Named for <i>L. Jungermann</i>, a German botanist of the 17th century.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. JUNGERMANNIA proper. <i>Leaves orbicular or ovate, entire or barely +retuse; underleaves none (very small in n. 1).</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>J. Schràderi</b>, Martius. (<a href="#plate25">Pl. 25.</a>) Creeping, flexuous; leaves round-elliptic, +entire, ascending; underleaves broadly subulate, not apparent on old +stems; involucral leaves large, elongated, the inner smaller and more or less +laciniate; perianth oval-obovate, ascending.—On the ground and rotten logs; +common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>J. sphærocárpa</b>, Hook. Stems creeping, the tips ascending, subsimple, +greenish; leaves semi-vertical, rather rigid, orbicular, obliquely spreading,<a name="page719"></a> +decurrent dorsally, pale green; involucral leaves separate; perianth +exserted, obovate-oblong, the mouth 4-cleft; capsule globose.—Mountains +of N. Eng. (<i>Austin</i>); rare. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>J. pùmila</b>, With. Stems creeping, the tips somewhat ascending, +subsimple, rooting, pale; leaves ascending, ovate, obtuse, concave, entire; +involucral leaves like the cauline, erect; perianth terminal, fusiform, plicate +above and denticulate; capsule oval.—On shaded rocks along rivulets, +Closter, N. J. (<i>Austin</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. LOPHÒZIA. <i>Leaves roundish or subquadrate, bidentate, bifid, or sometimes +3–5-cleft; underleaves none, or small and mostly 2-parted; perianth +usually strongly plicate.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Underleaves present.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves bifid or 2-lobed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>J. Gillmàni</b>, Aust. Stems short, densely cespitose, prostrate, strongly +radiculose; leaves vertical, round-ovate, subconcave, bifid, the lower leaves +with usually acute sinus and lobes, the upper much larger with rounded lobes +and obtuse sinus; underleaves entire or the broader bifid; perianth without +involucral leaves, dorsal, sessile, obovate, subgibbous, ciliate, at length much +incised.—In a sandstone cave, Traine Island, L. Superior (<i>Gillman</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>J. Wattiàna</b>, Aust. Stems rather thick, 2–4´´ long, fragile, subflexuose, +strongly radiculose; leaves subvertical or spreading, subovate, concave, +emarginately 2-lobed, the lobes acute or the upper obtuse; underleaves somewhat +obsolete, hair-like or subulate, incurved; involucral leaves little larger, +less deeply lobed; perianth terminal, small, ovate-gourd-shaped, whitish, ciliate.—On +the ground, northern shore of L. Superior (<i>Macoun</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves 3–5-cleft.</i></p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>J. barbàta</b>, Schreb. (<a href="#plate25">Pl. 25.</a>) Procumbent, sparingly branched; +leaves roundish-quadrate, with obtuse, acute, or mucronulate lobes and obtuse +undulate sinuses; underleaves broad, entire or 2-toothed, sometimes obsolete; +perianth ovate, plicate-angled toward the apex, denticulate.—On rocks in +mountain regions; common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>attenuàta</b>, Martius. Ascending, with numerous offshoots; stem-leaves +semi-vertical, obliquely spreading, roundish, acutely 2–4-toothed, those +of the shoots closely imbricate, premorsely 2–4-denticulate; involucral leaves +two, 3-toothed; perianth oblong.—In similar localities. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>J. setifórmis</b>, Ehrh. Erect or ascending, dichotomous; leaves +toothed at base, 3–4-cleft, the lobes ovate-oblong, acute, channelled; underleaves +ciliate-dentate at base, deeply bifid, the divisions lanceolate, acuminate; +involucral leaves more toothed than the cauline; perianth terminal, oval, +plicate.—Alpine summits of N. H. (<i>Oakes</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Underleaves wanting.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[+] <i>Leaves 2-toothed; involucral leaves 2–4-cleft.</i></p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>J. alpéstris</b>, Schleich. Stems creeping, crowded, bifid-branching, the +ends ascending; leaves semi-vertical, ovate subquadrate, obliquely toothed, the +teeth unequal, acute or mucronulate, distant; involucral leaves wider, 2–3-cleft; +perianth twice as long, oblong, smooth, the mouth complicate; capsule oval.—Alpine +region of N. H. (<i>Oakes</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page720"></a>9. <b>J. ventricòsa</b>, Dicks. Stems dense, close-creeping, branching from +beneath; leaves semi-vertical, subquadrate, mostly flat, broadly and acutely +emarginate-bidentate, often bearing globules; involucral leaves larger, round, +erect-spreading, 3–4-cleft, subdentate; perianth ovate, inflated, narrowly complicate +above; capsule oval.—On the ground and rotten wood in the mountains, +and far northward; common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>J. Wallrothiàna</b>, Nees. Minute, blackish; stems creeping, strongly +rooting, subsimple; leaves clasping, semi-vertical, closely imbricate, ovate-quadrate, +concave, obtusely bidentate with an obtuse sinus, or acute in the +upper leaves; involucral leaves larger, erect, connate at base, 3-toothed, wavy-plicate; +perianth oval-cylindric, plicate and subdentate, pellucid, reddish below.—On +coarse sand in the White Mts. (<i>Oakes</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] <i>Leaves bifid or 2-lobed, the ventral lobe often inflexed or subcomplicate; +involucral leaves merely toothed, except in n. 11.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>J. láxa</b>, Lindb. Widely creeping, mostly simple, usually purplish-black; +leaves imbricate, or distant on the erect fertile stems, 2–3-lobed, the +lobes obtuse, wavy; cells very large, lax; involucral leaves 2, wide, short, +cristate-undulate, obtusely many-lobed; perianth exserted, long-clavate, sub-plicate +above, minutely ciliate. (J. polita, <i>Aust.</i>; not <i>Nees.</i>)—Among Sphagnum +near Closter, N. J. (<i>Austin</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">12. <b>J. excìsa</b>, Dicks. Stems closely creeping, short, subsimple, rather +rigid; leaves semi-vertical, erect-spreading, pellucid, roundish, with straight +acute lobes and deep obtuse sinus; involucral leaves erect, quadrate, usually +4–5-toothed; perianth erect, oblong, pale, banded and spotted with pink, plicate +above, irregularly denticulate.—Sterile grounds in open woods; common. +(Eu.)</p> + +<p class="variety">Var. <b>críspa</b>, Hook. Leaves round-quadrate, closely imbricate, deeply and +obtusely 2–3-cleft; involucral leaves 3–4-cleft, connate at base, subserrate. +(J. intermedia, <i>Lindenb.</i>)—In crevices of rocks, N. Y. and N. J. (<i>Austin</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">13. <b>J. incìsa</b>, Schrad. Stems thick, rooting, closely creeping or ascending; +leaves crowded, semi-vertical, complicate, subquadrate, 2–6-cleft, the +acute lobes unequal, more or less spinulose-dentate; involucral leaves similar, +more plicate and dentate, free; perianth short, oval or obovate, plicate above, +denticulate.—On rotten wood in the mountains, and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. SPHENÓLOBUS. <i>Leaves 2-lobed, subtransverse, complicate-concave; +underleaves none; involucral leaves 2–3-cleft.</i> (Verging toward Marsupella +on one side and Diplophyllum on the other.)</p> + +<p class="species">14. <b>J. Michaùxii</b>, Weber. Stems ascending, flexuous by repeated +innovations below the summit; leaves crowded, subvertical, erect-spreading, +subsaccate at base, subquadrate, bifid with straight acute lobes and a narrow +sinus; involucral leaves similar, the outer serrulate, the inner smaller; perianth +ovate-subclavate, obtuse, plicate above, fringed.—Fallen trunks, mountains +of N. Y. and N. Eng.; common. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">15. <b>J. minùta</b>, Crantz. Rootless; leaves cleft ¼–½ their length, the +lobes ovate, subequal, acute or obtuse, entire, or gemmiparous ones subdentate; +involucral leaves trifid; perianth oval-oblong or subcylindric.—On rocks in +high mountain regions, and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page721"></a>16. <b>J. Helleriàna</b>, Nees. (<a href="#plate25">Pl. 25.</a>) Creeping, entangled; leaves spreading, +subascending, cleft {1/3}–½ their length, the lobes equal, acute, entire or serrate; +involucral leaves 2–3-cleft, spinulose serrate; perianth ovate, the mouth +contracted.—On rotten wood, N. Y., N. Eng., and northward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 4. GYMNOCÓLEA. <i>Leaves 2-lobed; underleaves none; involucral leaves +like the cauline; perianth pedunculate, denticulate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">17. <b>J. inflàta</b>, Huds. (<a href="#plate25">Pl. 25.</a>) Procumbent or ascending, loosely radiculose, +branching; leaves semi-vertical, roundish-elliptic, inequilateral, the sinus +and unequal lobes obtuse; perianth terminal or at length dorsal, oval or pyriform, +smooth, the mouth connivent; capsule oblong.—On sterile ground and +rocks, N. J. (<i>Austin</i>), and northward in the mountains. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="marsupella"><b>25. MARSUPÉLLA</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>)</p> + +<p>Stems dorsally compressed, with rootlets at the base and often producing +somewhat leafless runners. Leaves transverse, complicate-bilobed; involucral +leaves 2 or 4, connate with the perianth. Perianth tubular or oval, subcompressed +parallel to the base of the leaves. Elaters free. Spores round, rufous +(in our species). Antheridia mostly terminal. (Name a diminutive of <i>marsupium</i>, +a pouch, from the form of the perianth.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. sphacelàta</b>, Dumort. Stems erect, subflexuous, pale brown; +leaves rather distant, concave, obovate to obcordate, somewhat clasping, the +sinus narrow; diœcious; involucral leaves larger than the cauline, cordate; +perianth free at the apex, with 4–5 broad acute teeth; antheridia 1–3, in +short terminal spikes.—Wet rocks, mountains of N. Eng. to N. J., and southward. +(Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. emarginàta</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>) Stems simple or innovating at +the summit, rigid, somewhat thickened upward; leaves usually broader than +long, round-cordate or subquadrate, lobes obtuse or mucronate, sinus acute; +diœcious; involucral leaves 4–8, usually larger, more deeply and acutely +emarginate; perianth urceolate, the closed apex splitting into 4–5 triangular +lobes; antheridia 2–3, oval, axillary in terminal spikes. (Sarcoscyphus Ehrharti, +<i>Corda.</i>)—On wet rocks, chiefly in mountain rivulets, N. Y. and N. Eng. +Floating forms are longer with distant leaves. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>M. adústa</b>, Spruce. Stems minute, clavate; leaves (5–8 pairs) imbricate, +round or broadly ovate from a sheathing base, acutely lobed with +angular sinus; monœcious; perianth included, campanulate, crenate becoming +irregularly lobed; spores punctate; antheridia 1 or 2, oval, in the axils of the +lower involucral leaves. (Gymnomitrium adustum, <i>Nees.</i>)—Alpine region +of the White Mts. (<i>Oakes, Austin</i>). (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="nardia"><b>26. NÁRDIA</b>, S. F. Gray. (<a href="#plate2">Pl. 25</a>)</p> + +<p>Stems laterally compressed, usually without runners. Leaves succubous, +subconcave or flat, the apex rounded, rarely retuse or bidentate; underleaves +none (in our species). Monœcious or diœcious. Involucral leaves 2–4 pairs, +connate at base. Perianth subcompressed laterally, connate with the involucral +leaves. Antheridia terminal on somewhat spike-like stems. (Named for +<i>S. Nardi</i>, an Italian abbot.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page722"></a>§ 1. EÙCALYX. <i>Perianth connate at base with the inner involucral leaves, +somewhat surpassing them, 3–8-carinate, the mouth constricted.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. hyalìna</b>, Carring. Creeping, with ascending tips, the branches +dichotomous-fastigiate, with claret-colored rootlets; leaves loosely imbricate, +decurrent, roundish, repand-undulate; monœcious or diœcious; involucral +leaves broader, appressed, one connate with the lower third of the perianth, +which is somewhat exserted, obovate, plicate with acute rough angles, rostellate, +at length 4-cleft; capsule round-ovate. (Jungermannia hyalina, <i>Lyell</i>.)—On +banks in woods, Closter, N. J. (<i>Austin</i>), Ohio (<i>Lesquereux</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>N. crenulàta</b>, Lindb. (<a href="#plate25">Pl. 25.</a>) Prostrate, branching; leaves orbicular, +entire, larger toward the involucre and with large marginal cells; diœcious; +involucral leaves 2, rarely 3, adnate to the base of the perianth, which +is flattened or terete, more or less regularly 4–5-plicate, the angles smooth; +mouth much contracted, toothed. (Jungermannia crenulata, <i>Smith</i>.)—On the +ground in old fields, N. Y. and southward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>N. crenulifórmis</b>, Lindb. Densely cespitose; fertile stems creeping, +thickened upward, with numerous purple rootlets, the sterile subascending, attenuate +upward; leaves subdecurrent, obliquely spreading, orbicular, concave, +entire or nearly so; perianth small, subobovate, more or less connate with the +involucral leaves, not exserted or slightly so, rooting at base, triquetrous above, +becoming 4–7-plicate; calyptra often violet-purple; capsule oval-globose. +(Jungermannia crenuliformis, <i>Aust.</i>)—On rocks in rivulets, Closter, N. J. +(<i>Austin</i>), Coshocton Co., Ohio (<i>Sullivant</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>N. bifórmis</b>, Lindb. Densely cespitose, much branched, innovating +from beneath; rootlets numerous; leaves scarcely imbricate, alternate, spreading, +obliquely semicircular or broadly ovate, retuse or entire, decurrent dorsally; +cells large, hyaline; branch-leaves half as large, ovate or obovate, scarcely +decurrent; diœcious; antheridia solitary; fruit unknown. (Jungermannia +biformis, <i>Aust.</i>)—On steep wet rocks, Delaware Water Gap, N. J. (<i>Austin</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. CHASCÓSTOMA. <i>Perianth exserted, subcampanulate and open, deeply +laciniate, connate with the involucral leaves.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>N. fossombronioìdes</b>, Lindb. Stems densely cespitose, ascending; +rootlets numerous, purple; leaves 2-ranked, subvertical, spreading-subrecurved, +rooting, closely imbricate, orbicular, clasping by a slightly cordate base, subventricose, +undulate-repand, the apex uniplicate and slightly emarginate; +monœcious; perianth very large, 6–10-plicate, the lobes entire; calyptra violet; +capsule short-oval. (Jungermannia fossombronioides, <i>Aust.</i>)—On rocks +in a rivulet, Closter, N. J. (<i>Austin</i>), and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="gymnomitrium"><b>27. GYMNOMÍTRIUM</b>, Corda. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>)</p> + +<p>Leaves closely imbricated, 2-ranked on fascicled ascending julaceous stems, +emarginate-bidentate; underleaves none. Diœcious. Involucre double, the +inner shorter, of 2 or more dentate and deeply cleft leaves. Calyptra short, +campanulate. Capsule globose, the valves at length reflexed. Elaters caducous. +Antheridia in the axils of leaves, oval, stipitate. (Name from <span class="greek">γυμνός</span>, +<i>naked</i>, and <span class="greek">μιτρίον</span>, <i>a little cap</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. concinnàtum</b>, Corda. Stems simple or imbricately branching, +thickened at the apex; leaves ovate, bifid, with a narrow scarious margin.<a name="page723"></a> +(Cesia concinnata, <i>S. F. Gray</i>.)—Alpine regions of the White Mts. (<i>Oakes</i>).—Grayish +or silvery-olive. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="fossombronia"><b>28. FOSSOMBRÒNIA</b>, Raddi. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>)</p> + +<p>Stems thalloid, with large subquadrate succubous leaves; underleaves none. +Diœcious or monœcious. Fruit terminal or by innovation dorsal on the main +stem. Involucral leaves 5–6 (in our species), small, subulate, adnate. Perianth +open-campanulate or obpyramidal, crenate-lobed. Calyptra free, sub-globose. +Capsule short-pedicelled, globose, irregularly valved. Elaters very +short, 1–3- (mostly 2-) spiral, free. Spores large, very rough. Antheridia +2–3, short-pedicelled, naked. Perfect archegonia 2–3. (Named for <i>V. Fossombroni</i>, +an Italian Minister of State.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Plant large or of medium size; stems mostly simple.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>F. pusílla</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>) Stems 6–10´´ long; leaves retuse, +entire or irregularly indented; perianth obconic, dentate; elaters short and +thick; spores brown, depressed-globose-tetrahedral, 40 µ broad, crested, the +slender crests pellucid, rarely becoming confluent.—On damp ground. Its +occurrence in America is doubtful. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>F. Dumortièri</b>, Lindb. Cespitose, greenish or brownish-yellow; +stems 3–6´´ long, 1´´ wide, shortly bifurcate; rootlets copious, purple; leaves +numerous, smaller toward each end of the stem; monœcious; perianth large, +broadly obpyramidal; calyptra nearly as long; elaters scanty; spores globose-tetrahedral +yellowish-brown, regularly pitted.—White Mts. (<i>Farlow</i>), N. J. +(<i>Austin</i>), and perhaps elsewhere; confused with n. 1.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>F. angulòsa</b>, Raddi. Stems narrowly forked at the apex; leaves +horizontal, subquadrate, the upper undulate-lobed; diœcious; perianth dilated-conic, +crenate; spores brownish-yellow, globose-tetrahedral, not depressed, +30 µ broad, deeply reticulated, the reticulations large, 5–6-angled.—Brackish +meadows, common; fruiting in early spring. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Plant minute; stems forked or fastigiately divided.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>F. crístula</b>, Aust. Stems 1–2´´ long; leaves whitish, quadrate or +round-obovate, subentire, strongly crisped-undulate; capsule immersed on a +short pedicel; elaters short, more or less diverse, with a single narrow annular +and spiral fibre; spores pale fuscous, more or less tuberculate.—On moist +sand in unfrequented paths, Batsto, N. J. (<i>Austin</i>).</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pallavicinia"><b>29. PALLAVICÍNIA</b>, S. F. Gray. (<a href="#plate22">Pl. 22.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus with a distinct costa. Fruit arising from the costa, at first terminal, +becoming dorsal. Diœcious. Involucre cup-shaped, short-lacerate. Perianth +long-tubular, denticulate. Calyptra irregularly lacerate. Capsule slender-cylindric. +Elaters slender, free. Spores minute. Antheridia dorsal, covered +with minute fimbriate scales. (Named for <i>L. Pallavicini</i>, Archbishop of +Genoa.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. Lyéllii</b>, S. F. Gray. Thallus thin, 1–4´ long, 3–5´´ wide, simple or +bifid, the margin entire, slightly crenate or serrate; cells large, oblong-hexagonal; +perianth erect, fleshy (5 cells thick below), the somewhat constricted +mouth lobate-ciliolate; pedicel long, exceeding the thallus; capsule cylindric,<a name="page724"></a> +five times as long as broad. (Steetzia Lyellii, <i>Lehm.</i>)—Among mosses in +swamps and on dripping rocks; common, especially southward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="blasia"><b>30. BLÀSIA</b>, Micheli. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus simple or forked or stellate, with sinuous margins. Diœcious. +Fruit from an oval cavity in the costa. Involucre mostly none. Calyptra +obovate. Capsule oval-globose. Antheridia immersed in the thallus, covered +with dentate scales. Gemmæ globose, issuing by a slender ascending tube +from large flask-shaped receptacles which are immersed in the thallus. +(Named for <i>Blasius Biagi</i>, a monk of Valombrosa and companion of Micheli.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>B. pusílla</b>, L. Thallus ¾–1½´ long, 2–3´´ wide, narrowly obovate, +the margins pinnatifid-sinuous.—Wet banks; common. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="pellia"><b>31. PÉLLIA</b>, Raddi. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus with a broad indeterminate costa. Monœcious or diœcious. Fructification +dorsal near the end of the thallus. Involucre short, cup-shaped, +lacerate-dentate. Calyptra membranous, oval, longer or shorter than the involucre. +Capsule globose. Elaters long, free. Antheridia globose, immersed +in the costa. (Named for <i>A. L. Pelli</i>, an Italian botanist.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Monœcious.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. epiphýlla</b>, Raddi. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>) Thallus oblong, lobed and sinuate, +somewhat fleshy, much thickened in the middle; capsule exserted.—On the +ground in wet places; not uncommon eastward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Diœcious.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>P. endiviæfòlia</b>, Dumort. Thallus flat, green or purplish, broadly +linear, dichotomous, the margin mostly undulate or crisped.—On the ground +and in ditches; common, but often confused with n. 1. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>P. calycìna</b>, Nees. Thallus dichotomous, proliferous, the early divisions +linear-oblong, the margins ascending and remotely sinuate, the later +divisions linear-palmatifid, coarsely nerved; cells large, hexagonal; involucre +ciliate-fringed or lacerate; calyptra smooth, included.—Wet limestones and +shales. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="metzgeria"><b>32. METZGÈRIA</b>, Raddi. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus linear, dichotomous, with well defined costa. Diœcious. Fructification +arising from the under side of the costa. Involucre 1-leaved, scale-like, +at length ventricose. Calyptra clavate or pyriform, fleshy. Capsule short-pedicelled. +Elaters unispiral, some remaining attached to the tips of the +valves. Spores minute, mostly smooth. Antheridia globose, enclosed in a +scale on the under surface of the costa. (Named for <i>J. Metzger</i>, a German +botanist.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Densely villous throughout.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. pubéscens</b>, Raddi. Thallus 1–2´ long, 1´´ wide, alternately pinnate +or somewhat decompound, the short linear branches of uniform width, +flat, the margin undulate; hairs longer beneath, single or in twos and threes +near the margin, irregularly curved; midrib nearly without cortical layer, +with 6–10 (mostly 8) rows of very uniform peripheral cells; diœcious.—In +mountain regions, eastward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page725"></a>[*][*] <i>Hairy on the margins and midrib beneath, smooth above; diœcious (n. 4 +monœcious).</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>M. myriópoda</b>, Lindb. Thallus elongated (2´ long, ½´´ wide), dichotomous, +the long linear branches of uniform width, convex above, the reflexed +margins not undulate; midrib densely pilose beneath; hairs rather long, +straight or nodding, the marginal mostly in clusters of 3–6, some with discoid +tips; midrib covered above with 2 rows of enlarged cells, and beneath +with 3–7 (usually 4–6) rows of smaller cells, lax and often indistinct. (M. +furcata, <i>Sulliv.</i>, in part; not <i>Nees.</i>)—Shaded rocks and trees in the Alleghanies +(<i>Sullivant</i>), and southward.</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>M. hamàta</b>, Lindb. Like the last; thallus much elongated (4´ long, +1–1½´´ wide); hairs very long, divaricate and hooked-deflexed, the marginal +in twos, rarely with discoid tips; midrib covered above and below with two +rows of enlarged lax cells. (M. furcata, <i>Sulliv.</i>, in part.)—Alleghany Mts. +(<i>Sullivant</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>M. conjugàta</b>, Lindb. Thallus 1½´ long, ½–1´´ wide, usually dichotomous, +the short branches irregular in width, convex above, the margins more +or less undulate; hairs rather long, straight, divaricate, the marginal usually +in twos, very often disk-bearing; midribs covered above with 2, below with +3–6 rows of enlarged lax cells.—On shaded rocks and trunks of trees, central +N. Y., and southward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="aneura"><b>33. ANEÙRA</b>, Dumort. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus fleshy, prostrate or assurgent from a creeping base; costa obscure. +Diœcious or monœcious. Fructification arising from the under side near +the margin. Involucre cup-shaped, short and lacerate, or none. Calyptra +large, fleshy, more or less clavate. Capsule large, oblong-cylindric. Elaters +unispiral, in part adherent to the tips of the valves. Spores minute, smooth +or minutely roughened. Antheridia immersed in the surface of receptacles +proceeding from the margin of the thallus. (Name from <span class="greek">α</span>- privative, and +<span class="greek">νεῦρον</span>, a nerve.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Thallus narrow (about 1´´ wide), palmately divided.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. látifrons</b>, Lindb. Thallus cespitose, ascending or erect, usually +dark green, 6–9´´ long, mostly pellucid; branches linear, obtuse and emarginate, +plano-convex; cells large, oblong-rhombic; monœcious; archegonia 3–10, +short, conic; calyptra white, verrucose, pyriform-clavate; capsule oval, +brown; spores 12½–14½ µ broad, globose, minutely and densely papillose; +antheridia globose. (A. palmata of authors; not <i>Dumort</i>.)—On rotten logs; +common.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] <i>Thallus narrow (about 1´´ wide), pinnate or bipinnate.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. multífida</b>, Dumort. Thallus prostrate, brownish-green, pinnately +divided, the primary portion biconvex, somewhat rigid, the branches horizontal, +pectinately pinnate with narrow linear divisions; monœcious; fructification +rising from the primary part or from the branches; involucre fleshy; calyptra +tuberculate.—Var. <span class="smcap">màjor</span>, Nees. Primary portion and branches thick, the +branches interruptedly pinnate with short obtuse divisions.—On decayed +wood and moss in swamps, N. J. (<i>Austin</i>), and south in the mountains. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page726"></a>3. <b>A. pinnatífida</b>, Nees. Thallus pinnately divided or subsimple, flat +or somewhat channelled; branches horizontal, the broader pinnatifid or dentate, +obtuse; calyptra somewhat smooth.—On dripping rocks, Hokokus, N. J. +(<i>Austin</i>), N. Haven, Conn. (<i>Eaton</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Thallus wider (2´´ or more), simple or irregularly lobed.</i></p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>A. séssilis</b>, Spreng. Thallus decumbent, irregularly lobed, 1–2´ long, +3–5´´ wide; involucre none; pedicel ¾–1´ long, sometimes folded upon itself +and remaining within the calyptra, the capsule thus appearing sessile; antheridia +on elongated receptacles.—Wooded swamps. Elongated floating forms, +5–6´ long, have been found in the White Mts. (<i>Farlow, Faxon</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>A. pínguis</b>, Dumort. Thallus 1–2´ long, decumbent or ascending, +fleshy, linear-oblong, simple or slightly lobed, the margin sinuate; diœcious; +involucre short, lacerate; calyptra cylindric, smooth; capsule brownish, furrowed; +antheridia in 2-lobed receptacles.—Wet banks, N. J. to Ohio, and +southward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="anthocerotaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 138.</span> <b>ANTHOCEROTÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Horned Liverworts.</span>)</p> + +<p>Plant-body a thallus, irregularly branching, flaccid, without epidermis +or pores, and more or less vesiculose. Involucre single, tubular. Calyptra +rupturing early near the base, and borne on the apex of the capsule. +Capsule dorsal, pod-like, erect or curved outward, more or less perfectly +2-valved, usually stomatose, tapering into a pedicel or often sessile with a +bulbous base. Columella filiform. Elaters with or without spiral fibres. +Spores flattish, more or less convex-prismatic, papillose or smooth.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Anthoceros.</b> Capsule narrowly linear, exsertly pedicelled, 2-valved. Elaters present.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Notothylas.</b> Capsule very short, sessile, not valved below the middle. Elaters not +obvious.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="anthoceros"><b>1. ANTHÓCEROS</b>, Micheli. (<a href="#plate22">Pl. 22.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus dark green or blackish, usually depressed, variously lobed, with +large chlorophyll-grains, frequently glandular-thickened at the apex or in +lines along the middle so as to appear nerved. Monœcious or diœcious. +Capsule linear, 2-valved, exsertly pedicelled. Elaters simple or branched, +often geniculate, more or less heteromorphous, the fibres wanting or indistinct. +(Name from <span class="greek">ἄνθος</span>, <i>flower</i>, and <span class="greek">κέρας</span>, <i>horn</i>, from the shape of the capsule.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. læ̀vis</b>, L. (<a href="#plate22">Pl. 22.</a>) Thallus smooth, nearly flat above; diœcious; +involucre 1–2´´ long, trumpet-shaped when dry, repand-toothed; capsule pale +brown or yellowish, 1–1½´ long; elaters rather short, yellowish; spores yellow, +nearly smooth, angular.—Wet clay banks, from Canada south and westward. +(Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>A. punctàtus</b>, L. Thallus small, depressed, or often cespitose and +erect, more or less glandular; monœcious; involucre rather short, oblong-linear, +slightly repand, sometimes scarious at the mouth; capsule 1´ high, +black; elaters fuscous, flattish, geniculate; spores black, strongly muriculate, +sharply angled.—Wet banks, Canada to Mo., and southward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="notothylas"><a name="page727"></a><b>2. NOTOTHỲLAS</b>, Sulliv. (<a href="#plate22">Pl. 22.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus orbicular, tender, laciniate and undulate or crisped, papillose-reticulate. +Monœcious. Involucre sessile, continuous with the thallus, opening +irregularly above. Capsule very short, oblong-globose or ovate-cylindric, pedicelled +from a thickened bulb, 2-valved to the middle or rupturing irregularly. +Elaters none, or fragmentary and inconspicuous. Spores subglobose, smoothish. +Antheridia elliptic-globose, immersed in the thallus. (Name from <span class="greek">νῶτος</span>, +<i>the back</i>, and <span class="greek">θυλάς</span>, <i>a bag</i>, from the shape and position of the involucre.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>N. orbiculàris</b>, Sulliv. (<a href="#plate22">Pl. 22.</a>) Thallus 3–8´´ wide; capsules 1–2´´ +long, erect or decurved, wholly included or slightly exserted, of thin and +loose texture, with a suture on each side; spores light yellowish-brown. (Including +N. valvata, <i>Sulliv.</i>)—Wet places, Canada to the Gulf.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>N. melanóspora</b>, Sulliv. Thallus small, depressed or sometimes +cespitose, of lax texture; capsule often without sutures; spores dark brown, +a half larger.—Moist ground, Ohio (<i>Sullivant</i>).</p> + + +<p class="order" id="marchantiaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 139.</span> <b>MARCHANTIÀCEÆ.</b> <span class="smcap">Liverworts.</span></p> + +<p>Plant-body a thallus, dichotomous or subpalmately branching, usually +innovating from the apex or beneath it, more or less thickened in the +middle, and bearing numerous rootlets beneath and usually colored or +imbricating scales. Epidermis usually more or less distinct and strongly +porose above. Capsules globose, rarely oval, opening irregularly, pendent +from the under side of a peduncled disk-like receptacle (<i>carpocephalum</i>). +Elaters present, mostly 2-spiral.</p> + +<p class="key">[*] Thallus plainly costate, distinctly porose except in n. 6.</p> + +<p class="key">[+] Gemmæ present on sterile stems.</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Marchantia.</b> Gemmæ in cup-shaped receptacles. Fertile receptacle 7–11-rayed.</p> + +<p class="genus">8. <b>Lunularia.</b> Gemmæ in crescent-shaped receptacles. Fertile receptacle cruciform.</p> + +<p class="key">[+][+] Gemmæ wanting.</p> + +<p class="key">[++] Receptacle conic-hemispherical, 2–4-lobed; perianth lobed or fringed.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Preissia.</b> Receptacle 2–4-lobed, with as many alternate rib-like rays. Perianth 4–5-lobed.</p> + +<p class="genus">3. <b>Fimbriaria.</b> Receptacle 4-lobed. Perianth conspicuous, split into 8–16 fringe-like +segments.</p> + +<p class="key">[++][++] Receptacle more or less conical; perianth none.</p> + +<p class="genus">4. <b>Conocephalus.</b> Thallus very large, strongly areolate. Receptacle conical, membranous.</p> + +<p class="genus">5. <b>Grimaldia.</b> Thallus small. Peduncle chaffy at base and apex. Receptacle conic-hemispheric, +truncately 3–4-lobed.</p> + +<p class="genus">6. <b>Asterella.</b> Thallus eporose. Receptacle conic-hemispheric, becoming flattened, acutely +4- (1–6-) lobed.</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*] Thallus thin, ecostate or barely costate.</p> + +<p class="genus">7. <b>Dumortiera.</b> Receptacle convex, 2–8-lobed. Perianth none.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="marchantia"><b>1. MARCHÁNTIA</b>, Marchant f. (<a href="#plate22">Pl. 22.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus large, forking, areolate, porose, with broad diffused midrib; gemmæ +in a cup-shaped receptacle. Diœcious. Fertile receptacle peduncled from an +apical sinus of the thallus, radiately lobed. Involucres alternate with the rays, +membranous, lacerate, enclosing 3–6 1-fruited cleft perianths. Calyptra persistent.<a name="page728"></a> +Capsule globose, exserted, pendulous, dehiscing by several revolute +segments. Elaters long, attenuate to each end. Spores smooth. Antheridia +immersed in a peduncled disk-like radiate or lobed receptacle. (Named for +<i>Nicholas Marchant</i>, a French botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>M. polymórpha</b>, L. Thallus 2–5´ long, ½–1½´ wide, numerously +porose, venulose; receptacle divided into usually 9 terete rays; peduncles 1–3´ +high; antheridial disk crenately or palmately 2–8-lobed, on a peduncle 1´ +high or less.—Everywhere common. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="preissia"><b>2. PREÌSSIA</b>, Nees. (<a href="#plate22">Pl. 22.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus obcordate, sparingly forked, increasing by joints; pores conspicuous; +gemmæ none. Diœcious or monœcious. Fertile receptacle hemispheric, +1–4-lobed, with as many alternating shorter rib-like rays. Outer involucres +attached beneath the lobes, 1–3-fruited, opening outward by an irregular +line; perianth obconic-campanulate, angular, unequally 4–5-lobed. Calyptra +persistent. Capsule large, distinctly pedicelled, dehiscing by 4–8 revolute +segments. Elaters short. Spores coarsely tuberculate. (Named for <i>L. Preiss</i>, +a German botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>P. commutàta</b>, Nees. Thallus 1–2´ long, with conspicuous white +pores above, and dark purple scales beneath; usually monœcious; peduncle +½–1´ high; capsules conspicuous, dark purple; antheridia in a peduncled disk-like +receptacle. (P. hemisphærica, <i>Cogn.</i>)—On slaty and limestone rocks, +from N. J. north and westward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="fimbriaria"><b>3. FIMBRIÀRIA</b>, Nees. (<a href="#plate22">Pl. 22.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus thickened in the middle by a keeled costa, usually conspicuously +porose, with dark purple scales beneath; gemmæ none. Monœcious. Receptacle +rising from the apex, conic or hemispheric, concave beneath and expanded +into usually 4 large campanulate 1-fruited involucres. Perianth oblong-oval +or subconic, exserted half its length and cleft into 8–16 fringe-like segments. +Calyptra with a long style, fugacious. Capsule nearly sessile, irregularly circumscissile. +Elaters rather short, 1–4-spiral. Spores angular, subreticulated. +Antheridia immersed in the thallus. (Name from <i>fimbria</i>, a fringe, alluding +to the perianth.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>F. tenélla</b>, Nees. Thallus of one or more long-wedge-shaped emarginate +divisions about 6–9´´ long, grayish-green and porose above, purple on +the margins; peduncle 1´ high or more, usually purple; receptacle obtusely +conic; perianth white, 8-cleft.—On damp ground in sandy fields or on rocks, +central N. Y. to Mo., and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="conocephalus"><b>4. CONOCÉPHALUS</b>, Neck. (<a href="#plate22">Pl. 22.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus dichotomous, copiously reticulate and porose, with a narrow costa; +gemmæ none. Receptacle conic-mitriform, membranous. Involucres 5–8, +tubular, 1-fruited, suspended from the apex of the peduncle; perianth none. +Calyptra persistent, campanulate, 2–4-lobed at the apex. Capsule pedicelled, +oblong-pyriform, dehiscing by 5–8 revolute segments. Elaters short, thick. +Spores muriculate. Antheridia imbedded in an oval disk sessile near the apex +of the thallus. (Name from <span class="greek">κῶνος</span>, <i>a cone</i>, and <span class="greek">κεφαλή</span>, <i>a head</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page729"></a>1. <b>C. cónicus</b>, Dumort. Thallus 2–6´ long, ½–¾´ wide; receptacle +conic, striate, crenate. (Fegatella conica, <i>Corda.</i>)—Shady banks; common. +(Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="grimaldia"><b>5. GRIMÁLDIA</b>, Raddi. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus thick, more or less channelled, dichotomous, innovating from the +apex, with thick epidermis, closely areolate and porose-scabrous above, purple +and more or less scaly beneath; gemmæ none. Monœcious or diœcious. Receptacle +peduncled, hemispherical or conoidal, 3–4-lobed. Involucres as many, +1-fruited, each a distention of the lobe. Capsule filling the involucre, circumscissile +in the middle, the calyptra persistent at its base. Antheridia in an +oval or obcordate disk immersed in the apex of the thallus. (Named for <i>D. +Grimaldi</i>, an Italian botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>G. bárbifrons</b>, Bisch. (<a href="#plate23">Pl. 23.</a>) Thallus linear-obcuneate, 3–6´´ long, +1–2´´ wide, 2-lobed at the apex, pale green with usually distinct whitish pores, +the scales beneath often extending far beyond the margin and becoming +whitish; peduncle profusely chaffy at base and apex, sometimes much reduced; +antheridial disks obcordate. (Including G. sessilis, <i>Sulliv.</i>)—Thin +soil on rocks, Conn. and N. J. to Iowa; rare or local. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>G. rupéstris</b>, Lindenb. Thallus 3–6´´ long, 1–3´´ wide, with membranous +margins; receptacle small, hemispherical, 1–4-fruited, the peduncle +about 1´ high, sparingly scaly at base, barbulate at the apex; involucre short, +crenulate; spores tuberculate. (Duvalia rupestris, <i>Nees</i>.)—On calcareous or +shaly rocks, N. Y. and Ohio. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="asterella"><b>6. ASTERÉLLA</b>, Beauv. (<a href="#plate22">Pl. 22.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus rigid, very indistinctly porose, the midrib broad, strong and distinct. +Receptacle conic-hemispheric, becoming flattened, 1–6- (usually 4-) lobed. +Monœcious. Involucres coherent with the lobes, 1-fruited, 2-valved. Calyptra +minute, lacerate, persistent at the base of the capsule. Capsule greenish, +rupturing by irregular narrow teeth or by a fragmentary operculum. Elaters +moderately long, mostly 2-spiral. Spores tuberculate. Antheridia in sessile +lunate disks. (Diminutive of <i>aster</i>, a star, from the form of the receptacle.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>A. hemisphæ̀rica</b>, Beauv. Thallus forking and increasing by joints, +pale green, purple beneath; receptacle papillose on the summit (less so at maturity); +peduncle bearded at base and apex, ¾–1´ long, often 2–3 times longer +after maturity. (Reboulia hemisphærica, <i>Raddi.</i>)—Shaded banks, chiefly +along streams; more common southward.—A smaller form or perhaps variety +(Reboulia microcephala, <i>Nees</i>; R. Sullivantii, <i>Lehm.</i>) occurs in Penn., +Ohio, and southward. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="dumortiera"><b>7. DUMORTIÈRA</b>, Nees. (<a href="#plate22">Pl. 22.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus large, thin, soft, with a slight costa, dichotomous, usually with scattered +hair-like rootlets beneath; gemmæ none. Receptacle convex, 2–8-lobed. +Involucres 1-fruited, connate with the lobes beneath, horizontal, opening by a +vertical terminal slit. Capsule distinctly pedicelled, oblong-globose, dehiscing +by 4–6 irregular valves. Elaters 2–3-spiral, parietal, very long, straight, attenuate +both ways. Spores muriculate. Antheridia in a short peduncled disk +paleaceous beneath. (Named for <i>B. C. Dumortier</i>, a Belgian botanist.)</p> + +<p class="species"><a name="page730"></a>1. <b>D. hirsùta</b>, Nees. Thallus 2–5´ long, 6–9´´ wide, deep green, becoming +blackish, entire on the margins, naked above or with a delicate appressed +pubescence; diœcious; receptacle many-fruited, the margin closely +hairy; peduncle rather long, chaffy at the apex.—On moist calcareous rocks, +Easton, Penn. (<i>Porter</i>), and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="lunularia"><b>8. LUNULÀRIA</b>, Micheli. (<a href="#plate25">Pl. 25.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus oblong with rounded lobes, distinctly areolate and porose, with imbricate +sublunate scales beneath; gemmæ in crescent-shaped receptacles. +Diœcious. Fertile receptacle usually cruciately divided into 4 horizontal segments +or involucres, which are tubular, vertically bilabiate and 1-fruited. +Calyptra included, persistent. Capsule exserted, 4–8-valved. Elaters short, +very slender, mostly free. Spores nearly smooth. Antheridia borne in the +apical sinus of the thallus. (Name from <i>lunula</i>, a little moon.)</p> + +<p class="species"><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">vulgàris</span>, Raddi. Thallus 1–2´ long, forked, innovating from the +apex, with a somewhat diffuse costa; peduncle very hairy, 1–1½´ long.—Introduced +into greenhouses; always sterile, but easily recognized by the +characteristic receptacles. (L. cruciata, <i>Dumort.</i>) (Int. from Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="order" id="ricciaceae"><span class="smcap">Order 140.</span> <b>RICCIÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p>Plant-body a dichotomously branching thallus, terrestrial or aquatic. +Capsules short-pedicelled, or sessile on the thallus, or immersed in its +substance, free or connate with the calyptra, globose, at length rupturing +irregularly. Calyptra crowned with a more or less deciduous point. +Elaters none. Spores usually angular, reticulate or muriculate. Antheridia +ovate, immersed in the thallus in flask-shaped cavities with +protruding orifices (<i>ostioles</i>).</p> + +<p class="genus">1. <b>Riccia.</b> Capsule immersed in the thallus. Involucre none.</p> + +<p class="genus">2. <b>Sphærocarpus.</b> Capsule sessile on the thallus. Involucre inflated-pyriform.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="riccia"><b>1. RÍCCIA</b>, Micheli. (<a href="#plate22">Pl. 22.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus at first radiately divided, the centre often soon decaying; the divisions +bifid or di–tri-chotomous, flat or depressed or channelled above, usually +convex and naked or squamulose beneath; margins naked or spinulose-ciliate; +epidermis usually distinct, eporose; air-cavities evident or wanting. Capsule +immersed, sessile. Calyptra with a persistent style. Spores alveolate or muriculate, +usually flattened and angular. (Named for <i>P. F. Ricci</i>, an Italian +nobleman, patron of Micheli.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 1. LICHENÒDES. <i>Fruit mostly protuberant above; spores about 84 µ broad, +issuing through openings in the upper surface of the thallus; terrestrial species +(on damp, usually trodden or cultivated ground), without air-cavities.</i></p> + +<p class="key">[*] <i>Thallus naked, without cilia or scales.</i></p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>R. Fróstii</b>, Aust. Thallus orbicular, 6–12´´ broad, thinnish, grayish-green, +the apex and narrowly membranous margins sometimes purplish, minutely +pitted; divisions linear or subspatulate, subtruncate and slightly +emarginate; rootlets smooth or obsoletely papillose within; capsules very +prominent beneath; spores barely 50 µ broad, nearly round, somewhat margined, +with depressed sides when dry, fuscous.—Ohio, Ill., and westward.</p> + +<p class="key"><a name="page731"></a>[*][*] <i>Thallus with white scales beneath (dark purple in n. 4), the margin naked.</i></p> + +<p class="species">2. <b>R. sorocárpa</b>, Bisch. Thallus 3–8´´ in diameter, pale green becoming +whitish, finely reticulate, subradiately or dichotomously divided, the oblong-linear +segments subacute, deeply sulcate, with a few inconspicuous scales +toward the apex not extending beyond the margin; margins erect when dry; +spores issuing through chinks early appearing along the groove above.—Thin +rocky soil and cultivated fields, Closter, N. J. (<i>Austin</i>), western N. Y. +(<i>Clinton</i>), and Ill. (<i>Hall</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">3. <b>R. lamellòsa</b>, Raddi. Thallus pale green, elegantly reticulated, subradiately +divided, the divisions obovate or obcordate, bifid or 2-lobed, 2–5´´ +long, channelled at the apex, with membranous ascending margins, and furnished +beneath with transverse scales which extend considerably beyond the +margin; spores much as in n. 2.—Thin rocky soil, Closter, N. J. (<i>Austin</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">4. <b>R. nigrélla</b>, DC. Thallus dichotomously divided, the divisions linear, +channelled, with entire narrowly membranous margins, green above, dark +purple beneath and furnished with transverse semicircular scales not exceeding +the margin.—Rocky ground, N. Y. (<i>Torrey</i>), and Chester, Penn. +(<i>Porter</i>). (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">[*][*][*] <i>Thallus more or less ciliate, naked beneath or obsoletely squamous along +the extreme edge.</i></p> + +<p class="species">5. <b>R. arvénsis</b>, Aust. Thallus much divided, 3–9´´ broad, papillose-reticulate, +dull green both sides, becoming fuscous above, the flat margins at +length purple; divisions sulcate, dichotomous, the linear-elliptic or subspatulate +lobes acutish and obsoletely emarginate; cilia whitish, very short and +inconspicuous or nearly wanting; capsules aggregated toward the apex; +spores 71–84 µ broad, dark fuscous, reticulate, with pellucid margin.—Var. +<span class="smcap">hírta</span>, Aust., decidedly ciliate and with spine-like hairs scattered over the +upper surface; divisions broader, more obtuse; spores nearly black, larger +(84–101 µ) and smoother.—Cultivated fields and (the var.) rocky places, +Closter, N. J. (<i>Austin</i>).</p> + +<p class="species">6. <b>R. Lescuriàna</b>, Aust. Stellately or subcruciately divided, the obcordate +or cuneate-linear divisions 2–6´´ long, punctate-reticulate, subglaucous +or ashy-green both sides or becoming purple beneath, the slightly concave +lobes emarginate, closely ciliate with short obtuse spine-like white hairs; +capsules scattered, chiefly near the base of the divisions; spores 71–83 µ broad, +dark brown, reticulate, not margined.—Cultivated fields and rocky grounds, +N. J. to Ill., and southward.</p> + +<p class="key">§ 2. SPONGÒDES. <i>Thallus with large air-cavities usually opening by pits +through the upper surface, and with slight depressions over the capsules +which are prominent beneath; spores 41–51 µ broad, obtusely angular or +globose; terrestrial.</i></p> + +<p class="species">7. <b>R. crystállina</b>, L. Orbicular, 6–9´´ broad, the obcordate or cuneate +divisions bifid or 2-lobed, flat above and the surface much broken up into pits, +the margins subcrenate; capsules scattered; spores issuing through the upper +surface.—On mud flats, Ill. (<i>Hall</i>), west and southward. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="species">8. <b>R. lutéscens</b>, Schwein. Orbicular, 1–1½´ in diameter, light green; +divisions 6–8, linear, 2–3 times forked, narrowly channelled, obcordate and<a name="page732"></a> +thickened at the apex, with delicate whitish obliquely ovate appressed scales, +rootlets wanting beneath above the middle; fruiting plant unknown.—Dried +up pools and ditches, Canada to Mo., and southward. An analogous form has +been developed by Lindberg from R. natans.</p> + +<p class="species">9. <b>R. ténuis</b>, Aust. Thallus thin, olive or yellowish-green, shining, the +2–4 divisions roundish-obovate, 2–4´´ long, flat, with sinuate margins, green +beneath with a slender costa and few rootlets; capsule very delicate, closely +adherent to the substance of the thallus, minutely apiculate; spores round or +short-oval, conspicuously depressed at one end when dry.—Wet ground in +open woods, Closter and Lawrence, N. J. (<i>Austin</i>), and Mo. (<i>Hall</i>).</p> + +<p class="key">§ 3. RICCIÉLLA. <i>Thallus linear, dichotomous, floating or rarely terrestrial; +capsule protuberant from the lower surface.</i></p> + +<p class="species">10. <b>R. flùitans</b>, L. Thallus often in extended patches, thin, green, radiately +expanding, the often imbricate divisions ½–1½´´ wide, parallel-nerved, +flat, without rootlets, cavernous only toward the slightly dilated very obtuse +or subtruncate apex; capsules present only in some terrestrial forms, very +prominent below, rupturing beneath the apex.—Very variable. The most notable +form is var. <span class="smcap">Sullivánti</span>, Aust., with divisions about ½´´ wide, channelled, +cavernous throughout, the margins crisped-crenulate, and rootlets numerous +on the costa tumid with abundant capsules, which are tipped with a long +funnel-mouthed point; spores obscurely angled, reticulate and margined. +(R. Sullivanti, <i>Aust.</i>)—In ponds or ditches or growing in wet places upon +the ground; the variety often in cultivated fields. (Eu.)</p> + +<p class="key">§ 4. RICCIOCÁRPUS. <i>Thallus obcordate, floating or rarely terrestrial; capsules +not protruding, at length exposed by a cleft in the central groove.</i></p> + +<p class="species">11. <b>R. nàtans</b>, L. (<a href="#plate22">Pl. 22.</a>) Divisions obcordate or cuneate, broadly +emarginate, 3–6´´ long, purplish, very narrowly channelled, with numerous +uniform air-cavities beneath the epidermis, rooting toward the base and at +length with dark purple scales beneath the apex; capsules in 1 or 2 rows +beneath the groove; spores black, angular, strongly papillose.—Canada to +the Gulf. (Eu.)</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="sphaerocarpus"><b>2. SPHÆROCÁRPUS</b>, Micheli. (<a href="#plate22">Pl. 22.</a>)</p> + +<p>Thallus lobed, without costa or epidermis. Involucres sessile, obconic or +pyriform, perforated at the apex, continuous with the thallus at base. Calyptra +closely investing the single globose indehiscent capsule, crowned with a +deciduous point. Spores globose, muriculate, remaining united in a coccus. +Antheridia borne in follicular bodies on the surface of a separate thallus.—An +anomalous genus, perhaps more closely related to the Jungermanniaceæ. +(Name from <span class="greek">σφαῖρος</span>, <i>a sphere</i>, and <span class="greek">καρπός</span>, <i>fruit</i>.)</p> + +<p class="species">1. <b>S. terréstris</b>, Smith. Thallus orbicular, 3–6´´ broad, covered by +the clustered inflated involucres, which are nearly 1´´ long, 3–4 times the +length of the capsule; coccus 102–127 µ wide, indistinctly lobed. (S. Michelii, +<i>Bellardi</i>.)—In cultivated fields, mostly southern. (Eu.)</p> + + + +<a name="page733"></a> +<h2>ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.</h2> + + +<p>Page 59.—<span class="smcap">Argemone Mexicana.</span> Collected at Merodosia, Ill., with white +flowers, by <i>A. B. Seymour</i>.</p> + +<p>Page 75.—Insert after <b>Cleome integrifolia</b>—</p> + +<p><b>C.</b> <span class="smcap">spinòsa</span>, L. Viscid-pubescent, 3–4° high; a pair of short stipular +spines under the petiole of each leaf; leaflets 5–7, oblong-lanceolate; flowers +large, rose-purple to white; stamens 2–3´ long; stipe of the linear pod about +2´ long. (C. pungens, <i>Willd.</i>)—An escape from cultivation, near Mt. Carmel, +Ill. (<i>Schneck</i>), and in waste grounds southward; also on ballast. (Int. +from Trop. Amer.)</p> + +<p>Page 86.—<b>Arenaria Grœnlandica.</b> Found on Mt. Desert Island, +Maine (<i>Rand</i>).</p> + +<p>Page 87.—<b>Stellaria borealis.</b> In the mountains of northern N. J.</p> + +<p><b>S. humifusa.</b> This species has also been found on Cranberry Island, +near Mt. Desert, Maine, by <i>J. H. Redfield</i>.</p> + +<p>Page 91.—Under <b>Talinum teretifolium</b> add the character—style +equalling the stamens.—Insert</p> + +<p>2. <b>T. calycìnum</b>, Engelm. Leaves somewhat broader; flowers and +capsules larger; stamens 30 or more; style twice longer than the stamens, +declined.—Central Kan. to W. Tex.</p> + +<p>Under <b>Claytonia</b> insert—</p> + +<p>3. <b>C. Chamissònis</b>, Esch. Weak, procumbent or ascending, rooting +below and perennial by lateral and terminal filiform runners; leaves several +pairs, oblong-spatulate, 1–2´ long; inflorescence racemosely 1–9-flowered; +petals pale rose-color; capsule small, 1–3-seeded.—In a cold ravine, Winona +Co., Minn.; in the mountains from Colorado north and westward.</p> + +<p>Page 211.—<b>Hydrocotyle Americana.</b> Add—propagating by +filiform tuberiferous stolons.</p> + +<p>Page 230.—Insert after the genus Dipsacus—</p> + +<p><b>2. SCABIOSA</b>, Tourn. <span class="smcap">Scabious.</span></p> + +<p>Characters of Dipsacus, but the green leaves of the involucre and involucels +not rigid nor spinescent. (Name from <i>scabies</i>, the itch, from its use as a +remedy.)</p> + +<p><b>S.</b> <span class="smcap">austràlis</span>, Wulf. Perennial, sparsely branched, nearly glabrous, 1½–3° +high; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, the lower oblanceolate, slightly +toothed or entire; heads short-oblong; calyx obtusely short-lobed; corolla +pale blue.—Central N. Y. and Penn.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p><a name="page734"></a>Page 395.—After <span class="smcap">Orobanche minor</span> insert—</p> + +<p><b>O.</b> <span class="smcap">ramòsa</span>, L. Often branched, 6´ high or less, of a pale straw-color; flowers +3-bracteate, the lateral bracts small; calyx 4-toothed, split at the back; +corolla pale blue, 6–8´´ long.—On the roots of hemp and tobacco; Ky. (Int. +from Eu.)</p> + +<p>Page 421.—After <span class="smcap">Lamium purpureum</span> insert—</p> + +<p><b>L.</b> <span class="smcap">intermèdium</span>, Fries. Resembling L. purpureum, but the calyx-teeth +longer than the tube, the rather narrower corolla without a hairy ring within +near the base, and the nutlet longer (3 times as long as broad).—Cultivated +fields near Hingham, Mass. (<i>C. J. Sprague</i>). (Adv. from Eu.)</p> + +<p>Page 427.—Insert in the generic key—</p> + +<p>5. <b>Cladothrix.</b> Flowers perfect, minute, axillary. Densely white-tomentose.</p> + +<p>Page 430.—Insert after the genus Frœlichia—</p> + +<p><b>5. CLADÓTHRIX</b>, Nutt.</p> + +<p>Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, erect, rigid-scarious, somewhat pilose. +Stamens 5, the filaments united at base; anthers large, 1-celled. Stigma +large, capitate, 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehiscent.—Densely stellate-tomentose +low herbs or woody at base, with opposite petiolate leaves and very +small flowers solitary or few in the axils. (Name from <span class="greek">κλάδος</span>, <i>a branch</i>, and +<span class="greek">θρίξ</span>, <i>hair</i>, for the branching tomentum.)</p> + +<p>1. <b>C. lanuginòsa</b>, Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, much branched; +leaves round-obovate to rhomboidal, 3–10´´ long.—Central Kan. (<i>Meehan</i>) +and southwestward.</p> + +<p>Page 435.—<b>Salsola Kali.</b> This species has been found in Emmet Co., +Iowa (<i>Cratty</i>), at Yankton, Dak. (<i>Bruhin</i>), and in river-bottoms in N. W. +Neb. and central Dak.</p> + +<p>Page 437.—After <b>Eriogonum annuum</b> insert—</p> + +<p>2. <b>E. Allèni</b>, Watson. Perennial, white-tomentose throughout, the tall +scape-like stem repeatedly dichotomous above; radical leaves lanceolate, long-petiolate, +the upper in whorls of 4 or 5, ovate to oblong-ovate, very shortly +petiolate, much reduced above; involucres mostly sessile; flowers glabrous, +yellow, the segments elliptical.—Near White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. +(<i>T. F. Allen</i>).</p> + +<p>Page 445.—<b>Asarum Canadense.</b> In this species there are rudimentary +subulate petals, alternate with the calyx-lobes.</p> + +<p>Page 463.—<b>Celtis Mississippiensis.</b> Common in low river-bottoms +of W. Mo. (<i>F. Bush</i>); described as having a very smooth trunk, like a +sycamore, and soft yellowish brittle wood, not coarse-grained as in C. +occidentalis.</p> + +<p>Page 491.—Under <b>Pinus</b> add—</p> + +<p>10. <b>P. ponderòsa</b>, Dougl., var. <b>scopulòrum</b>, Engelm. Leaves in +twos or usually threes from long sheaths, 3–6´ long, rather rigid; staminate +flowers 1´ long; cones subterminal, 2–3´ long, oval, often 3–5 together, the +prominent summit of the thick scales bearing a stout straight or incurved +prickle.—Central Neb. and westward in the Rocky Mountains.—A large tree +with very thick bark.</p> + +<p><a name="page735"></a>Page 514.—After <span class="smcap">Iris Caroliniana</span> insert—</p> + +<p>2<sup>a</sup>. <b>I. hexágona</b>, Walt. Stems flexuous, often low and slender (1–3° +high), leafy; leaves much exceeding the stem, 6–12´´ broad; flowers solitary +and sessile in the axils, large, deep blue, variegated with yellow, purple, and +white; tube ½´ long; segments about 3´ long, the inner narrow; capsule oblong-cylindric, +6-angled, 2´ long—Prairies, Ky. (<i>Short</i>) to W. Mo. (<i>Bush</i>), +and on the coast from S. Car. southward.</p> + +<p>Page 515.—<b>Sisyrinchium angustifolium.</b> What appears to be a +form of this species with pale yellow flowers is found near Independence, +Mo. (<i>Bush</i>).</p> + +<p>Page 516.—Under <b>Zephyranthes Atamasco</b> insert the synonym +(Amaryllis Atamasco, <i>L.</i>).</p> + +<p>Page 555.—<b>Sagittaria teres</b> has been collected also at Brewster, Mass. +(<i>Farlow</i>).</p> + +<p>Page 575.—After <b>Eleocharis Torreyana</b> insert—</p> + +<p>13<sup>a</sup>. <b>E. álbida</b>, Torr. Like n. 12 and 13 in habit, somewhat stouter; +spikelet dense, ellipsoidal or oblong, 1–4´´ long, acutish, with pale obtuse +scales; achene very small, triangular-obovate, very smooth, with a broadly +triangular tubercle upon a narrow base, shorter than or exceeding the reddish +bristles.—Salt marshes, Northampton Co., Va. (<i>Canby</i>), and south to Fla. +and Tex.</p> + +<p>Page 653.—<b>Trisetum subspicatum</b>, var. <b>molle</b>, is reported from +Roan Mt., N. C. (<i>Scribner</i>), and probably occurs on the higher Alleghanies +northward.</p> + +<p>Page 662.—After <b>Melica diffusa</b> insert—</p> + +<p>3. <b>M. Pórteri</b>, Scribn. Tall and slender; panicle very narrow, the slender +branches erect or the lower slightly divergent; pedicels flexuous or recurved, +pubescent; glumes very unequal and shorter than the spikelet; fertile +flowers 3–5, the glumes scabrous.—Mountains of Col. and southward; reported +from Cass Co., Neb. (<i>J. G. Smith</i>).</p> + +<p>Page 663.—<b>Distichlis maritima.</b> On alkaline soil in Neb., and very +common in similar localities west and southwestward; chiefly the var. +<span class="smcap">strícta</span>, Thurb., with setaceously convolute leaves, the many- (10–20-) +flowered spikelets in a loose panicle.</p> + + + +<a name="page736"></a> + +<h2>LIST OF ORDERS,<br /><br /> + +WITH THE NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES,<br /> +NATIVE AND INTRODUCED.</h2> + +<table class="orderlist" summary="list of orders"> +<tr><td>ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. </td><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> Genera. </td><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> Species. </td></tr> +<tr class="heading"><td><span class="smcap">Div. 1. Polypetalous.</span> </td><td>Native.</td><td>Introd.</td><td>Native.</td><td>Introd.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> 1. Ranunculacæ </td><td> 19 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 62 </td><td> 14 </td></tr> +<tr><td> 2. Magnoliaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 6 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td> 3. Anonaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td> 4. Menispermaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td> 5. Berberidaceæ </td><td> 5 </td><td> — </td><td> 5 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td> 6. Nymphæaceæ </td><td> 5 </td><td> — </td><td> 8 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td> 7. Sarraceniaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td> 8. Papaveraceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> 3 </td><td> 3 </td><td> 6 </td></tr> +<tr><td> 9. Fumariaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 9 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>10. Cruciferæ </td><td> 15 </td><td> 8 </td><td> 46 </td><td> 25 </td></tr> +<tr><td>11. Capparidaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 4 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>12. Resedaceæ </td><td> — </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 2 </td></tr> +<tr><td>13. Cistaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 9 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>14. Violaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 19 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>15. Caryophyllaceæ </td><td> 6 </td><td> 6 </td><td> 31 </td><td> 22 </td></tr> +<tr><td>16. Portulacaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 7 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>17. Elatinaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>18. Hypericaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 20 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>19. Ternstrœmiaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>20. Malvaceæ </td><td> 7 </td><td> 4 </td><td> 15 </td><td> 10 </td></tr> +<tr><td>21. Tiliaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>22. Linaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 5 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>23. Geraniaceæ </td><td> 4 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 10 </td><td> 7 </td></tr> +<tr><td>24. Rutaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>25. Ilicineæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 10 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>26. Celastraceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>27. Rhamnaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 6 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>28. Vitaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 11 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>29. Sapindaceæ </td><td> 5 </td><td> — </td><td> 11 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>30. Anacardiaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 7 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>31. Polygalaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 15 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>32. Leguminosæ </td><td> 41 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 137 </td><td> 19 </td></tr> +<tr><td>33. Rosaceæ </td><td> 17 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 87 </td><td> 8 </td></tr> +<tr><td>34. Calycanthaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>35. Saxifragaceæ </td><td> 14 </td><td> — </td><td> 43 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>36. Crassulaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 8 </td><td> 3 </td></tr> +<tr><td>37. Droseraceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>38. Hamamelideæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>39. Halorageæ </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td><td> 13 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>40. Melastomaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>41. Lythraceæ </td><td> 6 </td><td> — </td><td> 8 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>42. Onagraceæ </td><td> 7 </td><td> — </td><td> 43 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>43. Loasaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>44. Passifloraceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>45. Cucurbitaceæ </td><td> 5 </td><td> — </td><td> 5 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>46. Cactaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 6 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>47. Ficoideæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>48. Umbelliferæ </td><td> 26 </td><td> 10 </td><td> 49 </td><td> 13 </td></tr> +<tr><td>49. Araliaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 6 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>50. Cornaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 11 </td><td> — </td></tr> + +<tr class="totals"><td> </td><td> 251 </td><td> 46 </td><td> 777 </td><td> 141 </td></tr> + +<tr><td>ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. </td><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> Genera. </td><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> Species. </td></tr> +<tr class="heading"><td><span class="smcap">Div. 2. Gamopetalous.</span> </td><td>Native.</td><td>Introd.</td><td>Native.</td><td>Introd.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>51. Caprifoliaceæ </td><td> 8 </td><td> — </td><td> 31 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>52. Rubiaceæ </td><td> 7 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 25 </td><td> 5 </td></tr> +<tr><td>53. Valerianaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 7 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>54. Dipsaceæ </td><td> — </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 3 </td></tr> +<tr><td>55. Compositæ </td><td> 78 </td><td> 20 </td><td> 356 </td><td> 51 </td></tr> +<tr><td>56. Lobeliaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 13 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>57. Campanulaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 6 </td><td> 2 </td></tr> +<tr><td>58. Ericareæ </td><td> 26 </td><td> — </td><td> 69 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>59. Diapensiaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>60. Plumbaginaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>61. Primulaceæ </td><td> 10 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 16 </td><td> 3 </td></tr> +<tr><td>62. Sapotaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>63. Ebenaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>64. Styraceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 5 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>65. Olcaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 8 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>66. Apocynaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>67. Asclepiadaceæ </td><td> 5 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 29 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>68. Loganiaceæ </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>69. Gentianaceæ </td><td> 9 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 31 </td><td> 3 </td></tr> +<tr><td>70. Polemoniaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 14 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>71. Hydrophyllaceæ </td><td> 5 </td><td> — </td><td> 13 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>72. Borraginaceæ </td><td> 8 </td><td> 3 </td><td> 22 </td><td> 11 </td></tr> +<tr><td>73. Convolvulaceæ </td><td> 6 </td><td> — </td><td> 20 </td><td> 7 </td></tr> +<tr><td>74. Solanaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 14 </td><td> 8 </td></tr> +<tr><td>75. Scrophulariaceæ </td><td> 24 </td><td> 3 </td><td> 65 </td><td> 15 </td></tr> +<tr><td>76. Orobanchaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 2 </td></tr> +<tr><td>77. Lentibulariaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 13 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>78. Bignoniaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>79. Pedaliaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>80. Acanthaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>81. Verbenaceæ </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td><td> 11 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>82. Labiatæ </td><td> 20 </td><td> 14 </td><td> 65 </td><td> 33 </td></tr> +<tr><td>83. Plantaginaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 11 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> + +<tr class="totals"><td> </td><td> 254 </td><td> 53 </td><td> 874 </td><td> 148 </td></tr> + +<tr><td>ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. </td><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> Genera. </td><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> Species. </td></tr> +<tr class="heading"><td><span class="smcap">Div. 3. Apetalous.</span> </td><td>Native.</td><td>Introd.</td><td>Native.</td><td>Introd.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>84. Nyctaginaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 41 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>85. Illecebraceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>86. Amarantaceæ </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td><td> 9 </td><td> 7 </td></tr> +<tr><td>87. Chenopodiaceæ </td><td> 8 </td><td> 2 </td><td> 17 </td><td> 11 </td></tr> +<tr><td>88. Phytolaccaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>89. Polygonaceæ </td><td> 6 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 33 </td><td> 13 </td></tr> +<tr><td>90. Podostemaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>91. Aristolochiaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 6 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>92. Piperaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>93. Lauraceæ </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td><td> 5 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>94. Thymelæaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>95. Eæagnaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>96. Loranthaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>97. Santalaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>98. Euphorbiaceæ </td><td> 10 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 34 </td><td> 8 </td></tr> + +<tr><td><a name="page737"></a> 99. Urticaceæ </td><td> 11 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 16 </td><td> 4 </td></tr> +<tr><td>100. Platanaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>101. Juglandaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 9 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>102. Myricaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>103. Cupuliferæ </td><td> 8 </td><td> — </td><td> 37 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>104. Salicaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 25 </td><td> 5 </td></tr> +<tr><td>105. Empetraceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>106. Ceratophyllaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td></tr> + +<tr class="totals"><td> </td><td> 76 </td><td> 7 </td><td> 257 </td><td> 51 </td></tr> + +<tr><td>GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr class="ender"><td>107. Coniferæ </td><td> 10 </td><td> — </td><td> 22 </td><td> — </td></tr> + +<tr><td>ENDOGENS. </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>108. Hydrocharidaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>109. Burmanniaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>110. Orchidaceæ </td><td> 17 </td><td> — </td><td> 58 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>111. Bromeliaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>112. Hæmodoraceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>113. Iridaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 10 </td><td> 2 </td></tr> +<tr><td>114. Amaryllidaceæ </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>115. Dioscoreaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>116. Liliaceæ </td><td> 29 </td><td> 4 </td><td> 74 </td><td> 8 </td></tr> +<tr><td>117. Pontederiaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>118. Xyridaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>119. Mayaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>120. Commelinaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 6 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>121. Juncaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 32 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>122. Typhaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 5 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>123. Araceæ </td><td> 6 </td><td> — </td><td> 8 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>124. Lemnaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 9 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>125. Alismaceæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 11 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>126. Naiadaceæ </td><td> 7 </td><td> — </td><td> 39 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>127. Eriocauleæ </td><td> 3 </td><td> — </td><td> 5 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>128. Cyperaceæ </td><td> 16 </td><td> — </td><td> 237 </td><td> 8 </td></tr> +<tr><td>129. Gramineæ </td><td> 60 </td><td> 17 </td><td> 204 </td><td> 46 </td></tr> + +<tr class="totals"><td> </td><td> 170 </td><td> 22 </td><td> 721 </td><td> 64 </td></tr> + +<tr><td>PTERIDOPHYTES. </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>130. Equisetaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 11 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>131. Filices </td><td> 21 </td><td> — </td><td> 62 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>132. Ophioglossaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 7 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>133. Lycopodiaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 9 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>134. Selaginellaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 10 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>135. Marsiliaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>136. Salviniaceæ </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td><td> 1 </td><td> — </td></tr> + +<tr class="totals"><td> </td><td> 29 </td><td> </td><td> 102 </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>BRYOPHYTES. </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Div. Hepaticæ.</span> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>137. Jungermanniaceæ </td><td> 32 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 115 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> +<tr><td>138. Anthocerotaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 4 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>139. Marchantiaceæ </td><td> 8 </td><td> — </td><td> 9 </td><td> — </td></tr> +<tr><td>140. Ricciaceæ </td><td> 2 </td><td> — </td><td> 12 </td><td> — </td></tr> + +<tr class="totals"><td> </td><td> 44 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 140 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> Genera. </td><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> Species. </td></tr> +<tr class="heading"><td> </td><td>Native.</td><td>Introd.</td><td>Native.</td><td>Introd.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Exogens. </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> Polypetalous </td><td> 251 </td><td> 46 </td><td> 777 </td><td> 141 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Gamopetalous </td><td> 254 </td><td> 53 </td><td> 874 </td><td> 148 </td></tr> +<tr><td> Apetalous </td><td> 76 </td><td> 7 </td><td> 257 </td><td> 51 </td></tr> + +<tr class="totals"><td> </td><td> 581 </td><td> 106 </td><td>1908 </td><td> 340 </td></tr> + +<tr class="ender"><td> Gymnospermous </td><td> 10 </td><td> — </td><td> 22 </td><td> — </td></tr> + +<tr><td>Endogens </td><td> 170 </td><td> 22 </td><td> 721 </td><td> 64 </td></tr> + +<tr class="totals"><td>Total Phænogams </td><td> 761 </td><td> 128 </td><td>2651 </td><td> 404 </td></tr> + +<tr><td>Cryptogams </td><td> 73 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 242 </td><td> 1 </td></tr> + +<tr class="totals"><td> </td><td> 834 </td><td> 129 </td><td>2893 </td><td> 405 </td></tr> +</table> + + +<p style="margin-left:4em;width:20em"> +Total of Genera <span class="right">963</span> +<br /> +Total of Species <span class="right">3298</span> +</p> + + +<a name="page738"></a> + +<h2>GLOSSARY.</h2> + + +<p><i>Abnormal.</i> Differing from the normal or +usual structure.</p> + +<p><i>Abortion.</i> Imperfect development or non-development +of an organ.</p> + +<p><i>Abortive.</i> Defective or barren.</p> + +<p><i>Acaulescent.</i> Stemless or apparently so.</p> + +<p><i>Accumbent</i> (cotyledon). Having the edges +against the radicle.</p> + +<p><i>Acerb.</i> Sour and astringent.</p> + +<p><i>Achene.</i> A small, dry and hard, 1-celled, 1-seeded, +indehiscent fruit.</p> + +<p><i>Achlamydeous.</i> Without calyx or corolla.</p> + +<p><i>Acicular.</i> Slender needle-shaped.</p> + +<p><i>Acrogenous.</i> Growing from the apex by a +terminal bud or by the apical cell only.</p> + +<p><i>Aculeate.</i> Prickly, beset with prickles.</p> + +<p><i>Aculeolate.</i> Beset with diminutive prickles.</p> + +<p><i>Acuminate.</i> Tapering at the end.</p> + +<p><i>Acute.</i> Terminating with a sharp or well-defined +angle.</p> + +<p><i>Æstivation.</i> The arrangement of the parts +of the perianth in the bud.</p> + +<p><i>Adnate.</i> United, as the inferior ovary with +the calyx-tube. <i>Adnate anther</i>, one attached +for its whole length to the inner or +outer face of the filament.</p> + +<p><i>Adventive.</i> Recently or imperfectly naturalized.</p> + +<p><i>Alate.</i> Winged.</p> + +<p><i>Albumen.</i> Any deposit of nutritive material +accompanying the embryo.</p> + +<p><i>Albuminous.</i> Having albumen.</p> + +<p><i>Alliaceous.</i> Having the smell or taste of +garlic.</p> + +<p><i>Alternate.</i> Not opposite to each other, as +sepals and petals, or as leaves upon a stem.</p> + +<p><i>Alveolate.</i> Honeycombed, having angular +depressions separated by thin partitions.</p> + +<p><i>Ament.</i> A catkin, or peculiar scaly unisexual +spike.</p> + +<p><i>Amphitropous</i> (ovule or seed). Half-inverted +and straight, with the hilum lateral.</p> + +<p><i>Amplexicaul.</i> Clasping the stem.</p> + +<p><i>Anastomosing.</i> Connecting by cross-veins +and forming a network.</p> + +<p><i>Anatropous</i> (ovule). Inverted and straight, +with the micropyle next the hilum and the +radicle consequently inferior.</p> + +<p><i>Androgynous</i> (inflorescence). Composed of +both staminate and pistillate flowers.</p> + +<p><i>-androus</i>. In composition, having stamens.</p> + +<p><i>Angiospermous.</i> Having the seeds borne +within a pericarp.</p> + +<p><i>Annual.</i> Of only one year's duration. <i>Winter +annual</i>, a plant from autumn-sown +seed which blooms and fruits in the following +spring.</p> + +<p><i>Annular.</i> In the form of a ring.</p> + +<p><i>Anterior.</i> On the front side of a flower and +next the bract, remote from the axis of inflorescence, +equivalent to inferior and (less +properly) exterior.</p> + +<p><i>Anther.</i> The polliniferous part of a stamen.</p> + +<p><i>Antheridium.</i> In Cryptogams, the organ +corresponding to an anther.</p> + +<p><i>Antheriferous.</i> Anther-bearing.</p> + +<p><i>Antherizoid.</i> One of the minute organs developed +in an antheridium, corresponding +to pollen-grains.</p> + +<p><i>Anthesis.</i> The time of expansion of a flower.</p> + +<p><i>Apetalous.</i> Having no petals.</p> + +<p><i>Apical.</i> Situated at the apex or tip.</p> + +<p><i>Apiculate.</i> Ending in a short pointed tip.</p> + +<p><i>Appressed.</i> Lying close and flat against.</p> + +<p><i>Aquatic.</i> Growing in water.</p> + +<p><i>Arachnoid.</i> Cobwebby, of slender entangled +hairs.</p> + +<p><i>Archegonium.</i> The organ corresponding to +a pistil in the higher Cryptogams.</p> + +<p><i>Arcuate.</i> Moderately curved.</p> + +<p><i>Areolate.</i> Marked out into small spaces, +reticulate.</p> + +<p><i>Aril.</i> An appendage growing at or about the +hilum of a seed.</p> + +<p><i>Arillate.</i> Having an aril.</p> + +<p><i>Articulate.</i> Jointed; having a node or joint.</p> + +<p><i>Ascending.</i> Rising somewhat obliquely, or +curving upward. <i>Ascending ovule</i>, one +that is attached above the base of the ovary +and is directed upward.</p> + +<p><i>Assurgent.</i> Ascending.</p> + +<p><i>Attenuate.</i> Slenderly tapering, becoming +very narrow.</p> + +<p><i>Auricle.</i> An ear-shaped appendage.</p> + +<p><i>Auriculate.</i> Furnished with auricles.</p> + +<p><i>Awl-shaped.</i> Narrowed upward from the +base to a slender or rigid point.</p> + +<p><i>Awn.</i> A bristle-shaped appendage.</p> + +<p><i>Axil.</i> The angle formed by a leaf or branch +with the stem.</p> + +<p><a name="page739"></a><i>Axile.</i> Situated in the axis.</p> + +<p><i>Axillary.</i> Situated in an axil.</p> + +<p><i>Axis.</i> The central line of any organ or support +of a group of organs; a stem, etc.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Baccate.</i> Berry like; pulpy throughout.</p> + +<p><i>Barbed.</i> Furnished with rigid points or +short bristles, usually reflexed like the barb +of a fish-hook.</p> + +<p><i>Barbellate.</i> Finely barbed.</p> + +<p><i>Barbulate.</i> Finely bearded.</p> + +<p><i>Basal, Basilar.</i> At or pertaining to the +base.</p> + +<p><i>Basifixed.</i> Attached by the base.</p> + +<p><i>Beaked.</i> Ending in a beak or prolonged tip.</p> + +<p><i>Bearded.</i> Bearing a long awn, or furnished +with long or stiff hairs.</p> + +<p><i>Berry.</i> A fruit the whole pericarp of which +is fleshy or pulpy.</p> + +<p><i>Bi-</i> or <i>Bis-</i>. A Latin prefix signifying two, +twice, or doubly.</p> + +<p><i>Bidentate.</i> Having two teeth.</p> + +<p><i>Biennial.</i> Of two years' duration.</p> + +<p><i>Bifid.</i> Two-cleft.</p> + +<p><i>Bilabiate.</i> Two-lipped.</p> + +<p><i>Bilocellate.</i> Having two secondary cells.</p> + +<p><i>Bilocular.</i> Two-celled.</p> + +<p><i>Bisexual.</i> Having both stamens and pistils.</p> + +<p><i>Bladdery.</i> Thin and inflated.</p> + +<p><i>Blade.</i> The limb or expanded portion of a +leaf, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Bract.</i> A more or less modified leaf subtending +a flower or belonging to an inflorescence, +or sometimes cauline.</p> + +<p><i>Bracteate.</i> Having bracts.</p> + +<p><i>Bracteolate.</i> Having bractlets.</p> + +<p><i>Bracteose.</i> With numerous or conspicuous +bracts.</p> + +<p><i>Bractlet.</i> A secondary bract, as one upon +the pedicel of a flower.</p> + +<p><i>Bristle.</i> A stiff hair or any similar outgrowth.</p> + +<p><i>Bud.</i> The rudimentary state of a stem or +branch; an unexpanded flower.</p> + +<p><i>Bulb.</i> A subterranean leaf-bud with fleshy +scales or coats.</p> + +<p><i>Bulbiferous.</i> Bearing bulbs.</p> + +<p><i>Bulblet.</i> A small bulb, especially one borne +upon the stem.</p> + +<p><i>Bulbous.</i> Having the character of a bulb.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Caducous.</i> Falling off very early.</p> + +<p><i>Calcarate.</i> Produced into or having a spur.</p> + +<p><i>Callus.</i> A hard protuberance or callosity.</p> + +<p><i>Calyculate.</i> Having bracts around the calyx +imitating an outer calyx.</p> + +<p><i>Calyptra.</i> The membranous hood or covering +of the capsule in Hepaticæ and Mosses.</p> + +<p><i>Calyx.</i> The outer perianth of the flower.</p> + +<p><i>Campanulate.</i> Bell-shaped; cup-shaped +with a broad base.</p> + +<p><i>Campylospermous.</i> Having seeds with longitudinally +involute margins, as in some +Umbelliferæ.</p> + +<p><i>Campylotropous</i> (ovule or seed). So curved +as to bring the apex and base nearly together.</p> + +<p><i>Canaliculate.</i> Longitudinally channelled.</p> + +<p><i>Canescent.</i> Hoary with gray pubescence.</p> + +<p><i>Capitate.</i> Shaped like a head; collected into +a head or dense cluster.</p> + +<p><i>Capitellate.</i> Collected into a small head.</p> + +<p><i>Capsular.</i> Belonging to or of the nature of +a capsule.</p> + +<p><i>Capsule.</i> A dry dehiscent fruit composed of +more than one carpel; the spore-case of +Hepaticæ, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Capsuliferous.</i> Capsule-bearing.</p> + +<p><i>Carinate.</i> Having a keel or a projecting longitudinal +medial line on the lower surface.</p> + +<p><i>Carpel.</i> A simple pistil, or one member of a +compound pistil.</p> + +<p><i>Cartilaginous.</i> Of the texture of cartilage; +firm and tough.</p> + +<p><i>Caruncle.</i> An excrescence or appendage at +or about the hilum of a seed.</p> + +<p><i>Carunculate.</i> Having a caruncle.</p> + +<p><i>Caryopsis.</i> A grain, as of grasses; a seed-like +fruit with a thin pericarp adnate to the +contained seed.</p> + +<p><i>Castaneous.</i> Of a chestnut color; brown.</p> + +<p><i>Catkin.</i> An ament.</p> + +<p><i>Caudate.</i> Having a slender tail-like appendage.</p> + +<p><i>Caudex.</i> The persistent base of an otherwise +annual herbaceous stem.</p> + +<p><i>Caulescent.</i> Having a manifest stem.</p> + +<p><i>Cauline.</i> Belonging to the stem.</p> + +<p><i>Cavernous.</i> Hollow; full of air-cavities.</p> + +<p><i>Cell.</i> One of the minute vesicles, of very various +forms, of which plants are formed. +Any structure containing a cavity, as the +cells of an anther, ovary, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Cellular</i> (tissue). Composed of short transparent +thin-walled cells, in distinction from +fibrous or vascular.</p> + +<p><i>Cespitose.</i> Growing in tufts; forming mats or turf.</p> + +<p><i>Chaff.</i> A small thin scale or bract, becoming +dry and membranous.</p> + +<p><i>Chaffy.</i> Having or resembling chaff.</p> + +<p><i>Channelled.</i> Deeply grooved longitudinally, +like a gutter.</p> + +<p><i>Chartaceous.</i> Having the texture of writing-paper.</p> + +<p><i>Chlorophyll.</i> The green grains within the +cells of plants.</p> + +<p><i>Chlorophyllose.</i> Containing chlorophyll.</p> + +<p><i>Ciliate.</i> Marginally fringed with hairs.</p> + +<p><i>Ciliolate.</i> Minutely ciliate.</p> + +<p><i>Cinereous.</i> Ash-color.</p> + +<p><i>Circinate.</i> Coiled from the top downward, +as the young frond of a fern.</p> + +<p><i>Circumscissile.</i> Dehiscing by a regular +transverse circular line of division.</p> + +<p><i>Clavate.</i> Club-shaped; gradually thickened +upward.</p> + +<p><i>Cleistogamous.</i> Fertilized in the bud, without +the opening of the flower.</p> + +<p><a name="page740"></a><i>Cleft.</i> Cut about to the middle.</p> + +<p><i>Climbing.</i> Ascending by laying hold of surrounding +objects for support.</p> + +<p><i>Cluster.</i> Any assemblage of flowers on a +plant.</p> + +<p><i>Clustered.</i> Collected in a bunch of any sort.</p> + +<p><i>Coalescence.</i> The union of parts or organs +of the same kind.</p> + +<p><i>Coccus</i> (pl. <i>Cocci</i>). One of the parts into +which a lobed fruit with 1-seeded cells splits.</p> + +<p><i>Cochleate.</i> Spiral, like a snail-shell.</p> + +<p><i>Cohesion.</i> The union of one organ with +another.</p> + +<p><i>Columella.</i> The persistent axis of some +capsules, spore-cases, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Columnar.</i> Like a column.</p> + +<p><i>Commissure.</i> The surface by which one +carpel joins another, as in the Umbelliferæ.</p> + +<p><i>Comose.</i> Furnished with a <i>coma</i> or tuft of +hairs.</p> + +<p><i>Complicate.</i> Folded upon itself.</p> + +<p><i>Compound.</i> Composed of 2 or more similar +parts united into one whole. <i>Compound +leaf</i>, one divided into separate leaflets.</p> + +<p><i>Compressed.</i> Flattened laterally.</p> + +<p><i>Conceptacle.</i> In some Cryptogams a case or +receptacle containing the organs of fructification.</p> + +<p><i>Conduplicate.</i> Folded together lengthwise.</p> + +<p><i>Confluent.</i> Running into each other; blended +into one.</p> + +<p><i>Coniferous.</i> Cone-bearing.</p> + +<p><i>Connate.</i> United congenitally.</p> + +<p><i>Connective.</i> The portion of a stamen which +connects the two cells of the anther.</p> + +<p><i>Connivent.</i> Coming into contact; converging.</p> + +<p><i>Conoidal.</i> Nearly conical.</p> + +<p><i>Convergent.</i> Approaching each other.</p> + +<p><i>Convolute.</i> Rolled up longitudinally.</p> + +<p><i>Cordate.</i> Heart-shaped with the point +upward.</p> + +<p><i>Coriaceous.</i> Leathery in texture.</p> + +<p><i>Corm.</i> The enlarged fleshy base of a stem, +bulb-like but solid.</p> + +<p><i>Corolla.</i> The inner perianth, of distinct or +connate petals.</p> + +<p><i>Coroniform.</i> Shaped like a crown.</p> + +<p><i>Corrugate.</i> Wrinkled or in folds.</p> + +<p><i>Corymb.</i> A flat-topped or convex open flower-cluster, +in the stricter use of the word equivalent +to a contracted raceme and progressing +in its flowering from the margin inward.</p> + +<p><i>Corymbose.</i> In corymbs, or corymb-like.</p> + +<p><i>Cosmopolite.</i> Found in most parts of the +globe (of plants).</p> + +<p><i>Costa.</i> A rib; a midrib or mid-nerve.</p> + +<p><i>Costate.</i> Ribbed; having one or more longitudinal +ribs or nerves.</p> + +<p><i>Cotyledons.</i> The foliar portion or first leaves +(one, two, or more) of the embryo as found +in the seed.</p> + +<p><i>Crateriform.</i> In the shape of a saucer or +cup, hemispherical or more shallow.</p> + +<p><i>Creeping.</i> Running along or under the +ground and rooting.</p> + +<p><i>Crenate.</i> Dentate with the teeth much +rounded.</p> + +<p><i>Crenulate.</i> Finely crenate.</p> + +<p><i>Crested, Cristate.</i> Bearing an elevated appendage +resembling a crest.</p> + +<p><i>Crown.</i> An inner appendage to a petal, or +to the throat of a corolla.</p> + +<p><i>Cruciate.</i> Cross-shaped.</p> + +<p><i>Crustaceous.</i> Of hard and brittle texture.</p> + +<p><i>Cucullate.</i> Hooded or hood-shaped; cowled.</p> + +<p><i>Culm.</i> The peculiar stem of sedges and +grasses.</p> + +<p><i>Cuneate.</i> Wedge-shaped; triangular with +the acute angle downward.</p> + +<p><i>Cuspidate.</i> Tipped with a <i>cusp</i>, or sharp +and rigid point.</p> + +<p><i>Cylindraceous.</i> Somewhat or nearly cylindrical.</p> + +<p><i>Cyme.</i> A usually broad and flattish determinate +inflorescence, i.e. with its central +or terminal flowers blooming earliest.</p> + +<p><i>Cymose.</i> Bearing cymes or cyme-like.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Deciduous.</i> Not persistent; not evergreen.</p> + +<p><i>Decompound.</i> More than once compound or +divided.</p> + +<p><i>Decumbent.</i> Reclining, but with the summit +ascending.</p> + +<p><i>Decurrent</i> (leaf). Extending down the stem +below the insertion.</p> + +<p><i>Decurved.</i> Curved downward.</p> + +<p><i>Decussate.</i> Alternating in pairs at right +angles, or in threes.</p> + +<p><i>Definite.</i> Of a constant number, not exceeding +twenty.</p> + +<p><i>Deflexed.</i> Bent or turned abruptly downward.</p> + +<p><i>Dehiscent.</i> Opening regularly by valves, +slits, etc., as a capsule or anther.</p> + +<p><i>Deltoid.</i> Shaped like the Greek letter <span class="greek">Δ</span></p> + +<p><i>Dentate.</i> Toothed, usually with the teeth +directed outward.</p> + +<p><i>Denticulate.</i> Minutely dentate.</p> + +<p><i>Depressed.</i> Somewhat flattened from above.</p> + +<p><i>Di-, Dis-.</i> A Greek prefix signifying two or +twice.</p> + +<p><i>Diadelphous</i> (stamens). Combined in two +sets.</p> + +<p><i>Diandrous.</i> Having two stamens.</p> + +<p><i>Dicarpellary.</i> Composed of two carpels.</p> + +<p><i>Dichotomous.</i> Forking regularly by pairs.</p> + +<p><i>Dicotyledonous.</i> Having two cotyledons.</p> + +<p><i>Didymous.</i> Twin; found in pairs.</p> + +<p><i>Didynamous</i> (stamens). In two pairs of unequal +length.</p> + +<p><i>Diffuse.</i> Widely or loosely spreading.</p> + +<p><i>Digitate.</i> Compound, with the members +borne in a whorl at the apex of the support.</p> + +<p><i>Dimerous</i> (flower). Having all the parts in +twos.</p> + +<p><i>Dimidiate.</i> In halves, as if one half were +wanting.</p> + +<p><a name="page741"></a><i>Dimorphous.</i> Occurring in two forms.</p> + +<p><i>Diœcious.</i> Unisexual, with the two kinds of +flowers on separate plants.</p> + +<p><i>Discoid.</i> Resembling a disk. <i>Discoid head</i>, +in Compositæ, one without ray-flowers.</p> + +<p><i>Disk.</i> A development of the receptacle at or +around the base of the pistil. In Compositæ, +the tubular flowers of the head as distinct +from the ray.</p> + +<p><i>Dissected.</i> Cut or divided into numerous +segments.</p> + +<p><i>Dissepiment.</i> A partition in an ovary or +fruit.</p> + +<p><i>Distichous.</i> In two vertical ranks.</p> + +<p><i>Distinct.</i> Separate; not united, evident.</p> + +<p><i>Divaricate.</i> Widely divergent.</p> + +<p><i>Divergent.</i> Inclined away from each other.</p> + +<p><i>Divided.</i> Lobed to the base.</p> + +<p><i>Dorsal.</i> Upon or relating to the back or +outer surface of an organ.</p> + +<p><i>Drupaceous.</i> Resembling or of the nature +of a drupe.</p> + +<p><i>Drupe.</i> A fleshy or pulpy fruit with the inner +portion of the pericarp (1-celled and 1-seeded, +or sometimes several-celled) hard or +stony.</p> + +<p><i>Drupelet.</i> A diminutive drupe.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>E-</i> or <i>Ex-</i>. A Latin prefix having often a +privative signification, as <i>ebracteate</i>, without +bracts.</p> + +<p><i>Echinate.</i> Beset with prickles.</p> + +<p><i>Effuse.</i> Very loosely spreading.</p> + +<p><i>Elater.</i> A usually spirally marked thread +found in the capsules of most Hepaticæ.</p> + +<p><i>Ellipsoidal.</i> Nearly elliptical; of solids, elliptical +in outline.</p> + +<p><i>Elliptical.</i> In the form of an ellipse, oval.</p> + +<p><i>Emarginate.</i> Having a shallow notch at the +extremity.</p> + +<p><i>Embryo.</i> The rudimentary plantlet within +the seed.</p> + +<p><i>Endocarp.</i> The inner layer of a pericarp.</p> + +<p><i>Endogenous.</i> Growing throughout the substance +of the stem, instead of by superficial +layers.</p> + +<p><i>Entire.</i> Without toothing or division.</p> + +<p><i>Ephemeral.</i> Lasting only for one day.</p> + +<p><i>Epidermis.</i> The cuticle or thin membrane +covering the outer surface.</p> + +<p><i>Epigynous.</i> Growing on the summit of the +ovary, or apparently so.</p> + +<p><i>Epiphyte.</i> A plant growing attached to another +plant, but not parasitic; an air-plant.</p> + +<p><i>Eporose.</i> Without pores.</p> + +<p><i>Equitant.</i> Astride, used of conduplicate +leaves which enfold each other in two ranks, +as in Iris.</p> + +<p><i>Erect.</i> Vertical; upright as respects the +plane of the base.</p> + +<p><i>Erose.</i> As if gnawed.</p> + +<p><i>Exalbuminous.</i> Without albumen.</p> + +<p><i>Excurrent.</i> Running out, as a nerve of a +leaf projecting beyond the margin.</p> + +<p><i>Exfoliating.</i> Cleaving off in thin layers.</p> + +<p><i>Exogenous.</i> Growing by annular layers +near the surface; belonging to the Exogens.</p> + +<p><i>Exserted.</i> Projecting beyond an envelope, +as stamens from a corolla.</p> + +<p><i>Extrorse.</i> Facing outward.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Falcate.</i> Scythe-shaped, curved and flat, +tapering gradually.</p> + +<p><i>Farinaceous.</i> Containing starch, starch-like.</p> + +<p><i>Farinose.</i> Covered with a meal-like powder.</p> + +<p><i>Fascicle.</i> A close bundle or cluster.</p> + +<p><i>Fastigiate</i> (branches). Erect and near together.</p> + +<p><i>Ferruginous.</i> Rust-color.</p> + +<p><i>Fertile.</i> Capable of producing fruit, or productive, +as a flower having a pistil, or an +anther with pollen.</p> + +<p><i>Fibrillose.</i> Furnished or abounding with +fine fibres.</p> + +<p><i>Fibrous.</i> Composed of or resembling fibres. +<i>Fibrous tissue</i>, a tissue formed of elongated +thick-walled cells.</p> + +<p><i>Fibro-vascular.</i> Composed of woody fibres +and ducts.</p> + +<p><i>Filament.</i> The part of a stamen which supports +the anther; any thread-like body.</p> + +<p><i>Filamentous.</i> Composed of threads.</p> + +<p><i>Filiferous.</i> Thread-bearing.</p> + +<p><i>Filiform.</i> Thread-shaped; long, slender, +and terete.</p> + +<p><i>Fimbriate.</i> Fringed.</p> + +<p><i>Fimbrillate.</i> Having a minute fringe.</p> + +<p><i>Fingered.</i> Digitate.</p> + +<p><i>Fistular.</i> Hollow and cylindrical.</p> + +<p><i>Flaccid.</i> Without rigidity, lax and weak.</p> + +<p><i>Fleshy.</i> Succulent; juicy; of the consistence +of flesh.</p> + +<p><i>Flexuous.</i> Zigzag; bending alternately in +opposite directions.</p> + +<p><i>Floccose.</i> Clothed with locks of soft hair or +wool.</p> + +<p><i>Foliaceous.</i> Leaf-like in texture or appearance.</p> + +<p><i>foliate.</i> Having leaves.</p> + +<p><i>-foliolate.</i> Having leaflets.</p> + +<p><i>Follicle.</i> A fruit consisting of a single carpel, +dehiscing by the ventral suture.</p> + +<p><i>Follicular.</i> Like a follicle.</p> + +<p><i>Forked.</i> Divided into nearly equal branches.</p> + +<p><i>Fornicate.</i> Arched over, as the corona of +some Borraginaceæ, closing the throat.</p> + +<p><i>Free.</i> Not adnate to other organs.</p> + +<p><i>Friable.</i> Easily crumbled.</p> + +<p><i>Frond.</i> The leaf of Ferns and some other +Cryptogams; also in some Phænogams, as +in Lemnaceæ, where it serves for stem as +well as foliage.</p> + +<p><i>Fruit.</i> The seed-bearing product of a plant, +simple, compound, or aggregated, of whatever +form.</p> + +<p><i>Fugacious.</i> Falling or fading very early.</p> + +<p><i>Funicle.</i> The free stalk of an ovule or seed.</p> + +<p><a name="page742"></a><i>Fuscous.</i> Grayish-brown.</p> + +<p><i>Fusiform.</i> Spindle-shaped; swollen in the +middle and narrowing toward each end.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Galea.</i> A hooded or helmet-shaped portion +of a perianth, as the upper sepal of Aconitum, +and the upper lip of some bilabiate +corollas.</p> + +<p><i>Galeate.</i> Helmet-shaped; having a galea.</p> + +<p><i>Gamopetalous.</i> Having the petals of the +corolla more or less united.</p> + +<p><i>Gamophyllous.</i> Composed of coalescent +leaves, sepals, or petals.</p> + +<p><i>Gemma.</i> A bud or body analogous to a bud +by which a plant propagates itself.</p> + +<p><i>Gemmiparous.</i> Producing gemmæ.</p> + +<p><i>Geniculate.</i> Bent abruptly, like a knee.</p> + +<p><i>Gibbous.</i> Protuberant or swollen on one +side.</p> + +<p><i>Glabrate.</i> Somewhat glabrous, or becoming +glabrous.</p> + +<p><i>Glabrous.</i> Smooth; not rough, pubescent, +or hairy.</p> + +<p><i>Gland.</i> A secreting surface or structure; +any protuberance or appendage having the +appearance of such an organ.</p> + +<p><i>Glandular.</i> Bearing glands or of the nature +of a gland.</p> + +<p><i>Glaucous.</i> Covered or whitened with a +bloom.</p> + +<p><i>Globose, Globular.</i> Spherical or nearly so.</p> + +<p><i>Glochidiate.</i> Barbed at the tip.</p> + +<p><i>Glomerate.</i> Compactly clustered.</p> + +<p><i>Glumaceous.</i> Furnished with or resembling +glumes.</p> + +<p><i>Glume.</i> One of the chaffy bracts of the inflorescence +of Grasses.</p> + +<p><i>Granular.</i> Composed of small grains.</p> + +<p><i>Gregarious.</i> Growing in groups or clusters.</p> + +<p><i>Gymnospermous.</i> Bearing naked seeds, +without an ovary.</p> + +<p><i>Gynandrous.</i> Having the stamens borne +upon the pistil, as in Orchidaceæ.</p> + +<p><i>Gynobase.</i> An enlargement or prolongation +of the receptacle bearing the ovary.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Habit.</i> The general appearance of a plant.</p> + +<p><i>Halberd-shaped.</i> The same as Hastate.</p> + +<p><i>Hastate.</i> Like an arrow-head, but with the +basal lobes pointing outward nearly at right +angles.</p> + +<p><i>Head.</i> A dense cluster of sessile or nearly +sessile flowers on a very short axis or receptacle.</p> + +<p><i>Heart-shaped.</i> Ovate with a sinus at base.</p> + +<p><i>Herb.</i> A plant with no persistent woody stem +above ground.</p> + +<p><i>Herbaceous.</i> Having the characters of an +herb; leaf-like in color and texture.</p> + +<p><i>Heterocarpous.</i> Producing more than one +kind of fruit.</p> + +<p><i>Heterogamous.</i> Bearing two kinds of +flowers.</p> + +<p><i>Hilum.</i> The scar or point of attachment of +the seed.</p> + +<p><i>Hirsute.</i> Pubescent with rather coarse or +stiff hairs.</p> + +<p><i>Hispid.</i> Beset with rigid or bristly hairs or +with bristles.</p> + +<p><i>Hispidulous.</i> Minutely hispid.</p> + +<p><i>Hoary.</i> Grayish-white with a fine close +pubescence.</p> + +<p><i>Homogamous.</i> Bearing but one kind of +flowers.</p> + +<p><i>Hooded.</i> Shaped like a hood or cowl.</p> + +<p><i>Hyaline.</i> Transparent or translucent.</p> + +<p><i>Hybrid.</i> A cross-breed of two species.</p> + +<p><i>Hypogynous.</i> Situated on the receptacle beneath +the ovary and free from it and from +the calyx; having the petals and stamens +so situated.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Imbricate.</i> Overlapping, either vertically or +spirally, where the lower piece covers the +base of the next higher, or laterally, as in +the æstivation of a calyx or corolla, where +at least one piece must be wholly external +and one internal.</p> + +<p><i>Immersed.</i> Growing wholly under water; +wholly covered by the involucral leaves, as +sometimes the capsule in Hepaticæ.</p> + +<p><i>Incised.</i> Cut sharply and irregularly, more +or less deeply.</p> + +<p><i>Included.</i> Not at all protruded from the surrounding +envelope.</p> + +<p><i>Incubous</i> (leaf). Having the tip or upper +margin overlapping the lower margin of +the leaf above.</p> + +<p><i>Incumbent</i> (cotyledons). Lying with the +back of one against the radicle.</p> + +<p><i>Indefinite</i> (stamens). Inconstant in number +or very numerous.</p> + +<p><i>Indehiscent.</i> Not opening by valves, etc.; +remaining persistently closed.</p> + +<p><i>Indigenous.</i> Native and original to the +country.</p> + +<p><i>Indurated.</i> Hardened.</p> + +<p><i>Indusium.</i> The proper (often shield-shaped) +covering of the sorus or fruit-dot in Ferns.</p> + +<p><i>Inequilateral.</i> Unequal-sided.</p> + +<p><i>Inferior.</i> Lower or below; outer or anterior. +<i>Inferior ovary</i>, one that is adnate to the +calyx.</p> + +<p><i>Inflated.</i> Bladdery.</p> + +<p><i>Inflorescence.</i> The flowering part of a plant, +and especially the mode of its arrangement.</p> + +<p><i>Infra-</i>. In composition, below; as <i>infra-axillary</i>, +below the axil.</p> + +<p><i>Innovation.</i> An offshoot from the stem.</p> + +<p><i>Inserted.</i> Attached to or growing out of.</p> + +<p><i>Inter-</i> or <i>intra-</i>. In composition, between.</p> + +<p><i>Interfoliaceous.</i> Between the leaves of a +pair as the stipules of many Rubiaceæ.</p> + +<p><i>Internode.</i> The portion of a stem between +two nodes.</p> + +<p><i>Intramarginal.</i> Within and near the +margin.</p> + +<p><a name="page743"></a><i>Introrse.</i> Turned inward or toward the axis.</p> + +<p><i>Involucel.</i> A secondary involucre, as that of +an umbellet in Umbelliferæ.</p> + +<p><i>Involucellate.</i> Having an involucel.</p> + +<p><i>Involucral.</i> Belonging to an involucre.</p> + +<p><i>Involucrate.</i> Having an involucre.</p> + +<p><i>Involucre.</i> A circle or collection of bracts +surrounding a flower cluster or head, or a +single flower.</p> + +<p><i>Involute.</i> Rolled inward.</p> + +<p><i>Irregular</i> (flower). Showing inequality in +the size, form, or union of its similar parts.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Julaceous.</i> Resembling a catkin in appearance.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Keel.</i> A central dorsal ridge, like the keel of +a boat; the two anterior united petals of a +papilionaceous flower.</p> + +<p><i>Kidney-shaped.</i> Crescentic with the ends +broad and rounded; reniform.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Labiate.</i> Lipped; belonging to the Labiatæ.</p> + +<p><i>Lacerate.</i> Irregularly cleft as if torn.</p> + +<p><i>Laciniate.</i> Slashed; cut into narrow pointed +lobes.</p> + +<p><i>Lamella.</i> A thin flat plate or laterally flattened +ridge.</p> + +<p><i>Lanceolate.</i> Shaped like a lance-head, +broadest above the base and narrowed to +the apex.</p> + +<p><i>Lateral.</i> Belonging to or borne on the side.</p> + +<p><i>Lax.</i> Loose and slender.</p> + +<p><i>Leaflet.</i> A single division of a compound +leaf.</p> + +<p><i>Legume.</i> The fruit of the Leguminosæ, +formed of a simple pistil and usually dehiscent +by both sutures.</p> + +<p><i>Leguminous.</i> Pertaining to a legume or to +the Leguminosæ.</p> + +<p><i>Lenticular.</i> Lentil-shaped; of the shape of +a double-convex lens.</p> + +<p><i>Lepidote.</i> Beset with small scurfy scales.</p> + +<p><i>Ligulate.</i> Furnished with a ligule.</p> + +<p><i>Ligule.</i> A strap-shaped corolla, as in the +ray-flowers of Compositæ; a thin scarious +projection from the summit of the sheath +in Grasses.</p> + +<p><i>Liliaceous.</i> Lily-like; belonging to the +Liliaceæ.</p> + +<p><i>Limb.</i> The expanded portion of a gamopetalous +corolla, above the throat; the expanded +portion of any petal, or of a leaf.</p> + +<p><i>Linear.</i> Long and narrow, with parallel +margins.</p> + +<p><i>Lip.</i> Each of the upper and lower divisions +of a bilabiate corolla or calyx; the peculiar +upper petal in Orchids.</p> + +<p><i>Lobe.</i> Any segment of an organ, especially +if rounded.</p> + +<p><i>Lobed.</i> Divided into or bearing lobes.</p> + +<p><i>-locular.</i> In composition, having cells.</p> + +<p><i>Loculicidal.</i> Dehiscent into the cavity of a +cell through the dorsal suture.</p> + +<p><i>Lunate.</i> Of the shape of a half-moon or +crescent.</p> + +<p><i>Lunulate.</i> Diminutive of Lunate.</p> + +<p><i>Lyrate.</i> Pinnatifid with a large and rounded +terminal lobe, and the lower lobes small.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Macrospore.</i> The larger kind of spore in +Selaginellaceæ, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Marcescent.</i> Withering but persistent.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal.</i> Along or near the edge.</p> + +<p><i>Marginate.</i> Furnished with a border peculiar +in texture or appearance.</p> + +<p><i>Mealy.</i> Farinaceous.</p> + +<p><i>Membranaceous, Membranous.</i> Thin and +rather soft and more or less translucent.</p> + +<p><i>Meniscoid.</i> Concavo-convex.</p> + +<p><i>Mericarp.</i> One of the achene-like carpels of +Umbelliferæ.</p> + +<p><i>-merous.</i> In composition, having parts, as +2-merous, having two parts of each kind.</p> + +<p><i>Micropyle.</i> The point upon the seed at +which was the orifice of the ovule.</p> + +<p><i>Microspore.</i> The smaller kind of spore in +Selaginellaceæ, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Midrib.</i> The central or main rib of a leaf.</p> + +<p><i>Mitriform.</i> Shaped like a mitre or cap.</p> + +<p><i>Monadelphous</i> (stamens). United by their +filaments into a tube or column.</p> + +<p><i>Moniliform.</i> Resembling a string of beads; +cylindrical with contractions at intervals.</p> + +<p><i>Monocotyledonous.</i> Having but one cotyledon.</p> + +<p><i>Monœcious.</i> With stamens and pistils in +separate flowers on the same plant.</p> + +<p><i>Mucilaginous.</i> Slimy; containing mucilage.</p> + +<p><i>Mucro.</i> A short and small abrupt tip.</p> + +<p><i>Mucronate.</i> Tipped with a mucro.</p> + +<p><i>Multifid.</i> Cleft into many lobes or segments.</p> + +<p><i>Muricate.</i> Rough with short hard points.</p> + +<p><i>Muriculate.</i> Very finely muricate.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Naked.</i> Bare; without the usual covering or +appendages.</p> + +<p><i>Nectary.</i> Any place or organ where nectar +is secreted.</p> + +<p><i>Nectariferous.</i> Producing nectar.</p> + +<p><i>Nerve.</i> A simple or unbranched vein or +slender rib.</p> + +<p><i>Node.</i> The place upon a stem which normally +bears a leaf or whorl of leaves.</p> + +<p><i>Nodose.</i> Knotty or knobby.</p> + +<p><i>Nucleus.</i> The germ-cell of the ovule, which +by fertilization becomes the seed; the kernel +of a seed.</p> + +<p><i>Numerous.</i> Indefinite in number.</p> + +<p><i>Nut.</i> A hard indehiscent 1-celled and 1-seeded +fruit, though usually resulting from +a compound ovary.</p> + +<p><i>Nutlet.</i> A diminutive nut.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Ob-</i>. A Latin prefix, usually carrying the +idea of inversion.</p> + +<p><i>Obcompressed.</i> Compressed dorso-ventrally +instead of laterally.</p> + +<p><a name="page744"></a><i>Obconically.</i> Inversely conical, having the +attachment at the apex.</p> + +<p><i>Obcordate.</i> Inverted heart-shaped.</p> + +<p><i>Oblanceolate.</i> Lanceolate with the broadest +part toward the apex.</p> + +<p><i>Oblique.</i> Unequal-sided or slanting.</p> + +<p><i>Oblong.</i> Considerably longer than broad and +with nearly parallel sides.</p> + +<p><i>Obovate.</i> Inverted ovate.</p> + +<p><i>Obovoid.</i> Having the form of an inverted egg.</p> + +<p><i>Obsolete.</i> Not evident; rudimentary.</p> + +<p><i>Obtuse.</i> Blunt or rounded at the end.</p> + +<p><i>Ocrea.</i> A leggin-shaped or tubular stipule.</p> + +<p><i>Ocreate.</i> Having sheathing stipules.</p> + +<p><i>Ochroleucous.</i> Yellowish-white.</p> + +<p><i>Officinal.</i> Of the shops; used in medicine +or the arts.</p> + +<p><i>Oospore.</i> The fertilized nucleus or germ-cell +of the archegonium in Cryptogams, from +which the new plant is directly developed.</p> + +<p><i>Opaque.</i> Dull; not smooth and shining.</p> + +<p><i>Operculate.</i> Furnished with a lid.</p> + +<p><i>Operculum.</i> A lid; the upper portion of a +circumscissile capsule.</p> + +<p><i>Orbicular.</i> Circular.</p> + +<p><i>Orthotropous</i> (ovule or seed). Erect, with +the orifice or micropyle at the apex.</p> + +<p><i>Oval.</i>, Broadly elliptical.</p> + +<p><i>Ovary.</i> The part of the pistil that contains +the ovules.</p> + +<p><i>Ovate.</i> Egg-shaped; having an outline like +that of an egg, with the broader end downward.</p> + +<p><i>Ovoid.</i> A solid with an oval outline.</p> + +<p><i>Ovule.</i> The body which after fertilization +becomes the seed.</p> + +<p><i>Ovuliferous.</i> Bearing ovules.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Palate.</i> A rounded projection of the lower +lip of a personate corolla, closing the throat.</p> + +<p><i>Paleaceous.</i> Chaffy.</p> + +<p><i>Palet.</i> The upper thin chaffy or hyaline +bract which with the glume encloses the +flower in Grasses.</p> + +<p><i>Palmate</i> (leaf). Radiately lobed or divided.</p> + +<p><i>Palmately.</i> In a palmate manner.</p> + +<p><i>Panicle.</i> A loose irregularly compound inflorescence +with pedicellate flowers.</p> + +<p><i>Panicled, Paniculate.</i> Borne in a panicle; +resembling a panicle.</p> + +<p><i>Papilionaceous</i> (corolla). Having a standard, +wings, and keel, as in the peculiar corolla +of many Leguminosæ.</p> + +<p><i>Papillose.</i> Bearing minute nipple-shaped +projections.</p> + +<p><i>Pappus.</i> The modified calyx-limb in Compositæ, +forming a crown of very various +character at the summit of the achene.</p> + +<p><i>Parasitic.</i> Growing on and deriving nourishment +from another plant.</p> + +<p><i>Parietal.</i> Borne on or pertaining to the wall +or inner surface of a capsule.</p> + +<p><i>Parted.</i> Cleft nearly but not quite to the +base.</p> + +<p><i>Partial.</i> Of secondary rank.</p> + +<p><i>Pectinate.</i> Pinnatifid with narrow closely +set segments; comb-like.</p> + +<p><i>Pedate.</i> Palmately divided or parted, with +the lateral segments 2-cleft.</p> + +<p><i>Pedicel.</i> The support of a single flower.</p> + +<p><i>Pedicellate.</i> Borne on a pedicel.</p> + +<p><i>Peduncle.</i> A primary flower-stalk, supporting +either a cluster or a solitary flower.</p> + +<p><i>Pedunculate.</i> Borne upon a peduncle.</p> + +<p><i>Peltate.</i> Shield-formed and attached to the +support by the lower surface.</p> + +<p><i>Pendulous.</i> More or less hanging or declined. +<i>Pendulous ovule</i>, one that hangs +from the side of the cell.</p> + +<p><i>Perennial.</i> Lasting year after year.</p> + +<p><i>Perfect</i> (flower). Having both pistil and +stamens.</p> + +<p><i>Perfoliate</i> (leaf). Having the stem apparently +passing through it.</p> + +<p><i>Perianth.</i> The floral envelope, consisting of +the calyx and corolla (when present), whatever +their form; in Hepaticæ, the inner usually +sac-like involucre of the archegonium.</p> + +<p><i>Pericarp.</i> The matured ovary.</p> + +<p><i>Perigynium.</i> The inflated sac which encloses +the ovary in Carex.</p> + +<p><i>Perigynous.</i> Adnate to the perianth, and +therefore around the ovary and not at its +base.</p> + +<p><i>Persistent.</i> Long-continuous, as a calyx +upon the fruit, leaves through winter, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Personate</i> (corolla). Bilabiate, and the throat +closed by a prominent palate.</p> + +<p><i>Petal.</i> A division of the corolla.</p> + +<p><i>Petaloid.</i> Colored and resembling a petal.</p> + +<p><i>Petiolate.</i> Having a petiole.</p> + +<p><i>Petiole.</i> The footstalk of a leaf.</p> + +<p><i>Phænogamous.</i> Having flowers with stamens +and pistils and producing seeds.</p> + +<p><i>Phyllodium.</i> A somewhat dilated petiole +having the form of and serving as a leaf-blade.</p> + +<p><i>Pilose.</i> Hairy, especially with soft hairs.</p> + +<p><i>Pinna</i> (pl. <i>Pinnæ</i>). One of the primary divisions +of a pinnate or compoundly pinnate +frond or leaf.</p> + +<p><i>Pinnate</i> (leaf). Compound, with the leaflets +arranged on each side of a common petiole.</p> + +<p><i>Pinnatifid.</i> Pinnately cleft.</p> + +<p><i>Pinnule.</i> A secondary pinna; one of the pinnately +disposed divisions of a pinna.</p> + +<p><i>Pistil.</i> The seed-bearing organ of the flower, +consisting of the ovary, stigma, and style +when present.</p> + +<p><i>Pistillate.</i> Provided with pistils, and, in its +more proper sense, without stamens.</p> + +<p><i>Pitted.</i> Marked with small depressions or +pits.</p> + +<p><i>Placenta.</i> Any part of the interior of the +ovary which bears ovules.</p> + +<p><i>Plane.</i> Flat; with a flat surface or surfaces.</p> + +<p><i>Plicate.</i> Folded into plaits, usually lengthwise.</p> + +<p><a name="page745"></a><i>Plumose.</i> Having fine hairs on each side, +like the plume of a feather, as the pappus-bristles +of Thistles.</p> + +<p><i>Plumule.</i> The bud or growing point of the +embryo.</p> + +<p><i>Pod.</i> Any dry and dehiscent fruit.</p> + +<p><i>Pointed.</i> Acuminate.</p> + +<p><i>Pollen.</i> The fecundating grains contained +in the anther.</p> + +<p><i>Polliniferous.</i> Bearing pollen.</p> + +<p><i>Pollinium</i> (pl. <i>Pollinia</i>). A mass of waxy +pollen or of coherent pollen-grains, as in +Asclepias and Orchids.</p> + +<p><i>Polypetalous.</i> Having separate petals.</p> + +<p><i>Pome.</i> A kind of fleshy fruit of which the +apple is the type.</p> + +<p><i>Porose.</i> Pierced with small holes or pores.</p> + +<p><i>Posterior.</i> In an axillary flower, on the side +nearest to the axis of inflorescence.</p> + +<p><i>Posticous.</i> On the posterior side; extrorse.</p> + +<p><i>Præmorse.</i> Appearing as if bitten off.</p> + +<p><i>Prickle.</i> A small spine or more or less slender +sharp outgrowth from the bark or rind.</p> + +<p><i>Prismatic.</i> Of the shape of a prism, angular, +with flat sides, and of nearly uniform size +throughout.</p> + +<p><i>Procumbent.</i> Lying on the ground.</p> + +<p><i>Proliferous.</i> Producing offshoots.</p> + +<p><i>Prostrate.</i> Lying flat upon the ground.</p> + +<p><i>Proterogynous.</i> Having the stigma ripe for +the pollen before the maturity of the anthers +of the same flower.</p> + +<p><i>Prothallus.</i> A cellular usually flat +and thallus-like growth, resulting from the +germination of a spore, upon which are +developed sexual organs or new plants.</p> + +<p><i>Pseudaxillary.</i> Terminal but becoming +apparently axillary by the growth of a lateral +branch.</p> + +<p><i>Pseudo-costate.</i> False-ribbed, as where a +marginal vein or rib is formed by the confluence +of the true veins.</p> + +<p><i>Pteridophytes.</i> Fern-plants; Ferns and +their allies.</p> + +<p><i>Puberulent.</i> Minutely pubescent.</p> + +<p><i>Pubescent.</i> Covered with hairs, especially +if short, soft and downy.</p> + +<p><i>Punctate.</i> Dotted with depressions or with +translucent internal glands or colored dots.</p> + +<p><i>Puncticulate.</i> Minutely punctate.</p> + +<p><i>Pungent.</i> Terminating in a rigid sharp +point; acrid.</p> + +<p><i>Putamen.</i> The shell of a nut; the bony +part of a stone-fruit.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Quadrate.</i> Nearly square in form.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Raceme.</i> A simple inflorescence of pedicelled +flowers upon a common more or less elongated +axis.</p> + +<p><i>Racemose.</i> In racemes; or resembling a +raceme.</p> + +<p><i>Radiate.</i> Spreading from or arranged around +a common centre; bearing ray-flowers.</p> + +<p><i>Radical.</i> Belonging to or proceeding from +the root or base of the stem near the ground.</p> + +<p><i>Radicle.</i> The portion of the embryo below +the cotyledons, more properly called the +caudicle.</p> + +<p><i>Radiculose.</i> Bearing rootlets.</p> + +<p><i>Rameal.</i> Belonging to a branch.</p> + +<p><i>Ramification.</i> Branching.</p> + +<p><i>Ray.</i> The branch of an umbel; the marginal +flowers of an inflorescence when distinct +from the disk.</p> + +<p><i>Receptacle.</i> The more or less expanded or +produced portion of an axis which bears the +organs of a flower (the <i>torus</i>) or the collected +flowers of a head; any similar structure +in Cryptogams.</p> + +<p><i>Recurved.</i> Curved downward or backward.</p> + +<p><i>Reflexed.</i> Abruptly bent or turned downward.</p> + +<p><i>Regular.</i> Uniform in shape or structure.</p> + +<p><i>Reniform.</i> Kidney-shaped.</p> + +<p><i>Repand.</i> With a slightly uneven and somewhat +sinuate margin.</p> + +<p><i>Resiniferous.</i> Producing resin.</p> + +<p><i>Reticulate.</i> In the form of network; net-veined.</p> + +<p><i>Retrorse.</i> Directed back or downward.</p> + +<p><i>Retuse.</i> With a shallow notch at a rounded +apex.</p> + +<p><i>Revolute.</i> Rolled backward from the margins +or apex.</p> + +<p><i>Rhachis.</i> The axis of a spike or of a compound +leaf.</p> + +<p><i>Rhaphe.</i> The ridge or adnate funicle which +in an anatropous ovule connects the two +ends.</p> + +<p><i>Rhizome.</i> Any prostrate or subterranean +stem, usually rooting at the nodes and becoming +erect at the apex. Very variable in +character, and including morphologically +the tuber, corm, bulb, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Rhombic, Rhomboidal</i>, Somewhat lozenge-shaped; +obliquely four-sided.</p> + +<p><i>Rib.</i> A primary or prominent vein of a leaf.</p> + +<p><i>Ringent.</i> Gaping, as the mouth of an open +bilabiate corolla.</p> + +<p><i>Root.</i> The underground part of a plant which +supplies it with nourishment.</p> + +<p><i>Rootstock.</i> Same as Rhizome.</p> + +<p><i>Rostrate.</i> Having a beak or spur.</p> + +<p><i>Rosulate.</i> In the form of a rosette.</p> + +<p><i>Rotate</i> (corolla). Wheel-shaped; flat and +circular in outline.</p> + +<p><i>Rotund.</i> Rounded in outline.</p> + +<p><i>Rudiment.</i> A very partially developed organ; +a vestige.</p> + +<p><i>Rudimentary.</i> But slightly developed.</p> + +<p><i>Rufous.</i> Reddish brown.</p> + +<p><i>Rugose.</i> Wrinkled.</p> + +<p><i>Runcinate.</i> Sharply incised, with the segments +directed backward.</p> + +<p><i>Runner.</i> A filiform or very slender stolon.</p> + +<p><a name="page746"></a><i>Saccate.</i> Sac-shaped.</p> + +<p><i>Sagittate.</i> Shaped like an arrow-head, the +basal lobes directed downward.</p> + +<p><i>Salver-shaped</i> (corolla). Having a slender +tube abruptly expanded into a flat limb.</p> + +<p><i>Samara.</i> An indehiscent winged fruit.</p> + +<p><i>Scabrous.</i> Rough to the touch.</p> + +<p><i>Scalariform</i> (vessels). Having transverse +markings like the rounds of a ladder.</p> + +<p><i>Scape.</i> A peduncle rising from the ground, +naked or without proper foliage.</p> + +<p><i>Scapose.</i> Bearing or resembling a scape.</p> + +<p><i>Scarious.</i> Thin, dry, and membranaceous, +not green.</p> + +<p><i>Scorpioid</i> (inflorescence). Circinately coiled +while in bud.</p> + +<p><i>Scurf.</i> Small bran-like scales on the epidermis.</p> + +<p><i>Scymitar-shaped</i> (leaf). Curved with a flat-triangular +section, the straighter edge the +thickest.</p> + +<p><i>Seed.</i> The ripened ovule, consisting of the +embryo and its proper coats.</p> + +<p><i>Segment.</i> One of the parts of a leaf or other +like organ that is cleft or divided.</p> + +<p><i>Sepal.</i> A division of a calyx.</p> + +<p><i>Septicidal</i> (capsule). Dehiscing through the +partitions and between the cells.</p> + +<p><i>Septum.</i> Any kind of partition.</p> + +<p><i>Serrate.</i> Having teeth pointing forward.</p> + +<p><i>Serrulate.</i> Finely serrate.</p> + +<p><i>Sessile.</i> Without footstalk of any kind.</p> + +<p><i>Setaceous.</i> Bristle-like.</p> + +<p><i>Setose.</i> Beset with bristles.</p> + +<p><i>Setulose.</i> Having minute bristles.</p> + +<p><i>Sheath.</i> A tubular envelope, as the lower +part of the leaf in Grasses.</p> + +<p><i>Sheathing.</i> Enclosing as by a sheath.</p> + +<p><i>Shrub.</i> A woody perennial, smaller than a +tree.</p> + +<p><i>Silicle.</i> A short silique.</p> + +<p><i>Silique.</i> The peculiar pod of Cruciferæ.</p> + +<p><i>Silky.</i> Covered with close-pressed soft and +straight pubescence.</p> + +<p><i>Simple.</i> Of one piece; not compound.</p> + +<p><i>Sinuate.</i> With the outline of the margin +strongly wavy.</p> + +<p><i>Sinus.</i> The cleft or recess between two +lobes.</p> + +<p><i>Smooth.</i> Without roughness or pubescence.</p> + +<p><i>Sorus</i> (pl. <i>Sori</i>). A heap or cluster, applied +to the fruit-dots of Ferns.</p> + +<p><i>Spadix.</i> A spike with a fleshy axis.</p> + +<p><i>Spathe.</i> A large bract or pair of bracts enclosing +an inflorescence.</p> + +<p><i>Spatulate.</i> Gradually narrowed downward +from a rounded summit.</p> + +<p><i>Spicate.</i> Arranged in or resembling a spike.</p> + +<p><i>Spiciform.</i> Spike-like.</p> + +<p><i>Spike.</i> A form of simple inflorescence with +the flowers sessile or nearly so upon a more +or less elongated common axis.</p> + +<p><i>Spikelet.</i> A small or secondary spike.</p> + +<p><i>Spindle-shaped.</i> Same as Fusiform.</p> + +<p><i>Spine.</i> A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth +from the stem.</p> + +<p><i>Spinose.</i> Spine-like, or having spines.</p> + +<p><i>Sporangium.</i> A spore-case.</p> + +<p><i>Spore.</i> The reproductive organ in Cryptogams +which corresponds to a seed.</p> + +<p><i>Sporocarp.</i> The fruit-cases of certain Cryptogams +containing sporangia or spores.</p> + +<p><i>Spur.</i> A hollow sac-like or tubular extension +of some part of a blossom, usually +nectariferous.</p> + +<p><i>Squamula.</i> A reduced scale, as the hypogynous +scales in Grasses.</p> + +<p><i>Squarrose.</i> Having spreading and projecting +processes, such as the tips of involucral +scales.</p> + +<p><i>Squarrulose.</i> Diminutively squarrose.</p> + +<p><i>Stamen.</i> One of the pollen-bearing or fertilizing +organs of the flower.</p> + +<p><i>Staminodium.</i> A sterile stamen, or any +structure without anther corresponding to +a stamen.</p> + +<p><i>Standard.</i> The upper dilated petal of a +papilionaceous corolla.</p> + +<p><i>Stellate, Stelliform.</i> Star-shaped.</p> + +<p><i>Stem.</i> The main ascending axis of a plant.</p> + +<p><i>Sterile.</i> Unproductive, as a flower without +pistil, or stamen without an anther.</p> + +<p><i>Stigma.</i> That part of a pistil through +which fertilization by the pollen is effected.</p> + +<p><i>Stigmatic.</i> Belonging to or characteristic of +the stigma.</p> + +<p><i>Stipe.</i> The stalk-like support of a pistil; +the leaf-stalk of a Fern.</p> + +<p><i>Stipitate.</i> Having a stipe.</p> + +<p><i>Stipular.</i> Belonging to stipules.</p> + +<p><i>Stipulate.</i> Having stipules.</p> + +<p><i>Stipule.</i> An appendage at the base of a petiole +or on each side of its insertion.</p> + +<p><i>Stolon.</i> A runner, or any basal branch that +is disposed to root.</p> + +<p><i>Stoloniferous.</i> Producing stolons.</p> + +<p><i>Stoma</i> (pl. <i>Stomata</i>). An orifice in the epidermis +of a leaf communicating with internal +air-cavities.</p> + +<p><i>Striate.</i> Marked with fine longitudinal lines +or ridges.</p> + +<p><i>Strict.</i> Very straight and upright.</p> + +<p><i>Strigose.</i> Beset with appressed sharp +straight and stiff hairs.</p> + +<p><i>Strobile.</i> An inflorescence marked by imbricated +bracts or scales, as in the Hop and +Pine-cone.</p> + +<p><i>Strophiole.</i> An appendage at the hilum of +certain seeds.</p> + +<p><i>Style.</i> The usually attenuated portion of the +pistil connecting the stigma and ovary.</p> + +<p><i>Stylopodium.</i> A disk-like expansion at the +base of a style, as in Umbelliferæ.</p> + +<p><i>Sub</i>-. A Latin prefix, usually signifying +somewhat or slightly.</p> + +<p><i>Subulate.</i> Awl-shaped.</p> + +<p><i>Succubous</i> (leaves). Having the upper margin<a name="page747"></a> +of a leaf covered by the base of the one +above.</p> + +<p><i>Succulent.</i> Juicy; fleshy.</p> + +<p><i>Suffrutescent.</i> Slightly or obscurely +shrubby.</p> + +<p><i>Suffruticose.</i> Very low and woody; diminutively +shrubby.</p> + +<p><i>Sulcate.</i> Grooved or furrowed.</p> + +<p><i>Superior</i> (ovary). Free from the calyx.</p> + +<p><i>Suspended</i> (ovule). Hanging from the apex +of the cell.</p> + +<p><i>Suture.</i> A line of dehiscence.</p> + +<p><i>Symmetrical</i> (flower). Regular as to the +number of its parts; having the same number +of parts in each circle.</p> + +<p><i>Synonym.</i> A superseded or unused name.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Tail.</i> Any slender terminal prolongation.</p> + +<p><i>Terete.</i> Having a circular transverse section.</p> + +<p><i>Terminal.</i> At or belonging to the apex.</p> + +<p><i>Ternary.</i> Consisting of three.</p> + +<p><i>Ternate.</i> In threes.</p> + +<p><i>Tetradynamous.</i> Having four long and two +shorter stamens.</p> + +<p><i>Tetragonal.</i> Four-angled.</p> + +<p><i>Thalamiflorous.</i> Having the parts of the +flower hypogynous.</p> + +<p><i>Thalloid, Thallose.</i> Resembling a thallus.</p> + +<p><i>Thallus.</i> In Cryptogams, a cellular expansion +taking the place of stem and foliage.</p> + +<p><i>Throat.</i> The orifice of a gamopetalous corolla +or calyx; the part between the proper +tube and the limb.</p> + +<p><i>Thyrse.</i> A contracted or ovate and usually +compact panicle.</p> + +<p><i>Thyrsoid.</i> Resembling a thyrse.</p> + +<p><i>Tomentose.</i> Densely pubescent with matted +wool.</p> + +<p><i>Tooth.</i> Any small marginal lobe.</p> + +<p><i>Torose.</i> Cylindrical with contractions at intervals.</p> + +<p><i>Torulose.</i> Diminutive of Torose.</p> + +<p><i>Torus.</i> The receptacle of a flower.</p> + +<p><i>Transverse.</i> Across; in a right and left +direction.</p> + +<p><i>Tri-.</i> In composition, three or thrice.</p> + +<p><i>Triandrous.</i> Having three stamens.</p> + +<p><i>Trifoliolate.</i> Having three leaflets.</p> + +<p><i>Trigonous.</i> Three-angled.</p> + +<p><i>Trimorphous.</i> Occurring under three forms.</p> + +<p><i>Triquetrous.</i> Having three salient angles, +the sides concave or channelled.</p> + +<p><i>Truncate.</i> Ending abruptly, as if cut off +transversely.</p> + +<p><i>Tuber.</i> A thickened and short subterranean +branch, having numerous buds or eyes.</p> + +<p><i>Tubercle.</i> A small tuber or tuber-like body.</p> + +<p><i>Tuberiferous.</i> Bearing tubers.</p> + +<p><i>Tuberous.</i> Having the character of a tuber; +tuber-like in appearance.</p> + +<p><i>Tumid.</i> Swollen.</p> + +<p><i>Tunicated.</i> Having concentric coats, as an +onion.</p> + +<p><i>Turbinate.</i> Top-shaped; inversely conical.</p> + +<p><i>Twining.</i> Winding spirally about a support.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Umbel.</i> An inflorescence in which a cluster +of peduncles or pedicels spring from the +same point.</p> + +<p><i>Umbellate.</i> In or like an umbel.</p> + +<p><i>Umbellet.</i> A secondary umbel.</p> + +<p><i>Umbonate.</i> Bearing a stout projection in +the centre; bossed.</p> + +<p><i>Underleaves.</i> The small accessory leaves or +stipules on the under side of the stem in +Hepaticæ.</p> + +<p><i>Undulate.</i> With a wavy surface; repand.</p> + +<p><i>Unguiculate.</i> Contracted at base into a +claw.</p> + +<p><i>Uni-.</i> In composition, one.</p> + +<p><i>Unisexual.</i> Of one sex, either staminate or +pistillate only.</p> + +<p><i>Urceolate.</i> Hollow and cylindrical or ovoid, +and contracted at or below the mouth, like +an urn.</p> + +<p><i>Utricle.</i> A small bladdery 1-seeded fruit; +any small bladder-like body.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Valvate.</i> Opening by valves, as a capsule; +in æstivation, meeting by the edges without +overlapping.</p> + +<p><i>Valve.</i> One of the pieces into which a capsule +splits.</p> + +<p><i>Vascular.</i> Furnished with vessels or ducts.</p> + +<p><i>Veins.</i> Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in a +leaf or other organ, especially those which +branch (as distinguished from nerves).</p> + +<p><i>Ventral.</i> Belonging to the anterior or inner +face of an organ; the opposite of dorsal.</p> + +<p><i>Ventricose.</i> Swelling unequally, or inflated +on one side.</p> + +<p><i>Vernation.</i> The arrangement of leaves in +the bud.</p> + +<p><i>Verrucose.</i> Covered with wart-like elevations.</p> + +<p><i>Versatile</i> (anther). Attached near the middle +and turning freely on its support.</p> + +<p><i>Vertical.</i> Perpendicular to the horizon; +longitudinal.</p> + +<p><i>Verticillate.</i> Disposed in a whorl.</p> + +<p><i>Vesicle.</i> A small bladder or air-cavity.</p> + +<p><i>Vesicular, Vesiculose.</i> Composed of or +covered with vesicles.</p> + +<p><i>Villous.</i> Bearing long and soft hairs.</p> + +<p><i>Virgate.</i> Wand-shaped; slender, straight +and erect.</p> + +<p><i>Viscid.</i> Glutinous; sticky.</p> + +<br /> +<p><i>Whorl.</i> An arrangement of leaves, etc., in +a circle round the stem.</p> + +<p><i>Wing.</i> Any membranous or thin expansion +bordering or surrounding an organ; the +lateral petal of a papilionaceous corolla.</p> + +<p><i>Woolly.</i> Clothed with long and tortuous or +matted hairs.<a name="page748"></a></p> + + +<a name="page749"></a> +<h2><b>INDEX.</b></h2> + +<p>[<span class="smcap">Synonyms in Italics.</span>]</p> + +<ul class="IX"> + +<li>Abele, <a href="#page486">486</a></li> + +<li><a href="#abies">Abies</a>, <i><a href="#page492">492</a></i>, <a href="#page492">492</a></li> + +<li><a href="#abronia">Abronia</a>, <a href="#page425">425</a></li> + +<li><a href="#abutilon">Abutilon</a>, <a href="#page99">99</a></li> + +<li>Acacia, Rose, <a href="#page134">134</a></li> + +<li><a href="#acalypha">Acalypha</a>, <a href="#page459">459</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#acanthaceae">Acanthaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page399">399</a></li> + +<li><a href="#acer">Acer</a>, <a href="#page117">117</a></li> + +<li><a href="#acerates">Acerates</a>, <i><a href="#page339">339</a></i>, <a href="#page343">343</a></li> + +<li><a href="#achillea">Achillea</a>, <a href="#page289">289</a></li> + +<li><a href="#acnida">Acnida</a>, <a href="#page429">429</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aconitum">Aconitum</a> (Aconite), <a href="#page46">46</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Winter, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#acorus">Acorus</a>, <a href="#page551">551</a></li> + +<li><a href="#actaea">Actæa</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a></li> + +<li><a href="#actinella">Actinella</a>, <a href="#page287">287</a></li> + +<li><a href="#actinomeris">Actinomeris</a>, <a href="#page281">281</a>, <i><a href="#page281">281</a></i></li> + +<li>Adam-and-Eve, <a href="#page499">499</a></li> + +<li>Adam's Needle, <a href="#page524">524</a></li> + +<li>Adder's-mouth, <a href="#page498">498</a></li> + +<li>Adder's-tongue, <a href="#page695">695</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Yellow, <a href="#page528">528</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#adenocaulon">Adenocaulon</a>, <a href="#page269">269</a></li> + +<li><a href="#adiantum">Adiantum</a>, <a href="#page680">680</a></li> + +<li><a href="#adlumia">Adlumia</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> + +<li><a href="#adonis">Adonis</a>, <a href="#page40">40</a></li> + +<li><a href="#adoxa">Adoxa</a>, <a href="#page216">216</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aegopodium">Ægopodium</a>, <a href="#page208">208</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aeschynomene">Æschynomene</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aesculus">Æsculus</a>, <a href="#page115">115</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aethusa">Æthusa</a>, <a href="#page205">205</a></li> + +<li><a href="#agave">Agave</a>, <a href="#page516">516</a></li> + +<li><a href="#agrimonia">Agrimonia</a> (Agrimony), <a href="#page161">161</a></li> + +<li><a href="#agropyrum">Agropyrum</a>, <a href="#page671">671</a></li> + +<li><i>Agrostemma</i>, <a href="#page85">85</a></li> + +<li><a href="#agrostis">Agrostis</a>, <a href="#page647">647</a></li> + +<li>Ailanthus, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aira">Aira</a>, <a href="#page652">652</a>, <i><a href="#page652">652</a></i></li> + +<li><a href="#ajuga">Ajuga</a>, <a href="#page406">406</a></li> + +<li><a href="#alchemilla">Alchemilla</a>, <a href="#page161">161</a></li> + +<li>Alder, <a href="#page472">472</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Black, <a href="#page109">109</a></li> + <li>White, <a href="#page322">322</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#aletris">Aletris</a>, <a href="#page512">512</a></li> + +<li>Alfalfa, <a href="#page129">129</a></li> + +<li><a href="#alisma">Alisma</a>, <a href="#page554">554</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#alismaceae">Alismaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page553">553</a></li> + +<li>Alligator Pear, <a href="#page446">446</a></li> + +<li><a href="#allium">Allium</a>, <a href="#page521">521</a>, <i><a href="#page522">522</a></i></li> + +<li><i>Allosorus</i>, <a href="#page683">683</a></li> + +<li>Allspice, Carolina, <a href="#page167">167</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Wild, <a href="#page447">447</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#alnus">Alnus</a>, <a href="#page472">472</a></li> + +<li>Aloe, American, <a href="#page516">516</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page516">516</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#alopecurus">Alopecurus</a>, <a href="#page645">645</a></li> + +<li><a href="#althaea">Althæa</a>, <a href="#page97">97</a></li> + +<li>Alum-root, <a href="#page171">171</a></li> + +<li><a href="#alyssum">Alyssum</a>, <a href="#page68">68</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#amarantaceae">Amarantaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page427">427</a></li> + +<li><a href="#amarantus">Amarantus</a> (Amaranth), <a href="#page427">427</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page515">515</a></li> + +<li><i>Amaryllis</i>, <a href="#page735">735</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ambrosia">Ambrosia</a>, <a href="#page273">273</a></li> + +<li><a href="#amelanchier">Amelanchier</a>, <a href="#page166">166</a></li> + +<li><a href="#amianthium">Amianthium</a>, <a href="#page535">535</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ammannia">Ammannia</a>, <i><a href="#page184">184</a></i>, <a href="#page185">185</a>, <i><a href="#page185">185</a></i></li> + +<li><a href="#ammophila">Ammophila</a>, <i><a href="#page651">651</a></i>, <a href="#page651">651</a></li> + +<li><a href="#amorpha">Amorpha</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ampelopsis">Ampelopsis</a>, <a href="#page115">115</a></li> + +<li><a href="#amphiachyris">Amphiachyris</a>, <a href="#page243">243</a></li> + +<li><a href="#amphicarpaea">Amphicarpæa</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a></li> + +<li><a href="#amphicarpum">Amphicarpum</a>, <a href="#page634">634</a></li> + +<li><a href="#amsonia">Amsonia</a>, <a href="#page337">337</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page118">118</a></li> + +<li><i>Anacharis</i>, <a href="#page496">496</a></li> + +<li><a href="#anagallis">Anagallis</a>, <a href="#page331">331</a></li> + +<li><a href="#anaphalis">Anaphalis</a>, <a href="#page268">268</a></li> + +<li><a href="#andromeda">Andromeda</a>, <a href="#page316">316</a></li> + +<li><a href="#andropogon">Andropogon</a>, <a href="#page637">637</a>, <i><a href="#page638">638</a></i></li> + +<li><a href="#androsace">Androsace</a>, <a href="#page329">329</a></li> + +<li><a href="#androstephium">Androstephium</a>, <a href="#page522">522</a></li> + +<li><a href="#anemone">Anemone</a>, <a href="#page36">36</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Rue, <a href="#page39">39</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#anemonella">Anemonella</a>, <a href="#page38">38</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aneura">Aneura</a>, <a href="#page725">725</a></li> + +<li><a href="#angelica">Angelica</a>, <a href="#page201">201</a></li> + +<li><a href="#angelica">Angelica</a>-tree, <a href="#page210">210</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#anonaceae">Anonaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page50">50</a></li> + +<li><a href="#antennaria">Antennaria</a>, <a href="#page267">267</a>, <i><a href="#page268">268</a></i></li> + +<li><a href="#anthemis">Anthemis</a>, <a href="#page288">288</a></li> + +<li><a href="#anthoceros">Anthoceros</a>, <a href="#page726">726</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#anthocerotaceae">Anthocerotaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page726">726</a></li> + +<li><a href="#anthoxanthum">Anthoxanthum</a>, <a href="#page639">639</a></li> + +<li><a href="#anthriscus">Anthriscus</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a></li> + +<li><a href="#antirrhinum">Antirrhinum</a>, <a href="#page380">380</a></li> + +<li><a href="#anychia">Anychia</a>, <a href="#page426">426</a></li> + +<li><a href="#apera">Apera</a>, <a href="#page649">649</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aphanostephus">Aphanostephus</a>, <a href="#page253">253</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aphyllon">Aphyllon</a>, <a href="#page394">394</a></li> + +<li><i>Apiastrum</i>, <a href="#page209">209</a></li> + +<li><a href="#apios">Apios</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a></li> + +<li><i>Apium</i>, <a href="#page209">209</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aplectrum">Aplectrum</a>, <a href="#page499">499</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aplopappus">Aplopappus</a>, <a href="#page245">245</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#apocynaceae">Apocynaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page337">337</a></li> + +<li><a href="#apocynum">Apocynum</a>, <a href="#page338">338</a></li> + +<li>Apple, <a href="#page164">164</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Balsam, <a href="#page195">195</a></li> + <li>Crab, <a href="#page164">164</a></li> + <li>May, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> + <li>Thorn, <a href="#page377">377</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Apple-of-Peru, <a href="#page376">376</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aquilegia">Aquilegia</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> + +<li><a href="#arabis">Arabis</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <i><a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a></i></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#araceae">Araceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page548">548</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aralia">Aralia</a>, <a href="#page212">212</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#araliaceae">Araliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page212">212</a></li> + +<li>Arbor-vitæ, <a href="#page493">493</a></li> + +<li>Arbutus, Trailing, <a href="#page315">315</a></li> + +<li><a href="#arceuthobium">Arceuthobium</a>, <a href="#page450">450</a></li> + +<li><i>Archangelica</i>, <a href="#page201">201</a>, <a href="#page202">202</a>, <a href="#page205">205</a></li> + +<li><i>Archemora</i>, <a href="#page202">202</a></li> + +<li><a href="#arctium">Arctium</a>, <a href="#page295">295</a></li> + +<li><a href="#arctostaphylos">Arctostaphylos</a>, <a href="#page315">315</a></li> + +<li><a href="#arenaria">Arenaria</a>, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page733">733</a></li> + +<li><a href="#arethusa">Arethusa</a>, <a href="#page504">504</a></li> + +<li><a href="#argemone">Argemone</a>, <a href="#page59">59</a>, <a href="#page733">733</a></li> + +<li><a href="#argythamnia">Argythamnia</a>, <a href="#page459">459</a></li> + +<li><a href="#arisaema">Arisæma</a>, <a href="#page549">549</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aristida">Aristida</a>, <a href="#page639">639</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aristolochia">Aristolochia</a>, <a href="#page445">445</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page444">444</a></li> + +<li><a href="#arnica">Arnica</a>, <a href="#page292">292</a></li> + +<li><a href="#arrhenatherum">Arrhenatherum</a>, <a href="#page651">651</a></li> + +<li>Arrow-grass, <a href="#page557">557</a></li> + +<li>Arrowhead, <a href="#page554">554</a></li> + +<li>Arrow-wood, <a href="#page217">217</a></li> + +<li><a href="#artemisia">Artemisia</a>, <a href="#page290">290</a></li> + +<li>Artichoke, Jerusalem, <a href="#page277">277</a></li> + +<li><i>Arum</i>, <a href="#page550">550</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Arrow, <a href="#page549">549</a></li> + <li>Dragon, <a href="#page549">549</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page550">550</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#arundinaria">Arundinaria</a>, <a href="#page674">674</a></li> + +<li><a href="#arundo">Arundo</a>, <a href="#page658">658</a></li> + +<li>Asarabacca, <a href="#page444">444</a></li> + +<li><a href="#asarum">Asarum</a>, <a href="#page444">444</a>, <a href="#page734">734</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#asclepiadaceae">Asclepiadaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page338">338</a></li> + +<li><a href="#asclepias">Asclepias</a>, <a href="#page339">339</a></li> + +<li><a href="#asclepiodora">Asclepiodora</a>, <a href="#page339">339</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ascyrum">Ascyrum</a>, <a href="#page92">92</a></li> + +<li>Ash, <a href="#page335">335</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Mountain, <a href="#page164">164</a></li> + <li>Prickly, <a href="#page106">106</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#asparagus">Asparagus</a>, <a href="#page525">525</a></li> + +<li>Aspen, <a href="#page486">486</a></li> + +<li>Asperugo, <a href="#page361">361</a></li> + +<li>Asphodel, Bog, <a href="#page532">532</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page532">532</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#aspidium">Aspidium</a>, <a href="#page686">686</a></li> + +<li><a href="#asplenium">Asplenium</a>, <a href="#page683">683</a></li> + +<li><a href="#asprella">Asprella</a>, <a href="#page674">674</a></li> + +<li><a href="#aster">Aster</a>, <a href="#page255">255</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>acuminatus, <a href="#page264">264</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li><a name="page750"></a><a href="#aster">Aster</a> <i>æstivus</i>, <a href="#page262">262</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>amethystinus, <a href="#page260">260</a></li> + <li>angustus, <a href="#page264">264</a></li> + <li>anomalus, <a href="#page258">258</a></li> + <li>azureus, <a href="#page258">258</a></li> + <li><i>carneus</i>, <a href="#page261">261</a></li> + <li>concinnus, <a href="#page260">260</a></li> + <li>concolor, <a href="#page258">258</a></li> + <li>cordifolius, <a href="#page259">259</a></li> + <li>corymbosus, <a href="#page255">255</a></li> + <li>diffusus, <a href="#page261">261</a></li> + <li>Drummondii, <a href="#page259">259</a></li> + <li>dumosus, <a href="#page260">260</a></li> + <li>ericoides, <a href="#page260">260</a></li> + <li>Fendleri, <a href="#page257">257</a></li> + <li><i>flexuosus</i>, <a href="#page264">264</a></li> + <li>gracilis, <a href="#page256">256</a></li> + <li>grandiflorus, <a href="#page257">257</a></li> + <li>Herveyi, <a href="#page256">256</a></li> + <li>infirmus, <a href="#page263">263</a></li> + <li>junceus, <a href="#page262">262</a></li> + <li>lævis, <a href="#page259">259</a></li> + <li>linariifolius, <a href="#page263">263</a></li> + <li>Lindleyanus, <a href="#page259">259</a></li> + <li><i>linifolius</i>, <a href="#page264">264</a></li> + <li>longifolius, <b><a href="#page262">262</a></b>, <i><a href="#page262">262</a></i></li> + <li>macrophyllus, <a href="#page256">256</a></li> + <li><i>miser</i>, <a href="#page261">261</a></li> + <li>modestus, <a href="#page257">257</a></li> + <li>multiflorus, <a href="#page260">260</a></li> + <li>nemoralis, <a href="#page264">264</a></li> + <li>Novæ Angliæ, <a href="#page257">257</a></li> + <li>Novi Belgii, <a href="#page262">262</a></li> + <li>oblongifolius, <a href="#page257">257</a></li> + <li>paludosus, <a href="#page255">255</a></li> + <li>paniculatus, <a href="#page261">261</a></li> + <li>patens, <a href="#page258">258</a></li> + <li>patulus, <a href="#page262">262</a></li> + <li>polyphyllus, <a href="#page260">260</a></li> + <li>prenanthoides, <a href="#page263">263</a></li> + <li>ptarmicoides, <a href="#page264">264</a></li> + <li>puniceus, <a href="#page263">263</a></li> + <li><a href="#radula">radula</a>, <a href="#page256">256</a></li> + <li>sagittifolius, <a href="#page259">259</a></li> + <li>salicifolius, <a href="#page261">261</a></li> + <li>sericeus, <a href="#page257">257</a></li> + <li>Shortii, <a href="#page258">258</a></li> + <li><i>simplex</i>, <a href="#page261">261</a></li> + <li>spectabilis, <a href="#page256">256</a></li> + <li>subulatus, <a href="#page264">264</a></li> + <li>surculosus, <a href="#page256">256</a></li> + <li>tardiflorus, <a href="#page262">262</a></li> + <li>tenuifolius, <i><a href="#page261">261</a></i>, <a href="#page264">264</a></li> + <li>Tradescanti, <i><a href="#page261">261</a></i>, <a href="#page261">261</a></li> + <li>turbinelius, <a href="#page259">259</a></li> + <li>umbellatus, <a href="#page263">263</a></li> + <li>undulatus, <a href="#page258">258</a></li> + <li>vimineus, <a href="#page260">260</a></li> + <li>virgatus, <a href="#page259">259</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#aster">Aster</a>, Golden, <a href="#page244">244</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>White-topped, <a href="#page254">254</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#asterella">Asterella</a>, <a href="#page729">729</a></li> + +<li><a href="#astilbe">Astilbe</a>, <a href="#page169">169</a></li> + +<li><a href="#astragalus">Astragalus</a>, <a href="#page134">134</a></li> + +<li>Atamasco Lily, <a href="#page516">516</a></li> + +<li><a href="#atriplex">Atriplex</a>, <a href="#page433">433</a></li> + +<li><i>Atropis</i>, <a href="#page668">668</a></li> + +<li><a href="#avena">Avena</a>, <a href="#page653">653</a></li> + +<li>Avens, <a href="#page156">156</a></li> + +<li>Awlwort, <a href="#page69">69</a></li> + +<li><i>Azalea</i>, <a href="#page320">320</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Alpine, <a href="#page322">322</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#azolla">Azolla</a>, <a href="#page701">701</a><br /></li> + +<li><a href="#baccharis">Baccharis</a>, <a href="#page266">266</a></li> + +<li>Baked-apple Berry, <a href="#page154">154</a></li> + +<li><a href="#baldwinia">Baldwinia</a>, <a href="#page285">285</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ballota">Ballota</a>, <a href="#page420">420</a></li> + +<li>Balm, <a href="#page412">412</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Bee, <a href="#page414">414</a></li> + <li>Horse, <a href="#page406">406</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Balm-of-Gilead, <a href="#page487">487</a></li> + +<li>Balsam, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> + +<li>Balsam Poplar, <a href="#page487">487</a></li> + +<li>Baneberry, <a href="#page47">47</a></li> + +<li><a href="#baptisia">Baptisia</a>, <a href="#page125">125</a></li> + +<li><a href="#barbarea">Barbarea</a>, <a href="#page70">70</a></li> + +<li>Barberry, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> + +<li>Barley, <a href="#page672">672</a></li> + +<li><a href="#bartonia">Bartonia</a>, <a href="#page352">352</a></li> + +<li><a href="#bartsia">Bartsia</a>, <a href="#page392">392</a></li> + +<li>Basil, <a href="#page409">409</a>, <a href="#page412">412</a></li> + +<li>Bass-wood, <a href="#page101">101</a></li> + +<li>Bay, Loblolly, <a href="#page96">96</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Red, <a href="#page447">447</a></li> + <li>Rose, <a href="#page320">320</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Bayberry, <a href="#page469">469</a></li> + +<li><a href="#bazzania">Bazzania</a>, <a href="#page710">710</a></li> + +<li>Bean, Indian, <a href="#page399">399</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Kidney, <a href="#page144">144</a></li> + <li>Sacred, <a href="#page55">55</a></li> + <li>Wild, <a href="#page144">144</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Bearberry, <a href="#page315">315</a></li> + +<li>Beard-tongue, <a href="#page381">381</a></li> + +<li><a href="#beckmannia">Beckmannia</a>, <a href="#page628">628</a></li> + +<li>Bedstraw, <a href="#page225">225</a></li> + +<li>Beech, <a href="#page479">479</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Blue, <a href="#page474">474</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page474">474</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Beech-drops, <a href="#page394">394</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page326">326</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Beggar-lice, <a href="#page362">362</a></li> + +<li>Beggar-ticks, <a href="#page284">284</a></li> + +<li><a href="#belamcanda">Belamcanda</a>, <a href="#page515">515</a></li> + +<li>Bellflower, <a href="#page308">308</a></li> + +<li><a href="#bellis">Bellis</a>, <a href="#page253">253</a></li> + +<li>Bellwort, <a href="#page527">527</a></li> + +<li>Benjamin-bush, <a href="#page447">447</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#berberidaceae">Berberidaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> + +<li><a href="#berberis">Berberis</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> + +<li>Berchemia, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> + +<li>Bergamot, Wild, <a href="#page414">414</a></li> + +<li>Berlandiera, <a href="#page271">271</a></li> + +<li><a href="#berula">Berula</a>, <a href="#page207">207</a></li> + +<li>Betony, Wood, <a href="#page392">392</a></li> + +<li><a href="#betula">Betula</a>, <a href="#page471">471</a></li> + +<li><a href="#bidens">Bidens</a>, <a href="#page284">284</a></li> + +<li><a href="#bigelovia">Bigelovia</a>, <a href="#page245">245</a></li> + +<li><a href="#bignonia">Bignonia</a>, <a href="#page398">398</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page398">398</a></li> + +<li>Bilberry, <a href="#page312">312</a></li> + +<li>Bilsted, <a href="#page180">180</a></li> + +<li>Bindweed, <a href="#page369">369</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Black, <a href="#page442">442</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Birch, <a href="#page471">471</a></li> + +<li>Birthroot, <a href="#page530">530</a></li> + +<li>Birthwort, <a href="#page445">445</a></li> + +<li>Bishop's-cap, <a href="#page171">171</a></li> + +<li>Bishop-weed, Mock, <a href="#page209">209</a></li> + +<li>Bitter-nut, <a href="#page469">469</a></li> + +<li>Bittersweet, <a href="#page373">373</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Climbing or Shrubby, <a href="#page110">110</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Bitter-weed, <a href="#page273">273</a></li> + +<li>Blackberry, <a href="#page155">155</a></li> + +<li>Bladder Ketmia, <a href="#page100">100</a></li> + +<li>Bladdernut, <a href="#page118">118</a></li> + +<li>Bladderwort, <a href="#page395">395</a></li> + +<li><a href="#blasia">Blasia</a>, <a href="#page724">724</a></li> + +<li>Blazing-star, <a href="#page242">242</a>, <a href="#page532">532</a></li> + +<li><a href="#blepharostoma">Blepharostoma</a>, <a href="#page711">711</a></li> + +<li><i>Blepharozia</i>, <a href="#page709">709</a></li> + +<li><a href="#blephilia">Blephilia</a>, <a href="#page415">415</a></li> + +<li><i>Bletia</i>, <a href="#page501">501</a></li> + +<li>Blite, Coast, <a href="#page432">432</a></li> + +<li>Blite, Sea, <a href="#page435">435</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Strawberry, <a href="#page432">432</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><i>Blitum</i>, <a href="#page432">432</a>, <a href="#page433">433</a></li> + +<li>Bloodroot, <a href="#page58">58</a></li> + +<li>Bloodwort Family, <a href="#page512">512</a></li> + +<li>Bluebell, <a href="#page364">364</a></li> + +<li>Blueberry, <a href="#page312">312</a></li> + +<li>Bluebottle, <a href="#page297">297</a></li> + +<li>Blue-curls, <a href="#page405">405</a></li> + +<li>Blue-hearts, <a href="#page388">388</a></li> + +<li>Blue-joint, <a href="#page650">650</a>, <a href="#page671">671</a></li> + +<li>Blue-stem, <a href="#page671">671</a></li> + +<li>Blue-tangle, <a href="#page311">311</a></li> + +<li>Bluets, <a href="#page223">223</a></li> + +<li>Blue-weed, <a href="#page367">367</a></li> + +<li><a href="#boehmeria">Bœhmeria</a>, <a href="#page466">466</a></li> + +<li>Bois d'Arc, <a href="#page464">464</a></li> + +<li><a href="#boltonia">Boltonia</a>, <a href="#page253">253</a></li> + +<li><i>Bonamia</i>, <a href="#page370">370</a></li> + +<li>Boneset, <a href="#page241">241</a></li> + +<li>Borage Family, <a href="#page360">360</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#borraginaceae">Borraginaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page360">360</a></li> + +<li><a href="#borrichia">Borrichia</a>, <a href="#page277">277</a></li> + +<li><a href="#botrychium">Botrychium</a>, <a href="#page693">693</a></li> + +<li>Bouncing Bet, <a href="#page83">83</a></li> + +<li><a href="#bouteloua">Bouteloua</a>, <a href="#page655">655</a></li> + +<li>Bowman's-root, <a href="#page154">154</a></li> + +<li>Boxberry, <a href="#page316">316</a></li> + +<li>Box-elder, <a href="#page118">118</a></li> + +<li><a href="#boykinia">Boykinia</a>, <a href="#page170">170</a></li> + +<li><a href="#brachychaeta">Brachychæta</a>, <a href="#page253">253</a></li> + +<li><a href="#brachyelytrum">Brachyelytrum</a>, <a href="#page644">644</a></li> + +<li>Bracken, <a href="#page681">681</a></li> + +<li>Brake, <a href="#page681">681</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Cliff, <a href="#page682">682</a></li> + <li>Rock, <a href="#page682">682</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Bramble, <a href="#page154">154</a></li> + +<li><a href="#brasenia">Brasenia</a>, <a href="#page55">55</a></li> + +<li><a href="#brassica">Brassica</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a></li> + +<li><a href="#breweria">Breweria</a>, <a href="#page370">370</a></li> + +<li><a href="#brickellia">Brickellia</a>, <a href="#page241">241</a></li> + +<li><a href="#briza">Briza</a>, <a href="#page663">663</a></li> + +<li><i>Brizopyrum</i>, <a href="#page663">663</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page511">511</a></li> + +<li><a href="#bromus">Bromus</a>, <a href="#page669">669</a></li> + +<li>Brooklime, American, <a href="#page386">386</a></li> + +<li>Brookweed, <a href="#page332">332</a></li> + +<li>Broom, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> + +<li>Broom-rape, <a href="#page395">395</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Naked, <a href="#page394">394</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#brunella">Brunella</a>, <a href="#page418">418</a></li> + +<li><a href="#brunnichia">Brunnichia</a>, <a href="#page443">443</a></li> + +<li><a href="#bryanthus">Bryanthus</a>, <a href="#page318">318</a></li> + +<li><a href="#buchloe">Buchloë</a>, <a href="#page657">657</a></li> + +<li><a href="#buchnera">Buchnera</a>, <a href="#page388">388</a></li> + +<li>Buckbean, <a href="#page353">353</a></li> + +<li>Buckeye, <a href="#page115">115</a></li> + +<li>Buckthorn, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page332">332</a></li> + +<li>Buckwheat, <a href="#page443">443</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Climbing False, <a href="#page443">443</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#buda">Buda</a>, <a href="#page89">89</a></li> + +<li>Buffalo-berry, <a href="#page449">449</a></li> + +<li>Buffalo-nut, <a href="#page451">451</a></li> + +<li>Bugbane, <a href="#page47">47</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page39">39</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Bugleweed, <a href="#page408">408</a></li> + +<li>Bugloss, <a href="#page367">367</a></li> + +<li>Bugseed, <a href="#page434">434</a></li> + +<li>Bulrush, <a href="#page578">578</a></li> + +<li><a href="#bumelia">Bumelia</a>, <a href="#page332">332</a></li> + +<li>Bunchberry, <a href="#page214">214</a></li> + +<li>Bunch-flower, <a href="#page533">533</a></li> + +<li><a href="#bupleurum">Bupleurum</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a></li> + +<li>Burdock, <a href="#page295">295</a></li> + +<li><a href="#burmannia">Burmannia</a>, <a href="#page497">497</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page496">496</a></li> + +<li>Burnet, <a href="#page161">161</a></li> + + +<li><a name="page751"></a>Burning-bush, <a href="#page110">110</a></li> + +<li>Bur-reed, <a href="#page547">547</a></li> + +<li>Butter and eggs, <a href="#page379">379</a></li> + +<li>Buttercup, <a href="#page40">40</a></li> + +<li>Butterfly-weed, <a href="#page340">340</a></li> + +<li>Butternut, <a href="#page467">467</a></li> + +<li>Butterweed, <a href="#page265">265</a>, <a href="#page293">293</a></li> + +<li>Butterwort, <a href="#page397">397</a></li> + +<li>Button-bush, <a href="#page224">224</a></li> + +<li>Buttonweed, <a href="#page225">225</a></li> + +<li>Buttonwood, <a href="#page464">464</a><br /></li> + + +<li>Cabbage, Skunk, <a href="#page550">550</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cabomba">Cabomba</a>, <a href="#page55">55</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cacalia">Cacalia</a>, <a href="#page294">294</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#cactaceae">Cactaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page196">196</a></li> + +<li>Cactus Family, <a href="#page196">196</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cakile">Cakile</a>, <a href="#page74">74</a></li> + +<li><i>Caladium</i>, <a href="#page550">550</a></li> + +<li><a href="#calamagrostis">Calamagrostis</a>, <a href="#page649">649</a>, <a href="#page651">651</a></li> + +<li>Calamint, <a href="#page411">411</a></li> + +<li><a href="#calamintha">Calamintha</a>, <a href="#page411">411</a></li> + +<li>Calamus, <a href="#page557">557</a></li> + +<li>Calico-bush, <a href="#page319">319</a></li> + +<li><a href="#calla">Calla</a>, <a href="#page550">550</a></li> + +<li><a href="#callicarpa">Callicarpa</a>, <a href="#page403">403</a></li> + +<li><a href="#callirrhoe">Callirrhoë</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a></li> + +<li><a href="#callitriche">Callitriche</a>, <a href="#page182">182</a></li> + +<li><a href="#calluna">Calluna</a>, <a href="#page318">318</a></li> + +<li><a href="#calophanes">Calophanes</a>, <a href="#page400">400</a></li> + +<li><a href="#calopogon">Calopogon</a>, <a href="#page504">504</a></li> + +<li><a href="#caltha">Caltha</a>, <a href="#page44">44</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#calycanthaceae">Calycanthaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page167">167</a></li> + +<li><a href="#calycanthus">Calycanthus</a>, <a href="#page167">167</a></li> + +<li><a href="#calycocarpum">Calycocarpum</a>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> + +<li><i>Calypogeia</i>, <a href="#page713">713</a></li> + +<li><a href="#calypso">Calypso</a>, <a href="#page499">499</a></li> + +<li><i>Calystegia</i>, <a href="#page369">369</a>, <a href="#page370">370</a></li> + +<li><a href="#camassia">Camassia</a>, <a href="#page523">523</a></li> + +<li><a href="#camelina">Camelina</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a></li> + +<li>Camellia Family, <a href="#page95">95</a></li> + +<li><a href="#campanula">Campanula</a>, <a href="#page308">308</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#campanulaceae">Campanulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page307">307</a></li> + +<li>Campion, <a href="#page83">83</a></li> + +<li><a href="#camptosorus">Camptosorus</a>, <a href="#page685">685</a></li> + +<li>Cancer-root, <a href="#page394">394</a></li> + +<li>Cane, <a href="#page674">674</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cannabis">Cannabis</a>, <a href="#page463">463</a></li> + +<li>Caper Family, <a href="#page74">74</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#capparidaceae">Capparidaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page74">74</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#caprifoliaceae">Caprifoliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page216">216</a></li> + +<li><a href="#capsella">Capsella</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a></li> + +<li>Caraway, <a href="#page208">208</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cardamine">Cardamine</a>, <a href="#page64">64</a></li> + +<li>Cardinal-flower, <a href="#page305">305</a></li> + +<li><a href="#carduus">Carduus</a>, <a href="#page296">296</a></li> + +<li><a href="#carex">Carex</a>, <a href="#page587">587</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>acutiformis, <a href="#page598">598</a></li> + <li>adusta, <a href="#page621">621</a>, <i><a href="#page621">621</a></i></li> + <li>æstivalis, <a href="#page604">604</a></li> + <li><i>alata</i>, <a href="#page622">622</a></li> + <li>alopecoidea, <a href="#page615">615</a></li> + <li>alpina, <a href="#page598">598</a></li> + <li><i>angustata</i>, <a href="#page600">600</a></li> + <li><i>aperta</i>, <a href="#page600">600</a></li> + <li>aquatilis, <a href="#page600">600</a></li> + <li><i>arcta</i>, <a href="#page619">619</a></li> + <li>arctata, <a href="#page603">603</a></li> + <li><a href="#arenaria">arenaria</a>, <a href="#page616">616</a></li> + <li><i>arida</i>, <a href="#page620">620</a></li> + <li><i>aristata</i>, <a href="#page598">598</a></li> + <li>atrata, <a href="#page599">599</a></li> + <li>aurea, <a href="#page610">610</a></li> + <li>Backii, <a href="#page613">613</a></li> + <li><i>Barrattii</i>, <a href="#page602">602</a></li> + <li><i>Bebbii</i>, <a href="#page620">620</a></li> + <li><i>Boottiana</i>, <a href="#page611">611</a></li> + <li>bromoides, <a href="#page619">619</a></li> + <li>bullata, <a href="#page594">594</a></li> + <li><i>Buxbaumii</i>, <a href="#page599">599</a></li> + <li>canescens, <a href="#page618">618</a></li> + <li>capillaris, <a href="#page603">603</a></li> + <li>capitata, <a href="#page617">617</a></li> + <li>Careyana, <a href="#page608">608</a></li> + <li><a href="#castanea">castanea</a>, <a href="#page603">603</a></li> + <li>cephaloidea, <a href="#page617">617</a></li> + <li>cephalophora, <a href="#page617">617</a></li> + <li>chordorhiza, <a href="#page614">614</a></li> + <li>communis, <a href="#page612">612</a></li> + <li><i>comosa</i>, <a href="#page596">596</a></li> + <li>conjuncta, <a href="#page614">614</a></li> + <li>conoidea, <a href="#page607">607</a></li> + <li>Crawei, <a href="#page606">606</a></li> + <li>crinita, <a href="#page601">601</a></li> + <li><i>cristata</i>, <a href="#page620">620</a></li> + <li>Crus-corvi, <a href="#page614">614</a></li> + <li>Davisii, <a href="#page605">605</a></li> + <li>debilis, <a href="#page604">604</a>, <i><a href="#page604">604</a></i></li> + <li>decomposita, <a href="#page614">614</a></li> + <li>deflexa, <a href="#page611">611</a></li> + <li>Deweyana, <a href="#page619">619</a></li> + <li>digitalis, <a href="#page608">608</a></li> + <li><i>disticha</i>, <a href="#page615">615</a></li> + <li>eburnea, <a href="#page610">610</a></li> + <li>echinata, <a href="#page618">618</a></li> + <li><i>Emmonsii</i>, <a href="#page611">611</a></li> + <li>exilis, <a href="#page617">617</a></li> + <li>extensa, <a href="#page606">606</a></li> + <li>filiformis, <a href="#page597">597</a></li> + <li><i>flaccosperma</i>, <a href="#page605">605</a></li> + <li>flava, <a href="#page606">606</a></li> + <li>flexilis, <a href="#page603">603</a></li> + <li>fœnea, <a href="#page621">621</a>, <i><a href="#page622">622</a></i></li> + <li>folliculata, <a href="#page592">592</a></li> + <li>formosa, <a href="#page605">605</a></li> + <li>Fraseri, <a href="#page613">613</a></li> + <li>fusca, <a href="#page599">599</a></li> + <li>gigantea, <a href="#page593">593</a></li> + <li><i>glabra</i>, <a href="#page604">604</a></li> + <li>glaucodea, <a href="#page605">605</a></li> + <li>gracillima, <a href="#page604">604</a></li> + <li>grandis, <a href="#page593">593</a></li> + <li>granularis, <a href="#page605">605</a></li> + <li>gravida, <a href="#page615">615</a></li> + <li>Grayii, <a href="#page592">592</a></li> + <li>grisea, <a href="#page605">605</a></li> + <li>gynandra, <a href="#page601">601</a></li> + <li>gynocrates, <a href="#page617">617</a></li> + <li>hirta, <a href="#page597">597</a></li> + <li>Hitchcockiana, <a href="#page607">607</a></li> + <li>Houghtonii, <a href="#page597">597</a></li> + <li>hystricina, <a href="#page596">596</a></li> + <li>intumescens, <a href="#page592">592</a></li> + <li>irrigua, <a href="#page602">602</a></li> + <li>Jamesii, <a href="#page613">613</a></li> + <li><i>Knieskernii</i>, <a href="#page603">603</a></li> + <li><i>lagopodioides</i>, <a href="#page620">620</a></li> + <li>lanuginosa, <a href="#page597">597</a></li> + <li>laxiculmis, <a href="#page608">608</a></li> + <li>laxiflora, <a href="#page607">607</a></li> + <li>lenticularis, <a href="#page600">600</a></li> + <li>leporina, <a href="#page622">622</a></li> + <li>limosa, <a href="#page602">602</a></li> + <li><i>limula</i>, <a href="#page599">599</a></li> + <li>littoralis, <a href="#page602">602</a></li> + <li>livida, <a href="#page610">610</a></li> + <li>longirostris, <a href="#page603">603</a></li> + <li><i>lupuliformis</i>, <a href="#page593">593</a></li> + <li>lupulina, <a href="#page593">593</a></li> + <li>lurida, <i><a href="#page593">593</a></i>, <a href="#page595">595</a></li> + <li>Magellanica, <a href="#page602">602</a></li> + <li>maritima, <a href="#page601">601</a></li> + <li><i>Meadii</i>, <a href="#page609">609</a></li> + <li>Michauxiana, <a href="#page592">592</a></li> + <li><i>miliacea</i>, <a href="#page601">601</a></li> + <li>miliaris, <a href="#page593">593</a></li> + <li><i>mirabilis</i>, <a href="#page622">622</a></li> + <li>monile, <a href="#page594">594</a></li> + <li>Muhlenbergii, <a href="#page617">617</a></li> + <li>muricata, <a href="#page616">616</a></li> + <li>Muskingumensis, <a href="#page620">620</a></li> + <li>nigro-marginata, <a href="#page613">613</a></li> + <li>Norvegica, <a href="#page619">619</a></li> + <li>Novæ-Angiæ, <i><a href="#page611">611</a></i>, <a href="#page612">612</a></li> + <li><i>Œderi</i>, <a href="#page606">606</a></li> + <li>oligocarpa, <a href="#page607">607</a></li> + <li>oligosperma, <a href="#page593">593</a></li> + <li><i>Olneyi</i>, <a href="#page595">595</a></li> + <li>pallescens, <a href="#page606">606</a></li> + <li><i>paludosa</i>, <a href="#page598">598</a></li> + <li>panicea, <a href="#page609">609</a></li> + <li>pauciflora, <a href="#page592">592</a></li> + <li>pedunculata, <a href="#page610">610</a></li> + <li>Pennsylvanica, <a href="#page612">612</a></li> + <li>picta, <a href="#page610">610</a></li> + <li><i>pinguis</i>, <a href="#page621">621</a></li> + <li>plantaginea, <a href="#page609">609</a></li> + <li>platyphylla, <a href="#page608">608</a></li> + <li>polymorpha, <a href="#page609">609</a></li> + <li>polytrichoides, <a href="#page613">613</a></li> + <li>præcox, <a href="#page612">612</a></li> + <li>prasina, <a href="#page601">601</a></li> + <li>Pseudo-<a href="#cyperus">Cyperus</a>, <a href="#page596">596</a></li> + <li>ptychocarpa, <a href="#page608">608</a></li> + <li>pubescens, <a href="#page613">613</a></li> + <li><i>pulla</i>, <a href="#page594">594</a></li> + <li>rariflora, <a href="#page602">602</a></li> + <li><i>retrocurva</i>, <a href="#page608">608</a></li> + <li><i>retroflexa</i>, <a href="#page616">616</a></li> + <li>retrorsa, <a href="#page598">598</a></li> + <li>Richardsoni, <a href="#page610">610</a></li> + <li><i>rigida</i>, <a href="#page599">599</a></li> + <li>riparia, <a href="#page598">598</a></li> + <li>rosea, <a href="#page616">616</a></li> + <li><i>rostrata</i>, <a href="#page592">592</a></li> + <li><i>rotundata</i>, <a href="#page593">593</a></li> + <li>salina, <a href="#page601">601</a></li> + <li>Saltuensis, <a href="#page609">609</a></li> + <li>Sartwellii, <a href="#page615">615</a></li> + <li>scabrata, <a href="#page597">597</a></li> + <li>Schweinitzii, <a href="#page595">595</a></li> + <li>scirpoidea, <a href="#page611">611</a></li> + <li><i>scirpoides</i>, <a href="#page618">618</a></li> + <li>scoparia, <a href="#page620">620</a></li> + <li>Shortiana, <a href="#page596">596</a></li> + <li>siccata, <a href="#page619">619</a></li> + <li>silicea, <a href="#page621">621</a></li> + <li>sparganioides, <a href="#page616">616</a></li> + <li>squarrosa, <a href="#page596">596</a></li> + <li><i>stellulata</i>, <a href="#page619">619</a></li> + <li>stenolepis, <a href="#page596">596</a></li> + <li>stenophylla, <a href="#page614">614</a></li> + <li><i>Steudelii</i>, <a href="#page613">613</a></li> + <li>stipata, <a href="#page614">614</a></li> + <li>straminea, <a href="#page621">621</a></li> + <li>striata, <a href="#page597">597</a></li> + <li>stricta, <a href="#page599">599</a></li> + <li>subulata, <a href="#page592">592</a></li> + <li><i>Sullivantii</i>, <a href="#page605">605</a></li> + <li>sychnocephala, <a href="#page622">622</a></li> + <li>tenella, <a href="#page616">616</a></li> + <li>tentaculata, <a href="#page595">595</a></li> + <li>tenuiflora, <a href="#page619">619</a></li> + <li>teretiuscula, <a href="#page614">614</a></li> + <li>tetanica, <a href="#page609">609</a></li> + <li><i>Torreyi</i>, <a href="#page606">606</a></li> + <li>torta, <a href="#page600">600</a></li> + <li>tribuloides, <a href="#page620">620</a></li> + <li>triceps, <a href="#page602">602</a></li> + <li>trichocarpa, <a href="#page698">698</a></li> + <li>trisperma, <a href="#page619">619</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li><a name="page752"></a><a href="#carex">Carex</a> Tuckermani, <a href="#page594">594</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>umbellata, <a href="#page612">612</a></li> + <li>utriculata, <a href="#page594">594</a></li> + <li><i>vaginata</i>, <a href="#page609">609</a></li> + <li>varia, <a href="#page611">611</a>, <i><a href="#page612">612</a></i></li> + <li><i>Vaseyi</i>, <a href="#page594">594</a></li> + <li>venusta, <a href="#page604">604</a></li> + <li>vestita, <a href="#page597">597</a></li> + <li>virescens, <a href="#page602">602</a></li> + <li><i>vitilis</i>, <a href="#page618">618</a></li> + <li>vulgaris, <a href="#page599">599</a></li> + <li>vulpinoidea, <a href="#page615">615</a></li> + <li>Willdenovii, <a href="#page613">613</a></li> + <li><i>Woodii</i>, <a href="#page609">609</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Carnation, <a href="#page83">83</a></li> + +<li>Carpetweed, <a href="#page198">198</a></li> + +<li><a href="#carpinus">Carpinus</a>, <a href="#page474">474</a></li> + +<li>Carrion-flower, <a href="#page520">520</a></li> + +<li>Carrot, <a href="#page201">201</a></li> + +<li><a href="#carum">Carum</a>, <a href="#page208">208</a></li> + +<li><a href="#carya">Carya</a>, <a href="#page468">468</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page82">82</a></li> + +<li>Cashew Family, <a href="#page118">118</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cassandra">Cassandra</a>, <a href="#page317">317</a></li> + +<li>Cassena, <a href="#page108">108</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cassia">Cassia</a>, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cassiope">Cassiope</a>, <a href="#page318">318</a></li> + +<li><a href="#castanea">Castanea</a>, <a href="#page479">479</a></li> + +<li>Castelleia, <a href="#page390">390</a></li> + +<li>Castor-oil Plant, <a href="#page460">460</a></li> + +<li><a href="#catalpa">Catalpa</a>, <a href="#page399">399</a></li> + +<li>Cat-brier, <a href="#page519">519</a></li> + +<li>Catchfly, <a href="#page83">83</a></li> + +<li>Catgut, <a href="#page133">133</a></li> + +<li>Catmint, <a href="#page416">416</a></li> + +<li>Catnip, <a href="#page416">416</a></li> + +<li>Cat-tail Flag, <a href="#page547">547</a></li> + +<li><a href="#caucalis">Caucalis</a>, <a href="#page201">201</a></li> + +<li><a href="#caulophyllum">Caulophyllum</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ceanothus">Ceanothus</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a></li> + +<li>Cedar, Red, <a href="#page494">494</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>White, <a href="#page493">493</a>, <a href="#page494">494</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#cedronella">Cedronella</a>, <a href="#page416">416</a></li> + +<li>Celandine, <a href="#page58">58</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#celastraceae">Celastraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page109">109</a></li> + +<li><a href="#celastrus">Celastrus</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a></li> + +<li><a href="#celtis">Celtis</a>, <a href="#page463">463</a>, <a href="#page734">734</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cenchrus">Cenchrus</a>, <a href="#page634">634</a></li> + +<li><a href="#centaurea">Centaurea</a>, <a href="#page297">297</a></li> + +<li>Centaury, <a href="#page347">347</a></li> + +<li><a href="#centrosema">Centrosema</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a></li> + +<li><a href="#centunculus">Centunculus</a>, <a href="#page332">332</a></li> + +<li>Cephaianthus, <a href="#page234">234</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cephalozia">Cephalozia</a>, <a href="#page711">711</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cerastium">Cerastium</a>, <a href="#page88">88</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page488">488</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ceratophyllum">Ceratophyllum</a>, <a href="#page488">488</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cercis">Cercis</a>, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> + +<li><i>Cesia</i>, <a href="#page723">723</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chaerophyllum">Chærophyllum</a>, <i><a href="#page206">206</a></i>, <a href="#page209">209</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chaetopappa">Chætopappa</a>, <a href="#page253">253</a></li> + +<li>Chaffseed, <a href="#page391">391</a></li> + +<li>Chaffweed, <a href="#page332">332</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chamaecyparis">Chamæcyparis</a>, <a href="#page493">493</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chamaelirium">Chamælirium</a>, <a href="#page531">531</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chamaesaracha">Chamæsaracha</a>, <a href="#page374">374</a></li> + +<li>Chamomile, <a href="#page288">288</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Wild, <a href="#page289">289</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Charlock, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page74">74</a></li> + +<li>Cheat, <a href="#page670">670</a></li> + +<li>Checkerberry, <a href="#page316">316</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cheilanthes">Cheilanthes</a>, <a href="#page681">681</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chelidonium">Chelidonium</a>, <a href="#page58">58</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chelone">Chelone</a>, <a href="#page381">381</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#chenopodiaceae">Chenopodiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page430">430</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chenopodium">Chenopodium</a>, <a href="#page431">431</a></li> + +<li>Cherry, <a href="#page151">151</a></li> + +<li>Cherry, Ground, <a href="#page375">375</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Sand, <a href="#page152">152</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Chervil, <a href="#page206">206</a></li> + +<li>Chess, <a href="#page670">670</a></li> + +<li>Chestnut, <a href="#page479">479</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Horse, <a href="#page115">115</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Chickweed, <a href="#page86">86</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Forked, <a href="#page426">426</a></li> + <li>Indian, <a href="#page198">198</a></li> + <li>Jagged, <a href="#page87">87</a></li> + <li>Mouse-ear, <a href="#page88">88</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Chicory, <a href="#page298">298</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chiloscyphus">Chiloscyphus</a>, <a href="#page716">716</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chimaphila">Chimaphila</a>, <a href="#page322">322</a></li> + +<li>Chinquapin, <a href="#page479">479</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Water, <a href="#page55">55</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#chiogenes">Chiogenes</a>, <a href="#page314">314</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chionanthus">Chionanthus</a>, <a href="#page337">337</a></li> + +<li>Chives, <a href="#page522">522</a></li> + +<li>Chokeberry, <a href="#page164">164</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chondrilla">Chondrilla</a>, <a href="#page303">303</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chrysanthemum">Chrysanthemum</a>, <a href="#page289">289</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chrysogonum">Chrysogonum</a>, <a href="#page271">271</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chrysopogon">Chrysopogon</a>, <a href="#page638">638</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chrysopsis">Chrysopsis</a>, <a href="#page244">244</a></li> + +<li><a href="#chrysosplenium">Chrysosplenium</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cichorium">Cichorium</a>, <a href="#page298">298</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cicuta">Cicuta</a>, <a href="#page208">208</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cimicifuga">Cimicifuga</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cinna">Cinna</a>, <a href="#page649">649</a></li> + +<li>Cinquefoil, <a href="#page158">158</a></li> + +<li><a href="#circaea">Circæa</a>, <a href="#page193">193</a></li> + +<li><i>Cirsium</i>, <a href="#page295">295</a>, <a href="#page296">296</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cissus">Cissus</a>, <a href="#page114">114</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#cistaceae">Cistaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page76">76</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cladium">Cladium</a>, <a href="#page586">586</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cladothrix">Cladothrix</a>, <a href="#page734">734</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cladrastis">Cladrastis</a>, <a href="#page126">126</a></li> + +<li>Clary, <a href="#page413">413</a></li> + +<li><a href="#claytonia">Claytonia</a>, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page733">733</a></li> + +<li>Clear-weed, <a href="#page465">465</a></li> + +<li>Cleavers, <a href="#page225">225</a></li> + +<li><a href="#clematis">Clematis</a>, <a href="#page35">35</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cleome">Cleome</a>, <a href="#page75">75</a>, <a href="#page733">733</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cleomella">Cleomella</a>, <a href="#page75">75</a></li> + +<li><a href="#clethra">Clethra</a>, <a href="#page322">322</a></li> + +<li><a href="#clintonia">Clintonia</a>, <a href="#page527">527</a></li> + +<li><a href="#clitoria">Clitoria</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a></li> + +<li>Clotbur, <a href="#page274">274</a></li> + +<li>Cloudberry, <a href="#page154">154</a></li> + +<li>Clover, <a href="#page128">128</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Bush, <a href="#page141">141</a></li> + <li>Prairie, <a href="#page132">132</a></li> + <li>Sweet, <a href="#page129">129</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Club-moss, <a href="#page695">695</a>, <a href="#page697">697</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cnicus">Cnicus</a>, <a href="#page295">295</a>, <i><a href="#page297">297</a></i></li> + +<li><a href="#cocculus">Cocculus</a>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> + +<li><i>Cochlearia</i>, <a href="#page70">70</a></li> + +<li>Cockle, <a href="#page85">85</a></li> + +<li>Cocklebur, <a href="#page274">274</a></li> + +<li><a href="#coelopleurum">Cœlopleurum</a>, <a href="#page205">205</a></li> + +<li>Coffee, Wild, <a href="#page219">219</a></li> + +<li>Coffee-tree, Kentucky, <a href="#page148">148</a></li> + +<li>Cohosh, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a></li> + +<li>Colic-root, <a href="#page512">512</a></li> + +<li><a href="#collinsia">Collinsia</a>, <a href="#page380">380</a></li> + +<li><a href="#collinsonia">Collinsonia</a>, <a href="#page406">406</a></li> + +<li><i>Collomia</i>, <a href="#page356">356</a></li> + +<li>Coltsfoot, <a href="#page291">291</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Sweet, <a href="#page292">292</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Columbine, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> + +<li>Columbo, American, <a href="#page352">352</a></li> + +<li><a href="#comandra">Comandra</a>, <a href="#page450">450</a></li> + +<li>Comfrey, <a href="#page367">367</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Wild, <a href="#page362">362</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#commelina">Commelina</a>, <a href="#page538">538</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#commelinaceae">Commelinaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page538">538</a></li> + +<li>Compass-plant, <a href="#page270">270</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#compositae">Compositæ</a></span>, <a href="#page230">230</a></li> + +<li><i>Comptonia</i>, <a href="#page470">470</a></li> + +<li>Cone-flower, <a href="#page270">270</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Purple, <a href="#page275">275</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#coniferae">Coniferæ</a></span>, <a href="#page489">489</a></li> + +<li><a href="#conioselinum">Conioselinum</a>, <a href="#page202">202</a></li> + +<li><a href="#conium">Conium</a>, <a href="#page209">209</a></li> + +<li><a href="#conobea">Conobea</a>, <a href="#page383">383</a></li> + +<li><a href="#conocephalus">Conocephalus</a>, <a href="#page728">728</a></li> + +<li><a href="#conopholis">Conopholis</a>, <a href="#page394">394</a></li> + +<li><a href="#convallaria">Convallaria</a>, <a href="#page524">524</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page367">367</a></li> + +<li><a href="#convolvulus">Convolvulus</a>, <a href="#page369">369</a></li> + +<li><a href="#coptis">Coptis</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> + +<li>Coral-berry, <a href="#page220">220</a></li> + +<li>Coral-root, <a href="#page500">500</a></li> + +<li><a href="#corallorhiza">Corallorhiza</a>, <a href="#page500">500</a></li> + +<li><a href="#corema">Corema</a>, <a href="#page488">488</a></li> + +<li><a href="#coreopsis">Coreopsis</a>, <a href="#page281">281</a></li> + +<li><a href="#corispermum">Corispermum</a>, <a href="#page434">434</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#cornaceae">Cornaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page213">213</a></li> + +<li>Cornel, <a href="#page214">214</a></li> + +<li>Corn-salad, <a href="#page228">228</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cornus">Cornus</a>, <a href="#page214">214</a></li> + +<li><a href="#coronilla">Coronilla</a>, <a href="#page138">138</a></li> + +<li>Corpse-plant, <a href="#page325">325</a></li> + +<li><a href="#corydalis">Corydalis</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> + +<li><a href="#corylus">Corylus</a>, <a href="#page473">473</a></li> + +<li>Cottonwood, <a href="#page487">487</a></li> + +<li>Cowberry, <a href="#page314">314</a></li> + +<li>Cowslip, <a href="#page321">321</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>American, <a href="#page328">328</a></li> + <li>Virginian, <a href="#page364">364</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Cow-wheat, <a href="#page393">393</a></li> + +<li>Crab-apple, <a href="#page164">164</a></li> + +<li>Cranberry, <a href="#page312">312</a>, <a href="#page314">314</a></li> + +<li>Cranberry-tree, <a href="#page217">217</a></li> + +<li>Cranesbill, <a href="#page103">103</a></li> + +<li><a href="#crantzia">Crantzia</a>, <a href="#page205">205</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#crassulaceae">Crassulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page170">170</a></li> + +<li><a href="#crataegus">Cratægus</a>, <a href="#page165">165</a></li> + +<li>Cress, Bitter, <a href="#page64">64</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Mouse-ear, <a href="#page72">72</a></li> + <li>Penny, <a href="#page73">73</a></li> + <li>Rock, <a href="#page65">65</a></li> + <li>Spring, <a href="#page65">65</a></li> + <li>Swine, <a href="#page74">74</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page69">69</a></li> + <li>Winter, <a href="#page70">70</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#crepis">Crepis</a>, <a href="#page300">300</a></li> + +<li>Cross-vine, <a href="#page398">398</a></li> + +<li><a href="#crotalaria">Crotalaria</a>, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> + +<li><a href="#croton">Croton</a>, <a href="#page457">457</a></li> + +<li><a href="#crotonopsis">Crotonopsis</a>, <a href="#page458">458</a></li> + +<li>Crowberry, <a href="#page487">487</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Broom, <a href="#page488">488</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Crowfoot, <a href="#page40">40</a></li> + +<li>Crown-beard, <a href="#page280">280</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#cruciferae">Cruciferæ</a></span>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> + +<li><i>Crypsis</i>, <a href="#page640">640</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cryptogramme">Cryptogramme</a>, <a href="#page682">682</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cryptotaenia">Cryptotænia</a>, <a href="#page207">207</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ctenium">Ctenium</a>, <a href="#page654">654</a></li> + +<li>Cuckoo-flower, <a href="#page65">65</a></li> + +<li>Cucumber, <a href="#page194">194</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Bur, <a href="#page195">195</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Cucumber-root, Indian <a href="#page529">529</a></li> + +<li>Cucumber-tree, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cucurbita">Cucurbita</a>, <a href="#page196">196</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page194">194</a></li> + +<li>Cudweed, <a href="#page268">268</a></li> + +<li>Culver's-physic, <a href="#page386">386</a></li> + +<li>Culver's-root, <a href="#page386">386</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cunila">Cunila</a>, <a href="#page409">409</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cuphea">Cuphea</a>, <a href="#page186">186</a></li> + +<li>Cup-plant, <a href="#page271">271</a></li> + + +<li><a name="page753"></a><i>Cupressus</i>, <a href="#page493">493</a></li> + +<li>Cupseed, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#cupuliferae">Cupuliferæ</a></span>, <a href="#page470">470</a></li> + +<li>Currant, <a href="#page174">174</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Indian, <a href="#page220">220</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#cuscuta">Cuscuta</a>, <a href="#page369">369</a></li> + +<li>Custard-apple Family, <a href="#page50">50</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cyclanthera">Cyclanthera</a>, <a href="#page196">196</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cycloloma">Cycloloma</a>, <a href="#page431">431</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cymopterus">Cymopterus</a>, <a href="#page203">203</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cynodon">Cynodon</a>, <a href="#page654">654</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cynoglossum">Cynoglossum</a>, <a href="#page362">362</a>, <i><a href="#page363">363</a></i></li> + +<li><i>Cynthia</i>, <a href="#page298">298</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#cyperaceae">Cyperaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page567">567</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cyperus">Cyperus</a>, <a href="#page569">569</a></li> + +<li>Cypress, <a href="#page493">493</a></li> + +<li>Cypress-vine, <a href="#page368">368</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cypripedium">Cypripedium</a>, <a href="#page510">510</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cystopteris">Cystopteris</a>, <a href="#page689">689</a></li> + +<li><a href="#cytisus">Cytisus</a>, <a href="#page127">127</a><br /></li> + + +<li><a href="#dactylis">Dactylis</a>, <a href="#page663">663</a></li> + +<li><i>Dactyloctenium</i>, <a href="#page656">656</a></li> + +<li>Dahoon Holly, <a href="#page108">108</a></li> + +<li>Daisy, <a href="#page253">253</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Ox-eye, <a href="#page289">289</a></li> + <li>White, <a href="#page289">289</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#dalea">Dalea</a>, <a href="#page132">132</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dalibarda">Dalibarda</a>, <a href="#page156">156</a></li> + +<li>Dame's-violet, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> + +<li>Dandelion, <a href="#page303">303</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Dwarf, <a href="#page297">297</a></li> + <li>Fall, <a href="#page299">299</a></li> + <li>False, <a href="#page303">303</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Dangleberry, <a href="#page311">311</a></li> + +<li><a href="#danthonia">Danthonia</a>, <a href="#page654">654</a></li> + +<li><a href="#daphne">Daphne</a>, <a href="#page448">448</a></li> + +<li>Darnel, <a href="#page671">671</a></li> + +<li><a href="#datura">Datura</a>, <a href="#page377">377</a></li> + +<li><a href="#daucus">Daucus</a>, <a href="#page201">201</a></li> + +<li>Day-flower, <a href="#page538">538</a></li> + +<li>Dead-nettle, <a href="#page420">420</a></li> + +<li><a href="#decodon">Decodon</a>, <a href="#page186">186</a></li> + +<li><a href="#decumaria">Decumaria</a>, <a href="#page173">173</a></li> + +<li>Deerberry, <a href="#page312">312</a></li> + +<li><a href="#delphinium">Delphinium</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dentaria">Dentaria</a>, <a href="#page64">64</a></li> + +<li><a href="#deschampsia">Deschampsia</a>, <a href="#page652">652</a></li> + +<li><a href="#desmanthus">Desmanthus</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a></li> + +<li><a href="#desmodium">Desmodium</a>, <a href="#page138">138</a></li> + +<li>Devil's-bit, <a href="#page531">531</a></li> + +<li>Dewberry, <a href="#page155">155</a></li> + +<li><i>Deyeuxia</i>, <a href="#page650">650</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dianthera">Dianthera</a>, <a href="#page401">401</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dianthus">Dianthus</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a></li> + +<li><a href="#diapensia">Diapensia</a>, <a href="#page326">326</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#diapensiaceae">Diapensiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page326">326</a></li> + +<li><a href="#diarrhena">Diarrhena</a>, <a href="#page662">662</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dicentra">Dicentra</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dichondra">Dichondra</a>, <a href="#page368">368</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dichromena">Dichromena</a>, <a href="#page577">577</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dicksonia">Dicksonia</a>, <a href="#page691">691</a></li> + +<li><a href="#didiplis">Didiplis</a>, <a href="#page184">184</a></li> + +<li><a href="#diervilla">Diervilla</a>, <a href="#page222">222</a></li> + +<li><a href="#diodia">Diodia</a>, <a href="#page225">225</a></li> + +<li>Dionæa, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dioscorea">Dioscorea</a>, <a href="#page517">517</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page517">517</a></li> + +<li><a href="#diospyros">Diospyros</a>, <a href="#page333">333</a></li> + +<li><a href="#diphylleia">Diphylleia</a>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> + +<li><a href="#diplachne">Diplachne</a>, <a href="#page658">658</a></li> + +<li><i>Diplopappus</i>, <a href="#page263">263</a></li> + +<li><a href="#diplophyllum">Diplophyllum</a>, <a href="#page715">715</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#dipsaceae">Dipsaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page229">229</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dipsacus">Dipsacus</a>, <a href="#page229">229</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dirca">Dirca</a>, <a href="#page448">448</a></li> + +<li><a href="#discopleura">Discopleura</a>, <a href="#page209">209</a></li> + +<li><a href="#disporum">Disporum</a>, <a href="#page526">526</a></li> + +<li>Distichus, <a href="#page663">663</a>, <a href="#page735">735</a></li> + +<li>Dittany, <a href="#page409">409</a></li> + +<li>Dock, <a href="#page437">437</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Prairie, <a href="#page270">270</a></li> + <li>Spatter, <a href="#page56">56</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Dockmackie, <a href="#page218">218</a></li> + +<li>Dodder, <a href="#page370">370</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dodecatheon">Dodecatheon</a>, <a href="#page328">328</a></li> + +<li>Dogbane, <a href="#page338">338</a></li> + +<li>Dogwood, <a href="#page214">214</a></li> + +<li><a href="#draba">Draba</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dracocephalum">Dracocephalum</a>, <a href="#page416">416</a></li> + +<li>Dragon-head, <a href="#page416">416</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page419">419</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Dragon-root, <a href="#page549">549</a></li> + +<li><a href="#drosera">Drosera</a>, <a href="#page178">178</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#droseraceae">Droseraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page178">178</a></li> + +<li>Dryas, <a href="#page157">157</a></li> + +<li>Duck's-meat, <a href="#page552">552</a></li> + +<li>Duckweed, <a href="#page552">552</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dulichium">Dulichium</a>, <a href="#page573">573</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dumortiera">Dumortiera</a>, <a href="#page729">729</a></li> + +<li>Dutchman's-breeches, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> + +<li>Dutchman's-pipe, <a href="#page445">445</a></li> + +<li><i>Duvalia</i>, <a href="#page729">729</a></li> + +<li>Dyer's-weed, <a href="#page75">75</a></li> + +<li><a href="#dysodia">Dysodia</a>, <a href="#page288">288</a><br /></li> + + +<li><a href="#eatonia">Eatonia</a>, <a href="#page659">659</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#ebenaceae">Ebenaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page333">333</a></li> + +<li>Ebony Family, <a href="#page333">333</a></li> + +<li><a href="#echinacea">Echinacea</a>, <a href="#page275">275</a></li> + +<li><a href="#echinocystis">Echinocystis</a>, <a href="#page195">195</a></li> + +<li><a href="#echinodorus">Echinodorus</a>, <a href="#page556">556</a></li> + +<li><a href="#echinospermum">Echinospermum</a>, <a href="#page362">362</a></li> + +<li><a href="#echium">Echium</a>, <a href="#page367">367</a></li> + +<li><a href="#eclipta">Eclipta</a>, <a href="#page274">274</a></li> + +<li>Eel-grass, <a href="#page496">496</a>, <a href="#page565">565</a></li> + +<li>Eglantine, <a href="#page164">164</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#elaeagnaceae">Elæagnaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page448">448</a></li> + +<li><a href="#elaeagnus">Elæagnus</a>, <a href="#page448">448</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#elatinaceae">Elatinaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page91">91</a></li> + +<li><a href="#elatine">Elatine</a>, <a href="#page91">91</a></li> + +<li>Elder, <a href="#page217">217</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Box, <a href="#page118">118</a></li> + <li>Marsh, <a href="#page272">272</a></li> + <li>Wild, <a href="#page213">213</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Elecampane, <a href="#page269">269</a></li> + +<li><a href="#eleocharis">Eleocharis</a>, <a href="#page573">573</a>, <a href="#page735">735</a></li> + +<li><a href="#elephantopus">Elephantopus</a>, <a href="#page237">237</a></li> + +<li>Elephant's-foot, <a href="#page237">237</a></li> + +<li><a href="#eleusine">Eleusine</a>, <a href="#page656">656</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ellisia">Ellisia</a>, <a href="#page358">358</a></li> + +<li>Elm, <a href="#page462">462</a></li> + +<li><a href="#elodea">Elodea</a>, <a href="#page495">495</a></li> + +<li><a href="#elodes">Elodes</a>, <a href="#page95">95</a></li> + +<li><a href="#elymus">Elymus</a>, <a href="#page673">673</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#empetraceae">Empetraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page487">487</a></li> + +<li><a href="#empetrum">Empetrum</a>, <a href="#page487">487</a></li> + +<li>Enchanter's Nightshade, <a href="#page193">193</a></li> + +<li><a href="#engelmannia">Engelmannia</a>, <a href="#page272">272</a></li> + +<li><a href="#enslenia">Enslenia</a>, <a href="#page343">343</a></li> + +<li><a href="#epigaea">Epigæa</a>, <a href="#page315">315</a></li> + +<li><a href="#epilobium">Epilobium</a>, <a href="#page188">188</a></li> + +<li><a href="#epipactis">Epipactis</a>, <a href="#page504">504</a></li> + +<li><a href="#epiphegus">Epiphegus</a>, <a href="#page394">394</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#equisetaceae">Equisetaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page675">675</a></li> + +<li><a href="#equisetum">Equisetum</a>, <a href="#page676">676</a></li> + +<li><a href="#eragrostis">Eragrostis</a>, <a href="#page660">660</a></li> + +<li><a href="#eranthis">Eranthis</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> + +<li><a href="#erechtites">Erechtites</a>, <a href="#page294">294</a></li> + +<li><a href="#erianthus">Erianthus</a>, <a href="#page636">636</a></li> + +<li>Erica, <a href="#page318">318</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#ericaceae">Ericaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page309">309</a></li> + +<li><a href="#erigenia">Erigenia</a>, <a href="#page210">210</a></li> + +<li><a href="#erigeron">Erigeron</a>, <a href="#page264">264</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#eriocauleae">Eriocauleæ</a></span>, <a href="#page566">566</a></li> + +<li><a href="#eriocaulon">Eriocaulon</a>, <a href="#page566">566</a></li> + +<li><a href="#eriochloa">Eriochloa</a>, <a href="#page629">629</a></li> + +<li><a href="#eriogonum">Eriogonum</a>, <a href="#page436">436</a>, <a href="#page734">734</a></li> + +<li><a href="#eriophorum">Eriophorum</a>, <a href="#page582">582</a></li> + +<li><a href="#erodium">Erodium</a>, <a href="#page104">104</a></li> + +<li><a href="#eryngium">Eryngium</a>, <a href="#page211">211</a></li> + +<li>Eryngo, <a href="#page211">211</a></li> + +<li><a href="#erysimum">Erysimum</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> + +<li><a href="#erythraea">Erythræa</a>, <a href="#page347">347</a></li> + +<li><a href="#erythronium">Erythronium</a>, <a href="#page528">528</a></li> + +<li><a href="#eulophus">Eulophus</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a></li> + +<li><a href="#euonymus">Euonymus</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a></li> + +<li><a href="#eupatorium">Eupatorium</a>, <a href="#page239">239</a></li> + +<li><a href="#euphorbia">Euphorbia</a>, <a href="#page452">452</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page451">451</a></li> + +<li><a href="#euphrasia">Euphrasia</a>, <a href="#page391">391</a></li> + +<li><a href="#eustoma">Eustoma</a>, <a href="#page349">349</a></li> + +<li><a href="#evax">Evax</a>, <a href="#page267">267</a></li> + +<li>Evening Primrose Family, <a href="#page186">186</a></li> + +<li>Everlasting, <a href="#page267">267</a>, <a href="#page268">268</a></li> + +<li><a href="#evolvulus">Evolvulus</a>, <a href="#page370">370</a></li> + +<li>Eyebright, <a href="#page391">391</a><br /></li> + + +<li><a href="#fagopyrum">Fagopyrum</a>, <a href="#page443">443</a></li> + +<li><a href="#fagus">Fagus</a>, <a href="#page479">479</a></li> + +<li>False-mermaid, <a href="#page104">104</a></li> + +<li>Farkleberry, <a href="#page312">312</a></li> + +<li>Featherfoil, <a href="#page328">328</a></li> + +<li><i>Fedia</i>, <a href="#page229">229</a></li> + +<li><i>Fegatella</i>, <a href="#page729">729</a></li> + +<li>Fennel, <a href="#page205">205</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Dog, <a href="#page239">239</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fennel-flower, <a href="#page48">48</a></li> + +<li>Fern, Beech, <a href="#page686">686</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Bladder, <a href="#page689">689</a></li> + <li>Chain, <a href="#page683">683</a></li> + <li>Christmas, <a href="#page689">689</a></li> + <li>Cinnamon, <a href="#page693">693</a></li> + <li>Climbing, <a href="#page692">692</a></li> + <li>Cloak, <a href="#page680">680</a></li> + <li>Filmy, <a href="#page692">692</a></li> + <li>Flowering, <a href="#page693">693</a></li> + <li>Lip, <a href="#page681">681</a></li> + <li>Sensitive, <a href="#page690">690</a></li> + <li>Shield, <a href="#page686">686</a></li> + <li>Wood, <a href="#page686">686</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Ferns, <a href="#page678">678</a></li> + +<li>Fescue, <a href="#page668">668</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Sheep's, <a href="#page669">669</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#festuca">Festuca</a>, <i><a href="#page666">666</a></i>, <a href="#page668">668</a></li> + +<li>Fever-bush, <a href="#page447">447</a></li> + +<li>Feverfew, <a href="#page289">289</a></li> + +<li>Feverwort, <a href="#page219">219</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#ficoideae">Ficoideæ</a></span>, <a href="#page198">198</a></li> + +<li>Fig, Indian, <a href="#page197">197</a></li> + +<li>Figwort, <a href="#page380">380</a></li> + +<li><a href="#filago">Filago</a>, <a href="#page267">267</a></li> + +<li>Filbert, <a href="#page473">473</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#filices">Filices</a></span>, <a href="#page678">678</a></li> + +<li><a href="#fimbriaria">Fimbriaria</a>, <a href="#page728">728</a></li> + +<li><a href="#fimbristylis">Fimbristylis</a>, <a href="#page577">577</a></li> + +<li>Fiorin, <a href="#page647">647</a></li> + +<li>Fir, <a href="#page492">492</a></li> + +<li>Fire-weed, <a href="#page188">188</a>, <a href="#page294">294</a></li> + +<li>Five-finger, <a href="#page158">158</a></li> + +<li>Flag, <a href="#page513">513</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Cat-tail, <a href="#page547">547</a></li> + <li>Sweet, <a href="#page551">551</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Flax, <a href="#page101">101</a></li> + +<li>Fleabane, <a href="#page264">264</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Marsh, <a href="#page266">266</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Floating-heart, <a href="#page353">353</a></li> + +<li><a href="#floerkea">Flœrkea</a>, <a href="#page104">104</a></li> + +<li>Flower-de-luce, <a href="#page513">513</a></li> + +<li>Fly-poison, <a href="#page535">535</a></li> + +<li><a href="#foeniculum">Fœniculum</a>, <a href="#page205">205</a></li> + + +<li><a name="page754"></a>Fog-fruit, <a href="#page402">402</a></li> + +<li><a href="#forestiera">Forestiera</a>, <a href="#page336">336</a></li> + +<li>Forget-me-not, <a href="#page364">364</a></li> + +<li><i>Forsteronia</i>, <a href="#page338">338</a></li> + +<li><a href="#fossombronia">Fossombronia</a>, <a href="#page723">723</a></li> + +<li><a href="#fothergilla">Fothergilla</a>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> + +<li>Four-o'clock, <a href="#page425">425</a></li> + +<li>Foxberry, <a href="#page314">314</a></li> + +<li>Foxglove, False, <a href="#page389">389</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Mullein, <a href="#page338">338</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Foxtail, <a href="#page634">634</a></li> + +<li><a href="#fragaria">Fragaria</a>, <a href="#page158">158</a></li> + +<li><i>Frangula</i>, <a href="#page112">112</a></li> + +<li><a href="#frasera">Frasera</a>, <a href="#page352">352</a></li> + +<li><a href="#fraxinus">Fraxinus</a>, <a href="#page335">335</a></li> + +<li>Fringe-tree, <a href="#page337">337</a></li> + +<li><a href="#froelichia">Frœlichia</a>, <a href="#page430">430</a></li> + +<li>Frog's-bit, American <a href="#page496">496</a></li> + +<li>Frost-weed, <a href="#page76">76</a></li> + +<li><a href="#frullania">Frullania</a>, <a href="#page704">704</a>, <i><a href="#page706">706</a></i></li> + +<li><a href="#fuirena">Fuirena</a>, <a href="#page583">583</a></li> + +<li><a href="#fumaria">Fumaria</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#fumariaceae">Fumariaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page59">59</a></li> + +<li>Fumitory, <a href="#page61">61</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Climbing, <a href="#page66">66</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li><a href="#gaillardia">Gaillardia</a>, <a href="#page288">288</a></li> + +<li><a href="#galactia">Galactia</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a></li> + +<li><a href="#galax">Galax</a>, <a href="#page327">327</a></li> + +<li>Gale, Sweet, <a href="#page469">469</a></li> + +<li><a href="#galeopsis">Galeopsis</a>, <a href="#page421">421</a></li> + +<li>Galingale, <a href="#page569">569</a></li> + +<li><a href="#galinsoga">Galinsoga</a>, <a href="#page234">234</a>, <a href="#page286">286</a></li> + +<li><a href="#galium">Galium</a>, <a href="#page225">225</a></li> + +<li>Gall-of-the-earth <a href="#page301">301</a></li> + +<li>Garget, <a href="#page436">436</a></li> + +<li>Garlic, <a href="#page521">521</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gaultheria">Gaultheria</a>, <a href="#page315">315</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gaura">Gaura</a>, <a href="#page192">192</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gaylussacia">Gaylussacia</a>, <a href="#page311">311</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gelsemium">Gelsemium</a>, <a href="#page345">345</a></li> + +<li>Genisca, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> + +<li>Gentian, <a href="#page349">349</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Horse, <a href="#page219">219</a></li> + <li>Spurred, <a href="#page352">352</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#gentiana">Gentiana</a>, <a href="#page349">349</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#gentianaceae">Gentianaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page346">346</a></li> + +<li><a href="#geocalyx">Geocalyx</a>, <a href="#page715">715</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#geraniaceae">Geraniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page102">102</a></li> + +<li><a href="#geranium">Geranium</a>, <a href="#page103">103</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Feather, <a href="#page433">433</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#gerardia">Gerardia</a>, <a href="#page388">388</a></li> + +<li>Germander, <a href="#page406">406</a></li> + +<li><a href="#geum">Geum</a>, <a href="#page156">156</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gilia">Gilia</a>, <a href="#page356">356</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gillenia">Gillenia</a>, <a href="#page154">154</a></li> + +<li>Gill-over-the-ground, <a href="#page416">416</a></li> + +<li>Ginger, Wild, <a href="#page444">444</a></li> + +<li>Ginseng, <a href="#page212">212</a></li> + +<li>Glasswort, <a href="#page434">434</a></li> + +<li><a href="#glaucium">Glaucium</a>, <a href="#page58">58</a></li> + +<li><a href="#glaux">Glaux</a>, <a href="#page331">331</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gleditschia">Gleditschia</a>, <a href="#page148">148</a></li> + +<li>Globe-flower, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> + +<li><a href="#glyceria">Glyceria</a>, <a href="#page666">666</a>, <i><a href="#page668">668</a></i></li> + +<li><a href="#glycyrrhiza">Glycyrrhiza</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gnaphalium">Gnaphalium</a>, <a href="#page268">268</a></li> + +<li>Goat's-beard <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page298">298</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page169">169</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Goat's-rue, <a href="#page133">133</a></li> + +<li>Golden-club, <a href="#page551">551</a></li> + +<li>Goldenrod, <a href="#page246">246</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page253">253</a></li> + <li>Rayless, <a href="#page245">245</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Goldthread, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gonolobus">Gonolobus</a>, <a href="#page344">344</a></li> + +<li>Good-King-Henry <a href="#page432">432</a></li> + +<li><a href="#goodyera">Goodyera</a>, <a href="#page503">503</a></li> + +<li>Gooseberry, <a href="#page174">174</a></li> + +<li>Goosefoot, <a href="#page431">431</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gordonia">Gordonia</a>, <a href="#page93">93</a></li> + +<li>Gourd Family, <a href="#page194">194</a></li> + +<li>Gout-weed, <a href="#page208">208</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#gramineae">Gramineæ</a></span>, <a href="#page623">623</a></li> + +<li>Grape, <a href="#page113">113</a></li> + +<li>Grape Hyacinth, <a href="#page523">523</a></li> + +<li><a href="#graphephorum">Graphephorum</a>, <a href="#page666">666</a></li> + +<li>Grass Family, <a href="#page623">623</a></li> + +<li>Grass, Barnyard <a href="#page633">633</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Beak, <a href="#page584">584</a></li> + <li>Bear, <a href="#page524">524</a></li> + <li>Beard <a href="#page636">636</a>, <a href="#page637">637</a>, <a href="#page648">648</a></li> + <li>Bengal, <a href="#page634">634</a></li> + <li>Bent, <a href="#page647">647</a>, <a href="#page648">648</a>, <a href="#page649">649</a></li> + <li>Bermuda, <a href="#page654">654</a></li> + <li>Blue, English, <a href="#page664">664</a></li> + <li>Blue, Kentucky, <a href="#page665">665</a></li> + <li>Blue-eyed, <a href="#page515">515</a></li> + <li>Blue-joint, <a href="#page650">650</a>, <a href="#page671">671</a></li> + <li>Blue-stem, <a href="#page671">671</a></li> + <li>Bottle, <a href="#page634">634</a></li> + <li>Bottle-brush, <a href="#page674">674</a></li> + <li>Brome, <a href="#page669">669</a></li> + <li>Buffalo, <a href="#page657">657</a></li> + <li>Bur, <a href="#page634">634</a></li> + <li>Canary, <a href="#page638">638</a></li> + <li>Catchfly, <a href="#page636">636</a></li> + <li>Cat's-tail, <a href="#page644">644</a></li> + <li>Cord, <a href="#page627">627</a></li> + <li>Cotton, <a href="#page582">582</a></li> + <li>Couch, <a href="#page671">671</a></li> + <li>Crab, <a href="#page630">630</a>, <a href="#page656">656</a></li> + <li>Cut, Rice, <a href="#page636">636</a></li> + <li>Deer, <a href="#page183">183</a></li> + <li>Ditch, <a href="#page564">564</a></li> + <li>Dog's-tail, <a href="#page656">656</a></li> + <li>Drop seed, <a href="#page643">643</a>, <a href="#page645">645</a></li> + <li>Eel, <a href="#page496">496</a>, <a href="#page565">565</a></li> + <li>Feather, <a href="#page641">641</a></li> + <li>Fescue, <a href="#page668">668</a></li> + <li>Finger, <a href="#page630">630</a></li> + <li>Foxtail, <a href="#page634">634</a>, <a href="#page645">645</a></li> + <li>Gama, <a href="#page635">635</a></li> + <li>Goose, <a href="#page226">226</a>, <a href="#page668">668</a></li> + <li>Hair, <a href="#page644">644</a>, <a href="#page648">648</a>, <a href="#page652">652</a></li> + <li>Hedgehog, <a href="#page634">634</a></li> + <li>Herds, <a href="#page645">645</a>, <a href="#page647">647</a></li> + <li>Holy, <a href="#page639">639</a></li> + <li>Hungarian, <a href="#page634">634</a></li> + <li>Indian, <a href="#page638">638</a></li> + <li>Joint, <a href="#page629">629</a></li> + <li>June, <a href="#page665">665</a></li> + <li>Lyme, <a href="#page673">673</a></li> + <li>Manna, <a href="#page666">666</a></li> + <li>Marsh, <a href="#page627">627</a></li> + <li>Meadow <a href="#page663">663</a>, <a href="#page665">665</a>, <a href="#page667">667</a></li> + <li>Melic, <a href="#page662">662</a></li> + <li>Millet, <a href="#page642">642</a></li> + <li>Muskit, <a href="#page655">655</a></li> + <li>Oat, <a href="#page641">641</a>, <a href="#page651">651</a>, <a href="#page654">654</a></li> + <li>Old-witch, <a href="#page630">630</a></li> + <li>Orange, <a href="#page95">95</a></li> + <li>Orchard, <a href="#page663">663</a></li> + <li>Panic, <a href="#page629">629</a></li> + <li>Pigeon, <a href="#page634">634</a></li> + <li>Porcupine, <a href="#page641">641</a></li> + <li>Quaking, <a href="#page663">663</a></li> + <li>Quick, or Quitch, <a href="#page671">671</a></li> + <li>Rattlesnake, <a href="#page667">667</a></li> + <li>Ray, <a href="#page671">671</a></li> + <li>Redtop, <a href="#page647">647</a>, <a href="#page657">657</a>, <a href="#page665">665</a></li> + <li>Reed, <a href="#page627">627</a>, <a href="#page649">649</a></li> + <li>Rib, <a href="#page423">423</a></li> + <li>Ribbon, <a href="#page639">639</a></li> + <li>Ripple, <a href="#page423">423</a></li> + <li>Rush, <a href="#page645">645</a></li> + <li>Rye, <a href="#page671">671</a>, <a href="#page673">673</a></li> + <li>Salt, <a href="#page627">627</a></li> + <li>Sand, <a href="#page658">658</a></li> + <li>Scorpion, <a href="#page364">364</a></li> + <li>Scurvy, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> + <li>Scutch, <a href="#page654">654</a></li> + <li>Seneca, <a href="#page639">639</a></li> + <li>Sesame, <a href="#page635">635</a></li> + <li>Shave, <a href="#page677">677</a></li> + <li>Soft, <a href="#page652">652</a></li> + <li>Spear <a href="#page663">663</a>, <a href="#page665">665</a>, <a href="#page668">668</a></li> + <li>Spike, <a href="#page662">662</a>, <a href="#page663">663</a></li> + <li>Squirrel-tail, <a href="#page672">672</a></li> + <li>Star, <a href="#page512">512</a>, <a href="#page516">516</a></li> + <li>Sweet Vernal, <a href="#page639">639</a></li> + <li>Tape, <a href="#page496">496</a></li> + <li>Thin, <a href="#page648">648</a></li> + <li>Timothy, <a href="#page645">645</a></li> + <li>Toothache, <a href="#page657">657</a></li> + <li>Triple-awned, <a href="#page639">639</a></li> + <li>Umbrella, <a href="#page583">583</a></li> + <li>Vanilla, <a href="#page652">652</a></li> + <li>Velvet, <a href="#page652">652</a></li> + <li>Wheat, Awned, <a href="#page672">672</a></li> + <li>White, <a href="#page336">336</a></li> + <li>Whitlow, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <a href="#page68">68</a></li> + <li>Wire, <a href="#page656">656</a>, <a href="#page664">664</a></li> + <li>Wood, <a href="#page638">638</a></li> + <li>Worm, <a href="#page346">346</a></li> + <li>Yard, <a href="#page656">656</a></li> + <li>Yellow-eyed, <a href="#page537">537</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Grass of Parnassus, <a href="#page173">173</a></li> + +<li>Grass wrack, <a href="#page565">565</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gratiola">Gratiola</a>, <a href="#page384">384</a></li> + +<li>Greenbrier, <a href="#page519">519</a></li> + +<li>Green-dragon, <a href="#page549">549</a></li> + +<li>Greenweed, Dyer's, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> + +<li><a href="#grimaldia">Grimaldia</a>, <a href="#page729">729</a></li> + +<li><a href="#grindelia">Grindelia</a>, <a href="#page244">244</a></li> + +<li>Gromwell, <a href="#page365">365</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page366">366</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Groundnut, <a href="#page144">144</a>, <a href="#page213">213</a></li> + +<li>Groundsel, <a href="#page292">292</a></li> + +<li>Groundsel tree, <a href="#page266">266</a></li> + +<li>Guelder rose, <a href="#page218">218</a></li> + +<li>Gum-tree, <a href="#page215">215</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Sweet, <a href="#page180">180</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#gutierrezia">Gutierrezia</a>, <a href="#page243">243</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gymnocladus">Gymnocladus</a>, <a href="#page148">148</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gymnomitrium">Gymnomitrium</a>, <i><a href="#page721">721</a></i>, <a href="#page722">722</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gymnopogon">Gymnopogon</a>, <a href="#page655">655</a></li> + +<li><i>Gymnostichum</i>, <a href="#page674">674</a></li> + +<li><a href="#gypsophila">Gypsophila</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a><br /></li> + + +<li><a href="#habenaria">Habenaria</a>, <i><a href="#page506">506</a></i>, <a href="#page506">506</a></li> + +<li>Hackberry, <a href="#page463">463</a></li> + +<li>Hackmatack, <a href="#page493">493</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#haemodoraceae">Hæmodoraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page512">512</a></li> + +<li><a href="#halenia">Halenia</a>, <a href="#page352">352</a></li> + +<li><a href="#halesia">Halesia</a>, <a href="#page334">334</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#halorageae">Halorageæ</a></span>, <a href="#page180">180</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#hamamelideae">Hamamelideæ</a></span>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hamamelis">Hamamelis</a>, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> + +<li>Harbinger-of-spring, <a href="#page210">210</a></li> + +<li>Hardhack, <a href="#page153">153</a></li> + +<li>Harebell, <a href="#page308">308</a></li> + +<li><a href="#harpanthus">Harpanthus</a>, <a href="#page717">717</a></li> + +<li>Hart's-tongue, <a href="#page685">685</a></li> + +<li>Haw, <a href="#page166">166</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Black, <a href="#page219">219</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Hawkbit, <a href="#page298">298</a></li> + +<li>Hawkweed, <a href="#page299">299</a></li> + +<li>Hawthorn, <a href="#page165">165</a></li> + +<li>Hazel, Witch, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> + +<li>Hazelnut, <a href="#page473">473</a></li> + +<li>Heal-all, <a href="#page419">419</a></li> + +<li>Heart's-ease, <a href="#page78">78</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a></li> + +<li>Heather, <a href="#page318">318</a></li> + +<li>Heath Family, <a href="#page309">309</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hedeoma">Hedeoma</a>, <a href="#page412">412</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hedysarum">Hedysarum</a>, <a href="#page138">138</a></li> + +<li><a href="#helenium">Helenium</a>, <a href="#page237">237</a></li> + +<li><a href="#heleochloa">Heleochloa</a>, <a href="#page644">644</a></li> + +<li><a href="#helianthemum">Helianthemum</a>, <a href="#page76">76</a></li> + +<li><a href="#helianthus">Helianthus</a>, <a href="#page277">277</a></li> + +<li><i>Heliophytum</i>, <a href="#page362">362</a></li> + +<li><a href="#heliopsis">Heliopsis</a>, <a href="#page275">275</a></li> + +<li><a href="#heliotropium">Heliotropium</a> (Heliotrope), <a href="#page361">361</a></li> + +<li>Hellebore, <a href="#page45">45</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page533">533</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#helleborus">Helleborus</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> + +<li><a href="#helonias">Helonias</a>, <a href="#page531">531</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hemerocallis">Hemerocallis</a>, <a href="#page523">523</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hemicarpha">Hemicarpha</a>, <a href="#page583">583</a></li> + +<li>Hemlock, <a href="#page209">209</a>, <a href="#page492">492</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Ground, <a href="#page494">494</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page208">208</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Hemodoraceæ</span>, <a href="#page512">512</a></li> + +<li>Hemp, <a href="#page463">463</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Indian, <a href="#page338">338</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page429">429</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Henbane, <a href="#page376">376</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hepatica">Hepatica</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page38">38</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Hepaticæ</span>, <a href="#page702">702</a></li> + +<li><a href="#heracleum">Heracleum</a>, <a href="#page202">202</a></li> + +<li>Herb-Robert, <a href="#page103">103</a></li> + +<li>Herba-impia, <a href="#page267">267</a></li> + +<li><a href="#herberta">Herberta</a>, <a href="#page709">709</a></li> + +<li>Hercules' Club, <a href="#page213">213</a></li> + +<li><a href="#herpestis">Herpestis</a>, <a href="#page383">383</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hesperis">Hesperis</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> + +<li><a href="#heteranthera">Heteranthera</a>, <a href="#page536">536</a></li> + +<li><a href="#heterotheca">Heterotheca</a>, <a href="#page244">244</a></li> + +<li><a href="#heuchera">Heuchera</a>, <a href="#page171">171</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hexalectris">Hexalectris</a>, <a href="#page501">501</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hibiscus">Hibiscus</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a></li> + +<li>Hickory, <a href="#page468">468</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hieracium">Hieracium</a>, <a href="#page299">299</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hierochloe">Hierochloë</a>, <a href="#page639">639</a></li> + +<li>High-water Shrub, <a href="#page272">272</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hippuris">Hippuris</a>, <a href="#page182">182</a></li> + +<li>Hobble-bush, <a href="#page217">217</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hoffmanseggia">Hoffmanseggia</a>, <a href="#page148">148</a></li> + +<li>Hogweed, <a href="#page273">273</a></li> + +<li>Hoicus, <a href="#page652">652</a></li> + +<li>Holly, <a href="#page107">107</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Dahoon, <a href="#page108">108</a></li> + <li>Mountain, <a href="#page109">109</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#holosteum">Holosteum</a>, <a href="#page87">87</a></li> + +<li>Honewort, <a href="#page207">207</a></li> + +<li>Honeysuckle, <a href="#page220">220</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Bush, <a href="#page222">222</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><i>Honkenya</i>, <a href="#page86">86</a></li> + +<li>Hop, <a href="#page464">464</a></li> + +<li>Hop tree, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hordeum">Hordeum</a>, <a href="#page672">672</a></li> + +<li>Horehound, <a href="#page419">419</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Black, <a href="#page420">420</a></li> + <li>Fetid, <a href="#page420">420</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page408">408</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Hornbeam, <a href="#page474">474</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Hop, <a href="#page474">474</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Hornwort, <a href="#page488">488</a></li> + +<li>Horse-brier, <a href="#page520">520</a></li> + +<li>Horse-chestnut, <a href="#page115">115</a></li> + +<li>Horseradish, <a href="#page70">70</a></li> + +<li>Horse-sugar, <a href="#page335">335</a></li> + +<li>Horsetail, <a href="#page676">676</a></li> + +<li>Horse-weed, <a href="#page265">265</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hosackia">Hosackia</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hottonia">Hottonia</a>, <a href="#page328">328</a></li> + +<li>Hound's-tongue, <a href="#page362">362</a></li> + +<li><a href="#houstonia">Houstonia</a>, <a href="#page222">222</a></li> + +<li>Huckleberry, <a href="#page311">311</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Squaw, <a href="#page312">312</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#hudsonia">Hudsonia</a>, <a href="#page76">76</a></li> + +<li><a href="#humulus">Humulus</a>, <a href="#page464">464</a></li> + +<li>Huntsman's-cup, <a href="#page57">57</a></li> + +<li>Hyacinth, Grape, <a href="#page523">523</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Wild, <a href="#page523">523</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#hydrangea">Hydrangea</a>, <a href="#page173">173</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hydrastis">Hydrastis</a>, <a href="#page48">48</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#hydrocharidaceae">Hydrocharidaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page495">495</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hydrocotyle">Hydrocotyle</a>, <a href="#page210">210</a>, <a href="#page733">733</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hydrolea">Hydrolea</a>, <a href="#page360">360</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#hydrophyllaceae">Hydrophyllaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page357">357</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hydrophyllum">Hydrophyllum</a>, <a href="#page357">357</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hymenocallis">Hymenocallis</a>, <a href="#page516">516</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hymenopappus">Hymenopappus</a>, <a href="#page286">286</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hyoscyamus">Hyoscyamus</a>, <a href="#page376">376</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#hypericaceae">Hypericaceæ</a></span> <a href="#page92">92</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hypericum">Hypericum</a>, <a href="#page92">92</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hypoxis">Hypoxis</a>, <a href="#page516">516</a></li> + +<li><a href="#hyssopus">Hyssopus</a> (Hyssop) <a href="#page409">409</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Giant, <a href="#page415">415</a></li> + <li>Hedge, <a href="#page384">384</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li><a href="#ilex">Ilex</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#ilicineae">Ilicineæ</a></span>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#illecebraceae">Illecebraceæ</a></span> <a href="#page426">426</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ilysanthes">Ilysanthes</a>, <a href="#page385">385</a></li> + +<li><a href="#impatiens">Impatiens</a>, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> + +<li>Indian-physic <a href="#page154">154</a></li> + +<li>Indian-pipe <a href="#page325">325</a></li> + +<li>Indian-poke <a href="#page534">534</a></li> + +<li>Indigo, <a href="#page133">133</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a></li> + <li>Wild, <a href="#page125">125</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#indigofera">Indigofera</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a></li> + +<li>Inkberry, <a href="#page109">109</a></li> + +<li>Innocence, <a href="#page223">223</a></li> + +<li><a href="#inula">Inula</a>, <a href="#page269">269</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ionidium">Ionidium</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a></li> + +<li>Ipecac, American <a href="#page154">154</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ipomoea">Ipomœa</a>, <a href="#page368">368</a></li> + +<li><a href="#iresine">Iresine</a>, <a href="#page429">429</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#iridaceae">Iridaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page513">513</a></li> + +<li><a href="#iris">Iris</a>, <a href="#page513">513</a>, <a href="#page735">735</a></li> + +<li>Ironweed, <a href="#page238">238</a></li> + +<li>Iron-wood, <a href="#page474">474</a></li> + +<li><a href="#isanthus">Isanthus</a>, <a href="#page406">406</a></li> + +<li><a href="#isoetes">Isoetes</a>, <a href="#page698">698</a></li> + +<li><a href="#isopyrum">Isopyrum</a>, <a href="#page44">44</a></li> + +<li><a href="#itea">Itea</a>, <a href="#page174">174</a></li> + +<li><a href="#iva">Iva</a>, <a href="#page272">272</a></li> + +<li>Ivy, American, <a href="#page115">115</a></li> + <li>Ground, <a href="#page416">416</a></li> + <li>Poison, <a href="#page119">119</a><br /></li> + + +<li>Jacob's-ladder, <a href="#page357">357</a></li> + +<li>Jamestown-weed, <a href="#page377">377</a></li> + +<li><a href="#jatropha">Jatropha</a>, <a href="#page457">457</a></li> + +<li><a href="#jeffersonia">Jeffersonia</a>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> + +<li>Jessamine, Yellow, <a href="#page345">345</a></li> + +<li>Jewel-weed, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> + +<li>Joe-Pye Weed, <a href="#page239">239</a></li> + +<li><a href="#jubula">Jubula</a>, <a href="#page706">706</a></li> + +<li>Judas-tree, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#juglandaceae">Juglandaceæ</a></span> <a href="#page467">467</a></li> + +<li><a href="#juglans">Juglans</a>, <a href="#page467">467</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#juncaceae">Juncaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page539">539</a></li> + +<li><a href="#juncus">Juncus</a>, <a href="#page540">540</a></li> + +<li>Juneberry, <a href="#page166">166</a></li> + +<li><a href="#jungermannia">Jungermannia</a>, <i><a href="#page710">710</a>-<a href="#page712">712</a>, <a href="#page714">714</a>, <a href="#page715">715</a>, <a href="#page717">717</a>, <a href="#page718">718</a></i>, <a href="#page718">718</a>, <i><a href="#page722">722</a></i></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Jundermanniaceæ</span>, <a href="#page702">702</a></li> + +<li><a href="#juniperus">Juniperus</a> (Juniper), <a href="#page494">494</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#jussiaea">Jussiæa</a></span>, <a href="#page187">187</a><br /></li> + + +<li><a href="#kalmia">Kalmia</a>, <a href="#page310">310</a>, <a href="#page319">319</a></li> + +<li><a href="#kantia">Kantia</a>, <a href="#page713">713</a></li> + +<li>Ketmia, Bladder, <a href="#page100">100</a></li> + +<li>King-nut, <a href="#page468">468</a></li> + +<li>Kinnikinnik, <a href="#page214">214</a></li> + +<li>Knapweed, <a href="#page297">297</a></li> + +<li>Knawel, <a href="#page427">427</a></li> + +<li>Knotweed, <a href="#page439">439</a></li> + +<li>Knotwort Family, <a href="#page426">426</a></li> + +<li><a href="#kochia">Kochia</a>, <a href="#page431">431</a></li> + +<li><a href="#koeleria">Kœleria</a>, <a href="#page659">659</a></li> + +<li><a href="#kosteletzkya">Kosteletzkya</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a></li> + +<li><a href="#krigia">Krigia</a>, <a href="#page297">297</a></li> + +<li><a href="#krynitzkia">Krynitzkia</a>, <a href="#page363">363</a></li> + +<li><a href="#kuhnia">Kuhnia</a>, <a href="#page241">241</a></li> + +<li><a href="#kyllinga">Kyllinga</a>, <a href="#page573">573</a><br /></li> + + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#labiatae">Labiatæ</a></span>, <a href="#page403">403</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lachnanthes">Lachnanthes</a>, <a href="#page512">512</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lachnocaulon">Lachnocaulon</a>, <a href="#page567">567</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lactuca">Lactuca</a>, <a href="#page303">303</a></li> + +<li>Lady's-mantle, <a href="#page161">161</a></li> + +<li>Lady's-slipper, <a href="#page510">510</a></li> + +<li>Lady's-thumb, <a href="#page441">441</a></li> + +<li>Lady's-tresses, <a href="#page501">501</a></li> + +<li>Lambkill, <a href="#page319">319</a></li> + +<li>Lamb's-quarters, <a href="#page432">432</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lamium">Lamium</a>, <a href="#page420">420</a>, <a href="#page734">734</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lampsana">Lampsana</a>, <a href="#page297">297</a></li> + +<li><a href="#laportea">Laportea</a>, <a href="#page465">465</a></li> + +<li>Larch, <a href="#page492">492</a></li> + +<li><a href="#larix">Larix</a>, <a href="#page492">492</a></li> + +<li>Larkspur, <a href="#page46">46</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lathyrus">Lathyrus</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#lauraceae">Lauraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page446">446</a></li> + +<li>Laurel, <a href="#page319">319</a>, <a href="#page321">321</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>American, <a href="#page319">319</a></li> + <li>Ground, <a href="#page315">315</a></li> + <li>Mountain, <a href="#page319">319</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Laurestinus, <a href="#page217">217</a></li> + +<li>Lavender, Sea, <a href="#page327">327</a></li> + +<li>Lead-plant, <a href="#page131">131</a></li> + +<li>Leadwort Family, <a href="#page327">327</a></li> + +<li>Leaf-cup, <a href="#page269">269</a></li> + +<li>Leather-flower, <a href="#page36">36</a></li> + +<li>Leather-leaf, <a href="#page317">317</a></li> + +<li>Leatherwood, <a href="#page448">448</a></li> + +<li><a href="#leavenworthia">Leavenworthia</a>, <a href="#page63">63</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lechea">Lechea</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ledum">Ledum</a>, <a href="#page321">321</a></li> + +<li>Leek, Wild, <a href="#page521">521</a></li> + +<li><a href="#leersia">Leersia</a>, <a href="#page636">636</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#leguminosae">Leguminosæ</a></span>, <a href="#page122">122</a></li> + +<li><a href="#leiophyllum">Leiophyllum</a>, <a href="#page322">322</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lejeunea">Lejeunea</a>, <a href="#page707">707</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lemna">Lemna</a>, <i><a href="#page552">552</a></i>, <a href="#page552">552</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#lemnaceae">Lemnaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page551">551</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#lentibulariaceae">Lentibulariaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page395">395</a></li> + +<li><a href="#leontodon">Leontodon</a>, <a href="#page298">298</a></li> + +<li>Leonuras, <a href="#page420">420</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lepachys">Lepachys</a>, <a href="#page277">277</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lepidium">Lepidium</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lepidozia">Lepidozia</a>, <a href="#page710">710</a></li> + +<li><i>Lepigonum</i>, <a href="#page89">89</a></li> + +<li><a href="#leptocaulis">Leptocaulis</a>, <a href="#page209">209</a></li> + +<li><a href="#leptochloa">Leptochloa</a>, <a href="#page656">656</a>, <i><a href="#page658">658</a></i></li> + +<li><i>Leptopoda</i>, <a href="#page287">287</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lepturus">Lepturus</a>, <i><a href="#page655">655</a></i>, <a href="#page672">672</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lespedeza">Lespedeza</a>, <a href="#page141">141</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lesquerella">Lesquerella</a>, <a href="#page68">68</a></li> + +<li>Lettuce, <a href="#page303">303</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Lamb, <a href="#page228">228</a></li> + <li>White, <a href="#page301">301</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><i>Leucanthemum</i>, <a href="#page289">289</a></li> + +<li><a href="#leucothoe">Leucothoë</a>, <a href="#page317">317</a></li> + +<li>Lever-wood, <a href="#page474">474</a></li> + + +<li><a name="page756"></a><a href="#liatris">Liatris</a>, <a href="#page242">242</a>, <i><a href="#page243">243</a></i></li> + +<li><a href="#ligusticum">Ligusticum</a>, <a href="#page204">204</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ligustrum">Ligustrum</a>, <a href="#page337">337</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#liliaceae">Liliaceae</a></span>, <a href="#page517">517</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lilium">Lilium</a>, <a href="#page529">529</a></li> + +<li>Lily, <a href="#page529">529</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Atamasco, <a href="#page516">516</a></li> + <li>Blackberry, <a href="#page515">515</a></li> + <li>Day, <a href="#page523">523</a></li> + <li>Pond, <a href="#page56">56</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page55">55</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Lily-of-the-valley, <a href="#page524">524</a></li> + +<li><a href="#limnanthemum">Limnanthemum</a>, <a href="#page353">353</a></li> + +<li><a href="#limnobium">Limnobium</a>, <a href="#page496">496</a></li> + +<li><a href="#limosella">Limosella</a>, <a href="#page384">384</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#linaceae">Linaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page101">101</a></li> + +<li><a href="#linaria">Linaria</a>, <a href="#page379">379</a></li> + +<li>Linden, <a href="#page101">101</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lindera">Lindera</a>, <a href="#page447">447</a></li> + +<li>Ling, <a href="#page318">318</a></li> + +<li><a href="#linnaea">Linnæa</a>, <a href="#page219">219</a></li> + +<li><a href="#linum">Linum</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a></li> + +<li><a href="#liochlaena">Liochlæna</a>, <a href="#page718">718</a></li> + +<li>Lion's-foot, <a href="#page301">301</a></li> + +<li><a href="#liparis">Liparis</a>, <a href="#page499">499</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lipocarpha">Lipocarpha</a>, <a href="#page584">584</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lippia">Lippia</a>, <a href="#page402">402</a></li> + +<li><a href="#liquidambar">Liquidambar</a>, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <a href="#page180">180</a></li> + +<li>Liquorice, <a href="#page137">137</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Wild, <a href="#page226">226</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#liriodendron">Liriodendron</a>, <a href="#page50">50</a></li> + +<li><a href="#listera">Listera</a>, <a href="#page501">501</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lithospermum">Lithospermum</a>, <a href="#page365">365</a></li> + +<li><a href="#litsea">Litsea</a>, <a href="#page447">447</a></li> + +<li><a href="#littorella">Littorella</a>, <a href="#page424">424</a></li> + +<li>Live-forever, <a href="#page178">178</a></li> + +<li>Liver-leaf, <a href="#page38">38</a></li> + +<li>Liverworts, <a href="#page702">702</a></li> + +<li>Lizard's-tail, <a href="#page446">446</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#loasaceae">Loasaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page193">193</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lobelia">Lobelia</a>, <a href="#page305">305</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#lobeliaceae">Lobeliaceæ</a></span> <a href="#page305">305</a></li> + +<li>Loblolly-bay, <a href="#page96">96</a></li> + +<li>Locust, <a href="#page134">134</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Honey, <a href="#page148">148</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page149">149</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#loganiaceae">Loganiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page345">345</a></li> + +<li><a href="#loiseleuria">Loiseleuria</a>, <a href="#page322">322</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lolium">Lolium</a>, <a href="#page671">671</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lonicera">Lonicera</a>, <a href="#page220">220</a></li> + +<li>Loosestrife, <a href="#page185">185</a>, <a href="#page330">330</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page187">187</a></li> + <li>Swamp, <a href="#page186">186</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#lophanthus">Lophanthus</a>, <a href="#page415">415</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lophiola">Lophiola</a>, <a href="#page512">512</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lophocolea">Lophocolea</a>, <a href="#page715">715</a></li> + +<li>Lopseed, <a href="#page403">403</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#loranthaceae">Loranthaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page449">449</a></li> + +<li>Lousewort, <a href="#page392">392</a></li> + +<li>Lovage, <a href="#page202">202</a></li> + +<li>Lucerne, <a href="#page129">129</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ludwigia">Ludwigia</a>, <a href="#page187">187</a></li> + +<li>Lungwort, <a href="#page363">363</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lunularia">Lunularia</a>, <a href="#page730">730</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lupinus">Lupinus</a> (Lupine), <a href="#page128">128</a></li> + +<li><a href="#luzula">Luzula</a>, <a href="#page546">546</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lychnis">Lychnis</a>, <a href="#page85">85</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lycium">Lycium</a>, <a href="#page376">376</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lycopsis">Lycopsis</a>, <a href="#page367">367</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#lycopodiaceae">Lycopodiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page695">695</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lycopodium">Lycopodium</a>, <a href="#page695">695</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lycopus">Lycopus</a>, <a href="#page408">408</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lygodesmia">Lygodesmia</a>, <a href="#page302">302</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lygodium">Lygodium</a>, <a href="#page692">692</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lysimachia">Lysimachia</a>, <i><a href="#page330">330</a></i>, <a href="#page330">330</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#lythraceae">Lythraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page184">184</a></li> + +<li><a href="#lythrum">Lythrum</a>, <a href="#page185">185</a><br /></li> + + +<li><a href="#maclura">Maclura</a>, <a href="#page464">464</a></li> + +<li>Madder Family, <a href="#page222">222</a></li> + +<li><i>Madotheca</i>, <a href="#page708">708</a>, <a href="#page709">709</a></li> + +<li><a href="#magnolia">Magnolia</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page49">49</a></li> + +<li><a href="#maianthemum">Maianthemum</a>, <a href="#page526">526</a></li> + +<li>Maidenhair, <a href="#page680">680</a></li> + +<li>Mallow, <a href="#page97">97</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page98">98</a></li> + <li>Glade, <a href="#page98">98</a></li> + <li>Indian, <a href="#page99">99</a></li> + <li>Marsh, <a href="#page97">97</a></li> + <li>Rose, <a href="#page100">100</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#malva">Malva</a>, <a href="#page97">97</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#malvaceae">Malvaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page96">96</a></li> + +<li><a href="#malvastrum">Malvastrum</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a></li> + +<li><a href="#mamillaria">Mamillaria</a>, <a href="#page197">197</a></li> + +<li>Mandrake, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> + +<li>Man-of-the-earth, <a href="#page369">369</a></li> + +<li>Maple, <a href="#page117">117</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Ash-leaved, <a href="#page118">118</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#marchantia">Marchantia</a>, <a href="#page727">727</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#marchantiaceae">Marchantiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page727">727</a></li> + +<li>Mare's-tail, <a href="#page182">182</a></li> + +<li>Marigold, Bur, <a href="#page284">284</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Fetid, <a href="#page288">288</a></li> + <li>Marsh, <a href="#page44">44</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page285">285</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Marjoram, Wild, <a href="#page411">411</a></li> + +<li><a href="#marrubium">Marrubium</a>, <a href="#page419">419</a></li> + +<li><a href="#marshallia">Marshallia</a>, <a href="#page286">286</a></li> + +<li><a href="#marsilia">Marsilia</a>, <a href="#page700">700</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#marsiliaceae">Marsiliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page700">700</a></li> + +<li><a href="#marsupella">Marsupella</a>, <a href="#page721">721</a></li> + +<li><a href="#martynia">Martynia</a>, <a href="#page399">399</a></li> + +<li>Marvel-of-Peru, <a href="#page425">425</a></li> + +<li><i>Mastigobryum</i>, <a href="#page710">710</a></li> + +<li><a href="#matricaria">Matricaria</a>, <a href="#page289">289</a></li> + +<li>Matrimony-vine, <a href="#page376">376</a></li> + +<li><a href="#mayaca">Mayaca</a>, <a href="#page538">538</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#mayaceae">Mayaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page537">537</a></li> + +<li>May-apple, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> + +<li>Mayflower, <a href="#page315">315</a></li> + +<li>May-weed, <a href="#page288">288</a></li> + +<li>Meadow-beauty, <a href="#page183">183</a></li> + +<li>Meadow-sweet, <a href="#page153">153</a></li> + +<li><a href="#medeola">Medeola</a>, <a href="#page529">529</a></li> + +<li><a href="#medicago">Medicago</a>, <a href="#page129">129</a></li> + +<li>Medick, <a href="#page129">129</a></li> + +<li><a href="#melampyrum">Melampyrum</a>, <a href="#page393">393</a></li> + +<li><a href="#melanthium">Melanthium</a>, <a href="#page533">533</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#melastomaceae">Melastomaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page183">183</a></li> + +<li><a href="#melica">Melica</a>, <a href="#page662">662</a>, <a href="#page735">735</a></li> + +<li><a href="#melilotus">Melilotus</a> (Melilot), <a href="#page129">129</a></li> + +<li><a href="#melissa">Melissa</a>, <a href="#page412">412</a></li> + +<li><a href="#melothria">Melothria</a>, <a href="#page196">196</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#menispermaceae">Menispermaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> + +<li>Menispermum, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> + +<li><a href="#mentha">Mentha</a>, <a href="#page407">407</a></li> + +<li><a href="#mentzelia">Mentzelia</a>, <a href="#page193">193</a></li> + +<li><a href="#menyanthes">Menyanthes</a>, <a href="#page353">353</a></li> + +<li><a href="#menziesia">Menziesia</a>, <a href="#page319">319</a></li> + +<li>Mercury, Three-seeded, <a href="#page459">459</a></li> + +<li>Mermaid-weed, <a href="#page181">181</a></li> + +<li><a href="#mertensia">Mertensia</a>, <a href="#page363">363</a></li> + +<li><a href="#metzgeria">Metzgeria</a>, <a href="#page724">724</a></li> + +<li>Mezereum, <a href="#page448">448</a></li> + +<li>Mieranthemum, <a href="#page385">385</a></li> + +<li><a href="#microstylis">Microstylis</a>, <a href="#page498">498</a></li> + +<li>Mignonette, <a href="#page75">75</a></li> + +<li><a href="#mikania">Mikania</a>, <a href="#page239">239</a></li> + +<li>Milfoil, <a href="#page289">289</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Water, <a href="#page181">181</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#milium">Milium</a>, <a href="#page642">642</a></li> + +<li>Milkweed, <a href="#page339">339</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Green, <a href="#page343">343</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Milkwort, <a href="#page120">120</a></li> + +<li>Milkwort, Sea <a href="#page331">331</a></li> + +<li>Millet, <a href="#page642">642</a></li> + +<li><a href="#mimulus">Mimulus</a>, <a href="#page382">382</a></li> + +<li>Mint, <a href="#page407">407</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Cat, <a href="#page416">416</a></li> + <li>Horse, <a href="#page413">413</a></li> + <li>Mountain, <a href="#page409">409</a></li> + <li>Pepper, <a href="#page407">407</a></li> + <li>Spear, <a href="#page407">407</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Mirabilis, <a href="#page425">425</a></li> + +<li>Mist-flower, <a href="#page241">241</a></li> + +<li>Mistletoe, <a href="#page450">450</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page449">449</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#mitchella">Mitchella</a>, <a href="#page224">224</a></li> + +<li><a href="#mitella">Mitella</a>, <a href="#page171">171</a></li> + +<li><a href="#mitreola">Mitreola</a>, <a href="#page346">346</a></li> + +<li>Mitrewort, <a href="#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page346">346</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page171">171</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Moccason-flower, <a href="#page510">510</a></li> + +<li>Mocker-nut, <a href="#page468">468</a></li> + +<li><a href="#modiola">Modiola</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a></li> + +<li><a href="#mollugo">Mollugo</a>, <a href="#page198">198</a></li> + +<li><a href="#monarda">Monarda</a>, <a href="#page413">413</a></li> + +<li><a href="#moneses">Moneses</a>, <a href="#page323">323</a></li> + +<li>Moneywort, <a href="#page331">331</a></li> + +<li>Monkey-flower, <a href="#page382">382</a></li> + +<li>Monkshood, <a href="#page46">46</a></li> + +<li><a href="#monotropa">Monotropa</a>, <a href="#page325">325</a></li> + +<li><i>Montelia</i>, <a href="#page429">429</a></li> + +<li>Moonseed, <a href="#page51">51</a></li> + +<li>Moonwort, <a href="#page693">693</a></li> + +<li>Moosewood, <a href="#page443">443</a></li> + +<li>Morning-glory, <a href="#page368">368</a></li> + +<li><a href="#morus">Morus</a>, <a href="#page464">464</a></li> + +<li>Moschatel, <a href="#page216">216</a></li> + +<li>Moss, Black, or Long, <a href="#page411">411</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Club, <a href="#page695">695</a>, <a href="#page697">697</a></li> + <li>Flowering, <a href="#page326">326</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Motherwort, <a href="#page420">420</a></li> + +<li>Mouse-tail, <a href="#page40">40</a></li> + +<li>Mudwort, <a href="#page384">384</a></li> + +<li>Mugwort, <a href="#page291">291</a></li> + +<li><a href="#muhlenbergia">Muhlenbergia</a>, <a href="#page643">643</a></li> + +<li>Mulberry, <a href="#page464">464</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>French, <a href="#page403">403</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><i>Mulgedium</i>, <a href="#page304">304</a>,<a href="#page305">305</a></li> + +<li>Mullein, <a href="#page379">379</a></li> + +<li><a href="#munroa">Munroa</a>, <a href="#page659">659</a></li> + +<li><a href="#muscari">Muscari</a>, <a href="#page523">523</a></li> + +<li>Mustard, <a href="#page72">72</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Hedge, <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a></li> + <li>Tansy, <a href="#page72">72</a></li> + <li>Tower, <a href="#page66">66</a></li> + <li>Treacle, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> + <li>Wormseed, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#mylia">Mylia</a>, <a href="#page717">717</a></li> + +<li><a href="#myosotis">Myosotis</a>, <a href="#page364">364</a></li> + +<li><a href="#myosurus">Myosurus</a>, <a href="#page40">40</a></li> + +<li><a href="#myrica">Myrica</a>, <a href="#page469">469</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#myricaceae">Myricaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page469">469</a></li> + +<li><a href="#myriophyllum">Myriophyllum</a>, <a href="#page181">181</a></li> + +<li>Myrtle, Sand, <a href="#page322">322</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Wax, <a href="#page469">469</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li><i>Nabalus</i>, <a href="#page301">301</a>, <a href="#page302">302</a></li> + +<li>Naiad, <a href="#page565">565</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#naiadaceae">Naiadaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page557">557</a></li> + +<li><a href="#naias">Naias</a>, <a href="#page565">565</a></li> + +<li><a href="#napaea">Napæa</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a></li> + +<li><a href="#nardia">Nardia</a>, <a href="#page721">721</a></li> + +<li><i>Nardosmia</i>, <a href="#page292">292</a></li> + +<li><a href="#narthecium">Narthecium</a>, <a href="#page532">532</a></li> + +<li><a href="#nasturtium">Nasturtium</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a></li> + +<li>Neckweed, <a href="#page387">387</a></li> + +<li><a href="#negundo">Negundo</a>, <a href="#page118">118</a></li> + +<li><i>Nelumbium</i>, <a href="#page55">55</a></li> + +<li><a href="#nelumbo">Nelumbo</a>, <a href="#page55">55</a></li> + + +<li><a name="page757"></a><a href="#nemastylis">Nemastylis</a>, <a href="#page514">514</a></li> + +<li><a href="#nemopanthes">Nemopanthes</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a></li> + +<li><a href="#nemophila">Nemophila</a>, <a href="#page358">358</a></li> + +<li><a href="#nepeta">Nepeta</a>, <a href="#page416">416</a></li> + +<li><i>Nesæa</i>, <a href="#page186">186</a></li> + +<li>Nettle, <a href="#page464">464</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Dead, <a href="#page420">420</a></li> + <li>False, <a href="#page466">466</a></li> + <li>Hedge, <a href="#page421">421</a></li> + <li>Hemp, <a href="#page421">421</a></li> + <li>Horse, <a href="#page374">374</a></li> + <li>Spurge, <a href="#page457">457</a></li> + <li>Wood, <a href="#page465">465</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Nettle-tree, <a href="#page463">463</a></li> + +<li><a href="#nicandra">Nicandra</a>, <a href="#page376">376</a></li> + +<li><a href="#nicotiana">Nicotiana</a>, <a href="#page377">377</a></li> + +<li>Nigella, <a href="#page48">48</a></li> + +<li>Nightshade, <a href="#page373">373</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Enchanter's, <a href="#page193">193</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Nimble-Will, <a href="#page644">644</a></li> + +<li>Ninebark, <a href="#page153">153</a></li> + +<li>Nipplewort, <a href="#page297">297</a></li> + +<li>Nonesuch, <a href="#page130">130</a></li> + +<li><a href="#notholaena">Notholæna</a>, <a href="#page680">680</a></li> + +<li><a href="#nothoscordum">Nothoscordum</a>, <a href="#page522">522</a></li> + +<li><a href="#notothylas">Notothylas</a>, <a href="#page727">727</a></li> + +<li><a href="#nuphar">Nuphar</a>, <a href="#page56">56</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#nyctaginaceae">Nyctaginaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page54">54</a></li> + +<li><a href="#nymphaea">Nymphæa</a>, <a href="#page55">55</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#nymphaeaceae">Nymphæaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page54">54</a></li> + +<li><a href="#nyssa">Nyssa</a>, <a href="#page215">215</a><br /></li> + + +<li>Oak, <a href="#page475">475</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Jerusalem, <a href="#page433">433</a></li> + <li>Poison, <a href="#page119">119</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#oakesia">Oakesia</a>, <a href="#page528">528</a></li> + +<li>Oat, <a href="#page653">653</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Sea, <a href="#page662">662</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page636">636</a></li> + <li>Wild, <a href="#page654">654</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#obolaria">Obolaria</a>, <a href="#page353">353</a></li> + +<li><a href="#odontoschisma">Odontoschisma</a>, <a href="#page713">713</a></li> + +<li><a href="#oenothera">Œnothera</a>, <a href="#page190">190</a></li> + +<li>Oil-nut, <a href="#page451">451</a></li> + +<li><a href="#oldenlandia">Oldenlandia</a>, <a href="#page224">224</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#oleaceae">Oleaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page335">335</a></li> + +<li>Oleaster Family, <a href="#page448">448</a></li> + +<li>Olive Family, <a href="#page335">335</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#onagraceae">Onagraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page186">186</a></li> + +<li>Onion, <a href="#page521">521</a></li> + +<li><a href="#onoclea">Onoclea</a>, <a href="#page690">690</a></li> + +<li><a href="#onopordon">Onopordon</a>, <a href="#page297">297</a></li> + +<li><a href="#onosmodium">Onosmodium</a>, <a href="#page366">366</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#ophioglossaceae">Ophioglossaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page693">693</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ophioglossum">Ophioglossum</a>, <a href="#page695">695</a></li> + +<li><a href="#opuntia">Opuntia</a>, <a href="#page197">197</a></li> + +<li>Orache, <a href="#page433">433</a></li> + +<li>Orange, Mock, <a href="#page174">174</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Osage, <a href="#page464">464</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Orange-root, <a href="#page48">48</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#orchidaceae">Orchidaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page497">497</a></li> + +<li><a href="#orchis">Orchis</a>, <a href="#page498">498</a>, <a href="#page506">506</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Crane, fly, <a href="#page499">499</a></li> + <li>Rein, <a href="#page506">506</a></li> + <li>Showy, <a href="#page506">506</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#origanum">Origanum</a>, <a href="#page411">411</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ornithogalum">Ornithogalum</a>, <a href="#page523">523</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page393">393</a></li> + +<li><a href="#orobanche">Orobanche</a>, <a href="#page395">395</a>, <a href="#page734">734</a></li> + +<li><a href="#orontium">Orontium</a>, <a href="#page551">551</a></li> + +<li>Orpine, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> + +<li><a href="#orthocarpus">Orthocarpus</a>, <a href="#page391">391</a></li> + +<li><a href="#oryzopsis">Oryzopsis</a>, <a href="#page642">642</a></li> + +<li>Osier, <a href="#page480">480</a></li> + +<li><a href="#osmorrhiza">Osmorrhiza</a>, <a href="#page210">210</a></li> + +<li><a href="#osmunda">Osmunda</a>, <a href="#page692">692</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ostrya">Ostrya</a>, <a href="#page474">474</a></li> + +<li><a href="#oxalis">Oxalis</a>, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> + +<li>Ox-eye, <a href="#page275">275</a>, <a href="#page289">289</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Sea, <a href="#page277">277</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#oxybaphus">Oxybaphus</a>, <a href="#page425">425</a></li> + +<li><a href="#oxydendrum">Oxydendrum</a>, <a href="#page316">316</a></li> + +<li><a href="#oxyria">Oxyria</a>, <a href="#page437">437</a></li> + +<li><a href="#oxytropis">Oxytropis</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a></li> + +<li>Oyster-plant, <a href="#page298">298</a><br /></li> + + +<li><a href="#pachysandra">Pachysandra</a>, <a href="#page456">456</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pachystima">Pachystima</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a></li> + +<li><a href="#paepalanthus">Pæpalanthus</a>, <a href="#page567">567</a></li> + +<li>Painted-cup, <a href="#page390">390</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pallavicinia">Pallavicinia</a>, <a href="#page723">723</a></li> + +<li><i>Pancratium</i>, <a href="#page516">516</a></li> + +<li><a href="#panicum">Panicum</a>, <a href="#page629">629</a></li> + +<li>Pansy, <a href="#page81">81</a></li> + +<li><a href="#papaver">Papaver</a>, <a href="#page59">59</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#papaveraceae">Papaveraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page57">57</a></li> + +<li>Papaw, <a href="#page50">50</a></li> + +<li>Pappoose root, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> + +<li><i>Pardanthus</i>, <a href="#page515">515</a></li> + +<li><a href="#parietaria">Parietaria</a>, <a href="#page466">466</a></li> + +<li><a href="#parnassia">Parnassia</a>, <a href="#page173">173</a></li> + +<li><a href="#paronychia">Paronychia</a>, <a href="#page426">426</a></li> + +<li>Parsley Family, <a href="#page198">198</a></li> + +<li>Parsley, Fool's, <a href="#page205">205</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Hemlock, <a href="#page202">202</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Parsley-piert, <a href="#page161">161</a></li> + +<li>Parsnip, <a href="#page202">202</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Cow, <a href="#page202">202</a></li> + <li>Meadow, <a href="#page204">204</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page207">207</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#parthenium">Parthenium</a>, <a href="#page272">272</a></li> + +<li>Partridge Berry, <a href="#page224">224</a></li> + +<li><a href="#paspalum">Paspalum</a>, <a href="#page628">628</a></li> + +<li>Pasque-flower, <a href="#page37">37</a></li> + +<li><a href="#passiflora">Passiflora</a>, <a href="#page194">194</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#passifloraceae">Passifloraceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page194">194</a></li> + +<li>Passion flower, <a href="#page194">194</a></li> + +<li>Pea, Beach, <a href="#page143">143</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Butterfly, <a href="#page145">145</a></li> + <li>Everlasting, <a href="#page143">143</a></li> + <li>Hoary, <a href="#page133">133</a></li> + <li>Milk, <a href="#page146">146</a></li> + <li>Partridge, <a href="#page148">148</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Peanut, Hog, <a href="#page146">146</a></li> + +<li>Pear, <a href="#page164">164</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Alligator, <a href="#page446">446</a></li> + <li>Prickly, <a href="#page197">197</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pearlwort, <a href="#page88">88</a></li> + +<li>Pecan-nut, <a href="#page468">468</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#pedaliaceae">Pedaliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page399">399</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pedicularis">Pedicularis</a>, <a href="#page392">392</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pellaea">Pellæa</a>, <a href="#page682">682</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pellia">Pellia</a>, <a href="#page724">724</a></li> + +<li>Pellitory, <a href="#page466">466</a></li> + +<li><a href="#peltandra">Peltandra</a>, <a href="#page549">549</a></li> + +<li>Pennycress, <a href="#page73">73</a></li> + +<li>Pennyroyal, American, <a href="#page412">412</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Bastard, <a href="#page405">405</a></li> + <li>False, <a href="#page406">406</a></li> + <li>Mock, <a href="#page412">412</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pennywort, Water, <a href="#page210">210</a></li> + +<li><a href="#penthorum">Penthorum</a>, <a href="#page176">176</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pentstemon">Pentstemon</a>, <a href="#page381">381</a></li> + +<li>Pepper Family, <a href="#page446">446</a></li> + +<li>Pepper, Water, <a href="#page441">441</a></li> + +<li>Pepper-bush, <a href="#page322">322</a></li> + +<li>Peppergrass, <a href="#page73">73</a></li> + +<li>Pepperidge, <a href="#page215">215</a></li> + +<li>Peppermint, <a href="#page407">407</a></li> + +<li>Pepper-root, <a href="#page64">64</a></li> + +<li>Pepperwort, <a href="#page73">73</a></li> + +<li><a href="#perilla">Perilla</a>, <a href="#page407">407</a></li> + +<li>Periploca, <a href="#page339">339</a></li> + +<li><a href="#persea">Persea</a>, <a href="#page446">446</a></li> + +<li>Persimmon, <a href="#page333">333</a></li> + +<li><a href="#petalostemon">Petalostemon</a>, <a href="#page132">132</a></li> + +<li><a href="#petasites">Petasites</a>, <a href="#page292">292</a></li> + +<li><i>Petroselinum</i>, <a href="#page208">208</a></li> + +<li><a href="#peucedanum">Peucedanum</a>, <a href="#page203">203</a></li> + +<li><a href="#phacelia">Phacelia</a>, <a href="#page359">359</a></li> + +<li><a href="#phalaris">Phalaris</a>, <a href="#page638">638</a></li> + +<li><a href="#phaseolus">Phaseolus</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a>, <i><a href="#page145">145</a></i></li> + +<li>Pheasant's-eye, <a href="#page48">48</a></li> + +<li><a href="#phegopteris">Phegopteris</a>, <a href="#page686">686</a></li> + +<li><i>Phelipæa</i>, <a href="#page395">395</a></li> + +<li><a href="#philadelphus">Philadelphus</a>, <a href="#page174">174</a></li> + +<li><a href="#phleum">Phleum</a>, <a href="#page644">644</a></li> + +<li><a href="#phlomis">Phlomis</a>, <a href="#page420">420</a></li> + +<li><a href="#phlox">Phlox</a>, <a href="#page354">354</a></li> + +<li><a href="#phoradendron">Phoradendron</a>, <a href="#page449">449</a></li> + +<li><a href="#phragmites">Phragmites</a>, <a href="#page658">658</a></li> + +<li><a href="#phryma">Phryma</a>, <a href="#page403">403</a></li> + +<li><a href="#phyllanthus">Phyllanthus</a>, <a href="#page457">457</a></li> + +<li><i>Phyllodice</i>, <a href="#page318">318</a></li> + +<li><a href="#physalis">Physalis</a>, <a href="#page375">375</a></li> + +<li><a href="#physocarpus">Physocarpus</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a></li> + +<li><a href="#physostegia">Physostegia</a>, <a href="#page419">419</a></li> + +<li><a href="#phytolacca">Phytolacca</a>, <a href="#page436">436</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#phytolaccaceae">Phytolaccaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page435">435</a></li> + +<li><a href="#picea">Picea</a>, <a href="#page491">491</a></li> + +<li>Pickerel-weed, <a href="#page536">536</a></li> + +<li><a href="#picris">Picris</a>, <a href="#page299">299</a></li> + +<li>Pigeon berry, <a href="#page436">436</a></li> + +<li>Pig nut, <a href="#page469">469</a></li> + +<li>Pigweed, <a href="#page428">428</a>, <a href="#page431">431</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Winged, <a href="#page431">431</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#pilea">Pilea</a>, <a href="#page465">465</a></li> + +<li>Pimpernel, <a href="#page331">331</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page385">385</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page332">332</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#pimpinella">Pimpinella</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a></li> + +<li>Pine, <a href="#page490">490</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Ground, <a href="#page697">697</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pine-apple, Family, <a href="#page511">511</a></li> + +<li>Pine-drops, <a href="#page325">325</a></li> + +<li>Pine sap, <a href="#page325">325</a></li> + +<li>Pine weed, <a href="#page95">95</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pinguicula">Pinguicula</a>, <a href="#page397">397</a></li> + +<li>Pink, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Fire, <a href="#page84">84</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pink-root, <a href="#page346">346</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pinus">Pinus</a>, <a href="#page490">490</a>, <a href="#page734">734</a></li> + +<li>Pinweed, <a href="#page77">77</a></li> + +<li>Pinxter flower, <a href="#page320">320</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#piperaceae">Piperaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page446">446</a></li> + +<li>Pipe vine, <a href="#page445">445</a></li> + +<li>Pipewort, <a href="#page566">566</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Hairy, <a href="#page567">567</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pipsissewa, <a href="#page322">322</a></li> + +<li>Pitcher-plant, <a href="#page57">57</a></li> + +<li><a href="#plagiochila">Plagiochila</a>, <a href="#page717">717</a></li> + +<li>Plane-tree Family, <a href="#page466">466</a></li> + +<li>Planer-tree, <a href="#page463">463</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page422">422</a></li> + +<li><a href="#plantago">Plantago</a>, <a href="#page422">422</a></li> + +<li>Plantain, <a href="#page422">422</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Indian, <a href="#page294">294</a></li> + <li>Mud, <a href="#page536">536</a></li> + <li>Rattlesnake, <a href="#page503">503</a></li> + <li>Robin's, <a href="#page266">266</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page554">554</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#platanaceae">Platanaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page466">466</a></li> + +<li><a href="#platanus">Platanus</a>, <a href="#page466">466</a></li> + +<li><i>Pleuranthe</i>, <a href="#page718">718</a></li> + +<li>Pleurisy-root, <a href="#page340">340</a></li> + +<li>Pleurogyne, <a href="#page352">352</a></li> + +<li>Plucea, <a href="#page266">266</a></li> + +<li>Plum, <a href="#page151">151</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Date, <a href="#page333">333</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li><a name="page758"></a>Plum, Ground, <a href="#page135">135</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Red, <a href="#page151">151</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page327">327</a></li> + +<li><a href="#poa">Poa</a>, <a href="#page663">663</a></li> + +<li><a href="#podophyllum">Podophyllum</a>, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#podostemaceae">Podostemaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page444">444</a></li> + +<li><a href="#podostemon">Podostemon</a>, <a href="#page444">444</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pogonia">Pogonia</a>, <a href="#page505">505</a></li> + +<li>Pokeweed, <a href="#page436">436</a></li> + +<li><a href="#polanisia">Polanisia</a>, <a href="#page74">74</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#polemoniaceae">Polemoniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page354">354</a></li> + +<li><a href="#polemonium">Polemonium</a>, <a href="#page356">356</a></li> + +<li><a href="#polygala">Polygala</a>, <a href="#page120">120</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#polygalaceae">Polygalaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page120">120</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#polygonaceae">Polygonaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page436">436</a></li> + +<li><a href="#polygonatum">Polygonatum</a>, <a href="#page524">524</a></li> + +<li><a href="#polygonella">Polygonella</a>, <a href="#page443">443</a></li> + +<li><a href="#polygonum">Polygonum</a>, <a href="#page439">439</a>, <i><a href="#page443">443</a></i></li> + +<li><a href="#polymnia">Polymnia</a>, <a href="#page269">269</a></li> + +<li><a href="#polypodium">Polypodium</a>, <a href="#page680">680</a></li> + +<li>Polypody, <a href="#page680">680</a></li> + +<li><a href="#polypogon">Polypogon</a>, <a href="#page648">648</a></li> + +<li><a href="#polypremum">Polypremum</a>, <a href="#page345">345</a></li> + +<li><a href="#polytaenia">Polytænia</a>, <a href="#page203">203</a></li> + +<li>Pomme-blanche, <a href="#page131">131</a></li> + +<li>Pond spice, <a href="#page447">447</a></li> + +<li>Pondweed, <a href="#page558">558</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Horned, <a href="#page565">565</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#pontederia">Pontederia</a>, <a href="#page536">536</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#pontederiaceae">Pontederiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page535">535</a></li> + +<li>Poplar, <a href="#page486">486</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>White, <a href="#page50">50</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Poppy, <a href="#page59">59</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Celandine, <a href="#page58">58</a></li> + <li>Corn, <a href="#page59">59</a></li> + <li>Horn, <a href="#page58">58</a></li> + <li>Mexican, <a href="#page59">59</a></li> + <li>Prickly, <a href="#page59">59</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#populus">Populus</a>, <a href="#page486">486</a></li> + +<li><a href="#porella">Porella</a>, <a href="#page708">708</a></li> + +<li><a href="#portulaca">Portulaca</a>, <a href="#page90">90</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#portulacaceae">Portulacaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page90">90</a></li> + +<li><a href="#potamogeton">Potamogeton</a>, <a href="#page558">558</a></li> + +<li>Potato vine, Wild, <a href="#page369">369</a></li> + +<li><a href="#potentilla">Potentilla</a>, <a href="#page158">158</a></li> + +<li><a href="#poterium">Poterium</a>, <a href="#page161">161</a></li> + +<li><a href="#preissia">Preissia</a>, <a href="#page728">728</a></li> + +<li><a href="#prenanthes">Prenanthes</a>, <a href="#page300">300</a></li> + +<li>Prim, <a href="#page337">337</a></li> + +<li>Primrose, <a href="#page329">329</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Evening, <a href="#page190">190</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#primula">Primula</a>, <a href="#page329">329</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#primulaceae">Primulaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page328">328</a></li> + +<li>Prince's-feather, <a href="#page441">441</a></li> + +<li>Prince's-pine, <a href="#page323">323</a></li> + +<li><i>Prosartes</i>, <a href="#page527">527</a></li> + +<li><a href="#psilocarya">Psilocarya</a>, <a href="#page577">577</a></li> + +<li><a href="#psoralea">Psoralea</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ptelea">Ptelea</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pteris">Pteris</a>, <a href="#page681">681</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pterospora">Pterospora</a>, <a href="#page325">325</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ptilidium">Ptilidium</a>, <a href="#page709">709</a></li> + +<li><a href="#puccinellia">Puccinellia</a>, <a href="#page668">668</a></li> + +<li>Puccoon, <a href="#page365">365</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Yellow, <a href="#page48">48</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Pulse, Family, <a href="#page122">122</a></li> + +<li>Purslane, <a href="#page90">90</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Sea, <a href="#page198">198</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page184">184</a>, <a href="#page188">188</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Putty-root, <a href="#page499">499</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pycnanthemum">Pycnanthemum</a>, <a href="#page409">409</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pyrola">Pyrola</a>, <a href="#page323">323</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pyrrhopappus">Pyrrhopappus</a>, <a href="#page303">303</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pyrularia">Pyrularia</a>, <a href="#page451">451</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pyrus">Pyrus</a>, <a href="#page164">164</a></li> + +<li><a href="#pyxidanthera">Pyxidanthera</a>, <a href="#page326">326</a></li> + +<li>Pyxie, <a href="#page326">326</a><br /></li> + + +<li><i>Quamoclit</i>, <a href="#page368">368</a></li> + +<li>Queen-of-the-prairie, <a href="#page153">153</a></li> + +<li><a href="#quercus">Quercus</a>, <a href="#page475">475</a></li> + +<li>Quillwort, <a href="#page698">698</a><br /></li> + + +<li>Radish, <a href="#page74">74</a></li> + +<li><a href="#radula">Radula</a>, <a href="#page707">707</a></li> + +<li>Ragged-Robin, <a href="#page85">85</a></li> + +<li>Ragweed, <a href="#page273">273</a></li> + +<li>Ragwort, <a href="#page293">293</a></li> + +<li>Ramsted, <a href="#page379">379</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page34">34</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ranunculus">Ranunculus</a>, <a href="#page40">40</a></li> + +<li>Rape, Broom, <a href="#page395">395</a></li> + +<li><a href="#raphanus">Raphanus</a>, <a href="#page74">74</a></li> + +<li>Raspberry, <a href="#page154">154</a></li> + +<li>Rattlebox, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> + +<li>Rattlesnake-master, <a href="#page211">211</a></li> + +<li>Rattlesnake-root, <a href="#page300">300</a></li> + +<li>Rattlesnake-weed, <a href="#page299">299</a></li> + +<li><i>Reboulia</i>, <a href="#page729">729</a></li> + +<li>Redbud, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> + +<li>Red-root, <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href="#page512">512</a></li> + +<li>Redtop, <a href="#page647">647</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page665">665</a></li> + <li>Tall, <a href="#page667">667</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Reed, <a href="#page658">658</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Bur, <a href="#page547">547</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#reseda">Reseda</a>, <a href="#page75">75</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#resedaceae">Resedaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page75">75</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> + +<li><a href="#rhamnus">Rhamnus</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> + +<li>Rheumatism-root, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> + +<li><a href="#rhexia">Rhexia</a>, <a href="#page183">183</a></li> + +<li><a href="#rhinanthus">Rhinanthus</a>, <a href="#page392">392</a></li> + +<li><a href="#rhododendron">Rhododendron</a>, <a href="#page320">320</a></li> + +<li><i>Rhodora</i>, <a href="#page321">321</a></li> + +<li><a href="#rhus">Rhus</a>, <a href="#page118">118</a></li> + +<li><a href="#rhynchosia">Rhynchosia</a>, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> + +<li><a href="#rhynchospora">Rhynchospora</a>, <i><a href="#page577">577</a></i>, <a href="#page584">584</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ribes">Ribes</a>, <a href="#page174">174</a></li> + +<li>Ribgrass, <a href="#page423">423</a></li> + +<li>Ribwort, <a href="#page422">422</a></li> + +<li><a href="#riccia">Riccia</a>, <a href="#page730">730</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#ricciaceae">Ricciaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page730">730</a></li> + +<li>Rice, Indian, <a href="#page635">635</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Water, <a href="#page635">635</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Richweed, <a href="#page407">407</a>, <a href="#page465">465</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ricinus">Ricinus</a>, <a href="#page460">460</a></li> + +<li>Riverweed, <a href="#page444">444</a></li> + +<li><a href="#robinia">Robinia</a>, <a href="#page134">134</a></li> + +<li>Rocket, <a href="#page71">71</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Dyer's, <a href="#page75">75</a></li> + <li>Sea, <a href="#page74">74</a></li> + <li>Yellow, <a href="#page70">70</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Rock-rose, <a href="#page76">76</a></li> + +<li><a href="#rosa">Rosa</a>, <a href="#page162">162</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#rosaceae">Rosaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page150">150</a></li> + +<li>Rose, <a href="#page162">162</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Cotton, <a href="#page267">267</a></li> + <li>Guelder, <a href="#page218">218</a></li> + <li>Rock, <a href="#page76">76</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Rosebay, <a href="#page320">320</a></li> + +<li>Rosemary, Marsh, <a href="#page327">327</a></li> + +<li>Rosin-weed, <a href="#page270">270</a></li> + +<li><a href="#rotala">Rotala</a>, <a href="#page184">184</a></li> + +<li><a href="#rottboellia">Rottbœllia</a>, <a href="#page636">636</a></li> + +<li><a href="#roubieva">Roubieva</a>, <a href="#page433">433</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#rubiaceae">Rubiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page222">222</a></li> + +<li><a href="#rubus">Rubus</a>, <a href="#page154">154</a></li> + +<li><a href="#rudbeckia">Rudbeckia</a>, <a href="#page276">276</a></li> + +<li>Rue Family, <a href="#page106">106</a></li> + +<li>Rue, Meadow, <a href="#page39">39</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ruellia">Ruellia</a>, <a href="#page400">400</a></li> + +<li><a href="#rumex">Rumex</a>, <a href="#page437">437</a></li> + +<li><a href="#ruppia">Ruppia</a>, <a href="#page564">564</a></li> + +<li>Rush, <a href="#page540">540</a></li> + +<li>Rush, Bald, <a href="#page577">577</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Bog, <a href="#page540">540</a></li> + <li>Club, <a href="#page578">578</a></li> + <li>Horned, <a href="#page586">586</a></li> + <li>Nut, <a href="#page586">586</a></li> + <li>Scouring, <a href="#page676">676</a></li> + <li>Spike, <a href="#page573">573</a></li> + <li>Twig, <a href="#page586">586</a></li> + <li>Wood, <a href="#page546">546</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#rutaceae">Rutaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page106">106</a></li> + +<li>Rye, Wild, <a href="#page673">673</a><br /></li> + + +<li><a href="#sabbatia">Sabbatia</a>, <a href="#page347">347</a></li> + +<li>Sage, <a href="#page412">412</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Jerusalem, <a href="#page420">420</a></li> + <li>Wood, <a href="#page406">406</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#sagina">Sagina</a>, <a href="#page88">88</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sagittaria">Sagittaria</a>, <a href="#page554">554</a>, <a href="#page735">735</a></li> + +<li>St. Andrew's-cross, <a href="#page92">92</a></li> + +<li>St. John's-wort, <a href="#page92">92</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Marsh, <a href="#page95">95</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>St. Peter's-wort, <a href="#page92">92</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#salicaceae">Salicaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page480">480</a></li> + +<li><a href="#salicornia">Salicornia</a>, <a href="#page434">434</a></li> + +<li><a href="#salix">Salix</a>, <a href="#page480">480</a></li> + +<li>Salmon-berry, <a href="#page154">154</a></li> + +<li>Salsify, <a href="#page298">298</a></li> + +<li><a href="#salsola">Salsola</a>, <a href="#page435">435</a>, <a href="#page734">734</a></li> + +<li>Saltwort, <a href="#page435">435</a></li> + +<li><a href="#salvia">Salvia</a>, <a href="#page412">412</a></li> + +<li>Salvinia, <a href="#page701">701</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#salviniaceae">Salviniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page701">701</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sambucus">Sambucus</a>, <a href="#page217">217</a></li> + +<li><a href="#samolus">Samolus</a>, <a href="#page332">332</a></li> + +<li>Samphire, <a href="#page434">434</a></li> + +<li>Sandal-wood Family, <a href="#page450">450</a></li> + +<li>Sandweed, Sea, <a href="#page651">651</a></li> + +<li>Sandwort, <a href="#page85">85</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sanguinaria">Sanguinaria</a>, <a href="#page58">58</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sanicula">Sanicula</a> (Sanicle), <a href="#page212">212</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#santalaceae">Santalaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page450">450</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#sapindaceae">Sapindaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page115">115</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sapindus">Sapindus</a>, <a href="#page116">116</a></li> + +<li>Sapodilla Family, <a href="#page332">332</a></li> + +<li><a href="#saponaria">Saponaria</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#sapotaceae">Sapotaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page332">332</a></li> + +<li><i>Sarcoscyphus</i>, <a href="#page721">721</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sarracenia">Sarracenia</a>, <a href="#page57">57</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#sarraceniaceae">Sarraceniaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page57">57</a></li> + +<li>Sarsaparilla, <a href="#page212">212</a>, <a href="#page213">213</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sassafras">Sassafras</a>, <a href="#page447">447</a></li> + +<li><a href="#satureia">Satureia</a>, <a href="#page411">411</a></li> + +<li><a href="#saururus">Saururus</a>, <a href="#page446">446</a></li> + +<li>Savin, <a href="#page494">494</a></li> + +<li>Savory, <a href="#page411">411</a></li> + +<li><a href="#saxifraga">Saxifraga</a>, <a href="#page169">169</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page168">168</a></li> + +<li>Saxifrage, <a href="#page169">169</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Golden, <a href="#page172">172</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#scabiosa">Scabiosa</a> (Scabious), <a href="#page229">229</a>, <a href="#page733">733</a></li> + +<li>Scale-mosses, <a href="#page702">702</a></li> + +<li><a href="#scapania">Scapania</a>, <a href="#page713">713</a></li> + +<li><a href="#schedonnardus">Schedonnardus</a>, <a href="#page655">655</a></li> + +<li><a href="#scheuchzeria">Scheuchzeria</a>, <a href="#page558">558</a></li> + +<li><a href="#schizaea">Schizæa</a>, <a href="#page690">690</a></li> + +<li><i>Schollera</i>, <a href="#page536">536</a></li> + +<li><a href="#schrankia">Schrankia</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a></li> + +<li><a href="#schwalbea">Schwalbea</a>, <a href="#page391">391</a></li> + +<li><a href="#schweinitzia">Schweinitzia</a>, <a href="#page325">325</a></li> + +<li><i>Scilla</i>, <a href="#page523">523</a></li> + +<li><a href="#scirpus">Scirpus</a>, <i><a href="#page576">576</a></i>, <a href="#page578">578</a>, <i><a href="#page582">582</a></i></li> + +<li><a href="#scleranthus">Scleranthus</a>, <a href="#page427">427</a></li> + +<li><a href="#scleria">Scleria</a>, <a href="#page586">586</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sclerolepis">Sclerolepis</a>, <a href="#page238">238</a></li> + +<li><a href="#scolochloa">Scolochloa</a>, <a href="#page666">666</a></li> + +<li><a href="#scolopendrium">Scolopendrium</a>, <a href="#page685">685</a></li> + +<li><a href="#scrophularia">Scrophularia</a>, <a href="#page380">380</a></li> + + +<li><a name="page759"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page377">377</a></li> + +<li><a href="#scutellaria">Scutellaria</a>, <a href="#page416">416</a></li> + +<li>Sedge, <a href="#page587">587</a></li> + +<li>Sedge Family, <a href="#page567">567</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sedum">Sedum</a>, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> + +<li>Seed-box, <a href="#page187">187</a></li> + +<li><a href="#selaginella">Selaginella</a>, <a href="#page697">697</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#selaginellaceae">Selaginellaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page697">697</a></li> + +<li><a href="#selenia">Selenia</a>, <a href="#page63">63</a></li> + +<li>Self-heal, <a href="#page418">418</a></li> + +<li><i>Sendtnera</i>, <a href="#page710">710</a></li> + +<li><a href="#senebiera">Senebiera</a>, <a href="#page74">74</a></li> + +<li><a href="#senecio">Senecio</a>, <a href="#page292">292</a></li> + +<li>Senna, <a href="#page147">147</a></li> + +<li>Sensitive-brier, <a href="#page149">149</a></li> + +<li>Sensitive-plant, Wild, <a href="#page148">148</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sericocarpus">Sericocarpus</a>, <a href="#page254">254</a></li> + +<li>Service-berry, <a href="#page166">166</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sesuvium">Sesuvium</a>, <a href="#page198">198</a></li> + +<li><a href="#setaria">Setaria</a>, <a href="#page634">634</a></li> + +<li><a href="#seymeria">Seymeria</a>, <a href="#page388">388</a></li> + +<li>Shad-bush, <a href="#page166">166</a></li> + +<li>Sheep-berry, <a href="#page219">219</a></li> + +<li><a href="#shepherdia">Shepherdia</a>, <a href="#page449">449</a></li> + +<li>Shepherd's-purse, <a href="#page73">73</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sherardia">Sherardia</a>, <a href="#page227">227</a></li> + +<li>Shin-leaf, <a href="#page323">323</a></li> + +<li>Shooting-star, <a href="#page329">329</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sibbaldia">Sibbaldia</a>, <a href="#page161">161</a></li> + +<li>Sickle-pod, <a href="#page66">66</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sicyos">Sicyos</a>, <a href="#page195">195</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sida">Sida</a>, <a href="#page99">99</a></li> + +<li>Side-saddle Flower, <a href="#page57">57</a></li> + +<li><a href="#silene">Silene</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a></li> + +<li>Silkweed, <a href="#page339">339</a></li> + +<li><a href="#silphium">Silphium</a>, <a href="#page270">270</a></li> + +<li>Silver-bell Tree, <a href="#page334">334</a></li> + +<li>Silver-berry, <a href="#page449">449</a></li> + +<li>Silver-weed, <a href="#page160">160</a></li> + +<li><i>Sinapis</i>, <a href="#page72">72</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sisymbrium">Sisymbrium</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sisyrinchium">Sisyrinchium</a>, <a href="#page515">515</a>, <a href="#page735">735</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sium">Sium</a>, <a href="#page207">207</a>, <i><a href="#page207">207</a></i></li> + +<li>Skullcap, <a href="#page416">416</a></li> + +<li>Skunk-cabbage, <a href="#page550">550</a></li> + +<li>Sloe, <a href="#page152">152</a></li> + +<li>Smartweed, <a href="#page441">441</a></li> + +<li><a href="#smilacina">Smilacina</a>, <a href="#page525">525</a>, <i><a href="#page526">526</a></i></li> + +<li><a href="#smilax">Smilax</a>, <a href="#page519">519</a></li> + +<li>Snake-head, <a href="#page381">381</a></li> + +<li>Snake-root, <a href="#page47">47</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Black, <a href="#page212">212</a></li> + <li>Button, <a href="#page211">211</a>, <a href="#page242">242</a></li> + <li>Seneca, <a href="#page120">120</a></li> + <li>Virginia, <a href="#page445">445</a></li> + <li>White, <a href="#page241">241</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Snapdragon, <a href="#page380">380</a></li> + +<li>Sneezeweed, <a href="#page287">287</a></li> + +<li>Sneezewort, <a href="#page289">289</a></li> + +<li>Snowball-tree, <a href="#page218">218</a></li> + +<li>Snowberry, <a href="#page220">220</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Creeping, <a href="#page314">314</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Snowdrop, <a href="#page334">334</a></li> + +<li>Soapberry, <a href="#page116">116</a></li> + +<li>Soapwort, <a href="#page83">83</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#solanaceae">Solanaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page373">373</a></li> + +<li><a href="#solanum">Solanum</a>, <a href="#page373">373</a></li> + +<li><a href="#solea">Solea</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a></li> + +<li><a href="#solidago">Solidago</a>, <a href="#page246">246</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li><i>altissima</i>, <a href="#page249">249</a></li> + <li>arguta, <a href="#page250">250</a>, <i><a href="#page250">250</a></i></li> + <li>bicolor, <a href="#page247">247</a></li> + <li>Bigelovii, <a href="#page247">247</a></li> + <li>Boottii, <a href="#page250">250</a></li> + <li>cæsia, <a href="#page247">247</a></li> + <li>Canadensis, <a href="#page251">251</a></li> + <li>Curtisii, <a href="#page247">247</a></li> + <li>Drummondii, <a href="#page252">252</a></li> + <li>Elliottii, <a href="#page250">250</a></li> + <li><i>elliptica</i>, <a href="#page250">250</a></li> + <li><i>gigantea</i>, <a href="#page251">251</a></li> + <li>Houghtonii, <a href="#page252">252</a></li> + <li>humilis, <a href="#page248">248</a></li> + <li>juncea, <a href="#page250">250</a></li> + <li>lanceolata, <a href="#page252">252</a></li> + <li>latifolia, <a href="#page247">247</a></li> + <li>Lindheimeriana, <a href="#page247">247</a></li> + <li><i>linoides</i>, <a href="#page250">250</a></li> + <li>macrophylla, <a href="#page247">247</a></li> + <li>Missouriensis, <a href="#page251">251</a></li> + <li>monticola, <a href="#page247">247</a></li> + <li><i>Muhlenbergii</i>, <a href="#page250">250</a></li> + <li>neglecta, <a href="#page250">250</a></li> + <li>nemoralis, <a href="#page251">251</a></li> + <li>odora, <a href="#page249">249</a></li> + <li>Ohioensis, <a href="#page252">252</a></li> + <li>patula, <a href="#page249">249</a></li> + <li>petiolaris, <a href="#page246">246</a></li> + <li>pilosa, <a href="#page249">249</a></li> + <li>puberula, <a href="#page248">248</a></li> + <li><a href="#radula">radula</a>, <a href="#page251">251</a></li> + <li>Riddellii, <a href="#page252">252</a></li> + <li>rigida, <a href="#page252">252</a></li> + <li>rugosa, <a href="#page249">249</a></li> + <li>rupestris, <a href="#page251">251</a></li> + <li>sempervirens, <a href="#page248">248</a></li> + <li>serotina, <a href="#page251">251</a>, <i><a href="#page251">251</a></i></li> + <li>Shortii, <a href="#page251">251</a></li> + <li>speciosa, <a href="#page249">249</a></li> + <li>squarrosa, <a href="#page246">246</a></li> + <li>stricta, <a href="#page248">248</a>, <i><a href="#page249">249</a></i></li> + <li>tenuifolia, <a href="#page252">252</a></li> + <li><i>thyrsoidea</i>, <a href="#page248">248</a></li> + <li>tortifolia, <a href="#page249">249</a></li> + <li>uliginosa, <a href="#page249">249</a></li> + <li>ulmifolia, <a href="#page250">250</a></li> + <li>virgata, <a href="#page248">248</a></li> + <li>Virgaurea, <a href="#page248">248</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Solomon's-seal, <a href="#page524">524</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page525">525</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#sonchus">Sonchus</a>, <a href="#page305">305</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sophora">Sophora</a>, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> + +<li>Sorrel, <a href="#page437">437</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Mountain, <a href="#page437">437</a></li> + <li>Wood, <a href="#page105">105</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Sorrel-tree, <a href="#page316">316</a></li> + +<li>Sour-gum, <a href="#page215">215</a></li> + +<li>Sour-wood, <a href="#page316">316</a></li> + +<li>Spanish-bayonet, <a href="#page524">524</a></li> + +<li>Spanish-needles, <a href="#page285">285</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sparganium">Sparganium</a>, <a href="#page547">547</a></li> + +<li><a href="#spartina">Spartina</a>, <a href="#page627">627</a></li> + +<li>Spatter-dock, <a href="#page56">56</a></li> + +<li>Spearmint, <a href="#page407">407</a></li> + +<li>Spearwort, <a href="#page41">41</a></li> + +<li><a href="#specularia">Specularia</a>, <a href="#page308">308</a></li> + +<li>Speedwell, <a href="#page386">386</a></li> + +<li><a href="#spergula">Spergula</a>, <a href="#page90">90</a></li> + +<li><i>Spergularia</i>, <a href="#page89">89</a></li> + +<li><a href="#spermacoce">Spermacoce</a>, <a href="#page225">225</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sphaeralcea">Sphæralcea</a>, <a href="#page99">99</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sphaerocarpus">Sphærocarpus</a>, <a href="#page732">732</a></li> + +<li><i>Sphagnœcetis</i>, <a href="#page713">713</a></li> + +<li>Spice-bush, <a href="#page447">447</a></li> + +<li>Spiderwort, <a href="#page539">539</a></li> + +<li><a href="#spigelia">Spigelia</a>, <a href="#page346">346</a></li> + +<li>Spikenard, <a href="#page213">213</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>False, <a href="#page525">525</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Spindle-tree, <a href="#page110">110</a></li> + +<li><a href="#spiraea">Spiræa</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <i><a href="#page153">153</a></i></li> + +<li><a href="#spiranthes">Spiranthes</a>, <a href="#page501">501</a></li> + +<li><a href="#spirodela">Spirodela</a>, <a href="#page552">552</a></li> + +<li>Spleenwort, <a href="#page683">683</a></li> + +<li>Spoonwood, <a href="#page319">319</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sporobolus">Sporobolus</a>, <a href="#page645">645</a></li> + +<li>Spring-beauty, <a href="#page91">91</a></li> + +<li>Spruce, <a href="#page491">491</a></li> + +<li>Spurge, <a href="#page452">452</a></li> + +<li>Spurrey, <a href="#page90">90</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Sand, <a href="#page89">89</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Squaw-root, <a href="#page394">394</a></li> + +<li>Squaw-weed, <a href="#page293">293</a></li> + +<li>Squirrel-corn, <a href="#page60">60</a></li> + +<li><a href="#stachys">Stachys</a>, <a href="#page421">421</a></li> + +<li>Staff-tree, <a href="#page110">110</a></li> + +<li>Stagger-bush, <a href="#page316">316</a></li> + +<li><a href="#staphylea">Staphylea</a>, <a href="#page118">118</a></li> + +<li>Star-flower, <a href="#page329">329</a></li> + +<li>Star-grass, <a href="#page512">512</a>, <a href="#page516">516</a></li> + +<li>Star-of-Bethlehem, <a href="#page523">523</a></li> + +<li>Starwort, <a href="#page86">86</a>, <a href="#page255">255</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Water, <a href="#page182">182</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#statice">Statice</a>, <a href="#page327">327</a></li> + +<li>Steeple-bush, <a href="#page153">153</a></li> + +<li><i>Steetzia</i>, <a href="#page724">724</a></li> + +<li><a href="#steironema">Steironema</a>, <a href="#page330">330</a></li> + +<li><a href="#stellaria">Stellaria</a>, <a href="#page86">86</a>, <a href="#page733">733</a></li> + +<li><a href="#stenanthium">Stenanthium</a>, <a href="#page534">534</a></li> + +<li><a href="#stenosiphon">Stenosiphon</a>, <a href="#page193">193</a></li> + +<li>Stickseed, <a href="#page362">362</a></li> + +<li>Sticktight, <a href="#page284">284</a></li> + +<li><a href="#stillingia">Stillingia</a>, <a href="#page460">460</a></li> + +<li><a href="#stipa">Stipa</a>, <a href="#page641">641</a></li> + +<li>Stitchwort, <a href="#page87">87</a></li> + +<li>Stonecrop, <a href="#page177">177</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Ditch, <a href="#page176">176</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Stone-root, <a href="#page407">407</a></li> + +<li>Storax, <a href="#page333">333</a></li> + +<li>Storksbill, <a href="#page104">104</a></li> + +<li>Stramonium, <a href="#page377">377</a></li> + +<li>Strawberry, <a href="#page158">158</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Barren, <a href="#page158">158</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Strawberry-bush, <a href="#page110">110</a></li> + +<li><a href="#streptopus">Streptopus</a>, <a href="#page526">526</a></li> + +<li><a href="#strophostyles">Strophostyles</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a></li> + +<li><i>Struthiopteris</i>, <a href="#page690">690</a></li> + +<li><a href="#stuartia">Stuartia</a>, <a href="#page96">96</a></li> + +<li><a href="#stylophorum">Stylophorum</a>, <a href="#page58">58</a></li> + +<li><a href="#stylosanthes">Stylosanthes</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#styracaceae">Styracaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page333">333</a></li> + +<li><a href="#styrax">Styrax</a>, <a href="#page334">334</a></li> + +<li><a href="#suaeda">Suæda</a>, <a href="#page434">434</a></li> + +<li><a href="#subularia">Subularia</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a></li> + +<li>Succory, <a href="#page298">298</a></li> + +<li>Sugar-berry, <a href="#page463">463</a></li> + +<li><a href="#sullivantia">Sullivantia</a>, <a href="#page171">171</a></li> + +<li>Sumach, <a href="#page118">118</a></li> + +<li>Sundew, <a href="#page178">178</a></li> + +<li>Sunflower, <a href="#page277">277</a></li> + +<li>Supple-Jack, <a href="#page111">111</a></li> + +<li>Sweetbrier, <a href="#page164">164</a></li> + +<li>Sweet-cicely, <a href="#page210">210</a></li> + +<li>Sweet-flag, <a href="#page551">551</a></li> + +<li>Sweet-gale, <a href="#page469">469</a></li> + +<li>Sweet-gum, <a href="#page180">180</a></li> + +<li>Sweet-leaf, <a href="#page334">334</a></li> + +<li>Sweet-scented shrub, <a href="#page167">167</a></li> + +<li>Sweet William, <a href="#page83">83</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Wild, <a href="#page354">354</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Sycamore, <a href="#page466">466</a></li> + +<li><a href="#symphoricarpos">Symphoricarpos</a>, <a href="#page220">220</a></li> + +<li><a href="#symphytum">Symphytum</a>, <a href="#page367">367</a></li> + +<li><a href="#symplocarpus">Symplocarpus</a>, <a href="#page550">550</a></li> + +<li><a href="#symplocos">Symplocos</a>, <a href="#page334">334</a></li> + +<li><a href="#synandra">Synandra</a>, <a href="#page419">419</a></li> + +<li><a href="#synthyris">Synthyris</a>, <a href="#page386">386</a></li> + +<li>Syringa, <a href="#page174">174</a><br /></li> + + +<li>Tacamahac, <a href="#page487">487</a></li> + +<li><a href="#talinum">Talinum</a>, <a href="#page91">91</a>, <a href="#page733">733</a></li> + +<li>Tamarack, <a href="#page493">493</a></li> + + +<li><a name="page760"></a><a href="#tanacetum">Tanacetum</a>, <a href="#page290">290</a></li> + +<li>Tansy, <a href="#page290">290</a></li> + +<li><a href="#taraxacum">Taraxacum</a>, <a href="#page303">303</a></li> + +<li>Tare, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> + +<li><a href="#taxodium">Taxodium</a>, <a href="#page493">493</a></li> + +<li><a href="#taxus">Taxus</a>, <a href="#page494">494</a></li> + +<li>Tea-berry, <a href="#page316">316</a></li> + +<li>Tea Family, <a href="#page95">95</a></li> + +<li>Tea, Labrador, <a href="#page321">321</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican, <a href="#page433">433</a></li> + <li>New, Jersey, <a href="#page112">112</a></li> + <li>Oswego, <a href="#page414">414</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Tear-thumb, <a href="#page442">442</a></li> + +<li>Teasel, <a href="#page229">229</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tecoma">Tecoma</a>, <a href="#page398">398</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tephrosia">Tephrosia</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#ternstroemiaceae">Ternstrœmiaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page95">95</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tetragonotheca">Tetragonotheca</a>, <a href="#page274">274</a></li> + +<li><i>Tetranthera</i>, <a href="#page447">447</a></li> + +<li><a href="#teucrium">Teucrium</a>, <a href="#page406">406</a></li> + +<li><a href="#thalictrum">Thalictrum</a>, <a href="#page39">39</a>, <a href="#page39">39</a></li> + +<li><a href="#thaspium">Thaspium</a>, <a href="#page204">204</a>, <i><a href="#page208">208</a></i></li> + +<li><a href="#thelesperma">Thelesperma</a>, <a href="#page285">285</a></li> + +<li><a href="#thelypodium">Thelypodium</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a></li> + +<li><a href="#thermopsis">Thermopsis</a>, <a href="#page126">126</a></li> + +<li>Thimbleberry, <a href="#page155">155</a></li> + +<li>Thistle, <a href="#page295">295</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Canada, <a href="#page296">296</a></li> + <li>Cotton, <a href="#page297">297</a></li> + <li>Plumeless, <a href="#page296">296</a></li> + <li>Scotch, <a href="#page297">297</a></li> + <li>Sow, <a href="#page305">305</a></li> + <li>Star, <a href="#page297">297</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#thlaspi">Thlaspi</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a></li> + +<li>Thorn, <a href="#page165">165</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Black, <a href="#page152">152</a></li> + <li>White, <a href="#page165">165</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Thoroughwax, <a href="#page206">206</a></li> + +<li>Thoroughwort, <a href="#page239">239</a></li> + +<li><a href="#thuya">Thuya</a>, <a href="#page493">493</a></li> + +<li>Thyme, <a href="#page411">411</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Basil, <a href="#page411">411</a></li> + <li>Creeping, <a href="#page411">411</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#thymelaeaceae">Thymelæaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page448">448</a></li> + +<li><a href="#thymus">Thymus</a>, <a href="#page411">411</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tiarella">Tiarella</a>, <a href="#page171">171</a></li> + +<li>Tickseed, <a href="#page281">281</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tiedemannia">Tiedemannia</a>, <a href="#page202">202</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tilia">Tilia</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#tiliaceae">Tiliaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page101">101</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tillaea">Tillæa</a>, <a href="#page177">177</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tillandsia">Tillandsia</a>, <a href="#page511">511</a></li> + +<li>Timothy, <a href="#page645">645</a></li> + +<li>Tinker's-weed, <a href="#page291">291</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tipularia">Tipularia</a>, <a href="#page499">499</a></li> + +<li><i>Tissa</i>, <a href="#page89">89</a></li> + +<li>Toadflax, <a href="#page379">379</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Bastard, <a href="#page450">450</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Tobacco, <a href="#page377">377</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Indian, <a href="#page307">307</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#tofieldia">Tofieldia</a>, <a href="#page532">532</a></li> + +<li>Toothache-tree, <a href="#page106">106</a></li> + +<li>Toothwort, <a href="#page64">64</a></li> + +<li>Touch-me-not, <a href="#page106">106</a></li> + +<li><a href="#townsendia">Townsendia</a>, <a href="#page254">254</a></li> + +<li><a href="#trachelospermum">Trachelospermum</a>, <a href="#page338">338</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tradescantia">Tradescantia</a>, <a href="#page539">539</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tragia">Tragia</a>, <a href="#page460">460</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tragopogon">Tragopogon</a>, <a href="#page298">298</a></li> + +<li>Trantvetteria, <a href="#page39">39</a></li> + +<li>Tread-softly, <a href="#page457">457</a></li> + +<li>Tree-of-heaven, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> + +<li>Trefoil, <a href="#page128">128</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Shrubby, <a href="#page107">107</a></li> + <li>Tick, <a href="#page138">138</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#trichocolea">Trichocolea</a>, <a href="#page709">709</a></li> + +<li><a href="#trichomanes">Trichomanes</a>, <a href="#page692">692</a></li> + +<li><a href="#trichostema">Trichostema</a>, <a href="#page405">405</a></li> + +<li><i>Tricuspis</i>, <a href="#page657">657</a>, <a href="#page658">658</a></li> + +<li><a href="#trientalis">Trientalis</a>, <a href="#page329">329</a></li> + +<li><a href="#trifolium">Trifolium</a>, <a href="#page128">128</a></li> + +<li><a href="#triglochin">Triglochin</a>, <a href="#page557">557</a></li> + +<li><a href="#trilisa">Trilisa</a>, <a href="#page243">243</a></li> + +<li><a href="#trillium">Trillium</a>, <a href="#page530">530</a></li> + +<li><a href="#triodia">Triodia</a>, <a href="#page657">657</a></li> + +<li><a href="#triosteum">Triosteum</a>, <a href="#page219">219</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tripsacum">Tripsacum</a>, <a href="#page636">636</a></li> + +<li><a href="#trisetum">Trisetum</a>, <a href="#page653">653</a>, <a href="#page735">735</a></li> + +<li><i>Triticum</i>, <a href="#page671">671</a>, <a href="#page672">672</a></li> + +<li><a href="#trollius">Trollius</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a></li> + +<li><a href="#troximon">Troximon</a>, <a href="#page302">302</a></li> + +<li>Trumpet-creeper, <a href="#page398">398</a></li> + +<li>Trumpet-flower, <a href="#page398">398</a></li> + +<li>Trumpets, <a href="#page57">57</a></li> + +<li>Trumpet-weed, <a href="#page239">239</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tsuga">Tsuga</a>, <a href="#page492">492</a></li> + +<li>Tulip-tree, <a href="#page50">50</a></li> + +<li>Tumbleweed, <a href="#page428">428</a></li> + +<li>Tupelo, <a href="#page215">215</a></li> + +<li>Turnip, Indian, <a href="#page549">549</a></li> + +<li>Turnsole, <a href="#page361">361</a></li> + +<li>Turtlehead, <a href="#page381">381</a></li> + +<li><a href="#tussilago">Tussilago</a>, <a href="#page291">291</a></li> + +<li>Twayblade, <a href="#page499">499</a>, <a href="#page501">501</a></li> + +<li>Twin-flower, <a href="#page219">219</a></li> + +<li>Twin-leaf, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> + +<li>Twisted-stalk, <a href="#page526">526</a></li> + +<li><a href="#typha">Typha</a>, <a href="#page547">547</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Typhaclæ</span>, <a href="#page547">547</a><br /></li> + + +<li><a href="#ulmus">Ulmus</a>, <a href="#page462">462</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#umbelliferae">Umbelliferæ</a></span>, <a href="#page198">198</a></li> + +<li>Umbrella-leaf, <a href="#page53">53</a></li> + +<li>Umbrella-tree, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page50">50</a></li> + +<li>Unicorn-plant, <a href="#page399">399</a></li> + +<li><a href="#uniola">Uniola</a>, <a href="#page662">662</a></li> + +<li><a href="#urtica">Urtica</a>, <a href="#page464">464</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#urticaceae">Urticaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page461">461</a></li> + +<li><a href="#utricularia">Utricularia</a>, <a href="#page395">395</a></li> + +<li><a href="#uvularia">Uvularia</a>, <a href="#page527">527</a>, <i><a href="#page528">528</a></i><br /></li> + + +<li><i>Vaccaria</i>, <a href="#page83">83</a></li> + +<li><a href="#vaccinium">Vaccinium</a>, <a href="#page312">312</a></li> + +<li><a href="#valeriana">Valeriana</a> (Valerian), <a href="#page228">228</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Greek, <a href="#page356">356</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#valerianaceae">Valerianaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page228">228</a></li> + +<li><a href="#valerianella">Valerianella</a>, <a href="#page228">228</a></li> + +<li>Vallisneria, <a href="#page496">496</a></li> + +<li>Vanilla-plant, <a href="#page243">243</a></li> + +<li>Velvet-leaf, <a href="#page99">99</a></li> + +<li>Venus's Fly-trap, <a href="#page179">179</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Looking-glass, <a href="#page308">308</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#veratrum">Veratrum</a>, <i><a href="#page533">533</a></i>, <a href="#page533">533</a></li> + +<li><a href="#verbascum">Verbascum</a>, <a href="#page379">379</a></li> + +<li><a href="#verbena">Verbena</a>, <a href="#page401">401</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#verbenaceae">Verbenaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page401">401</a></li> + +<li><a href="#verbesina">Verbesina</a>, <a href="#page280">280</a></li> + +<li><a href="#vernonia">Vernonia</a>, <a href="#page238">238</a></li> + +<li><a href="#veronica">Veronica</a>, <a href="#page386">386</a></li> + +<li>Vervain, <a href="#page401">401</a></li> + +<li><i>Vesicaria</i>, <a href="#page69">69</a></li> + +<li>Vetch, <a href="#page142">142</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Joint, Sensitive, <a href="#page137">137</a></li> + <li>Milk, <a href="#page134">134</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Vetchling, <a href="#page143">143</a></li> + +<li><a href="#viburnum">Viburnum</a>, <a href="#page217">217</a></li> + +<li><a href="#vicia">Vicia</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a></li> + +<li><i>Vilfa</i>, <a href="#page645">645</a>, <a href="#page646">646</a></li> + +<li><a href="#vincetoxicum">Vincetoxicum</a>, <a href="#page344">344</a></li> + +<li>Vine Family, <a href="#page112">112</a></li> + +<li><a href="#viola">Viola</a>, <a href="#page78">78</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#violaceae">Violaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page78">78</a></li> + +<li>Violet, <a href="#page78">78</a></li> + +<li>Violet, Dame's, <a href="#page71">71</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Dog's-tooth, <a href="#page528">528</a></li> + <li>Green, <a href="#page81">81</a></li> + <li>Water, <a href="#page328">328</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Virginian-creeper, <a href="#page115">115</a></li> + +<li>Virgin's-bower, <a href="#page35">35</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#vitaceae">Vitaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page112">112</a></li> + +<li><a href="#vitis">Vitis</a>, <a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page114">114</a><br /></li> + + +<li>Waahoo, <a href="#page110">110</a></li> + +<li>Wake-robin, <a href="#page530">530</a></li> + +<li><a href="#waldsteinia">Waldsteinia</a>, <a href="#page157">157</a></li> + +<li>Walking-leaf, <a href="#page685">685</a></li> + +<li>Wallflower, Western, <a href="#page71">71</a></li> + +<li>Walnut, <a href="#page467">467</a></li> + +<li>Watercress, <a href="#page69">69</a></li> + +<li>Waterleaf, <a href="#page357">357</a></li> + +<li>Water-nymph, <a href="#page55">55</a></li> + +<li>Water-shield, <a href="#page55">55</a></li> + +<li>Waterweed, <a href="#page495">495</a></li> + +<li>Waterwort, <a href="#page91">91</a></li> + +<li>Wax work, <a href="#page110">110</a></li> + +<li>Wayfaring-tree, <a href="#page217">217</a></li> + +<li>Weigela, <a href="#page222">222</a></li> + +<li>Weld, <a href="#page75">75</a></li> + +<li>Wheat, Cow, <a href="#page393">393</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>India, <a href="#page443">443</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Whin, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> + +<li>Whiteweed, <a href="#page289">289</a></li> + +<li>Whitlow-wort, <a href="#page426">426</a></li> + +<li>Wicky, <a href="#page319">319</a></li> + +<li>Willow, <a href="#page480">480</a></li> + +<li>Willow-herb, <a href="#page188">188</a></li> + +<li>Wind-flower, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page38">38</a></li> + +<li>Winterberry, <a href="#page109">109</a></li> + +<li>Wintergreen, <a href="#page315">315</a>, <a href="#page323">323</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Aromatic, <a href="#page315">315</a></li> + <li>Chickweed, <a href="#page329">329</a></li> + <li>Creeping, <a href="#page315">315</a></li> + <li>Spotted, <a href="#page313">313</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a href="#wistaria">Wistaria</a>, <a href="#page134">134</a></li> + +<li>Witch hazel, <a href="#page179">179</a></li> + +<li>Wolf berry, <a href="#page220">220</a></li> + +<li>Wolfsbane, <a href="#page46">46</a></li> + +<li>Woodbine, <a href="#page115">115</a>, <a href="#page220">220</a></li> + +<li><a href="#woodsia">Woodsia</a>, <a href="#page690">690</a></li> + +<li><a href="#woodwardia">Woodwardia</a>, <a href="#page683">683</a></li> + +<li>Wood-waxen, <a href="#page127">127</a></li> + +<li>Wormseed, <a href="#page434">434</a></li> + +<li>Wormwood, <a href="#page289">289</a> +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Roman, <a href="#page273">273</a></li> +</ul></li> + +<li><a href="#xanthium">Xanthium</a>, <a href="#page274">274</a></li> + +<li><a href="#xanthorrhiza">Xanthorrhiza</a>, <a href="#page48">48</a></li> + +<li><i>Xanthosoma</i>, <a href="#page550">550</a></li> + +<li><a href="#xanthoxylum">Xanthoxylum</a>, <a href="#page106">106</a></li> + +<li><a href="#xerophyllum">Xerophyllum</a>, <a href="#page532">532</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap"><a href="#xyridaceae">Xyridaceæ</a></span>, <a href="#page536">536</a></li> + +<li><a href="#xyris">Xyris</a>, <a href="#page537">537</a><br /></li> + + +<li>Yam, <a href="#page517">517</a></li> + +<li>Yarrow, <a href="#page289">289</a></li> + +<li>Yaupon, <a href="#page108">108</a></li> + +<li>Yellow-eyed, Grass, <a href="#page537">537</a></li> + +<li>Yellow-rattle, <a href="#page392">392</a></li> + +<li>Yellow-root, <a href="#page48">48</a></li> + +<li>Yellow-wood, <a href="#page126">126</a></li> + +<li>Yew, <a href="#page494">494</a></li> + +<li><a href="#yucca">Yucca</a>, <a href="#page524">524</a><br /></li> + + +<li><a href="#zannichellia">Zannichellia</a>, <a href="#page565">565</a></li> + +<li><a href="#zephyranthes">Zephyranthes</a>, <a href="#page516">516</a>, <a href="#page735">735</a></li> + +<li><a href="#zizania">Zizania</a>, <a href="#page635">635</a></li> + +<li><a href="#zizia">Zizia</a>, <i><a href="#page206">206</a></i>, <a href="#page207">207</a></li> + +<li><a href="#zostera">Zostera</a>, <a href="#page565">565</a></li> + +<li><a href="#zygadenus">Zygadenus</a>, <a href="#page534">534</a></li> + +</ul> + + + +<a name="page761"></a> +<h2>PLATES<br /> + +WITH EXPLANATIONS.</h2> + + +<p>EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.</p> + +<p>CYPERUS.—(1) Small plant of C. diandrus; (2) a spikelet magnified; (3) a +piece of the rhachis with one scale enclosing its flower; (4) a separate +flower more magnified.—(5) C. erythrorhizos, a spikelet magnified; the +lower scales and flowers have fallen, showing the small internal scales of +the section Papyrus, formed of the winged margins of the joints of the +rhachis detached; (6) a separate one, more enlarged; (7) a flower; (8) an +achene, cut in two.—(9) C. dentatus, a piece of the rhachis of a spike +with the lower part of one scale, showing how it is decurrent on the joint +beneath (cut across) to form scale-like wings.</p> + +<p>DULICHIUM.—(1) Upper part of a plant of D. spathaceum; (2) part of a +spikelet somewhat enlarged; (3) piece of rhachis, and one scale decurrent +on the joint beneath; (4) magnified flower.</p> + +<p>KYLLINGA.—(1) Plant of K. pumila; (2) one-flowered spikelet on a +piece of the rhachis, enlarged; (3) the same, more enlarged and open; +(4) achene; and (5) section of same magnified.</p> + +<p><a name="page762"></a> +<a name="plate1"></a> +<img src="images/plate01.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceæ. Plate I]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page763"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.</p> + +<p>HEMICARPHA.—(1) Plant of H. subsquarrosa, natural size; (2) a spikelet +enlarged, with its bract; (3) magnified scale of the same; (5) a flower, +with its single stamen and minute internal scale, magnified; (6) achene, +magnified.</p> + +<p>LIPOCARPHA.—(1) Upper part of plants of L. maculata, with spikelets; +(2) diagram of a flower, representing the ovary between the two internal +scales, a single stamen, the scale of the spikelet on one side, and the axis +of the spikelet on the other; (3) scale of spikelet detached; (4) a flower +with its two inner scales; (5) achene, magnified.</p> + +<p>FUIRENA.—(1) Upper portion of plant of F. squarrosa, var. pumila; +(2) scale of spike enclosing a flower; (3) open scale of same; (4) flower; +(5) one of the scales and one of the bristles of the perianth; (6) achene, +and (7) section of same.</p> + +<p><a name="page764"></a> +<a name="plate2"></a> +<img src="images/plate02.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceæ. Plate II]" /> +</p> + +<p><a name="page765"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.</p> + +<p>ELEOCHARIS.—(1) Small plant of E. olivacea; (2) the spikelet enlarged; +(3) detached scale; (4) flower; (5) achene and bristles.—(6) E. quadrangulata, +spikelet; (7) a scale; (8) flower; (9) achene and bristles.—(10) +E. tuberculosa; the achene with its great tubercle, and bristles.</p> + +<p>SCIRPUS.—(1) Summit of plant of small S. debilis; (2) a spikelet; (3) a +scale of the same, and (4) flower; (5) achene with its bristles.</p> + +<p>ERIOPHORUM.—(1) Small plant of E. alpinum, in flower; (2) spikelet; +(3) a scale, and (4) a flower from the same; (5) the spikelet, in fruit, the +bristles forming a cottony tuft; (6) achene and its bristles.—(6, under +<i>Scirpus</i>) a small portion of the inflorescence of E. cyperinum; (7) a +flower; (8) a spikelet in fruit; (9) achene from the same, with the tortuous +bristles; (10) section of the achene.</p> + +<p>FIMBRISTYLIS.—(1) Summit of a small flowering stem of F. laxa; (2) a +spikelet of the same; (3) a detached scale, and (4) a flower of the same; +(5) achene.—F. autumnalis, (6), a spikelet, enlarged; (7) flower; +(8) achene, and (9) section of the same.</p> + +<p><a name="page766"></a> +<a name="plate3"></a> +<img src="images/plate03.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceæ. Plate III]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page767"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.</p> + +<p>DICHROMENA.—(1) Head and involucre of D. latifolia; (2) a scale +from one of the spikelets, and (3) the same cut across; (4) a flower; +(5) achene with its tubercle.</p> + +<p>PSILOCARYA.—(1) Part of plant, (2) enlarged spikelet, (3) detached scale, +(4) flower, and (5) achene with its beak, of P. scirpoides.</p> + +<p>RHYNCHOSPORA.—(1) Upper part of flowering stem of R. Torreyana; +(2) a spikelet; (3) detached flower; (4) achene, with short bristles at +its base; (5) one of these bristles more magnified.</p> + +<p>R. (§ CERATOSCHŒNUS).—(1) Upper part of fruiting plant, (2) detached +spikelet, (3) flower, and (4) beaked achene, with its bristles, of R. +macrostachya.</p> + +<p><a name="page768"></a> +<a name="plate4"></a> +<img src="images/plate04.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceæ. Plate IV]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page769"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.</p> + +<p>CLADIUM.—(1) Summit of a plant of C. mariscoides; (2) detached spikelet; +(3) same, open, showing a staminate and a perfect flower; (4) the +nut-like achene, and (5) the longitudinal section of the same.</p> + +<p>SCLERIA.—(6) Summit of a flowering stem of S. reticularis; (7) three +spikelets from a cluster, the middle one pistillate, the lateral ones staminate; +(8) staminate spikelet displaying four male flowers, the filaments +of two of them having lost their anthers; (9) pistillate spikelet displaying +a single pistillate flower; (10) achene with the 3-lobed double cup +underneath.</p> + +<p>CAREX.—(11) Plant of C. pauciflora; (12) a staminate flower with its +scale; (13) scale, and (14) mature pistillate flower, in its perigynium; +(15) cross section of perigynium and of the contained achene; (16) achene +on its stalk, style and stigmas.—(17) C. Jamesii, upper part of flowering +plant; (18) the spike enlarged; (19) a staminate flower and its scale; +(20) pistillate flower in its perigynium; (21) the same with half the perigynium +cut away to show the contained achene and style.</p> + +<p><a name="page770"></a> +<a name="plate5"></a> +<img src="images/plate05.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceæ. Plate V]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page771"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.</p> + +<p>CAREX.—(1) C. trisperma, upper part of a stem in fruit; (2) enlarged +spike displayed, with three staminate and two pistillate flowers; (3) a +scale, and (4) a ripe perigynium, of the latter; with (5) a section of the +perigynium near the base, and of the contained achene.—(6) C. straminea, +var. brevior, summit of a fruiting plant; (7) a spike enlarged; (8) scale +of a pistillate flower; (9) the winged perigynium and the contained +achene cut across; (10) detached achene with persistent style and stigmas.—(11) +C. umbellata, whole plant; (12) a perigynium and its scale; +(13) cross-section toward the base of perigynium and its contained achene; +(14) detached achene with its persistent style and stigmas.—C. bullata; +(15) upper part of plant in fruit, with one pistillate and two staminate +spikes; (16) one of its staminate flowers with the scale; (17) a pistillate +scale, and (18) mature perigynium; (19) longitudinal section of the latter, +showing the achene and its style, and (20) cross-section of the same.</p> + +<p><a name="page772"></a> +<a name="plate6"></a> +<img src="images/plate06.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Cyperaceæ. Plate VI]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page773"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.</p> + +<p>LEERSIA.—(1) Panicle of L. oryzoides, reduced in size; (2) a branchlet of +the same, with its spikelets, of the natural size; and (3) an open spikelet +in flower, enlarged.</p> + +<p>ZIZANIA.—(1) A staminate, and (2) a pistillate flower or spikelet of Z. +aquatica; (3) a magnified pistil with a pair of squamulæ or hypogynous +scales; (4) a grain, and a magnified longitudinal section of the lower +part of the same, showing the embryo at the outside of the base of the +albumen.</p> + +<p>ALOPECURUS.—(1) Part of a plant of A. geniculatus, in flower; (2) a few +spikelets from the spike-like inflorescence, moderately magnified; (3) an +open spikelet in flower, more magnified, and (4) the single flowering +glume detached.</p> + +<p>PHLEUM.—A detached spikelet of P. pratense, having the flower with its +glume and palet raised above the empty glumes, magnified.</p> + +<p>HELEOCHLOA.—(1) Inflorescence of H. schœnoides; (2) a separate enlarged +spikelet; and (3) the same open, in flower.</p> + +<p>SPOROBOLUS.—(1) A spikelet of S. cryptandrus, magnified; (2) the same, +with the flower open, raised above the empty glumes; and (3) the fruit, +more magnified, showing the seed loose in the pericarp (utricle).—(4) An +enlarged spikelet of E. vaginæflora; and (5) the same displayed.</p> + +<p>AGROSTIS.—(1) Panicle of A. alba, var. vulgaris, with (2) an enlarged +open spikelet of the same; also (3) the rough pedicel and glumes of +A. scabra, with the flower separated, the latter having no palet.</p> + +<p><a name="page774"></a> +<a name="plate7"></a> +<img src="images/plate07.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate VII]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page775"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.</p> + +<p>POLYPOGON.—(1) Spike-like contracted panicle of P. Monspeliensis; +(2) an enlarged detached spikelet, showing the long awns to the empty +glumes; (3) the same open in flower; and (4) a separate flower without +the empty glumes.</p> + +<p>CINNA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of C. arundinacea; and (2) the same +open, displaying the flowering glume and palet, the single stamen, and +the pistil.</p> + +<p>MUHLENBERGIA.—(1) A magnified closed spikelet of M. sylvatica; +(2) the same with the open flower raised out of the empty glumes.—(3) A +magnified spikelet of M. diffusa; (4) its minute and unequal empty glumes +more magnified; and (5) an open spikelet of the same.</p> + +<p>BRACHYELYTRUM.—(1) A spikelet of B. aristatum enlarged; (2) the +same displayed.</p> + +<p>CALAMAGROSTIS.—(1) An open spikelet of C. Canadensis, enlarged, +displaying all the parts; (2) the same with the flower raised out of the +empty glumes, showing the hairy rudiment behind the palet.</p> + +<p>ORYZOPSIS.—(1) An open magnified spikelet of O. asperifolia; and (2) the +flower of the same removed from the empty glumes. Notice the remarkably +long squamulæ or hypogynous scales, which here nearly equal the +glume in length.</p> + +<p>STIPA.—Empty glumes and flower (a little separated) of S. avenacea, +enlarged.</p> + +<p>ARISTIDA.—A spikelet of A. purpurascens, enlarged.</p> + +<p><a name="page776"></a> +<a name="plate8"></a> +<img src="images/plate08.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate VIII]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page777"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.</p> + +<p>SPARTINA.—(1) Portion of the inflorescence of S. stricta, of the natural +size; (2) a spikelet enlarged; and (3) the same displaced, the flower +raised above the empty glumes.</p> + +<p>CTENIUM.—(1) Spike of C. Americanum; (2) a single spikelet magnified; +and (3) the same displayed, the empty glumes separated.</p> + +<p>BOUTELOUA.—(1) A portion of the compound spike of B. racemosa, of +the natural size; and (2) a spikelet displayed and magnified, the flowers +raised out of the empty glumes.</p> + +<p>GYMNOPOGON.—(1) Inflorescence of G. racemosus, reduced in size; and +(2) a magnified spikelet with the parts displayed.</p> + +<p>CYNODON.—(1) Inflorescence of C. Dactylon, of digitate spikes; (2) a +spikelet magnified and displayed, showing a perfect flower and a rudiment.</p> + +<p>ELEUSINE.—(1) One of the spikes from the digitate inflorescence of E. +Indica; (2) a magnified spikelet; (3) the same with the flowers more +displayed; (4) a flower from the last, showing its parts; (5) the fruit +magnified, showing the seed loose in the utricle; and (6) the wrinkled +seed detached.—(1, under <i>Dactyloctenium</i>) Inflorescence of E. Ægyptiaca, +of digitate spikes; (2) one of the spikelets magnified; (3) the fruit +magnified, showing the seed loose in the thin pericarp (utricle); and +(4) the wrinkled seed more magnified.</p> + +<p>DIPLACHNE.—(1) Small portion of the inflorescence of D. fascicularis; +(2) one of its spikelets displayed and magnified; (3) an open flower of +the same.</p> + +<p><a name="page778"></a> +<a name="plate9"></a> +<img src="images/plate09.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate IX]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page779"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.</p> + +<p>TRIODIA.—(1) Magnified spikelet of T. seslerioides; (2) the same displayed +and the lowest flower open; (3) back view of the flowering glume spread +out.</p> + +<p>GRAPHEPHORUM.—(1) A magnified spikelet of G. melicoides, displayed; +(2) a part of the hairy rhachis and one flower of the same.</p> + +<p>DIARRHENA.—(1) A spikelet of D. Americana, enlarged; (2) the grain +in its glume and palet.</p> + +<p>DACTYLIS.—A spikelet of D. glomerata magnified and displayed.</p> + +<p>KŒLERIA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of K. cristata, expanded, showing +the empty glumes, the three flowers, and a rudiment; (2) lower half of a +flowering glume, partly spread open; it is much more folded and keeled +in its natural condition.</p> + +<p>EATONIA.—A magnified spikelet of E. obtusata, expanded, showing the +empty glumes, the two flowers, and a rudiment.</p> + +<p>MELICA.—A magnified spikelet of M. mutica, expanded, showing the empty +glumes, two perfect flowers, and an abortive one.</p> + +<p>GLYCERIA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of G. nervata; (2) a separate flower +with one joint of the rhachis; and (3) the lower half of a flowering +glume, showing its form (rounded on the back, not keeled).</p> + +<p>DISTICHLIS—(1) A pistillate spikelet of D. maritima, enlarged; (2) a +flower from the same; and (3) a flower from a staminate spikelet.</p> + +<p>POA.—(1) Panicle of P. compressa, reduced in size; (2) a magnified spikelet; +(3) a separate flower more magnified; (4) a flowering glume cut +across and somewhat outspread.</p> + +<p>ERAGROSTIS.—(1) A spikelet of E. pilosa, enlarged; (2) the same, from +which the glumes and all of six lower flowers except the palets have +fallen away; (3) a magnified flower, open; (4) the flowering glume of the +same outspread.</p> + +<p>BRIZA.—(1) A spikelet of B. media, enlarged; (2) a separate flower.</p> + +<p>FESTUCA.—(1) A spikelet of F. elatior, enlarged; (2) a separate flower; +(3) lower part of a flowering glume, outspread.</p> + +<p>BROMUS.—(1) A spikelet of B. secalinus, or Chess; and (2) a separate +flower, enlarged.</p> + +<p><a name="page780"></a> +<a name="plate10"></a> +<img src="images/plate10.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate X]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page781"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.</p> + +<p>UNIOLA.—(1) A spikelet of U. latifolia, of about the natural size; (2) a +flower, enlarged; (3) empty flowering glume of the lowest (sterile) flower.</p> + +<p>PHRAGMITES—(1) A spikelet of P. communis, enlarged; (2) one of the +perfect flowers, enlarged; and (3) the lowest flower, which has stamens +only.</p> + +<p>ARUNDINARIA.—(1) A spikelet of A. macrosperma; and (2) a separate +flower, magnified.</p> + +<p>SCHEDONNARDUS.—(1) Portion of the spike of S. Texanus, enlarged; +and (2) a flower, magnified.</p> + +<p>LOLIUM.—(1) Portion of the spike of L. temulentum; and (2) a separate +flower, magnified.</p> + +<p>AGROPYRUM.—(1) Portion of the spike of A. repens, or Couch-Grass, of +about the natural size; (2) a flower, magnified.</p> + +<p>HORDEUM.—(1) The three one flowered spikelets from one joint of the +spike of H. jubatum, with their awn-like empty glumes, the lateral flowers +abortive and neutral, the middle one alone perfect; (2) this perfect flower +(with an awn-like rudiment) open and enlarged.</p> + +<p>ELYMUS.—(1) The two spikelets of one joint of the spike of E. Virginicus, +about the natural size; (2) the empty glumes and the flowers of one spikelet, +enlarged and displayed; and (3) an open flower, more magnified.</p> + +<p>GYMNOSTICHUM.—(1) A spikelet of G. Hystrix; and (2) an expanded +flower, magnified.</p> + +<p>ASPRELLA.—(1) A spikelet of A. Hystrix; and (2) an expanded flower, +magnified.</p> + +<p><a name="page782"></a> +<a name="plate11"></a> +<img src="images/plate11.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XI]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page783"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.</p> + +<p>DESCHAMPSIA.—(1) Panicle of D. flexuosa; (2) a spikelet, magnified, the +parts displayed; and (3) one of the flowers detached and open.</p> + +<p>DANTRONIA.—(1) Panicle of D. spicata; (2) a spikelet enlarged; and +(3) a separate flower from the same.</p> + +<p>TRISETUM.—(1) A spikelet of T. subspicatum, var. molle, expanded and +magnified; and (2) a separate open flower.</p> + +<p>AVENA.—(1) A spikelet of A. striata, displayed and magnified; and (2) a +separate flower.</p> + +<p>ARRHENATHERUM.—A spikelet of A. avenaceum, displayed and magnified; +(1) the empty glumes; (2) the flowers, the lower one staminate +only, the next perfect, and the third a rudiment.</p> + +<p>HOLCUS.—(1) A spikelet of H. lanatus, magnified; (2) the same displayed +to show the two flowers, the lower perfect and awnless, the upper staminate +and awned.</p> + +<p><a name="page784"></a> +<a name="plate12"></a> +<img src="images/plate12.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XII]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page785"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.</p> + +<p>HIEROCHLOA.—(1) A spikelet of H. borealis, enlarged; (2) the same +displayed, the flowers separated from the empty glumes, the two lateral ones +with 3 stamens and no pistil, the middle or terminal one with a pistil and +only 2 stamens.</p> + +<p>ANTHOXANTHUM—(1) The spike-like inflorescence of A. odoratum; +(2) a spikelet magnified; (3) another with the parts displayed, the flowers +raised from the lower empty glumes, the lateral glumes empty and awned, +the terminal flower perfect and diandrous.</p> + +<p>PHALARIS.—(1) A spikelet of P. arundinacea, enlarged, (2) the empty +glumes, and a perfect flower with a hairy rudiment on each side of it.</p> + +<p>MILIUM.—(1) Portion of the panicle of M. effusum; (2) a closed spikelet, +magnified; and (3) the same displayed.</p> + +<p>AMPHICARPUM.—(1) A spikelet from the panicle of A. Purshii, magnified; +(2) the same, with the parts displayed; and (3) a radical (fertile) +spikelet, enlarged.</p> + +<p>PASPALUM.—(1) Inflorescence of P. læve; (2) a closed spikelet, enlarged; +(3) the same with the parts displayed.</p> + +<p>PANICUM.—(1) Part of a spike of P. sanguinale; (2) one of its spikelets, +magnified; (3) the same with its parts displayed, the three lower glumes +empty.—(4) A spikelet of P. capillare, magnified; (5) the same displayed, +the three lower glumes empty.—(6) A spikelet of P. clandestinum, magnified, +(7) the same displayed, the lower flower represented by a glume +and palet only.—(8) A spikelet of P. virgatum, magnified; (9) the same +displayed, the lower flower staminate.</p> + +<p>SETARIA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of S. glauca, with the accompanying +cluster of bristles, (2) the spikelet displayed, showing the neutral lower +flower, of a glume and palet only, and the perfect flower.</p> + +<p><a name="page786"></a> +<a name="plate13"></a> +<img src="images/plate13.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XIII]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page787"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.</p> + +<p>CENCHRUS.—(1) Involucre of C. tribuloides, in flower, enlarged; (2) +longitudinal section of the same; (3) a spikelet displayed (the stigmas +should belong to the right-hand flower; the left-hand or lower flower is +only staminate).</p> + +<p>TRIPSACUM.—(1) Piece of the spike (of the natural size), pistillate below, +staminate above; (2) a longitudinal section of one of the pistillate spikelets; +(3) a pistillate spikelet with its parts displayed; (4) a staminate +(two-flowered) spikelet, with its parts displayed.</p> + +<p>ERIANTHUS.—(1) Part of the hairy inflorescence with two spikelets of E. +saccharoides, enlarged; (2) one of the spikelets displayed.</p> + +<p>ANDROPOGON.—(1) Small portion of the spike of A. furcatus, enlarged, +with one fertile and awned spikelet, and one staminate and awnless spikelet; +(2) the fertile spikelet, and (3) the staminate spikelet, displayed.</p> + +<p>CHRYSOPOGON.—(1) A fertile spikelet of C. nutans, enlarged, with a +sterile pedicel on each side; (2) the spikelet displayed.</p> + +<p><a name="page788"></a> +<a name="plate14"></a> +<img src="images/plate14.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XIV]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page789"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.</p> + +<p>BECKMANNIA.—(1) Inflorescence of B. erucæformis, var., reduced in size; +(2) a spike, enlarged; (3) a spikelet, and (4) the same opened; (5) the +flower.</p> + +<p>ERIOCHLOA.—(1) Inflorescence of E. polystachya, reduced; (2) a spikelet, +enlarged, and (3) the same opened; (4) the flower opened.</p> + +<p>ROTTBŒLLIA.—(1) Portion of the spike of R. rugosa, somewhat reduced, +and (2) a portion enlarged, with (3) the fertile spikelet and (4) the pedicelled +sterile spikelet of the middle joint displaced; (5) the fertile spikelet +opened; (6) the third empty glume, and (7) the flower.</p> + +<p>AMMOPHILA.—(1) Inflorescence of A. arundinacea, reduced; (2) a spikelet, +enlarged, and (3) the flower, with a hairy rudiment at the base of the +palet.</p> + +<p>LEPTOCHLOA.—(1) Inflorescence of L. mucronata, reduced; (2) portion +of rhachis of a spike, bearing two spikelets; (3) a 3-flowered spikelet; and +(4) a flower removed.</p> + +<p>BUCHLOË.—(1) Staminate and (2) pistillate inflorescence of B. dactyloides; +(3) a staminate spikelet, and (4) one of its flowers removed; (5) a pistil +late spikelet, enlarged; (6) vertical section of same; and (7) the outer +empty glume removed.</p> + +<p>MUNROA.—(1) Inflorescence of M. squarrosa; (2) a spikelet, enlarged; and +(3) a flower, opened.</p> + +<p>SCOLOCHLOA.—(1) Inflorescence of S. festucacea, reduced; (2) a spikelet, +enlarged; and (3) a flower.</p> + +<p>PUCCINELLIA.—(1) Inflorescence of P. maritima, reduced; (2) a spikelet, +enlarged; and (3) a flower.</p> + +<p><a name="page790"></a> +<a name="plate15"></a> +<img src="images/plate15.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XV]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page791"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.</p> + +<p>POLYPODIUM.—Plant of P. vulgare; piece of the frond; a magnified +sporangium with its stalk, and another bursting and discharging spores.</p> + +<p>ONOCLEA.—(1) Pinna of the sterile frond of O. Struthiopteris; (2) portion +of a fertile frond; (3) a piece of one pinna cut off to show the manner in +which it is rolled up; and (4) a portion of the last, magnified, with one +side unrolled; toward the base the sporangia all removed, to show how +the fruit-dots are borne each on the middle of a vein.</p> + +<p>PELLÆA.—Sterile and fertile plants of P. gracilis, and (1) a portion of the +fertile frond enlarged, with a piece of the marginal indusium turned back +to display the fruit; the sporangia are all removed from the fruit-bearing +tips of the two forks of the lower vein.</p> + +<p><a name="page792"></a> +<a name="plate16"></a> +<img src="images/plate16.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XVI]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page793"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.</p> + +<p>PTERIS.—A pinnule of P. aquilina, and (2) a piece of one of the lobes, +enlarged, the marginal indusium rolled back on one side, displaying the +fruit; the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the receptacle +that bears them, viz. a cross-line connecting the tips of the veins.</p> + +<p>ADIANTUM.—(1) Piece of the frond of A. pedatum; (2) a pinnule somewhat +enlarged; and (3) a piece of one more enlarged, with the indusium +of one fruit dot turned back to show the attachment of the fruit.</p> + +<p>CHEILANTHES.—(1) Small plant of C. vestita; and (2) a fruit-bearing +pinnule, enlarged.</p> + +<p>WOODWARDIA.—(1) Portion of the sterile and (2) of the fertile frond of +W. augustifolia; (3) a piece of the latter, enlarged; (4) piece of the frond +of W. Virginica; and (5) part of a fruiting lobe, enlarged.</p> + +<p><a name="page794"></a> +<a name="plate17"></a> +<img src="images/plate17.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XVII]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page795"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.</p> + +<p>CAMPTOSORUS.—Plant of C. rhizophyllus, and (1) a portion of a frond, +with fruit dots, enlarged.</p> + +<p>SCOLOPENDRIUM.—Tip of a fertile frond of S. vulgare, and (2) a piece +enlarged, with two fruit-dots.</p> + +<p>ASPLENIUM.—(1) A pinna of A. thelypteroides; and (2) part of a lobe in +fruit, enlarged.</p> + +<p>DICKSONIA.—(1) Pinna of D. pilosiuscula; (2) portion of a pinnule, enlarged; +and (3) a fruit-dot in its cup shaped indusium.</p> + +<p><a name="page796"></a> +<a name="plate18"></a> +<img src="images/plate18.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XVIII]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page797"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.</p> + +<p>CYSTOPTERIS.—(1) Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera; (2) a lobe in fruit, +enlarged; and (3) a small portion more magnified, bearing a fruit-dot +with its indusium thrown back.</p> + +<p>WOODSIA.—(1) Small frond of W. glabella; (2) a part of a fruiting pinna +of the same, magnified; and (3) a separate indusium, more magnified; +(4) a piece of a fruitful pinnule of W. obtusa, enlarged; and (5) a fruit +with the opened indusium beneath, more magnified.</p> + +<p>ASPIDIUM.—(1) Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale; and (2) a magnified +fruiting portion; (3) piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides; and (4) a +small fruiting portion, magnified.</p> + +<p>ONOCLEA.—Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibilis; (1) front view of a +fruiting contracted pinnule, enlarged; and (2) the same laid open and +viewed from the other side; on one lobe the sporangia are removed from +the veins.</p> + +<p><a name="page798"></a> +<a name="plate19"></a> +<img src="images/plate19.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XIX]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page801"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.</p> + +<p>SCHIZÆA.—Plant of S. pusilla, of the natural size; (1) a fertile pinna with +eleven sporangia, magnified, and (2) a separate sporangium, more magnified.</p> + +<p>LYGODIUM.—(1) Summit of frond of L. palmatum, with fertile and sterile +divisions; (2) a fruiting lobe enlarged, with two of the lower scales, or +indusia, removed, displaying a sporangium under each; and (3) a sporangium +more magnified.</p> + +<p>OSMUNDA.—(1) Small piece of the frond of O. Claytoniana, with a fertile +and a sterile pinna; (2) a portion of the fruit magnified; and (3) one sporangium +more magnified.</p> + +<p>BOTRYCHIUM.—Plant of B. ternatum, and (1) a portion of the fruit, with +six sporangia, magnified.</p> + +<p>OPHIOGLOSSUM.—Frond of O. vulgatum, and (1) a portion of the fruiting +spike enlarged.</p> + +<p><a name="page802"></a> +<a name="plate20"></a> +<img src="images/plate20.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XX]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page803"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.</p> + +<p>EQUISETUM.—(1) Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum; (2) one of +the shield shaped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six sporangia +underneath, enlarged; (3) same seen from below, discharging the spores; +(4) a magnified spore with the club shaped filaments spreading; and +(5) the same with the filaments coiled up.</p> + +<p>LYCOPODIUM.—Plant of L. Carolinianum, and (1) a magnified scale of +the spike removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery +spores.</p> + +<p>SELAGINELLA.—Plant of S. rupestris; (1) part of a fertile spike, enlarged; +(2) scale from the upper part of it, with its sporangium, containing innumerable +powdery spores; (3) scale from the base, with its sporangium +containing few large spores; and (4) three large spores.</p> + +<p>ISOETES.—(1) Plant of I. lacustris; (2) sporocarp containing the minute +spores, cut across, enlarged; (5) same divided lengthwise; (3) sporocarp +with the large spores, divided lengthwise; and (4) three large spores +more magnified.</p> + +<p>AZOLLA.—(1) Plant; (2) a portion magnified, with conceptacles of both +kinds; (3) the macrosporic one, more magnified; (4) the microsporic +one, more magnified; (5) the same burst open, showing the stalked microsporangia; +(6) one of the latter more magnified; (7) another bursting; +and (8) three masses of microspores beset with glochidiate or barbed +bristles.</p> + +<p><a name="page804"></a> +<a name="plate21"></a> +<img src="images/plate21.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Gen. of Lycopodiaceæ, Equisetaceæ, &c. Pl. XXI]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page805"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.</p> + +<p>RICCIA.—Plant of R. natans; section of thallus, showing two imbedded +capsules and numerous air cavities; spores enclosed in a mother cell; +three free spores; and calyptra with style.</p> + +<p>ANTHOCEROS.—Plant of A. lævis; portion of the columella and valves of +the capsule, with spores and elaters; two spores and two elaters.</p> + +<p>NOTOTHYLAS.—Plants of N. orbicularis; section of the thallus through +the involucre; apex of protruding capsule; lower half of capsule showing +the columella; upper half of capsule; a gemma, an antheridium; twelve +free spores, and two clusters of spores (4 in each).</p> + +<p>ASTERELLA.—Plant of A. hemisphærica; ♀ receptacle viewed from +above, the same from below; capsule dehiscing, with remains of calyptra +at base; section of ♂ disk; an elater, a portion of same, and spores.</p> + +<p>SPHIEROCARPUS.—Plant of S. terrestris, cluster of five involucres; involucre +enclosing a capsule; capsule filled with spores; and three spores.</p> + +<p>DUMORTIERA.—Portions of ♂ and ♀ plants of D. hirsuta; ♀ receptacle +showing three involucres, two with capsules; capsule with calyptra; section +of ♂ disk; elater and portion of same; spores.</p> + +<p>AITONIA.—Plant of A. Wrightii; upper view of ♀ receptacle with three +involucres; side view of same, involucre partly cut away showing capsule +and remains of calyptra; a capsule closed, and dehiscent; an elater, +a piece of same, and spores.</p> + +<p>CONOCEPHALUS.—Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of C. conicus; section of ♀ +receptacle, showing two involucres and capsules; capsule with ruptured +calyptra; section of ♂ disk; elaters, a portion of one, and spores.</p> + +<p>PREISSIA.—Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of P. commutata; section of ♀ receptacle; +perianth opened showing calyptra and capsule, section of part +of ♂ disk; elaters, a part of one, and spores.</p> + +<p>MARCHANTIA.—Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of M. polymorpha; section of +receptacle; perianth, calyptra, and capsule; section of part of ♂ disk; +an elater, part of same, and spores.</p> + +<p>FIMBRIARIA—Plant of F. tenella; ♀ receptacle, and section of same; +capsule dehiscing; elaters and spores.</p> + +<p>PALLAVICINIA.—Plant of P. Lyellii, part of thallus with involucre, perianth, +and calyptra; perianth cut away showing young calyptra; capsule +closed, and dehiscent, antheridium enclosed in a leaf, elater and spores.</p> + +<p><a name="page806"></a> +<a name="plate22"></a> +<img src="images/plate22.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXII]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page807"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.</p> + +<p>PELLIA.—Plant of P. epiphylla; calyptra with base of pedicel; capsule; an +elater, part of same, two spores, and two antheridia.</p> + +<p>BLASIA.—Plants of B. pusilla; section of cavity at the end of the midrib +showing young perianth and calyptra; end of thallus with calyptra and +protruding capsule; capsule dehiscing; elaters and spores; part of elater +and two spores; ♂ thallus with two antheridia; gemmiparous thallus +with two receptacles; section of a receptacle showing enclosed gemmæ +and the protruded orifice.</p> + +<p>METZGERIA.—Plants (♂, ♀, and gemmiparous) of M. furcata, and parts +of same enlarged; hispid perianth with 2-lobed involucral leaf and base +of pedicel; a gemma; an antheridium; elaters and spores.</p> + +<p>ANEURA.—Plants (♂ and ♀) of A. sessilis; section of fleshy calyptra with +base of pedicel; dehiscing capsule bearded by persistent elaters; elater, +part of same, and spores; part of thallus with long deflexed ♂ receptacles, +and one cut transversely showing antheridia.</p> + +<p>FOSSOMBRONIA.—Plant of F. pusilla, and a part enlarged; capsule dehiscing, +with perianth and involucral leaves; part of stem with two leaves +and dorsal antheridia; an antheridium, elaters, and spores.</p> + +<p>GEOCALYX.—Plant of G. graveolens; two pairs of leaves with underleaves; +part of stem with an underleaf; section of involucre showing calyptra and +base of pedicel; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.</p> + +<p>GRIMALDIA.—Parts of ♂ and ♀ plants of G. barbifrons; section of ♂ +disk; ♀ receptacle and section of same; dehiscent capsule; elaters and +spores.</p> + +<p>CHILOSCYPHUS.—Plant of C. ascendens; a leaf with underleaf; a pair of +leaves with antheridia; a part of stem with involucral leaves, perianth, +and calyptra; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.</p> + +<p>HARPANTHUS.—Plant of H. Flotovianus, and same enlarged; a pair of +leaves with underleaf; perianth with involucral leaves, and section showing +calyptra; elaters, a part of one, and spores.</p> + +<p>LOPHOCOLEA.—Plant of L. heterophylla; a part enlarged with involucral +leaves and perianth; cross section of perianth; three pairs of leaves with +underleaves; a leaf and antheridium; an underleaf; an elater and spores.</p> + +<p>CEPHALOZIA.—Plant of C. multiflora; two pairs of leaves; perianth with +involucral leaves; an involucral leaf; calyptra; capsule closed, and dehiscent; +an elater and spores.</p> + +<p>GYMNOMITRIUM.—Plants of G. concinnatum; three pairs of leaves; apex +of stem with involucral leaves and dehiscent capsule; two involucral +leaves; calyptra.</p> + +<p>MARSUPELLA.—Plant of M. emarginata; part of same with involucral +leaves; involucre and perianth opened showing calyptra and base of pedicel; +capsule; elater and spores.</p> + +<p><a name="page808"></a> +<a name="plate23"></a> +<img src="images/plate23.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXIII]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page809"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.</p> + +<p>SCAPANIA.—Plant of S. undulata; apex of stem with involucral leaves +and perianth enclosing calyptra; three pairs, of leaves, a capsule, elater +and spores.</p> + +<p>PLAGIOCHILA.—Plant of P. interrupta; five leaves; an underleaf; perianth +enclosing calyptra; antheridia, capsule, elaters, and spores.</p> + +<p>ODONTOSCHISMA.—Plant of O. Sphagni; parts of stems, one bearing +gemmæ, the other a perianth with involucral leaves; an involucral leaf; +a capsule, elaters, and spores.</p> + +<p>LEJEUNEA.—Plant of L. clypeata; perianth with capsule and involucral +leaves; cross section of perianth; part of stein with ♂ branch; leaves +with underleaves; elaters and spores.</p> + +<p>FRULLANIA.—Plant of F. Asagrayana; two pairs of leaves seen from +above, and from below with underleaves and ventral lobes; perianth with +involucral leaves; cross-section of perianth, involucral leaf; capsule, +elaters, and spores.</p> + +<p>PORELLA.—Plant of P. platyphylla; a pair of leaves with underleaves; +part of stem with ♂ spikes; an antheridium in its leaf; perianth with +involucral leaves and capsule; an elater, and spores.</p> + +<p>RADULA.—Plant of R. obconica; end of branch with perianth and capsule +and lateral ♂ branches; a ♂ branch; an antheridium; leaves seen from +above and below; a capsule, elater, and spores.</p> + +<p>PTILIDIUM.—Plant of P. ciliare; a pair of leaves; an underleaf; perianth +with involucral leaves; capsule, elater, and spores.</p> + +<p>BAZZANIA.—Plant of B. trilobata; two pairs of leaves with underleaves +and ♂ spike; portion of ♂ spike, and antheridium; capsule, elaters, and +spores.</p> + +<p>TRICHOCOLEA.—Plant of T. tomentella; leaf and underleaf; capsule; +elater and spores.</p> + +<p>HERBERTA.—Plant of H. adunca; portion with leaves and underleaves; +perianth; capsules; elater and spores.</p> + +<p>LEPIDOZIA.—Plant of L. reptans; portion with leaves and underleaves; +antheridium in its leaf and free, perianth with involucre; capsule, elater, +and spores.</p> + +<p>KANTIA.—Plant of K. Trichomanis; leaves and underleaves; hairy involucre, +and section showing calyptra; capsule with spiral valves; elater +and spores.</p> + +<p><a name="page810"></a> +<a name="plate24"></a> +<img src="images/plate24.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXIV]" /> +</p> + + +<p><a name="page811"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.</p> + +<p>JUBULA.—Plant of typical J. Hutchinsiæ, enlarged; two pairs of leaves +seen from below; a lower lobe separate and divided; a perianth with its +outer involucre and the dehiscent capsule; an elater.</p> + +<p>BLEPHAROSTOMA.—Plant of B. trichophylla, and same enlarged; perianth +with the outer involucre, ventral side; two cross sections of perianth; +portion of the margin of its orifice, expanded.</p> + +<p>LIOCHLÆNA.—Plant of L. lanceolata; end of fertile branch, with two +leaves, two involucral leaves, and young perianth; summit of perianth, +perianth and involucre, the capsule protruding; capsule on its pedicel, +with remains of calyptra; capsule dehiscent.</p> + +<p>MYLIA.—Plants of M. Taylori, enlarged; portion of stem, seen from beneath, +a cauline leaf (below); an underleaf; an involucral leaf (above); +perianth partly cut away, showing the calyptra and exserted dehiscent +capsule.</p> + +<p>DYPLOPHYLLUM.—Plant of typical D. albicans, enlarged; a folded leaf; +a leaf with the upper lobe expanded to show the nerve; an involucral +leaf seen from without, and from within; perianth, cut longitudinally; +calyptra.</p> + +<p>NARDIA.—Plant of N. crenulata (a slender small leaved form), enlarged; +portion of upper stem with leaves; perianth; calyptra; elater and spores.</p> + +<p>JUNGERMANNIA.—§ 1. Plants of J. Schraderi, natural size and enlarged; +two leaves; two underleaves; involucre; summit of perianth.—§ 2. Plant +of J. barbata, enlarged; portion of stem with leaves and underleaves; +perianth with involucre; involucre.—§ 3. Plant of J. Helleriana, enlarged; +summit of stem with leaves, involucre, and perianth; involucral +leaves, margin of perianth unfolded—§ 4. Plants of J. inflata, natural +size and enlarged; cauline leaves; involucral leaf.</p> + +<p>LUNULARIA.—Sterile and fruiting plants of L. vulgaris, enlarged; section +of involucre, showing calyptra and capsule; lunate receptacle of sterile +plant, with gemmæ.</p> + +<p>MARSILIA.—Portion of plant of M. quadrifolia, a sporocarp; sporocarp +burst in water and extruding the gelatinous ring with compartments +attached.</p> + +<p><a name="page812"></a> +<a name="plate25"></a> +<img src="images/plate25.jpg" alt="[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXV]" /> +</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Manual of the Botany of the +Northern United States, by Asa Gray + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MANUAL OF BOTANY OF NORTHERN U.S. *** + +***** This file should be named 39423-h.htm or 39423-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/4/2/39423/ + +Produced by John Williams and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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